অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া aswiki https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4 MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6 first-letter মাধ্যম বিশেষ বাৰ্তা সদস্য সদস্য বাৰ্তা ৱিকিপিডিয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া বাৰ্তা চিত্ৰ চিত্ৰ বাৰ্তা মিডিয়াৱিকি মিডিয়াৱিকি আলোচনা সাঁচ সাঁচ বাৰ্তা সহায় সহায় বাৰ্তা শ্ৰেণী শ্ৰেণী বাৰ্তা ৱিকিচ'ৰা ৱিকিচ'ৰা আলোচনা MOS MOS talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk কাৰেংঘৰ 0 3117 453148 443948 2024-12-10T02:11:21Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|গড়গাঁৱৰ কাৰেংঘৰ|ৰংপুৰত অৱস্থিত কাৰেংঘৰ |তলাতল ঘৰ}} {{coord| 26.923611|75.826667|display=title}} {{Infobox building |name = কাৰেংঘৰ |image = Karengghar of the Ahom Kings (N-AS-34).jpg |caption = শিৱসাগৰ জিলাৰ কাৰেং ঘৰৰ সন্মুখৰ অংশ |map_type = |latitude = 26.923611 |longitude = 75.826667 |iso_region = IN-AS |location = [[শিৱসাগৰ জিলা|শিৱসাগৰ]], [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] |architect = |client = [[স্বৰ্গদেউ]] [[চুক্লেংমুং]], [[ৰাজেশ্বৰ সিংহ]] |engineer = |construction_start_date = ১৭৫১ |completion_date = |date_demolished = |cost = |structural_system = ইটা আৰু থলুৱা ভাবে বনোৱা বিলাতী মাটি |style = [[আহোম সাম্ৰাজ্য|আহোম সাম্ৰাজ্যকালীন]] [[স্থাপত্য]] |size = }} '''কাৰেংঘৰ''' বা '''কা-ৰৌণ''' ({{lang-en|Kareng Ghar or Ka-Rwan}}) [[আহোম]] [[চাওফা]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত এটা পিৰামিড আকৃতিৰ ৰাজমহল। [[অসম]]ৰ [[শিৱসাগৰ]] চহৰৰ পৰা ১৫ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবৰ [[গড়গাঁও|গড়গাঁৱত]] অৱস্থিত।<ref name="onlinesivasagar.com">{{cite web | url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/tourism/kareng-ghar.html | title=Kareng Ghar - onlinesivasagar.com | publisher=onlinesivasagar.com | work=Abhijit Borah | accessdate=29 জুলাই 2013}}</ref> ১৫৪০ চনত স্বৰ্গদেউ [[চুক্লেংমুং|চুক্লেংমুঙে]] এই ঘৰটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="mapsofindia.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/assam/tourism/monuments-and-museum.html | title=Assam Monuments and Museums - Gargaon Palace | publisher=mapsofindia.com | accessdate=29 জুলাই 2013}}</ref> তাৰ পাছত [[প্ৰমত্ত সিংহ]]ই ইয়াক ইটাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। ১৭৫২ চনত কাৰেংঘৰটো বেয়াকৈ ক্ষতি হয়। সেয়ে আহোম স্বৰ্গদেউ [[ৰাজেশ্বৰ সিংহ]]ই ইয়াক পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰায়।<ref name="onlinesivasagar.com" /><ref name="assamportal.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.assamportal.com/2012/09/kareng-ghar-gargaon.html | title=Kareng Ghar, Gargaon | publisher=Assam Online Portal | date=২০১৩ | accessdate=29 জুলাই 2013 | archivedate=2013-07-19 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719101131/http://www.assamportal.com/2012/09/kareng-ghar-gargaon.html | deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==নামকৰণ== অসমীয়াত ''কাৰেং'' শব্দটোৱে যিকোনো ৰাজপ্ৰসাদকে বুজায়। আনহাতে গড়গাঁৱত থকা এই ৰাজকাৰেংটোৰ নাম '''কাৰেং ঘৰ'''। ইয়াত ''ঘৰ'' শব্দটো অপ্ৰয়োজনীয় যদিও এইক্ষেত্ৰত 'ঘৰ' শব্দটো এটা বিশেষ ৰাজকাৰেংৰ নাম হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="কাৰেংঘৰ ">{{cite book | title=বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য | author=শান্তনু কৌশিক বৰুৱা | authorlink=কাৰেংঘৰ}}</ref> ==স্থাপত্য== কাৰেং ঘৰটোত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবৰ বাবে চাৰিখন দুৱাৰ আছে। দুৱাৰ কেইখনক ''সিংহ দুৱাৰ'' বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="Portal">{{cite web | url=http://www.assamportal.com/2012/09/kareng-ghar-gargaon.html | title=About Kareng Ghar, Gargaon in Assam Portal | publisher=Assam Portal | accessdate=November 05, 2012 | archivedate=July 19, 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719101131/http://www.assamportal.com/2012/09/kareng-ghar-gargaon.html | deadurl=yes }}</ref> ঘৰটোৰ তলত দুমহলা আৰু ওপৰত পাঁচ মহলা আছে। তলৰ মহলাৰ পৰা [[ৰংপুৰ]]ৰ (বৰ্তমানৰ শিৱসাগৰ) [[তলাতল ঘৰ]]লৈ আহিব পৰা প্ৰায় ১৬ কিলোমিটাৰ দীঘল এটা সুৰংগ আছিল। এই সুৰংগ বৰ্তমান বন্ধ হৈ আছে। কাৰেং ঘৰটোৰ চৌদিশে এটা বহল আলি আৰু তাৰ কাষে কাষে তাঁতীৰ গড় আছে। গড়ৰ কিছু দূৰত্বত কাষে কাষে মাউতে-হাতীয়ে তল যোৱা এটা দ খাৱৈ আছে। আগেয়ে এই গড়খাৱৈটোত বাৰমাহে পানী আছিল। কাৰেং ঘৰটো দীঘলে ১২০ হাত আৰু বহলে ৩০ হাত।<ref name="কাৰেংঘৰ " /> [[মীৰ জুমলা]]ই [[অসম]] আক্ৰমণ কৰিবলৈ আহোঁতে তেওঁৰ লগত অহা ৱাকনবিচজনে (বৰকাকতী) লিখিছিল, "গড়গাঁৱৰ ৰাজকাৰেংৰ নিচিনা কটকটীয়া, ধুনীয়া আৰু নানান কাৰুকাৰ্যৰে সুশোভিত ঘৰ গোটেই [[পৃথিৱী]]ত বিৰল"। ১২,০০০ [[অসমীয়া]] বাঢ়ৈয়ে সম্পূৰ্ণ এবছৰত এই কাৰেং ঘৰটো সাজি উলিয়াইছিল। আৰম্ভণিতে ইয়াত কাঠ-বাঁহৰ প্ৰকাণ্ড চাংঘৰহে আছিল। ইয়াক ''হ'-লুঙ'' বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল। মীৰজুমলাৰ লগত অসমলৈ অহা চিহাবুদ্দিন তালিচৰ মতে কাৰেং ঘৰৰ বৰ্ণনা হ'ল, "ৰজাৰ চোলং (হোলং) ঘৰটো দীঘে ১২০ হাত, পথালিয়ে ৩০ হাত; এই ঘৰত ৬৬টা স্তম্ভ। প্ৰত্যেকটো বিতোপন স্তম্ভৰ বেৰ বা পৰিধি ৪ হাতকৈ। ঘৰটোৰ চালবোৰ আচৰিত কৌশল খটুৱাই কাঠৰ কাৰুকাৰ্যৰে সুশোভিত কৰা। ইয়াত আহোম ড্ৰেগন [[ঙি ঙাও খাম]]ৰ ভাস্কৰ্য দেখা যায়।<ref>Sarma 2017, pp: 17 NGI NGAO KHAM- A Mythical Figure of Tai Ahom People of Assam ,Dr. Rabindranath Sarma, Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, Vol.5 ~ Issue 5 (2017) pp: 14-18 ISSN(Online) : 2321-9467</ref> সেই অৱস্থাৰ পৰা স্বৰ্গদেউ ৰাজেশ্বৰ সিংহৰ হাতত আটকধুনীয়া ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদলৈ পৰিণত হ'ল গড়গাঁৱৰ কাৰেং ঘৰ। "<ref name="onlinesivasagar.com" /> ==গেলেৰী== <gallery> File:Gargaon Kareng Ghar or Gargaon Palace, of the Ahom Kingdom.jpg|কাৰেং ঘৰ File:A passage within Gargaon Kareng Ghar.jpg File:Gargaon Kareng Ghar or Gargaon Palace, of the Ahom Kingdom.jpg File:Gargaon'r Kareng Ghor Side View.JPG File:Gargaon'r Kareng Ghor.JPG Texture of karengghar sivsagar.jpg Structure of kareng ghar.jpg </gallery> ==লগতে চাওক== * [[তলাতল ঘৰ]] * [[ৰংঘৰ]] * [[গড়গাঁও]] * [[ৰংপুৰ]] * [[আহোম সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{কমন্স শ্ৰেণী|Karengghar of the Ahom Kings|আহোম স্বৰ্গদেউসকলৰ কাৰেংঘৰ}} * [http://www.assamportal.com/2012/09/kareng-ghar-gargaon.html Kareng Ghar, Gargaon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719101131/http://www.assamportal.com/2012/09/kareng-ghar-gargaon.html |date=2013-07-19 }} সম্পৰ্কে assamportal.com ত বিস্তাৰিত তথ্য চাওক * [http://www.indiamapped.com/monuments-in-india/kareng-ghar/ Kareng Ghar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701112805/http://www.indiamapped.com/monuments-in-india/kareng-ghar/ |date=2017-07-01 }} সম্পৰ্কে indiamapped.com ত তথ্য আৰু ভিডিঅ’ * [http://meghalayatimes.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7722:kareng-ghar-is-the-remains-of-royal-palace-of-ahom-kings-when-garhgaon-was-their-kingdoms-capital&catid=45:notebook কাৰেং ঘৰ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812041849/http://meghalayatimes.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7722:kareng-ghar-is-the-remains-of-royal-palace-of-ahom-kings-when-garhgaon-was-their-kingdoms-capital&catid=45:notebook |date=2020-08-12 }} সম্পৰ্কে meghalayatimes.org ত তথ্য আৰু চিত্ৰ আছে। * [http://www.mapsofindia.com/assam/tourism/kareng-ghar-talatal-ghar.html Kareng Ghar & Talatal Ghar] সম্পৰ্কে mapsofindia.com ৱেবছাইটত [[শ্ৰেণী:আহোম ৰাজ্য]] [[শ্ৰেণী:শিৱসাগৰ জিলাৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:স্থাপত্য]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ পুৰাতাত্বিক স্থান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ সংৰক্ষিত স্মৃতিচিহ্ন]] 15s750fsv6k44cagjs22u3w5kggq35j চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিক 0 3149 453283 449934 2024-12-10T08:27:39Z 2409:4065:C42:5F18:0:0:34CB:E612 453283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox writer | name = চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিক | image = চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিক.JPG | imagesize = 200px | alt = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = ১৫ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯১৯ | birth_place = নাহৰণি, দেৰগাঁও ,[[গোলাঘাট]] | death_date = ২০ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০০০<ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> | death_place = | occupation = গল্পকাৰ, ঔপন্যাসিক, কবি, নাট্যকাৰ, জীৱনী লেখক, প্ৰৱন্ধকাৰ, ভ্ৰমণ কাহিনী ৰচোঁতা তথা অধ্যাপক | nationality = [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] | ethnicity = | citizenship = ভাৰতীয় | language = [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] | education = ইংৰাজী সাহিত্যৰ স্নাতক<br />অসমীয়া সাহিত্যৰ স্নাতকোত্তৰ | alma_mater = [[কটন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<br />[[গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] | period = শেষ [[আৱাহন (আলোচনী)|আৱাহনৰ]] যুগৰ পৰা [[প্ৰকাশ|প্ৰকাশৰ]] যুগলৈ | genre = | subject = | movement = | notableworks = [[ধন্য নৰ তনু ভাল]]<br/>[[অঘৰী আত্মাৰ কাহিনী]] | spouse = চৈয়দা হাচনা মালিক | partner = | children =চৈয়দা নিচাত চিৰিণ জিনেইদা(প্ৰথম কন্যা)<br/>ফৰ্জিনা জাহানা মচিহা(দ্বিতীয়া কন্যা) <br />চৈয়দা মঞ্জুমা ৰাহত ইকবাল(তৃতীয়া কন্যা)<br/>চৈয়দা হাব্বা আফনান গুলচাৰা (চতুৰ্থা কন্যা)<br/>চৈয়দা মান্না কমৰ নুৰানী(পঞ্চমা আৰু কনিষ্ঠা কন্যা)<br />চৈয়দ কামিল হায়াত এহতেছাম (পুত্ৰ) | relatives = | influences = | influenced = | awards = ছোভিয়েট দেশ নেহৰু বঁটা(১৯৬৫)<br />[[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]](১৯৭২)<br>[[অসম সাহিত্য সভা]]ৰ সভাপতি (১৯৭৭),<br>[[পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা]] (১৯৮৪)<br />[[পদ্মভূষণ]](১৯৯২)<br />[[অসম উপত্যকা সাহিত্য বঁটা]](১৯৯৪)<br />শংকৰদেৱ বঁটা(১৯৯৫) | signature = | signature_alt = | website = }} '''চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিক''' ({{lang-en| Syed Abdul Malik}}, ১৯১৯-২০০০) [[অসমীয়া সাহিত্য]]ৰ এজন বিশিষ্ট গল্পকাৰ, ঔপন্যাসিক, কবি, নাট্যকাৰ, জীৱনী লেখক, প্ৰৱন্ধকাৰ আৰু ভ্ৰমণ কাহিনী ৰাচোঁতা।<ref name="উপেন্দ্ৰ বৰকটকী">{{cite journal | title=অফুৰন্ত আৰু বিচিত্ৰ সৃষ্টি প্ৰতিভাৰ অধিকাৰী মানুহজন | author=[[উপেন্দ্ৰ বৰকটকী]] | journal=[[সাতসৰী]] | year=২০১৭ | month=জুন | volume=দ্বাদশ বছৰ | issue=একাদশ সংখ্যা | pages=২৪-২৫}}</ref><ref name="উপেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা">{{cite encyclopedia | title=যুদ্ধোত্তৰ যুগৰ চুটিগল্পৰ মালিকজন | encyclopedia=[[সাতসৰী]] | publisher=[[সাদিন|সাদিন গোষ্ঠী]] | accessdate=২০ জুন, ২০২২ | author=[[উপেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা]] | editor=[[অনুৰাধা শৰ্মা পূজাৰী]] | year=জুন, ২০১৭ | volume=দ্বাদশ | edition=দ্বাদশ বছৰ, একাদশ সংখ্যা | location=[[গুৱাহাটী]] | pages=২০-২১}}</ref>প্ৰায় পঁষষ্ঠি বছৰ ধৰি দুহেজাৰৰো অধিক গল্প লিখি তেওঁ অসমীয়া গল্প সাহিত্যলৈ এক বৃহৎ অৱদান আগবঢ়াই থৈ গৈছে<ref name="প্ৰাঞ্জল শৰ্মা বশিষ্ঠ">{{cite encyclopedia | title=চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিকৰ গল্প | encyclopedia=[[সাতসৰী]] | publisher=[[সাদিন|সাদিন গোষ্ঠী]] | accessdate=২০ জুন, ২০২২ | author=প্ৰাঞ্জল শৰ্মা বশিষ্ঠ | editor=[[অনুৰাধা শৰ্মা পূজাৰী]] | year=২০১৭ | volume=দ্বাদশ | edition=দ্বাদশ বছৰ, একাদশ সংখ্যা | location=[[গুৱাহাটী]] | pages=৫৪-৫৫}}</ref>। তেওঁক অসমীয়া আধুনিক গল্প সাহিত্যৰ ধাৰাটোৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তক বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="উপেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা"/> তেওঁৰ গল্প সংকলন ২৫ খনৰো অধিক। তাৰোপৰি তেওঁ প্ৰায় ৬০ খন উপন্যাস, পাঁচখন [[কবিতা]] সংকলন, তিনিখন [[শিশু সাহিত্য]] আৰু ২০খন মঞ্চ অনাতাঁৰ নাট, অনুবাদ গ্ৰন্থ, ব্যংগ ৰচনা আৰু অসংখ্য প্ৰবন্ধ ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book | title=অসম ইয়েৰ বুক, ২০২১ | publisher=জ্যোতি প্ৰকাশন | author=[[শান্তনু কৌশিক বৰুৱা]] | author's article name=প্ৰসিদ্ধ ব্যক্তি আৰু পৰিচয় | year=২০২০ | location=[[গুৱাহাটী]] | pages=৮৭৩ | isbn=978-93-81485-82-8}}</ref> তেওঁ ১৯৭৭ চনত [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা]]ৰ অভয়াপুৰী অধিবেশনৰ সভাপতিৰ আসন অলংকৃত কৰে।<ref>[http://www.asamsahityasabha.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=56 ১৯১৭ চনৰ পৰা অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সভাপতিসকলৰ তালিকা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129233721/http://www.asamsahityasabha.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=56 |date=2013-01-29 }} [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা]]ৰ ৱেবছাইট, আহৰণ: ১৮ নৱেম্বৰ, ২০১২।</ref> তেওঁ [[অঘৰী আত্মাৰ কাহিনী]] উপন্যাসৰ বাবে ১৯৭২ চনত [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/showSearchAwardsResult.jsp?year=&author=&awards=AA&language=ASSAMESE| title=সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা বিজয়ী অসমীয়াসকলৰ তথ্য |publisher=সাহিত্য অকাডেমি | accessdate=নৱেম্বৰ ১৬, ২০১২}}</ref> লাভ কৰাৰ উপৰিও ১৯৯২ চনত [[অসম উপত্যকা সাহিত্য বঁটা]], ১৯৯৯ চনত [[শংকৰদেৱ বঁটা]] আৰু ভাৰত চৰকাৰে প্ৰদান কৰা সৰ্ব্বোচ অসামৰিক সন্মান [[পদ্মশ্ৰী]] তথা [[পদ্মভূষণ]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php |title=Search Awardees - Padma Awards - My India, My Pride - Know India: National Portal of India |publisher=India.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2012-12-25 |archivedate=2009-01-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131221505/http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php |deadurl=yes }}</ref> লাভ কৰে।<ref>http://www.assaminfo.com/famous-people/35/syed-abdul-malik.htm</ref><ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ উপৰিও বাংলা, ফাৰ্চী<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.xobdo.org/dic/ | title=পাৰ্চী | publisher=http://www.xobdo.org/ | accessdate=20 June 2022}}</ref>, হিন্দী, উৰ্দু অৰু ইংৰাজী ভাষাত মালিকৰ ব্যুৎপত্তি আছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও উড়িয়া, নেপালী, আৰৱী, সংস্কৃত আৰু ৰুছ ভাষাতো তেওঁৰ সম্যক দখল আছিল।<ref name="অভিনিবেশ শৰ্মা"/> [[গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ]] লোক সংস্কৃতি বিভাগৰ গৱেষণা আঁচনিৰ অধীনত গৱেষণা কৰি ১৯৫৮ চনত মালিকে প্ৰকাশ কৰা তেখেতৰ গৱেষণা ভিত্তিক গ্ৰন্থ ‘''অসমীয়া জিকিৰ আৰু জাৰী''’ অসমীয়া সাহিত্যলৈ এক অমূল্য অৱদান।<ref name="অভিনিবেশ শৰ্মা">{{cite book | title=অসম ইয়েৰ বুক, ২০১৯ | publisher=জ্যোতি প্ৰকাশন | author=অভিনিবেশ শৰ্মা | author's article name=জন্ম শতবৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি: চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিক | year=২০১৯ | location=[[গুৱাহাটী]] | pages=২৫-২৮ | isbn=978-93-81485-82-8}}</ref>তেওঁৰ আন এখন গ্ৰন্থ হ’ল চুফী আৰু চুফীবাদ।<ref name="উপেন্দ্ৰ বৰকটকী" /> মালিকে [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ|শংকৰদেৱৰ]] জীৱনৰ আধাৰত ‘''[[ধন্য নৰ তনু ভাল]]''’ (১৯৮৭) শীৰ্ষক, ৪৩৮ পৃষ্ঠাৰ বৃহৎ কলেৱৰৰ এখন উপন্যাস ৰচনা কৰিছিল। অসমীয়া উপন্যাস সাহিত্যত ‘''[[ধন্য নৰ তনু ভাল]]''’ শংকৰদেৱৰ জীৱন ভিত্তিক প্ৰথমখন উপন্যাস।<ref name="উপেন্দ্ৰ বৰকটকী"/> তেওঁ [[মাধৱদেৱ|মাধৱদেৱৰ]] বৰ্ণাঢ্য কৰ্ম আৰু জীৱনক লৈও ‘''[[প্ৰেম অমৃতৰ নদী]]''’ নামে এখন উপন্যাস ৰচনা কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও মালিকে ৰচনা কৰা [[অঘৰী আত্মাৰ কাহিনী]], সূৰুজমুখীৰ স্বপ্ন, আধাৰশিলা আদি অসমীয়া উপন্যাস সাহিত্যত মাইলৰ খুঁটি।<ref name="প্ৰফুল্ল চন্দ্ৰ বৰা">{{cite book | title=কথা বৰণ্য ১০০ | publisher=কথা | author=প্ৰফুল্ল চন্দ্ৰ বৰা | author's article name=চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিক | year=২০০৬ | location=[[গুৱাহাটী]] | pages=১৪৪-১৪৫ | isbn=81-89148-14-1}}</ref>[[ৰজনীকান্ত বৰদলৈ|ৰজনীকান্ত বৰদলৈৰ]] পাছত ‘উপন্যাস সম্ৰাট’ অভিধা চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিকৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়।<ref name="উপেন্দ্ৰ বৰকটকী"/> মালিকৰ এক ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱনো আছিল। তেওঁ স্বাধীনতাৰ আগতে গঠিত হোৱা মুছলীম লীগত, ১৯৪৫-৪৬ চনত যোগদান কৰিছিল। মালিক কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ সক্ৰিয় সদস্য নাছিল। তথাপি ১৯৫৭ চনৰ সাধাৰণ নিৰ্বাচনত যোৰহাট-গোলাঘাট লোকসভা সমষ্টিৰ পৰা কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ সমৰ্থনত প্ৰতিদ্বন্দিতা কৰি কংগ্ৰেছ প্ৰাৰ্থীৰ হাতত পৰাজিত হয়। ১৯৭১ চনত তেওঁ কংগ্ৰেছ দলত যোগদান কৰে আৰু ১৯৭২ চনত গৃহ সমষ্টি দেৰগাঁৱৰ পৰা অসম বিধান সভাৰ নিৰ্বাচনত প্ৰতিদ্বন্দিতা কৰি পুনৰ পৰাজিত হয়। ১৯৭৬ চনত কংগ্ৰেছ দলৰ প্ৰাৰ্থী ৰূপে তেওঁ অসমৰ পৰা ৰাজ্যসভালৈ নিৰ্বাচিত হয় আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁৰ সাংসদীয় কাৰ্যকালৰ অন্ত পৰে।<ref name="প্ৰফুল্ল চন্দ্ৰ বৰা"/> তেওঁ সংখ্যালঘু উন্নয়ন ব’ৰ্ডৰ সভাপতি আছিল।<ref name="চৈয়দা কামিলা হায়াত">{{cite encyclopedia | title=অতীতৰ তিতা-মিঠা ডুখৰীয়া স্মৃতি | encyclopedia=[[সাতসৰী]] | publisher=[[সাদিন|সাদিন গোষ্ঠী]] | accessdate=২০ জুন, ২০২২ | author=চৈয়দ কামিলা হায়াত | editor=[[অনুৰাধা শৰ্মা পূজাৰী]] | year=২০১৭ | volume=দ্বাদশ | edition=দ্বাদশ বছৰ, একাদশ সংখ্যা | location=[[গুৱাহাটী]] | pages=৪৮-৫১}}</ref> অসম আন্দোলনৰ সময়ত মালিকক পৰিয়াল সহিতে সমাজৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="চৈয়দা নিচাত চিৰিণ জিনেইদা">{{cite encyclopedia | title=দেউতাৰ আছিল অফুৰন্ত মনৰ জোৰ | encyclopedia=[[সাতসৰী]] | publisher=[[সাদিন|সাদিন গোষ্ঠী]] | accessdate=২০ জুন, ২০২২ | author=চৈয়দা নিচাত চিৰিণ জিনেইদা | editor=[[অনুৰাধা শৰ্মা পূজাৰী]] | year=২০১৭ | volume=দ্বাদশ | edition=দ্বাদশ বছৰ, একাদশ সংখ্যা | location=[[গুৱাহাটী]] | pages=৪৫-৪৭}}</ref>বিভিন্ন সময়ত বিভিন্ন ৰাজনৈতিক মতাদৰ্শ গ্ৰহণ কৰি তেওঁ বিতৰ্কৰ বলি হৈছিল।<ref name="উপেন্দ্ৰ বৰকটকী"/> বৈচিত্ৰ্যময় সৃষ্টিশীলতা, মধুৰ ব্যক্তিত্ব, মনোৰম ৰসিক কথকতাৰ বাবে তেওঁ জীৱনকালতে সৰ্বজন প্ৰিয় এক কিংবদন্তি পৰিণত হৈছিল।<ref name="প্ৰফুল্ল চন্দ্ৰ বৰা"/> অসমীয়া সাহিত্যলৈ মালিকৰ অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে সুঁৱৰি কথাশিল্পী [[হোমেন বৰগোহাঞি|হোমেন বৰগোহাঞিয়ে]] লিখিছে<ref name="অভিনিবেশ শৰ্মা"/>, {{cquote|…<small>‘মালিকে যি বিশাল চিত্ৰশালা সৃষ্টি কৰি থৈ গৈছে সেই চিত্ৰশালাত অসমীয়া সমাজে নিজৰ প্ৰতিচ্ছবি দেখিবলৈ পায়…এই কথা ক’লে বোধহয় অত্যুক্তি কৰা নহ’ব যে আধুনিক যুগত [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা|লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱাৰ]] পিছত মালিকেই হ’ ল দ্বিতীয়জন লেখক যিজনে সমগ্ৰ অসমীয়া জাতিৰ হৃদয় জয় কৰিবলৈ সমৰ্থ হৈছে।’(‘মালিকৰ সুখ-দুখ’)</small>…}} ==বংশ পৰিচয় আৰু শিক্ষা== সপ্তদশ শতিকাৰ আগভাগত মালিকৰ পূৰ্ব পুৰুষৰ অসমলৈ আগমণ ঘটিছিল। অসমলৈ অহা চাৰিগৰাকী মুছলমান সাধকৰ অন্যতম হজৰত খোন্দকাৰ পীৰ মালিকৰ উপৰি পুৰুষ। মালিকৰ পঞ্চম পুৰুষ চৈয়দ জওহৰ আলিৰপৰা ছয় পুৰুষ উজনি অসমৰ নাহৰণিত বসবাস কৰিছে। নাহৰণি মুছলীম বসতিপূৰ্ণ গাঁও; জিকিৰ আৰু জাৰী চৰ্চাৰ প্ৰাণকেন্দ্ৰ বুলিও নাহৰণিৰ এক সুকীয়া পৰিচয় আছে।<ref name="প্ৰফুল্ল চন্দ্ৰ বৰা"/> [[গোলাঘাট জিলা]] অন্তৰ্গত, এই নাহৰণিতে ১৯১৯ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰী<ref>{{cite web |author=Bipuljyoti Saikia |url=http://www.bipuljyoti.in/authors/malik.html |title=Bipuljyoti Saikia's Homepage : Authors & Poets - Syed Abdul Malik |publisher=Bipuljyoti.in |date= |accessdate=2012-12-25 |archivedate=2013-07-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726133453/http://bipuljyoti.in/authors/malik.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref>/ ১৬ জানুৱাৰী<ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> তাৰিখে চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিকৰ জন্ম হয়। পিতৃ ৰহমত আলী আৰু মাতৃ চৈয়দা লুৎফুন্নিছা<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://www.vedanti.com/Legends/syed_abdul_malik.htm |access-date=2012-11-15 |archivedate=2016-03-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002017/http://www.vedanti.com/Legends/syed_abdul_malik.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> মালিকৰ শিক্ষাৰম্ভ হয় নাহৰণি নিম্ন বুনিয়াদী বিদ্যালয়ত। তাৰপিছত তেওঁ দেৰগাঁও এম ই স্কুলত শিক্ষা লাভ কৰে।<ref name="উপেন্দ্ৰ বৰকটকী"/> তেওঁ [[যোৰহাট চৰকাৰী উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক আৰু বহুমুখী বালক বিদ্যালয়|যোৰহাট চৰকাৰী হাইস্কুলৰ]] পৰা ফাৰ্চী ভাষাত লেটাৰ সহ প্ৰথম বিভাগত প্ৰৱেশিকা<ref name="লুৎফুৰ ৰহমান">{{cite encyclopedia | title=আব্দুল মালিক ডাৰোগা নহ’ল | encyclopedia=[[সাতসৰী]] | publisher=[[সাদিন|সাদিন গোষ্ঠী]] | accessdate=২০ জুন, ২০২২ | author=লুৎফুৰ ৰহমান | editor=[[অনুৰাধা শৰ্মা পূজাৰী]] | year=২০১৭ | volume=দ্বাদশ | edition=দ্বাদশ বছৰ, একাদশ সংখ্যা | location=[[গুৱাহাটী]] | pages=৩৭-৪১}}</ref>, [[যোৰহাট মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা আই এ আৰু [[কটন মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা ১৯৪১ ত ইংৰাজী বিষয়ত সন্মানসহ<ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> সুখ্যাতিৰে বি.এ. পৰীক্ষাত উত্তীৰ্ণ হয়। কেইবা বছৰ চাকৰি কৰাৰ পাছত ১৯৫১ ত গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ<ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> পৰা অসমীয়া বিভাগত প্ৰাইভেটকৈ এম.এ. পাছ কৰে। ==কৰ্মজীৱন== ১৯৪২ ত আবকাৰী বিভাগৰ ''চাব ইন্সপেক্টৰ'' হিচাপে কৰ্ম জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰা মালিকে দ্বিতীয় মহাসমৰৰ সময়ত সামৰিক বিভাগত যোগ দি প্ৰায় দুবছৰ কাম কৰিছিল<ref name="উপেন্দ্ৰ বৰকটকী"/>। ১৯৪৬ ত [[যোৰহাট মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ত পাৰ্ছী ভাষাৰ প্ৰবক্তা হিচাপে দুবছৰ কাম কৰি শ্বিলং-গুৱাহাটী অনাতাঁৰ কেন্দ্ৰত ''প্ৰ'গেম এচিষ্টেণ্ট'' হিচাপে যোগ দিয়ে। ডেৰ বছৰ এই কাম কৰাৰ পাছত ঢেকীয়াল হাইস্কুল আৰু কুৰালগুৰি হাইস্কুলত শিক্ষকতা কৰে। তেওঁ ১৯৫০ চনত গোলাঘাট ঢেকীয়াল হাইস্কুলৰ সহকাৰী শিক্ষক আৰু ১৯৫১ চনত কুৰালগুৰি হাইস্কুলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক প্ৰধান শিক্ষক ৰূপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref name="উপেন্দ্ৰ বৰকটকী"/> তাত কাম কৰি থকা সময়তে প্ৰাইভেটকৈ গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা অসমীয়া সাহিত্যত দ্বিতীয় শ্ৰেণীৰ প্ৰথম স্থান লৈ স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে<ref name="উপেন্দ্ৰ বৰকটকী"/> আৰু লগে লগে আহি ১৯৫১ৰ পৰা ১৯৭৬ লৈ যোৰহাটৰ [[জে বি কলেজ]]ত অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ প্ৰবক্তা হিচাপে কাম কৰে। পিছত এই বিভাগৰ মুৰব্বী ৰূপে অৱসৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref name="উপেন্দ্ৰ বৰকটকী"/> ১৯৬৩ৰ পৰা ১৯৬৯ লৈ সাহিত্য অকাডেমি কাউন্সিলৰ সদস্য হিচাপে থকা মালিক ১৯৬৯ত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ প্ৰধান সম্পাদক নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ১৯৭৬ত ৰাজ্যসভাৰ সাংসদ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত মালিকে তাৰ পাছৰ বছৰত [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা]]ৰ অভয়াপুৰী অধিবেশনৰ সভাপতি হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। জীৱনৰ কোনো এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট দিশৰ সূত্ৰতে সীমাবদ্ধ নথকা মালিক ভাৰতীয় গণ নাট্য সংঘ আৰু কমিউনিষ্ট আন্দোলনৰ সৈতেও ডেকা বয়সত ওতপ্ৰোতভাৱে জড়িত আছিল। ==মৃত্যু== চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিকৰ ২০০০ চনৰ ২০ ডিচেম্বৰত<ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/>, ৮১ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয় ৮২ বছৰ সম্পূূূূূৰ্ণ কৰিবলৈ কিছুদিনহে বাকী আছিলে । ২০০০ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহৰ ৪ তাৰিখে উশাহ-নিশাহত হোৱা কষ্টৰ ববে তেওঁক আই চি ইউত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল। কিন্তু স্বাস্থ্যৰ অধিক অৱনতি ঘটাত তেওঁক ঘৰলৈ ঘূৰাই অনা হয়। ঘৰতে ১৯ ডিচেম্বৰৰ ৰাতি ১২ বাজি ২৫ মিনিটত আব্দুল মালিকে শেষ নিশ্বাস ত্যাগ কৰে। <ref name="চৈয়দা কামিলা হায়াত"/> ==বঁটা-সন্মান== ১৯৭৭ চনত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ অভয়াপুৰী অধিবেশনত চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিকে সভাপতিৰ আসন অলংকৃত কৰিছিল। তেখেত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ প্ৰধান সম্পাদক পদতো কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত 'ছোভিয়েট লেণ্ড নেহেৰু বঁটা' আৰু ১৯৭২ চনত 'অঘৰী আত্মাৰ কাহিনী' নামৰ উপন্যাসখনৰ বাবে তেওঁক'সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা 'ৰে তেখেতক সম্মানিত কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৮৪ চনত সাহিত্যৰ বাবে আগবঢ়োৱা বৰঙণিৰ বাবে ভাৰত চৰকাৰে 'পদ্মশ্ৰী' বঁটা আগবঢ়াইছিল। পুনৰ ১৯৯২ চনত ভাৰত চৰকাৰে তেখেতক 'পদ্মভূষণ' বঁটাৰে সম্মানিত কৰিছিল। জিকিৰ আৰু জাৰীৰ ওপৰত গৱেষণা কৰি সেইসমূহক শৃংখলিতভাৱে গ্ৰন্থৰ ৰূপত সংৰক্ষণ কৰাৰ বাবে ১৯৯৫ চনত মালিকক 'আজান ফকীৰ বঁটা'ৰে বিভূষিত কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৪ চনত তেখেতক 'অসম উপত্যকা বঁটা'সন্মানিত সম্মানিত কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৮৯ চনত ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে তেখেতক সন্মানীয় 'ডি-লিট' ডিগ্ৰী প্ৰদান কৰে। ১৯৯২ চনত 'হাৰ্মণি বঁটা', ১৯৯৩ চনত 'এ'প্ৰেছ বঁটা' আৰু ১৯৯৪ চনত সাহিত্য অকাডেমিৰ ফেল'শ্বিপ লাভ কৰে। ১৯৯৮ চনত শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ সংঘৰ পৰা গুৰুজনাৰ '৫৫০তম জন্ম জয়ন্তী বিশেষ বঁটা' আৰু ১৯৮৯ চনত 'পূব ভাৰতীয় সংস্কৃতি সংহতি বঁটা' লাভ কৰে। মৃত্যুৰ এবছৰৰ আগতে ১৯৯৯ চনত 'শংকৰদেৱ বঁটা'ৰে তেখেতক সম্মানিত কৰা হয়। ১৯৯২ চনত সৰ্বভাৰতীয় গণ নাট্য সংঘৰ উপ- সভাপতিৰ দায়িত্বও সুচাৰুৰূপে পালন কৰিছিল। তদুপৰি ১৯৯৭ চনত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ সম্মান 'সাহিত্যাচাৰ্য' উপাধিৰে তেখেতক সম্মানিত কৰে। ==অসমীয়া সাহিত্যলৈ অৱদান== {{multicol}} ===উপন্যাস=== # বনজুই # মাটিৰ চাকি # সূৰুযমুখীৰ স্বপ্ন # অঘৰী আত্মাৰ কাহিনী # ৰথৰ চকৰী ঘূৰে # ৰূপতীৰ্থৰ যাত্ৰী # ধন্য নৰ তনু ভাল # প্ৰেম অমৃতৰ নদী। # ড॰ অৰুনাভৰ অসম্পূৰ্ণ জীৱনী # আধাৰশিলা # এটা সূৰ্য, দুখন নদী আৰু এখন মৰুভূমি #ওমলা ঘৰৰ ধূলি #পহুমৰা হাবিৰ বাট #জেতুকা পাতৰ দৰে #অন্যযুগ ভিন্ন তীৰ্থ #জীয়া জুৰিৰ ঘাট #ফুলনিবাৰীৰ বজ্ৰপাত #মুণিচুনিৰ চকামকা #গাঁথনিত তেজৰ কৰাল #একাবেঁকা বৃত্ত #স্বাতী নক্ষত্ৰৰ ভস্ম #ভূমিচম্পাৰ কপালৰ সেন্দূৰৰ ফোঁট #মোৰ বাবে তুমি নুৰুবা মালতী ফুল #বহুত বেদনা এটোপা চকুলো #সোণালী সূতাৰে বন্ধা #কেৱল প্ৰেমেৰেই যদি #সিপাৰে প্ৰাণ সমুদ্ৰ #জয়া-মনিকা ইত্যাদি… #সুমেৰু,কুমেৰু আৰু এটা বাঁহী #এটা ধূমকেতুৰ শৰশয্যা #স্বপ্ন ভঙ্গ #অগ্নিগৰ্ভা #ছবিঘৰ #বনজুই #ৰূপাবৰীৰ পলস #ফাগুনৰ শেষ হাঁহি #অন্য নাম মৃত্যু #নল,বিৰিণা,খাগৰি #অন্ধকূপ #কবিতাৰ নাম লাভা #শৰীলত একুৰা জুই #উভতি অহাৰ গান #আপোন আপোন স্বৰ্গ #দোকমোকালি #কণ্ঠহাৰ #অন্য আকাশ অন্য তৰা #ৰূপতীৰ্থৰ যাত্ৰী #[[ৰজনীগন্ধাৰ চকুলো]] #মনুষ্যত্বৰ মৰিশালিত #প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু প্ৰান্তৰ #বিহমেটেকাৰ ফুল #অমৰ মায়া #ৰাতিৰ কবিতা #মৌ ডিমৰুৰ কোঁহ #বালিৰ বকুল সোণৰ চেঁকুৰা # মৌ মিঠা হৃদয়ৰ ভাষা ৷ ===নাটক=== #ৰাজদ্ৰহী #মকৰাজাল #অন্য এজনী শকুন্তলা #দূৰৰ দেৱতা #জোৱাৰৰ ঢৌ #অ মোৰ আপোনাৰ দেশ #আলহী ঘৰ {{col-break}} ===কবিতা=== #বেদুইন<ref name="কৰবী ডেকা হাজৰিকা">{{cite encyclopedia | title=মালিকৰ কবিমন | encyclopedia=[[সাতসৰী]] | publisher=[[সাদিন|সাদিন গোষ্ঠী]] | accessdate=২০ জুন, ২০২২ | author=[[কৰবী ডেকা হাজৰিকা]] | editor=[[অনুৰাধা শৰ্মা পূজাৰী]] | year=২০১৭ | volume=দ্বাদশ | edition=দ্বাদশ বছৰ, একাদশ সংখ্যা | location=[[গুৱাহাটী]] | pages=৩৪-৩৬}}</ref> (১৯৪৮) #স্বাক্ষৰ<ref name="কৰবী ডেকা হাজৰিকা"/>, #স্বপ্ন দুস্বপ্ন আৰু কিছু কথা<ref name="কৰবী ডেকা হাজৰিকা"/>, #ছন্দহাৰাৰ ছন্দ<ref name="কৰবী ডেকা হাজৰিকা"/>, # ছন্দহীন ছন্দ #তোমাৰ কণ্ঠ মোৰ গীত(গীত) === গল্প সংকলন<ref name="উপেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা"/> === # পৰশমণি # ৰঙাগড়া #মৰহা পাপৰি #এজনী নতুন ছোৱালী #শিল আৰু শিখা #শিখৰে শিখৰে #অস্থায়ী আৰু অন্তৰা #বহুত বেদনা এটোপাল চকুলো #ছয় নম্বৰ প্ৰশ্নৰ উত্তৰ #প্ৰাণাধিকা #অন্ধকূপ #আৱৰ্ত #হাঁহি আৰু চকুলো #শুক্লপক্ষৰ পোহৰৰ স্বপ্ন #কৃষ্ণপক্ষৰ আন্ধাৰৰ দুঃসপ্ন #মৃগনাভি #হাঁহিৰে চকুলো ঢাকি #এখন নিলিখা চিঠি #অলংকাৰ #ছাই আৰু ফিৰিঙতি #মৰম মৰম লাগে #বীভৎস বেদনা #অলপ ডাৱৰ অলপ পোহৰ #তিনিচকীয়া গাড়ী # পোৰা গাঁৱত পহিলা বহাগ ===হাস্যৰসৰ ৰচনা=== #খিড়িকী #হাঁহিমেই নে কান্দিমেই #স্বামী অভঙানন্দ #মিঞা মৌজাদাৰ #ভৃত্য কিংকৰ গোলাম দাস #অজগৰ #জেলেপী ===ভ্ৰমণ কাহিনী=== #মাজত মাথোঁ হিমালয় #এটা চিনাকি দ্বীপৰ এই ৰেখা #বালি বেলি আৰু জম জম ===অন্যান্য গ্ৰন্থ=== #অসমীয়া জিকিৰ আৰু জাৰী #নানান ফুলৰ কৰণি #সীৰলত একুৰা জুই #সত্যৰ পথেৰ শান্তিৰ ৰথেৰে মুক্তিৰ জয়যাত্ৰা #ৰাইজৰ মুখৰ মাত #চুফি আৰু চুফিবাদ #অসমীয়া ভাষাত মধ্য প্ৰাচ্য আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ শব্দ-সম্ভাৰ #মোৰ জীৱনৰ নহ'লবোৰ #মোৰ জীৱনৰ আগে পিছে সোঁৱে-বাঁৱে {{col-end}} ==বঁটা আৰু সন্মান== {| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;" |+ বঁটা ! বৰ্ষ!! বঁটা!! তথ্য |- | ১৯৬৫ || ছোভিয়েট দেশ নেহৰু বঁটা<ref name="প্ৰফুল্ল চন্দ্ৰ বৰা"/><ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> || ''মাজত মাথোঁ হিমালয়'' ভ্ৰমণ কাহিনীৰ বাবে |- | ১৯৭২ || [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]]<ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> || ''[[অঘৰী আত্মাৰ কাহিনী]]'' উপন্যাসৰ বাবে |- | ১৯৮৪ || [[পদ্মশ্ৰী]]<ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> || অসমীয়া সাহিত্যলৈ আগবঢ়োৱা অৱদানৰ বাবে |- | ১৯৯২ || [[পদ্মবিভূষণ]]<ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> || অসমীয়া সাহিত্যলৈ আগবঢ়োৱা অৱদানৰ বাবে |- | ১৯৯২ || [[অসম উপত্যকা সাহিত্য বঁটা]]<ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> || |- | ১৯৯২ || আজান ফকীৰ বঁটা<ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> || |- | ১৯৯৭ || [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা|অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ]] ‘সাহিত্যাচাৰ্য্য’ সন্মান<ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> || |- | ১৯৯৯ || [[শংকৰদেৱ বঁটা]]<ref>http://www.assaminfo.com/famous-people/35/syed-abdul-malik.htm</ref><ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী"/> || |} ১৯৯৯ সাহিত্য অকাডেমীৰ ফিল’শ্বিপ ৷ ==মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী<ref name="মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী">{{cite encyclopedia | title=মালিকৰ চমু জীৱনপঞ্জী | encyclopedia=[[সাতসৰী]] | publisher=[[সাদিন|সাদিন গোষ্ঠী]] | accessdate=২০ জুন, ২০২২ | author=সম্পাদনা সমিতি | editor=[[অনুৰাধা শৰ্মা পূজাৰী]] | year=জুন, ২০১৭ | volume=দ্বাদশ | edition=দ্বাদশ বছৰ, একাদশ সংখ্যা | location=[[গুৱাহাটী]] | pages=৩৩}}</ref>== * জন্মঃ ১৬ জানুৱাৰী,১৯১৯; নাহৰণি, গোলাঘাট * পিতৃঃ ৰহমত আলী * মাতৃঃ চৈয়দা লুৎফুন্নিছা * ১৯৩৭ঃ যোৰহাট চৰকাৰী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা প্ৰথম বিভাগত মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষা উৰ্ত্তীণ * ১৯৩৯ঃ [[যোৰহাট কলেজ|যোৰহাট কলেজৰ]] পৰা আই এ উৰ্ত্তীণ * ১৯৪০ঃ ''[[বাঁহী]]'' আলোচনীত প্ৰথম উপন্যাস প্ৰকাশ * ১৯৪১ঃ ইংৰাজী বিষয়ত ‘সন্মান’সহ [[কটন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় |কটন কলেজৰ]] পৰা স্নাতক * ১৯৪২ঃ অসম চৰকাৰৰ আবকাৰী বিভাগত উপ-পৰিদৰ্শক পদত যোগদান * ১৯৪৫ঃ প্ৰথম গল্প সংকলন ''পৰশমণি'' প্ৰকাশিত * ১৯৪৬ঃ [[যোৰহাট কলেজ|যোৰহাট কলেজত]] পাৰ্চিয়ান ভাষাৰ শিক্ষক পদত যোগদান * ১৯৪৮ঃ গুৱাহাটী-শ্বিলং অনাঁতাৰ কেন্দ্ৰত ‘প্ৰ’গাম এছিষ্টেণ্ট’ পদত যোগদান * ১৯৫১ঃ [[গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ]] পৰা অসমীয়া বিভাগত স্নাতকোত্তৰ; [[জগন্নাথ বৰুৱা মহাবিদ্যালয়|জে বি কলেজৰ]] অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ প্ৰবক্তা হিচাপে যোগদান * ১৯৫৬ঃ অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ [[ৰঙা পুলিচ|ৰঙা পুলিচত]] অভিনয় * ১৯৬৩ঃ [[শিৱসাগৰ|শিৱসাগৰৰ]] ধাইআলিৰ হাচনা চিস্তিৰ সৈতে বিবাহ; ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন ভ্ৰমণ * ১৯৬৩-৬৯ঃ সাহিত্য অকাডেমিৰ সাধাৰণ পৰিষদৰ সদস্য * ১৯৬৫ঃ ভ্ৰমণকাহিনী ‘''মাজত মাথো হিমালয়''’ৰ বাবে ‘ছোভিয়েট দেশ নেহৰু বঁটা’ * ১৯৭২ঃ ''অঘৰী আত্মাৰ কাহিনী'' উপন্যাসৰ ববে [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] * ১৯৭৬-৮২ঃ ৰাজ্যসভাৰ সাংসদ ৰূপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ * ১৯৭৭ঃ [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা|অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ]] সভাপতি নিৰ্বাচন * ১৯৮৪ঃ ‘[[পদ্মশ্ৰী]]’ সন্মান * ১৯৯২ঃ ‘[[পদ্মভূষণ]]’ সন্মান * ১৯৯৩ঃ ‘আজান ফকীৰ’ বঁটা * ১৯৯৪ঃ [[অসম উপত্যকা সাহিত্য বঁটা]] * ১৯৯৫ঃ শংকৰদেৱ বঁটা * ১৯৯৭ঃ [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা|অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ]] ‘সাহিত্যাচাৰ্য্য’ সন্মান * মৃত্যুঃ ২০ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০০০ ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{reflist}} ==সহায়ক গ্ৰন্থপূঞ্জী== * "পদ্মনাথ গোহাঞিবৰুৱাৰ পৰা ৰংবং তেৰাঙলৈ", লেখক: ড॰ ত্ৰিদিব গোস্বামী। ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [http://www.radianceweekly.com/189/4852/accountability-of-intelligence-agencies/2010-01-31/northeast-newsletter/story-detail/renowned-litterateur-syed-abdul-malik-remembered.html Renowned Litterateur Syed Abdul Malik Remembered] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025731/http://www.radianceweekly.com/189/4852/accountability-of-intelligence-agencies/2010-01-31/northeast-newsletter/story-detail/renowned-litterateur-syed-abdul-malik-remembered.html |date=2016-03-04 }} * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_De2L_cFyd8 Syed Abdul Malik's Novel Surujmukhir Sopno], a youtube video {{Navbox assam biography}} {{পদ্ম বঁটা বিজয়ী অসমৰ ব্যক্তি}} {{অসমীয়া ভাষাত সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা লাভ কৰা সাহিত্যিকসকল}} {{অসম উপত্যকা সাহিত্য বঁটা}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া কবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া গল্পকাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া নাট্যকাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সভাপতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মভূষণ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সাহিত্য অকাডেমিৰ ফেলোশ্বিপ প্ৰাপক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসম উপত্যকা সাহিত্য বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] qmg75b43c8a8m1t850ljo31ajcw9x2l বাঁহ 0 4051 453029 394626 2024-12-09T16:17:05Z 2409:408A:8DCC:EFBC:0:0:22C9:F808 453029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{taxobox |name = বাঁহ গছ<br />Bambuseae tribe |image = BambooKyoto.jpg |image_caption = জাপানৰ এখন বাঁহনী বাৰী |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Monocots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |ordo = [[Poales]] |familia = [[Poaceae]] |subfamilia = [[Bambusoideae]] |supertribus = [[Bambusodae]] |tribus = '''Bambuseae''' |tribus_authority = [[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]] ex [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumort.]] |diversity = Around 92 [[genus|genera]] and 5, 000 [[species]] |diversity_link = Taxonomy of the Bambuseae |subdivision_ranks = [[Subtribe]]s |subdivision = *[[Arthrostylidiinae]] * [[Arundinariinae]] * [[Bambusinae]] * [[Chusqueinae]] * [[Guaduinae]] * [[Melocanninae]] * [[Nastinae]] * [[Racemobambodinae]] * [[Shibataeinae]] See the full '''[[Taxonomy of the Bambuseae]]'''.}} <!--[[চিত্ৰ:Bmbo.jpg|thumbnail|upright|left|300px|]]--> ''' বাঁহ গছ''' (Bambuseae) এবিধ [[ঘাঁহ]] জাতীয় বৰ ওখ গছ। বাঁহ গছ [[পৃথিৱী]]ৰ ভিতৰত খুব কম সময়ত ক্ষীপ্ৰতাৰে বৃদ্ধি হোৱা গছসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="Farrelly">{{cite book| last= Farrelly | first=David |title=The Book of Bamboo |publisher=Sierra Club Books |year=1984 |isbn=0-87156-825-X}}</ref> এই গছ [[দক্ষিণ এছিয়া]]ৰ দেশসমূহত অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰমূল্য উল্লেখনীয়। দক্ষিণ এছিয়া আৰু [[পূব এছিয়া]]ত ইয়াক গৃহ নিৰ্মান, [[কাগজ]], ঘৰুৱা সামগ্ৰী, খাদ্যৰ উত্‍স আদি বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। [[অসম]]ৰ হাবিত ২৬ বিধ বাঁহ প্ৰজাতি পোৱা যায় আৰু ইহঁত গ্ৰেমিনি বা পয়েছি গোত্ৰৰ অন্তৰ্গত। বাঁহ গছ ২৪ ঘণ্টাত ৪৭.৫ ইঞ্চিলৈকে বৃদ্ধি হয়। ==প্ৰজাতি== অৰ্থনৈতিক গুৰুত্বসম্পন্ন বাঁহ প্ৰজাতিবোৰৰ ভিতৰত জাতি বাঁহ, [[ভলুকা বাঁহ]], বিজুলী বাঁহ, [[কাক বাঁহ]], দলৌ বাঁহ, বৰবাঁহ, বজালবাঁহ আদি। ==বাঁহ গছৰ ব্যৱহাৰ== Aব্যৱহাৰিক মূল্যৰ কথালৈ লক্ষ্য কৰি বাঁহ উদ্ভিদক সততে "সেউজীয়া সোণ" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হয়। বাঁহৰ গাজটোৰ পৰা এছাৰি ডাললৈকে গছজোপাৰ আটাইবোৰ অংশই বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। বাঁহৰ কাঠি-কামীৰে জেউৰা-জপনা, পাচি-খৰাহী, [[জাপি]], টেবুল, চকী, মাছ ধৰা সামগ্ৰী যেনে - জাকৈ, খালৈ, প'ল-জুলুকি আদি তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। বাঁহ ঘৰ বনোৱা কামতো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। [[তাঁতশাল]]ৰ প্ৰায়বিলাক সামগ্ৰীয়েই বাঁহৰ পৰা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। বাঁহ গছৰ পৰা [[কাগজ]] তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। ==খাদ্য হিচাপে== বাঁহৰ গাজৰপৰা [[খৰিচা]] তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। ভাৰতৰ উত্তৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলত পোৱা খাদ্যৰ উপযোগী বাঁহসমূহৰ প্ৰজাতিসমূহ এনেধৰণৰ :<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=নেগী |first1=অনিল |last2= গুৰুঙ|first2=ধ্ৰুৱ |editor-last1= কুমাৰ বৰা |editor-first1= ৰাজীৱ |editor-last2= শৰ্মা |editor-first2= গৌৰীশংকৰ |editor-last3= গগৈ|editor-first3= ভৱেশ |title= উত্তৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ বাঁহ পৰিচালনাৰ হাত পুথি |publisher= সঞ্চালক, বৰ্ষা অৰণ্য গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, চতাই, যোৰহাট|date= ২০০৯|pages= ৫৩-৬৮ |chapter= সপ্তম অধ্যায়: বাঁহ চপোৱাৰ পিছত স্থায়ীত্ব বৰ্দ্ধনৰ উপাচাৰ }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! ৰাজ্যৰ নাম!! স্থানীয় নাম |- | rowspan="5" |অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ || এপ' |- |হাট্‌ |- | ই আই |- |ৱইয়াং |- |বিজে |- |rowspan="7" | অসম||ভলুকা |- |জাতি |- |কাক |- |এচপাৰ |- |গাধৈ বা বৰ বাঁহ |- |মুলী |- |দলু |- | rowspan="6" | মণিপুৰ || নাট্‌ |- |চেনেই বি চান্দেল |- |মাৰিব্‌ব |- |পিচা/চেনেইবি |- |অনান্‌ |- |মাৱবি |- | rowspan="3" |মেঘালয় || বাৰৱা, ৱানক, চিট্‌শ্লাও, লাঙচেইজ, প্লাঙ |- |ডেংগা, চিয়েইজং |- |ৱাথৰী/গাজা |- | rowspan="3" |মিজোৰাম || ফুলৰুৱা, |- |ৰাৱনাল, |- |মৌটক্‌, মেম্‌ও, চৰচিপ, লাউঙটলাই, চাইহা |- | rowspan="4" |নগালেণ্ড || এনাঙ ৱাৰক, বুটগট কেৰে |- |ভেপুই, আউ, ৱানগেট্‌ ভিনেই, ৰেচউ কেৰে |- |আছি |- |আনিং, জেকিন, খুৰপি |- |rowspan="4" | চিকিম || পাৰেং |- |চয়া/মিঠা/গুলিয়া/টেম'/টম্বা/জংগলি |- |ভালু |- |চাইনীজ/জাপানীজ |- | rowspan="6" |ত্ৰিপুৰা || বাৰাক |- |বাৰি |- |মৃটিংগা |- |পিচা |- |মুলি |- |দলু |} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist|<ref>ড॰ মহেশ গগৈৰ প্ৰবন্ধ "বাৰীৰে ঢাপৰে জাতিবাঁহ এজুপি", "প্ৰকৃতি", আমাৰ অসম পৰিপূৰিকা "সাপ্তাহান্তিক", শনিবাৰ, ১৮ আগষ্ট, ২০১২</ref>}} ==চিত্ৰ সম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:Bamboosa vulgaris হালধীয়া বাঁহ.jpg|thumb|হালধীয়া বাঁহ, Bamboosa vulgaris File:IMG bambooভলুকা বাঁহ123.jpg|thumb|ভলুকা বাঁহ, Bambusa balcooa File:Bambo plant.jpg|বাঁহৰ পুলি File:Juksun.jpg|বাঁহৰ গাজ </gallery> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Bambuseae|বাঁহ গছ}} * [http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=36149 Bamboo Structural Design ISO Standards] * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/climate-change/environment/natural-disasters/ecosystems/forests/trees/bamboo Resources on Bamboo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625044550/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/climate-change/environment/natural-disasters/ecosystems/forests/trees/bamboo |date=2011-06-25 }} * [http://www.culture.tw/index.php?option=com_seyret&task=videodirectlink&Itemid=260&id=117/ Bamboo Art(Video)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175126/http://www.culture.tw/index.php?option=com_seyret&task=videodirectlink&Itemid=260&id=117%2F |date=2013-12-11 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:তৃণ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বাঁহ গছ|*]] oc2nomf7z2qur0yeqkyw96lswj3lpmy 453030 453029 2024-12-09T16:17:22Z 2409:408A:8DCC:EFBC:0:0:22C9:F808 453030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{taxobox |name = বাঁহ গছ<br />Bambuseae tribe |image = BambooKyoto.jpg |image_caption = জাপানৰ এখন বাঁহনী বাৰী |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Monocots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |ordo = [[Poales]] |familia = [[Poaceae]] |subfamilia = [[Bambusoideae]] |supertribus = [[Bambusodae]] |tribus = '''Bambuseae''' |tribus_authority = [[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]] ex [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumort.]] |diversity = Around 92 [[genus|genera]] and 5, 000 [[species]] |diversity_link = Taxonomy of the Bambuseae |subdivision_ranks = [[Subtribe]]s |subdivision = *[[Arthrostylidiinae]] * [[Arundinariinae]] * [[Bambusinae]] * [[Chusqueinae]] * [[Guaduinae]] * [[Melocanninae]] * [[Nastinae]] * [[Racemobambodinae]] * [[Shibataeinae]] See the full '''[[Taxonomy of the Bambuseae]]'''.}} <!--[[চিত্ৰ:Bmbo.jpg|thumbnail|upright|left|300px|]]--> ''' বাঁহ গছ''' (Bambuseae) এবিধ [[ঘাঁহ]] জাতীয় বৰ ওখ গছ। বাঁহ গছ [[পৃথিৱী]]ৰ ভিতৰত খুব কম সময়ত ক্ষীপ্ৰতাৰে বৃদ্ধি হোৱা গছসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="Farrelly">{{cite book| last= Farrelly | first=David |title=The Book of Bamboo |publisher=Sierra Club Books |year=1984 |isbn=0-87156-825-X}}</ref> এই গছ [[দক্ষিণ এছিয়া]]ৰ দেশসমূহত অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰমূল্য উল্লেখনীয়। দক্ষিণ এছিয়া আৰু [[পূব এছিয়া]]ত ইয়াক গৃহ নিৰ্মান, [[কাগজ]], ঘৰুৱা সামগ্ৰী, খাদ্যৰ উত্‍স আদি বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ কামত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। [[অসম]]ৰ হাবিত ২৬ বিধ বাঁহ প্ৰজাতি পোৱা যায় আৰু ইহঁত গ্ৰেমিনি বা পয়েছি গোত্ৰৰ অন্তৰ্গত। বাঁহ গছ ২৪ ঘণ্টাত ৪৭.৫ ইঞ্চিলৈকে বৃদ্ধি হয়। ==প্ৰজাতি== অৰ্থনৈতিক গুৰুত্বসম্পন্ন বাঁহ প্ৰজাতিবোৰৰ ভিতৰত জাতি বাঁহ, [[ভলুকা বাঁহ]], বিজুলী বাঁহ, [[কাক বাঁহ]], দলৌ বাঁহ, বৰবাঁহ, বজালবাঁহ আদি। ==বাঁহ গছৰ ব্যৱহাৰ== ব্যৱহাৰিক মূল্যৰ কথালৈ লক্ষ্য কৰি বাঁহ উদ্ভিদক সততে "সেউজীয়া সোণ" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হয়। বাঁহৰ গাজটোৰ পৰা এছাৰি ডাললৈকে গছজোপাৰ আটাইবোৰ অংশই বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। বাঁহৰ কাঠি-কামীৰে জেউৰা-জপনা, পাচি-খৰাহী, [[জাপি]], টেবুল, চকী, মাছ ধৰা সামগ্ৰী যেনে - জাকৈ, খালৈ, প'ল-জুলুকি আদি তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। বাঁহ ঘৰ বনোৱা কামতো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। [[তাঁতশাল]]ৰ প্ৰায়বিলাক সামগ্ৰীয়েই বাঁহৰ পৰা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। বাঁহ গছৰ পৰা [[কাগজ]] তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। ==খাদ্য হিচাপে== বাঁহৰ গাজৰপৰা [[খৰিচা]] তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। ভাৰতৰ উত্তৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলত পোৱা খাদ্যৰ উপযোগী বাঁহসমূহৰ প্ৰজাতিসমূহ এনেধৰণৰ :<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=নেগী |first1=অনিল |last2= গুৰুঙ|first2=ধ্ৰুৱ |editor-last1= কুমাৰ বৰা |editor-first1= ৰাজীৱ |editor-last2= শৰ্মা |editor-first2= গৌৰীশংকৰ |editor-last3= গগৈ|editor-first3= ভৱেশ |title= উত্তৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ বাঁহ পৰিচালনাৰ হাত পুথি |publisher= সঞ্চালক, বৰ্ষা অৰণ্য গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, চতাই, যোৰহাট|date= ২০০৯|pages= ৫৩-৬৮ |chapter= সপ্তম অধ্যায়: বাঁহ চপোৱাৰ পিছত স্থায়ীত্ব বৰ্দ্ধনৰ উপাচাৰ }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! ৰাজ্যৰ নাম!! স্থানীয় নাম |- | rowspan="5" |অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ || এপ' |- |হাট্‌ |- | ই আই |- |ৱইয়াং |- |বিজে |- |rowspan="7" | অসম||ভলুকা |- |জাতি |- |কাক |- |এচপাৰ |- |গাধৈ বা বৰ বাঁহ |- |মুলী |- |দলু |- | rowspan="6" | মণিপুৰ || নাট্‌ |- |চেনেই বি চান্দেল |- |মাৰিব্‌ব |- |পিচা/চেনেইবি |- |অনান্‌ |- |মাৱবি |- | rowspan="3" |মেঘালয় || বাৰৱা, ৱানক, চিট্‌শ্লাও, লাঙচেইজ, প্লাঙ |- |ডেংগা, চিয়েইজং |- |ৱাথৰী/গাজা |- | rowspan="3" |মিজোৰাম || ফুলৰুৱা, |- |ৰাৱনাল, |- |মৌটক্‌, মেম্‌ও, চৰচিপ, লাউঙটলাই, চাইহা |- | rowspan="4" |নগালেণ্ড || এনাঙ ৱাৰক, বুটগট কেৰে |- |ভেপুই, আউ, ৱানগেট্‌ ভিনেই, ৰেচউ কেৰে |- |আছি |- |আনিং, জেকিন, খুৰপি |- |rowspan="4" | চিকিম || পাৰেং |- |চয়া/মিঠা/গুলিয়া/টেম'/টম্বা/জংগলি |- |ভালু |- |চাইনীজ/জাপানীজ |- | rowspan="6" |ত্ৰিপুৰা || বাৰাক |- |বাৰি |- |মৃটিংগা |- |পিচা |- |মুলি |- |দলু |} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist|<ref>ড॰ মহেশ গগৈৰ প্ৰবন্ধ "বাৰীৰে ঢাপৰে জাতিবাঁহ এজুপি", "প্ৰকৃতি", আমাৰ অসম পৰিপূৰিকা "সাপ্তাহান্তিক", শনিবাৰ, ১৮ আগষ্ট, ২০১২</ref>}} ==চিত্ৰ সম্ভাৰ== <gallery> File:Bamboosa vulgaris হালধীয়া বাঁহ.jpg|thumb|হালধীয়া বাঁহ, Bamboosa vulgaris File:IMG bambooভলুকা বাঁহ123.jpg|thumb|ভলুকা বাঁহ, Bambusa balcooa File:Bambo plant.jpg|বাঁহৰ পুলি File:Juksun.jpg|বাঁহৰ গাজ </gallery> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Bambuseae|বাঁহ গছ}} * [http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=36149 Bamboo Structural Design ISO Standards] * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/climate-change/environment/natural-disasters/ecosystems/forests/trees/bamboo Resources on Bamboo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625044550/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/category/thesaurus/climate-change/environment/natural-disasters/ecosystems/forests/trees/bamboo |date=2011-06-25 }} * [http://www.culture.tw/index.php?option=com_seyret&task=videodirectlink&Itemid=260&id=117/ Bamboo Art(Video)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175126/http://www.culture.tw/index.php?option=com_seyret&task=videodirectlink&Itemid=260&id=117%2F |date=2013-12-11 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:তৃণ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বাঁহ গছ|*]] fn93lg4exjw4qyqgdt8uyb9h1i0ngib অসম সাহিত্য সভা 0 4106 453319 424266 2024-12-10T10:31:46Z 2409:408A:8D99:17FB:0:0:88C8:B510 453319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization |name=অসম সাহিত্য সভা |image=asom_sahityo_sobha.jpg |caption=অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ প্ৰতীক চিহ্ন |motto=[[চিৰ চেনেহী মোৰ ভাষা জননী]] |formation=১৯১৭ |purpose=[[অসমীয়া ভাষা]], [[অসমীয়া সাহিত্য|সাহিত্য]] আৰু [[অসমৰ সংস্কৃতি|সংস্কৃতিৰ]] সৰ্বাংগীণ উন্নতি |headquarters=চন্দ্ৰকান্ত সন্দিকৈ ভৱন, [[যোৰহাট]], [[অসম]] |language=[[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] |leader_title=সভাপতি |leader_name=[[সূৰ্য্যকান্ত হাজৰিকা]] |website=[http://www.assamsahityasabha.org/ assamsahityasabha.org] |former name=অসমীয়া ভাষা উন্নতি সাধিনী সভা }} '''অসম সাহিত্য সভসাহিত্যসভাৰউদ্বোধনীৰ [[অসমীয়া ভাষা]]-সংস্কৃতিৰ বিকাশ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হয়<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahityasabha.8k.com/recept.html |title=Recept |publisher=Sahityasabha.8k.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-12 |archivedate=2012-02-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219074612/http://www.sahityasabha.8k.com/recept.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। বৰ্তমানে [[অসম]] আৰু বাহিৰৰ ঠাইত ইয়াৰ হাজাৰৰো অধিক শাখা আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান কাৰ্য্যালয় [[যোৰহাট]]ৰ [[চন্দ্ৰকান্ত সন্দিকৈ ভৱন]]ত অৱস্থিত। ১৯১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰত [[শিৱসাগৰ]] জিলাত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ প্ৰথমখন অধিবেশন অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াত সভাপতিত্ব কৰিছিল [[পদ্মনাথ গোহাঞিবৰুৱা]]ই। [[শৰৎচন্দ্ৰ গোস্বামী]] অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক আছিল, ১৯২০ চনৰ পৰা ১৯২৭ চনলৈকে তেখেত সম্পাদকৰ পদত অধিষ্ঠিত আছিল<ref name="book">[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1457&lpg=PA1457&dq=Sarat+Chandra+Goswami&source=bl&ots=OB1W__Xn2V&sig=m2X2M2mv388QkGW1cLpK6De74NA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h0GqUNSMEoOQrgecm4GgAw&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Sarat%20Chandra%20Goswami&f=false Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti, Volume 2], আহৰণ: ১৯-১১-২০১২</ref>। ==অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ ইতিহাস== {{Details|অসমীয়া ভাষা উন্নতি সাধিনী সভা}} ঊনৈছ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে [[কলিকতা]]ত পঢ়ি থকা অসমীয়া ছাত্ৰসকলে অসমীয়া সাহিত্যক বিশ্বদৰবাৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিবলৈ দেহেকেহে খাটিছিল। অসমত আন ভাষাৰ আগ্ৰাসন ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ আৰু অসমীয়া ভাষা-সাহিত্যৰ উন্নতিৰ কথা মনত ৰাখিয়েই তেওঁলোকে ১৮৮৮ চনৰ ২৫ আগষ্টত "অসমীয়া ভাষা উন্নতি সাধিনী সভা" প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে<ref name="timesofassam1">{{cite web|author=Times of Assam |url=http://www.timesofassam.com/articles/asom-sahitya-sabha-a-contemporary-analysis/ |title=Asom Sahitya Sabha – A contemporary Analysis |publisher=Timesofassam.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-12}}</ref>। ইয়াৰ লগত জড়িত ব্যক্তিসকল আছিল [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]], [[হেমচন্দ্ৰ গোস্বামী]], [[বেণুধৰ ৰাজখোৱা]], ডালিমচন্দ্ৰ বৰা, [[তীৰ্থনাথ শৰ্মা]], কমলচন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা ইত্যাদি। লাহে লাহে ইয়াৰ সদস্যসংখ্যা বাঢ়িবলৈ ধৰিলে। শেষত পুলিয়ে পোখাই গজালি মেলি অসমীয়া ভাষা উন্নতি সাধিনী সভাই ১৯১৭ চনত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ ৰূপ ধাৰণ কৰে<ref name="timesofassam1"/>। ==উদ্দেশ্য== অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সংবিধানত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য এনে ধৰণৰ - "অসমীয়া ভাষা,সাহিত্য আৰু সংস্কৃতিৰ সৰ্বাংগীণ উন্নতি কৰাই এই সভাৰ ঘাই উদ্দেশ্য, লগতে অসমৰ থলুৱা ভাষা-সংস্কৃতিৰ উন্নয়নৰ বাবে কাম কৰাও সভাৰ অন্যতম উদ্দেশ্য হ’ব। সেই উদ্দেশ্যে তলত দিয়া ধৰণে কাৰ্য কৰিবলৈ সভা যত্নপৰ হ’ব : # অভিধান, ব্যাকৰণ আৰু অন্যান্য গ্ৰন্থৰ সংকলন আৰু প্ৰকাশ কৰা; # প্ৰাচীন সাহিত্য আৰু লোক-সাহিত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান, সংগ্ৰহ, গৱেষণা আৰু প্ৰকাশ কৰা; # অসমীয়া সাহিত্যত যি যি বিষয়ৰ পুথিৰ অভাৱ, সেই অভাৱ দুৰ কৰা; # প্ৰকাশিত গ্ৰন্থৰ ভিতৰত উপযুক্ত গ্ৰন্থৰ গ্ৰন্থকাৰক বঁটা আৰু সামৰ্থহীন সাহিত্যিকক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰা; # সংগীত, চিত্ৰবিদ্যা আৰু ভাস্কৰ্যবিদ্যাৰ উন্নতিসূচক কাৰ্য্য কৰা; # সভাৰ এখন মুখপত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰচাৰপত্ৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰা; # ভাষা আৰু সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰচাৰ-পত্ৰাদি প্ৰকাশ কৰা; # ভাষা-সাহিত্য-সংস্কৃতিৰ গৱেষণা কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা; # সাহিত্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি সম্পৰ্কীয় বিনিময় আচঁনি কাৰ্যকৰী কৰা; # অসমীয়া ভাষা, সাহিত্য আৰু সংস্কৃতিৰ উন্নয়ন আৰু বিকাশৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত থকা অন্তৰায় দুৰ কৰা; # অসমীয়া ভাষা-সাহিত্যৰ উন্নতিৰ অৰ্থে আন আন কাৰ্য্য কৰা। ==অসম সাহিত্য সভা পত্ৰিকা== {{Main|অসম সাহিত্য সভা পত্ৰিকা}} ১৯২৬ চনৰ পৰা অসম সাহিত্য সভাই [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা পত্ৰিকা]] নামেৰে অসমীয়া ভাষা সাহিত্যৰ গৱেষণাধৰ্মী, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক প্ৰবন্ধৰে এখন তিনিমহীয়া আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ কৰি আহিছে। [[দ্বিতীয় মহাসমৰ]]ৰ সময়ত পত্ৰিকাখনৰ প্ৰকাশ বন্ধ কৰিবলগীয়া হয়। কেইবছৰমান প্ৰকাশ বন্ধ হৈ থাকি ১৯৫৪ চনৰ পৰা ই পুনৰ নিয়মিতভাৱে প্ৰকাশ হৈ আছে<ref>[[অসম সাহিত্য সভা পত্ৰিকা]], ষটষষ্টিতম বৰ্ষ, প্ৰথম সংখ্যাৰ সম্পাদকীয়</ref>। ==সাহিত্য সভাৰ আদৰণি গীত== {{মূল|চিৰ চেনেহী মোৰ ভাষা জননী}} গীতিকাৰঃ মিত্ৰদেৱ মহন্ত অধিকাৰ। এই গীতৰ স্বৰলিপি যোৰহাটৰ প্ৰয়াত [[ইন্দ্ৰেশ্বৰ শৰ্মা]]ৰ। <poem> <center> চিৰ চেনেহী মোৰ ভাষা জননী। ধন্যে পুণ্যে হৃত পাৱনী, আই॥ প্ৰকৃতি পৰশ ৰসে অমল কমল চঞ্চল হৃদি জলে ঢালে পৰিমল কোমল চম্পাৰ কলি ঢৌৱে ঢৌৱে ঢৌৱে তুলি ৰিণিকি ৰিণিকি কোনে তোলে ৰাগিণী॥ সংসাৰ গুৰুভাৰে অৱশ পৰাণ হিয়াত বিলীন হয় হিয়াভৰা গান কাৰ নিচুকনি শুনা শুনি বাণী ব্যথা পমা চকুতে চকুৰ নীৰে লয় জিৰণি॥ জীৱনে মৰণে ৰণে লহৰী সুধাৰ ৰসনা শিতানে বহি সিঁচা শতধাৰ হে’ মোৰ মধুৰননা মাগিছোঁ মাধুৰী কণা দিয়া দিয়া দিয়া আই মধু ভাষিণী॥ </center></poem> ==অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সভাপতিসকল== {| class="sortable wikitable" style="width:80%; " |- ! চন ! সভাপতি<ref>[http://www.asamsahityasabha.org/?president ১৯১৭ চনৰ পৰা অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সভাপতিসকলৰ তালিকা] [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা]]ৰ ৱেবছাইট, আহৰণ: ৬ এপ্ৰিল, ২০১৫</ref> ! অধিবেশন ! ছবি |- | ১৯১৭ | [[পদ্মনাথ গোহাঞিবৰুৱা]] (১৮৭১-১৯৪৬) | [[শিৱসাগৰ]] | |- | ১৯১৮ | [[চন্দ্ৰধৰ বৰুৱা]] (১৮৭৪-১৯৬১) | [[গোৱালপাৰা]] | |- |১৯১৯ | [[কালিৰাম মেধি]] (১৮৮০-১৯৫৪) | [[বৰপেটা]] | |- | ১৯২০ | [[হেমচন্দ্ৰ গোস্বামী]] (১৮৭২-১৯২৮) | [[তেজপুৰ]] | |- |১৯২৩ | [[অমৃতভূষণ দেৱ অধিকাৰী]] (১৮৫৮-১৯৪২) | [[যোৰহাট]] | |- |১৯২৪ | [[কনকলাল বৰুৱা]] (১৮৭২-১৯৪০) | [[ডিব্ৰুগড়]] | |- | ১৯২৪ | [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]] (১৮৬৪-১৯৩৮) | [[গুৱাহাটী]] | |- |১৯২৫ | [[ৰজনীকান্ত বৰদলৈ]] (১৮৬৭-১৯৪০) | [[নগাঁও]] | |- | ১৯২৬ | [[বেণুধৰ ৰাজখোৱা]] (১৮৭২-১৯৫৫) | [[ধুবুৰী]] | |- | ১৯২৭ | [[তৰুণৰাম ফুকন]] (১৮৭৭-১৯৩৯) | [[গোৱালপাৰা]] | |- |১৯২৯ | [[কমলাকান্ত ভট্টাচাৰ্য্য]] (১৮৫৩-১৯৩৬) | [[যোৰহাট]] | |- | ১৯৩০ | [[মফিজুদ্দিন আহমদ হাজৰিকা]] (১৮৭০-১৯৫৮) | [[গোলাঘাট]] | |- | ১৯৩১ | [[নগেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ চৌধুৰী]] (১৮৮১-১৯৪৭) | [[শিৱসাগৰ]] | |- |১৯৩৩ | [[জ্ঞানদাভিৰাম বৰুৱা]] (১৮৮০-১৯৫৫) | [[উত্তৰ লখিমপুৰ]] | |- |১৯৩৪ |[[আনন্দ চন্দ্ৰ আগৰৱালা]] (১৮৭৯-১৯৩৯) | [[মঙ্গলদৈ]] | |- | ১৯৩৬ | [[ৰঘুনাথ চৌধাৰী]] (১৮৭৯-১৯৬৭) | [[তেজপুৰ]] | |- |১৯৩৭ | [[কৃষ্ণকান্ত সন্দিকৈ]] (১৮৯৮-১৯৮২) | [[গুৱাহাটী]] | |- |১৯৪০ | [[ময়িদুল ইছলাম বৰা]] (১৮৯৯-১৯৪৪) | [[যোৰহাট]] | |- |১৯৪৪ | [[নীলমণি ফুকন (জেষ্ঠ)|নীলমণি ফুকন]] (১৮৮০-১৯৭৮) | [[শিৱসাগৰ]] | |- |১৯৪৭ | [[নীলমণি ফুকন (জেষ্ঠ)|নীলমণি ফুকন]] (১৮৮০-১৯৭৮) | [[ডিব্ৰুগড়]] | |- |১৯৫০ | [[অম্বিকাগিৰী ৰায়চৌধুৰী]] (১৮৮৫-১৯৬৭) | [[মাৰ্ঘেৰিটা]] | |- |১৯৫৩ | [[সূৰ্য্যকুমাৰ ভূঞা]] (১৮৯২-১৯৬৪) | [[শ্বিলং]] | |- |১৯৫৪ | [[নলিনীবালা দেৱী]] (১৮৯৮-১৯৭৭) | [[যোৰহাট]] | |- |১৯৫৫ | [[যতীন্দ্ৰনাথ দুৱৰা]] (১৮৯২-১৯৬৪) | [[গুৱাহাটী]] | |- |১৯৫৬ | [[বেণুধৰ শৰ্মা]] (১৮৯৪-১৯৮১) | [[ধুবুৰী]] | |- |১৯৫৮ | [[পদ্মধৰ চলিহা]] (১৮৯৫-১৯৬৯) | [[তিনিচুকীয়া]] | |- |১৯৫৯ | [[অতুল চন্দ্ৰ হাজৰিকা]] (১৯০৩-১৯৮৬) | [[নগাঁও]] | |- |১৯৬০ | [[ত্ৰৈলোক্যনাথ গোস্বামী]] (১৯০৬-১৯৮৮) | [[পলাশবাৰী]] | |- |১৯৬১ | [[ত্ৰৈলোক্যনাথ গোস্বামী]] (১৯০৬-১৯৮৮) | [[গোৱালপাৰা]] | |- |১৯৬৩ | [[ৰত্নকান্ত বৰকাকতী]] (১৮৯৭-১৯৬৩) | [[নাজিৰা]] | |- |১৯৬৪ | [[মিত্ৰদেৱ মহন্ত]] (১৮৯৪-১৯৮৩) | [[ডিগবৈ]] | |- |১৯৬৫ | [[ডিম্বেশ্বৰ নেওগ]] (১৮৯৯-১৯৬৬) | [[নলবাৰী]] | |- |১৯৬৬ | [[বিনন্দ চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱা]] (১৯০১-১৯৯৪) | [[উত্তৰ লখিমপুৰ|উত্তৰ লক্ষিমপুৰ]] | |- |১৯৬৭ | [[নকুলচন্দ্ৰ ভূঞা]] (১৮৯৫-১৯৬৮) | [[ডিব্ৰুগড়]] | |- |১৯৬৮ | [[জ্ঞাননাথ বৰা]] (১৮৯০-১৯৬৮) | [[তেজপুৰ]] | |- |১৯৬৯ | [[আনন্দ চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱা]] (১৯০৭-১৯৮৩) | [[বৰপেটা]] | |- |১৯৭০ | [[উপেন্দ্ৰচন্দ্ৰ লেখাৰু]] (১৯০৫-১৯৭৯) | [[ধিং]] | |- |১৯৭১ | [[তীৰ্থনাথ শৰ্মা]] (১৯১১-১৯৮৬) | [[মাকুম]] | |- |১৯৭২ | [[হেম বৰুৱা]] (১৯১৫-১৯৭৭) | [[ধুবুৰী]] | |- |১৯৭৩ | [[গিৰিধৰ শৰ্মা]] (১৯১২-১৯৭৭) | [[ৰঙিয়া]] | |- |১৯৭৪ | [[মহেশ্বৰ নেওগ]] (১৯১৫-১৯৯৫) | [[মঙ্গলদৈ]] | |- |১৯৭৫ | [[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা]] (১৯১৭-১৯৯৯) | [[তিতাবৰ]] | |- |১৯৭৬ | [[যজ্ঞেশ্বৰ শৰ্মা]] (১৯০৬-১৯৯৮) | [[টিহু]] | |- |১৯৭৭ | [[চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিক]] (১৯১৯-২০০০) | [[অভয়াপুৰী]] | |- |১৯৭৮ | [[প্ৰসন্নলাল চৌধুৰী]] (১৮৯৮-১৯৮৬) | [[গোলাঘাট]] | |- |১৯৭৯ | [[অতুল চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱা]] (১৯১৬-২০০১) | [[শুৱালকুছি]] | |- |১৯৮০ | [[যতীন্দ্ৰনাথ গোস্বামী]] (১৯১৮-২০০৫) | [[ৰহা]] | |- |১৯৮১ | [[সীতানাথ ব্ৰহ্মচৌধুৰী]] (১৯০৮-১৯৮২) | [[তিনিচুকীয়া]] | |- |১৯৮২ | [[সীতানাথ ব্ৰহ্মচৌধুৰী]] (১৯০৮-১৯৮২) | [[ডিফু]] | |- |১৯৮৩ | [[বীৰেন্দ্ৰ কুমাৰ ভট্টাচাৰ্য]] (১৯২৪-১৯৯৭) | [[বঙাইগাঁও]] | |- |১৯৮৫ | [[যোগেশ দাস]] (১৯২৭-১৯৯৯) | [[বিহপুৰীয়া]] | |- |১৯৮৬ | [[বীৰেণ বৰকটকী]] (১৯২৪-২০০২) | [[কামপুৰ]] | |- |১৯৮৭ | [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]] (১৯২৯-১৯৯৬) | [[পাঠশালা]] | |- |১৯৮৮ | [[কীৰ্তিনাথ হাজৰিকা]] (১৯২২-২০০২) | [[হাইলাকান্দি]] | |- |১৯৮৯ | [[মহিম বৰা]] (১৯২৪-২০১৬) | [[ডুমডুমা]] | |- |১৯৯০ | [[নৱকান্ত বৰুৱা]] (১৯২৬-২০০২) | [[বিশ্বনাথ চাৰিআলি]] | |- |১৯৯১ | [[নিৰ্মলপ্ৰভা বৰদলৈ]] (১৯৩৩-২০০৪) | [[দুধনৈ]] | |- |১৯৯২ | [[লক্ষ্যধৰ চৌধুৰী]] (১৯১৪-২০০০) | [[গোৰেশ্বৰ]] | |- |১৯৯৩ | [[ভূপেন হাজৰিকা]] (১৯২৬-২০১১) | [[শিৱসাগৰ]] | |- |১৯৯৪ | [[লীলা গগৈ]] (১৯৩০-১৯৯৪) | [[মৰিগাঁও]] | |- |১৯৯৫ | [[হিতেশ ডেকা]] (১৯২৪-২০০০) | [[সৰ্থেবাৰী]] | |- |১৯৯৬ | [[লক্ষ্মীনন্দন বৰা]] (১৯৩২-২০২১) | [[বোকাখাত]] | |- |১৯৯৭ | [[নগেন শইকীয়া]] (১৯৩৯-) | [[বিলাসীপাৰা]] | |- |১৯৯৮ | [[নগেন শইকীয়া]] (১৯৩৯-) | [[হাওৰাঘাট]] | |- |১৯৯৯ | [[চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰসাদ শ‍ইকীয়া]] (১৯২৭-২০০৬) | [[হাজো]] | |- | ২০০০ | [[চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰসাদ শ‍ইকীয়া]] (১৯২৭-২০০৬) | [[যোৰহাট]] | |- | ২০০১ | [[হোমেন বৰগোহাঞি]] (১৯৩২-২০২১) | [[অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ ডিব্ৰুগড় অধিৱেশন (২০০১)|ডিব্ৰুগড়]] | |- | ২০০২ | [[হোমেন বৰগোহাঞি]] (১৯৩২-২০২১) | [[কলগাছিয়া]] | |- | ২০০৩ | [[বীৰেন্দ্ৰনাথ দত্ত]] (১৯৩৫-২০২৩) | [[উত্তৰ লখিমপুৰ]] | |- | ২০০৪ | [[বীৰেন্দ্ৰনাথ দত্ত]] (১৯৩৫-২০২৩) | [[হোজাই]] | |- |২০০৫ | [[কনকসেন ডেকা]] (১৯৩৩-) | [[ছিপাঝাৰ]] | |- |২০০৬ | [[কনকসেন ডেকা]] (১৯৩৩-) | [[বেলশৰ]] | |- |২০০৭ | [[কনকসেন ডেকা]] (১৯৩৩-) | [[চাপৰ]] | |- | ২০০৯ | [[ৰংবং তেৰাং]] (১৯৩৭-) | [[ধেমাজি]] | |- |২০১০ | [[ৰংবং তেৰাং]] (১৯৩৭-) | [[অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ দেৰগাঁও অধিৱেশন (২০১১)|দেৰগাঁও]] | |- |২০১৩ | [[ইমৰাণ শ্বাহ]] (১৯৩৩-) | [[অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ বৰপেটাৰোড অধিৱেশন (২০১৩)|বৰপেটা ৰোড]] | |- |২০১৫ | [[ধ্ৰুৱজ্যোতি বৰা|ডাঃ ধ্ৰুৱজ্যোতি বৰা]] (১৯৫৫-) <ref name="আমাৰ অসম">{{cite news | url=http://amarasom.glpublications.in/Details.aspx?id=19930&boxid=12305187 | title=অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ নতুন সভাপতি | date=১৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ২০১৪ | agency=জি এল পাব্লিকেশ্যন | accessdate=17 নৱেম্বৰ 2014 | pages=১ম পৃষ্ঠা | archivedate=2016-03-04 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124501/http://amarasom.glpublications.in/Details.aspx?id=19930&boxid=12305187 | deadurl=yes }}</ref> | [[অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ কলিয়াবৰ অধিৱেশন (২০১৫)|কলিয়াবৰ]] | |- | ২০১৭ | [[লক্ষ্মীনন্দন বৰা]] (১৯৩২-২০২১) | [[শিৱসাগৰ]] (শতবৰ্ষ অধিবেশন) | |- |২০১৮ | [[পৰমানন্দ ৰাজবংশী]] (১৯৫৯-) | [[বৰডুমচা]] | |- | ২০২০ | [[কুল শইকীয়া]] (১৯৫৯-) | [[অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ শুৱালকুছি অধিৱেশন (২০২০)|শুৱালকুছি, কামৰূপ]] | |- | ২০২২ | ড°[[সূৰ্যকান্ত হাজৰিকা]] (১৯৫৬-) <ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/surjya-hazarika-president-asam-sahitya-sabha |website=প্ৰতিদিন টাইম|title=Dr Surjya Hazarika Elected New President of Asam Sahitya Sabha|language=en|access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref> | নাৰায়ণপুৰ (২০২৩) | |} ==লগতে পঢ়ক== * [[অসমীয়া ভাষা উন্নতি সাধিনী সভা]] * [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা পত্ৰিকা]] *[[বড়ো সাহিত্য সভা]] ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{কমন্স শ্ৰেণী|Asom Sahitya Sabha|অসম সাহিত্য সভা}} {{অসম সাহিত্য সভা}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া সাহিত্য]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসম সম্পৰ্কীয় তালিকা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসম সাহিত্য সভা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ৰাজ্যিক প্ৰতীক]] 0lw9yc7srz1yyso4zsfgtusttlc32q1 453320 453319 2024-12-10T10:35:28Z Borhan 33991 Undid edits by [[Special:Contribs/2409:408A:8D99:17FB:0:0:88C8:B510|2409:408A:8D99:17FB:0:0:88C8:B510]] ([[User talk:2409:408A:8D99:17FB:0:0:88C8:B510|talk]]) to last version by Baruah ranuj 453320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization |name=অসম সাহিত্য সভা |image=asom_sahityo_sobha.jpg |caption=অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ প্ৰতীক চিহ্ন |motto=[[চিৰ চেনেহী মোৰ ভাষা জননী]] |formation=১৯১৭ |purpose=[[অসমীয়া ভাষা]], [[অসমীয়া সাহিত্য|সাহিত্য]] আৰু [[অসমৰ সংস্কৃতি|সংস্কৃতিৰ]] সৰ্বাংগীণ উন্নতি |headquarters=চন্দ্ৰকান্ত সন্দিকৈ ভৱন, [[যোৰহাট]], [[অসম]] |language=[[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] |leader_title=সভাপতি |leader_name=[[সূৰ্য্যকান্ত হাজৰিকা]] |website=[http://www.assamsahityasabha.org/ assamsahityasabha.org] |former name=অসমীয়া ভাষা উন্নতি সাধিনী সভা }} '''অসম সাহিত্য সভা'''ৰ জন্ম ১৯১৭ চনত [[অসমীয়া ভাষা]]-সংস্কৃতিৰ বিকাশ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ উদ্দেশ্যে হয়<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahityasabha.8k.com/recept.html |title=Recept |publisher=Sahityasabha.8k.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-12 |archivedate=2012-02-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219074612/http://www.sahityasabha.8k.com/recept.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। বৰ্তমানে [[অসম]] আৰু বাহিৰৰ ঠাইত ইয়াৰ হাজাৰৰো অধিক শাখা আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান কাৰ্য্যালয় [[যোৰহাট]]ৰ [[চন্দ্ৰকান্ত সন্দিকৈ ভৱন]]ত অৱস্থিত। ১৯১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰত [[শিৱসাগৰ]] জিলাত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ প্ৰথমখন অধিবেশন অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াত সভাপতিত্ব কৰিছিল [[পদ্মনাথ গোহাঞিবৰুৱা]]ই। [[শৰৎচন্দ্ৰ গোস্বামী]] অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক আছিল, ১৯২০ চনৰ পৰা ১৯২৭ চনলৈকে তেখেত সম্পাদকৰ পদত অধিষ্ঠিত আছিল<ref name="book">[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1457&lpg=PA1457&dq=Sarat+Chandra+Goswami&source=bl&ots=OB1W__Xn2V&sig=m2X2M2mv388QkGW1cLpK6De74NA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h0GqUNSMEoOQrgecm4GgAw&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Sarat%20Chandra%20Goswami&f=false Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti, Volume 2], আহৰণ: ১৯-১১-২০১২</ref>। ==অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ ইতিহাস== {{Details|অসমীয়া ভাষা উন্নতি সাধিনী সভা}} ঊনৈছ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালে [[কলিকতা]]ত পঢ়ি থকা অসমীয়া ছাত্ৰসকলে অসমীয়া সাহিত্যক বিশ্বদৰবাৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিবলৈ দেহেকেহে খাটিছিল। অসমত আন ভাষাৰ আগ্ৰাসন ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ আৰু অসমীয়া ভাষা-সাহিত্যৰ উন্নতিৰ কথা মনত ৰাখিয়েই তেওঁলোকে ১৮৮৮ চনৰ ২৫ আগষ্টত "অসমীয়া ভাষা উন্নতি সাধিনী সভা" প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে<ref name="timesofassam1">{{cite web|author=Times of Assam |url=http://www.timesofassam.com/articles/asom-sahitya-sabha-a-contemporary-analysis/ |title=Asom Sahitya Sabha – A contemporary Analysis |publisher=Timesofassam.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-12}}</ref>। ইয়াৰ লগত জড়িত ব্যক্তিসকল আছিল [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]], [[হেমচন্দ্ৰ গোস্বামী]], [[বেণুধৰ ৰাজখোৱা]], ডালিমচন্দ্ৰ বৰা, [[তীৰ্থনাথ শৰ্মা]], কমলচন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা ইত্যাদি। লাহে লাহে ইয়াৰ সদস্যসংখ্যা বাঢ়িবলৈ ধৰিলে। শেষত পুলিয়ে পোখাই গজালি মেলি অসমীয়া ভাষা উন্নতি সাধিনী সভাই ১৯১৭ চনত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ ৰূপ ধাৰণ কৰে<ref name="timesofassam1"/>। ==উদ্দেশ্য== অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সংবিধানত উল্লেখ কৰা মতে ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য এনে ধৰণৰ - "অসমীয়া ভাষা,সাহিত্য আৰু সংস্কৃতিৰ সৰ্বাংগীণ উন্নতি কৰাই এই সভাৰ ঘাই উদ্দেশ্য, লগতে অসমৰ থলুৱা ভাষা-সংস্কৃতিৰ উন্নয়নৰ বাবে কাম কৰাও সভাৰ অন্যতম উদ্দেশ্য হ’ব। সেই উদ্দেশ্যে তলত দিয়া ধৰণে কাৰ্য কৰিবলৈ সভা যত্নপৰ হ’ব : # অভিধান, ব্যাকৰণ আৰু অন্যান্য গ্ৰন্থৰ সংকলন আৰু প্ৰকাশ কৰা; # প্ৰাচীন সাহিত্য আৰু লোক-সাহিত্যৰ অনুসন্ধান, সংগ্ৰহ, গৱেষণা আৰু প্ৰকাশ কৰা; # অসমীয়া সাহিত্যত যি যি বিষয়ৰ পুথিৰ অভাৱ, সেই অভাৱ দুৰ কৰা; # প্ৰকাশিত গ্ৰন্থৰ ভিতৰত উপযুক্ত গ্ৰন্থৰ গ্ৰন্থকাৰক বঁটা আৰু সামৰ্থহীন সাহিত্যিকক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰা; # সংগীত, চিত্ৰবিদ্যা আৰু ভাস্কৰ্যবিদ্যাৰ উন্নতিসূচক কাৰ্য্য কৰা; # সভাৰ এখন মুখপত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰচাৰপত্ৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰা; # ভাষা আৰু সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰচাৰ-পত্ৰাদি প্ৰকাশ কৰা; # ভাষা-সাহিত্য-সংস্কৃতিৰ গৱেষণা কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা; # সাহিত্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি সম্পৰ্কীয় বিনিময় আচঁনি কাৰ্যকৰী কৰা; # অসমীয়া ভাষা, সাহিত্য আৰু সংস্কৃতিৰ উন্নয়ন আৰু বিকাশৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত থকা অন্তৰায় দুৰ কৰা; # অসমীয়া ভাষা-সাহিত্যৰ উন্নতিৰ অৰ্থে আন আন কাৰ্য্য কৰা। ==অসম সাহিত্য সভা পত্ৰিকা== {{Main|অসম সাহিত্য সভা পত্ৰিকা}} ১৯২৬ চনৰ পৰা অসম সাহিত্য সভাই [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা পত্ৰিকা]] নামেৰে অসমীয়া ভাষা সাহিত্যৰ গৱেষণাধৰ্মী, বিশ্লেষণাত্মক প্ৰবন্ধৰে এখন তিনিমহীয়া আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ কৰি আহিছে। [[দ্বিতীয় মহাসমৰ]]ৰ সময়ত পত্ৰিকাখনৰ প্ৰকাশ বন্ধ কৰিবলগীয়া হয়। কেইবছৰমান প্ৰকাশ বন্ধ হৈ থাকি ১৯৫৪ চনৰ পৰা ই পুনৰ নিয়মিতভাৱে প্ৰকাশ হৈ আছে<ref>[[অসম সাহিত্য সভা পত্ৰিকা]], ষটষষ্টিতম বৰ্ষ, প্ৰথম সংখ্যাৰ সম্পাদকীয়</ref>। ==সাহিত্য সভাৰ আদৰণি গীত== {{মূল|চিৰ চেনেহী মোৰ ভাষা জননী}} গীতিকাৰঃ মিত্ৰদেৱ মহন্ত অধিকাৰ। এই গীতৰ স্বৰলিপি যোৰহাটৰ প্ৰয়াত [[ইন্দ্ৰেশ্বৰ শৰ্মা]]ৰ। <poem> <center> চিৰ চেনেহী মোৰ ভাষা জননী। ধন্যে পুণ্যে হৃত পাৱনী, আই॥ প্ৰকৃতি পৰশ ৰসে অমল কমল চঞ্চল হৃদি জলে ঢালে পৰিমল কোমল চম্পাৰ কলি ঢৌৱে ঢৌৱে ঢৌৱে তুলি ৰিণিকি ৰিণিকি কোনে তোলে ৰাগিণী॥ সংসাৰ গুৰুভাৰে অৱশ পৰাণ হিয়াত বিলীন হয় হিয়াভৰা গান কাৰ নিচুকনি শুনা শুনি বাণী ব্যথা পমা চকুতে চকুৰ নীৰে লয় জিৰণি॥ জীৱনে মৰণে ৰণে লহৰী সুধাৰ ৰসনা শিতানে বহি সিঁচা শতধাৰ হে’ মোৰ মধুৰননা মাগিছোঁ মাধুৰী কণা দিয়া দিয়া দিয়া আই মধু ভাষিণী॥ </center></poem> ==অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সভাপতিসকল== {| class="sortable wikitable" style="width:80%; " |- ! চন ! সভাপতি<ref>[http://www.asamsahityasabha.org/?president ১৯১৭ চনৰ পৰা অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সভাপতিসকলৰ তালিকা] [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা]]ৰ ৱেবছাইট, আহৰণ: ৬ এপ্ৰিল, ২০১৫</ref> ! অধিবেশন ! ছবি |- | ১৯১৭ | [[পদ্মনাথ গোহাঞিবৰুৱা]] (১৮৭১-১৯৪৬) | [[শিৱসাগৰ]] | |- | ১৯১৮ | [[চন্দ্ৰধৰ বৰুৱা]] (১৮৭৪-১৯৬১) | [[গোৱালপাৰা]] | |- |১৯১৯ | [[কালিৰাম মেধি]] (১৮৮০-১৯৫৪) | [[বৰপেটা]] | |- | ১৯২০ | [[হেমচন্দ্ৰ গোস্বামী]] (১৮৭২-১৯২৮) | [[তেজপুৰ]] | |- |১৯২৩ | [[অমৃতভূষণ দেৱ অধিকাৰী]] (১৮৫৮-১৯৪২) | [[যোৰহাট]] | |- |১৯২৪ | [[কনকলাল বৰুৱা]] (১৮৭২-১৯৪০) | [[ডিব্ৰুগড়]] | |- | ১৯২৪ | [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]] (১৮৬৪-১৯৩৮) | [[গুৱাহাটী]] | |- |১৯২৫ | [[ৰজনীকান্ত বৰদলৈ]] (১৮৬৭-১৯৪০) | [[নগাঁও]] | |- | ১৯২৬ | [[বেণুধৰ ৰাজখোৱা]] (১৮৭২-১৯৫৫) | [[ধুবুৰী]] | |- | ১৯২৭ | [[তৰুণৰাম ফুকন]] (১৮৭৭-১৯৩৯) | [[গোৱালপাৰা]] | |- |১৯২৯ | [[কমলাকান্ত ভট্টাচাৰ্য্য]] (১৮৫৩-১৯৩৬) | [[যোৰহাট]] | |- | ১৯৩০ | [[মফিজুদ্দিন আহমদ হাজৰিকা]] (১৮৭০-১৯৫৮) | [[গোলাঘাট]] | |- | ১৯৩১ | [[নগেন্দ্ৰ নাৰায়ণ চৌধুৰী]] (১৮৮১-১৯৪৭) | [[শিৱসাগৰ]] | |- |১৯৩৩ | [[জ্ঞানদাভিৰাম বৰুৱা]] (১৮৮০-১৯৫৫) | [[উত্তৰ লখিমপুৰ]] | |- |১৯৩৪ |[[আনন্দ চন্দ্ৰ আগৰৱালা]] (১৮৭৯-১৯৩৯) | [[মঙ্গলদৈ]] | |- | ১৯৩৬ | [[ৰঘুনাথ চৌধাৰী]] (১৮৭৯-১৯৬৭) | [[তেজপুৰ]] | |- |১৯৩৭ | [[কৃষ্ণকান্ত সন্দিকৈ]] (১৮৯৮-১৯৮২) | [[গুৱাহাটী]] | |- |১৯৪০ | [[ময়িদুল ইছলাম বৰা]] (১৮৯৯-১৯৪৪) | [[যোৰহাট]] | |- |১৯৪৪ | [[নীলমণি ফুকন (জেষ্ঠ)|নীলমণি ফুকন]] (১৮৮০-১৯৭৮) | [[শিৱসাগৰ]] | |- |১৯৪৭ | [[নীলমণি ফুকন (জেষ্ঠ)|নীলমণি ফুকন]] (১৮৮০-১৯৭৮) | [[ডিব্ৰুগড়]] | |- |১৯৫০ | [[অম্বিকাগিৰী ৰায়চৌধুৰী]] (১৮৮৫-১৯৬৭) | [[মাৰ্ঘেৰিটা]] | |- |১৯৫৩ | [[সূৰ্য্যকুমাৰ ভূঞা]] (১৮৯২-১৯৬৪) | [[শ্বিলং]] | |- |১৯৫৪ | [[নলিনীবালা দেৱী]] (১৮৯৮-১৯৭৭) | [[যোৰহাট]] | |- |১৯৫৫ | [[যতীন্দ্ৰনাথ দুৱৰা]] (১৮৯২-১৯৬৪) | [[গুৱাহাটী]] | |- |১৯৫৬ | [[বেণুধৰ শৰ্মা]] (১৮৯৪-১৯৮১) | [[ধুবুৰী]] | |- |১৯৫৮ | [[পদ্মধৰ চলিহা]] (১৮৯৫-১৯৬৯) | [[তিনিচুকীয়া]] | |- |১৯৫৯ | [[অতুল চন্দ্ৰ হাজৰিকা]] (১৯০৩-১৯৮৬) | [[নগাঁও]] | |- |১৯৬০ | [[ত্ৰৈলোক্যনাথ গোস্বামী]] (১৯০৬-১৯৮৮) | [[পলাশবাৰী]] | |- |১৯৬১ | [[ত্ৰৈলোক্যনাথ গোস্বামী]] (১৯০৬-১৯৮৮) | [[গোৱালপাৰা]] | |- |১৯৬৩ | [[ৰত্নকান্ত বৰকাকতী]] (১৮৯৭-১৯৬৩) | [[নাজিৰা]] | |- |১৯৬৪ | [[মিত্ৰদেৱ মহন্ত]] (১৮৯৪-১৯৮৩) | [[ডিগবৈ]] | |- |১৯৬৫ | [[ডিম্বেশ্বৰ নেওগ]] (১৮৯৯-১৯৬৬) | [[নলবাৰী]] | |- |১৯৬৬ | [[বিনন্দ চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱা]] (১৯০১-১৯৯৪) | [[উত্তৰ লখিমপুৰ|উত্তৰ লক্ষিমপুৰ]] | |- |১৯৬৭ | [[নকুলচন্দ্ৰ ভূঞা]] (১৮৯৫-১৯৬৮) | [[ডিব্ৰুগড়]] | |- |১৯৬৮ | [[জ্ঞাননাথ বৰা]] (১৮৯০-১৯৬৮) | [[তেজপুৰ]] | |- |১৯৬৯ | [[আনন্দ চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱা]] (১৯০৭-১৯৮৩) | [[বৰপেটা]] | |- |১৯৭০ | [[উপেন্দ্ৰচন্দ্ৰ লেখাৰু]] (১৯০৫-১৯৭৯) | [[ধিং]] | |- |১৯৭১ | [[তীৰ্থনাথ শৰ্মা]] (১৯১১-১৯৮৬) | [[মাকুম]] | |- |১৯৭২ | [[হেম বৰুৱা]] (১৯১৫-১৯৭৭) | [[ধুবুৰী]] | |- |১৯৭৩ | [[গিৰিধৰ শৰ্মা]] (১৯১২-১৯৭৭) | [[ৰঙিয়া]] | |- |১৯৭৪ | [[মহেশ্বৰ নেওগ]] (১৯১৫-১৯৯৫) | [[মঙ্গলদৈ]] | |- |১৯৭৫ | [[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা]] (১৯১৭-১৯৯৯) | [[তিতাবৰ]] | |- |১৯৭৬ | [[যজ্ঞেশ্বৰ শৰ্মা]] (১৯০৬-১৯৯৮) | [[টিহু]] | |- |১৯৭৭ | [[চৈয়দ আব্দুল মালিক]] (১৯১৯-২০০০) | [[অভয়াপুৰী]] | |- |১৯৭৮ | [[প্ৰসন্নলাল চৌধুৰী]] (১৮৯৮-১৯৮৬) | [[গোলাঘাট]] | |- |১৯৭৯ | [[অতুল চন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱা]] (১৯১৬-২০০১) | [[শুৱালকুছি]] | |- |১৯৮০ | [[যতীন্দ্ৰনাথ গোস্বামী]] (১৯১৮-২০০৫) | [[ৰহা]] | |- |১৯৮১ | [[সীতানাথ ব্ৰহ্মচৌধুৰী]] (১৯০৮-১৯৮২) | [[তিনিচুকীয়া]] | |- |১৯৮২ | [[সীতানাথ ব্ৰহ্মচৌধুৰী]] (১৯০৮-১৯৮২) | [[ডিফু]] | |- |১৯৮৩ | [[বীৰেন্দ্ৰ কুমাৰ ভট্টাচাৰ্য]] (১৯২৪-১৯৯৭) | [[বঙাইগাঁও]] | |- |১৯৮৫ | [[যোগেশ দাস]] (১৯২৭-১৯৯৯) | [[বিহপুৰীয়া]] | |- |১৯৮৬ | [[বীৰেণ বৰকটকী]] (১৯২৪-২০০২) | [[কামপুৰ]] | |- |১৯৮৭ | [[মহেন্দ্ৰ বৰা]] (১৯২৯-১৯৯৬) | [[পাঠশালা]] | |- |১৯৮৮ | [[কীৰ্তিনাথ হাজৰিকা]] (১৯২২-২০০২) | [[হাইলাকান্দি]] | |- |১৯৮৯ | [[মহিম বৰা]] (১৯২৪-২০১৬) | [[ডুমডুমা]] | |- |১৯৯০ | [[নৱকান্ত বৰুৱা]] (১৯২৬-২০০২) | [[বিশ্বনাথ চাৰিআলি]] | |- |১৯৯১ | [[নিৰ্মলপ্ৰভা বৰদলৈ]] (১৯৩৩-২০০৪) | [[দুধনৈ]] | |- |১৯৯২ | [[লক্ষ্যধৰ চৌধুৰী]] (১৯১৪-২০০০) | [[গোৰেশ্বৰ]] | |- |১৯৯৩ | [[ভূপেন হাজৰিকা]] (১৯২৬-২০১১) | [[শিৱসাগৰ]] | |- |১৯৯৪ | [[লীলা গগৈ]] (১৯৩০-১৯৯৪) | [[মৰিগাঁও]] | |- |১৯৯৫ | [[হিতেশ ডেকা]] (১৯২৪-২০০০) | [[সৰ্থেবাৰী]] | |- |১৯৯৬ | [[লক্ষ্মীনন্দন বৰা]] (১৯৩২-২০২১) | [[বোকাখাত]] | |- |১৯৯৭ | [[নগেন শইকীয়া]] (১৯৩৯-) | [[বিলাসীপাৰা]] | |- |১৯৯৮ | [[নগেন শইকীয়া]] (১৯৩৯-) | [[হাওৰাঘাট]] | |- |১৯৯৯ | [[চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰসাদ শ‍ইকীয়া]] (১৯২৭-২০০৬) | [[হাজো]] | |- | ২০০০ | [[চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰসাদ শ‍ইকীয়া]] (১৯২৭-২০০৬) | [[যোৰহাট]] | |- | ২০০১ | [[হোমেন বৰগোহাঞি]] (১৯৩২-২০২১) | [[অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ ডিব্ৰুগড় অধিৱেশন (২০০১)|ডিব্ৰুগড়]] | |- | ২০০২ | [[হোমেন বৰগোহাঞি]] (১৯৩২-২০২১) | [[কলগাছিয়া]] | |- | ২০০৩ | [[বীৰেন্দ্ৰনাথ দত্ত]] (১৯৩৫-২০২৩) | [[উত্তৰ লখিমপুৰ]] | |- | ২০০৪ | [[বীৰেন্দ্ৰনাথ দত্ত]] (১৯৩৫-২০২৩) | [[হোজাই]] | |- |২০০৫ | [[কনকসেন ডেকা]] (১৯৩৩-) | [[ছিপাঝাৰ]] | |- |২০০৬ | [[কনকসেন ডেকা]] (১৯৩৩-) | [[বেলশৰ]] | |- |২০০৭ | [[কনকসেন ডেকা]] (১৯৩৩-) | [[চাপৰ]] | |- | ২০০৯ | [[ৰংবং তেৰাং]] (১৯৩৭-) | [[ধেমাজি]] | |- |২০১০ | [[ৰংবং তেৰাং]] (১৯৩৭-) | [[অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ দেৰগাঁও অধিৱেশন (২০১১)|দেৰগাঁও]] | |- |২০১৩ | [[ইমৰাণ শ্বাহ]] (১৯৩৩-) | [[অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ বৰপেটাৰোড অধিৱেশন (২০১৩)|বৰপেটা ৰোড]] | |- |২০১৫ | [[ধ্ৰুৱজ্যোতি বৰা|ডাঃ ধ্ৰুৱজ্যোতি বৰা]] (১৯৫৫-) <ref name="আমাৰ অসম">{{cite news | url=http://amarasom.glpublications.in/Details.aspx?id=19930&boxid=12305187 | title=অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ নতুন সভাপতি | date=১৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ২০১৪ | agency=জি এল পাব্লিকেশ্যন | accessdate=17 নৱেম্বৰ 2014 | pages=১ম পৃষ্ঠা | archivedate=2016-03-04 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124501/http://amarasom.glpublications.in/Details.aspx?id=19930&boxid=12305187 | deadurl=yes }}</ref> | [[অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ কলিয়াবৰ অধিৱেশন (২০১৫)|কলিয়াবৰ]] | |- | ২০১৭ | [[লক্ষ্মীনন্দন বৰা]] (১৯৩২-২০২১) | [[শিৱসাগৰ]] (শতবৰ্ষ অধিবেশন) | |- |২০১৮ | [[পৰমানন্দ ৰাজবংশী]] (১৯৫৯-) | [[বৰডুমচা]] | |- | ২০২০ | [[কুল শইকীয়া]] (১৯৫৯-) | [[অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ শুৱালকুছি অধিৱেশন (২০২০)|শুৱালকুছি, কামৰূপ]] | |- | ২০২২ | ড°[[সূৰ্যকান্ত হাজৰিকা]] (১৯৫৬-) <ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/surjya-hazarika-president-asam-sahitya-sabha |website=প্ৰতিদিন টাইম|title=Dr Surjya Hazarika Elected New President of Asam Sahitya Sabha|language=en|access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref> | নাৰায়ণপুৰ (২০২৩) | |} ==লগতে পঢ়ক== * [[অসমীয়া ভাষা উন্নতি সাধিনী সভা]] * [[অসম সাহিত্য সভা পত্ৰিকা]] *[[বড়ো সাহিত্য সভা]] ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{কমন্স শ্ৰেণী|Asom Sahitya Sabha|অসম সাহিত্য সভা}} {{অসম সাহিত্য সভা}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া সাহিত্য]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসম সম্পৰ্কীয় তালিকা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসম সাহিত্য সভা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ৰাজ্যিক প্ৰতীক]] 43l3541n7599vdetaj4d9ehz7fq688i অসম আন্দোলন 0 4390 453326 448445 2024-12-10T11:48:07Z পৱন বৰ্মন 42787 /* ইতিহাস */ 453326 wikitext text/x-wiki মূল বিষয়[[চিত্ৰ:assam-agitation-25.jpg|thumb|250px|অসম আন্দোলনৰ এক প্ৰতিবাদী যাত্ৰাৰ দৃশ্য]] '''অসম আন্দোলন''' হৈছে ১৯৭৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮৫ চনলৈকে অবৈধ অনুপ্ৰবেশকাৰীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কৰা [[অসমীয়া]] মানুহৰ আন্দোলন। ইয়াক স্বাধীন [[ভাৰত]]ৰ অন্যতম শক্তিশালী আন্দোলন হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। [[সদৌ অসম ছাত্ৰ সন্থা]] আৰু "সদৌ অসম গণ সংগ্ৰাম পৰিষদ"এ [[অসম]] আন্দোলনৰ নেতৃত্ব বহন কৰিছিল<ref name="digi">[http://dm.architexturez.org/digitalNE/assam%20agitation.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725013418/http://dm.architexturez.org/digitalNE/assam%20agitation.htm|date=2011-07-25}}Digital NorthEast, আহৰণ ১১.১০.২০১১</ref>। অহিংস হিচাপেই আৰম্ভ হোৱা এই আন্দোলন পিছলৈ [[নেলীৰ হত্যাকাণ্ড]]কে ধৰি কিছু পৰিমাণে হিংসাত্মক হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯৮৫ চনত আন্দোলনৰ নেতাসমূহ আৰু [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ মাজত হোৱা [[অসম চুক্তি]] মতে অসম আন্দোলনৰ অন্ত পৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছতেই আন্দোলনৰ নেতৃবৃন্দ‍ই [[অসম গণ পৰিষদ]] নামৰ এটা [[ৰাজনৈতিক দল]] গঠন কৰে। ১৯৮৫ আৰু ১৯৯৬ চনত এই দলে বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত জয়ী হৈ চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰে৷ == ইতিহাস == ১৯৭১ চনৰ [[বাংলাদেশৰ স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়চোৱাত [[পূব পাকিস্তান]]ৰ পৰা বহুসংখ্যক লোকে ভাৰত তথা অসমলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰে। [[বাংলাদেশ]]ৰ সৃষ্টিৰ পিছত ইয়াৰে বহুতো ঘূৰি যায় যদিও কিছু অসমতে থাকি যায়। ১৯৭৮ চনত পোনপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অনুপ্ৰবেশকাৰী সমস্যাই অসমীয়া ৰাইজৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰে। ১৯৭৮ চনৰ 28 মাৰ্চত [[লোকসভা]]ৰ সদস্য হীৰালাল পাটোৱাৰীৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ ফলত [[মঙ্গলদৈ]] লোকসভা সমষ্টিত উপ-নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত ভোটাৰ তালিকা সংশোধনৰ জাননী জাৰী কৰা হয়। তেতিয়া এই কথা ধৰা পৰে যে কেৱল মঙলদৈতে প্ৰায় ৪৫০০০ সন্দেহজনক বিদেশী নাগৰিকৰ নাম ভোটাৰ তালিকাত আছে<ref name=barua>সংক্ষিপ্ত অসমীয়া বিশ্বকোষ (প্ৰথম খণ্ড), শান্তনু কৌশিক বৰুৱা। </ref>। ১৯৭৯ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত [[সদৌ অসম ছাত্ৰ সন্থা]]ৰ এখন সভাত [[প্ৰফুল্ল কুমাৰ মহন্ত]] আৰু [[ভৃগু কুমাৰ ফুকন]] ক্ৰমে সভাপতি আৰু সম্পাদক নিৰ্বাচিত হয়॥ ২৭ জুনত 'আছু'ৰ উদ্যোগত [[গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] চৌদহত বহিৰাগত সমস্যাক লৈ অনুষ্ঠিত এখন সভাত জাতীয়তাবাদী দলে এই সমস্যাৰ সমাধান নোহোৱা পৰ্যন্ত অসমত নিৰ্বাচন আৰু লোকপিয়ল বন্ধ ৰাখিবলৈ চৰকাৰক অনুৰোধ জনায়<ref name=barua>সংক্ষিপ্ত অসমীয়া বিশ্বকোষ (প্ৰথম খণ্ড), শান্তনু কৌশিক বৰুৱা। </ref>। আছুৱে "বিদেশী বহিষ্কাৰ"ক মূল দাবী হিচাপে লৈ আন্দোলন কৰিবলৈ সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯৭৯ চনৰ চেপ্তেম্বৰত শ্ৰেণী বৰ্জন আৰু ধৰ্ণা কাৰ্যসূচী পালন কৰা হয়। ইফালে মুখ্য নিৰ্বাচন আয়ুক্তই ১৯৭৮ চনৰ ভোটাৰ তালিকা অনুসৰি নিৰ্বাচন পাতিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তেতিয়া বিদেশী ভোটাৰৰ নাম থকা ভোটাৰ তালিকাৰে অসমত নিৰ্বাচন অনুষ্ঠিত হ'ব নিদিবলৈ গণ আন্দোলনে গা কৰি উঠে। নিৰ্বাচনত মনোনয়ন পত্ৰ দিবলৈ যোৱা প্ৰাৰ্থীক বাধা প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ গৈ ১৯৭৯ চনৰ ১০ ডিচেম্বৰত ভৱানীপুৰত খৰ্গেশ্বৰ তালুকদাৰ অসম আন্দোলনৰ প্ৰথম ছহীদ হয়<ref name=barua>সংক্ষিপ্ত অসমীয়া বিশ্বকোষ (প্ৰথম খণ্ড), শান্তনু কৌশিক বৰুৱা। </ref>। অসম আন্দোলনৰ বা বিদেশী বহিষ্কাৰ আন্দোলনৰ প্ৰধান উদ্দেশ্যসমূহ আছিল: ''পূব পাকিস্তান বা বাংলাদেশৰ পৰা অহা অবৈধ অনুপ্ৰবেশকাৰীসকলক চিনাক্ত কৰা, ভোটাৰ তালিকাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আঁতৰোৱা আৰু তেওঁলোকক অসমৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰা''<ref name=digi/>। অসমৰ জনসাধাৰণেও এই বিক্ষোভৰ প্ৰতি অভূতপূৰ্ব সহাঁৰি আগবঢ়ায়। আন্দোলনৰ নেতৃবৃন্দ আৰু ভাৰতৰ সেইসময়ৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[ইন্দিৰা গান্ধী]]ৰ মাজত কেইবালানিও আলোচনা হয়। ছাত্ৰসন্থাই ১৯৫১ চনক অবৈধ অনুপ্ৰবেশকাৰী বহিষ্কৰণৰ ভিত্তিবৰ্ষ হিছাপে ধৰিবলৈ দাবী জনাই কিন্তু চৰকাৰে ১৯৬৬ চনহে প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰে। ফলত আলোচনালানি বিফল হয়। ১৯৮০ চনৰ শেষৰে পৰা [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰ]]এ আন্দোলনটোৰ প্ৰতি কঠোৰ দৃষ্টিভংগী গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ ধৰে। লাহে লাহে জনসমৰ্থনো কমি আহে আৰু ১৯৮১ৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনলৈকে আন্দোলনৰ গতি স্থবিৰ হৈ পৰে। ৰাজ্যৰ ঠায়ে ঠায়ে হিংসাত্মক ঘটনাৱলী সংঘটিত হ’বলৈ ধৰে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ৰাইজৰ প্ৰবল বিৰোধিতা আৰু বৰ্জন সত্ত্বেও অসমত ৰক্তক্ষয়ী নিৰ্বাচন অনুষ্ঠিত হয় আৰু [[হিতেশ্বৰ শইকীয়া]] মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হয়। ১৯৮৩ চনৰ ১৮ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত [[নগাঁৱ]]ৰ [[নেলী]]ত হোৱা হত্যাকাণ্ডত এদিনতে প্ৰায় ১৮০০ লোকৰ (চৰকাৰী সূত্ৰৰ মতে) মৃত্যু হয়<ref name="nchro">[http://www.nchro.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6610:it-is-26-years-since-nellie-massacre-victims-still-await-justice-&catid=12:stateviolations&Itemid=7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903082100/http://nchro.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6610:it-is-26-years-since-nellie-massacre-victims-still-await-justice-&catid=12:stateviolations&Itemid=7|date=2011-09-03}}It is 26 years since Nellie massacre:victims still await justice, আহৰণ ১১.১০.২০১১</ref>। আন্দোলনৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৮৫৫জন ছাত্ৰ সদস্যৰো মৃত্যু হয়। ১৯৮৪ চনৰ ইন্দিৰা গান্ধীৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত তৎকালীন প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[ৰাজীৱ গান্ধী]]য়ে আন্দোলনকাৰীসকলৰ লগত এলানি আলোচনাত মিলিত হয়। অৱশেষত ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ১৫ আগষ্টত ছাত্ৰসন্থাৰ নেতৃবৃন্দ আৰু ৰাজীৱ গান্ধী নেতৃত্বাধীন [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰ]]ৰ মাজত [[নতুন দিল্লী]]ত "[[অসম চুক্তি]]" সাক্ষৰিত হয় আৰু ছবছৰীয়া অসম আন্দোলনৰ সামৰণি পৰে। চুক্তিমতে হিতেশ্বৰ শইকীয়া নেতৃত্বাধীন চৰকাৰে পদত্যাগ কৰে আৰু আন্দোলনৰ নেতাসকলে [[অসম গণ পৰিষদ]] নামৰ আঞ্চলিক ৰাজনৈতিক দল গঠন কৰে। ১৯৮৫ চনৰ সাধাৰণ নিৰ্বাচনত এই দলে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠতা লাভ কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰে আৰু [[প্ৰফুল্ল কুমাৰ মহন্ত]] মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। == অসম আন্দোলনৰ ফলাফল == প্ৰধান প্ৰবন্ধ: [[অসম চুক্তি]] অসম আন্দোলনৰ প্ৰধান কাৰণ অবৈধ বিদেশী সমস্যাৰ এতিয়াও সমাধান হোৱা নাই যদিও "অসম চুক্তি"ৰ কিছু চৰ্ত ৰূপায়ণ কৰা হৈছে<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/documents/papers/assam_accord_1985.htm#Assam_Accord]Tripartite talks to review the implementation of the Assam Accord held in New Delhi on 31.05.2000, আহৰণ ১১.১০.২০১১</ref>। সেইসমূহ হ’ল: * নাগৰিকত্ব অধিনিয়ম ১৯৫৫, নাগৰিকত্ব নিয়মাৱলী ১৯৫৬ আৰু বিদেশী ন্যায়াধীকৰণ নিৰ্দেশ ১৯৬৪ৰ সংশোধন। * ১১খন বিদেশী ন্যায়াধীকৰণৰ স্থাপন, বিশেষ পঞ্জীয়ন বিষয়া নিয়োগ * গুৱাহাটীত [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ কলাক্ষেত্ৰ]] স্থাপন * [[জ্যোতি চিত্ৰবন]]ৰ আধুনিকীকৰণ * [[নুমলীগড় শোধনাগাৰ]] স্থাপন * [[তেজপুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|তেজপুৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] আৰু [[অসম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]],শিলচৰ স্থাপন * [[ভাৰতীয় প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, গুৱাহাটী]] স্থাপন * ডিব্ৰুগড়ত [[গেছ ক্ৰেকাৰ প্ৰকল্প]]ৰ নিৰ্মাণ ইত্যাদি। == তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [http://aasc.nic.in/Acts%20and%20Rules%20%28GOA%29/Implementation%20of%20Assam%20Accord%20Deptt/Implementation%20of%20Assam%20Accord%20Deptt.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410030342/http://aasc.nic.in/Acts%20and%20Rules%20(GOA)/Implementation%20of%20Assam%20Accord%20Deptt/Implementation%20of%20Assam%20Accord%20Deptt.htm |date=2009-04-10 }}Assam Accord {{অসমৰ ইতিহাস}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্দোলন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:স্বাধীনোত্তৰ অসম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ৰাজনীতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসম আন্দোলন]] aed3jmgjs42vsnbzbipahchbs9aaohm 453327 453326 2024-12-10T11:48:50Z পৱন বৰ্মন 42787 /* ইতিহাস */ 453327 wikitext text/x-wiki মূল বিষয়[[চিত্ৰ:assam-agitation-25.jpg|thumb|250px|অসম আন্দোলনৰ এক প্ৰতিবাদী যাত্ৰাৰ দৃশ্য]] '''অসম আন্দোলন''' হৈছে ১৯৭৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮৫ চনলৈকে অবৈধ অনুপ্ৰবেশকাৰীসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কৰা [[অসমীয়া]] মানুহৰ আন্দোলন। ইয়াক স্বাধীন [[ভাৰত]]ৰ অন্যতম শক্তিশালী আন্দোলন হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। [[সদৌ অসম ছাত্ৰ সন্থা]] আৰু "সদৌ অসম গণ সংগ্ৰাম পৰিষদ"এ [[অসম]] আন্দোলনৰ নেতৃত্ব বহন কৰিছিল<ref name="digi">[http://dm.architexturez.org/digitalNE/assam%20agitation.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725013418/http://dm.architexturez.org/digitalNE/assam%20agitation.htm|date=2011-07-25}}Digital NorthEast, আহৰণ ১১.১০.২০১১</ref>। অহিংস হিচাপেই আৰম্ভ হোৱা এই আন্দোলন পিছলৈ [[নেলীৰ হত্যাকাণ্ড]]কে ধৰি কিছু পৰিমাণে হিংসাত্মক হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯৮৫ চনত আন্দোলনৰ নেতাসমূহ আৰু [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ মাজত হোৱা [[অসম চুক্তি]] মতে অসম আন্দোলনৰ অন্ত পৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছতেই আন্দোলনৰ নেতৃবৃন্দ‍ই [[অসম গণ পৰিষদ]] নামৰ এটা [[ৰাজনৈতিক দল]] গঠন কৰে। ১৯৮৫ আৰু ১৯৯৬ চনত এই দলে বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত জয়ী হৈ চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰে৷ == ইতিহাস == ১৯৭১ চনৰ [[বাংলাদেশৰ স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ]]ৰ সময়চোৱাত [[পূব পাকিস্তান]]ৰ পৰা বহুসংখ্যক লোকে ভাৰত তথা অসমলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰে। [[বাংলাদেশ]]ৰ সৃষ্টিৰ পিছত ইয়াৰে বহুতো ঘূৰি যায় যদিও কিছু অসমতে থাকি যায়। ১৯৭৮ চনত পোনপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অনুপ্ৰবেশকাৰী সমস্যাই অসমীয়া ৰাইজৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰে। ১৯৭৮ চনৰ 28 মাৰ্চত [[লোকসভা]]ৰ সদস্য হীৰালাল পাটোৱাৰীৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ ফলত [[মঙ্গলদৈ]] লোকসভা সমষ্টিত উপ-নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত ভোটাৰ তালিকা সংশোধনৰ জাননী জাৰী কৰা হয়। তেতিয়া এই কথা ধৰা পৰে যে কেৱল মঙলদৈতে প্ৰায় ৪৫০০০ সন্দেহজনক বিদেশী নাগৰিকৰ নাম ভোটাৰ তালিকাত আছে<ref name=barua>সংক্ষিপ্ত অসমীয়া বিশ্বকোষ (প্ৰথম খণ্ড), শান্তনু কৌশিক বৰুৱা। </ref>। ১৯৭৯ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত [[সদৌ অসম ছাত্ৰ সন্থা]]ৰ এখন সভাত [[প্ৰফুল্ল কুমাৰ মহন্ত]] আৰু [[ভৃগু কুমাৰ ফুকন]] ক্ৰমে সভাপতি আৰু সম্পাদক নিৰ্বাচিত হয়॥ ২৭ জুনত 'আছু'ৰ উদ্যোগত [[গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] চৌদহত বহিৰাগত সমস্যাক লৈ অনুষ্ঠিত এখন সভাত জাতীয়তাবাদী দলে এই সমস্যাৰ সমাধান নোহোৱা পৰ্যন্ত অসমত নিৰ্বাচন আৰু লোকপিয়ল বন্ধ ৰাখিবলৈ চৰকাৰক অনুৰোধ জনায়<ref name=barua>সংক্ষিপ্ত অসমীয়া বিশ্বকোষ (প্ৰথম খণ্ড), শান্তনু কৌশিক বৰুৱা। </ref>। আছুৱে "বিদেশী বহিষ্কাৰ"ক মূল দাবী হিচাপে লৈ আন্দোলন কৰিবলৈ সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯৭৯ চনৰ চেপ্তেম্বৰত শ্ৰেণী বৰ্জন আৰু ধৰ্ণা কাৰ্যসূচী পালন কৰা হয়। ইফালে মুখ্য নিৰ্বাচন আয়ুক্তই ১৯৭৮ চনৰ ভোটাৰ তালিকা অনুসৰি নিৰ্বাচন পাতিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তেতিয়া বিদেশী ভোটাৰৰ নাম থকা ভোটাৰ তালিকাৰে অসমত নিৰ্বাচন অনুষ্ঠিত হ'ব নিদিবলৈ গণ আন্দোলনে গা কৰি উঠে। নিৰ্বাচনত মনোনয়ন পত্ৰ দিবলৈ যোৱা প্ৰাৰ্থীক বাধা প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ গৈ ১৯৭৯ চনৰ ১০ ডিচেম্বৰত ভৱানীপুৰত [[খৰ্গেশ্বৰ তালুকদাৰ]] অসম আন্দোলনৰ প্ৰথম ছহীদ হয়<ref name=barua>সংক্ষিপ্ত অসমীয়া বিশ্বকোষ (প্ৰথম খণ্ড), শান্তনু কৌশিক বৰুৱা। </ref>। অসম আন্দোলনৰ বা বিদেশী বহিষ্কাৰ আন্দোলনৰ প্ৰধান উদ্দেশ্যসমূহ আছিল: ''পূব পাকিস্তান বা বাংলাদেশৰ পৰা অহা অবৈধ অনুপ্ৰবেশকাৰীসকলক চিনাক্ত কৰা, ভোটাৰ তালিকাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আঁতৰোৱা আৰু তেওঁলোকক অসমৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰা''<ref name=digi/>। অসমৰ জনসাধাৰণেও এই বিক্ষোভৰ প্ৰতি অভূতপূৰ্ব সহাঁৰি আগবঢ়ায়। আন্দোলনৰ নেতৃবৃন্দ আৰু ভাৰতৰ সেইসময়ৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[ইন্দিৰা গান্ধী]]ৰ মাজত কেইবালানিও আলোচনা হয়। ছাত্ৰসন্থাই ১৯৫১ চনক অবৈধ অনুপ্ৰবেশকাৰী বহিষ্কৰণৰ ভিত্তিবৰ্ষ হিছাপে ধৰিবলৈ দাবী জনাই কিন্তু চৰকাৰে ১৯৬৬ চনহে প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰে। ফলত আলোচনালানি বিফল হয়। ১৯৮০ চনৰ শেষৰে পৰা [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰ]]এ আন্দোলনটোৰ প্ৰতি কঠোৰ দৃষ্টিভংগী গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ ধৰে। লাহে লাহে জনসমৰ্থনো কমি আহে আৰু ১৯৮১ৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনলৈকে আন্দোলনৰ গতি স্থবিৰ হৈ পৰে। ৰাজ্যৰ ঠায়ে ঠায়ে হিংসাত্মক ঘটনাৱলী সংঘটিত হ’বলৈ ধৰে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ৰাইজৰ প্ৰবল বিৰোধিতা আৰু বৰ্জন সত্ত্বেও অসমত ৰক্তক্ষয়ী নিৰ্বাচন অনুষ্ঠিত হয় আৰু [[হিতেশ্বৰ শইকীয়া]] মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হয়। ১৯৮৩ চনৰ ১৮ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত [[নগাঁৱ]]ৰ [[নেলী]]ত হোৱা হত্যাকাণ্ডত এদিনতে প্ৰায় ১৮০০ লোকৰ (চৰকাৰী সূত্ৰৰ মতে) মৃত্যু হয়<ref name="nchro">[http://www.nchro.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6610:it-is-26-years-since-nellie-massacre-victims-still-await-justice-&catid=12:stateviolations&Itemid=7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903082100/http://nchro.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6610:it-is-26-years-since-nellie-massacre-victims-still-await-justice-&catid=12:stateviolations&Itemid=7|date=2011-09-03}}It is 26 years since Nellie massacre:victims still await justice, আহৰণ ১১.১০.২০১১</ref>। আন্দোলনৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৮৫৫জন ছাত্ৰ সদস্যৰো মৃত্যু হয়। ১৯৮৪ চনৰ ইন্দিৰা গান্ধীৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত তৎকালীন প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[ৰাজীৱ গান্ধী]]য়ে আন্দোলনকাৰীসকলৰ লগত এলানি আলোচনাত মিলিত হয়। অৱশেষত ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ১৫ আগষ্টত ছাত্ৰসন্থাৰ নেতৃবৃন্দ আৰু ৰাজীৱ গান্ধী নেতৃত্বাধীন [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰ]]ৰ মাজত [[নতুন দিল্লী]]ত "[[অসম চুক্তি]]" সাক্ষৰিত হয় আৰু ছবছৰীয়া অসম আন্দোলনৰ সামৰণি পৰে। চুক্তিমতে হিতেশ্বৰ শইকীয়া নেতৃত্বাধীন চৰকাৰে পদত্যাগ কৰে আৰু আন্দোলনৰ নেতাসকলে [[অসম গণ পৰিষদ]] নামৰ আঞ্চলিক ৰাজনৈতিক দল গঠন কৰে। ১৯৮৫ চনৰ সাধাৰণ নিৰ্বাচনত এই দলে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠতা লাভ কৰি চৰকাৰ গঠন কৰে আৰু [[প্ৰফুল্ল কুমাৰ মহন্ত]] মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। == অসম আন্দোলনৰ ফলাফল == প্ৰধান প্ৰবন্ধ: [[অসম চুক্তি]] অসম আন্দোলনৰ প্ৰধান কাৰণ অবৈধ বিদেশী সমস্যাৰ এতিয়াও সমাধান হোৱা নাই যদিও "অসম চুক্তি"ৰ কিছু চৰ্ত ৰূপায়ণ কৰা হৈছে<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/documents/papers/assam_accord_1985.htm#Assam_Accord]Tripartite talks to review the implementation of the Assam Accord held in New Delhi on 31.05.2000, আহৰণ ১১.১০.২০১১</ref>। সেইসমূহ হ’ল: * নাগৰিকত্ব অধিনিয়ম ১৯৫৫, নাগৰিকত্ব নিয়মাৱলী ১৯৫৬ আৰু বিদেশী ন্যায়াধীকৰণ নিৰ্দেশ ১৯৬৪ৰ সংশোধন। * ১১খন বিদেশী ন্যায়াধীকৰণৰ স্থাপন, বিশেষ পঞ্জীয়ন বিষয়া নিয়োগ * গুৱাহাটীত [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ কলাক্ষেত্ৰ]] স্থাপন * [[জ্যোতি চিত্ৰবন]]ৰ আধুনিকীকৰণ * [[নুমলীগড় শোধনাগাৰ]] স্থাপন * [[তেজপুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|তেজপুৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] আৰু [[অসম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]],শিলচৰ স্থাপন * [[ভাৰতীয় প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, গুৱাহাটী]] স্থাপন * ডিব্ৰুগড়ত [[গেছ ক্ৰেকাৰ প্ৰকল্প]]ৰ নিৰ্মাণ ইত্যাদি। == তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [http://aasc.nic.in/Acts%20and%20Rules%20%28GOA%29/Implementation%20of%20Assam%20Accord%20Deptt/Implementation%20of%20Assam%20Accord%20Deptt.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410030342/http://aasc.nic.in/Acts%20and%20Rules%20(GOA)/Implementation%20of%20Assam%20Accord%20Deptt/Implementation%20of%20Assam%20Accord%20Deptt.htm |date=2009-04-10 }}Assam Accord {{অসমৰ ইতিহাস}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্দোলন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:স্বাধীনোত্তৰ অসম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ৰাজনীতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসম আন্দোলন]] qlezpfdobj26eleaucl6uh69b252sdq ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় 0 4962 453254 427914 2024-12-10T06:58:10Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় | native_name = | image_name = Dibrugarh_Univ_logo.png | image_size = 160px | image_alt = | caption = ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰতীক | latin_name = | motto = ''নিয়তং কুৰু কৰ্ম'' | mottoeng = | established = ১৯৬৫ | closed = | type = ৰাজহুৱা | affiliation = | endowment = | budget = | officer_in_charge = | chairman = | chancellor = [[অসমৰ ৰাজ্যপাল]] | president = | vice-president = | superintendent = | provost = | vice_chancellor = ড° জিতেন হাজৰিকা | rector = | principal = | dean = | director = | head_label = | head = | academic_staff = | administrative_staff = | students = | undergrad = | postgrad = | doctoral = | other = | city = [[ডিব্ৰুগড়]] | state = [[অসম]], | province = [[ভাৰত]] | country = | coor = | campus = | former_names = | free_label = | free = | colors = | colours = | athletics = | sports = | nickname = | mascot = | affiliations = | website = http://www.dibru.ac.in/ | logo = | footnotes = }} '''ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়''' অসমৰ পূব প্ৰান্তত অৱস্থিত উত্তৰ-পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ অন্যতম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়। ১৯৬৫ চনত অসম বিধান সভাত প্ৰস্তাৱিত এক বিধেয়কৰদ্বাৰা এই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্থাপিত হয়<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIC Dibrugarh |url=https://dibru.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/DU-Act.pdf |access-date=2022-07-01 |archivedate=2022-01-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107234223/https://dibru.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/DU-Act.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। অসমৰ উচ্চশিক্ষাৰ অন্যতম কেন্দ্ৰৰূপে পৰিচিত ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত কলা, বিজ্ঞান, বাণিজ্য আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যা বিষয়ক শিক্ষাদানৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন বিভাগ আৰু অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰৰ উপৰিও এখন "অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান" আছে। বৰ্তমান এই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰদ্বাৰা অনুমোদিত মুঠ মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ সংখ্যা ১৬০। ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় চৌহদৰ মুঠ মাটিকালি হ'ল ২০৩ হেক্টৰ; ইয়াৰে ৭৪.৩ হেক্টৰৰ এটা এলেকাত চাহখেতি কৰা হয়। এই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খন ডিব্ৰুগড় নগৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু "নতুন বজাৰ" ৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫ কি: মি: দক্ষিণে "ৰজাভেটা" অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত। ৩৭ নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথটো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় চৌহদৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ গৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== অসম বিধানসভাত প্ৰস্তাৱিত "ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় বিধেয়ক, ১৯৬৫" অনুসৰি ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্থাপিত হৈছিল। ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম উপাচাৰ্য আছিল ড॰ বি, আৰ, শেঠ। [[চিত্ৰ:jyotibatchora.jpg|250px|thumb|right|জ্যোতি বাটচ'ৰা]] ==স্বীকৃতি== ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় Association of Indian Universities (AIU) আৰু Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU)ৰ সদস্য। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খন National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bangaloreৰ দ্বাৰা মূল্যাঙ্কিত আৰু . A Grade প্ৰাপ্ত<ref>http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar3017/state055{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>। "বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় অনুদান আয়োগে" ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ "অসমীয়া বিভাগ"টোক Center for Advanced Studies (CAS) হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰিছে। তদুপৰি অন্য আঠটা বিভাগক আয়োগে Special Assistance Programme (SAP)ৰ অধীনত DSA আৰু DRSৰ মৰ্যাদা দিছে। এই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ "পে'ট্ৰলিয়াম প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যা" বিভাগটো ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যা বিভাগৰদ্বাৰা Center for Relevance and Excellence (CORE) under Technology, Information, Forcasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) হিচাপে চিহ্নিত হৈছে। ==শৈক্ষিক দিশ== ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্বাবিদ্যালয়ত ২০০১-২০০২ শিক্ষাবৰ্ষৰ পৰা স্নাতকোত্তৰ পাঠ্যক্ৰম সমূহত ষাণ্মাসিক পদ্ধতি প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ২০০৯-২০১০ শিক্ষাবৰ্ষৰ পৰা ইয়াক Choice Based Credit Systemলৈ উন্নীত কৰা হৈছে<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBCS |url=http://www.dibru.ac.in/page.php?cat=Miscellaneous&id=CBCS |access-date=2011-10-11 |archivedate=2012-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106045007/http://dibru.ac.in/page.php?cat=Miscellaneous&id=CBCS |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। ২০১১-২০১২ শিক্ষাবৰ্ষৰপৰা প্ৰযোজ্য হোৱাকৈ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধীনৰ বিভিন্ন মহাবিদ্যালয়সমূহৰ স্নাতক পাঠ্যক্ৰমত ষাণ্মাসিক পদ্ধতিৰ সূচনা কৰা হৈছে। বৰ্তমান ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে ২০টাতকৈ অধিক বিষয়ত পি, এইচ, ডি, ডিগ্ৰী প্ৰদান কৰে। ০৩-০৫-২০১১ তাৰিখলৈকে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনে মুঠ ১০৯৮জন গৱেষকক বিভিন্ন বিষয়ত পি, এইচ, ডি, ডিগ্ৰী প্ৰদান কৰিছে। তদুপৰি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়খনে বৰ্তমান দহটা বিষয়ত (অসমীয়া, ইংৰাজী, ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান,পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান, বাণিজ্য, বুৰঞ্জী, গণিত, ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞান, সমাজতত্ত্ব আৰু পৰিসংখ্যা) এম, ফিল ডিগ্ৰী প্ৰদান কৰে। তাৎপৰ্যপূৰ্ণ গৱেষণাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত সম্প্ৰতি তিনিখন সন্মানীয় আসন আছে। এই আসনকেইখন হৈছে- অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ সাহিত্যৰথী লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা আসন, বুৰঞ্জী বিভাগৰ শ্ৰীশ্ৰী অনিৰুদ্ধদেৱ আসন আৰু প্ৰায়োগিক ভূতত্ত্ব বিভাগৰ কে, ডি, মালব্য আসন। ==বিভিন্ন বিভাগ আৰু অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰসমূহ== ::* অসমীয়া বিভাগ ::* অৰ্থনীতি বিভাগ ::* শিক্ষাতত্ত্ব বিভাগ ::* ইংৰাজী বিভাগ ::* বুৰঞ্জী বিভাগ ::* ৰাজনীতি-বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ ::* সমাজতত্ত্ব বিভাগ ::* বাণিজ্য বিভাগ ::* নৃতত্ত্ব বিভাগ ::* প্ৰায়োগিক ভূ-তত্ত্ব বিভাগ ::* ৰসায়ন-বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ ::* জীৱ-বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ ::* গণিত বিভাগ ::* পেট্ৰলিয়াম প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যা বিভাগ ::* ভেষজ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ ::* পদাৰ্থ-বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ ::* পৰিসংখ্যা বিভাগ ::* কম্পিউটাৰ বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰয়োগ কেন্দ্ৰ ::* [[ ব্যৱস্থাপনা অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ ]] ::* জৈৱ-প্ৰযুক্তি অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ ::* জৈৱ-তথ্যপ্ৰযুক্তি অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ ::* গ্ৰন্থাগাৰ আৰু তথ্য বিজ্ঞান অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ ::* চাহ আৰু কৃষি অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ ::* [[ড॰ ভূপেন হাজৰিকা]] পৰিবেশ্য কলা অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ ::* ন্যায় অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ ::* ভূগোল অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ ::* সাংবাদিকতা আৰু গণ-সংযোগ অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ ::* শাৰীৰিক শিক্ষা অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ ::* সমাজসেৱা অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ ::* বায়ুমণ্ডল অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ (পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগৰ অন্তৰ্গত) ::* আচৰণ-বিজ্ঞান অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ ::* ভাষা অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰ ==সুবিধাসমূহ== ===লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা গ্ৰন্থাগাৰ=== এইয়া হৈছে ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ নাম। চাৰিমহলীয়া এই গ্ৰন্থাগাৰটোৱে প্ৰায় ৩৩৫৭০ বৰ্গফুট কালি অধিকাৰ কৰি আছে<ref>{{Cite web |title=গ্ৰন্থাগাৰ |url=https://dibru.ac.in/portals/lnblibrary/about_library.htm |access-date=2019-10-16 |archivedate=2019-10-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016131832/https://dibru.ac.in/portals/lnblibrary/about_library.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। এই গ্ৰন্থাগাৰত বিভিন্ন বিষয়ৰ গ্ৰন্থৰ লগতে আলোচনী, পত্ৰিকা, বাতৰি কাগজ আদি ৰখা হয়। তদুপৰি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধীনত গৱেষণা কৰা বিভিন্ন গৱেষকৰ গৱেষণা-পত্ৰসমূহো ইয়াত এটা সূকীয়া সংগ্ৰহ হিচাপে ৰখা হৈছে। বৰ্তমান গ্ৰন্থাগাৰটোৰ গ্ৰন্থ ব্যৱস্থাপনা আৰু আদান-প্ৰদান সূবিধাসমূহ সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে কম্পিউটাৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত। ২০০৪ চনৰ পহিলা জানুৱাৰীৰ পৰা গ্ৰন্থাগাৰটোত ইণ্টাৰনে'টৰ জৰিয়তে প্ৰায় ৪৭০০ ই-পত্ৰিকা পঢ়াৰ সুবিধা কৰা হৈছে। ==ছাত্ৰাবাস== ::* পদ্মনাথ গোহাঞি বৰুৱা ছাত্ৰাবাস ::* মফিজ্জুদ্দিন আহমেদ হাজৰিকা ছাত্ৰাবাস ::* মণিৰাম দেৱান ছাত্ৰাবাস ::* ড॰ লীলা গগৈ গৱেষক ছাত্ৰাবাস ::* বৃত্তিমূলক পাঠ্যক্ৰমৰ ছাত্ৰনিবাস ::*১ নং ছাত্ৰাৱাস (অভিযান্ত্ৰিকী) ::*২ নং ছাত্ৰাৱাস (অভিযান্ত্ৰিকী) ==ছাত্ৰীনিবাস== ::* জয়মতী ছাত্ৰীনিবাস ::* নলিনীবালা দেৱী ছাত্ৰীনিবাস ::* আইদেউ সন্দিকৈ ছাত্ৰীনিবাস ::* নৱ ছাত্ৰীনিবাস ::* বৃত্তিমূলক পাঠ্যক্ৰমৰ ছাত্ৰীনিবাস ::*পদ্মাকুমাৰী গোহাঁই ছাত্ৰীনিবাস ::*স্বৰ্ণলতা বৰুৱা ছাত্ৰীনিবাস ::*মামণি ৰয়চম গোস্বামী ছাত্ৰীনিবাস ==চিত্ৰ ভঁৰাল== <center> <gallery widths="120" heights="120px" perrow="5" style="border: 5px solid #a86; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); border-radius: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em;"> File:Depiction of Burhi Aair Sadhu 2.jpg|শিল্পীৰ কল্পনাত বুঢ়ী আইৰ সাধুৰ আইতাগৰাকী File:Dibrugah University Library.jpg|ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ "লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা গ্ৰন্থাগাৰ" File:Rangghar at DU park.jpg|ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় উদ্যানত থকা ৰংঘৰ আৰ্হিৰ এক নিৰ্মাণ </gallery> </center> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== <references/> ==বহিঃসংযোগ== *[http://www.dibru.ac.in/ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ৱেবচাইট] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810104814/http://www.dibru.ac.in/ |date=2015-08-10 }} *[http://www.cmsdu.org/ ব্যৱস্থাপনা অধ্যয়ন কেন্দ্ৰৰ ৱেবচাইট] {{সাঁচ:অসমৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়}} {{অসমৰ শৈক্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ডিব্ৰুগড় জিলা]] hyptbiau1keqbu3g9gqq2vkr31zd34x কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন 0 8487 453298 324346 2024-12-10T09:17:51Z 2409:408A:8089:6CD4:0:0:A35:80A4 453298 wikitext text/x-wiki 'কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন' হেমচন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱাৰ দ্বাৰা লিখিত এখন অসমীয়া নাটক। ১৮৬১ চনত কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন প্ৰকাশিত হৈছিল। প্ৰকাশৰ তাৰিখৰপৰা 'কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন' প্ৰথমখন আধুনিক অসমীয়া নাটক। আনহাতে [[গুণাভিৰাম বৰুৱা]]ৰ দ্বাৰা ৰছিত '[[ৰাম-নৱমী]]' নাটকখন ১৮৫৭ চনত লিখা হৈছিল, কিন্তু ছপা হৈ ওলাইছিল ১৮৭০ চনত।<ref name=tirtha /> কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন নাটখনিত সেই সময়ত অসমত বহুল প্ৰচলিত [[কানি]] খোৱাৰ কুপ্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে দেখুওৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=hem /> ==কাহিনী সাৰাংশ== নাটৰ কাহিনীভাগৰ সময় আহোম ৰজা পুৰন্দৰ সিংহৰ সময়ৰ। নাটকৰ চৰিত্ৰলিপিত পাণ নামে এগৰাকী গাভৰু, যিয়ে কানি খোৱাৰ বাবে ডেকাসকলক সূচল কৰি দিয়ে, তেখেত ৰজা [[পুৰন্দৰ সিংহ]]ৰ লিগিৰী বুলি উল্লেখ আছে। ভদ্ৰেশ্বৰ বৰুৱা এগৰাকী সম্ভ্ৰান্ত অসমীয়া আৰু সোণাৰগাঁও [[মৌজা]]ৰ [[মৌজাদাৰ]]। সেই সময়ত অসমত প্ৰচলিত কানিৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা নকৰিলেও তেখেতে কানি খোৱাৰ ফলত হোৱা কুপ্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে জ্ঞাত আৰু নিজে আঁতৰত থকাৰ উপৰিও কানিৰ বিৰোধী। তেখেতৰ সন্তান কীৰ্ত্তিচন্দ্ৰই কানিৰ প্ৰভাৱ বুজিও এবাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি চাওঁ বুলি কানি আৰু সমনীয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱত কানিৰ আসক্ত হৈ পৰে। কানিৰ আসক্তি আঁতৰাবলৈ ভদ্ৰেশ্বৰ আৰু পত্নী ললিতাই কীৰ্ত্তিচন্দ্ৰলৈ চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভাক বিয়া কৰাই আনে। কিন্তু কীৰ্ত্তিচন্দ্ৰই কানি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখে। তৃত্বীয় অঙ্কত কীৰ্ত্তিচন্দ্ৰৰ পতন দেখুওৱা হয়। ইতিমধ্যে মাক-দেউতাকৰ মৃত্যু হয় আৰু মৌজাৰ দায়িত্বলৈ পিঠি দিয়া কীৰ্ত্তিচন্দ্ৰই কানিৰ আসক্তিৰ বাবে মৌজা হেৰুৱাব লগীয়া হয়। লাহে লাহে ঘৰৰ সৰু-সৰু সামগ্ৰী বেচি বা কেতিয়াবা মিছা কথা কৈও কানি খোৱাটো অব্যাহত ৰাখে। শেষত মিছা সাক্ষী দিয়াৰ অপৰাধত কীৰ্ত্তিচন্দ্ৰ ফাটেকলৈ যাবলগীয়া হয়। ফাটেকতে কানিৰ অবিহনত কীৰ্ত্তিচন্দ্ৰৰ অসুখ হ'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু কানি পানৰপৰা পোৱা দুখ আৰু শাস্তিৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি অনুশোচনা কৰে আৰু তাতেই তেখেতৰ মৃত্যু হয়। ==নাটকখনৰ বিভাগ== 'কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন' নাটকখনত মুঠতে চাৰিটা অঙ্ক আছে। প্ৰথম অঙ্কত তিনিটা দৃশ্য, দ্বিতীয় অঙ্কত চাৰিটা, তৃত্বীয় অঙ্কত চাৰিটা আৰু শেষৰ চতুৰ্থ অঙ্কত তিনিটা দৃশ্য আছে। অৱশ্যে নাটখনত প্ৰতিটো দৃশ্যক দৰ্শন বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=hem /> ==প্ৰকাশ== ১৮৬১ চনত 'বাবু উৎসৱানন্দ গোসাই' (Deputy Inspector of Schools)-ৰ সহায়ত 'কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন' প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশ হৈ ওলাইছিল। ১৮৬৮ চনত এই নাটক খনৰ দ্বিতীয় প্ৰকাশ উলিওৱা হয়। দ্বিতীয় প্ৰকাশৰ আঁৰত এ.চি.কেম্পবেলৰ (Mr. A.C. Campbell, Personal Assistant to the Agent Governor General N.E. Frontier and Commissioner of Assam) সহায়ৰ কথা হেমচন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱাই উল্লেখ কৰিছে।<ref name=hem /> দ্বিতীয় প্ৰকাশৰ সময়ত মূল পাঠত কিছু সংশোধন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৮১৩ শকত 'কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন'ৰ পঞ্চম তাঙ্গৰণ প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়। এই তাঙৰণত এটা দৰ্শন নতুনকৈ যোগ দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name=hem /> লেখকৰ জীৱন কালত প্ৰকাশিত ষষ্ঠ তাঙৰণতো কিছু সংশোধনী কৰা হৈছিল বুলি উল্লেখ আছে।<ref name=hem /> ১৮৭০ শকত 'কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন'ক বি.এ. শ্ৰেণীৰ দ্বিতীয় ভাষাৰ পাঠ্যৰূপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হয়। ২০০৩ চনত স্নাতকোত্তৰ শ্ৰেণীৰ (অসমীয়া শাখাৰ) মনোনীত পাঠ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name=hem /> বৰ্তমান বজাৰত 'কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন'ৰ ২০০৩ চনৰ দ্বাদশ তাঙৰণ সহজতে পোৱা যায়। অৱশ্যে কিতাপখনৰ ভিতৰ পৃষ্ঠাত 'নতুন তাঙৰণ, ২য় প্ৰকাশ, ২০০৩ চন' বুলি উল্লেখিত আছে। <ref name=hem /> ==ৰাইজৰ সঁহাৰি== প্ৰথম অসমীয়া প্ৰকাশিত নাটক হিচাপে 'কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন'-এ ৰাইজৰ সঁহাৰি পাবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল।<ref name=hem /> ==মঞ্চায়ন== 'কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন'ৰ মঞ্চায়ন হোৱা-নোহোৱাৰ বিষয়ে সবিশেষ তথ্য জানিবলৈ পোৱা নাযায়। ==তথ্য উৎস== <ref name=tirtha> তীৰ্থনাথ শৰ্মা, ''ৰাম-নবমী নাটক'', মূল গ্ৰন্থঃ (সঃ গজেন্দ্ৰনাথ গোস্বামী), ''গুণাভিৰাম বৰুৱাৰ ৰাম-নৱমী'', বীণা লাইব্ৰেৰী, ২০০৭, ২য় প্ৰকাশ, পৃঃ ৭৭-৮৮ </ref> <ref name=hem> হেমচন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱা, ''কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন'', হেমকোষ প্ৰকাশন, নতুন তাঙৰণ (২০০৩), ২য় প্ৰকাশ</ref> {{reflist}} {{wikisource|কানীয়াৰ কীৰ্ত্তন}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া নাটক]] 8q3lxkofyfret5ybtlmucre3yxkduhy ৰজা শগুণ 0 33120 453303 255044 2024-12-10T09:24:19Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ৰজা শগুণ (Red-headed Vulture) | image = Red-headed-Vulture.jpg | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN2012>{{IUCN|id=106003383 |title=''Sarcogyps calvus'' | assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2012.1 |year=2012 |accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Accipitriformes]] | familia = [[Accipitridae]] | genus = '''''Sarcogyps''''' | genus_authority = [[René Primevère Lesson|Lesson]], 1842 | species = '''''S. calvus''''' | binomial = ''Sarcogyps calvus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1786) | synonyms = *''Aegypius calvus'' *''Torgos calvus'' | range_map=Sarcogyps calvus Verbreitung.png|thumb|Sarcogyps calvus Verbreitung | range_map_caption = ৰজা শগুণৰ বর্তমানৰ বিচৰণ ক্ষেত্ৰ }} '''ৰজা শগুণ''' ({{Lang-en|Red-headed Vulture/Asian King Vulture/Indian Black Vulture}}, [[বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম]]: ''Sarcogyps calvus'') [[শগুণ]]ৰ এটা অন্যতম প্ৰজাতি। শেহতীয়াকৈ হোৱা শগুণৰ অস্বাভাৱিক বিলুপ্তিত ইয়াৰো জনসংখ্যা দ্ৰুত গতিত হ্ৰাস পাইছে।<ref>{{cite book|author=Ali, S.|year=1993|title=The Book of Indian Birds|publisher=Bombay Natural History Society|location=Bombay|isbn=0-19-563731-3}}</ref> ইয়াৰ এই মৃত্যুৰ বাবে ''ডাইক্ল'ফেনেক'' নামৰ দৰৱবিধকে জগৰীয়া কৰা হয়। ==বিৱৰণ== ৰজা শগুণ এটা মধ্যমীয়া আকাৰৰ শগুণৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ দেহৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৭৬-৮৬ ছে: মি: আৰু ওজন প্ৰাব ৩.৫-৬.৩ কি: গ্ৰা:।<ref>[http://www.cambodia.panda.org/wwf_in_cambodia/endangered_species/birds/critically_endangered_vultures/ WWF- Red-headed Vulture] (2011).</ref><ref>''Raptors of the World'' by Ferguson-Lees, Christie, Franklin, Mead & Burton. Houghton Mifflin (2001), ISBN 0-618-12762-3</ref> পূৰ্ণবয়স্ক শগুণৰ ডিঙি ডাঠ ৰঙা বা কমলা বৰণৰ হয়। পোৱালি চৰাইৰ দেহৰ ৰং শেঁতা। দেহৰ বাকী অংশ ক'লা আৰু ডেউকাৰ গুৰিত পাতল মুগা বৰণৰ আঁচ থাকে। মতা আৰু মাইকী ৰজা শগুণৰ চকুৰ মণিৰ ৰং বেলেগ বেলেগ হয়। মতা চৰাইৰ মণি বগা আৰু মাইকীৰ ডাঠ মটীয়া হয়।<ref>{{cite book|first=Rishad|last=Naoroji|year=2006|title= Birds of Prey of the indian subcontinent|pages=282–287}}</ref> [[File:Red headed vulture.JPG|left|thumb| [[ৰান্থামব'ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ত এজনী মাইকী ৰজা শগুণ]] ==বিতৰণ আৰু বাসস্থান== ৰজা শগুণ পূৰ্বতে [[ভাৰত]] আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূব [[এছিয়া]]ত বহুলভাৱে বিস্তৃত আছিল যদিও পৰৱৰ্ত্তী কালত ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা কমি আহি বৰ্তমান কেৱল উত্তৰ ভাৰততহে সীমিত হৈ পৰিল। ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ মুকলি অঞ্চল আৰু প্ৰয় শুকান ঠাইত দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। তদুপৰি ইয়াক পৰ্ণপাতী বনাঞ্চল, নদী উপত্যকা আদিতো পোৱা যায়। ৰজা শগুণ সাধাৰণতে সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ৩০০০ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে।<ref name="rapworld">{{cite book| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| isbn = 978-0-618-12762-7| last = Ferguson-Lees| first = James| coauthors = David A. Christie| title = Raptors of the world| date = 2001-09-17|pages=443–444}}</ref> [[File:Sarcogyps calvus -Berlin Zoo -upper body-8a.jpg|upright|left|thumb|বাৰ্লিনৰ চিৰিয়াখানাত এটা ৰজা শগুণ]] ==সংৰক্ষণ== ৰজা শগুণৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে হাৰাস পাই অহা জনসংখ্যাক লক্ষ্য কৰি ১৯৯৪ চনত ইয়াক আই. ইউ. চি. এনে প্ৰায় সংকটাপন্ন (Near Threatened) প্ৰজাতিৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে। ভাৰতত বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ডাইক্ল'ফেনেক (Diclofenac) নামৰ পশুচিকিৎসাৰ ঔষধ (veterinary medicine) বিধকে ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ বাবে জগৰীয়া কৰা হয়। ১৯৯০ চনৰ পিছৰ পৰা ৰজা শগুণৰ জনসংখ্যা বিপদজনকভাৱে প্ৰতি বছৰে আধালৈ কমি অহা দেখা গৈছে। ফলস্বৰূপে দুটা দশকৰ ভিতৰতে এসময়ত উভৈনদীকৈ পোৱা এই চৰাইবিধৰ জনসংখ্যা বৰ্তমান বিলুপ্তিৰ পথত। ২০০৭ চনত আই ইউ. চি . এনে ইয়াক বিপদজনক ভাৱে সংকটাপন্ন (Critically Endangered) প্ৰজাতি বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে।<ref name=IUCN2012/><ref>{{cite web|last=Cuthbert et al.|first=Richard|title=NSAIDs and scavenging birds: potential impacts beyond Asia's critically endangered vultures|url=http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/1/91|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=11 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Milius|first=Susan|title=Bird-Safe Rx: Alternative drug won't kill India's vultures|journal=ScienceNews|date=4|year=2006|month=February|volume=169|issue=#5|pages=70|url=tp://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/7025/title/Bird-Safe_Rx_Alternative_drug_wont_kill_Indias_vultures|accessdate=11 May 2011}}</ref> {{-}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.vulture-territory.com/pondicherry.html Vulture Territory Facts and Characteristics: Pondicherry Vulture] *[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3383&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet.] [[শ্ৰেণী:শগুণ]] 7ec47ng06iyq1gh0dday4hx0qn7sodo 453304 453303 2024-12-10T09:24:43Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = ৰজা শগুণ (Red-headed Vulture) | image = Red-headed-Vulture.jpg | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN2012>{{IUCN|id=106003383 |title=''Sarcogyps calvus'' | assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2012.1 |year=2012 |accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref> | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Accipitriformes]] | familia = [[Accipitridae]] | genus = '''''Sarcogyps''''' | genus_authority = [[René Primevère Lesson|Lesson]], 1842 | species = '''''S. calvus''''' | binomial = ''Sarcogyps calvus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1786) | synonyms = *''Aegypius calvus'' *''Torgos calvus'' | range_map=Sarcogyps calvus Verbreitung.png|thumb|Sarcogyps calvus Verbreitung | range_map_caption = ৰজা শগুণৰ বৰ্তমানৰ বিচৰণ ক্ষেত্ৰ }} '''ৰজা শগুণ''' ({{Lang-en|Red-headed Vulture/Asian King Vulture/Indian Black Vulture}}, [[বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম]]: ''Sarcogyps calvus'') [[শগুণ]]ৰ এটা অন্যতম প্ৰজাতি। শেহতীয়াকৈ হোৱা শগুণৰ অস্বাভাৱিক বিলুপ্তিত ইয়াৰো জনসংখ্যা দ্ৰুত গতিত হ্ৰাস পাইছে।<ref>{{cite book|author=Ali, S.|year=1993|title=The Book of Indian Birds|publisher=Bombay Natural History Society|location=Bombay|isbn=0-19-563731-3}}</ref> ইয়াৰ এই মৃত্যুৰ বাবে ''ডাইক্ল'ফেনেক'' নামৰ দৰৱবিধকে জগৰীয়া কৰা হয়। ==বিৱৰণ== ৰজা শগুণ এটা মধ্যমীয়া আকাৰৰ শগুণৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ দেহৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৭৬-৮৬ ছে: মি: আৰু ওজন প্ৰাব ৩.৫-৬.৩ কি: গ্ৰা:।<ref>[http://www.cambodia.panda.org/wwf_in_cambodia/endangered_species/birds/critically_endangered_vultures/ WWF- Red-headed Vulture] (2011).</ref><ref>''Raptors of the World'' by Ferguson-Lees, Christie, Franklin, Mead & Burton. Houghton Mifflin (2001), ISBN 0-618-12762-3</ref> পূৰ্ণবয়স্ক শগুণৰ ডিঙি ডাঠ ৰঙা বা কমলা বৰণৰ হয়। পোৱালি চৰাইৰ দেহৰ ৰং শেঁতা। দেহৰ বাকী অংশ ক'লা আৰু ডেউকাৰ গুৰিত পাতল মুগা বৰণৰ আঁচ থাকে। মতা আৰু মাইকী ৰজা শগুণৰ চকুৰ মণিৰ ৰং বেলেগ বেলেগ হয়। মতা চৰাইৰ মণি বগা আৰু মাইকীৰ ডাঠ মটীয়া হয়।<ref>{{cite book|first=Rishad|last=Naoroji|year=2006|title= Birds of Prey of the indian subcontinent|pages=282–287}}</ref> [[File:Red headed vulture.JPG|left|thumb| [[ৰান্থামব'ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ত এজনী মাইকী ৰজা শগুণ]] ==বিতৰণ আৰু বাসস্থান== ৰজা শগুণ পূৰ্বতে [[ভাৰত]] আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূব [[এছিয়া]]ত বহুলভাৱে বিস্তৃত আছিল যদিও পৰৱৰ্ত্তী কালত ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা কমি আহি বৰ্তমান কেৱল উত্তৰ ভাৰততহে সীমিত হৈ পৰিল। ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ মুকলি অঞ্চল আৰু প্ৰয় শুকান ঠাইত দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। তদুপৰি ইয়াক পৰ্ণপাতী বনাঞ্চল, নদী উপত্যকা আদিতো পোৱা যায়। ৰজা শগুণ সাধাৰণতে সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ৩০০০ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে।<ref name="rapworld">{{cite book| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| isbn = 978-0-618-12762-7| last = Ferguson-Lees| first = James| coauthors = David A. Christie| title = Raptors of the world| date = 2001-09-17|pages=443–444}}</ref> [[File:Sarcogyps calvus -Berlin Zoo -upper body-8a.jpg|upright|left|thumb|বাৰ্লিনৰ চিৰিয়াখানাত এটা ৰজা শগুণ]] ==সংৰক্ষণ== ৰজা শগুণৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে হাৰাস পাই অহা জনসংখ্যাক লক্ষ্য কৰি ১৯৯৪ চনত ইয়াক আই. ইউ. চি. এনে প্ৰায় সংকটাপন্ন (Near Threatened) প্ৰজাতিৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে। ভাৰতত বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ডাইক্ল'ফেনেক (Diclofenac) নামৰ পশুচিকিৎসাৰ ঔষধ (veterinary medicine) বিধকে ইয়াৰ জনসংখ্যা হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ বাবে জগৰীয়া কৰা হয়। ১৯৯০ চনৰ পিছৰ পৰা ৰজা শগুণৰ জনসংখ্যা বিপদজনকভাৱে প্ৰতি বছৰে আধালৈ কমি অহা দেখা গৈছে। ফলস্বৰূপে দুটা দশকৰ ভিতৰতে এসময়ত উভৈনদীকৈ পোৱা এই চৰাইবিধৰ জনসংখ্যা বৰ্তমান বিলুপ্তিৰ পথত। ২০০৭ চনত আই ইউ. চি . এনে ইয়াক বিপদজনক ভাৱে সংকটাপন্ন (Critically Endangered) প্ৰজাতি বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে।<ref name=IUCN2012/><ref>{{cite web|last=Cuthbert et al.|first=Richard|title=NSAIDs and scavenging birds: potential impacts beyond Asia's critically endangered vultures|url=http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/1/91|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=11 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Milius|first=Susan|title=Bird-Safe Rx: Alternative drug won't kill India's vultures|journal=ScienceNews|date=4|year=2006|month=February|volume=169|issue=#5|pages=70|url=tp://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/7025/title/Bird-Safe_Rx_Alternative_drug_wont_kill_Indias_vultures|accessdate=11 May 2011}}</ref> {{-}} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.vulture-territory.com/pondicherry.html Vulture Territory Facts and Characteristics: Pondicherry Vulture] *[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3383&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet.] [[শ্ৰেণী:শগুণ]] dzjobyfwk14nklobjc8eh0fegj6ao78 ওড়িয়া ভাষা 0 34139 453123 452873 2024-12-10T01:18:25Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name= ওড়িয়া |altname=Odia |nativename=ଓଡ଼ିଆ (ওড়িআ) ''{{IAST|oṛiā}}'' |image=Odia.svg |pronunciation = {{IPA-or|oːɖiaː|}} |states=[[ভাৰত]] |region=[[উৰিষ্যা|ওড়িশা]], [[ঝাৰখণ্ড]], [[পশ্চিম বংগ]], [[ত্ৰিপুৰা]], [[আন্দামান আৰু নিকোবৰ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ]], [[অসম]], [[বিহাৰ]]। লগতে [[চুৰাট]], [[বেংগালুৰু]], [[নতুন দিল্লী]], [[মুম্বাই]], [[পুণে]], [[হায়দৰাবাদ]] আৰু [[চেন্নাই]]। |ethnicity=[[উড়িয়া মানুহ|ওড়িয়া]] |speakers=৩৩ নিযুত |date = ২০০৭ |ref =<ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |familycolor=[[ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষা পৰিয়াল|ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয়]] |fam2=ইণ্ডো-ইৰাণীয় |fam3=[[ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষা পৰিয়াল|ভাৰত-আৰ্য]] |fam4=পূৰ্বীয় |fam5=ওড়িয়া ভাষাসমূহ |script=[[উড়িয়া লিপি|ওড়িয়া]] ([[ব্ৰাহ্মীয় লিপি|ব্ৰাহ্মীয়]])<br>ওড়িয়া ব্ৰেইলী |nation=[[উৰিষ্যা|ওড়িশা]], [[ঝাৰখণ্ড]] |iso1=or|iso2=ori|iso3=ori |lc1=ory|ld1=Oriya |lc2=spv|ld2=[[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]] |lc3=bgw|ld3=Bhatri |lc4=ort|ld4=Adivasi Oriya |lc5=dso|ld5=Desiya }} '''ওড়িয়া''' বা '''উৰিয়া''' ({{lang|or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ}} ''{{IAST|oṛiā}}'') ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষা পৰিয়ালৰ ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য শাখাৰ এটি ভাষা। [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] আৰু [[বাংলা ভাষা]]ৰ লগত এই ভাষাটোৰ যথেষ্ট মিল আছে। এই ভাষাটো প্ৰায় ৩ কোটি ১০ লাখ (১৯৯৬ চনৰ হিচাব অনুযায়ী) লোকৰ [[মাতৃভাষা]], যাৰ ভিতৰত অধিকাংশই [[উৰিষ্যা|ওড়িশা]] ৰাজ্যৰ অধিবাসী। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও পশ্চিমবঙ্গ আৰু ঝাড়খণ্ড ৰাজ্যতো ওড়িয়া ভাষা প্ৰচলিত। ওড়িয়া ভাৰতৰ ২২টা স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত ভাষাৰ মাজত এটা; ই [[ওড়িশা]]ৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা আৰু [[ঝাৰখণ্ড]]ৰ দ্বিতীয় চৰকাৰী ভাষা।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |title=Oriya gets its due in neighbouring state- Odisha- IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2011-09-04 |accessdate=2012-11-29 |archivedate=2012-08-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815161939/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Naresh Chandra Pattanayak Sep 1, 2011, 08.04am IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/bhubaneswar/29953104_1_oriya-jharkhand-assembly-jharkhand-cabinet |title=Oriya second language in Jharkhand - Times Of India |publisher=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2011-09-01 |accessdate=2012-11-29 |archivedate=2011-11-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/bhubaneswar/29953104_1_oriya-jharkhand-assembly-jharkhand-cabinet |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-bengali-Oriya-among-12-dialects-as-2nd-language-in-jharkhand-2392920.html |title=Bengali, Oriya among 12 dialects as 2nd language in Jharkhand |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com |date=2011-08-31 |accessdate=2012-11-29}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == ওদিয়া ভাৰত-আৰ্য্য ভাষা পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গত পূবৰ ভাৰত-আৰ্য্য ভাষা। ই ওদ্ৰা প্ৰাকৃতৰ পৰা বংশধৰ যি নিজেই মগধি প্ৰাকৃতৰ পৰা বিকশিত হৈছে৷<ref name="harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306">{{harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306}}</ref> অন্যান্য প্ৰধান ভাৰত-আৰ্য্য ভাষাৰ তুলনাত ওড়িয়া ভাষাত পাৰ্চী আৰু আৰবী ভাষাৰ প্ৰভাৱ তুলনামূলকভাৱে কম হোৱা যেন লাগে। <ref>{{cite web |title=Odia Language |url=https://www.odishatourism.net/odisha-language/ |website=Odisha Tourism |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010094555/https://www.odishatourism.net/odisha-language/ |archivedate=10 October 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010094555/https://www.odishatourism.net/odisha-language/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ===শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন=== * প্ৰাচীন ওড়িয়া ১০ম শতাব্দী-১৩০০), * প্ৰাৰম্ভিক মধ্য ওড়িয়া (১৩০০-১৫০০), * মধ্য ওড়িয়া (১৫০০-১৭০০), * নতুন মধ্য ওড়িয়া (১৭০০-১৮৫০), আৰু * আধুনিক ওড়িয়া (১৮৫০-বৰ্তমান)। == উপভাষা == ওড়িয়া ভাষাৰ মূল উপভাষাবিলাক হ'ল: * মুঘলবন্দী; ইয়াক মান্য ওড়িয়া-ও বোলা হয়। * দক্ষিণীয় ওড়িয়া * উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমীয় ওড়িয়া * পশ্চিমীয় ওড়িয়া * বালেশ্বৰী ওড়িয়া * মেদিনীপুৰী ওড়িয়া * হালবি * সিংহভূমীয় ওড়িয়া * গঞ্জামী ওড়িয়া * কালাহাণ্ডী ভাষা * [[দেশিয়া ভাষা|দেশিয়া]] ওড়িয়া * সম্বলপুৰী * ভাত্ৰী ==শব্দ-ভাণ্ডাৰ== ওড়িয়া ভাষাৰ অধিকাংশ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সংস্কৃত ভাষাৰ পৰাই আহিছে। এই ভাষাত আৰবী, পাৰ্চী ভাষাৰ পৰাও ধাৰলৈ লোৱা শব্দ আছে। প্ৰাচীন কলিংগ ৰাজ্যত (যিখনে বৰ্তমানৰ সমগ্ৰ ওড়িশা আৰু অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশৰ কিছু অংশ সামৰি লৈছিল) কথিত অষ্ট্ৰনেছিয়ান শব্দও ওড়িয়া ভাষাত পোৱা যায়। == ধ্বনি-সংশ্ৰয় == উড়িয়াত ২৮টা ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি আৰু ৬টা স্বৰধ্বনি আছে। {|class="wikitable" |+'''স্বৰধ্বনি''' ! &nbsp; ||সম্মুখ||পশ্চাৎ |-style="text-align:center" ! উচ্চ |{{IPA|i}}||{{IPA|u}} |-style="text-align:center" ! মধ্য |{{IPA|e}}||{{IPA|o}} |-style="text-align:center" ! নিম্ন |{{IPA|a}}|||{{IPA|ɔ}} |-style="text-align:center" |} {|class="wikitable" |+'''ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি''' ! &nbsp; ||ওষ্ঠ্য||দন্ত্য||দন্তমূলীয়||মূৰ্ধন্য||তালব্য||কণ্ঠ্য||কণ্ঠনালীয় |-style="text-align:center" ! অঘোষ স্পৰ্শধ্বনি |{{IPA|p}}<br/>{{IPA|pʰ}}||{{IPA|t̪}}<br/>{{IPA|t̪ʰ}}||&nbsp; ||{{IPA|ʈ}}<br/>{{IPA|ʈʰ}}||{{IPA|ʧ}}<br/>{{IPA|ʧʰ}}|| {{IPA|k}}<br/>{{IPA|kʰ}}||&nbsp; |-style="text-align:center" ! ঘোষ স্পৰ্শধ্বনি |{{IPA|b}}<br/>{{IPA|bʰ}}||{{IPA|d̪}}<br/>{{IPA|d̪ʰ}}||&nbsp; ||{{IPA|ɖ}}<br/>{{IPA|ɖʰ}}||{{IPA|ʤ}}<br/>{{IPA|ʤʰ}}||{{IPA|ɡ}}<br/>{{IPA|ɡʰ}}||&nbsp; |-style="text-align:center" ! অঘোষ উষ্মধ্বনি |&nbsp; ||&nbsp; ||{{IPA|s}}||&nbsp; ||&nbsp; ||&nbsp; ||{{IPA|h}} |-style="text-align:center" ! নাসিক্যধ্বনি |{{IPA|m}}||&nbsp; ||{{IPA|n}}||{{IPA|ɳ}}||&nbsp; ||&nbsp; ||&nbsp; |-style="text-align:center" ! তৰল |&nbsp; ||&nbsp; ||{{IPA|l}}, {{IPA|r}}|||{{IPA|ɭ}}||&nbsp; ||&nbsp; ||&nbsp; |} === শ্বাসাঘাত === উড়িয়াত সাধাৰণতে শব্দৰ শেষ আখৰৰ আগৰ আখৰত শ্বাসাঘাত পৰে। ==লিখন পদ্ধতি== ওড়িয়া ভাষা নিজস্ব ওড়িয়া লিপিত লিখা হয়৷ ই আবুগিদা লিপি যি বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফাললৈ লিখা হৈছে। ওড়িয়া লিপি ব্ৰাহ্মী লিপিৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে। ওড়িয়া লিপিৰ আখৰবোৰ ঘূৰণীয়া হোৱাৰ কাৰণ বুলি কোৱা হয় যে, কলমৰ দৰে চোকা বস্তুৰে কলপাতত লিখিলে পাতবোৰ ফালি যোৱাৰ ভয় আছে বাবে ওড়িয়া লিখকে পোন ৰেখা আৰু কৌণিক আখৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নাছিল। [[চিত্ৰ:Oriya Lipi.svg|thumb|left|200px|ওড়িয়া লিপি]] {|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center" |+ '''Vowels''' {{lang|or|ସ୍ୱର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ}} (স্বৰবৰ্ণ) |- || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଅ}} অ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଆ}} আ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଇ}} ই</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଈ}} ঈ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଉ}} উ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଊ}} ঊ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଋ}} ঋ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୠ}} ৠ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଌ}} ৯</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୡ}} ৡ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଏ}} এ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଐ}} ঐ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଓ}} ও</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଔ}} ঔ</span> |} {|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center" |+ '''Consonants''' {{lang|or|ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ}} (ব্যঞ্জনবৰ্ণ) |- || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|କ}} ক</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଖ}} খ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଗ}} গ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଘ}} ঘ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଙ}} ঙ</span> |- || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଚ}} চ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଛ}} ছ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଜ}} জ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଝ}} ঝ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଞ}} ঞ</span> |- || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଟ}} ট</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଠ}} ঠ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଡ}} ড</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଢ}} ঢ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଣ}} ণ</span> |- || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ତ}} ত</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଥ}} থ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଦ}} দ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଧ}} ধ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ନ}} ন</span> |- || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ପ}} প</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଫ}} ফ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ବ}} ব</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଭ}} ভ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ମ}} ম</span> |- || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଯ}} য</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ର}} ৰ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଳ}} ল</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୱ}} ৱ</span> |- || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଶ}} শ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଷ}} ষ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ସ}} স</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ହ}} হ</span> |- || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୟ}} য়</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଲ}} ল</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଡ଼}} ড়</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଢ଼}} ঢ়</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|କ୍ଷ}} ক্ষ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଵ}} ব</span> |} {|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center" |+ '''Diacritics''' |- || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ା}} া</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ି}} ি</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୀ}} ী</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୁ}} ু</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୂ}} ূ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୃ}} ৃ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୄ}} ৄ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୢ}} ৢ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୣ}} ৣ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|େ}} ে</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୈ}} ৈ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୋ}} ো</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୌ}} ৌ</span> |} {|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center" |+ '''Signs, Punctuation''' |- || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଂ}} ং</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଃ}} ঃ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଁ}} ঁ</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୍}} ্</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|଼}} ়</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|।}} ।</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|॥}} ॥</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଽ}}</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଓଁ}} </span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୰}} ৺</span> |} {|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center" |+ '''Numbers''' {{lang|or|ସଂଖ୍ୟା}} |- || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୦}} ০</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୧}} ১</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୨}} ২</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୩}} ৩</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୪}} ৪</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୫}} ৫</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୬}} ৬</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୭}} ৭</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୮}} ৮</span> || <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୯}} ৯</span> |} ==ইউনিক'ড== ১৯৯১ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত ১.০ সংস্কৰণৰ মুক্তিৰ লগে লগে ইউনিক'ড ষ্টেণ্ডাৰ্ডত ওড়িয়া লিপি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ওড়িয়াৰ বাবে ইউনিকোড ব্লক হৈছে U+0B00–U+0B7F: ==ছ’ফ্টৱেৰ== গুগলে ২০২০ চনত ওডিয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰথমটো স্বয়ংক্ৰিয় অনুবাদক প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |last1=Statt |first1=Nick |title=Google Translate supports new languages for the first time in four years, including Uyghur |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/26/21154417/google-translate-new-languages-support-odia-tatar-turkmen-uyghur-kinyarwanda |website=The Verge |access-date=27 February 2020 |language=en |date=26 February 2020}}</ref> মাইক্ৰ'ছফটেও সেই বছৰৰ শেষৰ ফালে ওডিয়াক নিজৰ স্বয়ংক্ৰিয় অনুবাদকত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/translator/blog/2020/08/13/odia-language-text-translation-is-now-available-in-microsoft-translator/|title = Odia Language Text Translation is Now Available in Microsoft Translator|website = [[Microsoft]]|date = 13 August 2020}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ধ্ৰুপদী ভাষা]] gnv45ltx7djgplghmdhmp4vlr57ig8u গ্ৰে'ভিটী (২০১৩ বৰ্ষৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ) 0 35446 453158 429997 2024-12-10T03:48:37Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|ইংৰাজী চলচ্চিত্ৰখন|প্ৰাকৃতিক পৰিঘটনাটো|মহাকৰ্ষণ}} {{Infobox film | name = গ্ৰেভিটি | image = Gravity Poster.jpg | border = yes | alt = | caption = ছবিখনৰ পোষ্টাৰ | director = আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | producer = আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন<br />ডেভিদ হেইমেন | writer = আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন<br />জ'নাচ কুৱেৰন | starring = ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক<br />জৰ্জ ক্লুনী | music = ষ্টিভেন প্ৰাইচ | cinematography = ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি | editing = আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন<br />মাৰ্ক চেংগাৰ | studio = Esperanto Filmoj<br />Heyday Films | distributor = Warner Bros. Pictures | released = {{Film date|2013|08|28|[[70th Venice International Film Festival|Venice]]|2013|10|04|US|2013|11|08|UK}} | runtime = ৯০ মিনিট<!--Theatrical runtime: 90:47--><ref>{{cite web|title=''GRAVITY'' (12A)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/gravity-film-0|work=[[Warner Bros.]]|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=August 23, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2013}}</ref> | country = আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ<ref name=Tiff/><br />United Kingdom<ref name=Tiff>{{cite web|url=http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/festival/2013/gravity|title=Gravity|publisher=[[Toronto International Film Festival]]|access-date=2013-12-18|archivedate=2013-11-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110203112/http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/festival/2013/gravity|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | language = ইংৰাজী | budget = ১০০ মিলিয়ন ডলাৰ<ref name="BoxOffice-20131006">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Gravity|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=gravity.htm |date=November 3, 2013 |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=November 4, 2013 }}</ref> | gross = $642,271,195<ref name="BoxOffice-20131006"/> }} <!-- Genre according to references cited --> '''গ্ৰেভিটী''' ({{Lang-en|Gravity}}) ২০১৩ চনত মুক্তিপ্ৰাপ্ত কল্প-বিজ্ঞান কাহিনীৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত<ref name="BoxOffice-20131006" /><ref name="Reelviews-20131003">{{cite web |last=Berardinelli |first=James |title=Gravity – A Movie Review |url=http://www.reelviews.net/php_review_template.php?identifier=2670 |date=October 3, 2013 |work=[[ReelViews]] |accessdate=October 7, 2013 }}</ref> আৰু মহাকাশত সংঘটিত কাহিনীৰে নিৰ্মিত এখন ত্ৰিমাত্ৰিক (3D) শিহৰণকাৰী চলচ্চিত্ৰ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/Forecast+Gravity+gripping+space+drama+gimmick+free/8969038/story.html|title=Pop Forecast: Gravity is gripping space drama and it’s gimmick free|work=The Vancouver Sun|author=Chris Lackner|date=September 27, 2013|accessdate=October 3, 2013|archivedate=October 30, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030143159/http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/Forecast+Gravity+gripping+space+drama+gimmick+free/8969038/story.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.scmp.com/magazines/48hrs/article/1319220/girl-wire-sandra-bullock-talks-about-her-new-space-drama-gravity| title = Girl on a wire: Sandra Bullock talks about her new space drama, Gravity| work=South China Morning Post|accessdate = October 3, 2013}}</ref> ছবিখনৰ পৰিচালনা, সহ-প্ৰযোজনা আৰু সহ-সম্পাদনা Alfonso Cuarón-ৰ। মূল চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক([[ইংৰাজী]]:Sandra Bullock) আৰু জৰ্জ ক্ল'নী([[ইংৰাজী]]:George Clooney)য়ে। কক্ষপথত পৰিভ্ৰমণৰত অৱস্থাতে ধ্বংসপ্ৰাপ্ত হোৱা এখন মহাকাশযানৰ দুগৰাকী মহাকাশচাৰীৰ চৰিত্ৰতো দুয়ো অভিনয় কৰিছে। মহাকাশযানখনৰ ধ্বংসৰ পিছত দুয়ো পৃথিৱীলৈ ঘূৰি আহিবলৈ কৰা প্ৰচেষ্টাৰে ছবিখনৰ কাহিনীভাগ বৰ্ণিত হৈছে। Cuarón আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ Jonás Cuarón-ই ছবিখনৰ কাহিনীভাগ ৰচনা কৰাৰ পিছত ইউনিভাৰ্চেল ষ্টুডিঅ'([[ইংৰাজী]]:Universal Studios)ত প্ৰস্তুত কৰাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা হাতত লৈছিল। প্ৰকল্পটোৰ স্বত্ব ৱাৰ্ণাৰ ব্ৰাডাৰ্ছ([[ইংৰাজী]]:Warner Bros.)বিক্ৰী কৰাৰ পিছতহে এই প্ৰকল্পটোৱে গতি লয়। ষ্টুডিঅ'টোৱে বহুকেইগৰাকী অভিনেত্ৰীক ছবিখনৰ মূল চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয়ৰ বাবে অনুৰোধ জনাই ওচৰ চপাৰপি ছত শেষত ছান্দ্ৰা বুলকক সেই চৰিত্ৰৰ বাবে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰে। মূল পুৰুষ চৰিত্ৰৰবাবে প্ৰথমে ৰ'বাৰ্ট ডাউনী জুনিয়ৰ ([[ইংৰাজী]]:Robert Downey Jr.) জড়িত হৈছিল যদিও তেওঁ প্ৰকল্পটোৰ পৰা আতঁৰি যায় আৰু জ'ৰ্জ ক্ল'নীৰ দ্বাৰা সেই চৰিত্ৰ ৰূপায়িত হয়। ২০১৩ চনৰ ৭০ তম ভেনিচ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত ''গ্ৰেভিটী ''ছবিখন প্ৰথম প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল। <ref name="Venice">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23158374 |title=George Clooney and Sandra Bullock to open Venice film festival |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ইয়াৰ তিনিদিন পিছত টেলুৰাইছ চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত ছবিখনৰ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকা প্ৰিমিয়াৰ সম্পন্ন হৈছিল। ২০১৩ চনৰ ৪ অক্টোবৰ তাৰিখে আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ আৰু কানাডাত ছবিখন মুক্তি দিয়া হয়। সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বজুৰি ছবিখনে দৰ্শক আৰু সমালোচকৰ বিপুল জনপ্ৰিয়তা আৰু প্ৰশংসা লাভ কৰে।<ref>http://www.metacritic.com/movie/gravity</ref> সমালোচক-দৰ্শক উভয়েই ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি(Emmanuel Lubezki)ৰ চিনেমেট'গ্ৰাফী(cinematography), ষ্টিভেন প্ৰাইচ(Steven Price)ৰ সংগীত, কুৱেৰনৰ পৰিচালনা আৰু বুলকৰ অভিনয়ৰ উচ্চ প্ৰশংসা কৰে। == কাহিনীভাগ == <!--- PLOTS SHOULD BE BETWEEN 400-700 WORDS PER [[WP:FILMPLOT]] ---> এই ছবিখনৰ কাহিনীভাগ এছ টি এছ-১৫৭ (STS-157) নামৰ এক কাল্পনিক চাটল 'এক্সপ্ল'ৰাৰ' (Shuttle Explorer) ৰ মিছন বা অভিযানৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। <ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.space.com/23021-gravity-space-film-mission-patches.html| title = 'Gravity' Movie Mission Patches Shaped by Real Space History|publisher =[[Space.com]]|author=Robert Z. Pearlman|date=October 1, 2013| accessdate = 16 Dec 2013}}</ref> ডক্টৰ ৰায়ান ষ্ট'ন ( Dr. Ryan Stone) ( অভিনেত্ৰী ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক) এগৰাকী মেডিকেল ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ। <ref name="IMDB">{{cite web |authors=Staff |title=Gravity (2013) |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1454468/ |date= |work=[[IMDB]] |accessdate=November 29, 2013 }}</ref> তেওঁ মহাকাশ যান এক্সপ্লৰাৰেৰে প্ৰথমটো মহাকাশ অভিযানত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই অভিযানত তেওঁৰ সংগী হ'ল প্ৰৱীণ মহাকাশচাৰী মেট কোৱালস্কি (Matt Kowalski) ( অভিনেতা জ'ৰ্জ ক্ল'নী)। মেটে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমটো মহাকাশ অভিযানত নেতৃত্ব বহন কৰিছে। হাবল মহাকাশ টেলিস্কোপ (Hubble Space Telescope) ৰ কিছু মেৰামতিৰ বাবে মহাকাশ পদচাৰণ ( Spacewalk)কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত এওঁলোকে হিউষ্টনত অৱস্থিত অভিযান নিয়ন্ত্ৰক ( Mission Control) ৰ পৰা জানিব পাৰে যে ৰাছিয়ান মিছাইলে কোনো পৰিত্যক্ত ছেটেলাইটত খুন্দা মৰাৰ ফলত শৃংখল বিক্ৰিয়া ( Chain reaction) হৈ মহাকাশ আবৰ্জনা ( Space debries) ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে। বিপদৰ আশংকা কৰি অভিযান নিয়ন্ত্ৰকে এই অভিযানৰ ইমানতে সামৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। কিছুসময়ৰ পিছতে অভিযান নিয়ন্ত্ৰকৰ সৈতে সকলো যোগাযোগ ব্যহত হৈ পৰে। কিন্তু কোনোবাই শুনাৰ আশাত মহাকাশচাৰী সকলে বাৰ্তা দি থাকে। অতি ক্ষিপ্ৰ গতিত অহা মহাকাশ আবৰ্জনাই 'এক্সপ্লৰাৰ' ত খুন্দা মাৰে আৰু মহাকাশচাৰী ষ্ট'ন চাটলৰ পৰা বিছিন্ন হৈ পৰে। কোৱালস্কিয়ে অতি সোনকালে ষ্ট'নক মহাকাশত পথ হেৰুৱাই ঘূৰি ফুৰাৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু দুয়ো মহাকাশ চাটললৈ উভতি যায়। তাত উপস্থিত হৈ তেওঁলোকে দেখা পাই যে আবৰ্জনাসমূহে চাটলৰ গুৰুতৰ ক্ষতিসাধন কৰিছে আৰু তাত থকা ক্ৰিউৰ সকলোৰে মৃত্যু হৈছে। তেওঁলোকে থ্ৰাষ্টাৰ পেক ( Thruster pack) ৰ সহায়ত প্ৰায় ১০০ কিলোমিটাৰ দুৰত্বত কক্ষপথত থকা ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল স্পেচ ষ্টেচন ( International Space Station, ISS) লৈ যাত্ৰা কৰে। কোৱালস্কিয়ে ধাৰণা কৰে যে মহাকাশৰ আবৰ্জনাই এটা পাক অতিক্ৰম কৰি পুনৰ তেওঁলোকৰ ওচৰ পাবলৈ ৯০ মিনিট সময় লাগিব। ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল স্পেচ ষ্টেচনলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰি থকাৰ সময়ত দুয়িগৰাকী মহাকাশচাৰীয়ে ষ্ট'নৰ ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন আৰু মৃত জীয়েকৰ কথা আলোচনা কৰে। ষ্টেচন পাই দেওঁলোকে দেখে যে ক্ষতিসাধন হৈছে যদিও ষ্টেচনটো কাৰ্য্যক্ষম হৈ আছে। কিন্তু ষ্টেচনত থকা ক্ৰিউৰ সকলোৱে তাতে থকা চয়ুজ মডিউল (Soyuz module) ৰ দুখন মহাকাশ কেপচ্যুল (Capsule)ৰ এখনত ষ্টেচন এৰি গৈছে। অন্যটো কেপচ্যুলৰ পেৰাচ্যটটোও দুৰ্ঘটনাক্ৰমে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি পেলোৱাৰ ফলত দ্বিতীয়টোৰে পৃথিৱীলৈ ঘূৰি যোৱাটো অসম্ভব হৈ উঠে। কোৱালস্কিয়ে পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে যে দ্বিতীয়টো চয়ুজ কেপচ্যল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি কাষৰীয়া চাইনিজ স্পেচ ষ্টেচন ' Tiangong' লৈ গৈ তাৰ মডিউলেৰে পৃথিৱীলৈ নিৰাপদে উভতি যাব পৰা হ'ব। বতাহ আৰু কাৱাজ ক্ষমতা ( air and maneuvering power) নথকাত দুয়ো আই এছ এছ ৰ কাষেদি পাৰ হৈ নোযোৱাকৈ নিজকে ধৰি ৰাখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। একাধিক চেষ্টাৰ পিছত ষ্ট'নৰ ভৰি এখন চয়ুজৰ পেৰাচ্যুটৰ ৰছীত জোঁটপোট লাগি ধৰে আৰু ষ্ট'নে কোৱালস্কিৰ কাপোৰৰ এডাল ৰছীত খামুচি ধৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। ষ্ট'নৰ প্ৰতিবাদ আওকাণ কৰি কোৱালস্কিয়ে দুয়োৰে ভৰত ষ্টেচনৰ পৰা পুনৰ বিছিন্ন হৈ নাযাবৰ বাবে নিজকে ষ্ট'নৰ পৰা বিছিন্ন কৰি দিয়ে। ইয়াৰ ফলত ষ্ট'ন ষ্টেচনৰ ফালে টান খাই পৰে। আঁতৰি গৈ থকা অৱস্থাতে কোৱালস্কিয়ে ষ্ট'নক পৰৱৰ্ত্তী অভিযানৰ বাবে দিহা-পৰামৰ্শ আৰু উৎসাহ দিয়ে। অক্সিজেন ক্ৰমাৎ শেষ হৈ অহা অৱস্থাত ষ্ট'নে এয়াৰলক (airlock) ৰে আই এছ এছৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবেশ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। কিন্তু দুৰ্ঘটনাক্ৰমে আৰম্ভ হোৱা এক অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পাবৰ বাবে তেওঁ ক্ষিপ্ৰতাৰে চয়ুজ মডিউলেৰে আই এছ এছ এৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হয়। কিন্তু পেৰাচ্যটৰ ৰছীত সংযুক্ত হৈ থকাৰ বাবে চয়ুজ ৰৈ যায়। ষ্ট'নে মহাকাশতে খোজ দি ৰছীবোৰ বিছিন্ন কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। সেইসময়তে মহাকাশ আবৰ্জনাসমূহ পুনৰ পায়হি আৰু ষ্টেচনৰ বিস্তৰ ক্ষতি সাধন কৰে। ষ্ট'নে চয়ুজক চীনা ষ্টেচনৰ সৈতে মিলাবলৈ সক্ষম হয় কিন্তু জানিব পাৰে যে ইন্ধন শেষ হোৱাৰ পথত। পৃথিৱীৰ অভিযান নিয়ন্ত্ৰকৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে কিন্তু তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্ত্তে কোনো চীনা মাছমৰীয়াৰ কথোপকথনহে শুনিবলৈ পায়। ষ্ট'নে ক্ৰমাৎ আশা এৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হৈ কেবিনৰ অক্সিজেন যোগান বন্ধ কৰি দিয়ে। সংজ্ঞা হেৰুৱাৰ উপক্ৰম হোৱাৰ মূ্হৰ্ত্তত বাহিৰৰ পৰা কোৱালস্কিৰ প্ৰবেশ ঘটে। আশাহত হোৱাৰ বাবে ষ্ট'নক ককৰ্থনা কৰি তেওঁ চয়ুজৰ লেণ্ডিং কৰিব পৰা ৰকেটৰ সহায় ল'বলৈ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে। সংজ্ঞা লাভ কৰি ষ্ট'নে উপলব্ধি কৰে যে কোৱালস্কিৰ আগমণ বাস্তব নাছিল। কিন্তু ই তেওঁক পুনৰ চেষ্টা কৰিবলৈ প্ৰেৰণা দিয়ে। ষ্ট'নে চয়ুজ কেপচ্যুলক ষ্টেচনৰ পৰা বিছিন্ন কৰিব নোৱাৰি 'explosive decompression' প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰে নিজকে ইয়াৰ পৰা মুক্ত কৰে আৰু অগ্নি নিৰ্বাপক (fire extinguisher) ক makeshift thruster হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি '''Tiangong' ''পায়হি। মহাকাশ আবৰ্জনাই কক্ষচ্যুত কৰা ''Tiangong'' য়ে অস্বাভাৱিক ক্ষিপ্ৰতাৰে আঁতৰি যাবলৈ ধৰে। ষ্ট'ন Shenzhou নামৰ কেপচ্যুলত প্ৰবেশ কৰাৰ সময়তে ''Tiangong'' বিভক্ত হ'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। এই কেপচ্যুলে পৃথিৱীৰ বায়ুমণ্ডলত প্ৰবেশ কৰাৰ সময়ত ষ্ট'নে অভিযান নিয়ন্ত্ৰকৰ মাত শুনিবলৈ পায়। অৱশেষত কেপচ্যুলটোৱে এটা হৃদত অৱতৰণ কৰে , কিন্তু এক ইলেক্ট্ৰিক অগ্নিকাণ্ডৰ বাবে ষ্ট'নক ততাতৈয়াকৈ নিজকে মুকলি কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হয়। কেপচ্যুলৰ দুৱাৰ খোলাৰ লগে লগে হৃদৰ পানী দ্ৰুত গতিত ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰবেশ কৰে আৰু ই ডুবিবলৈ লয়। অৱশেষত ষ্ট'নে মহাকাশচাৰীৰ পোছাকযোৰ খুলি পেলোৱাত সাঁতুৰি ওপৰলৈ আইবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। পৃথিৱীৰ মাধ্যাকৰ্ষণ শক্তিৰ উপলব্ধিৰে ষ্ট'নে পাৰৰ বালিত কম্পিতভাৱে খোজ পেলায়। <!--- PLOTS SHOULD BE BETWEEN 400-700 WORDS PER [[WP:FILMPLOT]] ---> == কলা-কুশলী == * ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক(Sandra Bullock): ড॰ ৰায়ান ষ্ট'নৰ ভূমিকাত- এগৰাকী মেডিকেল ইঞ্জিনীয়াৰ আৰু মিছন বিশেষজ্ঞ যি মহাকাশলৈ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে যাত্ৰা কৰিছে। * জৰ্জ ক্লুনী(George Clooney): লেফটেনেণ্ট মেট ক'ৱলস্কিৰ ভূমিকাত- দলটোৰ কমাণ্ডাৰ। তেওঁ এগৰাকী প্ৰৱীণ মহাকাশচাৰী। এই এক্সপ্ল'ৰাৰ মিছনৰ পিছতেই তেওঁ অৱসৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ কথা। তেওঁ নিজৰ বিষয়ে কাহিনী কৈ আৰু সহযাত্ৰী দলৰ সৈতে ধেমালি কৰি ভাল পায়। কিন্তু সহ-মহাকাশচাৰী জীৱন ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ তেওঁ বদ্ধপৰিকৰ। * এড হেৰিছ(Ed Harris) (কণ্ঠ): টেক্সাছ, হিউষ্টিনত থকা মিছন নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ দায়িত্বত। * অৰ্ত ইগ্নেছুছেন(Orto Ignatiussen) (কণ্ঠ): Aningaaq-ৰ ভূমিকাত। তেওঁ গ্ৰীনলেণ্ডৰ ইনউইট গোষ্ঠী(Greenlandic Inuit)ৰ মাছমৰীয়া যি ষ্ট'নৰ দ্বাৰা এটা ৰেডিঅ' বাৰ্তা ধৰিছিল। * পল শৰ্মা(Paul Sharma) (কণ্ঠ): শৰিফ ডাছাৰীৰ ভূমিকাত: ''এক্সপ্ল'ৰাৰ''ত যাত্ৰা কৰা এগৰাকী ফ্লাইট ইঞ্জিনীয়াৰ। শৰিফৰ এগৰাকী পত্নী আৰু এটা সন্তান আছিল তেওঁ নিজৰ মহাকাশৰ পোছাকযোৰত পৰিয়ালৰ এখন আলোকচিত্ৰ লগাই ৰাখিছিল। * এমী ৱাৰেণ(Amy Warren) (কণ্ঠ): ''এক্সপ্ল'ৰাৰ''ৰ কেপ্টেইনৰ ভূমিকাত। * বাছেঅ ছেভেজ(Basher Savage) (কণ্ঠ): ৰাছিয়ান মহাকাশ আস্থানৰ কেপ্টেইনৰ ভূমিকাত। == পটভূমি == বৰ্হিবিশ্বক পটভূমি হিচাপে লোৱা স্বত্বেও পৰিচালকে এই বোলছবিত ধ্বংসমুখী কোনো পৰিঘটনাৰ পৰৱৰ্ত্তী সময়ছোৱাৰ মানসিক অৱস্থা আৰু সংগ্ৰামী ভাবধাৰাৰ সুন্দৰভাবে প্ৰতিফলন ঘটাইছে। <ref name="Seitz">{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/gravity-2013 |last=Zoller Seitz |first=Matt |date=October 4, 2013 |title=Review: Gravity |publisher=RogerEbert.com}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez" /><ref name="Hornaday">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/gravity-works-as-both-thrilling-sci-fi-spectacle-and-brilliant-high-art/2013/10/02/cffa11bc-2a03-11e3-97a3-ff2758228523_story.html |title="Gravity" works as both thrilling sci-fi spectacle and brilliant high art |last=Hornaday |first=Ann |date=October 3, 2013 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref name="Scott">{{cite web|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/2013/10/04/movies/gravity-stars-sandra-bullock-and-george-clooney.html |title=Between Earth and Heaven |last=Scott |first=A.O. |date=October 3, 2013 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Cuarón য়ে ষ্ট'নৰ যোগেদি নিসংগতা আৰু হতাশাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ কেনেকৈ মনৰ স্পষ্টতা (clarity of mind),অধ্যবসায় ( persistence), প্ৰশিক্ষণ আদিৰ প্ৰয়োজন সেয়া ছবিখনত ফুটাই তুলিছে। <ref name="Reelviews-20131003" /> বোলছবিখনে ৰায়ানৰ জীয়েকৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাক্ৰমে হোৱা মৃত্যু , জীয়াই থকাৰ অদমনীয় হেঁপাহ আৰু উদ্ধাৰ হোৱাৰ অসম্ভাৱনীয় পৰিস্থিতি আদিৰ দ্বাৰা আধ্যাত্মিকতাৰ ধাৰণা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref name="Rodriguez">{{cite web|url=http://www.miami.com/039gravity039-pg-13-article |title=Gravity |work=The Miami Herald |date=October 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Gravity-review-powerful-images-and-drama-4866080.php|title="Gravity" review: powerful images – and drama |last=LaSalle |first=Mick |date= October 4, 2013|work=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> == প্ৰডাক্স'ন == Alfonso Cuarón য়ে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ জ'নাছ (Jonás) সৈতে গ্ৰেভিটিৰ কাহিনীভাগ ৰচনা কৰে। Warner Bros. য়ে প্ৰজেক্টটোৰ কাম হাতত লয়। প্ৰথঞে এঞ্জেলিনা জ'লীয়ে এই প্ৰজেক্টৰ আগ্ৰহী হৈছিল যদিও ষ্টুদিঅ'ই ২০ মিলিয়ন ডলাৰ দিয়াত অক্ষমতা প্ৰকাশ কৰাত তেওঁ এই কাম বাদ দিয়ে। <ref>{{cite web | url=http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/02/angelina_jolie_wanted_2_out.html | title=Angelina Jolie Says No to ''Wanted 2'', Killing the Sequel | work=''Vulture''. [[New York (magazine)|New York]] | date=February 25, 2010 | accessdate=April 27, 2013 | last=Brodesser-Akner | first=Claude | publisher=New York Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2010/02/26/angelina-jolie-wanted-2/ | title=Angelina Jolie out of 'Wanted 2': Follow-up project not a lock | work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date=February 26, 2010 | accessdate=April 27, 2013 | last=Sperling | first=Nicole }}</ref><ref name="vie">{{cite web | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/08/11/us-gravity-idUSTRE67A0W120100811 | title=Blake Lively, Scarlett Johansson vie for sci-fi film | publisher=Reuters. [[Thomson Reuters]] | date=August 11, 2010 | last=Kit | first=Borys}}</ref> তাৰপিছত এই বোলছবিৰ মুখ্য ভূমিকাত অভিনয় কৰাৰ বাবে স্কাৰলেট জ'হানছন (Scarlett Johansson) , ব্লেক লাইভলি ( Blake Lively) , নাটালিয়া পৰ্টমেন ( Natalie Portman) ৰ নাম প্ৰস্তাব কৰা হয়। কিন্তু বিভিন্ন কাৰণত এই কেইগৰাকী অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে এই প্ৰজেক্ট বাদ দিয়ে। .<ref name="sandra">{{cite web | url=http://variety.com/2010/film/news/sandra-bullock-in-talks-for-gravity-1118025288/ | title=Sandra Bullock in talks for 'Gravity' | date=October 6, 2010 | last=Kroll | first=Justin | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | accessdate=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Rosenberg | first=Adam | url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2010/03/15/robert-downey-jr-gravity-alfonso-cuaron/ | title=Robert Downey Jr. In Talks To Star In 'Children Of Men' Director Alfonso Cuaron's 'Gravity' | publisher=MTV. [[Viacom Media Networks]] | date=April 27, 2013 | access-date=December 18, 2013 | archivedate=October 9, 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009045326/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2010/03/15/robert-downey-jr-gravity-alfonso-cuaron | deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="vie" /><ref>{{cite web | last=Fernandez | first=Jay A. | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/09/08/us-portman-idUSTRE6865H420100908 | title=Natalie Portman offered lead in 3D survival story | publisher=Reuters. [[Thomson Reuters]] | date=September 8, 2010 | accessdate=April 27, 2013}}</ref>। অৱশেষত পৰিচালকে ছন্দ্ৰা বুলকৰ কাষ চাপে আৰু তেওঁ এই ভূমিকাত অভিনয় কৰাৰ বাবে সন্মতি প্ৰদান কৰে। <ref name="sandra" /> === ফিল্মিং === [[File:Lake Powell 2004 01.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Powell, Arizona]], where the landing scene was filmed]] গ্ৰেভিটিৰ প্ৰডাক্স'ন বাজেট আছিল $১০০ মিলিয়ন আৰু ইয়াৰ শ্বুটিং সম্পন্ন হৈছিল বিভিন্ন Arri Alexas সমূহত। বোলছবিখনৰ মূল চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণ আৰম্ভ হয় ২০১১ চনৰ মে মাহত।<ref>{{cite web|last=Fitzmaurice|first=Sarah|title=Feeling broody? George Clooney gets snap happy with Sandra Bullock and her son Louis on set of new film|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1394816/Feeling-broody-George-Clooney-gets-snap-happy-Sandra-Bullock-son-Louis-set-new-film.html?ito=feeds-newsxml|work=[[Daily Mail]]|accessdate=October 6, 2013|date=June 9, 2011}}</ref> জীৱন্ত খণ্ড সমূহৰ শ্বুটিং হৈছিল যুক্তৰকাজ্যৰ পাইনউড আৰু শ্বেপাৰটন ষ্টুডিঅ'ত। ([[Pinewood Studios|Pinewood]] and [[Shepperton Studios]], United Kingdom).<ref>{{cite web|title=Gravity {{!}} Pinewood filming locations|url=http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/production/gravity|work=Pinewood Group|publisher=[[Pinewood Studios]]|accessdate=October 6, 2013}}</ref> কেপচ্যুলৰ অৱতৰণ কৰা অংশ এৰিযোনাৰ পাৱেল হৃদ ( Lake Powell, Arizona) ত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web | title = What Is The Mind Blowing Connection Between GRAVITY And PLANET OF THE APES? | publisher = badass digest | url = http://badassdigest.com/2013/10/14/what-is-the-mind-blowing-connection-between-gravity-and-planet-of-the-apes/ | accessdate = November 26, 2013 | archivedate = December 2, 2013 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224808/http://badassdigest.com/2013/10/14/what-is-the-mind-blowing-connection-between-gravity-and-planet-of-the-apes/ | deadurl = yes }}</ref> ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক থা প্ৰয়ভাগ অংশ এটা বৃহৎ মেকানিকেল ৰিগ (giant mechanical rig)ৰ ভিতৰত সম্পন্ন কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name="Alfonzoreturns">{{cite web|last1=Cohen|first1=David S|last2=McNary|first2=David|date=3, September 2013|title=Alfonso Cuaron Returns to the Bigscreen After Seven Years With ‘Gravity’|work=Variety|url=http://variety.com/2013/film/news/alfonso-cuaron-returns-to-the-bigscreen-after-seven-years-with-gravity-1200596518/|accessdate=6, October 2013}}</ref> === সংগীত === '''গ্ৰেভিটী'''ৰ সংগীত ব্যৱস্থাপনা ষ্টিভেন প্ৰাইচৰ। ২০১৩ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহৰ আগভাগত ছবিখনৰ এটা ২৩ মিনিট দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ছাউণ্ডট্ৰেক মুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/05/gravity-soundtrack_n_3874193.html|title='Gravity' Soundtrack Preview Highlights 23 Minutes Of Steven Price's Nerve-Rattling Score|work=Huffington Post|date=September 5, 2013|accessdate=September 8, 2013}}</ref> ২০১৩ চনৰ ১৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ তাৰিখে এটা ছাউণ্ডট্ৰেক এলবাম ডিজিটেল মাধ্যমৰ জৰিয়তে মুক্তি দিয়াৰ পিছত একে বছৰৰে ১ অক্টোবৰ তাৰিখে WaterTower Music-ৰ দ্বাৰা সঁফুৰাৰ ৰূপত (physical formats) মুক্তি দিয়া হয়। <ref>{{cite web|title=‘Gravity’ Soundtrack Details|url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2013/08/28/gravity-soundtrack-details/|publisher=Film Music Reporter|accessdate=September 12, 2013|date=August 28, 2013}}</ref> ছবিখনত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত অন্য কেইটামান গীত হৈছে-<ref>{{cite web|title=Gravity (2013) – Song Credits|url=http://www.soundtrack.net/movie/gravity-2013/|publisher=[[Soundtrack.net]]|accessdate=October 7, 2013}}</ref> * "Angels Are Hard to Find" by Hank Williams, Jr. * "Sinigit Meerannguaq" by Juaaka Lyberth * "Destination Anywhere" by Chris Benstead and Robin Baynton * "922 Anthem" by 922 (feat. Gaurav Dayal) * "Ready" by Charles Scott (feat. Chelsea Williams) ছবিখনৰ বেছিভাগ ''অফিচিয়েল ট্ৰেইলাৰ''তে ''ইষ্ট'নিয়ান'' সংগীত ব্যৱস্থাপক Arvo Pärt-ৰ ১৯৭৮ চনৰ ''Spiegel im Spiegel'' ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite web | last=Wickman | first=Forrest | url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/05/09/gravity_full_trailer_has_alfonso_cuar_n_made_a_sci_fi_gamechanger_video.html | title=Trailer Critic: Alfonso Cuarón’s Gravity | work=Slate | date=May 9, 2013 | accessdate=May 12, 2013}}</ref> == মুক্তি == ''গ্ৰেভিটী'' ত্ৰিমাত্ৰিক ৰূপ(3D film) ৰূপত আৰু IMAX 3D-ত ২০১৩ চনৰ ৪ অক্টোবৰ তাৰিখে মুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=65561 | title=UPDATE: Warner Bros. and IMAX Sign Up to 20 Picture Deal! | publisher=ComingSoon.net. [[CraveOnline]] | date=April 25, 2010 | accessdate=August 17, 2011 | archivedate=April 30, 2010 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430192414/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=65561 | deadurl=yes }}</ref> অক্টোবৰৰ ৪ ৰ পৰা ১০ তাৰিখলৈ উদযাপিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মহাকাশ সপ্তাহ(World Space Week)-ৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ দিনৰ সৈতে ছবিখনৰ মুক্তিৰ তাৰিখ একে দিনাই পৰিছিল। ছবিখন আদিতে ২০১২ চনৰ ২১ নৱেম্বৰত মুক্তি দিয়াৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল যদিও, বহুল উত্তৰ-নিৰ্মাণ স্তৰ(post-production )ৰ এফেক্টছ(effects) সম্পন্ন কৰিবৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ মুক্তিৰ তাৰিখ এবছৰ পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয়। <ref>{{cite web | last=Vary | first=Adam | url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/05/14/sandra-bullock-gravity-2013/ | title=Sandra Bullock, George Clooney sci-fi drama 'Gravity' moved to 2013 | work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date=May 14, 2012 | accessdate=May 15, 2012}}</ref> == গ্ৰহণ == === বক্স অফিচ === ২০১৩ চনৰ ১৫ ডিচেম্বৰলৈকে , গ্ৰেভিটি য়ে উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাত মুঠ ২৫২,৭৬৭,০০০ ডলাৰ, অঅন্য দেশসমূহত ৩৮৯,৪০০,০০০ ডলাৰ আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি মুঠ ৬৪২,১৬৭,০০০ ডলাৰ আয় কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰাই ই ২০১৩ চনত সৰ্বোচ্চ আয় কৰা সপ্তমখন বোলছবি ৰূপে পৰিগণত হৈছে। <ref name="BoxOffice-20131006"/> === সমালোচনা === গ্ৰেভেটিৰ প্ৰিমিয়াৰ হৈছিল আগষ্টৰ ২৮ তাৰিখে ৭০তম ভেনিচ ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল ফিল্ম ফেষ্টিভেলত। ইয়াত এই বোলছবিখনে সমালোচকৰ পৰা উচ্চ প্ৰশংসা পাবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। <ref>{{cite web|last=Trumbore|first=Dave|url=http://www.collider.com/gravity-reviews/|title=GRAVITY Reviews Praise Sandra Bullock and George Clooney's Performances|publisher=Collider|date=August 28, 2013|accessdate=August 28, 2013}}</ref> ''Empire'', ''Time'' আৰু ''Total Film'' আলোচনীয়ে গ্ৰেভিটিক ২০১৩ বৰ্ষৰ সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ স্বীকৃতি দিয়ে। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empireonline.com/features/films-of-the-year-2013/p14/|title=The 50 Best Films of 2013|work=Empire|date=December 3, 2013|accessdate=December 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/12/04/arts-and-entertainment/slide/top-10-best-movies/|title=Top 10 Best Movies |date=4 December 2013 |publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totalfilm.com/features/best-movies-of-2013/gravity|title=Best movies of 2013 - TotalFilm.com |date=11 December 2013 |publisher=[[Total Film]]}}</ref> ই এইবৰ্ষত IMDb ত সৰ্বোচ্চ ৰেটং পাবলৈও সক্ষম হয়।<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.imdb.com/year-in-review/highest-rated-films-of-2013/ |title=IMDb - Year in Review - Top 10 Highest-Rated Films of 2013 |publisher=[[IMDb]] |accessdate=December 14, 2013}}</ref> === বঁটা === {| class="wikitable" width="95%" ! colspan="5" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Awards |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! Award ! Year ! Category ! Recipients and nominees ! Result |- | rowspan="2"| আফ্ৰিকান-আমেৰিকান ফিল্ম ক্ৰিটিকছ এছ'ছিয়েশ্বন (African-American Film Critics Association)<ref>{{cite news|title=African American Film Critics Name 12 Years a Slave Best Picture of the Year|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/blog/african-american-film-critics-name-12-years-a-slave-best-picture-of-the-year/|accessdate=December 13, 2013|newspaper= Awards Daily|date=December 13, 2013}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| ১৩ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | বৰ্ষটোৰ শে্ৰষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{won}} |- | rowspan="10"| এলায়েন্স অব ৱ'মেন ফিল্ম জাৰ্ণেলিষ্ট (Alliance of Women Film Journalists)<ref>{{cite news|title=2013 EDA Award Nominess|url=http://awfj.org/eda-awards/2013-eda-award-nominees/|accessdate=December 11, 2013|newspaper=[[Alliance of Women Film Journalists]]|date=December 11, 2013}}</ref> | rowspan="10"| ১৬ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন (Alfonso Cuarón) | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট'গ্ৰাফী | ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি(Emmanuel Lubezki) | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সম্পাদনা | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন আৰু Mark Sanger | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত | ষ্টিভেন প্ৰাইচ | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী (Kick Ass Award for Best Female Action Star) | rowspan="2"| ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{pending}} |- | Actress Defying Age and Agism | {{pending}} |- | মহিলা আইকন (AWJF Female Icon Award) | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{pending}} |- | অবিস্মৰণীয় মুহূৰ্ত্তৰ বাবে বঁটা (Unforgettable Moment Award) | জৰ্জ ক্লুনীৰ প্ৰত্যাৱৰ্ত্তনৰ মুহূৰ্ত্ত | {{pending}} |- | আমেৰিকান ফিল্ম ইন্সটিটিউটৰ ২০১৩ চনৰ বঁটা<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/afiawards/|title=AFI Awards 2013|publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|accessdate=December 10, 2013|date=December 9, 2013}}</ref> | আমেৰিকান ফিল্ম ইন্সটিটিউটৰ বঁটা (American Film Institute Awards 2013)|১০ জানুৱাৰী, ২০১৪ | colspan="2"| বৰ্ষটোৰ শীৰ্ষ দহখন চলচ্চিত্ৰ | {{won}} |- | ব'ষ্টন অনলাইন ফিল্ম ক্ৰিটিক্স এছ'ছিয়েছনৰ বঁটা<ref>{{cite news|last=Chitwood|first=Adama|url=http://collider.com/boston-online-film-critics-awards-12-years-a-slave/|title=12 YEARS A SLAVE Sweeps Boston Online Film Critics Awards with Best Picture, Director, Actor, and Supporting Actress|publisher=Collider|date={{nowrap|December 7}}, 2013|accessdate={{nowrap|December 7}}, 2013 }}</ref> | ৭ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | colspan="2"| বৰ্ষটোৰ শীৰ্ষ দহখন চলচ্চিত্ৰ | {{won}} |- | বষ্ট'ন ছছাইটি অব ফিল্ম ক্ৰিটিকছ (Boston Society of Film Critics)<ref>{{cite news|last=Davis|first=Clayton|title=Boston Film Critics Society Gives ’12 Years a Slave’ 3 Awards, ‘Wolf’ Runner-Up in 5 Categories|url=http://www.awardscircuit.com/2013/12/08/boston-film-critics-society-gives-12-years-a-slave-3-awards-wolf-runner-up-in-5-categories/|publisher=The Awards Circuit|accessdate=December 8, 2013|date=December 8, 2013|archivedate=December 9, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209012415/http://www.awardscircuit.com/2013/12/08/boston-film-critics-society-gives-12-years-a-slave-3-awards-wolf-runner-up-in-5-categories/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | বষ্ট'ন ছছাইটি অব ফিল্ম ক্ৰিটিকছ বঁটা ২০১৩|৮ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩]] | Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমেট'গ্ৰাফী | ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি(Emmanuel Lubezki) | {{won}} |- | rowspan="10"|সমালোচকৰ পছন্দৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা (Critics' Choice Movie Award)<ref name="CriticsChoice">{{cite web |url=http://www.criticschoice.com/movie-awards/19th-annual-critics-choice-movie-awards-nominations/ |title=19TH ANNUAL CRITICS’ CHOICE MOVIE AWARDS NOMINATIONS |accessdate=December 16, 2013 |archivedate=June 8, 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608110521/http://www.criticschoice.com/movie-awards/19th-annual-critics-choice-movie-awards-nominations/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> | rowspan="10"| সমালোচকৰ পছন্দৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা|১৬ জানুৱাৰী, ২০১৪ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কল্পবিজ্ঞান চলচ্চিত্ৰ (Sci-Fi Movie) | |{{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন (Alfonso Cuarón) | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী |rowspan="2"|ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{pending}} |- | এক্সন চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠা অভিনেত্ৰী | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট'গ্ৰাফী | ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি(Emmanuel Lubezki) | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ আৰ্ট পৰিচালক (Best Art Direction) | এণ্ডি নিক'লছন (Andy Nicholson) আৰু ৰ'জি গডউইন (Rosie Goodwin) | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সম্পাদনা | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন আৰু Mark Sanger | {{pending}} |- |শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ৰচক (Composer) | ষ্টিভেন প্ৰাইচ |{{pending}} |- |শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ভিজুৱেল এফেক্ট | | {{pending}} |- | rowspan="2"| ডেট্ৰ'ইট ফিল্ম ক্ৰিটিকছ ছ'ছাইটি (Detroit Film Critics Society)<ref>{{cite web|last=Long|first=Tom|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20131209/ENT02/312090098/Detroit-Film-Critics-Society-nominates-top-films|title=Detroit Film Critics Society nominates top films|publisher=The Detroit News|date=December 9, 2013|accessdate=December 10, 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.is/9n9XJ|archivedate=December 10, 2013}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| ১৩ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{won}} |- | ''GQ'' আলোচনীৰ বৰ্ষটোৰ ব্যক্তি<ref>{{cite news|title=Alfonso Cuaron: Visionary of the Year 2013|url=http://www.gq.com/moty/2013/alfonso-cuaron-men-of-the-year-visionary|accessdate=December 9, 2013|newspaper=[[GQ]]|date=December 8, 2013|archivedate=December 7, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207030053/http://www.gq.com/moty/2013/alfonso-cuaron-men-of-the-year-visionary|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | ৮ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | বৰ্ষটোৰ ভিজ'নেৰি (Visionary of the Year) | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{won}} |- | rowspan="4"| [[গ'ল্ডেন গ্ল'ব বঁটা]] | rowspan="4"| ৭১ তম গ'ল্ডেন গ্লৱ বঁটা|১২ জানুৱৰী, ২০১৪ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{pending}} |- |মৌলিক সংগীত | ষ্টিভেন প্ৰাইচ |{{pending}} |- | হলিউড ফিল্ম ফেষ্টিভেল (Hollywood Film Festival)<ref>{{cite news|last=Fienberg|first=Scott|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/12-years-a-slave-director-638862|title='12 Years a Slave' Director and Actress to be Honored at Hollywood Film Awards (Exclusive)|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date={{nowrap|September 30}}, 2013|accessdate={{nowrap|September 30}}, 2013 }}</ref> | ১৭ অক্টোবৰ, ২০১৩ | বৰ্ষটোৰ অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{won}} |- | rowspan="5"| হিউষ্ট'ন ফিল্ম ক্ৰিটিক্স ছ'ছাইটি (Houston Film Critics Society)<ref>{{cite news|title=12 Years a Slave wins Pic, Cuaron Director for Houston Film Critics|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/blog/12-years-a-slave-wins-pic-cuaron-director-for-houston-film-critics/|accessdate=December 15, 2013|newspaper=Awards Daily|date=December 15, 2013}}</ref> | rowspan="5"| ১৫ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠা অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট'গ্ৰাফী | ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি(Emmanuel Lubezki) | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মৌলিক সংগীত | ষ্টিভেন প্ৰাইচ | {{won}} |- | rowspan="2"| কানজাচ ফিল্ম ক্ৰিটিক্স চাৰ্ক'ল (Kansas City Film Critics Circle)<ref>{{cite news|title=12 Years a Slave sweeps Kansas City critics|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/blog/12-years-a-slave-sweeps-kansas-city-critics/|accessdate=December 15, 2013|newspaper=Awards Daily|date=December 15, 2013}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| ১৫ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন <small>(Tied with [[Steve McQueen (director)|Steve McQueen]] for ''[[12 Years a Slave (film)|12 Years a Slave]]'')</small> | {{yes|Tied}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{won}} |- | rowspan="4"| লছ এঞ্জেলেছ ফিল্ম ক্ৰিটিক্স এছ'ছিয়েছন (Los Angeles Film Critics Association<ref>{{cite news|title=‘Gravity,’ ‘Her’ Tie for Best Picture With L.A. Film Critics|url=http://variety.com/2013/film/news/l-a-film-critics-voting-in-progress-1200933565/|accessdate=December 8, 2013|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=December 8, 2013}}</ref> | rowspan="4"| ৮ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | <small>(Tied with ''Her (film)'')</small> | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট'গ্ৰাফী | ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সম্পাদনা | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন মাৰ্ক চেংগাৰ | {{won}} |- | rowspan="2"| National Board of Review of Motion Pictures<ref>{{cite news|title=National Board of Review Chooses ‘Her’ as Best Film, Will Forte and Octavia Spencer Land Wins|url=http://www.awardscircuit.com/2013/12/04/national-board-of-review-chooses-her-as-best-film-will-forte-and-octavia-spencer-land-wins/|accessdate=December 4, 2013|newspaper=The Awards Circuit|date=December 4, 2013|archivedate=November 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130104055/https://www.awardscircuit.com/2013/12/04/national-board-of-review-chooses-her-as-best-film-will-forte-and-octavia-spencer-land-wins/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| ৪ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণত সৃষ্টিশীল উদ্ভাৱন (Creative Innovation in Filmmaking) | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{won}} |- | colspan="2"|শীৰ্ষ দহখন চলচ্চিত্ৰ | {{won}} |- | rowspan="2"| নিউ ৱৰ্ক অনলাইন ফিল্ম ক্ৰিটিক্স<ref>{{cite news|last=Gray|first=Tim|title=’12 Years’ Tops New York Online Critics Awards|url=http://variety.com/2013/film/news/12-years-tops-new-york-online-critics-awards-1200934227/|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=December 8, 2013|date=December 8, 2013}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| ৮ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট'গ্ৰাফী | ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি | {{won}} |- | rowspan="4"| অনলাইন ফিল্ম ক্ৰিটিক্স ছ'ছাইটি বঁটা<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/online-film-critics-announce-nominees-miyazaki-and-to-surprise-with-multiple-nominations|title=Online Film Critics Announce Nominees; Miyazaki and To Surprise with Multiple Nominations|date=2013-12-09|work=IndieWire|accessdate=2013-12-09}}</ref> | rowspan="4"| ১৬ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সম্পাদনা | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন আৰু মাৰ্ক চেংগাৰ | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট'গ্ৰাফী | ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি | {{won}} |- | Palm Springs International Film Festival<ref>{{cite web|last=De Coster|first=Ramzi|title=Steve McQueen to Receive Director of the Year Award for '12 Years a Slave' at Palm Springs International Film Festival|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/steve-mcqueen-to-receive-director-of-the-year-award-for-12-years-a-slave-at-palm-springs-international-film-festival|publisher=Indiewire|accessdate=November 21, 2013|date=November 21, 2013}}</ref> | ১৩ জানুৱাৰী, ২০১৪ | Desert Palm Achievement Award | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{won}} |- | rowspan="3"| People's Choice Awards | rowspan="3"| ৮ জানুৱাৰি, ২০১৪ | Favorite Dramatic Movie | | {{pending}} |- | প্ৰিয় অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{pending}} |- | প্ৰিয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ যুটি (Favorite Movie Duo) | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক আৰু জৰ্জ ক্লুনী | {{pending}} |- | rowspan="9"| Phoenix Film Critics Society<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phoenixfilmcriticssociety.org/article/208/phoenix-film-critics-society-2013-award-nominations.html|title=Pheonix Film Critics Society 2013 Award Nominations|publisher=[[Phoenix Film Critics Society]]|accessdate=December 10, 2013|archivedate=December 13, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213143509/http://phoenixfilmcriticssociety.org/article/208/phoenix-film-critics-society-2013-award-nominations.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | rowspan="9"| ১৭ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | colspan="2"|শীৰ্ষ দহখন চলচ্চিত্ৰ | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠা অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মৌলিক স্ক্ৰীণপ্লে | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন আৰু জ'নাচ কুৱেৰন | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট'গ্ৰাফী |ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সম্পাদনা | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন আৰু মাৰ্ক চেংগাৰ | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ প্ৰডাক্স'ন ডিজাইন | এণ্ডি নিক'লছন আৰু ৰ'জি গডউইন | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ভিজুৱেল এফেক্ট | Chris Howell, Chris Lawrence, and Tim Webber | {{won}} |- | rowspan="7"| San Diego Film Critics Society<ref>{{cite web|title=San Diego Film Critics Nominate Top Films for 2013|url=http://www.sdfcs.org/|publisher=[[San Diego Film Critics Society]]|accessdate=December 10, 2013|date=December 10, 2013}}</ref> | rowspan="7"| ১১ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠা অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট'গ্ৰাফী | ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সম্পাদনা | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন আৰু মাৰ্ক চেংগাৰ | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মৌলিক সংগীত | ষ্টিভেন প্ৰাইচ | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ প্ৰডাক্সন ডিজাইন | এণ্ডি নিক'লছন আৰু ৰ'জি গডউইন | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="7"| San Francisco Film Critics Circle<ref>{{cite news|last=Stone|first=Sasha|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/blog/san-francisco-film-critics-nominations/|title=San Francisco Film Critics Nominations|publisher=Awards Daily|date={{nowrap|December 13}}, 2013|accessdate={{nowrap|December 13}}, 2013 }}</ref> | rowspan="7"| ১৩ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠা অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মৌলিক স্ক্ৰীণপ্লে | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন আৰু জ'নাচ কুৱেৰন | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট'গ্ৰাফী | ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সম্পাদনা | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন আৰু মাৰ্ক চেংগাৰ | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ প্ৰডাক্স'ন ডিজাইন | এণ্ডি নিক'লছন আৰু ৰ'জি গডউইন | {{won}} |- | rowspan="8"| ছেটেলাইট বঁটা<ref>{{cite web|last=Kilday|first=Gregg|title=Satellite Awards: '12 Years a Slave' Leads Film Nominees|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/satellite-award-nominations-12-years-660848|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=December 2, 2013|date=December 2, 2013}}</ref> | rowspan="8"| ৯ মাৰ্চ, ২০১৪ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠা অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট'গ্ৰাফী | ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সম্পাদনা | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন আৰু মাৰ্ক চেংগাৰ | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ভিজুৱেল এফেক্ট | Chris Howell, Chris Lawrence, and Tim Webber | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মৌলিক সংগীত | ষ্টিভেন প্ৰাইচ | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ শব্দ পৰিচালনা | Glenn Freemantle, Niv Adiri, and Skip Lievsay | {{pending}} |- | Screen Actors Guild Award<ref>{{cite web|last=Kilday|first=Gregg|title=Screen Actors Guild Awards: '12 Years a Slave' leads Screen Actors Guild nominations|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/dec/11/12-years-a-slave-screen-actors-guild-nominations|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=December 11, 2013|date=December 11, 2013}}</ref> | ১৮ জানুৱাৰী, ২০১৪ | মুখ্য ভূমিকাত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{pending}} |- | rowspan="7"| St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://www.stlfilmcritics.org/st-louis-film-critics-awards-nominees-for-2013-announced/ |access-date=2013-12-18 |archivedate=2014-11-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106112339/http://www.stlfilmcritics.org/st-louis-film-critics-awards-nominees-for-2013-announced/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> | rowspan="7"| ১৬ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠা অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট'গ্ৰাফী | ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি |{{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ভিউৱেল এফেক্ট | Chris Howell, Chris Lawrence, and Tim Webber |{{pending}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত | ষ্টিভেন প্ৰাইচ | {{pending}} |- | Best Scene | The opening tracking shot | {{pending}} |- | ভেনিচ চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/news/07-09.html|title=Official Awards of the 70th Venice Film Festival|accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref> | ৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | Future Film Digital Award | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{won}} |- | rowspan="7"| Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association<ref>{{cite news|last=Stone|first=Sasha|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/blog/washington-dc-film-critics-announce-nominations/|title=Washington DC Film Critics Announce Nominations|publisher=Awards Daily|date={{nowrap|December 7}}, 2013|accessdate={{nowrap|December 7}}, 2013 }}</ref> | rowspan="7"| ৯ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৩ | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্ৰ | | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠা অভিনেত্ৰী | ছান্দ্ৰা বুলক | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ আৰ্ট পৰিচালনা | এণ্ডি নিক'লছন আৰু ৰ'জি গডউইন | {{nom}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চিনেমাট'গ্ৰাফী | ইমানুৱেল লুবেজকি | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সম্পাদনা | আলফ'নছ' কুৱেৰন আৰু মাৰ্ক চেংগাৰ | {{won}} |- | শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত | ষ্টিভেন প্ৰাইচ | {{nom}} |} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist|30em}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Official website|http://www.gravitymovie.com}} * {{IMDb title|1454468|Gravity}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইংৰাজী চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] tpq54sx7zjgu2xxli5zs3aprkgh1xo0 চিলাপথাৰ 0 35737 453310 410053 2024-12-10T10:03:58Z Ajoy44 8015 /* যাতায়ত ব্যৱস্থা */ 453310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unreferenced}} {{Infobox settlement | name = চিলাপথাৰ | native_name = | native_name_lang = as | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = নগৰ | image_skyline = <!-- Malini than.jpg --> | image_alt = | image_caption = <!-- মালিনী থানৰ প্ৰস্তৰ মূৰ্তি --> | pushpin_map = India Assam | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[অসম]]ত চিলাপথাৰৰ অৱস্থান | latd = 27 | latm = 35 | lats = 43 | latNS = N | longd = 94 | longm = 43 | longs = 12 | longEW = E | coordinates_display = inline,title | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = {{flag|ভাৰত}} | subdivision_type1 = [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয়শাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ|ৰাজ্য]] | subdivision_name1 = [[অসম]] | subdivision_type2 = [[অসমৰ জিলাসমূহ|জিলা]] | subdivision_name2 = [[ধেমাজি জিলা|ধেমাজি]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 22307 | population_as_of = 2001 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = ভাষা | demographics1_title1 = চৰকাৰী | demographics1_info1 = [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] | timezone1 = [[ভাৰতীয় মান সময়]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --> | postal_code = 787059 | area_code_type = Telephone code | area_code = 03753 | registration_plate = | website = | footnotes = }} '''চিলাপথাৰ''' ({{Lang-en|'''Silapathar'''}}) [[অসম]]ৰ [[ধেমাজি জিলা]]ত অৱস্থিত এখন ব্যস্ত ব্যৱসায়িক নগৰ। ধেমাজিৰ পাছতে চিলাপথাৰ চহৰৰখন ধেমাজি জিলাৰ প্ৰধান ঠাই।ই অসমৰ প্ৰধান নদ ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ পৰা উত্তৰ দিশে প্ৰায় ১৬ কিমি আঁতৰত অৱস্থিত।চিলাপথাৰ পৌৰসভা এখন আছে। চহৰখনৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ পৰা অসম অৰুণাচলৰ সীমান্তত অৱস্থিত লিকাবালি নগৰলৈ প্ৰায় ৭ কি.মি. দূৰত্ব। গুৱাহাটীৰ পৰা কলিয়া ভোমোৰা হৈ প্ৰায় ৮০০ কি.মি. দূৰত্বৰ বাট। ধেমাজি জিলাৰ সদৰ ঠাই ধেমাজিৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৩৫ কি.মি আৰু জিলাখনৰ আন এখন প্ৰধান ঠাই জোনাইৰ পৰা চিলাপথাৰৰ দূৰত্ব প্ৰায় ৭০ কি.মি.। ==জনসংখ্যা== ২০০১ চনৰ ভাৰতীয় জন গণনা অনুসৰি চিলাপথাৰৰ জনসংখ্যা ২২,৩০৭জন। জনসাধাৰণৰ প্ৰধান ভাষা অসমীয়া, জনজাতীয় মিছিং তথা দেউৰী আৰু বঙালী। ==যাতায়ত ব্যৱস্থা== চিলাপথাৰলৈ অসমৰ বিভিন্ন ঠাইৰ পৰা পোনপটীয়া স্থলপথ আৰু ৰেলপথেৰে যাতায়তৰ ব্যৱস্থা আছে। অসমৰ ৰাজধানী নগৰ [[গুৱাহাটী]]ৰ পৰা চৰকাৰী আৰু বেচৰকাৰী দিবা-নৈশ যাত্ৰীবাহী বাছৰ সুচল ব্যৱস্থা আছে। [[গুৱাহাটী]]ৰ পৰা ৰেলেৰে চিলাপথাৰলৈ ১০ঘন্টা আৰু বাছেৰে প্ৰায় ১৪ৰ পৰা ১৬ ঘণ্টা সময়ৰ বাট। ১১৫ নং ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পথেৰে চিলাপথাৰবাসী দেশবাসীৰ লগত সংযুক্ত হৈ আছে। [[ডিব্ৰুগড়]]লৈ বগীবিল দলঙেৰে সংযুক্ত হৈছে। চিলাপথাৰৰ মাজেৰে অৰুণাচলৰ আলং, ডাপৰিজো, বাচাৰ আদি ঠাইলৈ যাব লগা হয়। জোনাই, পাছিঘাট আদি অঞ্চললৈ চিলাপথাৰৰ পৰা পোনপটীয়া যাতায়তৰ ব্যৱস্থা আছে। দেশৰ অন্য প্ৰান্তৰ লগত ৰেল যোগাযোগৰ ব্যৱস্থা আছে । চিলাপথাৰৰ পৰা আকাশী পথেৰে যাব বিছাৰিলে সমীপবৰ্তী [[লখিমপুৰ]] জিলাৰ লীলাবাৰী বিমানবন্দৰ আৰু ডিব্ৰুগড়ৰ মোহনবাৰী বিমানবন্দৰ সুবিধা আছে। [[চিত্ৰ:Silapathar Bus Stand.jpg|thumbnail|চিলাপথাৰ বাছ আস্থান]] [[চিত্ৰ:Bogibeel_Karrengbali_paarghat.jpg|thumbnail|বগীবিল - কাৰেংবালি পাৰঘাট নৌকাসেৱা]] [[চিত্ৰ:Hotel_Nova_Silapathar.jpg|thumbnail|হোটেল ন'ভা, চিলাপথাৰ]] ==শিক্ষা== চিলাপথাৰৰ শৈক্ষিক ক্ষেত্ৰখন শিক্ষাৰ সুস্থিৰ বাতাৱৰণৰ মাজেৰে পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাক-প্ৰাথমিক ৰ পৰা উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ শিক্ষানুষ্ঠান চিলাপথাৰত আছে। লেখত ল'বলগীয়া শিক্ষানুষ্ঠান কেইখন মানৰ নাম তলত দিয়া হৈছে। [[চিত্ৰ:Silapathar Sc Clg.jpg|thumbnail|চিলাপথাৰ বিজ্ঞান মহাবিদ্যালয়]] [[চিত্ৰ:Silapathar College.jpg|thumbnail|চিলাপথাৰ মহাবিদ্যালয়]] '''* নিন্ম আৰু উচ্চ প্ৰাথমিক পৰ্যায়ৰ শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানঃ''' # চিলাপথাৰ নগৰ প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয় # খনামুখ প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয় # ভৈৰৱপুৰ নেতাজী মধ্য ইংৰাজী বিদ্যালয়, মাধ্যমঃ অসমীয়া, ঠিকনাঃ ভৈৰৱপুৰ, স্থাপিতঃ ১৯৭৫ '''* উচ্চ-মাধ্যমিক পৰ্যায়ৰ শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানঃ''' # চিলাপথাৰ ৰেচিডেন্সিয়েল উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় # লক্ষ্মীনাৰায়ণ ৰামানন্দ হিমানী সোঁৱৰণী শংকৰদেৱ শিশু নিকেতন, চিলাপথাৰ # চিলাপথাৰ নগৰ মজলীয়া বিদ্যালয় # ডনবস্কো হাইস্কুল চিলাপথাৰ # চিলাপথাৰ পাব্লিক ইংলিছ স্কুল '''* উচ্চশিক্ষাৰ শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানঃ''' # চিলাপথাৰ মহাবিদ্যালয় # চিলাপথাৰ কনিষ্ঠ মহাবিদ্যালয় # চিলাপথাৰ বিজ্ঞান মহাবিদ্যালয় # চিলাপথাৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চল কলেজ। # চিলাপথাৰ টাউন কলেজ। == চিলাপথাৰৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যক্তি== *ড৹ বসন্ত কুমাৰ দ'লে *ভূৱন পেগু *প্ৰদান বৰুৱা *বলোৰাম চাংমাই *মোহন লাল হেমানী *মৌচম গগৈ *[[তৰাৱতী বড়ী]], ==চিলাপথাৰ অঞ্চলৰ গাঁওসমূহ== [[চিত্ৰ:Silapathar Police Station.jpg|thumbnail|চিলাপথাৰ আৰক্ষী থানা]] চিলাপথাৰ অঞ্চলৰ গাঁওসমূহ হৈছে খনামূখ,চিচিবৰগাঁও বামগাঁও, অমৃতপুৰ, মিলন নগৰ, জ্যোতি নগৰ, গান্ধীনগৰ, পালপট্টী, কল্যাণ পুৰ, জোনাকী নগৰ, কাৰপুম্‌ পুলি, কুলামোৱা, কেন্দুগুৰি, ন-গাঁও, মেছু কছাৰি, মেছু, নলনিপাম, মাজগাঁও, সমবায়, বৰপথাৰ, নতুন গাঁও, নতুন মিছিং গাঁও, ফুলবাৰী, ছোচাইটি, অকাজান, বৰমূৰীয়া, বালিজান, বেতনিপাম, বাৰুৱতী, জৰী গুৰি, চিলাগাঁও, চিলাবালি, চিলাগুটুং, কললুৱা, শলখনি, সৰুপাম, মাদুৰিপথাৰ, সেউজী নগৰ, লাচিত নগৰ, লেচাই নগৰ, ভৈৰৱপুৰ, জলকীয়া সূঁতি, বালি গাঁও, বিজয়পুৰ আদি। ==উল্লেখনীয় ঠাই== ===মালিনী থান=== [[চিত্ৰ:Malini than.jpg|thumbnail|মালিনী থান]] [[চিত্ৰ:Malinithan ASI.jpg|thumbnail|পুৰাতাত্বিক বিভাগৰ ফলক]] ই এখন শক্তিপীঠ।চিলাপথাৰৰ পৰা উত্তৰ দিশে প্ৰায় ৭ কি.মি দূৰত্বত অৱস্থিত লিকাবলি নামৰ সৰু নগৰখনৰ পূৱ দিশৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত মালিনী থান অৱস্থিত।শক্তিপীঠ কামাখ্যাৰ দৰেই এই থান খনিৰ মহত্ব আছে । থান খনিৰ নামনিৰ মুকলি প্ৰাঙ্গণত প্ৰতিবছৰে মালিনী মেলা অনুস্থিত হয় অসমীয়া চ'ত মাহত। থান খনিত শ্ৰীশ্ৰীদূৰ্গা দেৱীৰ বাসন্তী পূজা অনুস্থিত হয়। কোণাৰকৰ বিখ্যাৎ সাতটা ঘোঁৰাই টনা ৰথৰে সৈতে সূৰ্য্যদেৱতাৰ মূৰ্তিৰ অবিকল সাদৃশ্যৰ মূৰ্তি মালিনী থানত আছে। পূৰাতত্ব বিভাগে জৰীপ চলাই মন্দিৰটোৰ আশে পাশে প্ৰাচীন কালৰ বহু আপৰুগীয়া ভাষ্কৰ্য্য উদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে। ===ৰক্মিণী মন্দিৰ=== এই থান খনি মালিনী থানৰ পৰা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰলৈ অৱস্থিত। থান খনিৰ ঐতিহাসিক মহত্ব আছে যদিও বিভাগীয় কৰ্তৃপক্ষৰ অৱহেলাত বৰ্তমান এই থানখনিয়ে মহত্ব হেৰুওৱাৰ এক পৰিস্থিতিত উপনীত হৈছেগৈ।ৰক্মিণী মন্দিৰৰ পৰা ভৈয়ামৰ মনোমোহা দৃশ্য পৰিলক্ষিত হয়। ===শ্ৰীশ্ৰীতাম্ৰেশ্বৰী আই থান=== এইখনি থান চিলাপথাৰৰ পৰা উত্তৰ দিশে অৱস্থিত। ===গাইনদীৰ মুখ(লিকাবালি) === এই অঞ্চলৰ পাকৃতিক পৰিৱেশ অতি মনোমোহা। দুশাৰী পৰ্বতৰ মাজে মাজে গাইনৈ খনে লয়লাস ভংগীৰে আকাশী গংগাৰ পৰা বৈ আহি অতিকে মনচুই যোৱা মনোমোহা দৃশ্যৰ অৱতাৰণা কৰিছে। বছৰি ডিচেম্বৰ আৰু জানুৱাৰী মাহত শ শ বনভোজৰ দলৰ লোকৰ আগমনে অঞ্চলটি প্ৰাণৱন্ত কৰি ৰাখে। পাহাৰীয়া নদীখন পাহাৰীয়া মাছৰ ৰূপালী চিকমিকনিৰে জিলিকি থাকে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ নগৰ-মহানগৰ]] ccz6s5v4smwbge46i6zymkmmep53gmj চিম্পল গগৈ 0 36081 453179 432387 2024-12-10T04:26:04Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |image = Simple Gogoi.JPG |caption = চিম্পল গগৈ |birth_name = চিম্পল গগৈ |birth_date = {{birth date |1976|8|01|df=yes}} |birth_place = [[যোৰহাট]], [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] |death_date = |death_place = |spouse = |occupation = {{hlist|[[চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক]]|বোলছবি নিৰ্মাতা}} |children = |parents = স্বৰ্গীয় সৰ্ব্বেশ্বৰ গগৈ (পিতৃ), পূৰ্ণিমা গগৈ (মাতৃ) |relatives = অভিলাষ গগৈ (ভাতৃ), পঞ্চমিতা গগৈ (ভগ্নী) |years active = ২০০১-বৰ্তমানলৈকে |nationality = [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] |organisation = [[ডি ৱাই ৩৬৫]] |notable_works = আকাশ (অসমীয়া ধাৰাবাহিক) অনুৰাগ তোমাৰ বাবে (অসমীবা ধাৰাবাহিক), তুমি যদি কোৱা (অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ) |signature = |signature_alt = |signature_size = }} '''চিম্পল গগৈ''' [[অসম]]ৰ এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক৷<ref>{{cite web|title=rupali parda news|url=http://www.rupaliparda.com/each_news.aspx?id=2| work=on Rupaliparda|accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref> তেওঁ বৰ্তমানলৈকে কেইবাখনো বোলছবি আৰু দূৰদৰ্শনৰ ধাৰাবাহিকৰ পৰিচালনা কৰিছে৷ == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন == চিম্পল গগৈৰ জন্ম হয় অসমৰ যোৰহাট জিলাত৷ তেওঁৰ পিতৃ সৰ্ব্বেশ্বৰ গগৈ আৰু মাতৃ পূৰ্ণিমা গগৈ৷ তেওঁ যোৰহাটৰ জগন্নাথ বৰুৱা মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে৷ ১৯৯৮ চনত তেওঁ ৰাছিয়ালৈ যায় আৰু মস্কো ষ্টেট ইউনিভাৰ্ছিটি অফ কালচাৰ এণ্ড আৰ্টছৰ পৰা পৰিচালনাৰ শিক্ষা লাভ কৰে৷ ৰাছিয়াৰ পৰা উভতি আহি ২০০১ চনত তেওঁ শিবম নায়াৰক জি টিভিৰ ধাৰাবাহিক পৰিচালনা কৰাত সহযোগ কৰে৷ ২০০২ চনত চিম্পল গগৈয়ে অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালনা আৰম্ভ কৰে৷ <ref>{{cite web|title=Article/ News|url=http://meghalayatimes.info/index.php/front-page/19232-simple-gogoi-s-tumi-jodi-kua-assamese-movie-set-for-may-release|work=on Meghalaya Times Newspaper|accessdate=20 April 2013|archivedate=9 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609095621/http://www.meghalayatimes.info/index.php/front-page/19232-simple-gogoi-s-tumi-jodi-kua-assamese-movie-set-for-may-release|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == চিম্পল গগৈয়ে কেইবাখনো অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ তথা দূৰদৰ্শনৰ ধাৰাবাহিকত পৰিচালনা , সংলাপ লিখন আদি কৰিছে৷<ref>{{cite web|title=Article|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2012-11-10|work=on Sentinel Assam|accessdate=10 November 2012|archivedate=2014-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019121500/http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2012-11-10|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য হৈছে- আকাশ (অসমীয়া ধাৰাবাহিক) অনুৰাগ তোমাৰ বাবে (অসমীয়া ধাৰাবাহিক), তুমি যদি কোৱা (অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ)<ref>{{cite web|title=News/ Article|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2012-12-15|work=on Sentinel Assam Newspaper|accessdate=15 December 2012|archivedate=2014-01-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112065355/http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2012-12-15|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০১৩ চনৰ জুন মাহৰ পৰা তেওঁ ''[[ডিৱাই ৩৬৫]]'' -ত ক্ৰিয়েটিভ কনচেপ্ট ডাইৰেক্টৰ হিচাপে যোগদান কৰে৷ ''তুমি যদি কোৱা'' এখন অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ ৰোমাণ্টিক বোলছবি৷ বোলছবিখনৰ পৰিচালনা আৰু সংলাপ চিম্পল গগৈৰ৷ এল এন ফিল্মছৰ বেনাৰত জিতুমণি টেৰণে এই বোলছবিৰ প্ৰযোজনা কৰে৷ বোলছবিখনৰ কাহিনী গৌতম ৰাভাৰ৷ ২০১৩ চনৰ ১৪ জুন তাৰিখে এই বোলছবিখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰে৷<ref>{{cite web|title=Article/ News|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday1.php?sec=16&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2013-04-20|work=on Sentinel Assam Newspaper|accessdate=20 April 2013|archivedate=2014-01-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112064744/http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday1.php?sec=16&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2013-04-20|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == চিম্পল গগৈয়ে বৰ্তমান অসমৰ গুৱাহাটীত বাস কৰে৷ == তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [http://www.friedeye.com/2013/05/simple-gogoi-simply-chilled/ Simple Gogoi- Simply chilled] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130629075306/http://www.friedeye.com/2013/05/simple-gogoi-simply-chilled/ |date=2013-06-29 }} at [http://www.friedeye.com/ Fried Eye] * [http://www.magicalassam.com/2013/05/new-assamese-movie-tumi-jodi-kua-by.html News] on [http://www.magicalassam.com/ Magical Assam blog] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক]] ssp64qh7x2k4p58zoe1sx97tpn6qb2h অৰূপা পটংগীয়া কলিতা 0 37212 453089 451161 2024-12-09T22:17:57Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = অৰূপা পটংগীয়া কলিতা | image = Arupa Patangia Kalita.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = ১৯৫৬ | birth_place = [[গোলাঘাট]], অসম | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|Year|Month|Day|Year|Month|Day}} --> | death_place = | resting_place = | occupation = লেখিকা | language = [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] | nationality = [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = [[দেৱৰাজ ৰয় মহাবিদ্যালয়]]<br />[[গৌহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] | period = | genre = | subject = উপন্যাস, গল্প | movement = | notableworks = মৰিয়ম আষ্টিন অথবা হীৰা বৰুৱা | spouse = | partner = ৰাজেন কলিতা | children = | relatives = | influences = | influenced = | awards = [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]]<br />ভাৰতীয় ভাষা পৰিষদ বঁটা | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | portaldisp = }} '''অৰূপা পটংগীয়া কলিতা''' ({{Lang-en|Arupa Patangia Kalita}}) [[অসম]]ৰ এগৰাকী প্ৰসিদ্ধ ঔপন্যাসিক তথা গল্পকাৰ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org/2011/arupa-patangia-kalita/ |title=Arupa Patangia Kalita |publisher=Samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org |date= |accessdate=2013-06-14 |archivedate=2013-08-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808103246/http://samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org/2011/arupa-patangia-kalita/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="womenswriting1">{{cite web|url=http://www.womenswriting.com/WomensWriting/AuthorProfileDetail.asp?AuthorID=181 |title=Women's Writing |publisher=Womenswriting.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-14}}</ref> তেওঁৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰত [[মৃগনাভি]], [[অয়নান্ত]], [[জছনাৰ ঝিটাছ]] আদি উল্লেখযোগ্য। তেওঁৰ সাহিত্যিক অৱদানৰ বাবে ভাৰতীয় ভাষা পৰিষদৰ বঁটা, প্ৰবীণা শইকীয়া বঁটা আদিৰে সন্মানিত কৰা হৈছে। তেখেতে “[[মৰিয়ম আষ্টিন অথবা হীৰা বৰুৱা]]” নামৰ অসমীয়া চুটি গল্প সংকলনৰ বাবে ২০১৪ চনত সন্মানীয় [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] লাভ কৰে। তেখেতে টংলা মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ ইংৰাজী বিভাগৰ অধ্যাপক আছিল৷ ==জীৱন== তেখেতে গোলাঘাট মিছন গাৰ্লছ্ স্কুলৰ পৰা মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত উত্তীৰ্ণ হয়৷ হায়াৰছেকেণ্ডৰী আৰু স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে ডি.আৰ কলেজৰ পৰা৷ তেখেতে ইংৰাজী বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা আৰু [[গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা পাৰ্ল এছ বাক (Pearl S. Buck) ৰ নাৰী চৰিত্ৰসমূহৰ ওপৰত গৱেষণা কৰি ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org/2011/arupa-patangia-kalita/ |title=Arupa Patangia Kalita |publisher=Samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org |date= |accessdate=2013-06-14 |archivedate=2013-08-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808103246/http://samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org/2011/arupa-patangia-kalita/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেখেত [[দৰং জিলা]]ৰ [[টংলা মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ৰ ইংৰাজী বিষয়ৰ প্ৰবক্তা ৰূপে কৰ্মনিৰ্বাহ কৰি অৱসৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref name="womenswriting1"/> ==সাহিত্যিক অৱদান== অৰূপা পটংগীয়া কলিতাই ভালেসংখ্যক উপন্যাস তথা চুটিগল্প ৰচনা কৰিছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্যসমূহ হ'ল-<ref name="womenswriting1"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Friday, Jun 14, 2013 |url=http://news.assamonline.in/Arupa-Patangia-Kalita-gets-Prabina-Saikia-award-17675 |title=Arupa Patangia Kalita gets Prabina Saikia award News - By assamonline.in |publisher=News.assamonline.in |date=2013-04-06 |accessdate=2013-06-14 |archivedate=2019-12-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208114430/https://news.assamonline.in/arupa-patangia-kalita-gets-prabina-saikia-award-17675 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>- ;উপন্যাস * ''[[মৃগনাভি]]'', বাণী প্ৰকাশ (১৯৮৭) * মেপল হাবিৰ ৰং (অনু.) পুথিতীৰ্থ প্ৰকাশন (১৯৮৯) * ''[[অয়নান্ত]]'', লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল (১৯৯৪) * ''[[মৰুভূমিত মেনকা আৰু অন্যান্য]]'' (১৯৯৫) * মৃগনাভি (পৰিৱৰ্ধিত সংস্কৰণ), পুথি নিকেতন (১৯৯৫) * ''[[কাইঁটত কেতেকী]]'', ষ্টুডেণ্টচ্ ষ্ট’ৰচ্ (১৯৯৯) (শিশু উপন্যাস) * ''অৰুণিমাৰ স্বদেশ'', বনলতা, (২০০১)<ref name="জছনা" /> * ফেলানী, জ্যোতি প্ৰকাশন (২০০৩) * ''[[ৰঙামাটিৰ পাহাৰটো]]'' (অনু.) অন্বেষা প্ৰকাশন (২০১০) * ''[[টোকোৰা বাহৰ সোণৰ বেজী]]'', লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল (২০১৪) * তানিয়া, চন্দ্ৰ প্ৰকাশ (২০১৮) (শিশু উপন্যাস) * জলতৰঙ্গৰ সুৰ, চন্দ্ৰ প্ৰকাশ (২০১৮) * ''[[জছনাৰ ঝিটাছ]]'', চন্দ্ৰ প্ৰকাশ (২০২১) * সবাটোকৈ নীলা চকুজুৰি, লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল (২০২২) ;চুটিগল্প সংকলন * মৰুযাত্ৰা আৰু অন্যান্য, লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল (১৯৯২) * মৰুভূমিত মেনকা আৰু অন্যান্য, সৃষ্টিলেখা প্ৰকাশন (১৯৯৫) * দেও পাহাৰৰ ভগ্নস্তুপত, সাহিত্য প্ৰকাশ (১৯৯৯) * পাছ চোতালৰ কথকতা, জ্যোতি প্ৰকাশন (২০০০) * ''[[মিলেনিয়ামৰ সপোন]]'', জ্যোতি প্ৰকাশন (২০০২) * ''আলেকজান বানুৰ জান'', লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল (২০০৩) <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060114/asp/guwahati/story_5715390.asp |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Guwahati |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2006-01-14 |accessdate=2013-06-14}}</ref> * কুৰোশ্বোৱাৰ সপোন, মোৰ সপোন সিহঁতৰ সপোন, বনলতা (২০০৭) * পাহাৰ, নদী, সাগৰ আৰু মানুহ, বনলতা (২০১০) (ভ্ৰমণ কাহিনী) * সোণালী ঈগলে কণী পাৰিলে, বেলিয়ে উমনি দিলে, চন্দ্ৰ প্ৰকাশ (২০১০) * [[মৰিয়ম আষ্টিন অথবা হীৰা বৰুৱা]], চন্দ্ৰ প্ৰকাশ (২০১২)<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Assam-and-Bodo-writers-to-get-the-award/articleshow/45578962.cms |title=The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-12-20 |accessdate=2015-01-06}}</ref> * পানী গাভিনী আছিল আৰু অন্যান্য, জ্যোতি প্ৰকাশন (২০১৯) <ref name="জছনা">{{cite book | title=জছনাৰ ঝিটাছ | publisher=চন্দ্ৰ প্ৰকাশ | author=কলিতা, অৰূপা পটংগীয়া | year=২০২১ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=বেটুপাত | isbn=৯৭৮৮১২৪৪০৬৭১৭}}</ref> * মানুহজনী ফেঁচা হ’ল, জ্যোতি প্ৰকাশন (২০২৪) ;অনূদিত উপন্যাস * ''Dawn: A Novel'', জুবান, ''অয়নান্ত''ৰ ইংৰাজীলৈ অনূদিত ৰূপ, অনুবাদক- ৰঞ্জিতা বিশ্বাস * ''দ্য ষ্টৰী অফ ফেলানী'', জুবান, দীপিকা ফুকনৰ দ্বাৰা ইংৰাজীলৈ অনূদিত। ক্ৰছৱৰ্ড বুক এৱাৰ্ডত মনোনীত<ref name="kanvasjournal1">{{cite web |url=http://www.kanvasjournal.com/felanee-by-arupa-kalita-patangia-translated-by-deepika-phukan/ |title=Felanee by Arupa Kalita Patangia Translated by Deepika PhukanKanvas Journal |publisher=Kanvasjournal.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-14 |archivedate=2013-06-15 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130615234147/http://www.kanvasjournal.com/felanee-by-arupa-kalita-patangia-translated-by-deepika-phukan/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * ৰিটেন ইন টীয়েৰ্ছ, হাৰ্পাৰ পাৰ্নিয়েল, অনুবাদক-ৰঞ্জিতা বিশ্বাস * এক নয়ে চুবাহ, যাত্ৰা বুকচ্, (হিন্দী ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ) অনুবাদক- চুচিতা মিট্টাল * দ্য মাস্ক এণ্ড দ্য আডাৰ ষ্টৰী, নিয়য়োগী বুকচ্ * ফেলানী, বিকি পাব্লিচাৰ্চ্, ২০২৯ (বাাংলা ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ) অনুবাদক- সুশান্ত কৰ *The Lonliness of Hira Baruah, পান মাচমিলন, ২০২০ (ইংৰাজী ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ), অনুবাদক- ৰঞ্জিতা বিশ্বাস * তনয়া, পেংগুইন ৰেনডম হাউচ, ২০২২, অনুবাদক-মিনাক্ষী বৰকটকী * Aa ma Sobnai Fwtharo Jwsa Mainao, (বড়ো ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ), অনুবাদক-ৰীতা বড়ো * ''The Invitation'' -অৰুণাভ ভূঞাৰ দ্বাৰা ইংৰাজীলৈ অনূদিত। ==বঁটা আৰু সন্মান== * শৈলেশ চন্দ্ৰ দাসগুপ্ত সাহিত্য সেতু বঁটা (১৯৯৩) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org/2011/arupa-patangia-kalita/ |title=Arupa Patangia Kalita |publisher=Samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org |date= |accessdate=2013-06-14 |archivedate=2013-08-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808103246/http://samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org/2011/arupa-patangia-kalita/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * [[ভাৰতীয় ভাষা পৰিষদৰ বঁটা]] (১৯৯৫) * [[কথা বঁটা]] (১৯৯৮) ‘দৈৱকীৰ দান’ গল্পৰ বাবে * Aka Abong Koyakjon Sahitya Sanskriti Sanmman (২০০৯) *লেখিকা সমাৰোহ সাহিত্য বঁটা (২০১০) * [[প্ৰবীণা শইকীয়া বঁটা]] (২০১২)<ref>{{cite journal |author=TI Trade |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=apr0613/city05 |title=The Assam Tribune Online |publisher=Assamtribune.com |date=2013-04-06 |accessdate=2013-06-14 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222954/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=apr0613%2Fcity05 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * দ্য ইকনমিষ্ট ক্ৰছ ৱৰ্ড বুক এৱাৰ্ড ফ’ৰ ট্ৰেন্সলেশ্যন (২০১১) * [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] (২০১৪) * Distinguised Women Award (২০১৫) প্ৰাগ চেনেলৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে৷ * [[অসম উপত্যকা সাহিত্য বঁটা]] (২০১৭)<ref name="assamtimes">{{cite web | url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/18216 | title=Assam Valley Literary Award for Dr.Arupa Patangia Kalita | publisher=Assam Times | date=1 January 2017 | accessdate=24 August 2017 | author=Khan, Shajid}}</ref> * শ্ৰীময়ী অসমী বঁটা (২০১৭) * গোলাঘাট জাতীয় বিদ্যালয় বঁটা (২০১৯) *ত্ৰৈলোক্যনাথ গোস্বামী মেমৰিয়েল এৱাৰ্ড ‘কথা সাহিত্য বঁটা’ (২০১৯) * পৰীমল চন্দ্ৰ ব্ৰহ্ম লিটাৰেৰী এৱাৰ্ড (২০২৩) ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wq/as/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE#%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9 অসমীয়া ৱিকিউদ্ধৃতিত অৰূপা পটংগীয়া কলিতাৰ উক্তি] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813163809/https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wq/as/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE#%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9 |date=2022-08-13 }} * {{worldcat id|lccn-n89-203775}} * [http://www.bipuljyoti.in/story/arupa02.html The daughter, the wife and the mother] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320040815/http://www.bipuljyoti.in/story/arupa02.html |date=2011-03-20 }}, a short story by the author at bipuljyoti.in. * [http://scribblesofsoul.com/dawn-by-arupa-kalita-patangia/ a Review of novel '''Dawn'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211163721/http://scribblesofsoul.com/dawn-by-arupa-kalita-patangia/ |date=2014-02-11 }} by Arupa Kalita Patangia at scribblesofsoul.com. * [http://www.womensweb.in/articles/felanee-assamese-book-review/ a Review of novel Felanee] at womensweb.in. {{অসমীয়া ভাষাত সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা লাভ কৰা সাহিত্যিকসকল|state=expanded}} {{অসম উপত্যকা সাহিত্য বঁটা|state=autocollapse}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া ঔপন্যাসিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া গল্পকাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসম উপত্যকা সাহিত্য বঁটা বিজয়ী]] o1jtbvray4jzpn3b2un1ee5hjfio5zn সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Sajidmahamud835 3 40580 453088 450514 2024-12-09T22:16:49Z MediaWiki message delivery 8079 /* Tech News: 2024-50 */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ 453088 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Tech News: 2015-37]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now mention up to 50 users in a post and they will get a notification. Previously you could notify up to 20 users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110306] * A new version of the [[:m:mw:Wikidata Toolkit|Wikidata Toolkit]] has been released. It now has Wikibase API support. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/006999.html] * You can now use Wikidata to find all good or featured articles in a Wikipedia version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72209] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with [http://tools.wmflabs.org/ Tool Labs] due to [[:w:en:Kernel (operating system)|kernel]] issues. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110827] * The Content Translation tool published some pages with the same reference repeated several times. This has been fixed. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/03/september-3-update-fixed-duplicated-references-issues-with-norwegian-and-publishing-errors/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110007] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 9. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The maximum character length when you search for something on the Wikimedia wikis is now 300 characters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107947] * The notifications list has been split into two lists. As a first step, notifications about messages on your user talk page will be placed in the second list. Feedback is requested at [[mw:Topic:Sobaaiky57zs7py7|the Echo talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108190][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108760] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=08&month=09&year=2015 September 8 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * You can join the Wikitech ambassadors mailing list. The list is for Wikimedians interested in spreading information about Wikimedia technology news. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikitech-ambassadors See how to join]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia mailing lists will be moved to a new server and the software will be upgraded. This will happen on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=09&month=09&year=2015 September 9 at 14:00 (UTC)]. The mailing lists will not be working during the move. It can take up to four hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110133] * Wikidata will soon be able to store measurements, such as a mountain's height or the distance between two places. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T77977][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-August/006982.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W37"/> 17:29, 7 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13509330 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Tech News: 2015-38]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can now use the [[mw:Wikidata query service|Wikidata query service]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/007042.html] *Belarusian-Taraškievica Wikipedia was moved from be-x-old.wikipedia.org to be-tarask.wikipedia.org. This caused some issues, but most of them were resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T11823] *Language preferences might not be changed immediately when you adjust them. Language selection might work slower. Please [[:mw:How to report a bug|report any problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T92357][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46649] '''Problems''' *There was a problem when editing [[:w:en:International Standard Book Number|International Standard Book Numbers]] in Visual Editor. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63558] *The Wikimedia mailing lists should have been upgraded on September 9. It didn't work as planned and will now happen later. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083162.html] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 15. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 16. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 17 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=15&month=09&year=2015 September 15 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *ContentTranslation will show more data on the Special:ContentTranslationStats page. For example, it will show translation trends and information about deleted translations. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/11/september-11-cx-update-fixes-in-broken-publishing-in-some-languages/] *The first version of the translation suggestions feature will be deployed soon. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/11/september-11-cx-update-fixes-in-broken-publishing-in-some-languages/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W38"/> 16:17, 14 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13595243 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Tech News: 2015-39]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is now an experimental Wikimedia [https://maps.wikimedia.org maps service]. You can [[:mw:Talk:Maps|give feedback here]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083277.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Maps] * Last week a few issues with UploadWizard were fixed. Before this was done, UploadWizard would stop you from uploading your files if something went wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42921][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T48741][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T61646][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T106968] * More Wikipedias can now use information from any Wikidata item in any Wikipedia article. Previously they could only use the Wikidata item that matched the subject of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100788] * The VisualEditor welcome dialogue has been changed. The intention is to make it more helpful for new users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112354] '''Problems''' * Wikimedia Labs' [[:w:en:HTTPS|HTTPS certificate]] expired for most of Tuesday 15 September. To reach Wikimedia Labs and Tool Labs securely you had to ignore your browser's security error message. There was no risk to data security during this time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112608] * Last week the notification system was split into two parts. This was temporarily undone because of a bug and performance concerns. It will return to two parts this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112552][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2015-September/001260.html] * UploadWizard couldn't upload files larger than 5 MB when using [[:m:commons:Commons:Chunked uploads|chunked uploads]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111908] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 22. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 23. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 24 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The page move tool has been switched over to the new standard look for forms. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T86865] * You can now choose whether to extend a link or not when editing one in VisualEditor. This means it is easier to choose how much of what you type before and after the link is part of it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91285] * Wikibooks can now use data from Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107999] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=09&year=2015 22 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * You can join a meeting with the Wikidata team. It will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=17&min=00&sec=0&day=23&month=09&year=2015 September 23 at 17:00 (UTC)]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/007052.html See how to join]. * You can register to the [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016|Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016]] in San Francisco 4–6 January 2016. Gadget, template, bot, and tool developers are welcome as well. [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016#Call for participation|Call for participation]] and travel sponsorship requests are open until 2 October. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W39"/> 18:29, 21 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13726015 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Tech News: 2015-40]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *In UploadWizard, the dialog to see an image preview has been removed. You already see the images in the thumbnails when you upload them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112907] *UploadWizard dialogs look a bit different now. They have been updated to the new [[:mw:OOjs UI|OOUI]] look. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112117] *You can now edit music scores in VisualEditor. You can add new sheet music scores and get live updates when you edit one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112925] *When you send an e-mail to another editor using [[:mw:Extension:EmailUsers|Special:EmailUser]], that user will now get a notification on the wiki as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56130] *You can now see 500 images when you upload images from Flickr with UploadWizard. Before this change the limit was 50. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T44979] *The Wikimedia mailing lists have been upgraded. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110140] *MediaWiki developers spent a day looking at proposed code changes in [[:mw:Gerrit|Gerrit]]. The goal was to clean up the backlog and give feedback to volunteer developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T88531] '''Problems''' *Some visitors had problems reaching the Wikimedia sites for an hour on September 24. [http://status.wikimedia.org/8777/156486/Static-assets-(CSS/JS)][http://status.wikimedia.org/8777/163388/Wiki-platform-%5B%5Bw%3Afi%3AMain-Page%5D%5D-(s2)] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 29. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 30. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 1 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new beta feature that allows editors to use Flow on their user talkpage if they want to. Each wiki [[mw:Flow/Request Flow on a page|can decide]] if they want to enable it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T98270] * The Content Translation tool can give translation suggestions. This feature will now be available in more languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Turkish, Japanese, Italian, and Catalan. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/25/september-24-cx-update-suggestions-in-new-languages-fixes-in-statistics-and-link-adaptation-and-more/] '''Meetings''' *You can join the [[mw:Reading/Strategy/Strategy Process|strategy process]] of the [[mw:Reading|Reading department]] of Wikimedia Engineering. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083316.html] *You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=29&month=09&year=2015 29 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation developers want the community to decide who can use [[:mw:Help:OAuth|OAuth]] in the future. You [[:m:Requests for comment/OAuth handover|can discuss it]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W40"/> 15:15, 28 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13829249 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Tech News: 2015-41]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The link editor in the visual editor now shows results below the search box. This improves the usability on desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101169] *The description at [[Special:ChangeEmail]] now clearly explains that the page can also be used to remove your email. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T98799] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 6. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from October 7. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 8 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). *UploadWizard will remind users to add a category. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51710] *UploadWizard's category selectors will be easier to use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112764] *A new [[mw:Help:Extension:Cite|Cite]] error will be shown if a named reference is defined more than once in the same article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85386] '''Meetings''' *You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=6&month=10&year=2015 6 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *Wikidata requests your input on [[d:Wikidata:Client editing input|how to improve the editing of Wikidata's data in other locations]], such as Wikipedias. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W41"/> 18:32, 5 October 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13953365 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Tech News: 2015-42]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The database size lists have been updated. These control special page update frequency and which wikis use global abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114613] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 13. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from October 14. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 15 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). *You will be able to upload images to Wikimedia Commons using the visual editor. When the image is uploaded it will be added to the article you're editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40030] *Pages that show citation error messages will automatically be placed in a hidden category. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T104792] '''Meetings''' *You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=10&year=2015 13 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W42"/> 16:28, 12 October 2015 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=14074906 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Tech News: 2018-23]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] has been optimised for mobile devices. It now looks different. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625] * [[m:Planet Wikimedia|Planet Wikimedia]] collects blogs about Wikimedia. It will now use the [https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Rawdog Rawdog] [[w:en:News aggregator|feed aggregator]] to do this instead of [[w:en:Planet (software)|Planet]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180498][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-May/090036.html] * Redirect links in [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] now link to the original page and not the target page. This was done earlier and changed the used messages on some pages. This was a problem for wikis that customized the message. A new change fixed this by using the old messages with one more parameter for customization. Wikis that already changed their customized messages will have to move the customization back again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189860] '''Problems''' * You will not be able to edit some wikis between 06:00 and 06:30 UTC on 13 June. You can see if [[phab:T195487|your wiki is one of them]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] did not work 24–28 May. This is also why last week's Tech News was late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195500] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 June. It will be on all wikis from 7 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180605T1830 5 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180606T15 6 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. This is planned to happen in June or early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W23"/> 21:54, 4 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18103288 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Tech News: 2018-24]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|the Wikipedia app]] for Android or iOS users can create [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|reading lists]]. The reading lists can be seen on different devices if you are logged in to your account. There is now a browser extension so you can add pages to your reading list from a web browser. At the moment it works with Firefox and Chrome. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Reading_list_browser_extension] *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]]. Pywikibot is a tool to automate tasks on MediaWiki wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2018-June/009842.html] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] was changed to make it work better for mobile users. This caused some problems. The change was rolled back to fix them. The new version is now back on the wikis. MonoBook users can opt out from the new responsive design. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. For most wikis this will happen on 18 June. For the rest it will happen on 25 June. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 June. It will be on all wikis from 14 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can join the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|Readers Web team]] IRC office hour. There you can discuss tools to contribute on the mobile web for the existing MediaWiki skins. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180618T16 18 June at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC office hours|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180612T1830 12 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180613T15 13 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|move local wiki files to Commons]] and keep their original data intact. This is [[phab:T190716|planned to come]] to the first wikis in June. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W24"/> 21:55, 11 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18115892 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Tech News: 2018-25]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] has been a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It is now a normal feature. It is based on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185030] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180619T1830 19 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180620T15 20 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Some old web browsers will not be able to read the Wikimedia wikis. This is because they use an insecure way to connect to them. This means that we get less security for everyone else too. This affects about 0.08% of all traffic to the Wikimedia wikis. This affects for example those who read Wikipedia on a [[w:en:PlayStation 3|PlayStation 3]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147202][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196371] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. Because there is no new MediaWiki version this week it will happen on 25 June for most wikis. For the rest it will happen in early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis that have not already done so will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] on 5 July. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix remaining errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W25"/> 21:47, 18 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18136222 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Tech News: 2018-27]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The database for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|tags]] will be changed. This will happen on 2 July on French Wikipedia and 9 July on all other wikis. Please [[phab:T185355|report]] if recent changes get slower or you can't save edits. This could especially affect editors who use the database on ToolForge. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata-tech/2018-June/001283.html] '''Problems''' * Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198350] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180703T1830 3 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180704T15 4 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W27"/> 00:46, 3 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18169586 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Tech News: 2018-28]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:WebM|WebM video files]] have smaller file size but still be of the same quality. Creating WebM files will take longer time. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VP9_transition] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta]]. This was supposed to already have happened but was delayed. For most wikis this will happen on 9 July. For the rest it will happen on 16 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. This could cause errors. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix the errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''Problems''' * When you rolled back an edit it could get both the <code>Rollback</code> and <code>Undo</code> tags. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190374] * Rollbacks from autopatrolled users were not marked as patrolled. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198449] '''Changes later this week''' * When you edit a link in the visual editor there will be two separate buttons to change which page the link goes to (target) or its text (label). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T55973][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124305] * On the mobile version you can find a link to an editor's contributions from their user page. Now this will work even if they haven't created a user page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197581] * When you edit a discussion on the mobile version you sometimes get your signature automatically added. This will now not happen if you have already added a signature manually. This is to avoid double signatures. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192725] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured discussions]] toolbars will have more style options. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109123#4400917] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at Wikimedia code in [[w:en:Gerrit (software)|Gerrit]] there will be a new interface. It is on by default for new users. This is also true for developers. This is to make it easier to understand what is happening. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196812] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 July. It will be on all wikis from 12 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180710T1830 10 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180711T15 11 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Today all administrators can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. There will be a new user group for editing CSS and JavaScript. Administrators will no longer automatically be able to do this. This is because it is a security risk when all administrator accounts can edit JavaScript even if they never plan to or do not know how it works. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page previews]] will be on by default for new accounts. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090297.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W28"/> 23:10, 9 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18194890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Tech News: 2018-29]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|global preferences]] on Wikimedia wikis. You can set them on the [[Special:GlobalPreferences|global preferences page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16950] * You can now see a new log of pages being created at [[Special:Log/create|Special:Log/create]]. It includes pages which are later deleted. It is now available on all Wikimedia wikis except Commons and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12331] * You can see how many pageviews a wiki had from specific countries. The [https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/en.wikipedia.org/reading/page-views-by-country/normal{{!}}map{{!}}2-Year~2016060100~2018071100{{!}}~total Wikistats2 maps] have now been updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090327.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Your watchlist will show changes from the last seven days instead of three. If you have already set a length preference it will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194414] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 17. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 18. It will be on all wikis from July 19 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180717T1830 July 17 at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180718T15 July 18 at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Some articles have messages to readers about problems with the article. For example that it does not cite sources or might not be neutral. Readers do not see these messages on the mobile version. The developers now want to show them. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|read more and leave feedback]]. * You can use <code><nowiki><inputbox></nowiki></code> to create search boxes for specific pages. For example to search the archives of a community discussion page. Instead of <code><nowiki>prefix:Page name</nowiki></code> you will see a text that explains which pages are being searched. You can [[phab:T198318|read more and leave feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W29"/> 16:01, 16 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18215334 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Tech News: 2018-30]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you log in to your account you can choose to keep being logged in. This checkbox now works better than before on the mobile version for users without JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196947] * Wikis that use [[mw:Citoid|Citoid]] can automatically generate citations for Swedish news sites. This only works in the visual editor. This now works for [[w:en:Sveriges radio|Swedish public service radio]]. More will come. Others could use this to add news sites in other languages in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187023] * Editors can do max 90 edits per minute. This is new since last month. This does not affect bots or administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56515] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-24|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-26|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180725T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W30"/> 09:44, 24 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18233172 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Tech News: 2018-31]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The design on [[Special:Log]] has changed. It will change again soon. Developers are working on fixing problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117737] '''Problems''' * Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.13 has been partially delayed. All deployments have been resumed and successfully done after bug fixes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000577.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000585.html] * Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.14 has been partially delayed. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000587.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000589.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180731T1830 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)] as well as at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T23 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * After [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|a community discussion]], a new group for users will be created. "[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|Interface administrators]]" will be the only users allowed to edit interface pages like [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or [[MediaWiki:Common.js]]. This is done to avoid technical issues and improve security. That change will be effective by the end of August 2018. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W31"/> 14:05, 30 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18237696 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Tech News: 2018-32]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:NewPages|Special:NewPages]] now has the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117739] '''Problems''' * The MediaWiki version that was released two weeks ago was late to some Wikimedia wikis. This was because of bugs. It was on all wikis 30 July. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20180724-Train][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000591.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 August. It will be on all wikis from 9 August. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180807T1830 7 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180808T15 8 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W32"/> 19:39, 6 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18277179 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Tech News: 2018-33]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates can now be stored in a separate page on all wikis. This is called [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. This is to make it easier to edit how templates look. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090481.html] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180814T1830 14 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180815T15 15 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The developers are planning more ways to block users. This could be blocking someone from just a page or a namespace. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|read more]]. You can leave feedback on the [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|talk page]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W33"/> 17:53, 13 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18292380 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Tech News: 2018-34]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 August. It will be on all wikis from 23 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180822T15 22 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2018 Community Wishlist Survey|2018 Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Manual:$wgLegacyJavaScriptGlobals|Legacy JavaScript global variables]] have been deprecated for seven years. They will soon be removed from all wikis. Gadgets and scripts that use them will stop working. You can test your community's gadgets on "group0" wikis. For example [[testwiki:Main Page|Test Wikipedia]] or [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]]. The legacy JavaScript global variables are already disabled there. You can [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#Global wg variables|read the migration guide]] to fix old scripts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W34"/> 16:46, 20 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18310555 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Tech News: 2018-35]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see moved paragraphs in diffs in the mobile view. It also works on all languages in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199800] * Bureaucrats on all Wikimedia wikis can now remove the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admin]] user right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202298] '''Problems''' * Some diffs show lines in the wrong order. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157] '''Changes later this week''' * The message you see when you thank a user will change. This is to make it easier to understand. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159302] * [[w:en:Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] will stop adding <code>using AWB</code> in the edit summary. Instead it will add a [[Special:Tags|tag]] that says <code>AWB</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111663] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] variables have changed. They are now easier to understand for non-experts. The old variables will still work but filter editors are encouraged to replace them with the new ones. You can find the list of changed variables [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules format#Variables|on mediawiki.org]]. They have a note which says <code>Deprecated. Use ... instead</code>. An example is <code>article_text</code> which is now <code>page_title</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173889] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Abuse filters can now use how old a page is. The variable is <code>page_age</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 August. It will be on all wikis from 30 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180828T1830 28 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180829T15 29 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W35"/> 16:16, 27 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18330273 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Tech News: 2018-36]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new user right for users who can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. Before this all admins could edit CSS and JavaScript. This was a security risk. This group is called [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]]. Administrators can delete user CSS and JavaScript pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200176] * There will be an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on the Wikipedia mobile website. It starts this week. It tests how we show templates that show information about an article. The test will last two weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200792][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues] * You can now use different CSS rules for different skins when you edit templates. This is because of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197617] * <code>wp10</code> in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]] is now called <code>articlequality</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196240] * When you get a new message on your talk page you get a yellow message in the toolbar. The preference to show or not show this has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58845] '''Problems''' * [[c:Commons:Upload Wizard|UploadWizard]] had problems with [[mw:Extension:UploadWizard/Campaigns|campaigns]]. Users could not upload files. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202760] * You can get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|notification]] when a link is made to a page you created. This has not worked since June. It was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200119] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 September. It will be on all wikis from 6 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180905T15 5 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers|Readers department]] will work on advanced mobile editing. You can [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 2018-08-27.pdf|read more]] about this and other things they plan to work on over the next year. You can also [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 27 August 2018.webm|see the presentation]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Keegan (WMF)/RelatedSites2|The RelatedSites extension]] will be removed from Wikivoyage. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Unused projects on the [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Wikimedia Cloud virtual private server]] will [[wikitech:Cloud VPS 2018 Purge|be removed]]. This will happen in October. Projects can be marked if they are being used. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090735.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W36"/> 16:48, 3 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18344596 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Tech News: 2018-37]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you added or edited a template with the visual editor the input boxes were very big. This has been fixed. The input boxes will now be smaller until you click on them. Then they will change size to fit the text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200834] '''Problems''' * Some diffs showed lines in the wrong order. This was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157] * Marking a cross-wiki notification as read didn't work every time. The other wiki was not updated. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121930] * <code><nowiki><maplink></nowiki></code> did not work for a few days. This was because of a bug. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203427] * <code><nowiki>{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}</nowiki></code> is used by some templates. For a period edits saved with <code><nowiki>{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}</nowiki></code> would save the previous user's name and not your username. This is now fixed. Edits made before the bug was fixed will still be wrong and need to be corrected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203583] * When you move a page the title still shows the old page name. The developers are working on fixing this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203661] '''Changes later this week''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. * Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180911T1830 11 Septmber at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180912T15 12 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] work on making the wikis work better on mobile phones. There is a list [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles|of common problems when making content easier to read in the mobile view]]. You can add things to the page and ask others to help. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W37"/> 22:36, 10 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18369657 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Tech News: 2018-38]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons mobile app]] has a new version. Images uploaded using Nearby are now automatically added to the associated Wikidata item. You can browse other images on Commons. You can see your achievements and your upload statistics. It has also fixed some bugs. [https://cookiesandcodeblog.wordpress.com/2018/08/10/commons-app-version-2-8-beta/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki web requests now have a time limit of 60 seconds for GET requests and 200 seconds for POST requests. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97192] '''Problems''' * You could not see the menu on the notifications page on the mobile version. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192475] '''Changes later this week''' *[[Special:AncientPages|Special:AncientPages]] can hide disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T76287] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 September. It will be on all wikis from 20 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180919T15 19 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] are testing new mobile web navigation. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile contributions/Navigation prototype feedback|use it and give feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W38"/> 21:58, 17 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18389264 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Tech News: 2018-39]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The [[Special:Preferences|preferences form]] will change to use the standard look. If you see any problems please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/3/?projects=ui-standardization,mediawiki-special-pages report them on Phabricator]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117781] *[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 September. It will be on all wikis from 27 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180926T15 26 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W39"/> 15:23, 24 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18408633 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Tech News: 2018-40]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Ordinary pages can no longer be loaded as [[w:en:JavaScript|javascript]]. You could do this using <code dir=ltr>?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript</code> in the [[w:en:URL|URL]]. Only fully protected pages in the MediaWiki: namespace or user javascript subpages can be loaded as javascript now. This is for better security. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001955.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html] '''Problems''' * New and updated translations from [[en:w:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] will not reach the wikis for a while. You can still translate messages on translatewiki.net. The Wikimedia wikis will be updated with the new translations later. This is because of work on the translation system. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001951.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 October. It will be on all wikis from 4 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. * You can join the meeting with the Wikimedia Foundation Search Platform team. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 UTC]. See [[m:IRC office hours#Upcoming office hours|how to join]] if you want to know how the search function works or have questions. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018 2|You can read more about this]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W40"/> 17:35, 1 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18433392 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Tech News: 2018-41]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. You can use the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ Programs and Events Dashboard] or the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/fountain/editathons/ Fountain] instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125618] '''Problems''' * There was a problem when you copied and pasted from a table with the visual editor. It could add <code>href</code> where it shouldn't be. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108506] '''Changes later this week''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. * Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181010T15 10 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W41"/> 23:38, 8 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18453674 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Tech News: 2018-42]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some pages, edits and users disappeared for a short while after the [[m:Tech/Server switch 2018|server switch]]. Missing content and users was fixed within a day. Some preferences and other things might take a few more days to fix. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T206743] * Wikis are updated with new and updated translations from [[m:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] again. This will happen once a week. The developers are working on fixing the problem so we can have translation updates more often again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/121/translationwiki.net_security_incident/] '''Changes later this week''' * When you create an abuse filter that prevents edits you can now write a specific error message for it. Before this all abuse filters that prevented edits had the same error message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27086] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 October. It will be on all wikis from 18 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * There will be no more meetings with the Editing team. This is because not enough Wikimedians were interested. To tell developers which bugs you think are the most important you can use [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator] as normal. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing_team/Weekly_triage_meetings] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181017T15 17 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W42"/> 22:41, 15 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18470532 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Tech News: 2018-43]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 October. It will be on all wikis from 25 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181024T15 24 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W43"/> 23:12, 22 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18491932 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Tech News: 2018-44]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The wikis now have a [[:w:en:Content Security Policy|content security policy report]]. This means that you might get a warning in your javascript console when you load external resources in your user scripts. For security reasons it is recommended that you don't do this. It might not be possible to load external resources in your scripts in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-October/001994.html] '''Problems''' * Your watchlist can show which changes you have already seen. This did not work for a few days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207472] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 October. It will be on all wikis from 1 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The 2006 wikitext editor is no longer available. It will be removed from [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|Special:Preferences]]. It has not been the standard editor for a long time. It was replaced by the [[mw:Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Contributors/Projects/Removal_of_the_2006_wikitext_editor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181031T15 31 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W44"/> 20:09, 29 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18519160 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Tech News: 2018-45]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] to edit templates. This works only with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]] and not in the visual editor or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]. If you click on [[File:OOjs UI icon puzzle-ltr.svg|17px|link=|Puzzle icon]] you can enter the information in a pop-up. You can turn on TemplateWizard in your beta feature preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202545] '''Changes later this week''' * You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. The interface for the two-column edit conflict will change. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Solving edit conflicts line by line (new beta feature)|read more]]. * When you edit with the visual editor you can use the "Automatic" citation tab. This helps you generate citations. You will now be able to write plain text citations or the title of a journal article or a book in this tab. This will search the [[:w:en:Crossref|Crossref]] and [[:w:en:WorldCat|WorldCat]] databases and add the top result. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198567] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 November. It will be on all wikis from 8 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181107T15 7 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W45"/> 17:29, 5 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18540415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Tech News: 2018-46]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some old mobile browsers can use the watchlist again. This has not worked for a while. These browsers are called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Basic (Grade_C)|grade C browsers]]. This helps for example Windows Phone 8.1 with Internet Explorer and Lumia 535 with Windows 10. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196893] '''Problems''' * You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. Users who use this view saw the edit conflict resolution page when they wanted to see a preview. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T208840][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209012][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209036] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 November. It will be on all wikis from 15 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181114T15 14 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] tool to translate articles. The developers are working on [[mw:Content translation/V2|a new version]]. One of the changes will be a maintenance category. Articles where users add a lot of text from machine translation without changing it will be in that category. This is so the community can review it. The users will also have been warned before they publish the article that it has a lot of unchanged text from machine translations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W46"/> 19:22, 12 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18568837 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Tech News: 2018-47]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote until 30 November. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] for <code>sameAs</code> data. This is to make it easier to find the right information with a search engine. This changes the [[:w:en:Metadata|metadata]] for a wiki page. It doesn't change how the page looks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181121T15 21 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia wikis use templates to show readers there are problems with the content on some pages. For example if there are no sources or the page needs to be rewritten. The mobile website will soon show more information when you use these templates. Some templates may need to be updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-November/091113.html] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. The [[:w:en:Table (database)|database tables]] used by the extension will be archived. This will happen in a month. If you want the information on your wiki you should move it to a normal wiki page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174802] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W47"/> 23:29, 19 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18611020 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Tech News: 2018-48]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translatable pages]] you could create a mess when you moved a page that had translatable subpages. A subpage is when you use <code>/</code> to create a new page: <code>/wiki/Page/Subpage</code>. The subpages would be moved but not the translations. The subpages are no longer automatically be moved. This is to make it safer to move pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114592] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search interface]] will be available by default on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It's already active on German, Farsi, Arabic and Hungarian Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193182] * [[Special:UnusedCategories|Special:UnusedCategories]] show empty categories with no files or other categories. You can soon choose to not show soft redirect categories or some maintenance categories there. You can do this with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words|magic word]] <code><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96041] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 November. It will be on all wikis from 29 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181128T16 28 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>mw.util.jsMessage()</code> function was deprecated in 2012. It will be removed next week. [[:w:en:Wikipedia:Reporting JavaScript errors|Look for the warning]] <code>Use of "mw.util.jsMessage" is deprecated</code> in the JavaScript console to know if you use an affected script or gadget. If you are a gadget maintainer you should check if your JavaScript code contains <code>mw.util.jsMessage</code>. There is a [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#mw.util.jsMessage|migration guide]]. It explains how to use <code>mw.notify</code> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193901] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W48"/> 22:22, 26 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18638702 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Tech News: 2018-49]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Admins will not be able to unblock themselves if they are blocked by someone other than themselves. This is because it can cause damage if someone else takes over an admin account and other admins can't block them. If this is a problem for your community you can [[phab:T150826|report it on Phabricator]]. You can also ask questions [[m:Tech|on Meta]]. There is a discussion [[phab:T150826|on Phabricator]] about how to solve this if two admins fight with each other on a small wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826] * Small [[:w:en:Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG images]] are now bigger when you see them in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MediaViewer|MediaViewer]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71237] * You can go to a section from the edit summary by clicking on the section name. Before this you had to click on the arrow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165189] * When you jumped to a footnote that was referenced several times in an article it could be difficult to see where you were in the text. Now there are jump marks and highlights to help you find your way back. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Footnote_highlighting][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194511] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 5 December at 16:00 (UTC)] and [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 at 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W49"/> 16:13, 3 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18671340 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Tech News: 2018-50]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 December. It will be on all wikis from 13 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181212T16 12 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * New accounts will need passwords that are at least 8 characters long. Admins, interface admins, bureaucrats, oversighters, CentralNotice admins, global renamers, check users, stewards and some other user groups will need passwords that are at least 10 characters long. This is because an attacker could cause damage to the wikis if they took over these accounts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Password_policy] * When you hover over a footnote it will show you the reference as a pop-up. This is so you don't have to jump down to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will happen in 2019. Some wikis already have gadgets that do this. You will be able to turn it off. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W50"/> 17:34, 10 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18699559 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Tech News: 2018-51]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 7 January 2019. '''Recent changes''' * Some templates that show notices about the content of the page will now be shown on the mobile website. In many cases they were hidden before. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210553] * Admins can no longer unblock themselves, except for self-blocks. A blocked admin can block the user who blocked them but no one else. This is so no one can block all admins on a wiki without being stopped. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration extension]] has been removed. It compared the result of two versions of the MediaWiki wikitext parsing pipeline. It was used when we moved to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. '''Problems''' * <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tags can use parameters such as "name" or "group". For example <code><nowiki><ref name="adams" group="books"></nowiki></code>. If a <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tag has more than two parameters all parameters are ignored. You don't get a warning that they don't work. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211576] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 December. It will be on all wikis from 20 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181219T16 19 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Android app team]] are working on making it easier to edit on mobile phones. You can [[mw:Android editing features|read more]] about these plans. If you have an Android phone and speak at least two languages you can help testing in English. Tell [[:m:User:Dchen (WMF)|Dchen (WMF)]] you want to be part of the testing by writing on her talk page or email her. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>tiles.wmflabs.org</code> and <code>wma.wmflabs.org</code> will stop working. They have no maintainers and run an old operating system. Tools which use it could stop working. This includes [[:w:en:Mapnik|the mapnik gadget]], hill shading, and hike and bike layers. New maintainers could help out and keep it going. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-December/091216.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W51"/> 20:35, 17 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18718987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Tech News: 2019-02]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translations]] are available. ''Tech News writers, editors and translators wish you a pleasant 2019 year.'' '''Recent changes''' * RelatedSites extension has been undeployed. It was used to create interwiki links on Wikivoyage, now handled by Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128326] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki logstash logging is moving to a new infrastructure. This is an ongoing deployment. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logging_infrastructure_design_document.pdf] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [https://codesearch.wmflabs.org codesearch.wmflabs.org] has been updated, with new and updated repositories and a new search options for code. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-January/002045.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On several wikis, an account named "{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}" has been created on December 17 to perform some technical maintenance on AbuseFilter. This account has sysop rights but it's a system user and no human can use it. The account already existed on wikis where AbuseFilter can perform blocks, which are issued using this account. See [[:phabricator:T212268|T212268]] for more information and future plans. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]], the "{{int:abusefilter-action-throttle}}" action takes three parameters: count, period and groups. They must now strictly respect the requirements listed [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Throttling|on mediawiki.org]]. A list of broken filters is [[:phabricator:P7956|on Phabricator]]. If you're familiar with AbuseFilter, please take a look and fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from January 9. It will be on all wikis from January 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * Search Platform Office Hours is rescheduled to January 9. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-January/091280.html Check the details] for time and date. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W02"/> 18:30, 7 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18759682 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Tech News: 2019-03]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:w:en:Google Translate|Google Translate]] in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90208][https://wikimediafoundation.org/2019/01/09/you-can-now-use-google-translate-to-translate-articles-on-wikipedia/] * You can now add [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:File captions|captions]] to files on Commons. Captions are short descriptions of the file. They can be translated to all languages we use. They can't use wikitext markup. * Earlier a [[:w:en:Attribute (computing)|quoted HTML attribute]] had to be followed by a space. Now it doesn't. This means that some pages could look different when you save them even if you didn't edit that part of the text. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Uqhg1it7nojfnjfg][https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki/commit/59bb8864a23f3df120789c7619ef07acefa27b9c] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Templates with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|<nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki>]] could not show the difference between the live template and the [[w:en:Sandbox (software development)|sandbox]] version when they were tested. This has now been fixed. <nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki> has a new <code>wrapper</code> parameter now. You can use it for selectors like <code dir="ltr">.mw-parser-output <nowiki><wrapper parameter value> <selector from CSS page></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200441] '''Problems''' * When you see an edit in the recent changes feed or in the history of a page some of them have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|tags]]. Some tags are added automatically. You can also add tags manually. Tags for edits that have been added manually can be edited. This didn't work for a little while. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212703] '''Changes later this week''' *You can move files from your wiki to Wikimedia Commons and keep the file history with the new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|FileExporter]]. It will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis from 16 January. If you want to test it you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|activate it]] and check [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons/Configuration file documentation|your wiki's configuration file]]. * Users who could cause more damage to the wikis if someone took over their account have to have more secure passwords. This includes administrators and other user groups. They can't use passwords that are in a list of common passwords. Accounts with common passwords are easy to take over. The list of common passwords was made longer a few weeks ago and has a different error message. Some user groups have been added to those who can't use common passwords. This is to protect all accounts with user rights that could cause damage. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/481115/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] variable <code>minor_edit</code> has been removed. It was deprecated in 2016. Now you can't use it. You can fix the filters using it. You can find them if you use the search bar on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 15 <section end="technews-2019-W03"/> 17:55, 14 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18781471 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Tech News: 2019-04]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Some people did not get last week's issue of Tech News. This was because of a problem with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]]. If you did not get last week's issue, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|read it on Meta]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942] '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|version 2]] as the default version for users who turned on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]]. For example it adds the tracking category <code>{{int:cx-unreviewed-translation-category}}</code> to translations that might have used machine translations without fixing the problems. This is so others can find them. You can find this category in <code>Special:TrackingCategories</code> on Wikipedias. * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org] can now convert collects of up to 800 pages to [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]], [[:w:en:EPUB|EPUB]] or [[:w:en:OpenDocument|ODT]]. Previously this was 200 pages. '''Problems''' * When a template was edited with the visual editor, it would sometimes put all information on one line. This makes it difficult to read for editors who use the wikitext editor. It also makes it more difficult to see what happened in a diff. This problem affected edits made between 8 and 17 January and is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213922] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] is used to post a message to many pages. It has not been working reliably. Some messages have not been posted to everyone. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139380] * Because of a database problem that had to be fixed immediately you could not edit most wikis for a couple of minutes on 17 January (UTC). This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213858] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|template styles]] in the <code>Module</code> namespace. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200914] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 January. It will be on all wikis from 24 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190123T16 23 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W04"/> 20:37, 21 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_targets/8&oldid=18802332 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Tech News: 2019-05]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia servers use [[:w:en:HHVM|HHVM]] to run the [[:w:en:PHP|PHP]] code. They are [[mw:Wikimedia Technology/Annual Plans/FY2019/TEC4: PHP7 Migration/Goals|going to use PHP7]] and stop using HHVM. You can test PHP7 with a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/PHP7|new beta feature]]. That way you can [[mw:Talk:Beta Features/PHP7|help find and report]] problems. '''Problems''' * When someone moves a page to a name that already exists that page that had the name the article is moved to is deleted. For a couple of months this didn't always work. Some users saw an error message instead. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210739] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190130T16 30 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W05"/> 18:16, 28 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18821217 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Tech News: 2019-06]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * It was easy to untick a box by accident in [[Special:Preferences|Special:Preferences]]. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213517] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 February. It will be on all wikis from 7 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190206T16 6 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W06"/> 17:12, 4 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18846213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Tech News: 2019-07]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|ambox]]</code> [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class to show page issues to mobile readers. When you use <code>ambox</code> there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|classes]] you can use. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 February. It will be on all wikis from 14 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190213T16 13 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W07"/> 18:46, 11 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18862544 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Tech News: 2019-08]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] someone on the mobile web you will now have two seconds to cancel the thank. This is in case you clicked on the thank button by accident. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63737] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 February. It will be on all wikis from 21 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190220T16 20 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is a proposal to add a red link to mobile search results if there is no page with that name. This is how it works on desktop. You can [[mw:Talk:Readers/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|leave feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211006] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W08"/> 23:14, 18 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18883065 --> == Talk to us about talking == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-rtl.svg|alt="icon depicting two speech Bubbles"|frameless|right|120px]] The Wikimedia Foundation is planning a [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|global consultation about communication]]. The goal is to bring Wikimedians and wiki-minded people together to improve tools for communication. We want all contributors to be able to talk to each other on the wikis, whatever their experience, their skills or their devices. We are looking for input from as many different parts of the Wikimedia community as possible. It will come from multiple projects, in multiple languages, and with multiple perspectives. We are currently planning the consultation. We need your help. '''We need volunteers to help talk to their communities or user groups.''' You can help by hosting a discussion at your wiki. Here's what to do: # First, [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|sign up your group here.]] # Next, create a page (or a section on a Village pump, or an e-mail thread – whatever is natural for your group) to collect information from other people in your group. This is not a vote or decision-making discussion: we are just collecting feedback. # Then ask people what they think about communication processes. We want to hear stories and other information about how people communicate with each other on and off wiki. Please consider asking these five questions: ## When you want to discuss a topic with your community, what tools work for you, and what problems block you? ## What about talk pages works for newcomers, and what blocks them? ## What do others struggle with in your community about talk pages? ## What do you wish you could do on talk pages, but can't due to the technical limitations? ## What are the important aspects of a "wiki discussion"? # Finally, please go to [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019 on Mediawiki.org]] and report what you learned from your group. Please include links if the discussion is available to the public. '''You can also help build the list of the many different ways people talk to each other.''' Not all groups active on wikis or around wikis use the same way to discuss things: it can happen on wiki, on social networks, through external tools... Tell us [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Tools in use|how your group communicates]]. You can read more about [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|the overall process]] on mediawiki.org. If you have questions or ideas, you can [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|leave feedback about the consultation process]] in the language you prefer. Thank you! We're looking forward to talking with you. </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15:09, 21 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/Sandbox&oldid=18890731 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Tech News: 2019-09]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewSoftware?id=324715238&mt=8 new version] of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS FAQ|iOS Wikipedia app]]. It has for example [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|syntax highlighting]] and new toolbars to make it easier to write wikitext. It also has night mode, a find-on-page function and other things. You can [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps|give feedback and suggestions]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Editing_program] '''Changes later this week''' * When you look at your watchlist or the recent changes page you can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]]. There you can choose tags to filter different edits. Empty tags will no longer be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182219] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 February. It will be on all wikis from 28 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190227T16 27 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw: Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W09"/> 21:17, 25 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18898106 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Tech News: 2019-10]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 March. It will be on all wikis from 7 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190306T16 6 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|give feedback]] on the future of talk pages. * The mobile website will use the standard [[:w:en:Font|fonts]] on your computer or phone instead of a generic font. This will make it easier to read text in many scripts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Design/Projects/Improve_mobile_reading_experience][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175877] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W10"/> 16:38, 4 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18912959 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Tech News: 2019-11]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Pages can use [[:wikidata:Property:P625|geocoordinates]] from Wikidata with the <code>mw.wikibase.entity:formatStatements</code> [[w:Lua (programming language)|Lua]] function or the <code>#statements</code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions|parser function]]. If they do, they will now be shown using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<maplink>|a Kartographer <code><maplink></code>]] if the wiki can use Kartographer. You can report bugs or ask questions [[phab:T210926|on Phabricator]]. * There is now an [[:wikitech:EventStreams|EventStream]] to see when [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#!/Streams/get_v2_stream_page_links_change links are added or removed] on Wikimedia wikis. You can read the [[phab:T115119|discussions and plans]]. '''Problems''' * Some wikis will not be able to edit for a short period of time on 19 March ([[:w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). This will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190319T15 15:00 UTC]. It will last up to 15 minutes but probably shorter. You can [[phab:T217441|see the list of affected wikis]]. This is because of network maintenance. You can still read the wikis. * Editors who use Firefox to edit with the visual editor had a problem with copying text. When they tried to select text that included footnotes, templates or block images in the middle they would often only get part of the text. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214976] * Some maps didn't work for a while on 8 March. This has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190308-wdqs][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217898] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 March. It will be on all wikis from 14 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190313T16 13 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W11"/> 19:30, 11 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18925338 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Tech News: 2019-12]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * When you use [[:m:Help:Reverting#Advanced features|rollback]] you will be able to get a confirmation prompt on most wikis. It asks you if you wanted to do the rollback. This is to avoid misclicks. You will have to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|opt in]] to get it. On German Wikipedia it will be an opt-out feature from 28 March. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199534][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Rollback] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 March. It will be on all wikis from 21 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190320T16 20 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Admins will be able to block someone from editing a page or a namespace. This already works on a few Wikimedia wikis. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|read more]]. If your wiki wants to be an early tester of this, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Help:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge Trusty deprecation|shut down the Ubuntu Trusty job grid]]. This will happen the week of 25 March. Tools that use this grid needs to be moved to the new Debian Stretch job grid. If they haven't, they will be taken offline. Maintainers can restart the tools later. Users may not be able to use them in the meanwhile. You can see a [[:toolforge:trusty-tools/|list of affected tools]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W12"/> 19:44, 18 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18939566 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Tech News: 2019-13]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|new version of the content translation tool]] will be used for all new translations. The older version will still be used for translations that were started with it. Most users won’t see any change. More than 80% of the published translations are already using the new version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212646] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with editing with [[:w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]] on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]]. When you wrote an edit summary you couldn't save the edit. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218352] * The editing toolbar sometimes disappears when you scroll on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]] devices. This will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218414] * Wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System message|over-ride interface messages]] on-wiki. A problem meant that sometimes an old versions of any changed messages were shown instead. This included the sitenotice and other important parts of the interface. This was fixed at around 2019-03-22 16:00 (UTC). Logged-out users may still get the wrong message. Purging the page should fix it for them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218918] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 March. It will be on all wikis from 28 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190327T16 27 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W13"/> 18:05, 25 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18947493 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Tech News: 2019-14]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|Notifications]] tell you about things that happen on the wiki. You can turn on notifications about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications_types#echo-category-title-article-linked|new links to pages you created]]. For performance reasons you can no longer get e-mails about this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219444] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 April. It will be on all wikis from 4 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190403T16 3 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W14"/> 16:29, 1 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18980992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Tech News: 2019-15]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * More wikis are now testing visual editor section editing for mobile users. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|read more]]. * Admins on French and Polish Wikipedia can [[m:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|block someone from editing a page or a namespace]]. If your wiki wants to get these blocks before they are available to all wikis, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219327][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219218] '''Problems''' * You will be able read but not edit most wikis for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is because of a hardware problem. You can [[phab:T220080|see a list of the affected wikis]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091900.html] * A map update caused some problems on 29 March and 30 March. It was rolled back. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217087] * Pages on some Wikivoyages had problems with the top headline. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97891#5079408] '''Changes later this week''' * When you add an edit summary the VisualEditor will search your recent edit summaries in case you want to re-use one. This works in both the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|visual]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|wikitext]] modes on desktop. It also works [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|on the mobile site]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50274] * The Wikimedia wikis will get a [[:w:en:URL shortening|URL shortener]]. This will work from 11 April. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012893.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it will return <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it will return <code>"-"</code> (dash). For now this will only affect content namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137900] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 April. It will be on all wikis from 11 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190410T15 10 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to preview references. This means that when you hover over the link you will get a popup that shows you a preview of the reference. It will work much like [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|page previews]]. This is so you don't have to go to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will now be available as a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67114] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]] output will change. Empty containers will be serialised as empty objects. This is a breaking change that will affect tools that use JSON outputs and APIs. It will happen on 30 April. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012891.html read more and see how to test your code]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W15"/> 18:25, 8 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18988936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Tech News: 2019-16]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *All wikis now have the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] for the wikitext editor. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 April. It will be on all wikis from 18 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190417T15 17 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will get a new [[:wikidata:Help:Property constraints portal#Constraint statements on properties|constraint status]] called <code> suggestion</code>. This [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012911.html|will change]] how the <code>WikibaseQualityConstraints</code> constraint checking API works. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012910.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204439] * You can test the [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Depicts testing|<code>depicts</code> property]] for structured data on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W16"/> 23:00, 15 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19011282 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Tech News: 2019-17]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] function [[:w:en:URL|URL]] now shows which namespaces you search in. The namespace field is collapsed by default on the search page. You can also [[gerrit:plugins/gitiles/mediawiki/extensions/AdvancedSearch/+/refs/heads/master/docs/adding_fields.md|add new fields]] to the search interface through a [[:w:en:Hooking|hook]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217445][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217443][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217446] * The wikis now look slightly different in the mobile web version. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091978.html] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190423T15 23 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikipedia articles will have the <code>[https://schema.org/sameAs sameAs]</code> [https://schema.org/Property meta property]. It adds structured data. This makes it easier for search engines to find Wikipedia articles. It also makes it easier to reuse content. There will an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Seach_Engine_Optimization/sameAs_test][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W17"/> 19:08, 23 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19030007 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Tech News: 2019-18]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W18"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now invites users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T205125] '''Problems''' * Tech News was late last week because of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MassMessage|MassMessage]] bug. Other newsletters had the same problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221570] '''Changes later this week''' * You will see when you last refreshed the recent changes page. This is so you can see how recent the changes are. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200353] * When you write a comment in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] but have not posted it yet your [[:w:en:Web browser|web browser]] will save it in <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|local storage]]</code> instead of <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|session storage]]</code>. This means you do not lose them even if you close your web browser. Structured Discussions used to be called Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93612] * You will be able to turn off [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Milestone|milestone notifications]]. Milestone notifications congratulate you when you have made certain numbers of edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169924] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 May. It will be on all wikis from 2 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190501T15 1 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wb_terms</code> table will be dropped. This will affect some Wikidata tools. They need to be updated. The table has become too big which is causing problems. This will happen on 29 May. You can [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012987.html|read more]]. You can ask for help if you need it. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis will soon use a token when you log out. This changes how the API works. Some tools might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25227] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W18"/> 22:28, 29 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19046269 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Tech News: 2019-19]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 May. It will be on all wikis from 9 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190507T15 8 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W19"/> 16:28, 6 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19073915 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Tech News: 2019-20]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 May. It will be on all wikis from 16 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190514T15 15 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W20"/> 00:49, 14 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19091659 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Tech News: 2019-21]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The report for phase 1 of the talk pages consultation 2019 [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation_2019/Phase 1 report|has been published]]. Communities are invited to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up#Phase2|start phase 2 of the consultation]] on their wikis. '''Problems''' * File descriptions for files from Commons were not shown properly on other Wikimedia wikis for a few days. For example the image descriptions and license information were missing. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222935][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222954] * Some diffs show an error message when you try to see them. The developers are working on fixing it. It could be because of some edit comments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222857][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222628] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190521T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Content translation/V2|content translation tool]] on Wikipedia can use machine translations. There is a system to stop translations where the editors do not fix machine translation mistakes. This warns or stops them if they seem to just copy what the machine translation gives them. If this system is too strict or not strict enough you can [[mw:Talk:Content translation|tell the language team]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wbeditentity</code> [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] endpoint will remove all aliases if the request includes an empty alias. This is how it supposed to work. It has not been working this way because of a bug. This will start on 12 June. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-May/013051.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W21"/> 13:04, 20 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19108030 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Tech News: 2019-22]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Big changes to the [[w:en:Replication (computing)|replica database]] will happen on 3 June. Some tools on [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Cloud Services]] will stop working if the maintainers do not update them to use the new schema. This probably affects tools that query for revisions or log entries made by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 May. It will be on all wikis from 30 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190529T15 29 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W22"/> 15:34, 27 May 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19120221 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Tech News: 2019-23]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now write all special letters in all African Wikipedia languages. This works in the desktop version. [https://aharoni.wordpress.com/2019/05/25/happy-africa-day-keyboards-for-all-african-wikipedia-languages/] * There is now a field called <code>[[:c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]</code> on Commons. This is a way to show what is in a picture with the help of Wikidata. It is still in development. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump#Adding_qualifiers_to_Depicts] * Some tools on Toolforge may break on or after 3 June because of database changes. Maintainers should update their tools to use the new schema. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis have one tab for the visual editor and one tab for a wikitext editor. Others wikis just have one tab. If your wiki has two tabs, clicking a link to create a new page has always opened a wikitext editor. It will now open the editor you used the last time you edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223793] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 May. It will be on all wikis from 6 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190605T15 5 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W23"/> 15:25, 3 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19133752 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Tech News: 2019-24]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you create a PDF from a page on the wiki this is now done by [[mw:Proton|Proton]]. Before this we used [[mw:Electron|Electron]]. It should look the same but work better. Both use Chromium. This is a different system from when you collect several articles into a book and make a PDF from them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210651][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186748] * The Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standard OOUI icons. There will be additional minor fixes for positioning in the next deployment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155878] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots and other scripts that do not set an identifiable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User-Agent policy|User-Agent]] may find their requests strictly rate-limited until they identify themselves properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224891] '''Problems''' * Please check if the Flagged Revisions configuration on your wiki is as you expect (or as it was a few weeks ago). If not, please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Wikimedia-Site-Requests%2CMediaWiki-extensions-FlaggedRevs report it]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225144] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190612T15 12 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W24"/> 17:07, 10 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19143311 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Tech News: 2019-25]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * [[:w:en:MIDI|MIDI]] files can soon be played without the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]]. You can then add them with <code><nowiki>[[File:Filename.midi]]</nowiki></code>. Later <code>override_midi</code> and <code>override_audio</code> will stop working. Instead you will need to add the MIDI file below the music score. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135597] * A new video player will soon replace the old one. You will be able to enable it as a beta feature in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|your preferences]]. It will later be enabled for everyone if there are no big problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148103] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 June. It will be on all wikis from 20 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T15 19 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user scripts still use the old <code>wgEnableAPI</code> and <code>wgEnableWriteAPI</code> values. These values are always true. They will soon be removed. This might break the gadgets and scripts. You should fix your gadgets to not use these values. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/core/+/504076] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W25"/> 20:38, 17 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19152213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Tech News: 2019-26]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki for last week was not fully released due to issues. It was removed from most wikis on Tuesday and from test wikis on Thursday. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092212.html] * Most wikis were slow and then briefly read-only last week due to one of the database servers having a problem. It is now replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225981] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 June. It will be on all wikis from 27 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can watch or join the next [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092210.html Wikimedia Language showcase]. It will be about the usage of Machine Translation in Wikimedia projects. The showcase will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T13 26 June at 13:00 (UTC)]. A recording will be kept for later viewing * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T15 26 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W26"/> 17:30, 24 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19168431 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Tech News: 2019-27]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The development of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Bridge|Wikidata Bridge]] has started. The goal is to allow Wikidata edits from Wikipedia. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-June/013216.html] '''Problems''' * Sometimes pages load slowly for users routed to the Amsterdam data center. Investigation is in progress. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226048] * Wikidata query service was overloaded between 11:50 UTC until 13:15 UTC on June 24. It has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190624-wdqs] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit all wikis for a short amount of time, on 3 July at 06:00 (UTC). This is to move a database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226358] * There is no deployment of a new version of MediaWiki on the wikis this week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190703T15 3 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W27"/> 21:23, 1 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19175317 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Tech News: 2019-28]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * For event organizers, if you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting_temporary_lift_of_IP_cap|request a temporary lift of the IP cap]] for mass account creation, this will now also raise the edit rate limit for those new accounts at the event, which will prevent another bottleneck. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204583] * Administrators at all Wiktionary, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource wikis are now able to use the new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_health_initiative/Partial_blocks|partial blocks]] feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 July. It will be on all wikis from 11 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The design of MediaWiki's software windows will change for desktop users. Layout will be simpler, buttons will be bolder and clearer, and close buttons will be just icons. This is like the mobile design. This will affect ContentTranslation, VisualEditor, TemplateWizard, and other tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226045] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190710T15 10 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a change in the name format of new Wikidata RDF dumps starting on 15 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226153] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W28"/> 20:13, 8 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19192465 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Tech News: 2019-29]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The mobile web will get more advanced editing tools. Seven more Wikipedias can use them now. This works for Arabic, Indonesian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Spanish and Thai Wikipedia. You can try the tools on the mobile web and give feedback. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Advanced_mobile_contribution_options_second_update] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The abuse filter system user will soon do maintenance edits on broken abuse filters. This user is called <code>{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}</code> and has administrator rights. This is meant to fix technical problems. It will not do any other changes. You [[phab:T209565|can read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 July. It will be on all wikis from 18 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190717T15 17 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add image captions to images on Commons. It will only invite users who have added a number of edits in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Archive/2019/03#Edit_action_feed_(Android_Wikipedia_app)] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W29"/> 15:30, 15 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19199404 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Tech News: 2019-30]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Communities interested by easing newcomers' first steps can now benefit from the Growth team experiments on their wikis. Check [[mw:Growth/Communities/How to get the Growth experiments on your wiki|the conditions and the request process]]. * The [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2019]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools by July 29. The awarded tools will be presented at Wikimania. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-July/092301.html] '''Problems''' * The release of the last version of MediaWiki (1.34.0-wmf.14) has been blocked for groups 1 and 2. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-July/002184.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Phabricator database will be moved to a different server. Writes will be blocked on Thursday 25 July, between 05:30 and 06:00 AM UTC. Reads will remain unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228243] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 July. It will be on all wikis from 25 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190723T15 24 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Some items in the visual editor]] will change later this week. This will make it easier to edit links, citations, and templates on both desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225834][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221247] * With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] turned on you will be able to choose the sorting order of the search results when you do a search. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225479][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197525] * Users who edit from IP addresses whitelisted on a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting temporary lift of_IP cap|request for temporary lift of the IP cap for mass account creation]] will bypass CAPTCHAs. This will happen in August. If you think this should not happen for some reason, please [[:phab:T227487|let us know]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The variable <code>user_wpzero</code> will be removed from AbuseFilter. [[phab:T227843#5344413|A list of filters needing a fix is provided]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W30"/> 13:08, 22 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19224936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Tech News: 2019-31]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190731T15 31 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W31"/> 21:42, 29 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19235136 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Tech News: 2019-32]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 August. It will be on all wikis from 8 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Problems''' *A change in [[mw:Extension:RelatedArticles|RelatedArticles extension]] accidentally enabled it for everyone, not just for mobile users. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181242][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229644] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190807T15 7 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Today everyone can see [[:w:en:IP addresses|IP addresses]] if someone edits without an account. In the future this could be more hidden. This is to protect unregistered editors so fewer can see their IP address. This would only happen after we make sure the tools for vandal fighting can still be effective. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W32"/> 13:25, 5 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19263690 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Tech News: 2019-33]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors using the mobile website on Wikipedia can opt-in to new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions|advanced features]] via your settings page. This will give access to more interface links, special pages, and tools. Feedback on the discussion page is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228916] * Due to the absence of volunteer maintenance of Cologne Blue skin, the link to activate it will be hidden. The skin will still work, but editors using it are encouraged to switch to another skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223824] '''Changes later this week''' * Due to Wikimania, there is no deployment this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments#Week_of_August_12th] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190813T15 13 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The "Wikidata item" link will be moved from "Tools" to "In other projects" section on all Wikimedia projects, starting on August 21. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013316.html Full announcement], [[phab:T66315|Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W33"/> 18:20, 12 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19280448 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Tech News: 2019-34]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * There will be no Tech News issue next week. The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 2 September 2019. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some abuse filters stopped working because of a code change. Only variables for the current action will work. Variables defined inside a branch may not work outside of that branch. You can [[phab:T230256|read more]] to see how to fix the filters. * Only six accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]] per day. Between 12 August and August 15 this was two accounts per day. This was because of a security issue. It is now six accounts per day again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230521] '''Changes later this week''' * Only a limited number of accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. An IP address can be [[:w:en:Whitelisting |whitelisted]] so that it can create as many accounts as needed. This is useful at events where many new persons learn to edit. IP addresses that are whitelisted for this reason will also not show [[w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHAs]] when you create accounts. This will happen on Wednesday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227487] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 August. It will be on all wikis from 22 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190821T15 21 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is an [[:w:en: Request for Comments|RFC]] about creating a new global user group with the right to edit [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. This will be used to fix broken filters and make sure all filters will still work when software changes happen. You can [[:m:Requests for comment/Creating abusefilter-manager global group|read more and comment]]. * <code>Special:Contributions/newbies</code> will no longer be working. This is because of performance reasons. It showed edits by new accounts. You can see this in the recent changes feed instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220447] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W34"/> 15:21, 19 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19310286 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Tech News: 2019-36]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the new [[wikidata:Wikidata:Development/Termbox|termbox]] interface if you edit Wikidata on a mobile device. This is to edit labels, descriptions and aliases easier on the mobile pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013355.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki has been deployed during the last week. * The previously announced change of positions of the "Wikidata item" link on all wikis has been rollbacked due to unexpected cache issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66315#5431632] * The limit for rollbacks has been increased from 10 to 100 rollbacks per minute. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228708] * The advanced version of the edit review pages (Recent Changes, Watchlist, and Related Changes) now include two new filters. These filters are for "All contents" and "All discussions". They will filter the view to just those namespaces. However the "All discussions" filter does not include pseudo talk pages, like discussions that are in the ''Project:'' or ''Wikipedia:'' namespaces. But it will include changes happening on ''Project talk:'' or the ''Wikipedia talk:''. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T201520] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if your password is one of the most common passwords in the world. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T151425] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190904T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 September 10 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 September 24 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 September 26 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W36"/> 09:08, 4 September 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19350205 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Tech News: 2019-40]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The problem where some pages got it three times should now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191002T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] is working on a [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|watchlist expiry feature]]. This means you can put things on your watchlist for a period of time instead of forever. They are looking for [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry#Open Questions|feedback on the questions they have]]. * [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] will get the standard [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. This makes it easier to use on mobile and makes it look like other <code>Special:</code> pages. There is a [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/User:Jdlrobson/compactspecialcontributions.css script] you can use to make the form smaller if you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117736] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W40"/> 16:51, 30 September 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19425409 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Tech News: 2019-41]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter function]] now has a faster [[w:en:Parsing|parser]]. This is to shorten the waiting time when you save an edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156095] '''Problems''' * There is a problem in the visual editor when you copy or delete text with footnotes. It will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234489] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 October. It will be on all wikis from 10 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191009T15 9 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]] has a new format. It will focus on wikis that typically get less support. It will probably go back to the normal format next year. It is not decided exactly how it will work this year. You can [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|leave feedback]]. * The [[:w:en:URL|URL]] of the Wikimedia wiki main pages could be changed. This is because the current URLs cause several problems. For example <code>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page</code> would be <code>https://www.wikidata.org/</code> instead. You can [[phab:T120085|tell the developers]] if this would cause problems for your wiki. * There is a new [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2019/October|technical community newsletter]]. You can read more about the work of Wikimedia's technical community. [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]] to get the information in the future. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Outreachy|Outreachy]] is an internship program for groups who are underrepresented in free and open-source software. There are seven Wikimedia projects about coding, documentation and quality assurance in the next round. Persons who fit the criteria [https://www.outreachy.org/apply/project-selection/#wikimedia can apply]. The last day to apply is 5 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W41"/> 15:36, 7 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19425409 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Tech News: 2019-42]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:mw: Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions |more advanced editing tools]] on the mobile web. You can turn them on and off in your preferences in the mobile version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233612] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 October. It will be on all wikis from 17 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191016T15 16 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 are no longer [[:mw:Compatibility|supported]]. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They will not get security support. You [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|can't read]] Wikimedia wikis in Internet Explorer on Windows XP or Windows versions that are older than Windows XP. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them made the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] * In the future section headings might have a share link. This is to make it easier to link to the section. You can [[phab:T18691|read more and discuss]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W42"/> 23:55, 14 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19459969 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Tech News: 2019-43]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|'''''[[$technews|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[$ambassadors|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[$bot|bot]] • [[$contribute|Contribute]] • [[$translate|Translate]] • [[$tech|Get help]] • [[$talk|Give feedback]] • [[$list|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'']] The [[w:en:Application programming interface|API]] sandbox and help pages now show more clearly when API modules are marked as <code>internal</code>. API modules marked as internal were probably internal before. It was easier to miss. You should look for non-internal alternatives. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185508] '''Problems''' * There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translation tool]] we use on wikis with more than one language. For a few days it did not create pages for new languages when someone translated a page. The languages did not show in the language bar. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235027] * The history and diffs can show wrong content. This is because of a cache problem. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235188] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 October. It will be on all wikis from 24 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will be a beta feature on [[phab:T235083|all Wikipedias and some Wikivoyages]]. It shows you a preview of the footnote when you hover over or click on the number. It has been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191023T15 23 October]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W43"/> 14:44, 21 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=19479668 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Tech News: 2019-44]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * Mobile users now have a specific design for their Watchlist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225127][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235414] * You can share feedback and ideas on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. The goal is to make the interface easier to use for readers and editors without removing any functionality. The Foundation's Readers Web team will work on this over the next two years. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI]] now allows using <code>px</code> (pixels) instead of <code>em</code> ([[:w:en:Em (typography)|em]]) for some specific cases. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/design/2019-October/002646.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-29|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191030T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There will be no software changes from 19 December to 2 January. The first MediaWiki version next year will come the week of 6 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-October/092682.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015, this information was moved from global variables named <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code style="white-space:nowrap;">mw.config</code>. The old global variables will be removed later this year. You can [[Phab:T72470|know more about it and tell the developers]] if you want to try this out on your wiki first. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W44"/> 16:26, 28 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19459969 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Tech News: 2019-45]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] you could see up to 5000 edits at the same time if you edited the [[:w:en:URL|URL]]. This has been lowered to 500. This is to stop requests which break the sites. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234450] '''Changes later this week''' * <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry</code> can set the default length to block a user for your wiki. You will be able to use <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry-ip</code> to set a different default block length for IP editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219126] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 November. It will be on all wikis from 7 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191106T15 6 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W45"/> 16:48, 4 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Tech News: 2019-46]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org MediaWiki2LaTeX] can put different pages from a Wikimedia wiki into a [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]]. It can now make a PDF with around 5000 pages. Previously this was 800 pages. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191113T16 13 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia will take part in [[:w:en:Google Code-in|Google Code-in]]. This is for young students who want to help with open source software. You can [[:mw:Google Code-in/2019|read more]]. Experienced technical Wikimedians can mentor students. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W46"/> 22:04, 11 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Tech News: 2019-47]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit some wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191126T06 on 26 November at 06:00 (UTC)]. You can [[phab:T238046|see which wikis]]. It will probably last much shorter than 30 minutes. This will also affect the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|centralauth]]</code> database. This could for example affect changing passwords, logging in to new wikis, changing emails or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CentralAuth/Global rename|global renames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238046] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon vote on proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191120T16 20 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W47"/> 20:17, 18 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Tech News: 2019-48]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The mobile beta mode will be disabled to have less maintenance. The developers will focus on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project. You can turn on [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile contributions mode]] if you want to see the categories. You could also jump back to the top. This can instead be done with a [[w:en:User:Jdlrobson/scripts/backtotop.js|gadget or user script]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237290] * [[:mw:Parsoid|Parsoid]] is software we use for the visual editor, content translation, Flow and the Android app. This has been rewritten. It will come to the wikis gradually over the next two weeks. It has been tested, but there could be some diffs or previews that don't look right. If you see any you can [[phab:T229015|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229015] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 November. It will be on the other wikis next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). This is because of holidays. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191127T16 27 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will switch between the article and the talk page in a new way in the mobile view in the future. It will use tabs. This is more like in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230695] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W48"/> 16:52, 25 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Tech News: 2019-49]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mix'n'match|Mix'n'match]] is a tool to connect Wikidata items to information in other databases. It can be used to find subjects that are missing in a Wikipedia. It now has more than 3000 datasets. Before it was closer to 2000. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 December. It will be on all wikis from 5 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191204T16 4 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a new schema for [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/ XML dumps]. Scripts and apps that use them will need to be updated. If they are not updated they will no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work in the content namespaces. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it returns <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it returns <code>"-"</code> (dash). In the future this will also affect other namespaces. The next ones are file and category namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235957] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W49"/> 16:59, 2 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19605481 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Tech News: 2019-50]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikimedia projects use [https://translatewiki.net/ Translatewiki] to translate the wiki interface. You can now use [https://tools.wmflabs.org/watch-translations/ WatchTranslations] to watch projects there. You would get an email if there are missing translations to your language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238216] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new dataset you can use. It shows the number of editors per country per month for a number of countries. You can [[:wikitech:Analytics/Data Lake/Edits/Geoeditors/Public|read the documentation]] and [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/geoeditors/readme.html download the dataset]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 December. It will be on all wikis from 12 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191211T16 11 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can test a new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Book referencing|reference tool]]. It makes it possible to reference different parts of a source without repeating all information. You can test it on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|beta cluster]]. You can see [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Draft:Cut_the_Crap#cite_ref-3 an example article]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vc9k7gf9kvqxkkva] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W50"/> 16:39, 9 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19605481 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Tech News: 2019-51]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] helps you find technical errors in articles. It did not show new changes last week. This was because of an [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] problem. It is now working again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240057] * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information again. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. This is because of a database problem. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get email notifications. You can get them immediately, a summary every day or a summary once every week. If you choose a summary you can soon choose not to get notifications you have already marked as read on the wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169386] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 December. It will be on all wikis from 19 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191218T16 18 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|partial blocks]] feature is now stable. It will come to most wikis on 6 January. Your wiki can ask to wait. Contact [[User talk:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] if you don't want it now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W51"/> 00:18, 17 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19643564 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Tech News: 2019-52]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 6 January 2020. '''Recent changes''' * All mobile site users now have new features. Features include: tabs for page/discussion; an expanded user-menu; direct access to history pages. These features were initially part of the "[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mode]]". '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can use <code>setlang</code> in the [[:w:en:URL|URL]] to change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:UniversalLanguageSelector|user interface language]]. This will no longer happen automatically. When you open the link you will be asked to confirm the language change. This will not happen if [[:w:en:Javascript|Javascript]] is not working in your browser. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63115] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W52"/> 20:08, 23 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19658611 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Tech News: 2020-02]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * When trying to move a page, if the target title already exists then a warning message is shown. The warning message will now include a link to the target title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184357] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 January. It will be on all wikis from 9 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W02"/> 21:23, 6 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19686133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Tech News: 2020-03]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser use very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It can lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since 9 December you just see a warning. Soon the browser will not connect to the wikis at all. Most are users on Android systems older than 4.4. You can read the [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238038] * [[Special:LinkSearch|Special:LinkSearch]] has been moved from the "{{int:specialpages-group-redirects}}" section on [[Special:SpecialPages|Special:SpecialPages]] to the "{{int:specialpages-group-pages}}" section. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242146] '''Changes later this week''' *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikis can protect pages so that only some users can edit them. The standard protection levels are {{int:protect-level-autoconfirmed}} and {{int:Protect-level-sysop}}. If your wiki use more protection levels the technical name might be renamed for standardisation. This doesn't affect what users see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230103] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 January. It will be on all wikis from 16 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph/Deepcat|Deepcat]] and [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph|Catgraph]] will stop working. This will happen at the end of January. This is because you can now use the normal search function instead. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092936.html] * You can use <code><nowiki><ref follow="…"></nowiki></code> to merge footnotes that follow each other. It is meant to be used for digitised books on Wikisource. If the order of the footnotes is wrong no error was shown but the bad <nowiki><ref></nowiki> was shown outside the <nowiki><references /></nowiki> list. This will change and you will see an error message instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W03"/> [[সদস্য:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:41, 13 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19686133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Tech News: 2020-04]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 January. It will be on all wikis from 23 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|new suggestion]] for what to show when someone edits without registering an account. This is to give unregistered editors better privacy and make some anti-vandalism work go faster. You can [[:m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will no longer support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]]. Use the <code>python2</code> tag if you need to continue running Python 2 scripts. The Pywikibot team strongly recommends to migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|get help]] to do so. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-January/009976.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The weekly MediaWiki branch cut will soon become automated. The timing for this cut may change. You can discuss [[phab:T242446|in Phabricator]] if this affects you. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092939.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical Community Newsletter/2020/January|read about]] coming technical events and mentoring interns. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W04"/> 19:42, 20 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19732098 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Tech News: 2020-05]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some mobile diffs have problems. A couple of buttons are not shown. Structured data diffs on Commons are confusing. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242310][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243235] * Administrators on wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] can't move discussion pages. This is a bug. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231783] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * There is JavaScript code on Special:Undelete for administrators that makes it possible to automatically select multiple checkboxes by holding the "Shift" key and clicking. This code is also loaded by accident on other special pages and on articles. This makes pages slower to load. This will be fixed. If you know of other special pages where this is useful please tell the developers at [[phab:T232688]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W05"/> 18:53, 27 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19751689 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Tech News: 2020-06]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 February. It will be on all wikis from 6 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W06"/> 20:05, 3 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19771613 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Tech News: 2020-07]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new version of the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It should fix the failed uploads problem. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093042.html] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. It deleted some messages by accident. The new version was late because it was stopped to fix things. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|MediaWiki action API]] is used by various tools like bots and gadgets. Some error codes will change. Some parameter values that do not follow the standard will no longer work. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093048.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 February. It will be on all wikis from 13 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W07"/> 19:12, 10 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19795497 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Tech News: 2020-08]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Pages on Wikidata and Commons now load faster. You can read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Performance Team/Page load performance|page load performance]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-February/013827.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ResourceLoader/Developing_with_ResourceLoader] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 February. It will be on all wikis from 20 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W08"/> 16:18, 17 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19816101 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Tech News: 2020-09]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 February. It will be on all wikis from 27 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|reply button]] after each post on a talk page if you want one. This will soon be a beta feature on the Arabic, French, Dutch and Hungarian Wikipedias. You will have to turn it on if you want to use it. It will come to more wikis later. You can [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Talk:Cats test the reply button]. It was briefly shown earlier than planned by mistake on the four first wikis last week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W09"/> 21:00, 24 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19816101 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Tech News: 2020-10]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Readers who were not logged in briefly saw the interface in a language decided by their browser. It should normally be in the language of the wiki. This happened for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T246071] '''Changes later this week''' * If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You will now be able to choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This will be a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update] * When you asked for a new password you could see if the username didn't exist on [[Special:PasswordReset|Special:PasswordReset]]. Now the page will show the username you entered and tell you an email has been sent if the username exists. This is for better security. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update] * On [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] you can see what other pages link to a page. You can see if the link is from a redirect. You can now see which section the redirect links to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103281] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. You can [[mw:Help talk:Two Column Edit Conflict View|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231] * There is a [[:m:Abuse filter manager/vote|vote]] on the creation of a new user group called [[:m:Abuse filter manager|abuse filter manager]]. The vote runs from March 1 to March 31 on Meta. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>wgMFSpecialCaseMainPage</code> was used for the mobile site. It was deprecated in 2017. It will stop working in April. Wikis should see if they use it. If they do they should fix it. You can [[phab:T246401|read more and ask for help]]. This affects 183 wikis. There is a [[phab:T246401|list]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Mobile_Gateway/Mobile_homepage_formatting#MFSpecialCaseMainPage] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W10"/> 00:36, 3 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19816101 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Tech News: 2020-11]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new search word called <code>articletopic</code>. You can use it to search for articles on a specific topic. It is available on the Arabic, Czech, English and Vietnamese Wikipedias. It will come to more Wikipedias soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ORES/Articletopic][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Search/articletopic] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 March. It will be on all wikis from 12 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a plan for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New requirements for user signatures|new requirements for user signatures]]. You can [[mw:Talk:New requirements for user signatures|give feedback]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia Android app]] will do [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will come later this year. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W11"/> 17:15, 9 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19881740 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Tech News: 2020-12]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|API]] module for changing the content model of existing pages. Use <code>action=changecontentmodel</code> to specify the new model. You can read the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:ChangeContentModel|documentation on mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107174] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 March. It will be on all wikis from 19 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you edit a page at the same time as someone else you can get an edit conflict. There is [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Two Column Edit Conflict View|a new two-column interface]] to make it easier to solve this. It will soon be active by default on the German, Arabic, and Farsi Wikipedias. It will be on by default on more wikis within the next months. You will be able to opt out of the new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139601][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244863] * You can see [[:mw:Talk pages project/Updates#12 March 2020|a proposed design]] for replying to comments in an easier way. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W12"/> 21:13, 16 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19899639 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Tech News: 2020-13]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some development will be slower than planned. This is because of the [[:w:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic|current pandemic]]. You can see [[:wikitech:Deployments/Covid-19|the new deployment guidelines]]. This is to avoid risks when some persons could be unavailable. * There was a problem when adding interwiki links. The tool you use to add interwiki links could suggest the wrong project to link to. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247712][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247562] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 March. It will be on all wikis from 26 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Growth|a project]] to make editing easier for newcomers. The developers are trying to understand what initiatives different Wikipedias have to welcome newcomers. They also want to know which templates are often used for maintenance activities. You can help this project by [[mw:Growth/March 2020 inventory|checking if your wiki's pages are listed on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W13"/> 17:08, 23 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19899639 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Tech News: 2020-14]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The beta version of the [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can now help users [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search|add tags]] on Commons. These tags are called [[c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239690] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 April. It will be on all wikis from 2 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The video player will change to be simpler and more modern. The current beta feature will become the video player for everyone. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * There is a project to make templates easier to use. The next few weeks the developers will present ideas on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|project page]]. You can watch that page if you are interested in giving feedback. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-March/093240.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W14"/> 17:26, 30 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19939500 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Tech News: 2020-15]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with user pages not being shown properly on desktop. This was because of a bug. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248141] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 April. It will be on all wikis from 9 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * MediaWiki will use a newer version of [[:w:en:Unicode|Unicode]]. Some characters that did not have an upper case equivalent before do now. Titles beginning with one of these characters will be moved. A list of these titles can be seen [[phab:P10817|on Phabricator]]. The titles will be renamed by the user <code>Maintenance script</code>. This will start on 13 April 2020. You can rename them before this if you wish and the new title can be different from the one the script would rename it to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219279] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W15"/> 19:03, 6 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19961136 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Tech News: 2020-16]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use the <code>[[:mw:Help:CirrusSearch#Articletopic|articletopic]]</code> search word on all Wikipedias. It searches articles by topic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559] * You can see wiki tools in the new [https://tools.wmflabs.org/tools-gallery/ Tools Gallery]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/April] * You can see edits from the [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Wikimedia Cloud Services]] in a new [https://wmcs-edits.wmflabs.org/#wmcs-edits dashboard]. * When you use filters on a history page you sometimes don't see any edits. There is a text explaining this now. Before it was just empty. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227578] * There is a new [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Technical Blog]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_technical_blog_editorial_guidelines] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the Wikidata database last week. Some wikis went down for twenty minutes. Wikidata and other projects showed error messages. Interwiki links were not shown, some tools did not work and other problems. Some of this was fixed quickly. The developers are working on fixing the rest. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Project_chat&oldid=1153486952#Update_about_the_database_breakage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200407-Wikidata%27s_wb_items_per_site_table_dropped][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 14. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 15. It will be on all wikis from April 16 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Some graphs have not worked on mobile. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133085] * The article tab on talk pages of redirects links to the target of the redirect. It could link to the redirect page itself instead. You can [[phab:T5324|leave feedback on this]]. * For pages using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]], the use of the deprecated <code><nowiki><source></nowiki></code> tag, as well as the use of the deprecated <code>enclose</code> parameter, will add tracking categories. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W16"/> 15:31, 13 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19979862 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech News: 2020-17]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 4 May 2020. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[m:Small wiki toolkits|small wiki toolkits]] is to help smaller wikis that need technical skills. They can learn and share technical skills. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-April/093296.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Over-qualified CSS selectors in Wikimedia skins have been removed. <code>div#content</code> is now <code>.mw-body</code>. <code>div.portal</code> is now <code>.portal</code>. <code>div#footer</code> is now <code>#footer</code>. This is so the skins can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] elements. If your gadgets or user styles used them you will have to update them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248137] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]] in the future. Internet Explorer 8 was replaced in 2011. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248061] * The font in the diffs will change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T250393] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 April next week. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 April next week. It will be on all wikis from 30 April next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W17"/> 18:46, 20 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20001327 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Tech News: 2020-19]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[phab:T251153|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 5 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200505T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251153] * [[phab:T251157|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 7 May. This will also affect [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|CentralAuth]]. This can for example affect global renames, password changes, changing or confirming your email address and logging in to new wikis. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200507T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251157] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can soon turn these notifications off for individual pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 May. It will be on all wikis from 7 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W19"/> 17:00, 4 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20041699 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Tech News: 2020-20]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Everyone can now import photos from [[w:en:Flickr|Flickr]] to Commons with the [[c:Special:UploadWizard|UploadWizard]]. Before this only autopatrollers on Commons could import photos from Flickr. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90004] '''Problems''' * [[phab:T251502|Commons]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 12 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200512T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251502] * [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 May. It will be on all wikis from 14 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] JavaScript scripts and gadgets can no longer check multiple keys at once via <code>mw.config.exists()</code> or <code>mw.user.tokens.exists()</code>. You can use <code>exists()</code> or <code>get()</code> to check one at a time instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251855] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W20"/> 20:42, 11 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20078394 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Tech News: 2020-21]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You can choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This is a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. This is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update#May_11,_2020][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2020-May/094804.html] '''Problems''' * There is a bug that creates problems for iPhone users with [[:w:en:IOS 13|iOS 13]] and [[w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]]. If you use an iPhone to read or edit Wikipedia and see bugs on the mobile site you can [[mw:Skin talk:Minerva Neue|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252223] * [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can let users [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search (to be released May 2020)|add]] [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Depicts|depicts]] on Commons. The beta version used [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data/Computer-aided tagging|computer-aided tagging]]. This was removed to get more specific depicts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested_Edits_4.0_-_Tag_Commons_images_to_improve_search_(to_be_released_May_2020)] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graphs]] will be [[:w:en:Rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]] in the reader's browser. This will use [[w:en:JavaScript|Javascript]]. Graphs will hopefully work better for everyone who uses Javascript. It will not work for users who don't use Javascript. This will not affect diagrams in image files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236892] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some CSS for the skins has been simplified. This affects <code>div#p-personal</code>, <code>div#p-navigation</code>, <code>div#p-interaction</code>, <code>div#p-tb</code>, <code>div#p-lang</code>, <code>div#p-namespaces</code>, <code>div#p-variants</code> and <code>div#footer</code>. They will have to remove <code>div</code>. You will have to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. This is so we can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252467] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some CSS for [[mw:Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] has been changed. This affects <code>#p-variants</code>, <code>#p-namespaces</code>, <code>#p-personal</code>, <code>#p-views</code> and <code>#p-cactions</code>. They can no longer use <code>> ul</code>. You might need to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. [[phab:T252447|See how]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W21"/> 17:20, 18 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20078394 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Tech News: 2020-22]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The visual editor will now work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern skin]]. The changes that needed to happen for this to work could cause problems for some scripts or gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177243] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 26. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 27. It will be on all wikis from May 28 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W22"/> 14:18, 25 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20114992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Tech News: 2020-23]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new beta version of the [[:c:Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It has a new zoom function when you look at images. It can also suggest places when you upload geotagged photos. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-May/093431.html] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the Commons database on 27 May. Commons could not be edited for eight minutes. Because of this problem the database was moved. This caused another short read-only time on 29 May. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200528-s4_(commonswiki)_on_read-only_for_8_minutes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253808][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253825] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector skin]] had a problem where you couldn't add links to the article in other languages. You couldn't see the section if there were no links to other languages already. It also removed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] links and links to language settings. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252800] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can turn these notifications off for individual pages. You can soon turn them off also in the notifications you get. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.35|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 June. It will be on all wikis from 4 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W23"/> 22:32, 1 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20114992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Tech News: 2020-24]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some articles have tables that can be sorted in different ways. For example a list of countries can be sorted alphabetically but you can click on the size column to sort them by size. If you clicked on the column a second time it would sort the countries from the bottom to the top instead. A third click will now take you back to the original sorting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226697] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint_errors/self-closed-tag|Self-closed tags]] now work as in the [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] specifications. This means you should stop using some of them. <code><nowiki><b/></nowiki></code> is an example of a self-closed tag that won't work. <code>area, base, br, col, embed, hr, img, input, keygen, link, meta, param, source, track, wbr</code> can be self-closed. Pages with tags that should not be self-closed have been listed in [[:wikidata:Q25885956|a tracking category]] since 2016. They will be listed in [[Special:LintErrors/self-closed-tag]]. This doesn't affect <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki><ref /></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423] * There is a banner called <code>WikidataPageBanner</code>. It is for example used by the Wikivoyages, Wikimedia Russia and the Catalan, Basque, Galician and Turkish Wikipedias. It will now been seen by mobile visitors too. Before this it was only seen on desktop. The wikis should update instructions on <code>MediaWiki:Sitenotice</code> so that editors know to test and style for mobile too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254534][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254295] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can now edit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] descriptions through the [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]]. This is useful for tools and gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226929] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 June. It will be on all wikis from 11 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 118 wikis need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W24"/> 21:12, 8 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20156271 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Tech News: 2020-25]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Toolforge|Toolforge]] hosts several tools created by the Wikimedia community like edit counters or enhanced editors. It is changing the domain from '''tools.wmflabs.org''' to '''toolforge.org'''. The routing scheme is moving from '''tools.wmflabs.org/toolname''' to '''toolname.toolforge.org'''. You can [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge.org|read the details]]. Tools that use OAuth will have to be updated to keep working. You can [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud_ Services Introduction|ask for help]]. '''Problems''' * There is a Wikidata item link in the sidebar on many pages. This disappeared for a couple of days for users who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook]] skin. This was because of a bug. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254485] * Editing, logging in and logging out didn't work properly for a short period of time last week. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 June. It will be on all wikis from 18 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will not support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]] after the new version in July. Support for Python 3.4 and MediaWiki below 1.19 will also be dropped. You should migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|ask for help]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot-announce/2020-June/000015.html] * The selectors <code>.menu</code> and <code>.vectorMenu</code> will no longer work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]] skin. This can affect gadgets and user scripts. <code>.menu</code> should be replaced by <code>ul</code>. <code>.vectorMenu</code> should be replaced by <code>.vector-menu</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254797] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W25"/> 21:38, 15 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20156271 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Tech News: 2020-26]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|new tools]] to make it easier for newcomers to start editing. They are available on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/growthexperiments.dblist some wikis]. These wikis had a problem with the visual editor for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug in the new tools. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255607] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some user scripts and gadgets stopped working because of a change to [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] selectors. <code>.vectorTabs</code> should be replaced with <code>.vector-menu-tabs</code> to fix this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255718] '''Changes later this week''' * The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This will be released on 24 June. You can [[mw:mw:Help talk:Paragraph-based Edit Conflict Interface|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 June. It will be on all wikis from 25 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 91 wikis still need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W26"/> 18:49, 22 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20156271 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Tech News: 2020-27]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Everyone was logged out. This was because a few users saw the wikis as if they were logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html] * Some readers didn't see new edits to pages. If the page had been recently changed they saw an older version of the page instead. This only affected readers who were logged out. It lasted for ten days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.39|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Monobook|Monobook]] skins use the ID <code>searchGoButton</code> for the go button. This is <code>searchButton</code> for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]]. To have the same ID for all skins it will change to <code>searchButton</code> in Monobook and Modern too. This will affect gadgets and user scripts. It will happen on 23 July. They should be updated to use <code>searchButton</code>. You can [[phab:T255953|read more and see a list of affected scripts]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W27"/> 16:31, 29 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Tech News: 2020-28]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguageExtension:Score|Score]] extension has been disabled for now. This is because of a security issue. It will work again as soon as the security issue has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257066] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.40|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 July. It will be on all wikis from 9 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Abstract Wikipedia is a new Wikimedia project. It will collect language-independent information that can be easily read in different languages. It builds on Wikidata. The name is preliminary. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093571.html] * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] developers are thinking about new experimental tools. If you use an iPhone you can help them by [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/2020 survey|answering the survey]]. * Some [[mw:New requirements for user signatures#Outcome|rules for user signatures]] will soon be enforced. [[Special:LintErrors|Lint errors]] and invalid HTML will no longer be allowed in user signatures. Nested substitution will not be allowed. A link to your user page, user talk page or user contributions will be required. You can [https://signatures.toolforge.org/check check if your signature works with the new rules]. This is because the signatures can cause problems for tools or other text on the page. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W28"/> 20:19, 6 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Tech News: 2020-29]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users can [[mw:Extension:Thanks|thank]] others for their edits. [[mw:Extension:CheckUser|Checkusers]] can now see user data related to that action. This can help identify [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Sock puppetry|sock puppets]] who harass others using thanks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252226] '''Problems''' * Everyone was logged out a couple of weeks ago to fix a security problem. The problem was not entirely fixed. Because of this everyone was logged out once again last week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-July/002327.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Wikis that are not for one specific language can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|translate]] pages. Sometimes parts of translations are outdated or missing. Outdated translations are marked with a <span style="background-color:#fdd">pink background</span>. Missing translations will also be marked in the future. This markup can sometimes break things. It can soon be disabled by using <code><translate nowrap></translate></code> on the source page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256625] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.41|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 July. It will be on all wikis from 16 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review plans to use [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093577.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/July][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vpbt50rwxgb2r6qn][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093607.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W29"/> 16:30, 13 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News: 2020-30]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. The mobile main page special casing stopped working 14 July. 60 wikis now have main pages that don't work well on mobile. You can see which ones, how to fix it and how to get help [[phab:T254287|in Phabricator]]. This is the same problem that was reported in Tech News [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|2020/24]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|2020/26]]. '''Problems''' * There is a problem with the interlanguage links. The interlanguage links are the links that help you find a specific page in a different language. The sorting is broken. The developers are working on a solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625] * Some users keep getting the notifications for the same event. Some of these are old events. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257714] * Some users have trouble logging in. This is probably a [[:w:en:HTTP cookie|browser cookie]] problem. The developers are working on understanding the problem. If you have trouble logging in you can see the details [[phab:T258121|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258121] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 July. It will be on all wikis from 23 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a <code>{{int:printableversion}}</code> link. This will disappear. That is because web browsers today can create a printable version or show how it will look in print anyway. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167956] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W30"/> 19:06, 20 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Tech News: 2020-31]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Small wiki toolkits/Starter kit|Starter kit]] is now available for wiki communities. This page lists technical resources, tools, and recommendations. These are essential to operate a wiki project. This is mostly useful for smaller wikis where the community has limited experience with this. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093633.html] * The first features of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project are available for logged-in users on all wikis. In order to use them, uncheck ''{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}'' in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|local]] or [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global]] preferences in section ''{{int:prefs-skin-prefs}}''. More improvements are planned. [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Feedback is welcome]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On multiple wikis, a UTCLiveClock gadget is available. For wikis that import the gadget [[:mw:MediaWiki:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js|directly from mediawiki.org]], end users can now [[mw:MediaWiki_talk:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js#Time_zones|choose a different timezone to show instead of UTC]]. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The deployment train for MediaWiki has been blocked this week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093640.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257969] * Translation Notification Bot was sending the same message multiple times to every translator. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144780] * Some users were receiving the same notification multiple times. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 29. It will be on all wikis from JUly 30 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W31"/> 13:53, 27 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Tech News: 2020-32]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * All queries to the [[mw:Wikidata Query Service|Wikidata Query Service]] failed between 17:50 and 17:59 UTC on Thursday 23 July. Some queries failed during a longer period. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200723-wdqs-outage] * Interlanguage links were ordered incorrectly for the past few weeks. This problem was also mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News two weeks ago]]. The problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625] * There is a problem with the [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global preferences]] for the "{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}" option. Developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258493] * A bug in the Wikibase extension had disabled the "move" and "create" types of protection in the main (Gallery) namespace on Wikimedia Commons. New protections could not be added, and existing protections were not enforced, allowing some page moves and page creations that should not have been possible. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258323] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS Player|video player]] will change to be simpler and more modern. This week, the current beta feature will become the video player for everyone on most non-Wikipedia wikis. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * Users' <code>global.js</code> and <code>global.css</code> pages will now also be loaded on the mobile site. You can read [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalCssJs#Per-skin_customization|documentation]] for how to avoid applying styles to the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138727] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook]] skin, the <code>searchGoButton</code> identifier is now <code>searchButton</code>. This may affect CSS and JS gadgets. Migration instructions can be found in [[phab:T255953|T255953]]. This was previously mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|issue 27]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bot operators can use Pywikibot to regularly archive discussions. The behavior when the bot uses <code>counter</code> to prevent large archives was changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215247] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 4. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 5. It will be on all wikis from August 6 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W32"/> 15:43, 3 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20336426 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Tech News: 2020-33]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileImporter and FileExporter]] became standard features on all Wikis during the first week of August. They help you transfer files from local wikis to Wikimedia Commons with the original file information and history intact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140462] '''Problems''' * The mobile skin displays a message at the bottom of the page about who edited last. This message showed raw wikitext. This has now been fixed. Some messages in [[mw:Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] and [[mw:Content translation|content translation]] may still appear as raw wikitext. Developers are working on it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 11. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 12. It will be on all wikis from August 13 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W33"/> 16:06, 10 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20353642 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Tech News: 2020-34]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you revert an edit using the undo link your edit is marked with an <code>undo</code> tag. This will now only happen if you don't change anything in the edit window before publishing the undo. This is to keep users from marking edits as undos when they actually do something else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259014] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI version]] will not work with [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]]. This means the wikis will look strange and not work well in Internet Explorer 8. This was reported in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech/News/2020/17]]. This is because keeping the wikis working with very old browsers creates other problems. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-August/093718.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 August. It will be on all wikis from 20 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis next week. This is a reminder. You can help by [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|translating the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W34"/> 20:41, 17 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20366028 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W35"/> 17:59, 24 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20389773 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W35"/> 11:12, 26 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20389773 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Tech News: 2020-36]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * This is a reminder. All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC. Please check on the details on [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W36"/> 20:12, 31 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20411995 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Tech News: 2020-37]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Normally pages can be moved to a title that has no existing page yet or to a page that has only one revision, which is a redirect to the page to be moved. A new user right allows editors to move pages over one-revision pages that redirect to anywhere. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239277] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 September. It will be on all wikis from 10 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All MediaWiki [[:w:en:API|API]] modules will now use <code>watchlist</code> instead of <code>watch</code>. This was inconsistent before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247915] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] team might work on patrolling tools in the future. You can let them know what tools would be useful for you or for less experienced patrollers. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Patrolling conversation|page on mediawiki.org]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]] will be updated to a new version. This will probably take around two days. OTRS agents will not have access to the system during these days. Emails that come in during the update will be delivered when the update is done. The plan is to start around 08:00 UTC on 14 September. This could change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187984] * The Wikipedia Android app will send [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will need [[:w:en:Google Play Services|Google Play Services]] to work. It will also be possible to get the app without Google Play Services but push notifications will not work. Google Play Services is also used to make the app work for [[:w:en:Android KitKat|Android 4.4]] users. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android#Updates][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review could move to [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. You can take part in the [[mw:GitLab consultation|consultation]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Dropdown menus in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] use a <code>.menu</code> class. This will not work in the future. Scripts can use <code>nav ul</code> instead. <code>.vectorTabs</code> and <code>.vectorMenu</code> will also not work. Some scripts need to be updated. You can [[phab:T262092|read more in Phabricator]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W37"/> 16:00, 7 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20427670 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W38"/> 16:19, 14 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20446737 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W38"/> 00:19, 15 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20446737 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Tech News: 2020-39]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new tag for reverted edits. For example you can see it in the recent changes feed or in the article history. It is added to edits when they have been undone, rollbacked or manually reverted to an older version of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254074][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164307] '''Changes later this week''' * The number of times you can do something in a period of time on wiki is limited. This could be the number of edits per minute or the number of users you email in a day. Some users are not affected by all limits because of their user rights. They could soon see the limit even if it does not affect them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258888] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 September. It will be on all wikis from 24 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W39"/> 21:28, 21 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20461072 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Tech News: 2020-40]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Admins can now see links to diffs of deleted revisions on [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. This uses the interface of [[Special:Undelete|Special:Undelete]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261630] * Editors are automatically added to some user groups. For example editors are added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed users]] when they have edited enough times and long enough. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|Abuse filters]] can hinder users from automatically getting user rights for a period of time. They can also remove rights user have. Wikis can now ask to change how long this period of time is for their wiki [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projectPHIDs=Wikimedia-Site-requests in Phabricator]. It is currently five days. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231756] '''Problems''' * [[m:Tech/News/2019/34|Last year]] some abuse filters stopped working because of a new change. If they tried to use variables that were unavailable for that action they would fail. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230256] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 September. It will be on all wikis from 1 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can't see the language links to other language versions from the talk page or history page. They are also not shown when you edit an article. This could change. It is not decided if for example the history page should link to another history page or to the article. You can take part in the [[phab:T262472|discussion in Phabricator]]. * The link colours could change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. You can [[phab:T213778|read more in Phabricator]]. * In your preferences you can choose to get different notifications on the web or by email. You will see <code>Apps</code> as one of the alternatives later this week. This is because the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Android and iOS Wikipedia apps]] will use push notifications for those who want them. You can see the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo preferences] on the test wiki. The goal is to have push notifications on Android in October and on iOS in early 2021. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262936] * You can soon put pages on your watchlist for a limited time. This could be useful if you want to watch something for a shorter time but don't want it on your watchlist forever. It now works on [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]] and will come to more wikis later. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|read more]] and [[m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry/Release Schedule|see when it will come to other wikis]]. * You can see what Wikimedians think are the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|best new technical tools this year]]. You can also nominate them. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W40"/> 21:24, 28 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20483264 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis. * You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992] '''Problems''' * There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177] * Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in <code><nowiki>[[Child]]ren</nowiki></code> is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266] '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W41"/> 16:25, 5 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20515061 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis. * You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992] '''Problems''' * There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177] * Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in <code><nowiki>[[Child]]ren</nowiki></code> is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266] '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W41"/> 17:25, 5 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20515061 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Tech News: 2020-42]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Because of the problems with the MediaWiki version two weeks ago last week's updates are also late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263178][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093944.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live previews]] didn't show the templates used in the preview if you just edited a section. This has now been fixed. You can also test [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] pages even if you have the live preview enabled. Previously this didn't work well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T102286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 October. It will be on all wikis from 15 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A new stable version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is coming soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-October/010056.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W42"/> 15:25, 12 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20528295 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Tech News: 2020-43]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 {{#time:j xg|2020-10-27|en}} around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function will be updated soon so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] * Some gadgets and user-scripts use the HTML div with the ID <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap;">#jump-to-nav</code>. This div will be removed soon. Maintainers should replace these uses with either <code dir=ltr>#siteSub</code> or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap;">#mw-content-text</code>. A list of affected scripts is at the top of [[phab:T265373]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W43"/> 16:32, 19 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20550811 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * Last week, links to "diffs" from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989] * There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the "{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}" tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W44"/> 17:39, 26 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20574890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * Last week, links to "diffs" from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989] * There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the "{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}" tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W44"/> 19:23, 26 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20574890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Tech News: 2020-45]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser uses very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It could lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since October 29, 2020, users who use old TLS versions will not be able to connect to Wikimedia projects. A list of [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]] is available. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258405] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new automatic [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking categories|tracking category]] available: [[:{{ns:14}}:{{MediaWiki:nonnumeric-formatnum}}|Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments]]. It collects pages which use the <code><nowiki>{{formatnum}}</nowiki></code> parser function with invalid (non-numeric) input, ''e.g.'' <code><nowiki>{{formatnum:TECHNEWS}}</nowiki></code>. Note that <code><nowiki>{{formatnum:123,456}}</nowiki></code> is also invalid input: as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#formatnum|documentation]], the argument should be <u>unformatted</u> so that it can be reliably and correctly localised. The tracking category will help identify problematic usage and double-formatting. The new tracking category's name can be [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&showMessage=nonnumeric-formatnum&group=core&optional=1&action=translate translated at translatewiki]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237467] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 3. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 4. It will be on all wikis from November 5 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Administrators and stewards will be able to use a special page (Special:CreateLocalAccount) to force local account creation for a global account. This is useful when account creation is blocked for that user (by a block or a filter). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259721] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias on November 4. This change excludes the English, Russian, and German-language Wikipedias, plus a few smaller Wikipedias with special circumstances. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|the help page]] and [[mw:Help:DiscussionTools/Why can't I reply to this comment?|the troubleshooting guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''Future changes''' * A discussion has been restarted about using a Unicode minus sign (− U+2212) in the output of <code><nowiki>{{formatnum}}</nowiki></code> when it is given a negative argument. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T10327] * In the future [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|IP addresses of unregistered users will not be shown for everyone]]. They will get an alias instead. There will be a new user right or an opt-in function for more vandal fighters to see the IPs of unregistered users. There would be some criteria for who gets the user right or opt-in. There will also be other new tools to help handle vandalism. This is early in the process and the developers are still collecting information from the communities before they suggest solutions. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W45"/> 16:10, 2 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20604769 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Tech News: 2020-46]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * You can see [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|reference previews]]. This shows a preview of the footnote when you hover over it. This has been a [[mw:Beta Features|beta feature]]. It will move out of beta and be enabled by default. There will be an option not to use it. The developers are looking for small or medium-sized wikis to be the first ones. You can [[m:User talk:Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)|let them know]] if your wiki is interested. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-November/002373.html] * From November 16 the categories will not be sorted in order for a short time. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|internationalisation library]]. They will use a script to fix the existing categories. This can take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W46"/> 15:50, 9 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20634159 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Tech News: 2020-47]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 16 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for most languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] '''Changes later this week''' * If you merged two pages in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespace]] where pages can't redirect this used to break the merge history. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93469] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] is now open for proposals. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 16 to 30 November. You can vote on proposals from 8 December to 21 December. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W47"/> 15:37, 16 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20669023 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Tech News: 2020-48]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Timestamps in [[Special:Log|Special:Log]] are now links. They go to Special:Log for only that entry. This is how timestamps work on for example the history page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207562] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2020 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from 1 December. Unclaimed projects can be deleted from 1 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-November/094054.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W48"/> 17:19, 23 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20698111 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Tech News: 2020-49]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] will show readers more of the article history. They can see new updates and easier see how the article has changed over time. This is an experiment. It will first be shown only to some iOS app users as a [[:w:en:A/B testing|test]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241253][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Breaking_Down_the_Wall] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]] can be used for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries. You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry], [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] or other ways to do this. To make the Wiki Replicas stable there will be two changes. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work. You can also only query a database if you connect to it directly. This will happen in February 2021. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W49"/> 17:45, 30 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20728523 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Tech News: 2020-50]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now put pages on your watchlist for a limited period of time. Some wikis already had this function. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Watchlist_Expiry][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Watchlist_expiry] '''Changes later this week''' * Information from Wikidata that is used on a wiki page can be shown in recent changes and watchlists on a Wikimedia wiki. To see this you need to turn on showing Wikidata edits in your watchlist in the preferences. Changes to the Wikidata description in the language of a Wikimedia wiki will then be shown in recent changes and watchlists. This will not show edits to languages that are not relevant to your wiki. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014402.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191831] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 8 December and 21 December. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W50"/> 16:15, 7 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20754641 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Tech News: 2020-51]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. It was released in India in September. It can now be downloaded in other countries too. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/12/10/growing-wikipedias-reach-with-an-app-for-kaios-feature-phones/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W51"/> 21:34, 14 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20803489 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Tech News: 2020-52]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2021. '''Recent changes''' * The <code><nowiki>{{citation needed}}</nowiki></code> template shows when a statement in a Wikipedia article needs a source. If you click on it when you edit with the visual editor there is a popup that explains this. Now it can also show the reason and when it was added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270107] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Ideas|propose and discuss]] what technical improvements should be done for geographic information. This could be coordinates, maps or other related things. * Some wikis use [[mw:Writing systems/LanguageConverter|LanguageConverter]] to switch between writing systems or variants of a language. This can only be done for the entire page. There will be a <code><nowiki><langconvert></nowiki></code> tag that can convert a piece of text on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263082] * Oversighters and stewards can hide entries in [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. They can soon hide multiple entries at once using checkboxes. This works like hiding normal edits. It will happen in early January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W52"/> 20:54, 21 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20833836 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729] * You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761] * Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week: ** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. It also shows a warning for regular expressions that match the empty string. New warnings will be added later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187686] ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Oversighters|Oversighters]] can now hide multiple filter log entries at once using checkboxes on [[Special:AbuseLog]]. This is how the usual revision deletion works. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] ** When a filter matches too many actions after it has been changed it is "throttled". The most powerful actions are disabled. This is to avoid many editors getting blocked when an administrator made a mistake. The administrator will now get a notification about this "throttle". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new tool to [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/add build new skins]. You can also [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/ see] existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. You can [[mw:User talk:Jdlrobson|give feedback]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-December/094130.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots using the API no longer watch pages automatically based on account preferences. Setting the <code>watchlist</code> to <code>watch</code> will still work. This is to reduce the size of the watchlist data in the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258108] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto's]] [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#File metadata|file metadata]] now includes length. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209679] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code pages now have link anchors to [https://patchdemo.wmflabs.org/wikis/40e4795d4448b55a6d8c46ff414bcf78/w/index.php/MediaWiki:En.js#L-125 line numbers]. You can use wikilinks like [[:w:en:MediaWiki:Common.js#L-50]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29531] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There was a [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki last week. You can read [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25/Changelog|a detailed log]] of all 763 changes. Most of them are very small and will not affect you. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W02"/> 15:42, 11 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20950047 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=&filter=&action=translate translating the interface]. * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W03"/> 16:10, 18 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20974628 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 18:31, 25 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 20:48, 25 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332] * Often editors use a "non-breaking space" to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like <code>1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55</code> as well as the <code>1.2.3.4/27</code> syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be <code>185.15.56.1</code>. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W05"/> 22:39, 1 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21033195 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia] '''Changes later this week''' * You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W06"/> 17:42, 8 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21082948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki. Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W07"/> 17:56, 15 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21105437 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741] '''Problems''' * Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 00:18, 23 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21134058 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes. * A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437] * Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 19:08, 1 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21161722 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293] * When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185] '''Problems''' * Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257] '''Future changes''' * There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W10"/> 17:51, 8 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21175593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296] '''Problems''' * Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322] * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W11"/> 23:23, 15 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21226057 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting] '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like "tone" or "depth". It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code dir=ltr>mw.config</code>. <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W12"/> 16:53, 22 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21244806 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:31, 29 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:39, 29 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example <code>2010-12-XX</code> instead of <code>2010-12</code> for dates with a month but no days. This is because <code>2010-12</code> could be confused with <code>2010-2012</code> instead of <code>December 2010</code>. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:41, 5 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21287348 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294] * If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use <code>mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')</code> to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898] * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:49, 19 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21356080 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:25, 26 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21391118 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:44, 3 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 12:57, 4 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:10, 10 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:26, 10 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021] * Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from <code>[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]</code> to <code>utf8mb3</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist</code> will be renamed <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist</code>. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 13:50, 17 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21464279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:08, 24 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21477606 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:06, 31 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21516076 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:03, 7 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 22:35, 7 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763] * Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work. * German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:26, 14 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21587625 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>otrs-member</code> group name is now <code>vrt-permissions</code>. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:50, 21 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21593987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423] * Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the "extract text" button on Wikisource you can add <code>.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }</code> to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311] '''Problems''' *You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * <code>Threshold for stub link formatting</code>, <code>thumbnail size</code> and <code>auto-number headings</code> can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]]. * A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:32, 28 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21653312 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July. '''Recent changes''' * [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON</code> and <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config</code>. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON</code>. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from <code>archive.is</code> to <code>web.archive.org</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432] '''Changes later this week''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:34, 5 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21694636 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word <code><nowiki>__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__</nowiki></code> on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:32, 19 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21755027 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If <code>{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}</code> is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] <code>{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}</code>. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:11, 26 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21771634 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl"></nowiki></code></bdi> without the required <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>dir</code></bdi> attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl" dir="rtl" lang="he"></nowiki></code></bdi>. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as <code>span</code> or <code>code</code>. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. * Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated. '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList] '''Changes later this week''' * When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this. * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks. You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis. You can test this now by adding <code>?dtenable=1</code> to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:48, 2 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21818289 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="visualClear"></div></nowiki></code></bdi> will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div style="clear:both;"></div></nowiki></code></bdi>. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]]. '''Future changes''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:21, 9 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21856726 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] '''Problems''' * There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719] '''Changes later this week''' * A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549] *Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for "Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition"|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions. * In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:28, 16 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21889213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><score></nowiki></code></bdi> notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in "safe mode". The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]]. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:59, 23 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21923254 --> == Read-only reminder == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="MassMessage"/> A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes. This will affect your wiki as well as 11 other wikis. During this time, publishing edits will not be possible. Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes). For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}<section end="MassMessage"/> </div> 20:35, 24 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21927201 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors. '''Problems''' * Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:02, 30 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21954810 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/] * Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.  The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:20, 6 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21981010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more. '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664] * You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>golang</code></bdi> can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>output</code></bdi> mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:36, 13 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22009517 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021. * MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which "stubs" would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917] * A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>piprop</nowiki></code></bdi> parameter has been renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prpiprop</nowiki></code></bdi>. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 18:33, 20 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22043415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752] * A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]]. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W39"/> </div> 22:24, 27 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22077885 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hidden</code></bdi> property will no longer say an entry is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>implicit</code></bdi> for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>false</code></bdi> for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718] * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Future changes''' * You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgExtraSignatureNamespaces</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgLegalTitleChars</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgIllegalFileChars</code></bdi> will soon be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi>. These are not part of the "stable" variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePrefix</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieDomain</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePath</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieExpiration</code></bdi> will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.cookie</code></bdi> from the "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]</bdi>" module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:33, 4 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22101208 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|"auto-number headings" preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering. '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W41"/> </div> 15:31, 11 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22152137 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development. * 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=10&year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W42"/> </div> 20:54, 18 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22176877 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526] * The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600] '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W43"/> </div> 20:08, 25 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22232718 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W44"/> </div> 20:28, 1 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22269406 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105] '''Changes later this week''' * [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W45"/> </div> 20:37, 8 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22311003 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>stashfailed</code></bdi>" or "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>DBQueryError</code></bdi>" have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available. '''Problems''' * Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525] * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W46"/> </div> 22:07, 15 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22338097 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. *The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W47"/> </div> 20:03, 22 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22366010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W48"/> </div> 21:15, 29 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22375666 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MentorDashboard</nowiki></code></bdi>. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=ajax</nowiki></code></bdi>, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>jquery.jStorage</nowiki></code></bdi>, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.storage</nowiki></code></bdi> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W49"/> </div> 21:59, 6 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22413926 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the "Project:" namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[WB:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> will go to the local language default for the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[Project:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W50"/> </div> 22:28, 13 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22441074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022. '''Recent changes''' * Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><DynamicPageList></nowiki></code></bdi>) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W51"/> </div> 22:06, 20 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22465395 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>oauth_consumer</code></bdi> variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|actions=edit,history</code></bdi> will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withJS</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withCSS</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966] * The heading on the main page can now be configured using <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]</span> for logged-in users and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]</span> for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715] * Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W02"/> </div> 01:24, 11 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22562156 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages. If you click "{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}" in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]]. You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies. This is available at most wikis. Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819] * When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|"preloaded" with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W03"/> </div> 19:55, 17 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22620285 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO. * You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619] '''Events''' * You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year. * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W04"/> </div> 21:38, 24 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22644148 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>supportsUrlLoad</code></bdi> in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead: ** The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki. '''Events''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W05"/> </div> 17:42, 31 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22721804 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]). * Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823] '''Problems''' * A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector</code></bdi> should be updated to also check for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector-2022</code></bdi>. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W06"/> </div> 21:16, 7 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22765948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function has been updated so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W07"/> </div> 19:19, 14 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22821788 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]</bdi>) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020] * At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820] * You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>class=notpageimage</nowiki></code></bdi>. For example, <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator. '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system. There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/] * Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated "talk" page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W08"/> </div> 19:12, 21 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22847768 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909] * Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group <code>oversight</code> was renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]]. '''Problems''' * The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features. * If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox</code>), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W09"/> </div> 23:00, 28 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22902593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W10"/> </div> 21:16, 7 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22958074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]]. * There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>uselang=qqx</code></bdi> to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as "{{int:vector-view-history}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have <code dir=ltr>deletelogentry</code> and <code dir=ltr>deletedhistory</code> rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the <code dir=ltr>deleterevision</code> right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928] * On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617] '''Events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W11"/> </div> 22:08, 14 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22993074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available. '''New code release schedule for this week''' * There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]]. '''Recent changes''' * You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043] '''Future changes''' * Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W12"/> </div> 16:01, 21 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23034693 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W13"/> </div> 19:55, 28 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23073711 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be <code dir=ltr>Tech News: 2022-14</code> anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920] * Over the next few months, the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where "Link recommendation" is already available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W14"/> </div> 21:01, 4 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23097604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new public status page at <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]</span>. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project]. * On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W15"/> </div> 19:45, 11 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23124108 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated "Talk" page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>errorbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>warningbox</code>. The styles for those classes and <code dir=ltr>messagebox</code> will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W16"/> </div> 23:12, 18 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23167004 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> </div> 22:56, 25 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> </div> 19:34, 2 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> </div> 15:23, 9 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> </div> 18:58, 16 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> </div> 00:21, 24 May 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> </div> 20:29, 30 May 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> </div> 02:46, 7 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> </div> 16:59, 13 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> </div> 20:18, 20 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> </div> 20:03, 27 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> </div> 19:32, 4 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> </div> 19:25, 11 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> </div> 23:00, 18 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> </div> 19:27, 25 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> </div> 21:22, 1 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> </div> 19:50, 8 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W33"/> </div> 21:09, 15 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23658001 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778] '''Future changes''' * The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]]. The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere. You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W34"/> </div> 00:13, 23 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23675501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets. '''Problems''' * In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]]. If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]</span>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W35"/> </div> 23:06, 29 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23725814 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-namespaces</code></bdi> should be updated to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]</code></bdi> function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-associated-pages</code></bdi>, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W36"/> </div> 23:22, 5 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23757743 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W37"/> </div> 01:50, 13 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23787318 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>templatelinks</nowiki></code></bdi> table are now being dropped: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_namespace</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_title</nowiki></code></bdi>. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_target_id</nowiki></code></bdi>. See <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T299417|T299417]]</span> for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available. Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons] '''Future changes''' * In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W38"/> </div> <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</span> 22:16, 19 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23826293 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>rel</code></bdi> attribute of links. Further details are in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T315209|T315209]]</bdi>. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>.json</code></bdi> will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:30, 27 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23860085 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>scribunto-console</code></bdi> API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:24, 4 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23885489 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W41"/> </div> 14:09, 10 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23912412 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements] * A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]</code></bdi> to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( "strict" )]]</code></bdi> to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces "[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]" on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310] '''Future changes''' * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The "{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}" button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:46, 17 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23943992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]]. * On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]]. '''Problems''' * Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] * Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list] * Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]</bdi>. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]]. * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:23, 24 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23975411 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997] * In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for "{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818] * It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817] * It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815] * It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:16, 31 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23977539 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592] '''Problems''' * Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:32, 8 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24001035 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]</span>, <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]</span>, and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new link to directly "Edit template data" on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309] * Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:55, 14 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]]. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 21 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]). * Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327] * On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:03, 28 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24114342 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 6 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24151590 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]]. Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961] * The character <code>=</code> cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714] '''Events''' * The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:35, 12 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24216570 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023. '''Recent changes''' * On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536] '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. * The word "{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}" is very short in some languages, such as Arabic ("<bdi lang="ar">ردّ</bdi>"). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537] '''Future changes''' * Edits can be automatically "tagged" by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063] * The Trust & Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021. '''Events''' * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:00, 20 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24258101 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349] * [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]]. * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541] * A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use <code>matrix:</code> to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021] * You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:08, 10 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24342971 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:11, 17 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:46, 23 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 31 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:21, 6 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:49, 14 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:58, 21 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 27 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 6 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 13 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:26, 21 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:14, 28 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:40, 3 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 10 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:55, 18 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 24 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 2 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:36, 9 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 15 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> </div> 16:55, 22 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 29 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 5 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:52, 12 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:09, 19 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 26 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:51, 3 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 10 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 17 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:20, 25 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:54, 31 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:21, 7 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 06:00, 15 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> </div> 15:25, 21 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:00, 28 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:34, 4 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 11 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 18 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 26 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:27, 3 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:39, 9 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 16 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:17, 23 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 30 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:06, 6 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:52, 13 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 21 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:09, 27 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 4 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:13, 12 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 18 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:20, 9 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 16 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:04, 23 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 29 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:22, 5 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:49, 13 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:37, 19 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:23, 26 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:47, 4 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 11 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:40, 18 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:57, 25 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:36, 2 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:38, 8 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 15 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:28, 22 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:34, 30 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:45, 6 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 13 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 20 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 28 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:35, 3 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:20, 10 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 17 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:33, 24 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 1 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:32, 8 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 16 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 23 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:11, 29 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:44, 5 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 12 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 20 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:34, 26 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:08, 3 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:03, 17 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:37, 23 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:21, 30 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:43, 7 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 14 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:53, 21 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:57, 28 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:51, 4 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:08, 12 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:01, 19 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 25 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:23, 2 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[git:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:16, 9 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> iwdswz0oijapd663nwvfa6c7orqodmt প্ৰতিজৈৱিক 0 40722 453318 381819 2024-12-10T10:29:14Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453318 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Staphylococcus aureus (AB Test).jpg|right|thumb|200px|Testing the susceptibility of ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' to antibiotics by the [[Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing|Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method]] – antibiotics diffuse from antibiotic-containing disks and inhibit growth of ''S. aureus'', resulting in a zone of inhibition.]] '''প্ৰতিজৈৱিক''' {{En|Antibiotics}} বা '''বেক্টেৰিয়ানাশক''' {{Enwiki|Antibacterial}} হৈছে বেক্টেৰিয়াজনিত সংক্ৰমণৰ চিকিৎসা আৰু প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা এক প্ৰকাৰৰ পদাৰ্থ।<ref name="NHS">{{cite web | url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Antibiotics-penicillins/Pages/Introduction.aspx | title=Antibiotics | publisher=NHS | date=5 June 2014 | accessdate=17 January 2015 | archivedate=18 January 2015 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118023314/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/antibiotics-penicillins/pages/introduction.aspx | deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="ECDC Expert">{{cite web | url=http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/antibiotics/Pages/factsExperts.aspx | title=Factsheet for experts | publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control | accessdate=21 December 2014 | archivedate=21 December 2014 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221183712/http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/antibiotics/Pages/factsExperts.aspx | deadurl=yes }}</ref> এইবোৰে বেক্টেৰিয়াক ধংশ কৰে নাইবা সিহঁতৰ বৃদ্ধিত বাধা জন্মাই। কিছুমান প্ৰতিজৈৱিক [[ভেঁকুৰ]] আৰু [[প্ৰ'টজ'ৱা]]ৰ বিপক্ষেও কাৰ্যকৰী, আৰু কিছুমান [[মানুহ]] তথা অন্য [[প্ৰাণী]]ৰ বাবেও বিষাক্ত, তথাপিও [[ঔষধ]] হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। [[সাধাৰণ পানীলগা]] বা [[ইনফ্লুৱেঞ্জা]]ৰ দৰে [[ভাইৰাছ]]জনিত সংক্ৰমণত প্ৰতিজৈৱিকে কাম নকৰে আৰু জধে মধে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে ই অতিশয় অপকাৰ সাধন কৰিব পাৰে। ১৯২৯ চনত, আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ ফ্লেমিঙে [[পেনিচিলিন]] আবিস্কাৰ কৰিছিল, প্ৰতিজৈৱিক গুণ সম্পন্ন প্ৰথম ৰাসায়নিক যৌগ। তেওঁ এবিধ ৰোগসৃষ্টিকাৰী বেক্টেৰিয়াৰ কৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ এখন কৰ্ষণ ঠালিত ক্ষুদ্ৰ সেউজীয়া ভেঁকুৰৰ বৰ্ধন হোৱা দেখিলে। তেওঁ লক্ষ্য কৰিছিল যে সেই ভেঁকুৰৰ উপস্থিতিয়ে বেক্টেৰিয়াবোৰ ধংশ কৰে নাইবা সিহঁতৰ বৃদ্ধিত ব্যাঘাট জন্মায়। <!-- Synthesis & Usage --> <!-- Resistance --> প্ৰতিজৈৱিকৰ আবিস্কাৰে বিংশ শতিকাৰ চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানত বিপ্লৱৰ সূচনা কৰে, প্ৰতিষেধক ছিটা আৰু প্ৰতিজৈৱিকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ ফলত উন্নত দেশসমূহত [[যক্ষ্মা]]ৰ দৰে ৰোগ প্ৰায় নিৰ্মূল কৰি পেলায়। ইহঁতৰ কাৰ্যকাৰিতা আৰু সহজে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰা সুবিধাৰ বাবে ইহঁতৰ মাত্ৰাধিক ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছে ফলস্বৰূপে বেক্টেৰিয়াবোৰেও প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা গঢ়ি তুলিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে। বৰ্তমান বিশ্বজুৰি ই এটা ডাঙৰ সমস্যা ৰূপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে,<!--{{cn}}--> [[বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থা]]ই এই প্ৰতিৰোধতাক "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country" বুলি শ্ৰেণীকৰণ কৰিছে।<ref name="WHO Global">{{cite press release | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/amr-report/en/ | title=WHO's first global report on antibiotic resistance reveals serious, worldwide threat to public health| publisher=The World Health Organization | date=30 April 2014 | accessdate=21 December 2014}}</ref> ১৯০৭ চনত আলফ্ৰেড বাৰ্ডেইম আৰু পল এৰলিছে [[চিফিলিছ]]ৰ চিকিৎসাত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা আৰ্ছফেনামাইনৰ সংশ্লেষণৰ লগে লগেই এণ্টিবেক্টেৰিয়েল কেম'থেৰাপিৰ যুগ আৰম্ভ হয় বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams KJ | title = The introduction of 'chemotherapy' using arsphenamine - the first magic bullet | journal = J R Soc Med | volume = 102 | issue = 8 | pages = 343–8 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19679737 | pmc = 2726818 | doi = 10.1258/jrsm.2009.09k036 }}</ref><ref name="goodman">{{cite book |last1=Goodman |first1=Louis S. |author-link1=Louis S. Goodman |last2=Gilman |first2=Alfred |author-link2=Alfred Gilman, Sr. |title=[[The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics]] |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1941}}</ref> প্ৰথম [[wikt:systemic|প্ৰণালীবদ্ধ]] সক্ৰিয় প্ৰতিজৈৱিক [[ঔষধ]] প্ৰ'ণ্ট'ছিল গাৰ্হাৰ্ড ড'মাৰ্গে ১৯৩৩ চনত আবিস্কাৰ কৰিছিল,<ref name="goodman"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aminov RI | title = A brief history of the antibiotic era: lessons learned and challenges for the future | journal = [[Frontiers in Microbiology]] | volume = 1 | issue = | pages = 134 | year = 2010 | pmid = 21687759 | pmc = 3109405 | doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2010.00134 }}</ref> ইয়াৰ বাবে তেঁওক ১৯৩৯ চনত [[ন'বেল বঁটা]]ৰে সন্মানিত কৰা হৈছিল। ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ঔষধ]] rll2cd6fxxp9faanzfcaslrfhkhkerg মৈদাম 0 41244 453269 440142 2024-12-10T07:16:14Z AjayDas 12623 removed [[Category:বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site|Name=ফ্ৰাং মৈ-দাম<br>𑜉𑜩𑜓𑜝𑜪|Country=ভাৰত|Location=[[অসম]]|Type=সাংস্কৃতিক|Year=২০২৪|Session=৪৬ তম}}[[File:Charaideo Maidam of Ahom Kings at Charaideo in Sivasagar, Assam 1.jpg|thumb|200px|চৰাইদেউৰ মৈদাম]] '''ফ্ৰাং-মৈ-দাম''' বা চমুকৈ '''মৈ-দাম''' ({{Lang-aho|𑜉𑜩𑜓𑜝𑜪|links={{wiktionary|𑜉𑜩𑜓𑜝𑜪}}}} অৰ্থ:মৃতকক সমাধি দিয়া,{{Lang-en|Maidam বা Pyramid of Assam}}) হৈছে [[আহোম]] জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকৰ পৰম্পৰাগত মৃতদেহ সংস্কাৰ প্ৰথা আৰু সমাধি যি [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি প্ৰাপ্ত।<ref name="গোহাঁই">{{cite book | title=তাই-আহোম জনগোষ্ঠী আৰু তাই পৰম্পৰা | publisher=অপৰূপা পাব্লিচিং হাউচ | author=গোহাঁই, ড° বীৰেন্দ্ৰ কুমাৰ | year=২০০৯ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=২৮৩}}</ref> মৈদামক [[ইজিপ্ত|ইজিপ্তৰ]] [[ফাৰাও|ফাৰাওসকলৰ]] পিৰামিড আৰু প্ৰাচীন চীনা ৰাজপৰিয়ালৰ সমাধিৰ সৈতে তুলনা কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5915/ Moidams – the Mound-Burial system of the Ahom Dynasty] - UNESCO </ref><ref>Desai, Raha (2004), page 450, [https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Dying_Earth/BVp-AAAAMAAJ?hl=en The Dying Earth] People's Action, Nature's Reaction,ACB Publications,ISBN:9788187500216, 8187500212 </ref>বৰ্তমান সময়ত [[আহোম জনগোষ্ঠী|টাই-আহোম জনগোষ্ঠীৰ]] ম'-হুং, ম'-চাম, [[চাওদাং]] আৰু ম'-প্ল'ঙ নামৰ চাৰিটা ফৈদৰ মানুহে মৈদাম পৰম্পৰা মানি চলে। <ref name="গোহাঁই" /> মৈদাম [[টাই আহোম ভাষা|টাই আহোম শব্দ]] ফ্ৰাং-মৈ-দামৰ পৰা আহিছে। ফ্ৰাং-মৈ মানে সমাধি দিয়া আৰু দাম মানে মৃতক।<ref name=":1">[https://sivasagar.assam.gov.in/document/brochure Brochure on moidams at Charaideo], Sivasagar, Government of Assam </ref><ref>[https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Proceedings_of_North_East_India_History/LDhuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en Proceedings of North East India History Association]</ref> টাই জাতিৰ লোকসকলে মৃতদেহ জ্বলাই দিয়াৰ সলনি পুতি থয়। অসমৰ ভিন্ন প্ৰান্তত মৈদাম সমূহ দেখা যায় আৰু [[চৰাইদেউ]]ত আটাইটকৈ বেছি ঘনত্বত মৈদাম সমূহ আছে।<ref name=":0" /> প্ৰায়বোৰ ধৰ্মীয় বিশ্বাসৰ বিপৰীতে টাই-আহোম সকলে মৈদাম সমুহ পবিত্ৰ স্থান বুলি গণ্য কৰে আৰু বছৰি মৃতকক মে দাম মে ফী দৰে অনুষ্ঠান আয়োজন কৰি সন্মান জনোৱা হয়। == মৈদাম প্ৰথা == [[File:Maidam (burial mound) of the last Ahom King Purandar Singha- Rajamaidam, Jorhat.JPG|thumb|[[যোৰহাট]]ত থকা শেষ আহোম স্বৰ্গদেউ [[পুৰন্দৰ সিংহ]]ৰ মৈদাম। ৰজাৰ মৈদাম থকাৰ বাবে ঠাইডোখৰ ''ৰজামৈদাম'' হিচাপে জনাজাত। ]] ===চাংৰুং=== মৈদাম প্ৰথাৰ বিষয়ে চাংৰুং ফুকন বুৰঞ্জীত লিখা আছে। মৈদামৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ আৰু নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে চাংৰুং ফুকন আৰু মৈদাম ফুকন বুলি পদসমুহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল যি ৯জন ফুকনৰ ভিতৰত আছিল।<ref name=":3">[https://sivasagar.assam.gov.in/document/brochure Brochure on moidams at Charaideo] p. 7</ref> চাওফা তথা উচ্চ পদবীৰ বিষয়াৰ মৈদাম কেৱল লুক-খা-খুন বংশৰ মানুহে দিব পাৰিছিল।<ref name=":0" /> ইয়াৰ উপৰি মৈদামৰ পহৰা দিবলৈ মৈদামীয়া বুলি এটা ফৈদ বনুৱা হৈছিল। মাটি দাইল, গুড়, হাঁহৰ কণী, বৰালি মাছ, চূণ আৰু শামুকৰ খোলাৰ মিশ্ৰণেৰে চিমেণ্ট কৰা ইটা আৰু শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ তথ্য লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name=":1" /> চাংৰুং ফুকন পুথিৰ মতে মৈদাম নিৰ্মাণত বিভিন্ন আকাৰৰ শিল, ভঙা শিল, ইটা, ভঙা ইটা আদিৰ সহায়ত অধিগাঁথনি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও চাংৰুং ফুকন পুথি সমূহত পাইকৰ সংখ্যা, কামৰ সময়সীমা, কামৰ বাবে প্ৰদান কৰা বেতন আৰু মৈদাম দিওঁতে কৰা পৰম্পৰাগত আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানৰ বিষয়েও বিতংকৈ লিখা আছে।<ref name=":0" /> ==মৈদামৰ গঠন== মৈদামৰ আকাৰ মৈদাম দিয়া মৃতক জনৰ পদবীজনৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰিছিল। ৰাজপৰিয়ালৰ সকলৰ মৈদাম আকাৰত ডাঙৰ আৰু পহৰীয়াও আছিল।<ref name=":2">[https://sivasagar.assam.gov.in/document/brochure Brochure on moidams at Charaideo] p. 5</ref> মৈদামৰ গঠনত মূল তিনিটা ভাগ প্ৰধান। ৰুংডাং কাৰেং, ৰুংডাং আৰু চাও-চালি সমাধি স্থলত থকা বিশেষ ভাস্কৰ্য। মৈদাম সমূহ আঠকুণীয় আকৃতিৰ এটা ইটাৰ বেৰা থাকে আৰু মৈদামৰ ভিতৰলৈ যোৱা দুৱাৰ পশ্চিম দিশত থাকে। এই বেৰাৰ বাহিৰতে বছৰি দাম-ফী প্ৰথা অনুসৰি মৃতকজনক শ্ৰদ্ধা জনোৱা হয়।<ref name=":2" /> সৰু মৈদাম সমূহত অৱশ্যে বিশেষ ভাস্কৰ্য সমুহ দেখা নাযায়। <ref name=":2" /> ===ৰুংডাং=== মৈদাম প্ৰথাত মৃতদেহক স্নান কৰাই ৰুংডাং, অৰ্থাৎ কাঠেৰে সজা এটা বিশেষধৰণৰ পেৰাৰ ভিতৰত সুমুৱাই ৰখা হয়।<ref name=":3" /> ৰুংডাংসমুহ [[:en:Bischofia javanica|''Bischofia javanica'']] গছৰ কাঠৰ পৰা প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হয়।<ref name=":3" /> ===কাৰেং ৰুংডাং === ৰুংডাং পোতা ঠাইত এটা ঘৰ তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াক কাৰেং ৰুংডাং বোলে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=আহোম যুগৰ মৈদামসমূহৰ বিষয়ে জানো আহক |url=https://www.batori24.com/as/big-story/charaideo-has-more-than-150-maidams-of-the-ahom-era/10790/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |archivedate=2023-10-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014032854/https://www.batori24.com/as/big-story/charaideo-has-more-than-150-maidams-of-the-ahom-era/10790/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="KHONMOUNG">[https://notunpohor.com/2023/03/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%89-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE/ চৰাইদেউ মৈদাম || মৈদাম মানে কি, ২৬ মাৰ্চ ২০২৩, নতুন পোহৰ] </ref>ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত মৃতকে জীৱিতকালত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা সামগ্ৰীসমূহ, যেনে:- [[ঙি ঙাও খাম]], চীনা মাটি, কাঠ বা হাতীদাঁত বা লোহাৰে তৈয়াৰী বস্তু, [[হেংদান|হেংদাং]], শৰাই, সোণৰ গহনা, কটাৰী, চূণৰ টেমী,চালপীৰা, পালি-পহৰীয়া আদি পুতি দিয়া হয়, পাছলৈ [[চাওফা]] [[চ্যু-খ্ৰং-ফা|চ্যু-খ্ৰং-ফাই]] জীৱিত পালি-পহৰীয়া দিয়া নিষিদ্ধ কৰে।<ref name=":2" /> পূৰ্বতে মৈদামৰ ভিতৰছোৱা এটা বা ততোধিক ভাগত ভগোৱা হ’ব পাৰে।<ref name="ASI">{{cite web | url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_assam_maidams.asp | title=Group of Maidams, Chararideo | publisher=Archaeological Survey of India | accessdate=19 December 2015}}</ref> ===চাও-চালি=== ৰুংডাং কাৰেংৰ ওপৰত মাটিৰ এক অনুচ্চ মূধ্ছ সজা হয় যাক চাও-চালি বোলা হয়। এই গুহা যুক্ত কোঠা চাও-চালিসমূহ, প্ৰায়ে দুমহলীয়া আৰু খোলাযুক্ত পথৰ মাজেৰে প্ৰৱেশ কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0" /> ==লুণ্ঠন== মৈদামৰ ভিতৰত থকা আপুৰুগীয়া সম্পদ সমূহে আক্ৰমণকাৰী আৰু বিদেশী উপনিৱেশিকসকলক আকৰ্ষিত কৰিছিল। মৃতকৰ লগত থোৱা ধন-সোণ আৰু আন মূল্যবান সম্পদ সমূহ ভিন্ন সময়ত লুণ্ঠনকাৰীয়ে চুৰ কৰি নিয়ে। ===মীৰজুমলাৰ লুণ্ঠন=== মীৰজুমলাৰ অসম আক্ৰমণৰ সময়ত মোগলে প্ৰথম মৈদামত লুণ্ঠন আৰম্ভ কৰে। ===ব্ৰিটিছৰ লুণ্ঠন=== বগা বঙাল বা ব্ৰিটিছৰ শাসনকালত মৈদামত লুণ্ঠন বেছি হৈ যায়। টি. ব্ৰদি বোলা ব্ৰিটিছ বিষয়া এজনৰ অনুৰোধত চি. ক্লেইটন নামৰ এজনে ১৮৪৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত মৈদামৰ লুণ্ঠন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":4">[https://sivasagar.assam.gov.in/document/brochure Brochure on moidams at Charaideo] p. 8</ref> ক্লেইটন আৰু তেওঁৰ দলে সোণৰ কেৰু, ৰূপৰ খৰিকা, বানবাতি, বানকাহি আৰু চূণ থোৱা সৰু বান এটা খান্দি উলিয়াইছিল যি পাছত বেডফৰ্ড বোলা এজনে কিনি লৈছিল।<ref name=":4" /> ১৯০৫ চনটো আহোম কোঁৱৰ এজনক লৈ গৈ মৈদাম খন্দোৱাইছিল।<ref name=":4" /> == বৰ্তমানৰ মৈদাম == [[শিৱসাগৰ]], [[চৰাইদেউ]]ত আৰু ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ উপত্যকাৰ ভিন্ন অংশত যথেষ্ঠ মৈদাম দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ইয়াৰে ভিতৰত ৩০টা ভাৰতীয় পুৰাতত্ত্ব অনুসন্ধান আৰু অসম চৰকাৰৰ পুৰাতত্ত্ব বিভাগৰদ্বাৰা সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। [[যোৰহাট]]ত শেষ আহোম স্বৰ্গদেউ [[পুৰন্দৰ সিংহ]] আৰু [[শৰাইঘাটৰ যুদ্ধ]]ৰ [[আহোম সৈন্যবাহিনী|আহোম সৈন্যবাহিনীৰ]] বৰফুকন [[লাচিত বৰফুকন]]ৰ মৈদাম আছে। মৈদাম আৰু ইয়াৰ কাষৰীয়া বাফাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহ ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপ আৰু ৰাজ্যিক পুৰাতত্ত্ব বিভাগে যৌথভাৱে প্ৰাচীন কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন আৰু স্থান অৱশিষ্ট আইন’ ১৯৫৮ (২০১০ চনত সংশোধিত) আৰু অসম প্ৰাচীন কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন আৰু অভিলেখ আইন ১৯৫৯ৰ অধীনত সুৰক্ষিত আৰু পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name=":0" /> ২০০২ চনত মৈদাম নং ২ত কৰা খনন কাৰ্যত পুৰাতত্ব বিভাগে যথেষ্ট কলা কৌশলী যুক্ত সামগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে যাৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ মূল্যবান আছিল হাতীৰ দাঁত আৰু কাঠেৰে নিৰ্মিত ফুং (এক প্ৰকাৰৰ পৰম্পৰাগত শৰাই)।<ref name=":5">[https://sivasagar.assam.gov.in/document/brochure Brochure on moidams at Charaideo] p. 9</ref> হাতীৰ দাঁতৰ [[ঙি ঙাও খাম]], মৰাচৰাই, আৰু ফুলৰ আকৃতিও উদ্ধাৰ হৈছিল।<ref name=":5" />উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা আন বস্তুবোৰ হৈছে - তামৰ টুকুৰা, ঘূৰণীয়া আকৃতিৰ হাতীদাঁতৰ বুটাম, কৰী, সোণৰ লকেট আৰু কেইটামান বৰটোপৰ গুলী।<ref name=":5" /> মৈদামৰ মৃতকজন আৰু নিৰ্মাণৰ তাৰিখ তথ্যৰ অভাৱৰ বাবে নিৰ্ণয় কৰাত অসুবিধা হয়।<ref name="ASI" /><ref name=":5" /> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} {{ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যবাহী স্থানসমূহৰ তালিকা}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:আহোম ৰাজ্য]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]] him2hru89sm1hejp8gqqq3gar4pxcp6 ছিৰিয়া 0 42421 453191 452489 2024-12-10T05:16:11Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox country |conventional_long_name = ছিৰিয়ান আৰৱ গণতন্ত্ৰ |common_name = ছিৰিয়া |image_flag = Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Syria (1945–1958, 1961–1963).svg |image_map = Syria in its region (claimed).svg |national_anthem = ''হোমাত এল ডিয়াৰ'' <br><small>''ভূমিৰ পালক''</small> <br> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Syria.ogg]]}}</div> |official_languages = [[আৰবী ভাষা]] |demonym =ছিৰিয়ান |capital = [[ডামাস্কাছ]] |latd=33 |latm=30 |latNS=N |longd=36 |longm=18 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[ডামাস্কাছ]] |government_type = ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি শাসিত গণতন্ত্ৰ<br> ১৯৬৩ চনৰ পৰা আপাতকালীন শাসন চলি আছে। |leader_title1 = ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি |leader_name1 =বশ্বৰ আল অসাদ |leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী |leader_name2 = মহম্মদ নাজী আল অতৰি |area_rank = ৮৮তম |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 185180<!--DO NOT include the Golan Heights here--> |area_sq_mi = 71479 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 0.06 |population_estimate = 19,405,000 |population_estimate_rank = ৫৫ তম |population_estimate_year = 2007 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 103 |population_densitymi² = 267 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ১১০ তম |GDP_PPP = $৮৭.০৯ বিলিয়ন |GDP_PPP_rank =৬৩ তম |GDP_PPP_year =২০০৭ |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $৪,৮৮৮ |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =১১১ তম |GDP_nominal = $৩৭.৭৬ বিলিয়ন |GDP_nominal_rank = ৭৩ তম |GDP_nominal_year = ২০০৭ 2007 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $১,৯৪৬ |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ১১৪ তম |sovereignty_type = স্বাধীনতা |sovereignty_note = [[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ পৰা |established_event1 = প্ৰথম ঘোষণা |established_date1 = ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৩৬<sup>1</sup> |established_event2 = দ্বিতীয় ঘোষণা |established_date2 = ১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৪৪ |established_event3 = মান্যতা |established_date3 =১৭ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৬ |HDI_year = ২০১৩ <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI =০.৬৫৮<!--number only--> |HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |accessdate=27 जुलाई 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21-25}}</ref> |HDI_rank = ১১৮ তম |currency = [[ছিৰিয়ান পাউণ্ড]] |currency_code = SYP |country_code = |time_zone =পূব ইউৰোপ মান সময়(EET) |utc_offset = +২ |time_zone_DST = পূব ইউৰোপ মান সময়(EET) |utc_offset_DST = +৩ |cctld = .sy |calling_code =৯৬৩ |footnote1 = ফৰাচী ছিৰিয়ান স্বাধীনতা চুক্তি ১৯৩৬ ফ্ৰান্স চৰকাৰৰ মান্য নহয় }} '''ছিৰিয়া''' ({{lang-ar|<big> '''سوريّة''' </big>}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Sūrriya}}'' or ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Sūrya}}''), চৰকাৰীভাৱে '''ছিৰিয়ান আৰৱ গণতন্ত্ৰ ''' (আৰবী:'''{{lang|ar|الجمهورية العربية السورية}}'''), দক্ষিণ পশ্চিম এছিয়াৰ এখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ। ইয়াৰ পশ্চিমত [[লেবানন]] আৰু [[ভূমধ্য সাগৰ]], দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমত [[ইজৰাইল]], দক্ষিণত [[জৰ্ডান]], পূবত [[ইৰাক]] আৰু উত্তৰে [[তুৰস্ক]] অৱস্থিত। ইজৰাইল তথা ইৰাকৰ মাজত স্থিত হোৱা বাবে ই মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য এছিয়াৰ এখন গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দেশ। [[ডামাস্কাছ]] ইয়াৰ ৰাজধানী। পূৰ্বতে ডামাস্কাছ উমৈয়দ খিলাফত আৰু মামলুক সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল। ১৯৪৬ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত [[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা পোৱাৰ পিছত ইয়াত বাথ পাৰ্টিৰ প্ৰভুত্ব বিস্তাৰ হয়। ১৯৬৩ চনৰ পৰা ছিৰিয়াত অপাতকালীন আইন চলি আছে তাৰ বাবে ১৯৭০ চনৰ পৰা ইয়াৰ শাসন ভাৰ অসাদ পৰিয়ালৰ লোকে চলাই আছে। ছিৰিয়া গৃহ যুদ্ধৰ বাবে এক অস্থিৰ পৰিৱেশ বিৰাজ কৰি আছে। বৰ্তমান ছিৰিয়া বিশ্বৰ ভিতৰতে অন্যতম অশান্ত দেশ। == নামৰ উৎপত্তি== ছিৰিয়া নাম গ্ৰীক ভাষাৰ পৰা আহিছে। প্ৰাচীন কালত যৱন সকলে এই অঞ্চলক ''ছিৰিয়ই''বুলি কৈছিল। পণ্ডিত সকলৰ মতে গ্ৰীক সকলে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা অছিৰিয়া শব্দৰ পৰায়ে ছিৰিয়া নামৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছে। অছিৰিয়া শব্দ অক্কদি ভাষাৰ অচ্ছুৰৰ পৰা আহিছে।<ref>সৰ্বপ্ৰথম Theodor Nöldeke দ্বাৰা ১৮৮১ চনত; cf. {{cite web|last=Harper|first=Douglas|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Syria|title=Syria|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|month=November|year=2001|accessdate=2007-06-13}}.</ref> সময়ৰ লগে লগে ছিৰিয়া শব্দৰ অৰ্থ সলনি হৈ গৈ থাকিল। পূৰ্বতে ভূমধ্যসাগৰৰ পূবত মিছৰ আৰু আৰৱৰ উত্তৰ তথা চিলিছিয়াৰ দক্ষিণ অঞ্চলক ছিৰিয়া বোলা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ বিস্তাৰ মেচুপেটামিয়া লৈকে আছিল আৰু ইয়াক অছিৰিয়া বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author=Pliny|origyear=AD 77|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History|chapter=Book 5 Section 66|publisher=University of Chicago Website}}</ref> ৰোমান সম্ৰাজ্যৰ সময়ত এই ছিৰিয়া অঞ্চলক কেইবাটাও বিভাগত ভাগ কৰা হয়। মধ্য প্ৰাচ্যৰ কেইবাখনো দেশ যেনে, [[ইজৰাইল]], [[জৰ্ডান]], [[লেবানন]] ইত্যাদি এই অঞ্চলৰ অন্তৰ্গত আছিল। == ৰাজনীতি == ছিৰিয়া এখন সংসদীয় প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ দেশ। ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ক্ষমতা ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি আৰু বাথ পাৰ্টিৰ হাতত ন্যস্ত। ছিৰিয়া সংবিধানমতে এখন সংসদীয় প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ হ’লেও ১৯৬৩ চনৰ পৰা দেশখনত জৰুৰী অৱস্থা জাৰি কৰা হৈছে। বৰ্তমানে ইয়াৰ জনগণৰ হাতত চৰকাৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ কোনো ক্ষমতা নাই। সেয়ে ছিৰিয়া আচলতে এক একনায়কতান্ত্ৰীক ৰাষ্ট্ৰ। ছিৰিয়াৰ চৰকাৰে ইজৰাইলৰ লগত ক্ৰমাগত যুদ্ধক জৰুৰী অৱস্থাৰ মূল কাৰণ হিচাপে উল্লেখ কৰিছে। ছিৰিয়াৰ প্ৰয়াত ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি হাফিজ আল আসাদ পাঁচ বাৰ গণভোটৰ মাধ্যমত বিজয় কৃতিত্ব বজায় ৰাখে। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু বৰ্তমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি বাশ্বৰ আল-আসাদে ২০০০ চনত এক গণভোটত ছিৰিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি পদত অধিষ্ঠিত হয়। ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি আৰু তেওঁৰ মূল সহযোগীসকলে, বিশেষত সামৰিক আৰু নিৰাপত্তা বাহিনীৰ লোকসকল, ছিৰিয়াৰ ৰাজনীতি আৰু অৰ্থনীতিৰ মূল সিদ্ধান্তসমূহ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ছিৰিয়াৰ গৃহযুদ্ধ ২০১০ চনত আৰম্ভ হোৱা আৰৱ বসন্ত বিপ্লৱৰ দ্বাৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত হয়। ছিৰিয়ান সেনাৰ এক কঠোৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা অনুসৃত শান্তিপূৰ্ণ প্ৰতিবাদৰ এটি শাৰী হিচাপে ২০১১ চনত আৰম্ভ হয়। ২০১১ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত সেনাবাহিনীৰ দলত্যাগী সকল ফ্ৰী ছিৰিয়ান সেনা গঠনৰ ঘোষণা কৰে আৰু যুদ্ধ ইউনিট গঠন আৰম্ভ হয়। এই বিৰোধিতা চুন্নি মুছলমানৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰভাৱিত হয়। আলাউয়ি সকলে ইয়াৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। == ভাষা == [[আৰবী ভাষা]] ছিৰিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা। ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় চাৰি-পঞ্চমাংশ লোকে আৰবী ভাষাত কথা বতৰা পাতে। ছিৰিয়াত প্ৰচলিত অন্যান্য ভাষাৰ ভিতৰত আদিজে ভাষা, আৰামীয় ভাষা, [[আৰ্মেনীয় ভাষা]], [[আজাৰবাইজানি ভাষা]], দোমাৰি ভাষা (ৰোমান ভাষা), কুৰ্ডি ভাষা আৰু ছিৰিয় ভাষা উল্লেখযোগ্য। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কাম-কাজত [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ==মেলা আৰু উৎসৱ== {| class="wikitable" |- !উৎসৱ !নগৰ !মাহ |- |ফুলৰ উৎসৱ |লতাকীয়া |এপ্ৰিল |- |পাৰম্পৰিক |পালমিৰা |মে |- |আন্তৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ফুল মেলা |[[ডামাস্কাছ]] |মে |- |ছিৰিয়ান গীত মেলা |এলেপ্প |জুলাই |- |মাৰমৰিতা | মাৰমৰিতা |আগষ্ট |- |লোত্তি উৎসৱ |অচ্ছুবায়দা |ছেপ্টেম্বৰ |- |কঁপাহ উৎসৱ |এলেপ্প | ছেপ্টেম্বৰ |- |ডামাস্কাছ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মেলা | ডামাস্কাছ | ছেপ্টেম্বৰ |- |প্ৰেম আৰু শান্তিৰ উৎসৱ |লতাকীয়া |২-১২ আগষ্ট |- | বছড়া উৎসৱ |বছড়া |ছেপ্টেম্বৰ |- |চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু নাট্য মহোৎসৱ | ডামাস্কাছ |নৱেম্বৰ |- |চেমেলিৰ উৎসৱ |ডামাস্কাছ |এপ্ৰিল |} ==তথ্য উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বহিঃসংযোগ == ;চৰকাৰ * [http://www.mofa.gov.sy ছিৰিয়াৰ বিদেশ মন্ত্ৰালয় ] * [http://www.baath-party.org/eng/news.asp ছিৰিয়াৰ বাথ পাৰ্টি ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321052213/http://www.baath-party.org/eng/news.asp |date=2008-03-21 }} * [http://www.parliament.gov.sy/ ছিৰিয়াৰ সংসদ ] ; সংস্কৃতি * [http://cinemasy.com/ ছিৰিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ সংস্থা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020024311/http://www.cinemasy.com/ |date=2008-10-20 }} * [http://www.rtv.gov.sy/ ৰেডিঅ আৰু টেলিভিছন সাধাৰণ সন্থা, ছিৰিয়া ] * [http://www.alassad-library.gov.sy/ আল অসাদ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুথিভঁৰাল ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516072038/http://www.alassad-library.gov.sy/ |date=2008-05-16 }} ; অৰ্থনীতি * [http://www.banquecentrale.gov.sy/ ছিৰিয়া কেন্দ্ৰীয় বেংক] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217171921/http://www.banquecentrale.gov.sy/ |date=2007-02-17 }} * [http://www.cbs-bank.com/en_index.php/ বাণিজ্যিক বেংক ছিৰিয়া ] {{Countries of Asia}} [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ]] ml132xfwfmieo9rhrn6z7xhwdd4yplx মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছ 0 42453 453282 429271 2024-12-10T07:38:20Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছ | color = lightgray | image = Muhammad Yunus - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg | image_size = | caption = ছুইজাৰলেণ্ডৰ ডেভোছত অনুষ্ঠিত বিশ্ব অৰ্থনৈতিক ফৰামত মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছ, ২৫ জানুৱাৰী ২০১২ | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|6|28|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[চট্টগ্ৰাম]], [[বাংলাদেশ]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | nationality = {{flagicon|BAN}} বাংলাদেশী | religion = [[ইছলাম]] | citizenship = {{BAN}} | alma_mater = [[ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<br /> কলোৰাডো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় <br />ভেণ্ডাৰবিল্ট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় | field = ক্ষুদ্ৰঋণ, কল্যাণমূলক অৰ্থনীতি, নীতিবিদ্যা | occupation = বেংকাৰ<br />অৰ্থনীতিবিদ | institution = চট্টগ্ৰাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<br />শাহজালাল বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<br />মিডিল টেনিসি ষ্টেট ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি<br /> গ্লাছগ' কলেডোনিয়ান বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Muhammad Yunus has been installed as Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University. |url=http://www.gcu.ac.uk/newsevents/news/article.php?id=49588&c=126 |access-date=2016-11-16 |archivedate=2012-10-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028072418/http://www.gcu.ac.uk/newsevents/news/article.php?id=49588&c=126 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> | influences = | opposed = | influenced = | contributions = গ্ৰামীণ বেংক<br />ক্ষুদ্ৰঋণ | spouse = ভেৰা ফৰোষ্টেনকো (১৯৭০-১৯৭৯)<br />আফৰোজী ইউনুছ (বৰ্তমান) | parents = | children = ২ | awards = {{unbulleted list | [[ৰমন মেগছেছে বঁটা]] {{small|(১৯৮৪)}} | {{nowrap|স্বাধীনতা দিৱস বঁটা, ([[বাংলাদেশ]] {{small|(১৯৮৭)}}&nbsp; <ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.cabinet.gov.bd/view_award.php?year_select=1987&Submit=GO&lang=en |title=List of Independence Awardees |website=Cabinet Division, Government of People's Republic of Bangladesh |language=bn |accessdate=29 November 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} | [[বিশ্ব খাদ্য বঁটা]] {{small|(১৯৯৪)}} | পফেফেৰ শান্তি পুৰস্কাৰ {{small|(১৯৯৪)}} | [[আন্তৰ্জাতিক গান্ধী শান্তি পুৰস্কাৰ|গান্ধী শান্তি পুৰস্কাৰ]] {{small|(২০০০)}} | ভলভ' পৰিবেশ বঁটা {{small|(২০০৩)}} | [[ন'বেল বঁটা]], (শান্তি) {{small|(২০০৬)}} | {{nowrap|প্ৰেচিডেণ্টচিয়েল মেডেল অফ ফ্ৰীদম {{small|(২০০৯)}}}} | কংগ্ৰেছনেল গোল্ড মেডেল {{small|(২০১০)}} | আগা খান এৱাৰ্ড ফৰ অৰ্কিটেক্সাৰ }} | signature = Yunus-signature-2014.jpg | repec_prefix = e | repec_id = pyu122 }} '''মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছ''' (জন্ম: ২৮ জুন, ১৯৪০) এজন [[বাংলাদেশ|বাংলাদেশী]] [[ন'বেল বঁটা]] বিজয়ী বেংকাৰ আৰু অৰ্থনীতিবিদ। তেওঁ চট্টগ্ৰাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত [[অৰ্থনীতি]] বিভাগৰ এজন অধ্যাপক। তেওঁ ক্ষুদ্ৰঋণ ধাৰণাৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তক। অধ্যাপক ইউনুছ [[গ্ৰামীণ বেংক]]ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাতা। মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছ আৰু তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত [[গ্ৰামীণ বেংক]] যৌথভাবে ২০০৬ চনত শান্তিৰ [[ন'বেল বঁটা]] লাভ কৰে। তেওঁ প্ৰথম [[বাংলাদেশ|বাংলাদেশী]] হিচাপে এই বঁটা লাভ কৰে। ইউনুছ 'বিশ্ব খাদ্য বঁটা' সহ কেইবাটাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুৰস্কাৰ লাভ কৰে। ২০১২ চনত ইউনুছ স্কটলেণ্ডৰ গ্লাছগো কেলেডোনিয়ান বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ চেঞ্চেলৰ নিযুক্ত হয় আৰু ২০১৮ চনলৈকে এই পদত অধিষ্ঠিত হৈ থাকে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-08 |title=Muhammad Yunus takes oath as head of Bangladesh's interim government |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/8/muhammad-yunus-takes-oath-as-head-of-bangladeshs-interim-government |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ [[বাংলাদেশ]]ৰ চট্টগ্ৰাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত অৰ্থনীতিৰ অধ্যাপক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2006|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/yunus/biographical/|access-date=9 June 2020|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726173150/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2006/yunus/biographical/|url-status=live}}</ref> বিত্তৰ সৈতে জড়িত কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ তেওঁ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ক্ষুদ্ৰঋণক সমৰ্থন কৰা গ্ৰামীন আমেৰিকা আৰু গ্ৰামীন ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক ব'ৰ্ড সদস্য।<ref>[http://www.speaker.gov/press-release/house-senate-leaders-announce-gold-medal-ceremony-professor-muhammad-yunus "House and Senate Leaders Announce Gold Medal Ceremony for Professor Muhammad Yunus"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829110121/https://www.speaker.gov/press-release/house-senate-leaders-announce-gold-medal-ceremony-professor-muhammad-yunus |date=29 August 2018 }}, Press Release, US Congress</ref> ইউনুছে ১৯৯৮ চনৰ পৰা ২০২১ চনলৈকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ কাৰ্যাৱলীৰ সৈতে সংপৃক্ত ৰাজহুৱা দাতব্য সংস্থা- ‘ইউনাইটে়ড নেচনচ্ ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন’ৰ ব’ৰ্ড অফ ডিৰেক্টৰচতো কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। ২০২২ চনত তেওঁ গ্ল'বেল ইস্প'ৰ্টছ ফেডাৰেচনৰ সৈতে অংশীদাৰিত্বৰে উন্নয়ন আন্দোলনৰ বাবে ইস্প'ৰ্টছ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে।<ref name="olympic">{{Cite web |title=Professor Muhammad Yunus |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/olympism-in-action/speakers/prof-muhammad-yunus |access-date=8 August 2024 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808034633/https://olympics.com/ioc/olympism-in-action/speakers/prof-muhammad-yunus |url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২৪ চনৰ ৬ আগষ্টত বাংলাদেশৰ সংসদ ভংগ কৰাৰ পিছত ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি মহম্মদ চাহাবুদ্দিনে প্ৰাক্তন প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেখ হাছিনা]]ৰ পদত্যাগৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰসকলৰ দাবীত ইউনুছক বাংলাদেশৰ অন্তৱৰ্তীকালীন চৰকাৰৰ মুৰব্বী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিবলৈ মনোনীত কৰে।<ref name="Wapo20240806">{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Azad |last2=Mehrotra |first2=Karishma |last3=Gupta |first3=Anant |last4=Ripon |first4=Tanbirul Miraj |last5=Seth |first5=Anika Arora |date=6 August 2024 |title=Bangladeshi officials meet student demand to name Nobel laureate as leader |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/06/bangladesh-yunus-government-military-hasina/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref> ৰাজনৈতিক উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত বুলি গণ্য কৰা শ্ৰম সংহিতা উলংঘাৰ অভিযোগৰ পৰা পিছদিনা আপীলত তেওঁক দোষমুক্ত কৰা হয় আৰু যাৰ বাবে ফ্ৰান্সৰ পৰা দেশলৈ ঘূৰি অহা আৰু চৰকাৰৰ মুৰব্বী হিচাপে নিযুক্ত হোৱাৰ বাট মুকলি হয়।<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Le Monde |lang=fr |title=Le Prix Nobel Muhammad Yunus arrive au Bangladesh pour former un gouvernement |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2024/08/08/le-prix-nobel-muhammad-yunus-atterrit-au-bangladesh-pour-former-un-gouvernement_6272846_3210.html |date=2024-08-08 }}</ref> ২০২৪ চনৰ ৮ আগষ্টত তেওঁ বাংলাদেশ গণৰাজ্যৰ অন্তৱৰ্তীকালীন চৰকাৰৰ মুখ্য উপদেষ্টা হিচাপে এই পদ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্ৰতিবেদক |first=নিজস্ব |date=6 August 2024 |title=ড. মুহাম্মদ ইউনূসকে প্ৰধান উপদেষ্টা কৰে সৰকাৰ গঠনেৰ সিদ্ধান্ত |url=https://www.dhakapost.com/national/297169 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806194554/https://www.dhakapost.com/national/297169 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=Dhaka Post |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus Named Chief Adviser Of Bangladesh Interim Government: Updates |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/bangladesh-unrest-live-updates-nobel-laureate-muhammad-yunus-named-chief-adviser-of-interim-government-6280732 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807043246/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/bangladesh-unrest-live-updates-nobel-laureate-muhammad-yunus-named-chief-adviser-of-interim-government-6280732 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> ==পৰিয়াল আৰু শৈশৱ== মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছ ১৯৪০ চনত চট্টগ্ৰাম জিলাৰ হাটহাজাৰী উপ জিলাৰ বাথুয়া গাঁৱত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁ চট্টগ্ৰাম কলেজিয়েট স্কুল আৰু চট্টগ্ৰাম কলেজ শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ পিতাৰ নাম ''হাজী দুলা মিয়া সদাগৰ'' আৰু মাতাৰ নাম ''চুফিয়া খাতুন''। তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম বিদ্যালয় মহাজন ফকিৰৰ স্কুল। সপ্তম শ্ৰেণীত পঢ়ি থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ বয়েজ স্কাউটত যোগ দিয়ে আৰু বয়েজ স্কাউটৰ ফালৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১৫ বছৰ বয়সত [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]], [[কানাডা|কানাডাসহ]] [[এছিয়া]] আৰু [[ইউৰোপ|ইউৰোপৰ]] বিভিন্ন দেশ ভ্ৰমণ কৰে। মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছৰ সহধৰ্মিনী আফৰোজী ইউনুছ। ব্যক্তিগত জীৱনত মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছ দুই কন্যাৰ পিতা। মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছৰ ভায়েক মুহাম্মদ ইব্ৰাহিম ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞান বিভাগৰ অধ্যাপক আৰু সৰু ভায়েক মুহাম্মদ জাহাঙ্গীৰ এজন জনপ্ৰিয় টিভি ব্যক্তিত্ব। == শিক্ষা আৰু প্ৰাথমিক কৰ্মজীৱন == চট্টগ্ৰাম কলেজিয়েট স্কুলৰ পৰা হাইস্কুল শিক্ষান্ত পৰীক্ষাত মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছ মেধা তালিকাত ১৬তম স্থান অধিকৰ কৰে আৰু চট্টগ্ৰাম কলেজত নামভৰ্তি কৰে। তাত তেওঁ সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক কাম-কাজত আত্মনিয়োগ কৰে। কলেজত তেওঁ নাটকত অভিনয় কৰি প্ৰথম পুৰস্কাৰ লাভ কৰে। তদুপৰি তেওঁ সাহিত্য পত্ৰিকা সম্পাদনা আৰু আজাদী পত্ৰিকাত লেখা মেলা কৰে। ১৯৫৭ চনত মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছ ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত অৰ্থনীতি বিভাগৰ সন্মান শ্ৰেণীত ভৰ্তি হয়। তাৰে পৰা তেওঁ স্নাতক আৰু স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। তাৰপিছত তেওঁ ব্যুৰ' অফ ইক'নমিক্সত গৱষণা সহকাৰী হিচাপে যোগদান কৰে। ১৯৬২ চনত চট্টগ্ৰাম কলেজত তেওঁ প্ৰবক্তা পদত যোগদান কৰে। ১৯৬৫ চনত ফুলব্ৰাইট স্কলাৰশিপ লৈ তেওঁ যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ যায় আৰু পূৰ্ণ বৃত্তি লৈ ভেণ্ডাৰবিল্ট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা ১৯৬৯ চনত অৰ্থনীতিত পিএইচডি ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। ইউনুছ বাংলাদেশ ঘূৰি অহাৰ আগতে ১৯৬৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৭২ চনলৈ মিডল টেনেচি ষ্টেট ইউনিভাৰ্চিটিত শিক্ষকতা কৰে। ১৯৭১ চনত বাংলাদেশৰ স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছ বাংলাদেশৰ পক্ষে বিদেশত জনমত গঢ়ি তোলা আৰু মুক্তিযোদ্ধা সকলক সহায়তা প্ৰদানৰ বাবে সাংগঠনিক কামত নিয়োজিত আছিল। ১৯৭২ চনত দেশলৈ ঘূৰি তেওঁ চট্টগ্ৰাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত অৰ্থনীতি বিভাগত সহযোগী অধ্যাপক হিচাপে যোগ দিয়ে আৰু বিভাগৰ মুৰব্বী হিচাপে দায়িত্ব পালন কৰে। ১৯৭৫ চনত তেওঁ অধ্যাপক পদত উন্নীত হয় আৰু ১৯৮৯ চনলৈ তেওঁ এই পদত অধিষ্ঠিত থাকে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://www.muhammadyunus.org/About-Professor-Yunus/cv-of-professor-muhammad-yunus/ |access-date=2016-11-17 |archivedate=2013-01-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115085438/http://www.muhammadyunus.org/About-Professor-Yunus/cv-of-professor-muhammad-yunus/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ১৯৭৪ চনত বাংলাদেশত সংঘটিত দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ সমযত ইউনুছে দৰিদ্ৰতাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে সংগ্ৰাম আৰম্ভ কৰে। তেওঁ গম পালে যে স্বল্প পৰিমাণৰ ঋণ দুখীয়া মানুহৰ জীৱন মান উন্নয়নত অত্যন্ত কাৰ্যকৰী হব পাৰে। সেই সময়ত তেওঁ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে গ্ৰামীণ অৰ্থনৈতিক প্ৰকল্প আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৯৭৪ চনত মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছ তেভাগা খামাৰ প্ততিষ্ঠা কৰে। পিছলৈ বিভিন্ন পেকেজৰ আওঁতাত চৰকাৰে ইয়াক অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰে। == গ্ৰামীণ বেংকৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা== মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছে ১৯৭৬ চনত গ্ৰামীণ বেংকৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। দৰিদ্ৰ বাংলাদেশী সকলৰ মাজত ঋণ বিতৰণৰ উদ্দেশ্য এই বেংক প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয়। তেতিয়াৰে পৰা গ্ৰামীণ বেংকে ৫.৩ মিলিয়ন ঋণগ্ৰহিতাৰ মাজত ৫.১ বিলিয়ন [[আমেৰিকান ডলাৰ]] ঋণ প্ৰদান কৰিছে। ঋণৰ টকা ঘূৰাই পোৱা নিশ্চিত কৰাৰ বাবে গ্ৰামীণ বেংকে "সংহতি দল" নামৰ পদ্ধতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। এটি অনানুষ্ঠানিক সৰু দল একত্ৰিত হৈ ঋণৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ সদস্যবৃন্দ এজনে আনজনৰ জামিনদাৰ হিচাপে থাকে আৰু এজনে আনজনৰ উন্নয়নত সাহায্য কৰে। বেংকৰ পৰিধি বঢ়াৰ লগে লগে দৰিদ্ৰ দূৰীকৰণৰ বাবে অন্যান্য পদ্ধতি প্ৰয়োগ কৰে। ক্ষুদ্ৰঋণৰ লগে লগে যোগ হয় গৃহঋণ, মীনপালন আৰু জলসিঞ্চন ঋণ প্ৰকল্প সহ অন্যান্য বেংকিং ব্যৱস্থা। দুখীয়াৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক উন্নয়নত গ্ৰামীণ বেংকৰ সাফল্য উন্নত বিশ্বৰ দেশসমূহ, যেনে যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ সহ অন্যান্য শিল্পোন্নত দেশসমূহে এই মডেল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ উদ্বুদ্ধ হয়। == ন'বেল বঁটা অৰ্জন == মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছ আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত গ্ৰামীণ বেংক যৌথভাবে ২০০৬ চনত কল্যাণ অৰ্থনীতিৰ বাবে শান্তিৰ ন'বেল বঁটা লাভ কৰে। তেওঁ প্ৰথম বাংলাদেশী হিচাপে এই বঁটা লাভ কৰে। আন আন বহুতো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা আৰু সন্মানৰ উপৰিয়ো তেওঁ প্ৰায় ৪৮টা সন্মানীয় ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰীলাভ কৰিছে। == প্ৰকাশিত গ্ৰন্থ == * Three Farmers of Jobra; অৰ্থনীতি বিভাগ, চট্টগ্ৰাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়; (১৯৭৪) * Planning in Bangladesh: Format, Technique, and Priority, and Other Essays; Rural Studies Project, অৰ্থনীতি বিভাগ, চট্টগ্ৰাম বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়(১৯৭৬) * Jorimon and Others: Faces of Poverty (co-authors: Saiyada Manajurula Isalama, Arifa Rahman); গ্ৰামীণ বেংক; (১৯৯১) * Grameen Bank, as I See it; গ্ৰামীণ বেংক; (১৯৯৪) * Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty; Public Affairs; (২০০৩) ISBN 978-1-58648-198-8 * Creating a World without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism; Public Affairs; (২০০৮) ISBN 978-1-58648-493-4 * Building Social Business: The New Kind of Capitalism that Serves Humanity's Most Pressing Needs [১২৭]; Public Affairs; (২০১০); ISBN 978-1-58648-824-6 ==তথ্য উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [http://www.grameen-info.org/ গ্ৰামীন বেংক, ড° ইউনুছৰ স্বপ্ন] * [http://www.worldfoodprize.org/laureates/Past/1994.htm ড° ইউনুছৰ জীৱনী - বিশ্ব খাদ্য বঁটা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824071906/http://www.worldfoodprize.org/laureates/Past/1994.htm |date=2007-08-24 }} * [http://www.sajaforum.org/2006/09/saja_newsmaker_.html SAJAforum.org Q&A from around the world with Muhammad Yunus] (audio/MP3 42 minutes) * [http://www.microcreditsummit.org/newsletter/speaking2.htm ড° মুহাম্মদ ইউনুছৰ এটি বক্তব্য] {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অৰ্থনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:শান্তিৰ ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰমন মেগছেছে বঁটা বিজয়ী]] jx3wbzokp7wiwer6q46eb6mn4hki341 পঞ্জাবী ভাষা 0 43081 453301 452709 2024-12-10T09:20:17Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Punjabi | nativename = {{hlist|{{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ}}|{{lang|pnb|{{nq|پَن٘جابی}}}}}} | pronunciation = {{plainlist| *{{IPA-pa|pəɲˈdʒɑb̆.bi|lang}} *{{IPAc-en|lang|p|ʌ|n|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|b|i}}}} | states = [[Pakistan]] and India | region = [[পঞ্জাব, ভাৰত]] | ethnicity = [[Punjabis]] | speakers = 113 million | date = 2011–2017 | ref = {{efn|[[2011 Indian Census]] and [[2017 Pakistani Census]]}}<ref>80.5 million in Pakistan (2017), 31.1 in India (2011), 0.5 in Canada (2016), 0.3 in the UK (2011), 0.3 in the US (2017), 0.1 in Australia (2016). See {{section link||Geographic distribution}} below.</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Northwestern Zone|Northwestern]] | script = {{plainlist| *[[Shahmukhi|Shāhmukhī]] <small>(in [[Pakistan]])</small> *[[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhī]] <small>(in India)</small> *[[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]] <small>(in India)</small> *[[Punjabi Braille]] *[[Laṇḍā scripts|Laṇḍā]] {{small|(historical)}} *[[Takri]] {{small|(historical)}} *[[Mahajani]] {{small|(historical)}}}} | agency = Punjab Institute of Language, Art & Culture, Punjab, [[Pakistan]]<br/> Department of Languages, Punjab, India<ref>{{cite web | last=India | first=Tribune | title=Punjabi matric exam on Aug 26 | website=The Tribune | date=19 August 2020 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/punjabi-matric-exam-on-aug-26-128241 | access-date=18 September 2020 | archive-date=19 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819214819/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/punjabi-matric-exam-on-aug-26-128241 | url-status=live }}</ref> | nation = {{flag|Pakistan}}<br />{{bulleted_list|{{flag|Punjab}} {{small|(provincial)}}{{efn|Punjabi language has ''provincial status'' in the Pakistani province of Punjab, sanctioned by the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Punjab Institute of Language, Art and Culture Act 2004 |url=http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws//474.html |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=punjablaws.gov.pk |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817071438/http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/474.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br/>{{flag|India}} <br /> {{bulleted_list|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] {{small|(official)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=NCLM 52nd Report |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |publisher=NCLM |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2016 |date=15 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Punjab mandates all signage in Punjabi, in Gurmukhi script | website=The Hindu | date=21 February 2020 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-mandates-all-signage-in-punjabi-in-gurmukhi-script/article30881840.ece | access-date=9 September 2020 | archive-date=22 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222140301/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/punjab-mandates-all-signage-in-punjabi-in-gurmukhi-script/article30881840.ece | url-status=live }}0</ref>|[[Haryana]] {{small|(additional)}}<ref>{{cite news | title=All milestones, signboards in Haryana to bear info in English, Hindi and Punjabi: Education Minister | work=The Indian Express | date=3 March 2020 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/all-milestones-signboards-in-haryana-to-bear-info-in-english-hindi-and-punjabi-education-minister-6297747/ | access-date=9 September 2020 | archive-date=14 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314065123/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/all-milestones-signboards-in-haryana-to-bear-info-in-english-hindi-and-punjabi-education-minister-6297747/ | url-status=live }}</ref>|Delhi {{small|(additional)}}<ref>{{cite news | title=Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi | work=The Times of India | date=25 June 2003 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Punjabi-Urdu-made-official-languages-in-Delhi/articleshow/43388.cms | access-date=10 September 2020 | archive-date=14 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314171554/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/punjabi-urdu-made-official-languages-in-delhi/articleshow/43388.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>|[[West Bengal]] {{small|(additional, in blocks and divisions with more than 10% of the population)}}<ref name=Telegraph:1>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |title=Multi-lingual Bengal |date=11 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=25 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232340/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1121211/jsp/bengal/story_16301872.jsp |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | minority = | iso1 = pa | iso2 = pan | lc1 = pan | lc2 = pnb | ld1 = Panjabi | ld2 = Western Panjabi | lingua = 59-AAF-e | image = Punjabi gurmukhi shahmukhi.png | imagescale = 0.5 | imagecaption = 'Punjabi' written in [[Shahmukhi|Shahmukhi script]] used in [[Punjab, Pakistan]] (top) and [[Gurmukhi|Gurmukhi script]] used in [[Punjab, India]] (bottom) | map = Geographical distribution of Punjabi language.png | mapcaption = Geographic distribution of Punjabi language in Pakistan and India. | caption = | notice = IPA | glotto = panj1256 | glottoname = Eastern Panjabi | glottorefname = Eastern Panjabi | glotto2 = west2386 | glottoname2 = Western Panjabi<!--name as listed at Glottolog--> | glottorefname2 = Western Panjabi<!--name as listed at Glottolog--> | dia1 = ''See'' [[Punjabi dialects]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] | ancestor2 = [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] | ancestor3 = [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]] | ancestor4 = ''debated'' [[Vedic Sanskrit]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy – A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages |date=12 November 1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC}}</ref> | ancestor5 = ''debated'' [[Sanskrit#Classical Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ollett |first1=Andrew |title=Language of the Snakes – Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India |date=10 October 2017 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=9780520968813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFn0DwAAQBAJ}}</ref> | ancestor6 = [[Prakrit]]{{efn|[[Paishachi]], [[Shauraseni Prakrit|Saurasheni]], or [[Gandhari language|Gandhari]] Prakrits have been proposed as the ancestor [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan language]] to Punjabi.}}<ref name="researchgate.net">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Sikander |title=The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language |journal=International Journal of Sikh Studies |date=April 2019 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353680383}}</ref> | ancestor7 = ''debated'' [[Apabhraṃśa]] | ancestor8 = [[wikt:Old Punjabi|Old Punjabi]]<ref name="Languages of India">{{cite book |last1=Haldar |first1=Gopal |title=Languages of India |date=2000 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788123729367 |page=149 |quote=The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781136451089 |edition=First |chapter=0.2.1 – Form |quote=Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and Old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.}}</ref><ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William |title=International encyclopedia of linguistics |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195139778 |page=423 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name="University of California Press">{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Peter |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520255609 |page=115}}</ref><ref name="Language in South Asia">{{cite book |author1=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139465502 |page=411}}</ref> }} '''পঞ্জাবী''' বা '''পাঞ্জাৱী''' (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, پنجابی) ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষা পৰিবাৰৰ ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য শাখাৰ এটি [[ভাষা]]। ই [[ভাৰত]]ত [[পঞ্জাব, ভাৰত|পঞ্জাব]] ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰায় ৩ কোটি মানুহৰ মাতৃভাষা। পশ্চিম পঞ্জাবী বা লাণ্ডা পাকিস্তানৰ পঞ্জাব প্ৰদেশৰ প্ৰায় ৬ কোটি মানুহৰ মাতৃভাষা। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও [[আফগানিস্তান]], [[বাংলাদেশ]], [[যুক্তৰাজ্য]], [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] আৰু [[কানাডা]]ত পঞ্জাবী ভাষাৰ প্ৰচলন আছে। কানাডাত আঢ়ৈ লাখৰো অধিক মানুহে পঞ্জাবী ভাষাত কথা পাতে; সেয়ে ই কানাডাৰ ৬ষ্ঠ বৃহত্তম ভাষা। পূৰ্ৱ পঞ্জাবী ভাষা ভাৰতৰ ২২টা চৰকাৰী ভাষাৰ এটা। ভাৰতৰ পঞ্জাব ৰাজ্যত যোগাযোগ, শিক্ষা, প্ৰশাসন, ব্যৱসায় আৰু গণমাধ্যমত এই ভাষা ব্যবহৃত হয়। [[পাকিস্তান]]ত পশ্চিম পঞ্জাবী ভাষাৰ কোনো চৰকাৰী স্বীকৃতি নাই। তাৰ পঞ্জাবী ভাষীসকলে মূলত ইংৰাজী আৰু উৰ্দু ভাষাৰ মাধ্যমত প্ৰশাসন, শিক্ষা, গণমাধ্যম আদিৰ কামবিলাক সম্পাদন কৰে। পঞ্জাবী ভাষা [[শিখ ধৰ্ম|শিখ]] ধৰ্মাবলম্বীসকলৰ ধৰ্মীয় ভাষা। পঞ্জাবী ভাষাৰ মূল লিপি হ'ল- [[গুৰমুখী]] লিপি। ==ইতিহাস== ===ব্যুৎপত্তিবিজ্ঞান=== পঞ্জাবী শব্দটো (কেতিয়াবা পাঞ্জাবী বুলিও বানান কৰা হয়) পাৰ্চী ভাষাৰ পাঞ্জ-আব শব্দৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ 'পাঁচ প্ৰকাৰৰ পানী', যিয়ে সিন্ধু নদীৰ পাঁচটা প্ৰধান পূব উপনৈক বুজায়। এই অঞ্চলৰ নামটো দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ তুৰ্কী-পাৰ্চী বিজয়ীসকলে প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰিছিল আৰু ই সংস্কৃত নাম পঞ্চনাদৰ অনুবাদ আছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে 'পাঁচখন নদীৰ দেশ'।.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.1:375.hobson|title=Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive|first=Yule, Henry|last=Sir|date=13 August 2018|website=dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201141824/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?p.1:375.hobson|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96&searchhws=yes|title=A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout|first=Arthur Anthony|last=Macdonell|date=13 August 2018|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201141645/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96&searchhws=yes|url-status=dead|archivedate=1 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201141645/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%96&searchhws=yes|deadurl=yes}}</ref> পাঞ্জৰ সম্পৰ্ক সংস্কৃত প্যানচা (pénte), গ্ৰীক ভাষাত (πέντε) আৰু লিথুৱেনিয়ান পেংকি, যাৰ সকলোবোৰৰ অৰ্থ 'পাঁচ; āb সংস্কৃত áp (अप्) আৰু Av- ৰ Av-ৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত। বৰ্তমান ভাৰত আৰু পাকিস্তানৰ মাজত বিভক্ত হোৱা ঐতিহাসিক পঞ্জাব অঞ্চলটোক ভৌতিকভাৱে সিন্ধু নদী আৰু এই পাঁচখন উপনৈৰ দ্বাৰা সংজ্ঞায়িত কৰা হৈছে। পাঁচখনৰ ভিতৰত এখন বিয়াছ নদী, আন এখন ছাটলেজ উপনৈ। ==স্বীকৃতি== ভাৰতৰ ২২ টা চৰকাৰী ভাষাৰ ভিতৰত পূব পাঞ্জাবী অন্যতম। ভাৰতৰ পঞ্জাৱ ৰাজ্যত দৈনন্দিন যোগাযোগ, শিক্ষা, প্ৰশাসন, ব্যৱসায়, গণমাধ্যম আদিত এই ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। পাকিস্তানত পশ্চিম পাঞ্জাবী ভাষাৰ কোনো আনুষ্ঠানিক স্বীকৃতি নাই ৷ ইয়াত পাঞ্জাবী ভাষীসকলে মূলতঃ ইংৰাজী আৰু উৰ্দু ভাষাত প্ৰশাসন, শিক্ষা, সংবাদ মাধ্যমৰ কাম কৰে। পাঞ্জাবী ভাষা শিখসকলৰ ধৰ্মীয় ভাষা ৷ == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] h1gnpvytykc771sq1ap8pt24d8bqmps ডোগ্ৰী ভাষা 0 43082 452881 447213 2024-12-09T12:00:45Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language | name = ডোগ্ৰী | nativename = डोगरी ڈوگرى {{IAST|ḍogrī}} | states = [[ভাৰত]], [[পাকিস্তান]] | region = [[জম্মু]], [[কাশ্মীৰ]], [[হিমাচল প্ৰদেশ]], [[পঞ্জাব]] | speakers = ২০ লাখ | familycolor = ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় | fam2 = ইণ্ডো-ইৰানীয় | fam3 = ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য | fam4 = উত্তৰ অঞ্চল | script = [[দেৱনাগৰী]], [[তাকৰী লিপি]], [[পাৰ্চী-আৰৱী লিপি]] | iso2 = doi | lc1 = doi | ld1 = ডোগ্ৰী (সাধাৰণ) | lc2 = dgo | ld2 = ডোগ্ৰী (বিশেষ) | lc3 = xnr | ld3 = কাংৰি | notice = Indic }} '''ডোগ্ৰী ভাষা''' (স্থানীয় বানান অনুসৰি डोगरी বা ﮈﻭﮔﺮﻯ) [[ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষা]]। ই প্ৰায় ২০ লাখ মানুহৰ ভাষা। [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ত, বিশেষকৈ ভাৰতৰ [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]]ৰ জম্মু অঞ্চলত আৰু উত্তৰ [[পঞ্জাব]], [[হিমাচল প্ৰদেশ]] আৰু কাশ্মীৰৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলত<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dogri |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/doi |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref> পাকিস্তানৰ পঞ্জাব অঞ্চলত<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjaTSuLMKx8C&q=Shakargarh |title=Cultural Forum |date=1970 |publisher=India (Republic) Ministry of Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs. |page=24}}</ref> এই ভাষা প্ৰচলিত। ডোগ্ৰীভাষী মানুহক ডোগ্ৰা বোলা হয়, আৰু ডোগ্ৰীভাষী অঞ্চলক বোলা হয় ডুগ্গাৰ। ডোগ্ৰী ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য ভাষাসমূহৰ পশ্চিম পাহাৰী দলৰ এটা ভাষা। পাকিস্তানত আৰু পাকিস্তান-নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত কাশ্মীৰত ইয়াক পাহাৰী ভাষা (पहाड़ी বা ﭘﮭﺎﮌﯼ) নামেৰেও অবিহিত কৰা হয়। ডোগ্ৰী এটা সুৰপ্ৰধান ভাষা, যিটো ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ মাজত এটা ব্যতিক্ৰম। পঞ্জাবী আৰু পশ্চিম পাহাৰী ভাষাবিলাকো সুৰপ্ৰধান। == লিপি == ডোগ্ৰী আদিতে তাকৰি লিপিত লেখা হৈছিল। তাকৰি লিপিৰ সৈতে কাশ্মিৰী ভাষা লিখতে ব্যৱহৃত কৰা শাৰদা লিপি আৰু পঞ্জাবী ভাষা লিখাত ব্যৱহৃত গুৰুমুখী লিপিৰ সৈতে মিল আছিল। বৰ্তমানে ই দেৱনাগৰী লিপিৰে অথবা নাস্তালিক লিপিৰে (পাকিস্তান আৰু পাকিস্তান নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত কাশ্মীৰত) লিখা হয়। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] azia24fnsj2t4d0hops1zhcrkw62t7v 452882 452881 2024-12-09T12:01:35Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language | name = ডোগ্ৰী | nativename = डोगरी ڈوگرى {{IAST|ḍogrī}} | states = [[ভাৰত]], [[পাকিস্তান]] | region = [[জম্মু]], [[কাশ্মীৰ]], [[হিমাচল প্ৰদেশ]], [[পঞ্জাব]] | speakers = ২০ লাখ | familycolor = ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় | fam2 = ইণ্ডো-ইৰানীয় | fam3 = ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য | fam4 = উত্তৰ অঞ্চল | script = [[দেৱনাগৰী]], [[তাকৰী লিপি]], [[পাৰ্চী-আৰৱী লিপি]] | iso2 = doi | lc1 = doi | ld1 = ডোগ্ৰী (সাধাৰণ) | lc2 = dgo | ld2 = ডোগ্ৰী (বিশেষ) | lc3 = xnr | ld3 = কাংৰি | notice = Indic }} '''ডোগ্ৰী ভাষা''' (স্থানীয় বানান অনুসৰি डोगरी বা ﮈﻭﮔﺮﻯ) [[ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষা]]। ই প্ৰায় ২০ লাখ মানুহৰ ভাষা। [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[পাকিস্তান]]ত, বিশেষকৈ ভাৰতৰ [[জম্মু আৰু কাশ্মীৰ]]ৰ জম্মু অঞ্চলত আৰু উত্তৰ [[পঞ্জাব, ভাৰত|পঞ্জাব]], [[হিমাচল প্ৰদেশ]] আৰু কাশ্মীৰৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলত<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dogri |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/doi |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref> পাকিস্তানৰ পঞ্জাব অঞ্চলত<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjaTSuLMKx8C&q=Shakargarh |title=Cultural Forum |date=1970 |publisher=India (Republic) Ministry of Scientific Research and Cultural Affairs. |page=24}}</ref> এই ভাষা প্ৰচলিত। ডোগ্ৰীভাষী মানুহক ডোগ্ৰা বোলা হয়, আৰু ডোগ্ৰীভাষী অঞ্চলক বোলা হয় ডুগ্গাৰ। ডোগ্ৰী ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য ভাষাসমূহৰ পশ্চিম পাহাৰী দলৰ এটা ভাষা। পাকিস্তানত আৰু পাকিস্তান-নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত কাশ্মীৰত ইয়াক পাহাৰী ভাষা (पहाड़ी বা ﭘﮭﺎﮌﯼ) নামেৰেও অবিহিত কৰা হয়। ডোগ্ৰী এটা সুৰপ্ৰধান ভাষা, যিটো ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ মাজত এটা ব্যতিক্ৰম। পঞ্জাবী আৰু পশ্চিম পাহাৰী ভাষাবিলাকো সুৰপ্ৰধান। == লিপি == ডোগ্ৰী আদিতে তাকৰি লিপিত লেখা হৈছিল। তাকৰি লিপিৰ সৈতে কাশ্মিৰী ভাষা লিখতে ব্যৱহৃত কৰা শাৰদা লিপি আৰু পঞ্জাবী ভাষা লিখাত ব্যৱহৃত গুৰুমুখী লিপিৰ সৈতে মিল আছিল। বৰ্তমানে ই দেৱনাগৰী লিপিৰে অথবা নাস্তালিক লিপিৰে (পাকিস্তান আৰু পাকিস্তান নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত কাশ্মীৰত) লিখা হয়। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] d5xhgu53kmazurdlpalnfsrd2xnj5yb খাছী ভাষা 0 43083 452883 397821 2024-12-09T12:03:49Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* লিপি */ 452883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language |name=খাছী |nativename=Khasi |familycolor=Austro-Asiatic |states=[[ভাৰত]], [[বাংলাদেশ]] |speakers=প্ৰায় ৯ লাখ মূলত ভাৰতৰ মেঘালয় ৰাজ্যত (১৯৯৭) |fam2=[[খাছী-খমুয়ীয়]] |fam3=[[খাছীয় ভাষাসমূহ|খাসীয়]] |iso2=kha|iso3=kha}} '''খাছী বা খাচি ভাষা''' এটা [[অষ্ট্ৰো-এছীয় ভাষা]] যিটো মূলতঃ ভাৰতৰ [[মেঘালয়]] ৰাজ্যত প্ৰচলিত। খাছী ভাষাৰ প্ৰায় ৯ লাখ মানুহৰ বেছিভাগেই মেঘালয় ৰাজ্যত বাস কৰে। অসম আৰু বাংলাদেশতো কিছু সংখ্যক খাছী ভাষাৰ মানুহ আছে। খাছী ভাষাৰ মৌখিক সাহিত্য লোককথা আৰু লোকগাথাৰে সমৃদ্ধ। ==জনসংখ্যা== ভাৰতত (২০১১ চনৰ হিচাপত) খাছী ভাষা স্থানীয়ভাৱে ১,০৩৮,০০০ লোকে কয়। মেঘালয়ৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ এক তৃতীয়াংশ বা ৯ লাখ ৯৭ হাজাৰ লোকৰ ই প্ৰথম ভাষা আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাষীসকল বেছিভাগেই খাচী পাহাৰ আৰু জয়ন্তীয়া পাহাৰ অঞ্চলত পোৱা যায়। ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যসমূহতো সৰু সৰু খাচী ভাষী সম্প্ৰদায় আছে, ইয়াৰে আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ জনগোষ্ঠীটো অসমত: ৩৪,৬০০ জন। বাংলাদেশতো অতি কম সংখ্যক খাছী ভাষাৰ মানুহ আছে। ==লিপি== আগতে খাচী ভাষাৰ নিজস্ব কোনো লিপি নাছিল। ১৮১৩ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৩৮ চনলৈ উইলিয়াম কেৰীয়ে পূব নাগৰী লিপিত ভাষাটো লিখাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰিছিল।<ref name="Script">{{cite web |url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=kha |title=ScriptSource – Khasi |website=scriptsource.org |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029053444/https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=kha |url-status=live}}</ref> পিছলৈ এই লিপিত বহু খাচী গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য হ’ল ''Ka Niyiom Jong Ka Khasi'' বা খাচীসকলৰ নিয়মৰ কিতাপ; ই চেং খাচী ধৰ্মৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পাণ্ডুলিপি। ৱেলছৰ এজন মিছনেৰী থমাছ জ’নে ১৮৪১ চনত ৰোমান লিপিত এই ভাষা লিখিছিল। সেয়েহে খাচী ভাষাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত ৰোমান লিপিত ৱেলছ লিপিৰ প্ৰভাৱ দেখা যায়। বৰ্তমান খাচী ভাষা ৰোমান লিপিত লিখা হয়। === বৰ্ণমালা === * ডাঙৰ হাতৰ A, B, K, D, E, G, Ng, H, I, Ï, J, L, M, N, Ñ, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y. * সৰু হাতৰ a, b, k, d, e, g, ng, h, i, ï, j, l, m, n, ñ, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y. == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] 79btxa0x43uw5t31g9nd274m7i6lyqb 452885 452883 2024-12-09T12:09:39Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Khasi | nativename = ''{{lang|kha|Ka Ktien Khasi}}'', ক ক্ত্যেন খসি | pronunciation = {{IPA|lang=kha|/ka kt̪eːn kʰasi/}} | states = ভাৰত | region = [[মেঘালয়]] | ethnicity = খাচী জনগোষ্ঠী | speakers = ১ মিলিয়ন | date = ২০১১ census | ref = e25 | map = Khasic Map.png | familycolor = Austroasiatic | fam2 = Khasi–Palaungic | fam3 = Khasic | fam4 = Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam | script = [[ৰোমান লিপি|লেটিন]] (Khasi alphabet) <br />[[অসমীয়া -বঙালী লিপি|বাংলা-অসমীয়া]] | nation = <!--Khasi is not an official lang of Meghalaya, only associate official of some districts within Meghalaya--> | iso2 = kha | iso3 = kha | glotto = khas1269 | glottorefname = Khasi | mapcaption = Map of the Khasic Languages }} '''খাছী বা খাচি ভাষা''' এটা অষ্ট্ৰো-এছীয় ভাষা, যিটো মূলতঃ ভাৰতৰ [[মেঘালয়]] ৰাজ্যত প্ৰচলিত। খাছী ভাষাৰ প্ৰায় ৯ লাখ মানুহৰ বেছিভাগেই মেঘালয় ৰাজ্যত বাস কৰে। অসম আৰু বাংলাদেশতো কিছু সংখ্যক খাছী ভাষাৰ মানুহ আছে। খাছী ভাষাৰ মৌখিক সাহিত্য লোককথা আৰু লোকগাথাৰে সমৃদ্ধ। ==জনসংখ্যা== ভাৰতত (২০১১ চনৰ হিচাপত) খাছী ভাষা স্থানীয়ভাৱে ১,০৩৮,০০০ লোকে কয়। মেঘালয়ৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ এক তৃতীয়াংশ বা ৯ লাখ ৯৭ হাজাৰ লোকৰ ই প্ৰথম ভাষা আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাষীসকল বেছিভাগেই খাচী পাহাৰ আৰু জয়ন্তীয়া পাহাৰ অঞ্চলত পোৱা যায়। ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যসমূহতো সৰু সৰু খাচী ভাষী সম্প্ৰদায় আছে, ইয়াৰে আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ জনগোষ্ঠীটো অসমত: ৩৪,৬০০ জন। বাংলাদেশতো অতি কম সংখ্যক খাছী ভাষাৰ মানুহ আছে। ==লিপি== আগতে খাচী ভাষাৰ নিজস্ব কোনো লিপি নাছিল। ১৮১৩ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৩৮ চনলৈ উইলিয়াম কেৰীয়ে পূব নাগৰী লিপিত ভাষাটো লিখাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰিছিল।<ref name="Script">{{cite web |url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=kha |title=ScriptSource – Khasi |website=scriptsource.org |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029053444/https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=kha |url-status=live}}</ref> পিছলৈ এই লিপিত বহু খাচী গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য হ’ল ''Ka Niyiom Jong Ka Khasi'' বা খাচীসকলৰ নিয়মৰ কিতাপ; ই চেং খাচী ধৰ্মৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পাণ্ডুলিপি। ৱেলছৰ এজন মিছনেৰী থমাছ জ’নে ১৮৪১ চনত ৰোমান লিপিত এই ভাষা লিখিছিল। সেয়েহে খাচী ভাষাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত ৰোমান লিপিত ৱেলছ লিপিৰ প্ৰভাৱ দেখা যায়। বৰ্তমান খাচী ভাষা ৰোমান লিপিত লিখা হয়। === বৰ্ণমালা === * ডাঙৰ হাতৰ A, B, K, D, E, G, Ng, H, I, Ï, J, L, M, N, Ñ, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y. * সৰু হাতৰ a, b, k, d, e, g, ng, h, i, ï, j, l, m, n, ñ, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y. == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] 1edv04ntfdia7c283alr3cybl7dhgzr 452886 452885 2024-12-09T12:11:27Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Khasi | nativename = ''{{lang|kha|Ka Ktien Khasi}}'', ক ক্ত্যেন খসি | pronunciation = {{IPA|lang=kha|/ka kt̪eːn kʰasi/}} | states = ভাৰত | region = [[মেঘালয়]] | ethnicity = খাচী জনগোষ্ঠী | speakers = ১ মিলিয়ন | date = ২০১১ census | ref = e25 | map = Khasic Map.png | familycolor = Austroasiatic | fam2 = Khasi–Palaungic | fam3 = Khasic | fam4 = Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam | script = [[ৰোমান লিপি|লেটিন]] (Khasi alphabet) <br />[[অসমীয়া–বঙালী লিপি|বাংলা-অসমীয়া]] | nation = <!--Khasi is not an official lang of Meghalaya, only associate official of some districts within Meghalaya--> | iso2 = kha | iso3 = kha | glotto = khas1269 | glottorefname = Khasi | mapcaption = Map of the Khasic Languages }} '''খাছী বা খাচি ভাষা''' এটা অষ্ট্ৰো-এছীয় ভাষা, যিটো মূলতঃ ভাৰতৰ [[মেঘালয়]] ৰাজ্যত প্ৰচলিত। খাছী ভাষাৰ প্ৰায় ৯ লাখ মানুহৰ বেছিভাগেই মেঘালয় ৰাজ্যত বাস কৰে। অসম আৰু বাংলাদেশতো কিছু সংখ্যক খাছী ভাষাৰ মানুহ আছে। খাছী ভাষাৰ মৌখিক সাহিত্য লোককথা আৰু লোকগাথাৰে সমৃদ্ধ। ==জনসংখ্যা== ভাৰতত (২০১১ চনৰ হিচাপত) খাছী ভাষা স্থানীয়ভাৱে ১,০৩৮,০০০ লোকে কয়। মেঘালয়ৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ এক তৃতীয়াংশ বা ৯ লাখ ৯৭ হাজাৰ লোকৰ ই প্ৰথম ভাষা আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাষীসকল বেছিভাগেই খাচী পাহাৰ আৰু জয়ন্তীয়া পাহাৰ অঞ্চলত পোৱা যায়। ভাৰতৰ চুবুৰীয়া ৰাজ্যসমূহতো সৰু সৰু খাচী ভাষী সম্প্ৰদায় আছে, ইয়াৰে আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ জনগোষ্ঠীটো অসমত: ৩৪,৬০০ জন। বাংলাদেশতো অতি কম সংখ্যক খাছী ভাষাৰ মানুহ আছে। ==লিপি== আগতে খাচী ভাষাৰ নিজস্ব কোনো লিপি নাছিল। ১৮১৩ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৩৮ চনলৈ উইলিয়াম কেৰীয়ে পূব নাগৰী লিপিত ভাষাটো লিখাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰিছিল।<ref name="Script">{{cite web |url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=kha |title=ScriptSource – Khasi |website=scriptsource.org |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029053444/https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=kha |url-status=live}}</ref> পিছলৈ এই লিপিত বহু খাচী গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য হ’ল ''Ka Niyiom Jong Ka Khasi'' বা খাচীসকলৰ নিয়মৰ কিতাপ; ই চেং খাচী ধৰ্মৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পাণ্ডুলিপি। ৱেলছৰ এজন মিছনেৰী থমাছ জ’নে ১৮৪১ চনত ৰোমান লিপিত এই ভাষা লিখিছিল। সেয়েহে খাচী ভাষাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত ৰোমান লিপিত ৱেলছ লিপিৰ প্ৰভাৱ দেখা যায়। বৰ্তমান খাচী ভাষা ৰোমান লিপিত লিখা হয়। === বৰ্ণমালা === * ডাঙৰ হাতৰ A, B, K, D, E, G, Ng, H, I, Ï, J, L, M, N, Ñ, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y. * সৰু হাতৰ a, b, k, d, e, g, ng, h, i, ï, j, l, m, n, ñ, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y. == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] 1suwozjr0u3f3thv4wik0cj3czpikm8 সিন্ধী ভাষা 0 43084 452887 397847 2024-12-09T12:28:32Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language | name = সিন্ধী | nativename = {{lang|sd|سنڌي,}}, ''Sindhī'' | states = [[পাকিস্তান]], [[ভাৰত]]. Also [[হংকং]], [[ওমান]], [[ফিলিপাইন]], [[ছিংগাপুৰ]], [[সংযুক্ত আৰৱ আমিৰাত|আৰৱ]], [[ইংলেণ্ড]], [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | region = সিন্ধ, বেলুচিস্তান আৰু [[গুজৰাট]] | speakers = 54.3 million | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = Northwestern Zone | script = [[আৰবী লিপি|আৰবী]], [[দেৱনাগৰী]] | nation = [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]]<br/>[[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]] | agency = Sindhi Language Authority (Pakistan) | iso1 = sd | iso2 = snd | iso3 = snd | notice = Indic | map = | mapcaption = }} '''সিন্ধী''' (আৰৱী লিপিতে: سنڌي, [[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি|দেৱনাগৰী লিপিত]]: सिन्धी) পাকিস্তানৰ সিন্ধু প্ৰদেশেৰ প্ৰায় ৩ কোটি ৫০ লাখ আৰু [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] প্ৰায় ৮০ লাখ মানুহে এই ভাষাত কথা কয়। ==ব্যৱহাৰ== পাকিস্তানত প্ৰচলিত ভাষাবিলাকৰ মাজত ইয়াৰ স্থান তৃতীয়। সিন্ধী পাকিস্তান আৰু ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা হিচাবে স্বীকৃত। ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা হ'লেও সিন্ধী ভাষাৰ ওপৰত [[দ্ৰাবিড় ভাষাসমূহ|দ্ৰাবিড় ভাষাৰ]] বিশেষ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিলক্ষিত হয়। ==Writing systems== Sindhis in Pakistan use a version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] with new letters adapted to Sindhi phonology, while in India a greater variety of scripts are in use, including [[Devanagari script|Devanagari]], [[Khudabadi script|Khudabadi]], [[Khojki script|Khojki]], and [[Gurmukhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Manoj R. |date=2018-07-30 |title=The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/the-dispute-over-script-still-endures-among-sindhis/story-vCiMcJEBCrlgoKO1hLponN.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Perso-Arabic for Sindhi was also made digitally accessible relatively earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 7, 2020 |title=Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization. |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/322814-sindhi-becomes-first-language-from-pakistan-to-be-selected-for-digitisation |website=Geo News}}</ref> The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of [[Devanagari]] and [[Laṇḍā]] scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a [[Perso-Arabic script]] developed by [[Abul Hassan Sagheer Sindhi|Abul-Hasan as-Sindi]] and [[Gurmukhi]] (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003|p=633}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-07 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104920/http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.{{sfnp|Cole|2001|p=648}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] 9tjmyz0uvmwx6l9mzqioepr8j1s147i 452888 452887 2024-12-09T12:31:08Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language | name = সিন্ধী | nativename = {{lang|sd|سنڌي,}}, ''Sindhī'' | states = [[পাকিস্তান]], [[ভাৰত]]. Also [[হংকং]], [[ওমান]], [[ফিলিপাইন]], [[ছিংগাপুৰ]], [[সংযুক্ত আৰৱ আমিৰাত|আৰৱ]], [[ইংলেণ্ড]], [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | region = সিন্ধ, বেলুচিস্তান আৰু [[গুজৰাট]] | speakers = 54.3 million | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = Northwestern Zone | script = [[আৰবী লিপি|আৰবী]], [[দেৱনাগৰী]] | nation = [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]]<br/>[[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]] | agency = Sindhi Language Authority (Pakistan) | iso1 = sd | iso2 = snd | iso3 = snd | notice = Indic | map = | mapcaption = }} '''সিন্ধী''' (আৰৱী লিপিতে: سنڌي, [[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি|দেৱনাগৰী লিপিত]]: सिन्धी) পাকিস্তানৰ সিন্ধু প্ৰদেশেৰ প্ৰায় ৩ কোটি ৫০ লাখ আৰু [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] প্ৰায় ৮০ লাখ মানুহে এই ভাষাত কথা কয়। ==ব্যৱহাৰ== পাকিস্তানত প্ৰচলিত ভাষাবিলাকৰ মাজত ইয়াৰ স্থান তৃতীয়। সিন্ধী পাকিস্তান আৰু ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা হিচাবে স্বীকৃত। ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা হ'লেও সিন্ধী ভাষাৰ ওপৰত [[দ্ৰাবিড় ভাষাসমূহ|দ্ৰাবিড় ভাষাৰ]] বিশেষ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিলক্ষিত হয়। ==লিখন পদ্ধতি== পাকিস্তানত সিন্ধীসকলে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী লিপিৰ এটা সংস্কৰণ সিন্ধী ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞানৰ লগত খাপ খোৱা নতুন আখৰৰ সৈতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, আনহাতে ভাৰতত [[দেৱনাগৰী]], খুদাবাদী, খোজকি আৰু [[গুৰমুখী]]কে ধৰি বহুতো লিপি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Manoj R. |date=2018-07-30 |title=The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/the-dispute-over-script-still-endures-among-sindhis/story-vCiMcJEBCrlgoKO1hLponN.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Perso-Arabic for Sindhi was also made digitally accessible relatively earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 7, 2020 |title=Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization. |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/322814-sindhi-becomes-first-language-from-pakistan-to-be-selected-for-digitisation |website=Geo News}}</ref> The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of [[Devanagari]] and [[Laṇḍā]] scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a [[Perso-Arabic script]] developed by [[Abul Hassan Sagheer Sindhi|Abul-Hasan as-Sindi]] and [[Gurmukhi]] (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003|p=633}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-07 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104920/http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.{{sfnp|Cole|2001|p=648}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] lzb9yohd47os8npcdorp8pytw1gia87 452889 452888 2024-12-09T12:33:34Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language | name = সিন্ধী | nativename = {{lang|sd|سنڌي,}}, ''Sindhī'' | states = [[পাকিস্তান]], [[ভাৰত]]. Also [[হংকং]], [[ওমান]], [[ফিলিপাইন]], [[ছিংগাপুৰ]], [[সংযুক্ত আৰৱ আমিৰাত|আৰৱ]], [[ইংলেণ্ড]], [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | region = সিন্ধ, বেলুচিস্তান আৰু [[গুজৰাট]] | speakers = ৫৪.৩ মিলিয়ন | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = Northwestern Zone | script = [[আৰবী লিপি|আৰবী]], [[দেৱনাগৰী]] | nation = [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]]<br/>[[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]] | agency = Sindhi Language Authority (Pakistan) | iso1 = sd | iso2 = snd | iso3 = snd | notice = Indic | map = | mapcaption = }} '''সিন্ধী''' (আৰৱী লিপিতে: سنڌي, [[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি|দেৱনাগৰী লিপিত]]: सिन्धी) পাকিস্তানৰ সিন্ধু প্ৰদেশেৰ প্ৰায় ৩ কোটি ৫০ লাখ আৰু [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] প্ৰায় ৮০ লাখ মানুহে এই ভাষাত কথা কয়। ==ব্যৱহাৰ== পাকিস্তানত প্ৰচলিত ভাষাবিলাকৰ মাজত ইয়াৰ স্থান তৃতীয়। সিন্ধী পাকিস্তান আৰু ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা হিচাবে স্বীকৃত। ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা হ'লেও সিন্ধী ভাষাৰ ওপৰত [[দ্ৰাবিড় ভাষাসমূহ|দ্ৰাবিড় ভাষাৰ]] বিশেষ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিলক্ষিত হয়। ==লিখন পদ্ধতি== পাকিস্তানত সিন্ধীসকলে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী লিপিৰ এটা সংস্কৰণ সিন্ধী ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞানৰ লগত খাপ খোৱা নতুন আখৰৰ সৈতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, আনহাতে ভাৰতত [[দেৱনাগৰী]], খুদাবাদী, খোজকি আৰু [[গুৰমুখী]]কে ধৰি বহুতো লিপি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Manoj R. |date=2018-07-30 |title=The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/the-dispute-over-script-still-endures-among-sindhis/story-vCiMcJEBCrlgoKO1hLponN.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> সিন্ধীৰ বাবে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী ভাষাও তুলনামূলকভাৱে আগতেই ডিজিটেলভাৱে সুলভ কৰি তোলা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 7, 2020 |title=Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization. |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/322814-sindhi-becomes-first-language-from-pakistan-to-be-selected-for-digitisation |website=Geo News}}</ref> The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of [[Devanagari]] and [[Laṇḍā]] scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a [[Perso-Arabic script]] developed by [[Abul Hassan Sagheer Sindhi|Abul-Hasan as-Sindi]] and [[Gurmukhi]] (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003|p=633}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-07 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104920/http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.{{sfnp|Cole|2001|p=648}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] mx53ri2atlesmpl3h7n0tsmqw3aba4i 452890 452889 2024-12-09T12:35:00Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* ব্যৱহাৰ */ 452890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language | name = সিন্ধী | nativename = {{lang|sd|سنڌي,}}, ''Sindhī'' | states = [[পাকিস্তান]], [[ভাৰত]]. Also [[হংকং]], [[ওমান]], [[ফিলিপাইন]], [[ছিংগাপুৰ]], [[সংযুক্ত আৰৱ আমিৰাত|আৰৱ]], [[ইংলেণ্ড]], [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | region = সিন্ধ, বেলুচিস্তান আৰু [[গুজৰাট]] | speakers = ৫৪.৩ মিলিয়ন | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = Northwestern Zone | script = [[আৰবী লিপি|আৰবী]], [[দেৱনাগৰী]] | nation = [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]]<br/>[[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]] | agency = Sindhi Language Authority (Pakistan) | iso1 = sd | iso2 = snd | iso3 = snd | notice = Indic | map = | mapcaption = }} '''সিন্ধী''' (আৰৱী লিপিতে: سنڌي, [[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি|দেৱনাগৰী লিপিত]]: सिन्धी) পাকিস্তানৰ সিন্ধু প্ৰদেশেৰ প্ৰায় ৩ কোটি ৫০ লাখ আৰু [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] প্ৰায় ৮০ লাখ মানুহে এই ভাষাত কথা কয়। ==ব্যৱহাৰ== পাকিস্তানত প্ৰচলিত ভাষাবিলাকৰ মাজত ইয়াৰ স্থান তৃতীয়। সিন্ধী পাকিস্তান আৰু ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা হিচাবে স্বীকৃত। ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা হ'লেও সিন্ধী ভাষাৰ ওপৰত দ্ৰাবিড় ভাষা গোষ্ঠীৰ ভাষাৰ বিশেষ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিলক্ষিত হয়। ==লিখন পদ্ধতি== পাকিস্তানত সিন্ধীসকলে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী লিপিৰ এটা সংস্কৰণ সিন্ধী ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞানৰ লগত খাপ খোৱা নতুন আখৰৰ সৈতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, আনহাতে ভাৰতত [[দেৱনাগৰী]], খুদাবাদী, খোজকি আৰু [[গুৰমুখী]]কে ধৰি বহুতো লিপি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Manoj R. |date=2018-07-30 |title=The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/the-dispute-over-script-still-endures-among-sindhis/story-vCiMcJEBCrlgoKO1hLponN.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> সিন্ধীৰ বাবে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী ভাষাও তুলনামূলকভাৱে আগতেই ডিজিটেলভাৱে সুলভ কৰি তোলা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 7, 2020 |title=Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization. |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/322814-sindhi-becomes-first-language-from-pakistan-to-be-selected-for-digitisation |website=Geo News}}</ref> The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of [[Devanagari]] and [[Laṇḍā]] scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a [[Perso-Arabic script]] developed by [[Abul Hassan Sagheer Sindhi|Abul-Hasan as-Sindi]] and [[Gurmukhi]] (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003|p=633}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-07 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104920/http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.{{sfnp|Cole|2001|p=648}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] 4lbwelro7wqymk9wqwx4e1olx6n295g 452891 452890 2024-12-09T12:36:26Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language | name = সিন্ধী | nativename = {{lang|sd|سنڌي,}}, ''Sindhī'' | states = [[পাকিস্তান]], [[ভাৰত]]. Also [[হংকং]], [[ওমান]], [[ফিলিপাইন]], [[ছিংগাপুৰ]], [[সংযুক্ত আৰৱ আমিৰাত|আৰৱ]], [[ইংলেণ্ড]], [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | region = সিন্ধ, বেলুচিস্তান আৰু [[গুজৰাট]] | speakers = ৫৪.৩ মিলিয়ন | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Indo-Iranian | fam3 = [[ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষা]] | fam4 = Northwestern Zone | script = [[আৰবী লিপি|আৰবী]], [[দেৱনাগৰী]] | nation = [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]]<br/>[[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]] | agency = Sindhi Language Authority (Pakistan) | iso1 = sd | iso2 = snd | iso3 = snd | notice = Indic | map = | mapcaption = }} '''সিন্ধী''' (আৰৱী লিপিতে: سنڌي, [[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি|দেৱনাগৰী লিপিত]]: सिन्धी) পাকিস্তানৰ সিন্ধু প্ৰদেশেৰ প্ৰায় ৩ কোটি ৫০ লাখ আৰু [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] প্ৰায় ৮০ লাখ মানুহে এই ভাষাত কথা কয়। ==ব্যৱহাৰ== পাকিস্তানত প্ৰচলিত ভাষাবিলাকৰ মাজত ইয়াৰ স্থান তৃতীয়। সিন্ধী পাকিস্তান আৰু ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা হিচাবে স্বীকৃত। ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা হ'লেও সিন্ধী ভাষাৰ ওপৰত দ্ৰাবিড় ভাষা গোষ্ঠীৰ ভাষাৰ বিশেষ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিলক্ষিত হয়। ==লিখন পদ্ধতি== পাকিস্তানত সিন্ধীসকলে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী লিপিৰ এটা সংস্কৰণ সিন্ধী ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞানৰ লগত খাপ খোৱা নতুন আখৰৰ সৈতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, আনহাতে ভাৰতত [[দেৱনাগৰী]], খুদাবাদী, খোজকি আৰু [[গুৰমুখী]]কে ধৰি বহুতো লিপি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Manoj R. |date=2018-07-30 |title=The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/the-dispute-over-script-still-endures-among-sindhis/story-vCiMcJEBCrlgoKO1hLponN.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> সিন্ধীৰ বাবে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী ভাষাও তুলনামূলকভাৱে আগতেই ডিজিটেলভাৱে সুলভ কৰি তোলা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 7, 2020 |title=Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization. |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/322814-sindhi-becomes-first-language-from-pakistan-to-be-selected-for-digitisation |website=Geo News}}</ref> The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of [[Devanagari]] and [[Laṇḍā]] scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a [[Perso-Arabic script]] developed by [[Abul Hassan Sagheer Sindhi|Abul-Hasan as-Sindi]] and [[Gurmukhi]] (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003|p=633}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-07 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104920/http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.{{sfnp|Cole|2001|p=648}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] o8dk1fb4q2iyo5vnsr6k09xb9wt67io 452892 452891 2024-12-09T12:36:59Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language | name = সিন্ধী | nativename = {{lang|sd|سنڌي,}}, ''Sindhī'' | states = [[পাকিস্তান]], [[ভাৰত]]. Also [[হংকং]], [[ওমান]], [[ফিলিপাইন]], [[ছিংগাপুৰ]], [[সংযুক্ত আৰৱ আমিৰাত|আৰৱ]], [[ইংলেণ্ড]], [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | region = সিন্ধ, বেলুচিস্তান আৰু [[গুজৰাট]] | speakers = ৫৪.৩ মিলিয়ন | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Indo-Iranian | fam3 = [[ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষা]] | fam4 = Northwestern Zone | script = আৰবী লিপি, [[দেৱনাগৰী]] লিপি | nation = [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]]<br/>[[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]] | agency = Sindhi Language Authority (Pakistan) | iso1 = sd | iso2 = snd | iso3 = snd | notice = Indic | map = | mapcaption = }} '''সিন্ধী''' (আৰৱী লিপিতে: سنڌي, [[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি|দেৱনাগৰী লিপিত]]: सिन्धी) পাকিস্তানৰ সিন্ধু প্ৰদেশেৰ প্ৰায় ৩ কোটি ৫০ লাখ আৰু [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] প্ৰায় ৮০ লাখ মানুহে এই ভাষাত কথা কয়। ==ব্যৱহাৰ== পাকিস্তানত প্ৰচলিত ভাষাবিলাকৰ মাজত ইয়াৰ স্থান তৃতীয়। সিন্ধী পাকিস্তান আৰু ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা হিচাবে স্বীকৃত। ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা হ'লেও সিন্ধী ভাষাৰ ওপৰত দ্ৰাবিড় ভাষা গোষ্ঠীৰ ভাষাৰ বিশেষ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিলক্ষিত হয়। ==লিখন পদ্ধতি== পাকিস্তানত সিন্ধীসকলে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী লিপিৰ এটা সংস্কৰণ সিন্ধী ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞানৰ লগত খাপ খোৱা নতুন আখৰৰ সৈতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, আনহাতে ভাৰতত [[দেৱনাগৰী]], খুদাবাদী, খোজকি আৰু [[গুৰমুখী]]কে ধৰি বহুতো লিপি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Manoj R. |date=2018-07-30 |title=The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/the-dispute-over-script-still-endures-among-sindhis/story-vCiMcJEBCrlgoKO1hLponN.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> সিন্ধীৰ বাবে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী ভাষাও তুলনামূলকভাৱে আগতেই ডিজিটেলভাৱে সুলভ কৰি তোলা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 7, 2020 |title=Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization. |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/322814-sindhi-becomes-first-language-from-pakistan-to-be-selected-for-digitisation |website=Geo News}}</ref> The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of [[Devanagari]] and [[Laṇḍā]] scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a [[Perso-Arabic script]] developed by [[Abul Hassan Sagheer Sindhi|Abul-Hasan as-Sindi]] and [[Gurmukhi]] (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003|p=633}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-07 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104920/http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.{{sfnp|Cole|2001|p=648}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] 60r2q7uw8vz5kcbasieb2k3canl09f8 452893 452892 2024-12-09T12:37:19Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language | name = সিন্ধী | nativename = {{lang|sd|سنڌي,}}, ''Sindhī'' | states = [[পাকিস্তান]], [[ভাৰত]]. লগতে [[হংকং]], [[ওমান]], [[ফিলিপাইন]], [[ছিংগাপুৰ]], [[সংযুক্ত আৰৱ আমিৰাত|আৰৱ]], [[ইংলেণ্ড]], [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | region = সিন্ধ, বেলুচিস্তান আৰু [[গুজৰাট]] | speakers = ৫৪.৩ মিলিয়ন | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Indo-Iranian | fam3 = [[ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষা]] | fam4 = Northwestern Zone | script = আৰবী লিপি, [[দেৱনাগৰী]] লিপি | nation = [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]]<br/>[[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]] | agency = Sindhi Language Authority (Pakistan) | iso1 = sd | iso2 = snd | iso3 = snd | notice = Indic | map = | mapcaption = }} '''সিন্ধী''' (আৰৱী লিপিতে: سنڌي, [[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি|দেৱনাগৰী লিপিত]]: सिन्धी) পাকিস্তানৰ সিন্ধু প্ৰদেশেৰ প্ৰায় ৩ কোটি ৫০ লাখ আৰু [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] প্ৰায় ৮০ লাখ মানুহে এই ভাষাত কথা কয়। ==ব্যৱহাৰ== পাকিস্তানত প্ৰচলিত ভাষাবিলাকৰ মাজত ইয়াৰ স্থান তৃতীয়। সিন্ধী পাকিস্তান আৰু ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা হিচাবে স্বীকৃত। ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা হ'লেও সিন্ধী ভাষাৰ ওপৰত দ্ৰাবিড় ভাষা গোষ্ঠীৰ ভাষাৰ বিশেষ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিলক্ষিত হয়। ==লিখন পদ্ধতি== পাকিস্তানত সিন্ধীসকলে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী লিপিৰ এটা সংস্কৰণ সিন্ধী ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞানৰ লগত খাপ খোৱা নতুন আখৰৰ সৈতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, আনহাতে ভাৰতত [[দেৱনাগৰী]], খুদাবাদী, খোজকি আৰু [[গুৰমুখী]]কে ধৰি বহুতো লিপি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Manoj R. |date=2018-07-30 |title=The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/the-dispute-over-script-still-endures-among-sindhis/story-vCiMcJEBCrlgoKO1hLponN.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> সিন্ধীৰ বাবে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী ভাষাও তুলনামূলকভাৱে আগতেই ডিজিটেলভাৱে সুলভ কৰি তোলা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 7, 2020 |title=Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization. |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/322814-sindhi-becomes-first-language-from-pakistan-to-be-selected-for-digitisation |website=Geo News}}</ref> The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of [[Devanagari]] and [[Laṇḍā]] scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a [[Perso-Arabic script]] developed by [[Abul Hassan Sagheer Sindhi|Abul-Hasan as-Sindi]] and [[Gurmukhi]] (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003|p=633}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-07 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104920/http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.{{sfnp|Cole|2001|p=648}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] sl5iqr7ovlibjdtqqrrkd0jisi7kx81 452894 452893 2024-12-09T12:38:52Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language | name = সিন্ধী | nativename = {{lang|sd|سنڌي,}}, ''Sindhī'' | states = [[পাকিস্তান]], [[ভাৰত]]. লগতে [[হংকং]], [[ওমান]], [[ফিলিপাইন]], [[ছিংগাপুৰ]], [[সংযুক্ত আৰৱ আমিৰাত|আৰৱ]], [[ইংলেণ্ড]], [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | region = সিন্ধ, বেলুচিস্তান আৰু [[গুজৰাট]] | speakers = ৫৪.৩ মিলিয়ন | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Indo-Iranian | fam3 = [[ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষা]] | fam4 = Northwestern Zone | script = আৰবী লিপি, [[দেৱনাগৰী]] লিপি | nation = [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]]<br/>[[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]] | agency = Sindhi Language Authority (Pakistan) | iso1 = sd | iso2 = snd | iso3 = snd | notice = Indic | map = | mapcaption = }} '''সিন্ধী''' (আৰৱী লিপিতে: سنڌي, [[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি|দেৱনাগৰী লিপিত]]: सिन्धी) পাকিস্তানৰ সিন্ধু প্ৰদেশেৰ প্ৰায় ৩ কোটি ৫০ লাখ আৰু [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] প্ৰায় ৮০ লাখ মানুহে এই ভাষাত কথা কয়। ==ব্যৱহাৰ== পাকিস্তানত প্ৰচলিত ভাষাবিলাকৰ মাজত ইয়াৰ স্থান তৃতীয়। সিন্ধী পাকিস্তান আৰু ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা হিচাবে স্বীকৃত। ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা হ'লেও সিন্ধী ভাষাৰ ওপৰত দ্ৰাবিড় ভাষা গোষ্ঠীৰ ভাষাৰ বিশেষ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিলক্ষিত হয়। ==লিখন পদ্ধতি== পাকিস্তানত সিন্ধীসকলে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী লিপিৰ এটা সংস্কৰণ সিন্ধী ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞানৰ লগত খাপ খোৱা নতুন আখৰৰ সৈতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, আনহাতে ভাৰতত [[দেৱনাগৰী]], খুদাবাদী, খোজকি আৰু [[গুৰমুখী]]কে ধৰি বহুতো লিপি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Manoj R. |date=2018-07-30 |title=The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/the-dispute-over-script-still-endures-among-sindhis/story-vCiMcJEBCrlgoKO1hLponN.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> সিন্ধীৰ বাবে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী ভাষাও তুলনামূলকভাৱে আগতেই ডিজিটেলভাৱে সুলভ কৰি তোলা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 7, 2020 |title=Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization. |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/322814-sindhi-becomes-first-language-from-pakistan-to-be-selected-for-digitisation |website=Geo News}}</ref> সিন্ধী ভাষাৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন প্ৰমাণিত তথ্য ১৫ শতিকাৰ।<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] 771it6uxgwzba7g6cehlv3f41ebv9mf 452895 452894 2024-12-09T12:39:46Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* লিখন পদ্ধতি */ 452895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language | name = সিন্ধী | nativename = {{lang|sd|سنڌي,}}, ''Sindhī'' | states = [[পাকিস্তান]], [[ভাৰত]]. লগতে [[হংকং]], [[ওমান]], [[ফিলিপাইন]], [[ছিংগাপুৰ]], [[সংযুক্ত আৰৱ আমিৰাত|আৰৱ]], [[ইংলেণ্ড]], [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | region = সিন্ধ, বেলুচিস্তান আৰু [[গুজৰাট]] | speakers = ৫৪.৩ মিলিয়ন | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = Indo-Iranian | fam3 = [[ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষা]] | fam4 = Northwestern Zone | script = আৰবী লিপি, [[দেৱনাগৰী]] লিপি | nation = [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]]<br/>[[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]] | agency = Sindhi Language Authority (Pakistan) | iso1 = sd | iso2 = snd | iso3 = snd | notice = Indic | map = | mapcaption = }} '''সিন্ধী''' (আৰৱী লিপিতে: سنڌي, [[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি|দেৱনাগৰী লিপিত]]: सिन्धी) পাকিস্তানৰ সিন্ধু প্ৰদেশেৰ প্ৰায় ৩ কোটি ৫০ লাখ আৰু [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] প্ৰায় ৮০ লাখ মানুহে এই ভাষাত কথা কয়। ==ব্যৱহাৰ== পাকিস্তানত প্ৰচলিত ভাষাবিলাকৰ মাজত ইয়াৰ স্থান তৃতীয়। সিন্ধী পাকিস্তান আৰু ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা হিচাবে স্বীকৃত। ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা হ'লেও সিন্ধী ভাষাৰ ওপৰত দ্ৰাবিড় ভাষা গোষ্ঠীৰ ভাষাৰ বিশেষ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিলক্ষিত হয়। ==লিখন পদ্ধতি== পাকিস্তানত সিন্ধীসকলে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী লিপিৰ এটা সংস্কৰণ সিন্ধী ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞানৰ লগত খাপ খোৱা নতুন আখৰৰ সৈতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, আনহাতে ভাৰতত [[দেৱনাগৰী]], খুদাবাদী, খোজকি আৰু [[গুৰমুখী]]কে ধৰি বহুতো লিপি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Manoj R. |date=2018-07-30 |title=The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/the-dispute-over-script-still-endures-among-sindhis/story-vCiMcJEBCrlgoKO1hLponN.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> সিন্ধীৰ বাবে পাৰ্চী-আৰবী ভাষাও তুলনামূলকভাৱে আগতেই ডিজিটেলভাৱে সুলভ কৰি তোলা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 7, 2020 |title=Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitization. |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/322814-sindhi-becomes-first-language-from-pakistan-to-be-selected-for-digitisation |website=Geo News}}</ref> সিন্ধী ভাষাৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন প্ৰমাণিত তথ্য ১৫ শতিকাৰ। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] tkplqz7a4y353lp3frxhrla2spl58i6 মিজো ভাষা 0 43086 452896 398215 2024-12-09T12:41:25Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* অধিক জানিবলৈ চাওক */ 452896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language |name=মিজো |states=[[ভাৰত]], [[বাংলাদেশ]], [[ম্যানমাৰ]] |region= [[মিজোৰাম]], [[ত্ৰিপুৰা]], [[অসম]], [[মণিপুৰ]] |speakers=৭ লাখৰ বেছি |familycolor=Sino-tibetan |fam2=([[তিব্বতি-বৰ্মী ভাষাসমূহ|তিব্বতি-বৰ্মী]]) |fam3=[[কুকি-চীন ভাষাসমূহ|কুকি-চীন]] |fam4=কেন্দ্ৰীয় |nation=[[মিজোৰাম]] ([[ভাৰত]]) |iso2=lus|iso3=lus}} '''মিজো ভাষা''' ভাৰতৰ মিজোৰাম ৰাজ্যত প্ৰচলিত এটি ভাষা। ই চীনা-তিব্বত ভাষাপৰিবাৰৰ তিব্বত-বৰ্মী উপপৰিবাৰৰ কুকি-চীন দলৰ এটা ভাষা। মিজোভাষীসকল মূলত মিজোৰামত বাস কৰিলেও তাৰ বাহিৰেও ভাৰতৰ মণিপুৰ আৰু ত্ৰিপুৰা ৰাজ্যত, বাংলাদেশৰ পাৰ্বত্য চট্টগ্ৰামত আৰু উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ম্যানমাৰৰ চীন পৰ্বত অঞ্চলত মিজো ভাষাভাষীসকল বাস কৰে। মিজো ভাষাৰ বিভিন্ন উপভাষাত ৭ লাখতকৈও বেছি মানুহে কথা পাতে। ভাষাটো লুচাই ভাষা নামেৰেও পৰিচিত। এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণবিলাক হ'ল: a, â, á, à, aw, b, ch, d, e, ê, é, è, f, g, ng, h, i, ì, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, û, v, আৰু z। মিজো এটা সুৰপ্ৰধান ভাষা; অৰ্থাৎ একেই শব্দ কোৱাৰ সুৰৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি অৰ্থ পৰিৱৰ্তন হ'ব পাৰে। ==অধিক জানিবলৈ চাওক== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161104011859/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=P6DJyXPQXr4C&pg=PA1&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false হিন্দী-ইংৰাজী-মিজো শব্দকোষ] *[https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/lorrain/ Dictionary of Lushai Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813103529/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/lorrain/ |date=2020-08-13 }} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] 3yjbrcvw01kygjxh3ebzaz21kdz10mi 452897 452896 2024-12-09T12:43:49Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language |name=মিজো |states=[[ভাৰত]], [[বাংলাদেশ]], [[ম্যানমাৰ]] |region= [[মিজোৰাম]], [[ত্ৰিপুৰা]], [[অসম]], [[মণিপুৰ]] |speakers=৭ লাখৰ বেছি |familycolor=Sino-tibetan |fam2=([[তিব্বতি-বৰ্মী ভাষাসমূহ|তিব্বতি-বৰ্মী]]) |fam3=[[কুকি-চীন ভাষাসমূহ|কুকি-চীন]] |fam4=কেন্দ্ৰীয় |nation=[[মিজোৰাম]] ([[ভাৰত]]) |iso2=lus|iso3=lus}} '''মিজো ভাষা''' ভাৰতৰ মিজোৰাম ৰাজ্যত প্ৰচলিত এটি ভাষা। ই চীনা-তিব্বত ভাষাপৰিবাৰৰ তিব্বত-বৰ্মী উপপৰিবাৰৰ কুকি-চীন দলৰ এটা ভাষা। মিজোভাষীসকল মূলত মিজোৰামত বাস কৰিলেও তাৰ বাহিৰেও ভাৰতৰ মণিপুৰ আৰু ত্ৰিপুৰা ৰাজ্যত, বাংলাদেশৰ পাৰ্বত্য চট্টগ্ৰামত আৰু উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম ম্যানমাৰৰ চীন পৰ্বত অঞ্চলত মিজো ভাষাভাষীসকল বাস কৰে। ই মূলতঃ লুচেই উপভাষাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে যদিও ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা মিজো বংশৰ পৰাও বহু শব্দৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছে। <ref>[http://mzuir.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/1034/1/R.%20Zothanliana,%20MIZO.pdf mzuir.inflibnet.ac.in] (PDF)</ref> মিজো ভাষাৰ বিভিন্ন উপভাষাত ৭ লাখতকৈও বেছি মানুহে কথা পাতে। ভাষাটো লুচাই ভাষা নামেৰেও পৰিচিত। ==লিখন পদ্ধতি== এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণবিলাক হ'ল: a, â, á, à, aw, b, ch, d, e, ê, é, è, f, g, ng, h, i, ì, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, û, v, আৰু z। মিজো এটা সুৰপ্ৰধান ভাষা; অৰ্থাৎ একেই শব্দ কোৱাৰ সুৰৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি অৰ্থ পৰিৱৰ্তন হ'ব পাৰে। ==অধিক জানিবলৈ চাওক== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161104011859/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=P6DJyXPQXr4C&pg=PA1&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false হিন্দী-ইংৰাজী-মিজো শব্দকোষ] *[https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/lorrain/ Dictionary of Lushai Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813103529/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/lorrain/ |date=2020-08-13 }} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] avk713e499up5uwgd9itkzpldlheh2p সিংহল ভাষা 0 43090 452903 409807 2024-12-09T12:48:48Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name= Sinhala |image=සිංහල in Noto Serif Sinhala Black.svg |nativename={{lang|si|සිංහල|சிங்களம்}}<br>''Siṁhala'' |pronunciation={{IPA-si|ˈsiŋɦələ|IPA}} |states = [[Sri Lanka]] |ethnicity = [[Sinhalese people]] |speakers_label=Speakers |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] |fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] |fam4=[[Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone|Southern Zone]] |fam5=[[Indo-Aryan languages#Insular Indo-Aryan|Insular Indo-Aryan]] |ancestor=[[Elu]] |dia1=[[Vedda language|Vedda]] (perhaps a [[Creole language]]) |script={{plainlist| *[[Sinhala script]] *[[Sinhala Braille]] ([[Bharati Braille]])}} |nation={{flag|Sri Lanka}} |iso1=si |iso2=sin |iso3=sin |lingua=59-ABB-a |glotto=sinh1246 |glottorefname=Sinhala |notice=Indic |notice2=IPA }} '''সিংহল''' (සිංහල) [উচ্চৰণ: সিংহলো] বা "সিংহলী ভাষা" [[শ্ৰীলঙ্কা]]ৰ মূল ভাষা। শ্ৰীলঙ্কাৰ প্ৰায় ২ কোটি মানুহে সিংহল ভাষাত কথা কয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p11%20Speaking.pdf |title=Census of Population and Housing 2001 |publisher=Statistics.gov.lk |access-date=16 November 2013 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712053634/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p11%20Speaking.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ভাষাটো সিংহল লিপিৰে লিখা হয়। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ৱ ৩য় শতিকাত সিংহল ভাষাত লিখা শিলালিপি পোৱা হৈছে। ১০ম শতিকাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি ভাষাটোত সমৃদ্ধ বৌদ্ধ সাহিত্য ৰচিত হৈছে। ১৯৫৬ চনত শ্ৰীলঙ্কাত সিংহল ভাষাক একমাত্ৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা হিচাবে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰা হৈছিল। তেতিয়া তাৰ [[তামিল]] সংখ্যালঘু জনগোষ্ঠীয়ে আক্ৰমণাত্মক গণবিক্ষোভ চলাইছিল। তাৰ ফলশ্ৰুতিতে ১৯৫৮ চনত শ্ৰীলঙ্কাত সিংহল ভাষাৰ লগতে [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল ভাষাকো]] বিশেষ চৰকাৰী মৰ্য্যাদা দিয়া হয়। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] 70yfn1w431pjf2ljeuk02g5hlbl6b7n 452904 452903 2024-12-09T12:49:18Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name= Sinhala |image=සිංහල in Noto Serif Sinhala Black.svg |nativename={{lang|si|සිංහල|சிங்களம்}}<br>''Siṁhala'' |pronunciation={{IPA-si|ˈsiŋɦələ|IPA}} |states = [[Sri Lanka]] |ethnicity = [[Sinhalese people]] |speakers_label=Speakers |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] |fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] |fam4=[[Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone|Southern Zone]] |fam5=[[Indo-Aryan languages#Insular Indo-Aryan|Insular Indo-Aryan]] |ancestor=[[Elu]] |dia1=[[Vedda language|Vedda]] (perhaps a [[Creole language]]) |script={{plainlist| *[[Sinhala script]] *[[Sinhala Braille]] ([[Bharati Braille]])}} |nation={{flag|Sri Lanka}} |iso1=si |iso2=sin |iso3=sin |lingua=59-ABB-a |glotto=sinh1246 |glottorefname=Sinhala |notice=Indic |notice2=IPA }} '''সিংহল''' (සිංහල) [উচ্চৰণ: সিংহলো] বা "সিংহলী ভাষা" [[শ্ৰীলঙ্কা]]ৰ মূল ভাষা। শ্ৰীলঙ্কাৰ প্ৰায় ২ মিলিয়ন মানুহে সিংহল ভাষাত কথা কয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p11%20Speaking.pdf |title=Census of Population and Housing 2001 |publisher=Statistics.gov.lk |access-date=16 November 2013 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712053634/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p11%20Speaking.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> এই ভাষাটো সিংহল লিপিৰে লিখা হয়। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ৱ ৩য় শতিকাত সিংহল ভাষাত লিখা শিলালিপি পোৱা হৈছে। ১০ম শতিকাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি ভাষাটোত সমৃদ্ধ বৌদ্ধ সাহিত্য ৰচিত হৈছে। ১৯৫৬ চনত শ্ৰীলঙ্কাত সিংহল ভাষাক একমাত্ৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা হিচাবে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰা হৈছিল। তেতিয়া তাৰ [[তামিল]] সংখ্যালঘু জনগোষ্ঠীয়ে আক্ৰমণাত্মক গণবিক্ষোভ চলাইছিল। তাৰ ফলশ্ৰুতিতে ১৯৫৮ চনত শ্ৰীলঙ্কাত সিংহল ভাষাৰ লগতে [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল ভাষাকো]] বিশেষ চৰকাৰী মৰ্য্যাদা দিয়া হয়। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] m0s0fzix0pe1lig3xwrbejt4zeybpxv সোণকোষ নদী 0 43092 452905 226684 2024-12-09T12:51:10Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* প্ৰসঙ্গ */ 452905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:View_of_Wangdue_Dzong_2019-12-16.jpg|thumb|সোণকোষ নদীৰ পাৰত [[ভূটান]]ৰ ৱাংডু ফটৰাং জং]] '''সোণকোষ''' বা '''গদাধৰ''' বা '''স্বৰ্ণকোষ''' [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদ]]ৰ উত্তৰবাহিনী উপনৈ। ইয়াৰ উদ্ভৱ উত্তৰ [[ভূটান]]ত। ই [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[অসম]] ৰাজ্যত [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদ]]ত লগ লাগিছে। ভূটানত ইয়াৰ নাম পুনাৎসাংগ ছ্যূ। ইয়াৰ দুটা মুখ্য উপনৈ ফ ছ্যু আৰু ম ছ্যু ভূটানৰ পোনাখাত মিলিত হৈছে। এই দুই নদী লগ হোৱা পোনাখা ভুটানৰ অন্যতম ধুনীয়া ভূটানী স্থাপত্যশৈলীৰ জং। এই জং ভুটানৰ ড্ৰাটচাং লেহেটচঙৰ শীতকালৰ বাসগৃহ। ভূটানৰ পৰা ভাৰতত সোমাই ই [[অসম]] আৰু [[পশ্চিম বংগ]] ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সীমা সৃষ্টি কৰিছে। ==প্ৰসঙ্গ== *{{cite book |author=Jordans, Bart |title=Bhutan: A Trekker's Guide |publisher=Cicerone |year=2005 |isbn=1-85284-398-5}} *{{cite map |title=Bhutan Himalaya, 1:390,000 |publisher=Himalayan Maphouse}} == বৰ্হি সংযোগ == * [http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/L8853E/L8853E02.htm#ch2.2 ভূটানৰ নদী প্ৰণালী] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ নদী]] ln6ztzexfn6av5r94hlyvqb31xbtb4x 452906 452905 2024-12-09T12:51:28Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452906 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:View_of_Wangdue_Dzong_2019-12-16.jpg|thumb|সোণকোষ নদীৰ পাৰত [[ভূটান]]ৰ ৱাংডু ফটৰাং জং]] '''সোণকোষ''' বা '''গদাধৰ''' বা '''স্বৰ্ণকোষ''' [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদ]]ৰ উত্তৰবাহিনী উপনৈ। ইয়াৰ উদ্ভৱ উত্তৰ [[ভূটান]]ত। ই [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[অসম]] ৰাজ্যত [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদ]]ত লগ লাগিছে। ভূটানত ইয়াৰ নাম পুনাৎসাংগ ছ্যূ। ইয়াৰ দুটা মুখ্য উপনৈ ফ ছ্যু আৰু ম ছ্যু ভূটানৰ পোনাখাত মিলিত হৈছে। এই দুই নদী লগ হোৱা পোনাখা ভুটানৰ অন্যতম ধুনীয়া ভূটানী স্থাপত্যশৈলীৰ জং। এই জং ভুটানৰ ড্ৰাটচাং লেহেটচঙৰ শীতকালৰ বাসগৃহ। ভূটানৰ পৰা ভাৰতত সোমাই ই [[অসম]] আৰু [[পশ্চিম বংগ]] ৰাজ্যৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সীমা সৃষ্টি কৰিছে। ==প্ৰসঙ্গ পুথি== *{{cite book |author=Jordans, Bart |title=Bhutan: A Trekker's Guide |publisher=Cicerone |year=2005 |isbn=1-85284-398-5}} *{{cite map |title=Bhutan Himalaya, 1:390,000 |publisher=Himalayan Maphouse}} == বৰ্হি সংযোগ == * [http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/L8853E/L8853E02.htm#ch2.2 ভূটানৰ নদী প্ৰণালী] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ নদী]] c0ulu6bjy74zjckwi8gr6zhwcoszg3c ভোজপুৰী ভাষা 0 43101 452922 397845 2024-12-09T13:43:59Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ভোজপুৰী | nativename = भोजपुरी | image = Bhojpuri language.svg | imagescale = | states = [[ভাৰত]] and [[নেপাল]] }} '''ভোজপুৰী ভাষা''' ([[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]]: '''भोजपुरी भाषा''' {{Audio|hi-Bhojpuri.ogg|listen}} ([[কৈথী লিপি]]: '''𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂰''') হ'ল [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা]] পৰিবাৰৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় ভাষা। ভোজপুৰী সাধাৰণতে বিহাৰৰ পশ্চিমাংশ আৰু [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ|উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশৰ]] পূৰ্বাংশত প্ৰচলিত। তাৰোপৰি [[মধ্য প্ৰদেশ]], [[ঝাড়খণ্ড]] আৰু [[নেপাল|নেপালৰ]] কিছু অংশতো<ref name="eth2009">[[:ethnologue:bho|Bhojpuri Ethnologue]] World Languages (2009){{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}</ref> ভোজপুৰী ভাষাভাষীৰ মানুহে বাস কৰে। বৰ্তমান ভোজপুৰী ভাষা [[বিহাৰ|বিহাৰৰ]] দুটা ৰাজ্য ভাষাৰ অন্যতম এটা। ভোজপুৰী ভাষাৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি কিছুমানে ধাৰণা কৰে যে পোনপটিয়াকৈ [[সংস্কৃত ভাষা| সংস্কৃত ভাষাৰ]] পৰা আকৌ কিছুমানৰ মতে [[বাংলা ভাষা|বাংলাৰ]] জননী [[মৈথিলী ভাষা| মৈথিলী ভাষাৰ]] পৰা। [[File:Kaithi2.png|thumb|right|Bhojpuri story written in [[Kaithi]] script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] knkbjj8lsxlcpmf3161zq4tlcugho30 452923 452922 2024-12-09T13:45:40Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ভোজপুৰী | nativename = भोजपुरी | image = Bhojpuri language.svg | imagescale = | states = [[ভাৰত]] and [[নেপাল]] }} '''ভোজপুৰী ভাষা''' ([[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]]: '''भोजपुरी भाषा''' {{Audio|hi-Bhojpuri.ogg|listen}} ([[কৈথী লিপি]]: '''𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂰''') হ'ল [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা]] পৰিবাৰৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় ভাষা। ভোজপুৰী সাধাৰণতে বিহাৰৰ পশ্চিমাংশ আৰু [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ|উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশৰ]] পূৰ্বাংশত প্ৰচলিত। তাৰোপৰি [[মধ্য প্ৰদেশ]], [[ঝাড়খণ্ড]] আৰু [[নেপাল|নেপালৰ]] কিছু অংশতো<ref name="eth2009">[[:ethnologue:bho|Bhojpuri Ethnologue]] World Languages (2009){{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}</ref> ভোজপুৰী ভাষাভাষীৰ মানুহে বাস কৰে। বৰ্তমান ভোজপুৰী ভাষা [[বিহাৰ|বিহাৰৰ]] দুটা ৰাজ্য ভাষাৰ অন্যতম এটা। ভোজপুৰী ভাষাৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি কিছুমানে ধাৰণা কৰে যে পোনপটিয়াকৈ [[সংস্কৃত ভাষা| সংস্কৃত ভাষাৰ]] পৰা আকৌ কিছুমানৰ মতে [[বাংলা ভাষা|বাংলাৰ]] জননী [[মৈথিলী ভাষা| মৈথিলী ভাষাৰ]] পৰা।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bhojpuri+is+an+Eastern+Indo+Aryan+language&pg=PA481 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Kaithi2.png|thumb|right|Bhojpuri story written in [[Kaithi]] script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] bp5coex73q6jiuqe696nb8mpdufheid 452930 452923 2024-12-09T13:49:21Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ভোজপুৰী | nativename = भोजपुरी | image = Bhojpuri language.svg | imagescale = | states = [[ভাৰত]] and [[নেপাল]] }} '''ভোজপুৰী ভাষা''' ([[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]]: '''भोजपुरी भाषा''' {{Audio|hi-Bhojpuri.ogg|listen}} ([[কৈথী লিপি]]: '''𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂰''') হ'ল [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা]] পৰিবাৰৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় ভাষা। ভোজপুৰী সাধাৰণতে বিহাৰৰ পশ্চিমাংশ আৰু [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ|উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশৰ]] পূৰ্বাংশত প্ৰচলিত। তাৰোপৰি [[মধ্য প্ৰদেশ]], [[ঝাড়খণ্ড]] আৰু [[নেপাল|নেপালৰ]] কিছু অংশতো<ref name="eth2009">[[:ethnologue:bho|Bhojpuri Ethnologue]] World Languages (2009){{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}</ref> ভোজপুৰী ভাষাভাষীৰ মানুহে বাস কৰে। বৰ্তমান ভোজপুৰী ভাষা [[বিহাৰ|বিহাৰৰ]] দুটা ৰাজ্য ভাষাৰ অন্যতম এটা। ভোজপুৰী ভাষাৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি কিছুমানে ধাৰণা কৰে যে পোনপটিয়াকৈ [[সংস্কৃত ভাষা| সংস্কৃত ভাষাৰ]] পৰা আকৌ কিছুমানৰ মতে [[বাংলা ভাষা|বাংলাৰ]] জননী [[মৈথিলী ভাষা| মৈথিলী ভাষাৰ]] পৰা।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bhojpuri+is+an+Eastern+Indo+Aryan+language&pg=PA481 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |language=en}}</ref> ফিজি, গায়ানা, মৰিচাছ, দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা, চুৰিনাম আৰু ট্ৰিনিদাদ আৰু ট'বাগোতো ই সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা৷<ref name="Rajend Mesthrie 1992, pages 30-32" /><ref name="ucla" /> হিন্দীৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্বৰ ভাষাৰ এটলাছত ভোজপুৰী ভাষাক সম্ভাৱ্য দুৰ্বল ভাষা হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="UNESCO_bhoj"/> [[File:Kaithi2.png|thumb|right|Bhojpuri story written in [[Kaithi]] script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] oyy6cycq7n70p18kp8omke1688yjfxb 452931 452930 2024-12-09T13:49:59Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ভোজপুৰী | nativename = भोजपुरी | image = Bhojpuri language.svg | imagescale = | states = [[ভাৰত]] and [[নেপাল]] }} '''ভোজপুৰী ভাষা''' ([[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]]: '''भोजपुरी भाषा''' {{Audio|hi-Bhojpuri.ogg|listen}} ([[কৈথী লিপি]]: '''𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂰''') হ'ল [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা]] পৰিবাৰৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় ভাষা। ভোজপুৰী সাধাৰণতে বিহাৰৰ পশ্চিমাংশ আৰু [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ|উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশৰ]] পূৰ্বাংশত প্ৰচলিত। তাৰোপৰি [[মধ্য প্ৰদেশ]], [[ঝাড়খণ্ড]] আৰু [[নেপাল|নেপালৰ]] কিছু অংশতো<ref name="eth2009">[[:ethnologue:bho|Bhojpuri Ethnologue]] World Languages (2009){{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}</ref> ভোজপুৰী ভাষাভাষীৰ মানুহে বাস কৰে। বৰ্তমান ভোজপুৰী ভাষা [[বিহাৰ|বিহাৰৰ]] দুটা ৰাজ্য ভাষাৰ অন্যতম এটা। ভোজপুৰী ভাষাৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি কিছুমানে ধাৰণা কৰে যে পোনপটিয়াকৈ [[সংস্কৃত ভাষা| সংস্কৃত ভাষাৰ]] পৰা আকৌ কিছুমানৰ মতে [[বাংলা ভাষা|বাংলাৰ]] জননী [[মৈথিলী ভাষা| মৈথিলী ভাষাৰ]] পৰা।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bhojpuri+is+an+Eastern+Indo+Aryan+language&pg=PA481 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |language=en}}</ref> ফিজি, গায়ানা, মৰিচাছ, দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা, চুৰিনাম আৰু ট্ৰিনিদাদ আৰু ট'বাগোতো ই সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা৷ হিন্দীৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্বৰ ভাষাৰ এটলাছত ভোজপুৰী ভাষাক সম্ভাৱ্য দুৰ্বল ভাষা হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। [[File:Kaithi2.png|thumb|right|Bhojpuri story written in [[Kaithi]] script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] 93l6fyfftlwv0roagasfnfiehi4o9at 452943 452931 2024-12-09T13:56:17Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ভোজপুৰী | nativename = भोजपुरी | image = Bhojpuri language.svg | imagescale = | states = [[ভাৰত]] and [[নেপাল]] }} '''ভোজপুৰী ভাষা''' ([[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]]: '''भोजपुरी भाषा''' {{Audio|hi-Bhojpuri.ogg|listen}} ([[কৈথী লিপি]]: '''𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂰''') হ'ল [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা]] পৰিবাৰৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় ভাষা। ভোজপুৰী সাধাৰণতে বিহাৰৰ পশ্চিমাংশ আৰু [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ|উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশৰ]] পূৰ্বাংশত প্ৰচলিত। তাৰোপৰি [[মধ্য প্ৰদেশ]], [[ঝাড়খণ্ড]] আৰু [[নেপাল|নেপালৰ]] কিছু অংশতো<ref name="eth2009">[[:ethnologue:bho|Bhojpuri Ethnologue]] World Languages (2009){{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}</ref> ভোজপুৰী ভাষাভাষীৰ মানুহে বাস কৰে। বৰ্তমান ভোজপুৰী ভাষা [[বিহাৰ|বিহাৰৰ]] দুটা ৰাজ্য ভাষাৰ অন্যতম এটা। ভোজপুৰী ভাষাৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি কিছুমানে ধাৰণা কৰে যে পোনপটিয়াকৈ [[সংস্কৃত ভাষা| সংস্কৃত ভাষাৰ]] পৰা আকৌ কিছুমানৰ মতে [[বাংলা ভাষা|বাংলাৰ]] জননী [[মৈথিলী ভাষা| মৈথিলী ভাষাৰ]] পৰা।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bhojpuri+is+an+Eastern+Indo+Aryan+language&pg=PA481 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |language=en}}</ref> ফিজি, গায়ানা, মৰিচাছ, দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা, চুৰিনাম আৰু ট্ৰিনিদাদ আৰু ট'বাগোতো ই সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা৷ হিন্দীৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্বৰ ভাষাৰ এটলাছত ভোজপুৰী ভাষাক সম্ভাৱ্য দুৰ্বল ভাষা হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। [[File:Kaithi2.png|thumb|right|Bhojpuri story written in [[Kaithi]] script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898]] ২০২২ চনৰ ২২ মে'ত [[গুগল ট্ৰেন্সলেণ্ট|গুগল অনুবাদে]] ভোজপুৰী ভাষাক তেওঁলোকৰ অন্যতম ভাষা হিচাপে সংযোজন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/google-translate-gets-24-new-languages-including-assamese-bhojpuri-sanskrit-1948298-2022-05-11 | title=Google Translate now supports Sanskrit and Bhojpuri | access-date=3 November 2022 | archive-date=3 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103095819/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/google-translate-gets-24-new-languages-including-assamese-bhojpuri-sanskrit-1948298-2022-05-11 | url-status=live }}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] sob9uvwdfv1sajgzkde26fugx6gd0o7 452944 452943 2024-12-09T13:56:51Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ভোজপুৰী | nativename = भोजपुरी | image = Bhojpuri language.svg | imagescale = | states = [[ভাৰত]] and [[নেপাল]] }} '''ভোজপুৰী ভাষা''' ([[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]]: '''भोजपुरी भाषा''' {{Audio|hi-Bhojpuri.ogg|listen}} ([[কৈথী লিপি]]: '''𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂰''') হ'ল [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা]] পৰিবাৰৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় ভাষা। ভোজপুৰী সাধাৰণতে বিহাৰৰ পশ্চিমাংশ আৰু [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ|উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশৰ]] পূৰ্বাংশত প্ৰচলিত। তাৰোপৰি [[মধ্য প্ৰদেশ]], [[ঝাড়খণ্ড]] আৰু [[নেপাল|নেপালৰ]] কিছু অংশতো<ref name="eth2009">[[:ethnologue:bho|Bhojpuri Ethnologue]] World Languages (2009){{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}</ref> ভোজপুৰী ভাষাভাষীৰ মানুহে বাস কৰে। বৰ্তমান ভোজপুৰী ভাষা [[বিহাৰ|বিহাৰৰ]] দুটা ৰাজ্য ভাষাৰ অন্যতম এটা। ভোজপুৰী ভাষাৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি কিছুমানে ধাৰণা কৰে যে পোনপটিয়াকৈ [[সংস্কৃত ভাষা| সংস্কৃত ভাষাৰ]] পৰা আকৌ কিছুমানৰ মতে [[বাংলা ভাষা|বাংলাৰ]] জননী [[মৈথিলী ভাষা| মৈথিলী ভাষাৰ]] পৰা।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bhojpuri+is+an+Eastern+Indo+Aryan+language&pg=PA481 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |language=en}}</ref> ফিজি, গায়ানা, মৰিচাছ, দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা, চুৰিনাম আৰু ট্ৰিনিদাদ আৰু ট'বাগোতো ই সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা৷ হিন্দীৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্বৰ ভাষাৰ এটলাছত ভোজপুৰী ভাষাক সম্ভাৱ্য দুৰ্বল ভাষা হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। [[File:Kaithi2.png|thumb|right|Bhojpuri story written in [[Kaithi]] script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898]] ২০২২ চনৰ ২২ মে'ত [[গুগল ট্ৰান্সলেণ্ট|গুগল অনুবাদে]] ভোজপুৰী ভাষাক তেওঁলোকৰ অন্যতম ভাষা হিচাপে সংযোজন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/google-translate-gets-24-new-languages-including-assamese-bhojpuri-sanskrit-1948298-2022-05-11 | title=Google Translate now supports Sanskrit and Bhojpuri | access-date=3 November 2022 | archive-date=3 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103095819/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/google-translate-gets-24-new-languages-including-assamese-bhojpuri-sanskrit-1948298-2022-05-11 | url-status=live }}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] pzyei1sb365muzzzoku4rgm8jckdjer 452945 452944 2024-12-09T13:57:14Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ভোজপুৰী | nativename = भोजपुरी | image = Bhojpuri language.svg | imagescale = | states = [[ভাৰত]] and [[নেপাল]] }} '''ভোজপুৰী ভাষা''' ([[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]]: '''भोजपुरी भाषा''' {{Audio|hi-Bhojpuri.ogg|listen}} ([[কৈথী লিপি]]: '''𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂰''') হ'ল [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা]] পৰিবাৰৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় ভাষা। ভোজপুৰী সাধাৰণতে বিহাৰৰ পশ্চিমাংশ আৰু [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ|উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশৰ]] পূৰ্বাংশত প্ৰচলিত। তাৰোপৰি [[মধ্য প্ৰদেশ]], [[ঝাড়খণ্ড]] আৰু [[নেপাল|নেপালৰ]] কিছু অংশতো<ref name="eth2009">[[:ethnologue:bho|Bhojpuri Ethnologue]] World Languages (2009){{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}</ref> ভোজপুৰী ভাষাভাষীৰ মানুহে বাস কৰে। বৰ্তমান ভোজপুৰী ভাষা [[বিহাৰ|বিহাৰৰ]] দুটা ৰাজ্য ভাষাৰ অন্যতম এটা। ভোজপুৰী ভাষাৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি কিছুমানে ধাৰণা কৰে যে পোনপটিয়াকৈ [[সংস্কৃত ভাষা| সংস্কৃত ভাষাৰ]] পৰা আকৌ কিছুমানৰ মতে [[বাংলা ভাষা|বাংলাৰ]] জননী [[মৈথিলী ভাষা| মৈথিলী ভাষাৰ]] পৰা।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bhojpuri+is+an+Eastern+Indo+Aryan+language&pg=PA481 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |language=en}}</ref> ফিজি, গায়ানা, মৰিচাছ, দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা, চুৰিনাম আৰু ট্ৰিনিদাদ আৰু ট'বাগোতো ই সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা৷ হিন্দীৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্বৰ ভাষাৰ এটলাছত ভোজপুৰী ভাষাক সম্ভাৱ্য দুৰ্বল ভাষা হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। [[File:Kaithi2.png|thumb|right|Bhojpuri story written in [[Kaithi]] script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898]] ২০২২ চনৰ ২২ মে'ত [[গুগল ট্ৰান্সলেট|গুগল অনুবাদে]] ভোজপুৰী ভাষাক তেওঁলোকৰ অন্যতম ভাষা হিচাপে সংযোজন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/google-translate-gets-24-new-languages-including-assamese-bhojpuri-sanskrit-1948298-2022-05-11 | title=Google Translate now supports Sanskrit and Bhojpuri | access-date=3 November 2022 | archive-date=3 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103095819/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/google-translate-gets-24-new-languages-including-assamese-bhojpuri-sanskrit-1948298-2022-05-11 | url-status=live }}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] l5ohfxywmpp7d6gwiusukneemjed8ap 452946 452945 2024-12-09T13:57:41Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ভোজপুৰী | nativename = भोजपुरी | image = Bhojpuri language.svg | imagescale = | states = [[ভাৰত]] and [[নেপাল]] }} '''ভোজপুৰী ভাষা''' ([[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]]: '''भोजपुरी भाषा''' {{Audio|hi-Bhojpuri.ogg|listen}} ([[কৈথী লিপি]]: '''𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 𑂦𑂰𑂭𑂰''') হ'ল [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষা]] পৰিবাৰৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চলীয় ভাষা। ভোজপুৰী সাধাৰণতে বিহাৰৰ পশ্চিমাংশ আৰু [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ|উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশৰ]] পূৰ্বাংশত প্ৰচলিত। তাৰোপৰি [[মধ্য প্ৰদেশ]], [[ঝাড়খণ্ড]] আৰু [[নেপাল|নেপালৰ]] কিছু অংশতো<ref name="eth2009">[[:ethnologue:bho|Bhojpuri Ethnologue]] World Languages (2009){{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}</ref> ভোজপুৰী ভাষাভাষীৰ মানুহে বাস কৰে। বৰ্তমান ভোজপুৰী ভাষা [[বিহাৰ|বিহাৰৰ]] দুটা ৰাজ্য ভাষাৰ অন্যতম এটা। ভোজপুৰী ভাষাৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি কিছুমানে ধাৰণা কৰে যে পোনপটিয়াকৈ [[সংস্কৃত ভাষা| সংস্কৃত ভাষাৰ]] পৰা আকৌ কিছুমানৰ মতে [[বাংলা ভাষা|বাংলাৰ]] জননী [[মৈথিলী ভাষা| মৈথিলী ভাষাৰ]] পৰা।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bhojpuri+is+an+Eastern+Indo+Aryan+language&pg=PA481 |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |language=en}}</ref> ফিজি, গায়ানা, মৰিচাছ, দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা, চুৰিনাম আৰু ট্ৰিনিদাদ আৰু ট'বাগোতো ই সংখ্যালঘু ভাষা৷ হিন্দীৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্বৰ ভাষাৰ এটলাছত ভোজপুৰী ভাষাক সম্ভাৱ্য দুৰ্বল ভাষা হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। ২০২২ চনৰ ২২ মে'ত [[গুগল ট্ৰান্সলেট|গুগল অনুবাদে]] ভোজপুৰী ভাষাক তেওঁলোকৰ অন্যতম ভাষা হিচাপে সংযোজন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/google-translate-gets-24-new-languages-including-assamese-bhojpuri-sanskrit-1948298-2022-05-11 | title=Google Translate now supports Sanskrit and Bhojpuri | access-date=3 November 2022 | archive-date=3 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103095819/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/google-translate-gets-24-new-languages-including-assamese-bhojpuri-sanskrit-1948298-2022-05-11 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Kaithi2.png|thumb|right|Bhojpuri story written in [[Kaithi]] script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{ভাৰতৰ ভাষাসমূহ}} {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] 3gf7k8ymoqczgg4nptmknxenxw0ravg ডোটেলী ভাষা 0 43763 452952 385169 2024-12-09T14:03:56Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = ডোটেলী |altname = |nativename = ডোটেলী |states = [[নেপাল]] |nation = নেপাল |region = [[ডোটী]] |speakers = নেপালত ৭,৮৮,০০০ |date = ২০১১ ৰ লোকগণনা |ref = e18 |familycolor= ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় |fam2 = [[ইণ্ডো-ইৰাণী]] |fam3 = [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য]] |fam4 = উত্তৰী |fam5 = ([[পূৱ পাহাৰী]]) |fam6 = [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] |script =[[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]] |iso3 = dty |glotto = dote1238 |glottorefname = Doteli }} {{InterWiki|code=dty}} '''ডোটেলী''' ভাষা প্ৰায় ৮,০০,০০০ মানুহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যাৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই [[নেপাল|নেপালত]] বসবাস কৰে। এই ভাষা [[দেৱনাগৰী]] লিপিৰে লিখা হয়। [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] ভাষাৰ লগত এই ভাষাৰ বহুক্ষেত্ৰত মিল দেখা যায়। ভাৰতৰ [[কুমাঊনী ভাষা|কুমাঊনী]] ভাষাৰ লগতো ৭৫% মিল আছে। == Names of the language == The language is known by various names in the far–western region of Nepal, according to the districts. {| class="wikitable" |+ Terms used for language name by district<ref name="sil">{{Cite journal |last=Eichentopf |first=Stephanie R. |date=2014 |title=A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/64/37/116437364756589393671740952808131787382/Dotyali_report.pdf |journal=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> ! District !! Terms used for language name |- | [[Kailali District|Kailali]] || Baitadeli, Bajhangi–Nepali |- | [[Kanchanpur District|Kanchanpur]] || Baitadeli–Nepali, Pahadi, Nepali |- | [[Doti District|Doti]] || Dotyali, Doteli |- | [[Dadeldhura District|Dadeldhura]]|| Dotyali, Dadeldhuri |- | [[Achhami District|Achham]]|| Achhami, Achhami-Nepali |- | [[Baitadi District|Baitadi]] || Baitadi, Baitadeli, Dotyali |- | [[Darchula District|Darchula]] || Darchuleli, Dotyali, Sauka |- | [[Bajhang District|Bajhang]] || Bajhangi, Bajhangi–Nepali |} ==উৎপত্তি আৰু ইতিহাস== যদিও দোটিয়ালি মানক নেপালী ভাষাৰ সৈতে সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বুজিব নোৱাৰা নহয়, ডোটিয়ালিক বৃহৎ ভাষা নেপালীৰ সদস্য বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। [ 5 ] নেপালত ডোটেলিক নেপালী উপভাষা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। কিন্তু স্থানীয় বুদ্ধিজীৱী আৰু ডোটিৰ জনসাধাৰণ, ডোতেলী ভাষা কোৱাসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ভাষাক নেপালৰ অন্যতম জাতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিবলৈ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দাবী উত্থাপন কৰিছে। ==ডোটেলী ভাষাৰ কাকত-আলোচনী== # চিনাৰী # গুগুল্টী # প্যাউলী # ঘুগুতী # স্বাৰাঈ # ৰামৰাজ্য ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html ডিজিটেল আলোচনীː ডোটেলী সেৱা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202045844/http://paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html |date=2014-12-02 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] f24itnay82px99xdv263hibdsv17krg 452953 452952 2024-12-09T14:05:58Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* উপ-ভাষাসমূহৰ নাম */ 452953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = ডোটেলী |altname = |nativename = ডোটেলী |states = [[নেপাল]] |nation = নেপাল |region = [[ডোটী]] |speakers = নেপালত ৭,৮৮,০০০ |date = ২০১১ ৰ লোকগণনা |ref = e18 |familycolor= ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় |fam2 = [[ইণ্ডো-ইৰাণী]] |fam3 = [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য]] |fam4 = উত্তৰী |fam5 = ([[পূৱ পাহাৰী]]) |fam6 = [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] |script =[[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]] |iso3 = dty |glotto = dote1238 |glottorefname = Doteli }} {{InterWiki|code=dty}} '''ডোটেলী''' ভাষা প্ৰায় ৮,০০,০০০ মানুহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যাৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই [[নেপাল|নেপালত]] বসবাস কৰে। এই ভাষা [[দেৱনাগৰী]] লিপিৰে লিখা হয়। [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] ভাষাৰ লগত এই ভাষাৰ বহুক্ষেত্ৰত মিল দেখা যায়। ভাৰতৰ [[কুমাঊনী ভাষা|কুমাঊনী]] ভাষাৰ লগতো ৭৫% মিল আছে। ==উপ-ভাষাসমূহৰ নাম== জিলাসমূহৰ মতে, নেপালৰ সুদূৰ–পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত এই ভাষা বিভিন্ন নামেৰে জনাজাত। {| class="wikitable" |+ Terms used for language name by district<ref name="sil">{{Cite journal |last=Eichentopf |first=Stephanie R. |date=2014 |title=A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/64/37/116437364756589393671740952808131787382/Dotyali_report.pdf |journal=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> ! District !! Terms used for language name |- | [[Kailali District|Kailali]] || Baitadeli, Bajhangi–Nepali |- | [[Kanchanpur District|Kanchanpur]] || Baitadeli–Nepali, Pahadi, Nepali |- | [[Doti District|Doti]] || Dotyali, Doteli |- | [[Dadeldhura District|Dadeldhura]]|| Dotyali, Dadeldhuri |- | [[Achhami District|Achham]]|| Achhami, Achhami-Nepali |- | [[Baitadi District|Baitadi]] || Baitadi, Baitadeli, Dotyali |- | [[Darchula District|Darchula]] || Darchuleli, Dotyali, Sauka |- | [[Bajhang District|Bajhang]] || Bajhangi, Bajhangi–Nepali |} ==উৎপত্তি আৰু ইতিহাস== যদিও দোটিয়ালি মানক নেপালী ভাষাৰ সৈতে সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বুজিব নোৱাৰা নহয়, ডোটিয়ালিক বৃহৎ ভাষা নেপালীৰ সদস্য বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। [ 5 ] নেপালত ডোটেলিক নেপালী উপভাষা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। কিন্তু স্থানীয় বুদ্ধিজীৱী আৰু ডোটিৰ জনসাধাৰণ, ডোতেলী ভাষা কোৱাসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ভাষাক নেপালৰ অন্যতম জাতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিবলৈ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দাবী উত্থাপন কৰিছে। ==ডোটেলী ভাষাৰ কাকত-আলোচনী== # চিনাৰী # গুগুল্টী # প্যাউলী # ঘুগুতী # স্বাৰাঈ # ৰামৰাজ্য ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html ডিজিটেল আলোচনীː ডোটেলী সেৱা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202045844/http://paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html |date=2014-12-02 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] 9feu6fvntzd28qpnbg8v52dno26zomr 452955 452953 2024-12-09T14:06:45Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* উপ-ভাষাসমূহৰ নাম */ 452955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = ডোটেলী |altname = |nativename = ডোটেলী |states = [[নেপাল]] |nation = নেপাল |region = [[ডোটী]] |speakers = নেপালত ৭,৮৮,০০০ |date = ২০১১ ৰ লোকগণনা |ref = e18 |familycolor= ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় |fam2 = [[ইণ্ডো-ইৰাণী]] |fam3 = [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য]] |fam4 = উত্তৰী |fam5 = ([[পূৱ পাহাৰী]]) |fam6 = [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] |script =[[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]] |iso3 = dty |glotto = dote1238 |glottorefname = Doteli }} {{InterWiki|code=dty}} '''ডোটেলী''' ভাষা প্ৰায় ৮,০০,০০০ মানুহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যাৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই [[নেপাল|নেপালত]] বসবাস কৰে। এই ভাষা [[দেৱনাগৰী]] লিপিৰে লিখা হয়। [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] ভাষাৰ লগত এই ভাষাৰ বহুক্ষেত্ৰত মিল দেখা যায়। ভাৰতৰ [[কুমাঊনী ভাষা|কুমাঊনী]] ভাষাৰ লগতো ৭৫% মিল আছে। ==উপ-ভাষাসমূহৰ নাম== জিলাসমূহৰ মতে, নেপালৰ সুদূৰ–পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত এই ভাষা বিভিন্ন নামেৰে জনাজাত। {| class="wikitable" |+ জিলা অনুসৰি ভাষাৰ নামৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত শব্দ<ref name="sil">{{Cite journal |last=Eichentopf |first=Stephanie R. |date=2014 |title=A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/64/37/116437364756589393671740952808131787382/Dotyali_report.pdf |journal=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> ! District !! Terms used for language name |- | [[Kailali District|Kailali]] || Baitadeli, Bajhangi–Nepali |- | [[Kanchanpur District|Kanchanpur]] || Baitadeli–Nepali, Pahadi, Nepali |- | [[Doti District|Doti]] || Dotyali, Doteli |- | [[Dadeldhura District|Dadeldhura]]|| Dotyali, Dadeldhuri |- | [[Achhami District|Achham]]|| Achhami, Achhami-Nepali |- | [[Baitadi District|Baitadi]] || Baitadi, Baitadeli, Dotyali |- | [[Darchula District|Darchula]] || Darchuleli, Dotyali, Sauka |- | [[Bajhang District|Bajhang]] || Bajhangi, Bajhangi–Nepali |} ==উৎপত্তি আৰু ইতিহাস== যদিও দোটিয়ালি মানক নেপালী ভাষাৰ সৈতে সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বুজিব নোৱাৰা নহয়, ডোটিয়ালিক বৃহৎ ভাষা নেপালীৰ সদস্য বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। [ 5 ] নেপালত ডোটেলিক নেপালী উপভাষা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। কিন্তু স্থানীয় বুদ্ধিজীৱী আৰু ডোটিৰ জনসাধাৰণ, ডোতেলী ভাষা কোৱাসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ভাষাক নেপালৰ অন্যতম জাতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিবলৈ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দাবী উত্থাপন কৰিছে। ==ডোটেলী ভাষাৰ কাকত-আলোচনী== # চিনাৰী # গুগুল্টী # প্যাউলী # ঘুগুতী # স্বাৰাঈ # ৰামৰাজ্য ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html ডিজিটেল আলোচনীː ডোটেলী সেৱা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202045844/http://paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html |date=2014-12-02 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] c8zy8trstl0tp04wlcd2bpif2dy24q5 452957 452955 2024-12-09T14:08:29Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* উপ-ভাষাসমূহৰ নাম */ 452957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = ডোটেলী |altname = |nativename = ডোটেলী |states = [[নেপাল]] |nation = নেপাল |region = [[ডোটী]] |speakers = নেপালত ৭,৮৮,০০০ |date = ২০১১ ৰ লোকগণনা |ref = e18 |familycolor= ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় |fam2 = [[ইণ্ডো-ইৰাণী]] |fam3 = [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য]] |fam4 = উত্তৰী |fam5 = ([[পূৱ পাহাৰী]]) |fam6 = [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] |script =[[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]] |iso3 = dty |glotto = dote1238 |glottorefname = Doteli }} {{InterWiki|code=dty}} '''ডোটেলী''' ভাষা প্ৰায় ৮,০০,০০০ মানুহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যাৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই [[নেপাল|নেপালত]] বসবাস কৰে। এই ভাষা [[দেৱনাগৰী]] লিপিৰে লিখা হয়। [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] ভাষাৰ লগত এই ভাষাৰ বহুক্ষেত্ৰত মিল দেখা যায়। ভাৰতৰ [[কুমাঊনী ভাষা|কুমাঊনী]] ভাষাৰ লগতো ৭৫% মিল আছে। ==উপ-ভাষাসমূহৰ নাম== জিলাসমূহৰ মতে, নেপালৰ সুদূৰ–পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত এই ভাষা বিভিন্ন নামেৰে জনাজাত। {| class="wikitable" |+ জিলা অনুসৰি ভাষাৰ নামৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত শব্দ<ref name="sil">{{Cite journal |last=Eichentopf |first=Stephanie R. |date=2014 |title=A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/64/37/116437364756589393671740952808131787382/Dotyali_report.pdf |journal=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> ! District !! Terms used for language name |- | কৈলালী || Baitadeli, Bajhangi–Nepali |- | কাঞ্চনপুৰ || Baitadeli–Nepali, Pahadi, Nepali |- | দোতি || Dotyali, Doteli |- | [[Dadeldhura District|Dadeldhura]]|| Dotyali, Dadeldhuri |- | আচ্চামী|| Achhami, Achhami-Nepali |- | বৈতাদি || Baitadi, Baitadeli, Dotyali |- | দাৰছুলা || Darchuleli, Dotyali, Sauka |- | বাঝাং || Bajhangi, Bajhangi–Nepali |} ==উৎপত্তি আৰু ইতিহাস== যদিও দোটিয়ালি মানক নেপালী ভাষাৰ সৈতে সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বুজিব নোৱাৰা নহয়, ডোটিয়ালিক বৃহৎ ভাষা নেপালীৰ সদস্য বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। [ 5 ] নেপালত ডোটেলিক নেপালী উপভাষা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। কিন্তু স্থানীয় বুদ্ধিজীৱী আৰু ডোটিৰ জনসাধাৰণ, ডোতেলী ভাষা কোৱাসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ভাষাক নেপালৰ অন্যতম জাতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিবলৈ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দাবী উত্থাপন কৰিছে। ==ডোটেলী ভাষাৰ কাকত-আলোচনী== # চিনাৰী # গুগুল্টী # প্যাউলী # ঘুগুতী # স্বাৰাঈ # ৰামৰাজ্য ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html ডিজিটেল আলোচনীː ডোটেলী সেৱা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202045844/http://paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html |date=2014-12-02 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] t7z1wgf4u9rosmp9x35859kyy5cqcpg 452963 452957 2024-12-09T14:10:39Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* উপ-ভাষাসমূহৰ নাম */ 452963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = ডোটেলী |altname = |nativename = ডোটেলী |states = [[নেপাল]] |nation = নেপাল |region = [[ডোটী]] |speakers = নেপালত ৭,৮৮,০০০ |date = ২০১১ ৰ লোকগণনা |ref = e18 |familycolor= ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় |fam2 = [[ইণ্ডো-ইৰাণী]] |fam3 = [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য]] |fam4 = উত্তৰী |fam5 = ([[পূৱ পাহাৰী]]) |fam6 = [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] |script =[[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]] |iso3 = dty |glotto = dote1238 |glottorefname = Doteli }} {{InterWiki|code=dty}} '''ডোটেলী''' ভাষা প্ৰায় ৮,০০,০০০ মানুহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যাৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই [[নেপাল|নেপালত]] বসবাস কৰে। এই ভাষা [[দেৱনাগৰী]] লিপিৰে লিখা হয়। [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] ভাষাৰ লগত এই ভাষাৰ বহুক্ষেত্ৰত মিল দেখা যায়। ভাৰতৰ [[কুমাঊনী ভাষা|কুমাঊনী]] ভাষাৰ লগতো ৭৫% মিল আছে। ==উপ-ভাষাসমূহৰ নাম== জিলাসমূহৰ মতে, নেপালৰ সুদূৰ–পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত এই ভাষা বিভিন্ন নামেৰে জনাজাত। {| class="wikitable" |+ জিলা অনুসৰি ভাষাৰ নামৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত শব্দ<ref name="sil">{{Cite journal |last=Eichentopf |first=Stephanie R. |date=2014 |title=A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/64/37/116437364756589393671740952808131787382/Dotyali_report.pdf |journal=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> ! জিলা !! ভাষাৰ নামৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত শব্দ |- | কৈলালী || Baitadeli, Bajhangi–Nepali |- | কাঞ্চনপুৰ || Baitadeli–Nepali, Pahadi, Nepali |- | দোতি || Dotyali, Doteli |- | দাদেলধুৰা|| Dotyali, Dadeldhuri |- | আচ্চামী|| Achhami, Achhami-Nepali |- | বৈতাদি || Baitadi, Baitadeli, Dotyali |- | দাৰছুলা || Darchuleli, Dotyali, Sauka |- | বাঝাং || Bajhangi, Bajhangi–Nepali |} ==উৎপত্তি আৰু ইতিহাস== যদিও দোটিয়ালি মানক নেপালী ভাষাৰ সৈতে সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বুজিব নোৱাৰা নহয়, ডোটিয়ালিক বৃহৎ ভাষা নেপালীৰ সদস্য বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। [ 5 ] নেপালত ডোটেলিক নেপালী উপভাষা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। কিন্তু স্থানীয় বুদ্ধিজীৱী আৰু ডোটিৰ জনসাধাৰণ, ডোতেলী ভাষা কোৱাসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ভাষাক নেপালৰ অন্যতম জাতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিবলৈ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দাবী উত্থাপন কৰিছে। ==ডোটেলী ভাষাৰ কাকত-আলোচনী== # চিনাৰী # গুগুল্টী # প্যাউলী # ঘুগুতী # স্বাৰাঈ # ৰামৰাজ্য ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html ডিজিটেল আলোচনীː ডোটেলী সেৱা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202045844/http://paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html |date=2014-12-02 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] 0abu42nbr0hj4ghmqlgkkafcyjfw3gn 452967 452963 2024-12-09T14:13:09Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = ডোটেলী |altname = |nativename = ডোটেলী |states = [[নেপাল]] |nation = নেপাল |region = [[ডোটী]] |speakers = নেপালত ৭,৮৮,০০০ |date = ২০১১ ৰ লোকগণনা |ref = e18 |familycolor= ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় |fam2 = [[ইণ্ডো-ইৰাণী]] |fam3 = [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য]] |fam4 = উত্তৰী |fam5 = ([[পূৱ পাহাৰী]]) |fam6 = [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] |script =[[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]] |iso3 = dty |glotto = dote1238 |glottorefname = Doteli }} {{InterWiki|code=dty}} '''ডোটেলী''' ভাষা প্ৰায় ৮,০০,০০০ মানুহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যাৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই [[নেপাল|নেপালত]] বসবাস কৰে। এই ভাষা [[দেৱনাগৰী]] লিপিৰে লিখা হয়। [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] ভাষাৰ লগত এই ভাষাৰ বহুক্ষেত্ৰত মিল দেখা যায়। ভাৰতৰ [[কুমাঊনী ভাষা|কুমাঊনী]] ভাষাৰ লগতো ৭৫% মিল আছে। ==উপ-ভাষাসমূহৰ নাম== জিলাসমূহৰ মতে, নেপালৰ সুদূৰ–পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত এই ভাষা বিভিন্ন নামেৰে জনাজাত। {| class="wikitable" |+ জিলা অনুসৰি ভাষাৰ নামৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত শব্দ<ref name="sil">{{Cite journal |last=Eichentopf |first=Stephanie R. |date=2014 |title=A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/64/37/116437364756589393671740952808131787382/Dotyali_report.pdf |journal=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> ! জিলা !! ভাষাৰ নামৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত শব্দ |- | কৈলালী || Baitadeli, Bajhangi–Nepali |- | কাঞ্চনপুৰ || Baitadeli–Nepali, Pahadi, Nepali |- | দোতি || Dotyali, Doteli |- | দাদেলধুৰা|| Dotyali, Dadeldhuri |- | আচ্চামী|| Achhami, Achhami-Nepali |- | বৈতাদি || Baitadi, Baitadeli, Dotyali |- | দাৰছুলা || Darchuleli, Dotyali, Sauka |- | বাঝাং || Bajhangi, Bajhangi–Nepali |} ==উৎপত্তি আৰু ইতিহাস== যদিও ডোটেলী ভাষা নেপালী ভাষাৰ সৈতে সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বুজিব নোৱাৰা নহয়, ডোটেলী ভাষাক বৃহৎ ভাষা নেপালীৰ সদস্য বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। [ 5 ] নেপালত ডোটেলী ভাষাক নেপালী উপভাষা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। কিন্তু স্থানীয় বুদ্ধিজীৱী আৰু ডোটেলী জনসাধাৰণ, ডোটেলী ভাষা কোৱাসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ভাষাক নেপালৰ অন্যতম জাতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিবলৈ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দাবী উত্থাপন কৰিছে। ==ডোটেলী ভাষাৰ কাকত-আলোচনী== # চিনাৰী # গুগুল্টী # প্যাউলী # ঘুগুতী # স্বাৰাঈ # ৰামৰাজ্য ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html ডিজিটেল আলোচনীː ডোটেলী সেৱা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202045844/http://paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html |date=2014-12-02 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] e6kj3j1y1cjfktryfdpqu3qf5335ks3 452970 452967 2024-12-09T14:14:39Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = ডোটেলী |altname = |nativename = ডোটেলী |states = [[নেপাল]] |nation = নেপাল |region = [[ডোটী]] |speakers = নেপালত ৭,৮৮,০০০ |date = ২০১১ ৰ লোকগণনা |ref = e18 |familycolor= ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় |fam2 = [[ইণ্ডো-ইৰাণী]] |fam3 = [[ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য]] |fam4 = উত্তৰী |fam5 = ([[পূৱ পাহাৰী]]) |fam6 = [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] |script =[[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]] |iso3 = dty |glotto = dote1238 |glottorefname = Doteli }} {{InterWiki|code=dty}} '''ডোটেলী''' ভাষা প্ৰায় ৮,০০,০০০ মানুহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যাৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই [[নেপাল|নেপালত]] বসবাস কৰে। এই ভাষা [[দেৱনাগৰী]] লিপিৰে লিখা হয়। [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] ভাষাৰ লগত এই ভাষাৰ বহুক্ষেত্ৰত মিল দেখা যায়। ভাৰতৰ [[কুমাঊনী ভাষা|কুমাঊনী]] ভাষাৰ লগতো ৭৫% মিল আছে। ==উপ-ভাষাসমূহৰ নাম== জিলাসমূহৰ মতে, নেপালৰ সুদূৰ–পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত এই ভাষা বিভিন্ন নামেৰে জনাজাত। {| class="wikitable" |+ জিলা অনুসৰি ভাষাৰ নামৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত শব্দ<ref name="sil">{{Cite journal |last=Eichentopf |first=Stephanie R. |date=2014 |title=A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/64/37/116437364756589393671740952808131787382/Dotyali_report.pdf |journal=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> ! জিলা !! ভাষাৰ নামৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত শব্দ |- | কৈলালী || Baitadeli, Bajhangi–Nepali |- | কাঞ্চনপুৰ || Baitadeli–Nepali, Pahadi, Nepali |- | দোতি || Dotyali, Doteli |- | দাদেলধুৰা|| Dotyali, Dadeldhuri |- | আচ্চামী|| Achhami, Achhami-Nepali |- | বৈতাদি || Baitadi, Baitadeli, Dotyali |- | দাৰছুলা || Darchuleli, Dotyali, Sauka |- | বাঝাং || Bajhangi, Bajhangi–Nepali |} ==উৎপত্তি আৰু ইতিহাস== যদিওবা ডোটেলী ভাষা নেপালী ভাষাৰ সৈতে সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে একে নহয় তথাপিও, ডোটেলী ভাষাক বৃহৎ ভাষা নেপালীৰ সদস্য বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dty|title=dty &#124; ISO 639-3|website=iso639-3.sil.org|accessdate=September 20, 2024}}</ref> নেপালত ডোটেলী ভাষাক নেপালী উপভাষা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। কিন্তু স্থানীয় বুদ্ধিজীৱী আৰু ডোটেলী জনসাধাৰণ, ডোটেলী ভাষা কোৱাসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ভাষাক নেপালৰ অন্যতম জাতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিবলৈ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দাবী উত্থাপন কৰিছে। ==ডোটেলী ভাষাৰ কাকত-আলোচনী== # চিনাৰী # গুগুল্টী # প্যাউলী # ঘুগুতী # স্বাৰাঈ # ৰামৰাজ্য ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html ডিজিটেল আলোচনীː ডোটেলী সেৱা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202045844/http://paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html |date=2014-12-02 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] 09013qq2ykldfg1yq01rzasps50tlqi 452973 452970 2024-12-09T14:15:44Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = ডোটেলী |altname = |nativename = ডোটেলী |states = [[নেপাল]] |nation = নেপাল |region = ডোটী |speakers = নেপালত ৭,৮৮,০০০ |date = ২০১১ ৰ লোকগণনা |ref = e18 |familycolor= ইণ্ডো-ইউৰোপীয় |fam2 = ইণ্ডো-ইৰাণী |fam3 = [[ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষা]] |fam4 = উত্তৰী |fam5 = পূৱ পাহাৰী |fam6 = [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] |script =[[দেৱনাগৰী লিপি]] |iso3 = dty |glotto = dote1238 |glottorefname = Doteli }} {{InterWiki|code=dty}} '''ডোটেলী''' ভাষা প্ৰায় ৮,০০,০০০ মানুহে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যাৰ ভিতৰত বেছিভাগেই [[নেপাল|নেপালত]] বসবাস কৰে। এই ভাষা [[দেৱনাগৰী]] লিপিৰে লিখা হয়। [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] ভাষাৰ লগত এই ভাষাৰ বহুক্ষেত্ৰত মিল দেখা যায়। ভাৰতৰ [[কুমাঊনী ভাষা|কুমাঊনী]] ভাষাৰ লগতো ৭৫% মিল আছে। ==উপ-ভাষাসমূহৰ নাম== জিলাসমূহৰ মতে, নেপালৰ সুদূৰ–পশ্চিম অঞ্চলত এই ভাষা বিভিন্ন নামেৰে জনাজাত। {| class="wikitable" |+ জিলা অনুসৰি ভাষাৰ নামৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত শব্দ<ref name="sil">{{Cite journal |last=Eichentopf |first=Stephanie R. |date=2014 |title=A Sociolinguistic Study of Dotyali |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/64/37/116437364756589393671740952808131787382/Dotyali_report.pdf |journal=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> ! জিলা !! ভাষাৰ নামৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত শব্দ |- | কৈলালী || Baitadeli, Bajhangi–Nepali |- | কাঞ্চনপুৰ || Baitadeli–Nepali, Pahadi, Nepali |- | দোতি || Dotyali, Doteli |- | দাদেলধুৰা|| Dotyali, Dadeldhuri |- | আচ্চামী|| Achhami, Achhami-Nepali |- | বৈতাদি || Baitadi, Baitadeli, Dotyali |- | দাৰছুলা || Darchuleli, Dotyali, Sauka |- | বাঝাং || Bajhangi, Bajhangi–Nepali |} ==উৎপত্তি আৰু ইতিহাস== যদিওবা ডোটেলী ভাষা নেপালী ভাষাৰ সৈতে সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে একে নহয় তথাপিও, ডোটেলী ভাষাক বৃহৎ ভাষা নেপালীৰ সদস্য বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dty|title=dty &#124; ISO 639-3|website=iso639-3.sil.org|accessdate=September 20, 2024}}</ref> নেপালত ডোটেলী ভাষাক নেপালী উপভাষা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। কিন্তু স্থানীয় বুদ্ধিজীৱী আৰু ডোটেলী জনসাধাৰণ, ডোটেলী ভাষা কোৱাসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ ভাষাক নেপালৰ অন্যতম জাতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিবলৈ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দাবী উত্থাপন কৰিছে। ==ডোটেলী ভাষাৰ কাকত-আলোচনী== # চিনাৰী # গুগুল্টী # প্যাউলী # ঘুগুতী # স্বাৰাঈ # ৰামৰাজ্য ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html ডিজিটেল আলোচনীː ডোটেলী সেৱা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202045844/http://paschimsamachar.com/category/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE.html |date=2014-12-02 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] adhktboiau9052t5adspylya2eyev2h চুচেংফা 0 44171 452884 433362 2024-12-09T12:05:23Z 223.238.125.241 কোঁচ শব্দটো ভুল হৈ আছিল। 452884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|||name= চুচেংফা<br>𑜋𑜰𑜫 𑜇𑜡 𑜏𑜢𑜤𑜰𑜫 𑜏𑜢𑜂𑜫 𑜇𑜡|title=[[চাওফা]]|titletext=|more=|image=|imgw=|alt=|caption= |succession=[[Kingdom of Assam|অসমৰ ৰজা]] |moretext=|reign=|reign-type=|consort=|coronation=|cor-type=|predecessor=|pre-type=|successor=|suc-type=|regent=|reg-type=|succession1=|moretext1=|reign1=|reign-type1=|coronation1=|cor-type1=|predecessor1=|pre-type1=|successor1=|suc-type1=|regent1=|reg-type1=|succession2=|moretext2=|reign2=|reign-type2=|coronation2=|cor-type2=|predecessor2=|pre-type2=|successor2=|suc-type2=|regent2=|reg-type2=|succession3=|moretext3=|reign3=|reign-type3=|coronation3=|cor-type3=|predecessor3=|pre-type3=|successor3=|suc-type3=|regent3=|reg-type3=|spouse=|spouse-type=|type=|spouses=|spouses-type=|issue=|issue-link=|issue-pipe=|full name=[[চাওফা]] চ্যু-চেং-ফা|era dates=|era name=|posthumous name=|temple name= |house=ছ্যু ফৈদ , [[আহোম ৰাজবংশ]] |mother=|father=|date of birth=|place of birth=|date of death=|place of death=|date of burial=|place of burial=|occupation=|signature=|signature_alt=||religion=[[আহোম ধৰ্ম]] }} '''[[চাওফা]] চুচেংফা''' বা '''চ্যু-চেং-ফা''' ({{lang-aho|𑜋𑜰𑜫 𑜇𑜡 𑜏𑜢𑜤𑜰𑜫 𑜏𑜢𑜂𑜫 𑜇𑜡}}, ৰাজত্বকাল ১৬০৩-১৬৪১) '''বুঢ়া ৰজা''' [[আহোম ৰাজ্য]]ৰ সপ্তদশ ৰজা আছিল। বয়সীয়া কালত ৰজা হোৱা বাবে বুৰঞ্জীত তেওঁক '''বুঢ়া ৰজা'''ও বোলা হৈছে। তেওঁৰ ৰাজত্বকালত আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ সীমা পশ্চিমলৈ বিস্তৃত হয়, [[আহোম-মোগল সংঘাত]]ৰ সূত্ৰপাত ঘটে, আৰু [[মোমাই তামুলী বৰবৰুৱা]]ৰ পৰিকল্পনামতে [[পাইক প্ৰথা]] আৰু নতুন গ্ৰাম্য অৰ্থনীতিৰে ৰাজ্যৰ আন্তঃগাঁথনি সলোৱা হয়। তেওঁ [[বৰবৰুৱা]] আৰু [[বৰফুকন]] এই দুটা নতুন পদৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। [[কোচ হাজো]]ৰ শাসকৰ লগত মিত্ৰতাৰে তেওঁ [[মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্য|মোগল]] আগ্ৰাসন ওফৰাবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। তেওঁ প্ৰচলন কৰা প্ৰশাসনিক গাঁথনি ১৮২৬ চনৰ আহোম ৰাজ্যৰ অন্তলৈকে বৰ্তি থাকে। {{Ahom Dynasty}} ==শাসনকাল== ১৬০৩ চনত [[চুখাম্‌ফা]]ৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ লাঙি গোহাঁইক মন্ত্ৰী টংখাম বৰগোহাঁই, চাওপেত বুঢ়াগোহাঁই আৰু বনজাঙ্গি বৰপাত্ৰগোহাঁয়ে [[স্বৰ্গদেউ]] হিচাপে অধিষ্ঠিত কৰে।<ref name="gogoi">{{cite book|title = The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms| publisher=Gauhati University| author = Gogoi |year = 1968| location = Guwahati | pages=333-365}}</ref> অভিষেকৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বয়স আছিল ৫৮ বছৰ। ৰজা হৈ তেওঁ আহোম নাম ''চুচেংফা'' আৰু হিন্দু নাম ''প্ৰতাপ সিংহ'' গ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[জয়ন্তীয়া ৰাজ্য|জয়ন্তীয়া]] কুঁৱৰীৰ লগত বিবাহৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। পাছলৈ [[কছাৰী ৰাজ্য]]ৰ লগত তেওঁৰ সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। ১৬০৮ চনত পৰীক্ষিত নাৰায়ণৰ জীয়েক মঙলদহীৰ লগত বিয়া পাতি তেওঁৰ [[কোচ হাজো]]ৰ লগত মিত্ৰতা কৰে।<ref name="gogoi"/> ইতিহাসবিদ [[বেণুধৰ শৰ্মা]]ৰ মতে অসমত [[দুৰ্গা]] দেৱীৰ মাটিৰ প্ৰতিমা পূজা কৰাৰ প্ৰথা চুচেংফাৰ দিনতে আৰম্ভ হয়। [[কোচ ৰাজ্য]]ত বন্দী হোৱা সুন্দৰ গোহাঁইৰ পৰা চুচেংফাই কোচ ৰজা [[নৰনাৰায়ণ|নৰনাৰায়ণে]] ধুমধামেৰে [[দুৰ্গা পূজা]] অনুষ্ঠিত কৰাৰ কথা শুনে। তেওঁ প্ৰতিমা সজা শিকিবলৈ কোঁচ ৰাজ্যলৈ শিল্পী পঠিয়ায়। শিৱসাগৰৰ ওচৰৰ ভটিয়াপাৰাত ৰজাই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৰাজহুৱা দুৰ্গা পূজা পাতে। [[কোচ বিহাৰ]] আৰু [[কোচ হাজো]]ৰ মাজৰ সংঘাতৰ ফলত [[মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্য|মোগল]]সকলে এই অঞ্চললৈ চকু দিয়ে আৰু ১৬১৫ চনত আহোম ৰাজ্যকো সাঙুৰি লয়। শেষত পাছৰ কালৰ আহোম ৰজা [[চুপাতফা]]ই ১৬৮২ চনত অসমৰ পৰা মোগলক সমূলাঞ্চে আঁতৰায়। আহোম-মোগলৰ সংঘাতৰ ফলতে বহিৰাগত শত্ৰুৰ লগত যুঁজিবলৈ আহোম-কছাৰীৰ মাজত শান্তি স্থাপন হয়।<ref name="gogoi"/> ===প্ৰশাসন=== মোগল আক্ৰমণে [[কোচ হাজো]]ৰ শক্তি কমাই অনাৰ বিপৰীতে আহোমৰ প্ৰভাৱ লাহে লাহে পশ্চিমলৈ বিয়পি পৰিছিল। চুচেংফাই লাঙি পানীসিয়াক প্ৰথমজনা [[বৰফুকন]] হিচাপে কাজলীত থাকি তেওঁৰ পশ্চিম সেনানায়ক হিচাপে নিয়োগ কৰে আৰু কলিয়াবৰৰ পশ্চিমলৈ আহোম অঞ্চল চোৱা-চিতা কৰিবলৈ দিয়ে। [[বুঢ়াগোহাঁ‌ই]], [[বৰগোহাঁ‌ই]] আৰু [[বৰপাত্ৰগোহাঁ‌ই]]ৰ হাতত সুনিৰ্দিষ্ট অঞ্চল আছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ অধীনত নপৰা অঞ্চল নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিবলৈ চুচেংফাই [[বৰবৰুৱা]] পদবীৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। প্ৰথম ববৰুৱা [[মোমাই তামুলী]]য়ে [[পাইক প্ৰথা]] আৰু গ্ৰাম্য অৰ্থনীতিৰ আমূল সংস্কাৰ সাধন কৰে। শাসনৰ সুবিধাৰ বাবে চুচেংফাই ভূঞাসকলক ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পাৰৰ পৰা দক্ষিণ পাৰলৈ আনি তেওঁলোকৰ শক্তি হ্ৰাস কৰে। [[চুহুন্মুং|চুহুন্মুঙে]] কছাৰী ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা অধিকাৰ কৰা মৰঙী অঞ্চলত তেওঁ আঠ হাজাৰ পৰিয়াল সংস্থাপন কৰে তেওঁ ''ৰহিয়াল বৰুৱা'', ''জাগিয়াল গোহাঁই'', ''কাজলীমুখীয়া গোহাঁই'' আদি পদবীৰো সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। সাংগঠনিক তীক্ষ্ণতা, ৰাজনৈতিক বিচক্ষণতা আৰু জ্ঞানৰ বাবে চুচেংফা ''বুদ্ধি স্বৰ্গনাৰায়ণ'' বুলিও জনাজাত আছিল। ৩৮ বছৰ শাসনৰ পাছত ১৬৪১ চনত প্ৰতাপ সিংহৰ মৃত্যু হয়। ==আৰু চাওক== * [[আহোম ৰাজবংশ]] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} 3oxnqf5ots1wiovz9acmvetyofkysn1 দিভেহি ভাষা 0 44296 452975 394227 2024-12-09T14:19:59Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Dhivehi | altname = Maldivian | nativename = {{lang|dv|ދިވެހި}}, ''{{Transliteration|dv|dhivehi}}'' | image = Dhivehiscript.svg | states = [[Maldives]]<br />[[Minicoy|Minicoy Island (Maliku)]] | ethnicity = [[Maldivians]] | speakers = 340,000 | date = 2012 | ref = e18 | refname = Maldivian | familycolor = Indo-European | ancestor4 = [[Gabulhi Thaana]] | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone|Southern Zone]] | fam5 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Insular Indo-Aryan|Insular Indo-Aryan]] | script = [[Thaana]] <br /> [[Dhives Akuru]] until the 19th century <br /> | nation = {{MDV|Maldives}} | minority = | agency = [[Dhivehi Academy]] | iso1 = dv | iso2 = div | iso3 = div | glotto = dhiv1236 | glottorefname = Dhivehi | notice = IPA | pronunciation = [d̪iʋehi] | sign = Dhivehi Sign Language | imagecaption = "Dhivehi" written in the Thaana script | ietf = dv-MV | fam6 = [[Old Dhivehi]] }} '''দিভেহি ভাষা''' হ'ল [[মালদ্বীপ|মালদ্বীপৰ]] ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা।<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=B. D |first=Cain |title=Introduction |publisher=Cornell Univ. [Ithaca] |url=https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_407629_4&view=EXPORT |journal=Dhivehi (Maldivian): A Synchronic and Diachronic Study |year=2000 |pages=1}}</ref> বৰ্তমান বিশ্বত এই ভাষা ব্যাবহাৰকাৰীৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় চাৰি লাখ। ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই মালদ্বীপৰ মানুহ। মালদ্বীপ বাহিৰেও মালয়েচিয়া আৰু মিনিকয় দ্বীপকে ধৰি আন কিছুমান ঠাইত এই ভাষা কোৱা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] 1ib9swfw60fgmulllpp5hfy8upkg30x 452977 452975 2024-12-09T14:24:17Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Dhivehi | altname = Maldivian | nativename = {{lang|dv|ދިވެހި}}, ''{{Transliteration|dv|dhivehi}}'' | image = Dhivehiscript.svg | states = [[Maldives]]<br />[[Minicoy|Minicoy Island (Maliku)]] | ethnicity = [[Maldivians]] | speakers = 340,000 | date = 2012 | ref = e18 | refname = Maldivian | familycolor = Indo-European | ancestor4 = [[Gabulhi Thaana]] | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone|Southern Zone]] | fam5 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Insular Indo-Aryan|Insular Indo-Aryan]] | script = [[Thaana]] <br /> [[Dhives Akuru]] until the 19th century <br /> | nation = {{MDV|Maldives}} | minority = | agency = [[Dhivehi Academy]] | iso1 = dv | iso2 = div | iso3 = div | glotto = dhiv1236 | glottorefname = Dhivehi | notice = IPA | pronunciation = [d̪iʋehi] | sign = Dhivehi Sign Language | imagecaption = "Dhivehi" written in the Thaana script | ietf = dv-MV | fam6 = [[Old Dhivehi]] }} '''দিভেহি ভাষা''' হ'ল [[মালদ্বীপ|মালদ্বীপৰ]] ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা।<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=B. D |first=Cain |title=Introduction |publisher=Cornell Univ. [Ithaca] |url=https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_407629_4&view=EXPORT |journal=Dhivehi (Maldivian): A Synchronic and Diachronic Study |year=2000 |pages=1}}</ref> বৰ্তমান বিশ্বত এই ভাষা ব্যাবহাৰকাৰীৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় চাৰি লাখ। ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই মালদ্বীপৰ মানুহ। মালদ্বীপ বাহিৰেও মালয়েচিয়া আৰু মিনিকয় দ্বীপকে ধৰি আন কিছুমান ঠাইত এই ভাষা কোৱা হয়। ==সম্প্ৰসাৰণ== সাধাৰণতে মালদ্বীপত দিভেহি ভাষীৰ সংখ্যা ৩ লাখ ৫০ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। দিভেহি ভাষাত মালদ্বীপৰ প্ৰায় সকলো লোকে কথা পাতে আৰু ই মালদ্বীপৰ একমাত্ৰ জাতীয় ভাষা। মালদ্বীপৰ বাহিৰেও ভাৰতৰ লক্ষদ্বীপ অঞ্চলৰ মিনিকোই দ্বীপকে ধৰি আন কিছুমান ঠাইত এই ভাষা কোৱা হয়৷ অনুমান কৰা হৈছে যে এই অঞ্চলত দিভেহি ভাষা কোৱা লোকৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় দহ হাজাৰ। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] 3g88306fg6j6sygps8hm2vexdktcwp8 452979 452977 2024-12-09T14:28:55Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* সম্প্ৰসাৰণ */ 452979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Dhivehi | altname = Maldivian | nativename = {{lang|dv|ދިވެހި}}, ''{{Transliteration|dv|dhivehi}}'' | image = Dhivehiscript.svg | states = [[Maldives]]<br />[[Minicoy|Minicoy Island (Maliku)]] | ethnicity = [[Maldivians]] | speakers = 340,000 | date = 2012 | ref = e18 | refname = Maldivian | familycolor = Indo-European | ancestor4 = [[Gabulhi Thaana]] | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone|Southern Zone]] | fam5 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Insular Indo-Aryan|Insular Indo-Aryan]] | script = [[Thaana]] <br /> [[Dhives Akuru]] until the 19th century <br /> | nation = {{MDV|Maldives}} | minority = | agency = [[Dhivehi Academy]] | iso1 = dv | iso2 = div | iso3 = div | glotto = dhiv1236 | glottorefname = Dhivehi | notice = IPA | pronunciation = [d̪iʋehi] | sign = Dhivehi Sign Language | imagecaption = "Dhivehi" written in the Thaana script | ietf = dv-MV | fam6 = [[Old Dhivehi]] }} '''দিভেহি ভাষা''' হ'ল [[মালদ্বীপ|মালদ্বীপৰ]] ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা।<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=B. D |first=Cain |title=Introduction |publisher=Cornell Univ. [Ithaca] |url=https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_407629_4&view=EXPORT |journal=Dhivehi (Maldivian): A Synchronic and Diachronic Study |year=2000 |pages=1}}</ref> বৰ্তমান বিশ্বত এই ভাষা ব্যাবহাৰকাৰীৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় চাৰি লাখ। ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই মালদ্বীপৰ মানুহ। মালদ্বীপ বাহিৰেও মালয়েচিয়া আৰু মিনিকয় দ্বীপকে ধৰি আন কিছুমান ঠাইত এই ভাষা কোৱা হয়। ==সম্প্ৰসাৰণ== সাধাৰণতে মালদ্বীপত দিভেহি ভাষীৰ সংখ্যা ৩ লাখ ৫০ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। দিভেহি ভাষাত মালদ্বীপৰ প্ৰায় সকলো লোকে কথা পাতে আৰু ই মালদ্বীপৰ একমাত্ৰ জাতীয় ভাষা। মালদ্বীপৰ বাহিৰেও ভাৰতৰ লক্ষদ্বীপ অঞ্চলৰ মিনিকোই দ্বীপকে ধৰি আন কিছুমান ঠাইত এই ভাষা কোৱা হয়৷ অনুমান কৰা হৈছে যে এই অঞ্চলত দিভেহি ভাষা কোৱা লোকৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় দহ হাজাৰ। ==আন ভাষাৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক== মালদ্বীপৰ দিভেহি ভাষা শ্ৰীলংকাৰ [[সিংহল ভাষা]]ৰ সৈতে ওতঃপ্ৰোতভাৱে জড়িত ভাৰত-আৰ্য্য ভাষা৷ মালদ্বীপ ভাষাই ইউৰোপীয় উপনিবেশিকৰণৰ পূৰ্বৰ দক্ষিণৰ [[ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষা]]ৰ লগতে দক্ষিণৰ ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাকো প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। মালদ্বীপ আৰু সিংহলী একেলগে আধুনিক ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষাৰ ভিতৰত এটা উপগোট গঠন কৰে, যাক দ্বীপীয় ভাৰত-আৰ্য বোলা হয়। অৱশ্যে ইহঁত পাৰস্পৰিকভাৱে বুজিব পৰা বিধৰ নহয়। [ 8 ] মালদ্বীপ আৰু সিংহলী ভাষা প্ৰাচীন আৰু মধ্যযুগীয় শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এলু প্ৰাকৃতৰ বংশধৰ । এই প্ৰাকৃতসমূহ প্ৰথমে বৈদিক সংস্কৃতৰ সৈতে জড়িত পুৰণি ভাৰত-আৰ্য্য স্থানীয়ভাষাৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল । পূৰ্বতে মালদ্বীপ ভাষাক সিংহলী ভাষাৰ বংশধৰ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল যদিও ১৯৬৯ চনত সিংহলী ভাষাবিজ্ঞানী এম ডব্লিউ এছ ডি চিলভাই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে প্ৰস্তাৱ দিছিল যে মালদ্বীপ আৰু সিংহলী ভাষা এটা সাধাৰণ মাতৃভাষাৰ পৰা শাখা-প্ৰশাখা বিচ্ছিন্ন হৈছে। [ 9 ] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] onvrhwx1virn8qubmzwdzmpmlwgz9vv 452980 452979 2024-12-09T14:31:20Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Dhivehi | altname = Maldivian | nativename = {{lang|dv|ދިވެހި}}, ''{{Transliteration|dv|dhivehi}}'' | image = Dhivehiscript.svg | states = [[Maldives]]<br />[[Minicoy|Minicoy Island (Maliku)]] | ethnicity = [[Maldivians]] | speakers = 340,000 | date = 2012 | ref = e18 | refname = Maldivian | familycolor = Indo-European | ancestor4 = [[Gabulhi Thaana]] | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone|Southern Zone]] | fam5 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Insular Indo-Aryan|Insular Indo-Aryan]] | script = [[Thaana]] <br /> [[Dhives Akuru]] until the 19th century <br /> | nation = {{MDV|Maldives}} | minority = | agency = [[Dhivehi Academy]] | iso1 = dv | iso2 = div | iso3 = div | glotto = dhiv1236 | glottorefname = Dhivehi | notice = IPA | pronunciation = [d̪iʋehi] | sign = Dhivehi Sign Language | imagecaption = "Dhivehi" written in the Thaana script | ietf = dv-MV | fam6 = [[Old Dhivehi]] }} '''দিভেহি ভাষা''' হ'ল [[মালদ্বীপ|মালদ্বীপৰ]] ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা।<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=B. D |first=Cain |title=Introduction |publisher=Cornell Univ. [Ithaca] |url=https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_407629_4&view=EXPORT |journal=Dhivehi (Maldivian): A Synchronic and Diachronic Study |year=2000 |pages=1}}</ref> বৰ্তমান বিশ্বত এই ভাষা ব্যাবহাৰকাৰীৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় চাৰি লাখ। ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই মালদ্বীপৰ মানুহ। মালদ্বীপ বাহিৰেও মালয়েচিয়া আৰু মিনিকয় দ্বীপকে ধৰি আন কিছুমান ঠাইত এই ভাষা কোৱা হয়। ==সম্প্ৰসাৰণ== সাধাৰণতে মালদ্বীপত দিভেহি ভাষীৰ সংখ্যা ৩ লাখ ৫০ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। দিভেহি ভাষাত মালদ্বীপৰ প্ৰায় সকলো লোকে কথা পাতে আৰু ই মালদ্বীপৰ একমাত্ৰ জাতীয় ভাষা। মালদ্বীপৰ বাহিৰেও ভাৰতৰ লক্ষদ্বীপ অঞ্চলৰ মিনিকোই দ্বীপকে ধৰি আন কিছুমান ঠাইত এই ভাষা কোৱা হয়৷ অনুমান কৰা হৈছে যে এই অঞ্চলত দিভেহি ভাষা কোৱা লোকৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় দহ হাজাৰ। ==আন ভাষাৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক== মালদ্বীপৰ দিভেহি ভাষা শ্ৰীলংকাৰ [[সিংহল ভাষা]]ৰ সৈতে ওতঃপ্ৰোতভাৱে জড়িত ভাৰত-আৰ্য্য ভাষা৷ মালদ্বীপ ভাষাই ইউৰোপীয় উপনিবেশিকৰণৰ পূৰ্বৰ দক্ষিণৰ [[ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষা]]ৰ লগতে দক্ষিণৰ ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাকো প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। মালদ্বীপ আৰু সিংহলী একেলগে আধুনিক ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষাৰ ভিতৰত এটা উপগোট গঠন কৰে, যাক দ্বীপীয় ভাৰত-আৰ্য বোলা হয়। অৱশ্যে ইহঁত পাৰস্পৰিকভাৱে বুজিব পৰা বিধৰ নহয়।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gair |first=James W. |year=2007 |title=The Dhivehi Language: A Descriptive and Historical Grammar of Dhivehi and Its Dialects. 2 vols |work=The Journal of the American Oriental Society |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go2081/is_3_127/ai_n31523541/}}</ref> মালদ্বীপ আৰু সিংহলী ভাষা প্ৰাচীন আৰু মধ্যযুগীয় শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এলু প্ৰাকৃতৰ বংশধৰ । এই প্ৰাকৃতসমূহ প্ৰথমে বৈদিক সংস্কৃতৰ সৈতে জড়িত পুৰণি ভাৰত-আৰ্য্য স্থানীয়ভাষাৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল । পূৰ্বতে মালদ্বীপ ভাষাক সিংহলী ভাষাৰ বংশধৰ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল যদিও ১৯৬৯ চনত সিংহলী ভাষাবিজ্ঞানী এম ডব্লিউ এছ ডি চিলভাই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে প্ৰস্তাৱ দিছিল যে মালদ্বীপ আৰু সিংহলী ভাষা এটা সাধাৰণ মাতৃভাষাৰ পৰা শাখা-প্ৰশাখা বিচ্ছিন্ন হৈছে। [ 9 ] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] 8spmli0ucmxr11zxo486uhx5xzdp085 452982 452980 2024-12-09T14:33:13Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* আন ভাষাৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক */ 452982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Dhivehi | altname = Maldivian | nativename = {{lang|dv|ދިވެހި}}, ''{{Transliteration|dv|dhivehi}}'' | image = Dhivehiscript.svg | states = [[Maldives]]<br />[[Minicoy|Minicoy Island (Maliku)]] | ethnicity = [[Maldivians]] | speakers = 340,000 | date = 2012 | ref = e18 | refname = Maldivian | familycolor = Indo-European | ancestor4 = [[Gabulhi Thaana]] | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone|Southern Zone]] | fam5 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Insular Indo-Aryan|Insular Indo-Aryan]] | script = [[Thaana]] <br /> [[Dhives Akuru]] until the 19th century <br /> | nation = {{MDV|Maldives}} | minority = | agency = [[Dhivehi Academy]] | iso1 = dv | iso2 = div | iso3 = div | glotto = dhiv1236 | glottorefname = Dhivehi | notice = IPA | pronunciation = [d̪iʋehi] | sign = Dhivehi Sign Language | imagecaption = "Dhivehi" written in the Thaana script | ietf = dv-MV | fam6 = [[Old Dhivehi]] }} '''দিভেহি ভাষা''' হ'ল [[মালদ্বীপ|মালদ্বীপৰ]] ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা।<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=B. D |first=Cain |title=Introduction |publisher=Cornell Univ. [Ithaca] |url=https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemFullPage.jsp?itemId=item_407629_4&view=EXPORT |journal=Dhivehi (Maldivian): A Synchronic and Diachronic Study |year=2000 |pages=1}}</ref> বৰ্তমান বিশ্বত এই ভাষা ব্যাবহাৰকাৰীৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় চাৰি লাখ। ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই মালদ্বীপৰ মানুহ। মালদ্বীপ বাহিৰেও মালয়েচিয়া আৰু মিনিকয় দ্বীপকে ধৰি আন কিছুমান ঠাইত এই ভাষা কোৱা হয়। ==সম্প্ৰসাৰণ== সাধাৰণতে মালদ্বীপত দিভেহি ভাষীৰ সংখ্যা ৩ লাখ ৫০ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। দিভেহি ভাষাত মালদ্বীপৰ প্ৰায় সকলো লোকে কথা পাতে আৰু ই মালদ্বীপৰ একমাত্ৰ জাতীয় ভাষা। মালদ্বীপৰ বাহিৰেও ভাৰতৰ লক্ষদ্বীপ অঞ্চলৰ মিনিকোই দ্বীপকে ধৰি আন কিছুমান ঠাইত এই ভাষা কোৱা হয়৷ অনুমান কৰা হৈছে যে এই অঞ্চলত দিভেহি ভাষা কোৱা লোকৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় দহ হাজাৰ। ==আন ভাষাৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক== মালদ্বীপৰ দিভেহি ভাষা শ্ৰীলংকাৰ [[সিংহল ভাষা]]ৰ সৈতে ওতঃপ্ৰোতভাৱে জড়িত ভাৰত-আৰ্য্য ভাষা৷ মালদ্বীপ ভাষাই ইউৰোপীয় উপনিবেশিকৰণৰ পূৰ্বৰ দক্ষিণৰ [[ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষা]]ৰ লগতে দক্ষিণৰ ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাকো প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। মালদ্বীপ আৰু সিংহলী একেলগে আধুনিক ভাৰত-আৰ্য ভাষাৰ ভিতৰত এটা উপগোট গঠন কৰে, যাক দ্বীপীয় ভাৰত-আৰ্য বোলা হয়। অৱশ্যে ইহঁত পাৰস্পৰিকভাৱে বুজিব পৰা বিধৰ নহয়।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gair |first=James W. |year=2007 |title=The Dhivehi Language: A Descriptive and Historical Grammar of Dhivehi and Its Dialects. 2 vols |work=The Journal of the American Oriental Society |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go2081/is_3_127/ai_n31523541/}}</ref> দিভেহি আৰু সিংহল ভাষা প্ৰাচীন আৰু মধ্যযুগীয় শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এলু প্ৰাকৃতৰ বংশধৰ। এই প্ৰাকৃতসমূহ প্ৰথমে বৈদিক সংস্কৃতৰ সৈতে জড়িত পুৰণি ভাৰত-আৰ্য স্থানীয়ভাষাৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল। পূৰ্বতে মালদ্বীপ ভাষাক সিংহল ভাষাৰ বংশধৰ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল যদিও ১৯৬৯ চনত সিংহলী ভাষাবিজ্ঞানী এম ডব্লিউ এছ ডি চিলভাই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে প্ৰস্তাৱ দিছিল যে মালদ্বীপৰ দিভেহি ভাষা আৰু সিংহল ভাষা এটা সাধাৰণ মাতৃভাষাৰ পৰা শাখা-প্ৰশাখা বিচ্ছিন্ন হৈছে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] j2w97c5vfm3m7blwqv47ovenmmo86im তুলু ভাষা 0 44297 452985 397762 2024-12-09T14:39:58Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name = তুলু ভাষা (টুলু) |nativename = ತುಳು ಭಾಷೆ |states = [[ভাৰত]] |region = টুলুনাডু<ref>http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya1b.html</ref><ref>[http://www.ciil.org/Main/Announcement/Abstracts/Abstacts/11.htm ]</ref><br/>[[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]<br/>উপসাগৰীয় দেশসমূহ |ethnicity = টুলুভা |familycolor = দ্ৰাবিড়ীয় |fam2 = দক্ষিণ দ্ৰাবিড়ীয় |fam3 = টুকু ভাষা |script= [[কন্নড়]] লিপি<br>তুলু লিপি |iso3=tcy |glotto=tulu1258 |glottorefname=তুলু |notice=Indic |notice2=IPA |image = |imagecaption = |imagesize = 150px |map = Tuluspeakers.PNG |mapcaption = ভাৰতত তুলু ভাষী লোকৰ অৱস্থানচিত্ৰ }} '''তুলু''' (কন্নড় লিপিত : ತುಳು (তুলু)) দ্ৰাবিড়ীয় ভাষা পৰিবাৰৰ এটি ভাষা। এই ভাষাত দুই মিলিয়ন মানুহে কথা পাতে। প্ৰধানকৈ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[কৰ্ণাটক]] ৰাজ্যৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অংশ আৰু উত্তৰ [[কেৰালা]]ৰ '''তুলুনাডু''' নামে পৰিচিত অংশৰ মানুহে এই ভাষাত কথা পাতে। ২০১১ চনৰ ভাৰতীয় লোকপিয়লৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত ভাৰতত মুঠ ১,৮৪৬,৪২৭ জন স্থানীয় তুলু ভাষী বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। ২০০১ চনৰ লোকপিয়লত মুঠ ১,৭২২,৭৬৮ জন স্থানীয়ভাষী বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of India - Statement 1|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|access-date=13 November 2009|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় লোকপিয়লৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত প্ৰায়ে [[কন্নড় ভাষা|কন্নড় ভাষী]] হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয় বাবে নিজৰ জন্মস্থানৰ পৰা প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা তুলু ভাষীসকলক গণনা কৰাত কিছু অসুবিধা হয়।<ref name="BhatSteveer">{{cite book |last1=Steever |first1=Sanford B |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136911644 |pages=158–163 }}</ref> ২০০৯ চনৰ তথ্যমতে পৃথিৱীত ৩০-ৰ পৰা ৫০ লাখ মানুহে তুলু ভাষাক মাতৃভাষা হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। == তুলুনাডু == [[চিত্ৰ:Alvakheda map.jpg|কৰ্ণাটকৰ মানচিত্ৰত প্ৰাচীন অল্বাখেড়া ৰাজ্য|right|thumb|300px]] ==উপভাষা== তুলু ভাষাৰ চাৰিটা উপভাষা আছে, যিবোৰে অতি ঘনিষ্ঠ উচ্চাৰণৰ ৰীতি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। * সাধাৰণ তুলু * ব্ৰাম্মণ তুলু * জৈন কথ্যৰূপ * গিৰিজান কথ্যৰূপ ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰধান ভাষাসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ভাষা]] e546jzcy90pe3hsapy542xo3mf1dvlx গ্লুমি ছানডে 0 48886 452986 449750 2024-12-09T14:42:48Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}}'''গ্লুমি ছানডে''' ({{Lang-en|Gloomy Sunday}}, ''হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান: Szomorú Vasárnap'') ("Hungarian Suicide Song" বুলিও জনা যায়) 'হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান' পিয়ানোবাদক আৰু কম্পোজাৰ 'ৰেজো সেৰেসে' নামৰ ব্যক্তিজনে ১৯৩৩ চনত কম্পোজ কৰা এটি গান। এই গান শুনি এশৰো বেছি মানুহে আত্মহত্যা কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/gloomy-sunday/ |title=Gloomy Sunday Suicides|website=snopes.com |date=1996-11-12 |access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref> গানটো প্ৰকাশৰ পিছত সেৰেসেৰ স্ত্ৰীও আত্মহত্যা কৰে। ৩৫ বছৰ পিছত ৰেজো সেৰেসও এটি অট্টালিকাৰ খিৰিকীৰে জঁপিয়াই আত্মহত্যাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে যদিও তেওঁ বাচি যায়। পিছত চিকিৎসালয়ত তেওঁ ডিঙিত তাঁৰ মেৰিয়াই আত্মহত্যা কৰে। পৃথিৱীৰ বহুকেইখন দেশত এই গানটো বজোৱা নিষিদ্ধ কৰি দিছে। [[চিত্ৰ:Billie Holiday 0001 original.jpg|thumb|১৯৪১ চনত গীতটোৰ আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় সংস্কৰণ মুকলি কৰা ''বিলি হলিডে''ই।]] ==গীতিকাৰ ৰেজো সেৰেসে== ১৮৯৯ চনৰ ৩ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৮৯৯ চনত হাংগেৰীত ৰেজো সেৰেসৰ জন্ম হয়। প্ৰথমতে তেওঁ চাৰ্কাছত কাম কৰি আছিল। এবাৰ সাহসী খেল প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰি থাকোঁতে তেওঁ আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হৈছিল। চাৰ্কাছৰ কেৰিয়াৰ এৰি তেওঁ গীত লিখিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৯৩২ চনত পেৰিছত থকাৰ সময়ত পিয়ানোবাদক আৰু গীতিকাৰ ৰেজো সেৰেসে হাংগেৰী ভাষাত Vége a világnak শীৰ্ষক এটা গীত লিখিছিল। ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:গীত]] oqcrock6nrgt4dwlpr6ukgoyq9k863q টাই অধ্যয়ন আৰু গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান 0 58300 453236 366142 2024-12-10T06:30:09Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = টাই অধ্যয়ন আৰু গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_upright = | image_alt = | caption = | latin_name = | other_name = <!--or, other_names--> | former_name = <!--or, former_names--> | motto = | motto_lang = | mottoeng = | top_free_label = | top_free = | type = [[টাই ভাষা]] শিক্ষণ আৰু গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান | established = ২০০১ | closed = <!-- {{end date|YYYY}} --> | founder = | parent = | affiliations = [[ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] | affiliation = [[আহোম ধৰ্ম]] | academic_affiliation = | endowment = | budget = | officer_in_charge = | chairman = | chairperson = | chancellor = | president = | vice-president = | superintendent = | vice_chancellor = | provost = | rector = | principal = | dean = | director = | head_label = | head = | academic_staff = | administrative_staff = | students = | undergrad = | postgrad = | doctoral = | other = | address = | city = মৰাণহাট, [[শিৱসাগৰ জিলা]] | state = [[অসম]] | province = | country = [[ভাৰত]] | postcode = <!--or, postalcode or zipcode--> | coordinates = 27°10'42"N 94°54'48"E | campus = | language = [[টাই ভাষা]] | free_label = | free = | free_label2 = | free2 = | colors = <!--or, colours= --> | athletics = | sports = | athletics_nickname = <!--or, sports_nickname= --> | sporting_affiliations = | mascot = <!--or, mascots= --> | sports_free_label = | sports_free = | sports_free_label2 = | sports_free2 = | website = {{url|taistudiesmoranhat.org}} | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | footnotes = }} '''টাই অধ্যয়ন আৰু গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান''' অসমৰ [[শিৱসাগৰ জিলা]]ৰ মৰাণহাটত অৱস্থিত [[টাই ভাষা]] শিক্ষণ আৰু গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান। [[ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত প্ৰতিষ্ঠানখন সম্পূৰ্ণ স্বায়ত্ত্ব শাসিত প্ৰতিষ্ঠান। প্ৰতিষ্ঠান খনে [[টাই ভাষা]]ৰ এবছৰীয়া ডিপ্লোমা পাঠ্যক্ৰম আৰু তিনিমহীয়া তাই ভাষা কোৱা চাৰ্টিফিকেট পাঠ্যক্ৰম আগবঢ়ায়।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gogoi |first1=Chao Medini Mohan |title=Revitalization of Endangered Language and Culture of the Ahoms: The Background, Problems and Prospects |date=2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Centre for Studies in Languages - Dibrugarh University |url=http://dibru.ac.in/schools-of-studies/humanities-and-social-science/centre-for-studies-in-languages |website=dibru.ac.in |language=en-gb |access-date=2020-04-05 |archivedate=2019-07-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723154536/http://dibru.ac.in/schools-of-studies/humanities-and-social-science/centre-for-studies-in-languages |deadurl=yes }}</ref> টাই অধ্যয়ন আৰু গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানখন ২০০১ চনত স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰতি বছৰে বহু বিদেশী বিদ্বান আৰু টাই পণ্ডিতে [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[জাৰ্মানী]], [[জাপান]], [[থাইলেণ্ড]], [[চীন]], [[ম্যানমাৰ]] আদি দেশৰ পৰা উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰতলৈ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে আহে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Researchers hit upon manuscript treasure trove - Institute of Tai studies takes up project to preserve and digitize documents |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/researchers-hit-upon-manuscript-treasure-trove-institute-of-tai-studies-takes-up-project-to-preserve-and-digitise-documents/cid/371979 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠান খনে বিভিন্ন টাই পাণ্ডুলিপি আদি সংৰক্ষিত কৰি ৰাখিছে। এই প্ৰতিষ্ঠানখন গোটেই বিশ্বৰ বিশেষকৈ দক্ষিণ-পূব [[এছিয়া]]ৰ বিদ্বান, শিক্ষাৰ্থী, পৰ্যটক সকলক আকৰ্ষণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে। ==আন্তঃগাঁথনি== তাই অধ্যয়ন আৰু গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানখন অত্যাধুনিক আন্তঃগাঁথনিৰে সজ্জিত। ইয়াত এখন পুথি ভঁৰাল, এখন ডকুমেণ্টেচন কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু আৰ্কাইভ, এখন কনফেৰেন্স হল, এখন চেমিনাৰ হল আদি আছে। কাৰ্যালয়ৰ লগতে সৌন্দৰ্য বৰ্ধনৰ বাবে পানীৰ ফোৱৰায়ো আছে। ==আলোচনা সত্ৰ== টাই অধ্যয়ন আৰু গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানখনে কেইবাটাও আলোচনা সত্ৰৰ আয়োজন কৰিছে। তাৰে ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য সমূহ হ'ল: * ভাৰতীয় সমাজ বিজ্ঞান গৱেষণা পৰিষদৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰযোজিত উত্তৰ-পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ টাই সকলৰ ওপৰত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আলোচনা সত্ৰ, ২০০২ * ভাৰতীয় সমাজ বিজ্ঞান গৱেষণা পৰিষদৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰযোজিত উত্তৰ-পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ মংগোলীয় মানুহৰ সাংস্কৃতিক ঐতিহ্যৰ ওপৰত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আলোচনা সত্ৰ, ২০০৩ ==তথ্য উৎস== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ মহাবিদ্যালয়সমূহ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:টাই-আহোম ভাষা]] d59n0avxak3ir82qcym0t7zjevhp1f3 আন্তৰ্জাতিক চাহ দিৱস 0 60493 453091 379933 2024-12-09T23:02:04Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Holiday | holiday_name = আন্তৰ্জাতিক চাহ দিৱস | type = | longtype = | image = Plucking tea in a tea garden of Assam.jpg | caption = চাহ বাগিচাত পাত তুলি থকা অৱস্থাত এগৰাকী চাহ শ্ৰমিক | official_name = | nickname = | observedby = [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ অন্তৰ্গত দেশসমূহ | begins = ২০২০ | ends = | date = ২১ মে' |scheduling = প্ৰত্যেক বছৰৰ একে তাৰিখত | celebrations = | observances = | relatedto = }} '''আন্তৰ্জাতিক চাহ দিৱস''' প্ৰতি বছৰে ২১ মে' তাৰিখে গোটেই বিশ্বজুৰি উদযাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>https://www.un.org/en/observances/tea-day</ref> [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ খাদ্য আৰু কৃষি সংস্থায়ে ২০১৯ চনৰ ২১ ডিচেম্বৰত গ্ৰহণ কৰা সংকল্প অনুসৰি এই দিৱস [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সমূহে উদযাপন কৰে।<ref>https://undocs.org/A/RES/74/241</ref><ref>http://www.fao.org/international-tea-day/en/</ref> চাহৰ ঐতিহাসিক মহত্ত্ব আৰু ইতিহাসৰ বিষয়ে জনসচেতনতা বৃদ্ধিৰ লগতে গোটেই বিশ্বত চাহে পেলোৱা গভীৰ সংস্কৃতিক আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে ৰাইজক অৱগত কৰা এই দিৱসৰ মূল লক্ষ্য। চাহৰ বহনক্ষম উৎপাদন বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজনীয় বিভিন্ন কাৰ্যপন্থা হাতত লোৱাৰ লগতে চাহ গ্ৰহণৰ গুৰুত্ব আৰু পানীয় হিচাপে ব্যবহাৰ কৰি বিশ্বৰ খাদ্য সংকট আৰু দৰিদ্ৰতাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ দিবলৈ সজাগতা সৃষ্টি কৰা আন্তৰ্জাতিক চাহ দিৱসৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য। ২০০৫ চনৰ পৰা চাহ উৎপাদনকাৰী দেশ সমূহ যেনে: [[ভাৰত]], [[শ্ৰী লংকা]], [[নেপাল]], [[ভিয়েটনাম]], [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]], [[বাংলাদেশ]], [[কেনিয়া]], [[মালাৱী]], [[মালয়েছিয়া]], [[উগাণ্ডা]] আৰু [[টাঞ্জানিয়া]]য়ে ১৫ ডিচেম্বৰ তাৰিখে আন্তৰ্জাতিক চাহ দিৱস উদযাপন কৰি আহিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title = International Tea Day|url = http://www.cista-india.net/ITDDetails.aspx?id=1|website = Confederation of Indian Small Tea Growers Association|accessdate = 2015-12-15|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120707/http://www.cista-india.net/ITDDetails.aspx?id=1|archive-date = December 22, 2015|url-status = dead|archivedate = 2015-12-22|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120707/http://www.cista-india.net/ITDDetails.aspx?id=1|deadurl = yes}}</ref> [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]য়ে অনুমোদন জনোৱাৰ পিছত ২০২০ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ২১ মে' তাৰিখে এই দিৱস উদযাপন হয়। আন্তৰ্জাতিক চাহ দিৱসে বিশ্বৰ চৰকাৰসমূহ আৰু নাগৰিকক বৈশ্বিক চাহ বাণিজ্যয়ে চাহ শ্ৰমিক সকলৰ ওপৰত পেলোৱা প্ৰভাৱ আৰু ইয়াৰ লগত মূল্যৰ সহযোগ আৰু আইনী বেপাৰৰ প্ৰতি দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰে।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = South Asian tea workers call for International Tea day|url = http://www.sundaytimes.lk/080106/KandyTimes/kandytimes_000015.html|website = Sunday Times in Sri Lanka|accessdate = 2015-12-15|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202244/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/080106/KandyTimes/kandytimes_000015.html|archive-date = 2016-03-04|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = International Tea Day: Consumers Demand a Fair Cuppa|url = http://transfair.ca/en/news-views/news/international-tea-day-consumers-demand-a-fair-cuppa|website = Fairtrade Canada|accessdate = 2015-12-15|date = 2010-01-11|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115315/http://transfair.ca/en/news-views/news/international-tea-day-consumers-demand-a-fair-cuppa|archive-date = 2015-12-22|url-status = dead|archivedate = 2015-12-22|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115315/http://transfair.ca/en/news-views/news/international-tea-day-consumers-demand-a-fair-cuppa|deadurl = yes}}</ref> [[File:Masala Chai.JPG|right|225px|thumb|[[ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশ]]ৰ জনপ্ৰিয় '''[[মছলা চাহ]]''', ছবিত ইয়াক বিস্কুটৰ লগত পৰিবেশন কৰা দেখা গৈছে]] ==পটভূমি== ২০০৪ চনত ৱৰ্ল্ড ছচিয়েল ফৰামত কেইজনমান ভাৰতীয় ব্যক্তিৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাত ২০০৫ চনত নতুন দিল্লীত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে আন্তৰ্জাতিক চাহ দিৱস উদযাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.cec-india.org/libpdf/1447732964ITD2005Report.pdf|title = International Tea Day 2005 Report|date = 2006-03-02|accessdate = 2015-12-15|website = |publisher = Centre for Education and Communication|last = |first = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222141830/http://www.cec-india.org/libpdf/1447732964ITD2005Report.pdf|archive-date = 2015-12-22|url-status = live}}</ref> তাৰপিছত ২০০৬ আৰু ২০০৮ চনত [[শ্ৰীলংকা]]ত এই দিৱস পালন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> আন্তৰ্জাতিক চাহ দিৱস পালন আৰু গোলকীয় চাহ কণফাৰেন্স ট্ৰেড ইউনিয়ন মুভমেণ্ট সংগঠনে উদযাপন কৰে।<ref name=":0" /> ২০১৫ চনত ভাৰত চৰকাৰে আন্তৰ্জাতিক চাহ দিৱস উদযাপনৰ পৰিসৰ বৃদ্ধি কৰিবলৈ [http://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-commodities/tea/tea-meetings/en/ খাদ্য আৰু কৃষি সংস্থাৰ চাহৰ বিষয়ে আন্তঃচৰকাৰী গোট] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521060355/http://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-commodities/tea/tea-meetings/en/ |date=2020-05-21 }}ত উপস্থাপন কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title = 'Tea day' proposal to UN|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151018/jsp/northeast/story_48637.jsp#.VnA6PXpLulM|website = The Telegraph|accessdate = 2015-12-15|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151120135832/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151018/jsp/northeast/story_48637.jsp#.VnA6PXpLulM|archive-date = 2015-11-20|url-status = live}}</ref> [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] খাদ্য আৰু কৃষি সংস্থাৰ চাহৰ বিষয়ে আন্তঃচৰকাৰী গোটে বৈশ্বিক চাহ অৰ্থনীতিক সবল কৰিবলৈ অহোপুৰুষাৰ্থ কৰে। এই গোটে আন্তৰ্জাতিক চাহ দিৱসৰ উদযাপনৰ বাবে বৈশ্বিক স্তৰত মাত মাতিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ২০১৯ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সাধাৰণ সভাৱে এই দিৱস উদযাপনত অনুমোদন জনায়। ==উদযাপন== ২০১৯ চনলৈ আন্তৰ্জাতিক চাহ দিৱস বিশেষকৈ চাহ উৎপাদনকাৰী দেশ সমূহত আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। ২০২০ চনৰ পৰা প্ৰায়ভাগ দেশতে উদযাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ হয়। এইদিনা বিভিন্ন সভা-সমিতি আলোচনাচক্ৰ আদি অনুষ্ঠিত কৰি চাহ সম্বন্ধীয় বিষয় সমূহৰ সজাগতা সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। ==তথ্য উৎস== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.cec-india.org/event-detail.php?event_id=12 শিক্ষা আৰু গণসংযোগ কেন্দ্ৰ] *[http://www.indiatea.org/ ভাৰতীয় চাহ সংঘ] [[শ্ৰেণী:দিৱসসমূহ]] hjs6mivi1ecpr0r2ufxw5y8pwvuknji পূজা শৰ্মা 0 62379 453315 257408 2024-12-10T10:14:12Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | First name = পূজা শৰ্মা | name = পূজা শৰ্মা | image = | caption = | birth_date = <!--Birthdate must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs. No IMDb. No public records. See WP:BLPPRIVACY--> | birth_place = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--> | nationality = [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] | years_active = ২০১২- বৰ্তমান | occupation = {{hlist|অভিনয়|মডেল}} }} '''পূজা শৰ্মা''' ({{lang-en|Pooja Sharma}}) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় টেলিভিচনৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল যিয়ে [[ষ্টাৰপ্লাছ]]ৰ 'মহাভাৰত'ত [[দ্ৰৌপদী]]ৰ চৰিত্ৰত আৰু কালাৰ্চ টিভিৰ 'মহাকালী - অন্ত হী আৰম্ভ হ্যে'ত মহাকালী/পাৰ্ৱতীৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয়ৰ বাবে জনাজাত।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/playing-mahakali-is-challenging-but-also-a-lifetime-experience-pooja-sharma-4763173/ |title=Playing Mahakali is challenging but also a lifetime experience: Pooja Sharma |publisher=Indian Express |author=Sana Farzeen |date=July 23, 2017 |accessdate=July 29, 2020}}</ref> ==কৰ্মজীৱন== ===সমাৰোহ=== শৰ্মাই ফেমিনা মিচ ইণ্ডিয়া ২০০৬ সংস্কৰণৰ শীৰ্ষ ১০ ফাইনালিষ্টৰ ভিতৰৰ এগৰাকী আছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/from-beauty-queens-to-television-actresses/eventshow/57787546.cms |title=From Beauty queens to Television actresses |publisher=Indiatimes |date=March 23, 2017 |accessdate=July 30, 2020 |archivedate=July 27, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727074449/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/from-beauty-queens-to-television-actresses/eventshow/57787546.cms |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁ সমাৰোহত ‘মিচ বিউটিফুল হেয়াৰ্‌’ উপশিৰোনামো লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/neha-kapoor-crowned-miss-india/story-144S9DKArqapVo24uODx5O.html |title=Neha Kapoor crowned Miss India |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=March 19, 2006 |accessdate=July 30, 2020}}</ref> ===টেলিভিচন=== শৰ্মাই তেওঁৰ কলেজীয়া দিনবোৰত দূৰদৰ্শন আৰু জুম টিভিৰ এটি ক্ৰীড়া-ভিত্তিক ট’ক শ্ব’ত আঁতধৰোঁতা (anchor) হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-cant-connect-to-daily-soaps-but-now-I-respect-them-Pooja-Sharma/articleshow/28670729.cms |title=I can’t connect to daily soaps, but now I respect them: Pooja Sharma |publisher=Times of India |date=January 11, 2014 |accessdate=August 1, 2020}}</ref> ২০১২ চনত ষ্টাৰ প্লাচৰ 'তেৰী মেৰী লাভ ষ্ট’ৰিজ'ৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁ অভিনয় জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলিছিল, য’ত তেওঁ এটি খণ্ডত চিয়া বেহলৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল। ২০১৩ চনত, তেওঁ ষ্টাৰ প্লাচৰ 'মহাভাৰত'ত দ্ৰৌপদীৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/playing-draupadi-made-me-strong-pooja-sharma/articleshow/76316667.cms |title=Playing Draupadi made me strong: Pooja Sharma |publisher=Times of India |date=June 11, 2020 |accessdate=July 29, 2020}}</ref> শ্ব’টো সমালোচনামূলক আৰু বাণিজ্যিকভাৱে সফল হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/tuesday-trivia-2013-s-mahabharat-was-the-first-indian-tv-show-made-on-a-budget-of-rs-100-crore-1684700-2020-06-02 |title=Tuesday Trivia: 2013's Mahabharat was the first Indian TV show made on a budget of Rs 100 crore |publisher=India Today |date=June 2, 2020 |accessdate=August 1, 2020}}</ref> শ্ব’ত তেওঁ অভিনয় বাবে বহু প্ৰশংসিত হৈছিল আৰু তেওঁ ব্যাপক খ্যাতি আৰু জনপ্ৰিয়তা অৰ্জন কৰিছিল। শ্ব’টো ২০১৪ চনৰ আগষ্টত শেষ হৈছিল। ২০১৪ চনৰ শেষৰ পিনে, তেওঁক বিগ মেজিকৰ ব্যংগাত্মক শ্ব’ ‘আজব গজব ঘৰ জামাই’ত লক্ষ্মীৰ ভূমিকাত দেখা গৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mahabharats-Draupadi-returns-to-TV/articleshow/45065749.cms |title=Mahabharat's Draupadi returns to TV |publisher=Times of India |date=November 7, 2014 |accessdate=July 31, 2020}}</ref> ২০১৫ চনত, তেওঁক ষ্টাৰ প্লাচৰ 'দোষ্টি... ইয়াৰিয়ান... মনমাৰজিয়া'ত কেমিঅ’ এপিয়াৰেঞ্চ হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/pooja-sharma-to-do-cameo-in-manmarziyan/ |title=Pooja Sharma to do cameo in ‘Manmarziyan’ |publisher=Indian Express |date=March 6, 2015 |accessdate=July 29, 2020}}</ref> টেলিভিচনত আঢ়ৈ বছৰ অনুপস্থিতিৰ পিছত, ২০১৭ চনত শৰ্মাক কালাৰ্চ টিভিৰ 'মহাকালী - অন্ত হী আৰম্ভ হ্যে'ত মহাকালী/পাৰ্ৱতীৰ ভূমিকাত অভিনয় কৰা দেখা গৈছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/2017/08/pooja-sharma-siddarth-kumar-tewary-felt-fit-role-parvati-mahakaali/ |title=Pooja Sharma: Siddarth Kumar Tewary felt I fit the role of Parvati and Mahakaali |publisher=Urban asian |date=August 23, 2017 |accessdate=August 1, 2020}}</ref> অনুষ্ঠানটো 'মহাভাৰত'ৰ দৰে সফল নহ’ল যদিও দৰ্শকসকলোৰ মাজত জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল। ২০১৮ আৰু ২০১৯ চনত তেওঁ এটি শ্ব’ত কণ্ঠ নিগৰাইছিল আৰু তিনিটা শ্ব’ত তেওঁ বৰ্ণনা (narrated) কৰিছে। ==মিডিয়া== শৰ্মাই ইণ্ডিয়ান টেলিভিচন ২০১৭ৰ "টাইমচ্‌ অফ ইণ্ডিয়া"ত Top 20 Most Desirable Women ৰ তালিকাত ১৭ নম্বৰত আছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-tv/articleshow/64234804.cms |title=Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Women on TV |last= |first= |date= |work=The Times of India |access-date=}}</ref> ==টেলিভিচন== {| class="wikitable" |- ! চন ! ধাৰাবাহিক ! চৰিত্ৰ ! চেনেল ! টোকা |- | ২০১১ | [[:en:Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev|দেৱ কী দেৱ... মহাদেৱ]] | [[সৰস্বতী]] | [[লাইফ অকে]] | |- | ২০১২ | ''[[:en:Teri Meri Love Stories|তেৰী মেৰী লাভ ষ্ট’ৰিজ]]'' | চিয়া বেহল | rowspan=2|[[ষ্টাৰপ্লাছ]] | |- | ২০১৩&ndash; ২০১৪ | ''[[:en:Mahabharat (2013 TV series) | মহাভাৰত]]'' | [[দ্ৰৌপদী]] | মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰ |- | ২০১৪ | ''আজব গজব ঘৰ জামাই'' | লক্ষ্মী | [[বিগ মেজিক]] | কেমিঅ’ |- | ২০১৫ | ''[[:en:Dosti... Yaariyan... Manmarziyan|দোষ্টি... ইয়াৰিয়ান... মনমাৰজিয়া]]'' | পূজা | [[ষ্টাৰপ্লাছ]] | কেমিঅ’ |- | ২০১৭&ndash; ২০১৮ |''[[:en:Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai|মহাকালী - অন্ত হী আৰম্ভ হ্যে]]'' | [[মহাকালী]] / [[পাৰ্ৱতী]] | rowspan=2 | [[কালাৰ্চ টিভি]] | মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰ |- | ২০১৮ | ''[[:en:Karmaphal Daata Shani|কৰ্মফল দাতা সানী]]'' | [[মহাকালী]] | কেমিঅ’ এপিয়াৰেঞ্চ |- | ২০১৯ | ''টিভি কা দাম- ইণ্ডিয়া টিভিচ মেগা কনক্লেভ'' | নিজে | [[ইণ্ডিয়া টিভি]] | Panelist for ''mythological serials and its importance''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv-tv-ka-dum-mukesh-khanna-debina-bonnerjee-talk-about-impact-of-mythological-shows-502753 |title=TV Ka Dum: Siddharth Kumar Tewary, Mukesh Khanna, Debina Bonnerjee and others talk about impact of mythological shows |publisher=India TV news |date=February 15, 2019 |accessdate=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bollyspice.com/shah-rukh-khan-salman-khan-and-india-tvs-mega-conclave-tv-ka-dum-celebrate-the-power-of-small-screen/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Salman Khan and India TV’s mega conclave TV Ka Dum celebrate the power of small screen |publisher=Bollyspice |date=February 6, 2019 |accessdate=August 1, 2020}}</ref> |- |} ; কণ্ঠশিল্পী হিচাপে {| class="wikitable" |- ! চন!! ধাৰাবাহিক!! চৰিত্ৰ!! চেনেল!! টোকা |- | ২০১৮ | ''[[:en:Porus (TV series) | পুৰুষ]]'' | [[ৰিভাৰ ঝেলাম]] | rowspan=2| [[:en:Sony Entertainment Television|চনী এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট টেলিভিচন]] | নেৰেট’ৰ |- | ২০১৮ | ''[[:en:Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series)|চন্দ্ৰগুপ্ত মৌৰ্য]]'' | [[ৰিভাৰ ঝেলাম]] |নেৰেট’ৰ |- | ২০১৮ | ''[[:en:RadhaKrishn|ৰাধাকৃষ্ণ]]'' | [[যোগমায়া]] | [[:en:Star Bharat|ষ্টাৰ ভাৰত]] |ভইচ অভাৰ |- | ২০১৯ | ''[[:en:Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush|ৰাম চিয়া কে লৱ কুশ]]'' | ৰিভাৰ চাৰায়ু | [[কালাৰ্চ টিভি]] |নেৰেট’ৰ |- |} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{IMDb name|5970962}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]] 1eiihc2t2x648n8mcy02ekvo432l1dd ঋতুপৰ্ণা সেনগুপ্ত 0 67350 453117 442426 2024-12-10T00:41:35Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ঋতুপৰ্ণা সেনগুপ্ত | image = Rituparna Sengupta - Singapore 2020 - Vhok John.jpg | imagesize =160px | caption = ঋতুপৰ্ণা সেনগুপ্ত ২০২০ চনত | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|11|7}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofindia.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-acting-wasnt-the-first-choice-for-rituparna/articleshow/76355801.cms|title=Did you know acting wasn’t the first choice for Rituparna?|website=The Times of India|access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], পশ্চিমবঙ্গ | yearsactive =১৯৮৯ চনৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈ | organization =ভাৱনা আজ ও কাল<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ed-questions-rituparna-sengupta-over-rose-valley-scam/articleshow/70288827.cms|title=ED questions Rituparna Sengupta over Rose Valley scam - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰযোজক | works = | alma_mater = [[কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] | opponents = | spouse =সঞ্জয় চক্ৰৱৰ্তী (বিবাহ.১৯৯৯) | children = ২ | birth_name = ঋতুপৰ্ণা সেনগুপ্ত | website = {{URL|http://www.rituparna.com/}} }} '''ঋতুপৰ্ণা সেনগুপ্ত''' ({{lang-en| Rituparna Sengupta}}; জন্ম ৭ নবেম্বৰ, ১৯৭০) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী। তেওঁ বঙালী আৰু হিন্দী ভাষাৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121103/jsp/entertainment/story_16152170.jsp#.UoJjenDPVV4 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=She's bold & beautiful | date=3 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Bindloss2009">{{cite book|last=Bindloss|first=Joe|title=Northeast India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_bYWjJOe9cC&pg=PA59|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=9781741793192|page=59}}</ref> বঙালী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ এগৰাকী সফল অভিনেত্ৰী হিচাপে তেওঁ ১৯৯০ৰ দশকত বক্স অফিচৰ শিখৰত আৰোহণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://wow.outlookbusiness.com/rituparna-sengupta/|title=Why Rituparna Sengupta is the queen of versatility|website=Outlook Business Wow|language=en-US|access-date=6 November 2019|archivedate=6 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106020430/https://wow.outlookbusiness.com/rituparna-sengupta/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁ এটা [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা]], দুটা [[ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা]] আৰু চাৰিটা ‘বেংগল ফিল্ম জাৰ্ণেলিষ্ট্‌ছ এছ’চিয়েশ্যন বঁটা’ (BFJA) আৰু চাৰিটা ‘আনন্দলোক বঁটা’ লাভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite news|title=Bold & beautiful |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/feb/19/bold--beautiful-451983.html |website=newindianexpress.com |date=19 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=I don't want to lose grip on Tollywood: Rituparna Sengupta |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/91010/i-dont-want-lose-grip.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |date=24 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=gotsW2zKUuU|title=Interview with Prosenjit and Rituparna|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=ABP Ananda|publication-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== ঋতুপৰ্ণাৰ সৰুৰে পৰা শিল্পকলা, যেনে― চিত্ৰাংকণ, গীত-নৃত্য, হস্তকলা আদিৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহ আছিল। তেওঁ কাৰ্মেল হাইস্কুলত পঢ়া-শুনা কৰে। তাৰপিছত লেডী ব্ৰেবোৰ্ণ কলেজৰ পৰা ইতিহাসত স্নাতক উপাধি লয়। আধুনিত ইতিহাস বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ শ্ৰেণীত কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত নাম লগায় যদিও অভিনয়ত মনোযোগ দিয়াত পঢ়া আধৰুৱা হৈ ৰয়।<ref name="rediff.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/aug/05ritu.htm|website=Rediff.com|title=An interview with Rituparna Sengupta|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.in/People/PeopleBiographyUser.aspx?pplid=11837&bioID=696398|title=Rituparna Sengupta Full Biography|website=Gomolo.com|aজীৱনccess-date=2018-12-28}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==কৰ্মজীৱন== অভিনেতা কুশল চক্ৰৱৰ্তীৰ ভনীয়েক অনিন্দিতা আছিল ঋতুপৰ্ণা সেনগুপ্তৰ সহপাঠী। তাৰ সুবাদতে তেওঁ [[বঙালী ভাষা|বঙালী]] [[দূৰদৰ্শন| টেলিভিচন]] ধাৰাবাহিক ‘শ্বেত কপোত’ত (১৯৮৯) কুশল চক্ৰৱৰ্তীৰ বিপৰীতে অভিনয়ৰ সুযোগ পায়। [[কলকাতা]]ৰ সৰু পৰ্দাত তেতিয়া লাৱণী সৰকাৰ আৰু ইন্দ্ৰানী হালদাৰৰ দপদপনি। সেইবাবেই কিছু ধাৰাবাহিকত অভিনয়ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আহিলেও জনপ্ৰিয়তা আধৰুৱা হৈয়ে থাকি যায়।<ref name="half">{{cite web | url=https://www.banglaexpress.in/2021/01/26/59589.html | title=হাফসেঞ্চুৰি হলেও তাৰ আবেদনময়ী ৰূপে এখন ঘুম হয় না ভক্তদেৰ | publisher=Bangla Express | date=26-1-2021 | accessdate=20 February 2021}}</ref> ১৯৯০ চনত শিশিৰ মজুমদাৰৰ ‘শেষ চিঠি’ ছবিত কুশল চক্ৰৱৰ্তীৰ বিপৰীতে অভিনয়ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আহে। এই ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি থকা সময়তে প্ৰভাত ৰায়ৰ ‘শ্বেত পাথৰেৰ থালা’ত অভিনয় কৰাৰ আমন্ত্ৰণ আহে। তেওঁ তেতিয়া স্নাতকোত্তৰ প্ৰথম বৰ্ষৰ ছাত্ৰী। ‘শ্বেত পাথৰেৰ থালা’ৰ বিপুল সাফল্যৰ পিছত তেওঁ আৰু পিছলৈ উভতি চাবলগীয়া হোৱা নাই। ১৯৮৪ চনত তেওঁ প্ৰসেনজিৎ চট্টোপাধ্যায়ৰ বিপৰীতে ‘নাগপঞ্চমী’ত আৰু চিৰঞ্জিত চক্ৰৱৰ্তীৰ বিপৰীতে ‘লাল পান বিবি’ত অভিনয় কৰে। কুশল চক্ৰৱৰ্তীৰ সৈতে অভিনয় কৰা ‘শেষ চিঠি’ নামৰ ছবিখনো সেই বছৰো মুক্তি পায়। ‘সুজন সখী’, ‘নাগপঞ্চমী’, ‘মনেৰ মানুষ’, ‘সংসাৰ সংগ্ৰাম’ আদি ছবিয়ে প্ৰভুত জনপ্ৰিয়তা পায়। [[মুম্বাই]]ত তেওঁ [[হেমা মালিনী]]ৰ সৈতে ‘মোহিনী’ নামে টেলিফিল্ম এখনতো অভিনয় কৰে। ইয়াৰোপৰি ‘তিচৰা কৌন’ (১৯৯৪) নামৰ এখন হিন্দী ছবি এখনতো নায়িকাৰ ভূমিকাত অভিনয় কৰে।<ref name="bold">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/feb/19/bold--beautiful-451983.html | title=Bold & beautiful | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=19-2-2013 | accessdate=20 February 2021}}</ref> [[ঋতুপৰ্ণ ঘোষ]]ৰ ‘দহন’ (১৯৯৭), ‘উৎসৱ’ (২০০০), [[অপৰ্ণা সেন]]ৰ ‘পাৰমিতাৰ একদিন’ (২০০০) আৰু [[বুদ্ধদেৱ দাশগুপ্ত]]ৰ ‘মন্দ মেয়েৰ উপাখ্যান’ত কৰা তেওঁৰ কামে বিদ্বৎ মহলৰ প্ৰশংসা বুটলিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। ‘দহন’ ছবিত ধৰ্ষণৰ চিকাৰ এক নৱবিবাহিতা মহিলা ৰোমিতাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰি তেওঁ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা]] লাভ কৰে।<ref name="half" /> [[বাংলাদেশ]]ৰ ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি সেই দেশতো তেওঁ সমানে জনপ্ৰিয়তা আৰু খ্যাতি লাভ কৰিছে। কিন্তু ‘সাগৰিকা’ ছবিৰ বাবে তেওঁ ব্যপক সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। তেওঁ [[ওড়িছী নৃত্য |ওড়িছী]] আৰু [[মণিপুৰী নৃত্য]] উভয়তে পাৰ্গত। তেওঁৰ ভাৱনা আজ ও কাল নামেৰে এটা নাচৰ দলো আছে। এই দলটোৱে [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]]ৰ ‘চিত্ৰাঙ্গদা’, ‘চণ্ডালিকা’, ‘শ্যামা’, ‘মায়াৰ খেলা’ আদি নৃত্য-নাটিকা আৰু অন্যান্য আধুনিক নৃত্যানুষ্ঠান পৰিবেশন কৰি খ্যাতি লাভ কৰিছে। তেওঁৰ ‘প্ৰিজম এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট’ নামৰ এটা প্ৰযোজনা সংস্থাও আছে।<ref name="rediff">{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/aug/05ritu.htm | title=Bright 'n' beautiful | publisher=https://www.rediff.com/ | accessdate=20 February 2021 | author=Shoma A Chatterji}}</ref> আনন্দলোক আৰু [[বাংলাদেশ]]ৰ হৃদয় পত্ৰিকাৰ তেওঁ নিয়মিত স্তম্ভলেখক। ২০১৬ চনত প্ৰাক্তন নামৰ ছবিখনত পুনৰায় তেওঁক প্ৰসেনজিতৰ সৈতে জুটি বন্ধা দেখা যায়।<ref name="rediff" /> ==তথ্য উৎস== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons category|Rituparna Sengupta|ঋতুপৰ্ণা সেনগুপ্ত}} * {{Official website|http://www.rituparna.com}} * {{IMDb name|0784292|name=ঋতুপৰ্ণা সেনগুপ্ত}} {{National Film Award for Best Actress}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ফিল্মফেয়াৰ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] j2qxqj466wtcujjso919nb94el0ylxs নামিবিয়া 0 69182 452987 381529 2024-12-09T14:47:01Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = নামিবিয়া প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ |common_name = নামিবিয়া |image_flag = Flag of Namibia.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Namibia.svg |image_map = LocationNamibia.svg |national_motto = "Unity, Liberty, Justice"<br /> "একতা, স্বাধীনতা, সুবিচাৰ" |national_anthem = ''[[:en:|Namibia, Land of the Brave]]''<br />"[[নামিবিয়াৰ জাতীয় সঙ্গীত|নামিবিয়া, সাহসীৰ ভূমি]]" |official_languages = [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]]<sup>1</sup> |regional_languages = [[আফ্ৰিকান্স ভাষা|আফ্ৰিকান্স]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]]<ref>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি |শিৰোনাম=সংৰক্ষণাগাৰভুক্ত অনুলিপি |ইউআৰএল=http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf |সংগ্ৰহেৰ-তাৰিখ=১ জানুয়াৰি ২০০৮ |আৰ্কাইভেৰ-ইউআৰএল=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624233949/http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf |আৰ্কাইভেৰ-তাৰিখ=২৪ জুন ২০০৮ |অকাৰ্যকৰ-ইউআৰএল=হ্যাঁ }}</ref> |demonym = নামিবিয়ান |capital = উইণ্ডহোক |latd=22 |latm=33 |latNS=S |longd=17 |longm=15 |longEW=E |largest_city = ৰাজধানী |government_type = প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ |leader_title1 = [[নামিবিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি|ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি]] |leader_title2 = [[নামিবিয়াৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী|প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী]] |leader_name1 = [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] |leader_name2 = [[Nahas Angula]] |area_rank = ৩৪তম |area_magnitude = <!--1 E11--> |area_km2 = ৮২৫,৪১৮ |area_sq_mi = ৩১৮,৬৯৬ <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = negligible |sovereignty_type = [[স্বাধীনতা]] |sovereignty_note = [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰ পৰা |established_event1 = তাৰিখ |established_date1 = [[২১ মাৰ্চ]] ১৯৯০ |population_estimate = ২,১৭১,০০০<ref name=unpop>{{cite paper | url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1| version=2008 revision | format=.PDF | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | date=2009 | accessdate= 2009-03-12}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = ১৪২তম |population_estimate_year = ২০০৯ |population_census = ২,০৮৮,৬৬৯ |population_census_year = ২০০৮ |population_density_km2 = ২.৬ |population_density_sq_mi = ৬.৮ <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ২৩৫তম |GDP_PPP = $১৩.৭৬৪ বিলিয়ন<ref name=imf2>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআৰএল=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=728&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=61&pr.y=16 |শিৰোনাম=Namibia|প্ৰকাশক=International Monetary Fund|সংগ্ৰহেৰ-তাৰিখ=2009-10-01}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = ১৩৬তম |GDP_PPP_year = ২০০৯ |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $৬,৬১০.৩৫<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ১২৯তম |GDP_nominal = $৯.০৩৯ বিলিয়ন<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_year = ২০০৯ |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $৪,৩৪১.৩৬<ref name=imf2 /> |Gini = ৭০.৭<ref name="সিআইএ">{{Cite web |title=সিআইএ পৃথিৱীৰ ফেক্টবুক: নামিবিয়া |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |access-date=2021-05-06 |archivedate=2020-04-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423100756/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> |Gini_rank = ১ম |Gini_year = ২০০৩ |Gini_category = <span style="color:#800000;">উচ্চ</span> |HDI = {{increase}} ০.৬৫০ |HDI_rank = ১২৫তম |HDI_year = ২০০৭ |HDI_category = <span style="color:#ffcc00;">মধ্যম</span> |currency = নামিবিয়ান ডলাৰ |currency_code = NAD |country_code = |time_zone = [[:en:West Africa Time|WAT]] |utc_offset = +১ |time_zone_DST = [[:en:West Africa Summer Time|WAST]] |utc_offset_DST = +২ |drives_on = left |cctld = [[:en:|.na]] |calling_code = ২৬৪ }} '''নামিবিয়া''' ({{Lang-en|Namibia}}) দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰ এখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ। আটলাণ্টিক সাগৰৰ তীৰবৰ্তী নামিবিয়াৰ উত্তৰত [[আংগলা]] আৰু [[জাম্বিয়া]] পূৱত [[বৎচোৱানা]] দক্ষিণ আৰু পূৱত [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]]। ১৫ শতকত পৰ্তুগীজ সকলে নামিবিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে। ১৮৮৪ চনত দেশখন জাৰ্মানসকৰ অধীনলৈ গুচি যায়। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ জাৰ্মান উপনিবেশ দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা কৰ্তৃক অধিকৃত হয়। ১৯৬০ চনত দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ নাম পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰি নামিবিয়া নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। দেশখনৰ মাৰ্ক্সবাদী সংগঠন সোৱাপোৰ নেতৃত্বত স্বাধীনতাৰ বাবে গেৰিলা যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। পিছলৈ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শান্তি প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ মাধ্যমেৰে ১৯৯০ চনৰ ২১ মাৰ্চত দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে নামিবিয়া। == প্ৰশাসনিক অঞ্চলসমূহ == উইণ্ডহোক:-প্ৰশাসনিক কাৰ্য্যালয় আৰু ৰাজধানী। == ভূগোল == দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকাৰ দেশ নামিবিয়া। দেশখনৰ পশ্চিমত আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ, উত্তৰত জাম্বিয়া আৰু আংগলা, পূৱত বৎচোৱানা আৰু দক্ষিণ আৰু পূৱত দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা। == জনসংখ্যা == দেশখনৰ জনসংখ্যা ২৪ লাখ। জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰ ১.৭ শতাংশ। উল্লেখযোগ্য জনগোষ্ঠী : ওভাম্বো (৪৯.৫%), কাভাঙ্গো (৯.২%), কলৰ্ড (৮%), হেৰেৰো (৭%), ডামাৰা (৭%), নামিবিয়ান শ্বেতাংগ (৭%)। == বহিঃসংযোগ == ; চৰকাৰী * [https://archive.is/20121203072358/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/ Republic of Namibia] Government Portal * [http://www.orusovo.com/namcon/ Constitution of the Republic of Namibia] from ''orusovo.com'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/namibia.html ৰাষ্ট্ৰ প্ৰধান আৰু মন্ত্ৰীপৰিষদৰ সদস্যবৃন্দ] * [http://www.namibiaweather.info Current weather in Namibia] ; সাধাৰণ তথ্য * {{CIA World Factbook link|wa|Namibia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221805/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm Namibia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Namibia}} * [http://www.namibia4u.com Namibian Business Directory] * {{wikiatlas|Namibia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181023093330/http://map-of-namibia.com/ Map of Namibia] * [http://video.on.nytimes.com/?fr_story=80fb2db70489c34e5289369d52b6e846c918e32e Video of Namibia from The New York Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904071635/http://video.on.nytimes.com/?fr_story=80fb2db70489c34e5289369d52b6e846c918e32e |date=2008-09-04 }} {{Wikivoyage|Namibia}} * [http://www.developmentafrica.com Debie LeBeau's Development work on Namibia] * [http://africanactivist.msu.edu/ African Activist Archive Project] on U.S support for the struggle for independence ; মিডিয়া * [http://www.namibian.com.na The Namibian] English independent newspaper * [http://www.republikein.com.na Republikein] Afrikaans independent newspaper * [http://www.az.com.na Allgemeine Zeitung] German independent newspaper * [http://www.newera.com.na New Era] English newspaper close to SWAPO ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:আফ্ৰিকাৰ দেশ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ]] fzvh3o8qvvwidlybm9zl420qf8hbajc 452988 452987 2024-12-09T14:49:06Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = নামিবিয়া প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ |common_name = নামিবিয়া |image_flag = Flag of Namibia.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Namibia.svg |image_map = LocationNamibia.svg |national_motto = "Unity, Liberty, Justice"<br /> "একতা, স্বাধীনতা, সুবিচাৰ" |national_anthem = ''[[:en:|Namibia, Land of the Brave]]''<br />"[[নামিবিয়াৰ জাতীয় সঙ্গীত|নামিবিয়া, সাহসীৰ ভূমি]]" |official_languages = [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]]<sup>1</sup> |regional_languages = [[আফ্ৰিকান্স ভাষা|আফ্ৰিকান্স]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]]<ref>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি |শিৰোনাম=সংৰক্ষণাগাৰভুক্ত অনুলিপি |ইউআৰএল=http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf |সংগ্ৰহেৰ-তাৰিখ=১ জানুয়াৰি ২০০৮ |আৰ্কাইভেৰ-ইউআৰএল=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624233949/http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf |আৰ্কাইভেৰ-তাৰিখ=২৪ জুন ২০০৮ |অকাৰ্যকৰ-ইউআৰএল=হ্যাঁ }}</ref> |demonym = নামিবিয়ান |capital = উইণ্ডহোক |latd=22 |latm=33 |latNS=S |longd=17 |longm=15 |longEW=E |largest_city = ৰাজধানী |government_type = প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ |leader_title1 = [[নামিবিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি|ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি]] |leader_title2 = [[নামিবিয়াৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী|প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী]] |leader_name1 = [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] |leader_name2 = [[Nahas Angula]] |area_rank = ৩৪তম |area_magnitude = <!--1 E11--> |area_km2 = ৮২৫,৪১৮ |area_sq_mi = ৩১৮,৬৯৬ <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = negligible |sovereignty_type = [[স্বাধীনতা]] |sovereignty_note = [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰ পৰা |established_event1 = তাৰিখ |established_date1 = [[২১ মাৰ্চ]] ১৯৯০ |population_estimate = ২,১৭১,০০০<ref name=unpop>{{cite paper | url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1| version=2008 revision | format=.PDF | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | date=2009 | accessdate= 2009-03-12}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = ১৪২তম |population_estimate_year = ২০০৯ |population_census = ২,০৮৮,৬৬৯ |population_census_year = ২০০৮ |population_density_km2 = ২.৬ |population_density_sq_mi = ৬.৮ <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ২৩৫তম |GDP_PPP = $১৩.৭৬৪ বিলিয়ন<ref name=imf2>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআৰএল=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=728&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=61&pr.y=16 |শিৰোনাম=Namibia|প্ৰকাশক=International Monetary Fund|সংগ্ৰহেৰ-তাৰিখ=2009-10-01}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = ১৩৬তম |GDP_PPP_year = ২০০৯ |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $৬,৬১০.৩৫<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ১২৯তম |GDP_nominal = $৯.০৩৯ বিলিয়ন<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_year = ২০০৯ |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $৪,৩৪১.৩৬<ref name=imf2 /> |Gini = ৭০.৭<ref name="সিআইএ">{{Cite web |title=সিআইএ পৃথিৱীৰ ফেক্টবুক: নামিবিয়া |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |access-date=2021-05-06 |archivedate=2020-04-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423100756/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> |Gini_rank = ১ম |Gini_year = ২০০৩ |Gini_category = <span style="color:#800000;">উচ্চ</span> |HDI = {{increase}} ০.৬৫০ |HDI_rank = ১২৫তম |HDI_year = ২০০৭ |HDI_category = <span style="color:#ffcc00;">মধ্যম</span> |currency = নামিবিয়ান ডলাৰ |currency_code = NAD |country_code = |time_zone = [[:en:West Africa Time|WAT]] |utc_offset = +১ |time_zone_DST = [[:en:West Africa Summer Time|WAST]] |utc_offset_DST = +২ |drives_on = left |cctld = [[:en:|.na]] |calling_code = ২৬৪ }} '''নামিবিয়া''' ({{Lang-en|Namibia}})<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1405881180}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521152532}}</ref> দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰ এখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ। আটলাণ্টিক সাগৰৰ তীৰবৰ্তী নামিবিয়াৰ উত্তৰত [[আংগলা]] আৰু [[জাম্বিয়া]] পূৱত [[বৎচোৱানা]] দক্ষিণ আৰু পূৱত [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]]। ১৫ শতকত পৰ্তুগীজ সকলে নামিবিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে। ১৮৮৪ চনত দেশখন জাৰ্মানসকৰ অধীনলৈ গুচি যায়। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ জাৰ্মান উপনিবেশ দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা কৰ্তৃক অধিকৃত হয়। ১৯৬০ চনত দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ নাম পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰি নামিবিয়া নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। দেশখনৰ মাৰ্ক্সবাদী সংগঠন সোৱাপোৰ নেতৃত্বত স্বাধীনতাৰ বাবে গেৰিলা যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। পিছলৈ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শান্তি প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ মাধ্যমেৰে ১৯৯০ চনৰ ২১ মাৰ্চত দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে নামিবিয়া। == প্ৰশাসনিক অঞ্চলসমূহ == উইণ্ডহোক:-প্ৰশাসনিক কাৰ্য্যালয় আৰু ৰাজধানী। == ভূগোল == দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকাৰ দেশ নামিবিয়া। দেশখনৰ পশ্চিমত আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ, উত্তৰত জাম্বিয়া আৰু আংগলা, পূৱত বৎচোৱানা আৰু দক্ষিণ আৰু পূৱত দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা। == জনসংখ্যা == দেশখনৰ জনসংখ্যা ২৪ লাখ। জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰ ১.৭ শতাংশ। উল্লেখযোগ্য জনগোষ্ঠী : ওভাম্বো (৪৯.৫%), কাভাঙ্গো (৯.২%), কলৰ্ড (৮%), হেৰেৰো (৭%), ডামাৰা (৭%), নামিবিয়ান শ্বেতাংগ (৭%)। == বহিঃসংযোগ == ; চৰকাৰী * [https://archive.is/20121203072358/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/ Republic of Namibia] Government Portal * [http://www.orusovo.com/namcon/ Constitution of the Republic of Namibia] from ''orusovo.com'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/namibia.html ৰাষ্ট্ৰ প্ৰধান আৰু মন্ত্ৰীপৰিষদৰ সদস্যবৃন্দ] * [http://www.namibiaweather.info Current weather in Namibia] ; সাধাৰণ তথ্য * {{CIA World Factbook link|wa|Namibia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221805/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm Namibia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Namibia}} * [http://www.namibia4u.com Namibian Business Directory] * {{wikiatlas|Namibia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181023093330/http://map-of-namibia.com/ Map of Namibia] * [http://video.on.nytimes.com/?fr_story=80fb2db70489c34e5289369d52b6e846c918e32e Video of Namibia from The New York Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904071635/http://video.on.nytimes.com/?fr_story=80fb2db70489c34e5289369d52b6e846c918e32e |date=2008-09-04 }} {{Wikivoyage|Namibia}} * [http://www.developmentafrica.com Debie LeBeau's Development work on Namibia] * [http://africanactivist.msu.edu/ African Activist Archive Project] on U.S support for the struggle for independence ; মিডিয়া * [http://www.namibian.com.na The Namibian] English independent newspaper * [http://www.republikein.com.na Republikein] Afrikaans independent newspaper * [http://www.az.com.na Allgemeine Zeitung] German independent newspaper * [http://www.newera.com.na New Era] English newspaper close to SWAPO ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:আফ্ৰিকাৰ দেশ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ]] ova3g1e056ylrqlpfnxvm6oygt5856u 453035 452988 2024-12-09T16:40:11Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = নামিবিয়া প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ |common_name = নামিবিয়া |image_flag = Flag of Namibia.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Namibia.svg |image_map = LocationNamibia.svg |national_motto = "Unity, Liberty, Justice"<br /> "একতা, স্বাধীনতা, সুবিচাৰ" |national_anthem = ''[[:en:|Namibia, Land of the Brave]]''<br />"[[নামিবিয়াৰ জাতীয় সঙ্গীত|নামিবিয়া, সাহসীৰ ভূমি]]" |official_languages = [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]]<sup>1</sup> |regional_languages = [[আফ্ৰিকান্স ভাষা|আফ্ৰিকান্স]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]]<ref>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি |শিৰোনাম=সংৰক্ষণাগাৰভুক্ত অনুলিপি |ইউআৰএল=http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf |সংগ্ৰহেৰ-তাৰিখ=১ জানুয়াৰি ২০০৮ |আৰ্কাইভেৰ-ইউআৰএল=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624233949/http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf |আৰ্কাইভেৰ-তাৰিখ=২৪ জুন ২০০৮ |অকাৰ্যকৰ-ইউআৰএল=হ্যাঁ }}</ref> |demonym = নামিবিয়ান |capital = উইণ্ডহোক |latd=22 |latm=33 |latNS=S |longd=17 |longm=15 |longEW=E |largest_city = ৰাজধানী |government_type = প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ |leader_title1 = [[নামিবিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি|ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি]] |leader_title2 = [[নামিবিয়াৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী|প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী]] |leader_name1 = [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] |leader_name2 = [[Nahas Angula]] |area_rank = ৩৪তম |area_magnitude = <!--1 E11--> |area_km2 = ৮২৫,৪১৮ |area_sq_mi = ৩১৮,৬৯৬ <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = negligible |sovereignty_type = [[স্বাধীনতা]] |sovereignty_note = [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰ পৰা |established_event1 = তাৰিখ |established_date1 = [[২১ মাৰ্চ]] ১৯৯০ |population_estimate = ২,১৭১,০০০<ref name=unpop>{{cite paper | url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1| version=2008 revision | format=.PDF | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | date=2009 | accessdate= 2009-03-12}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = ১৪২তম |population_estimate_year = ২০০৯ |population_census = ২,০৮৮,৬৬৯ |population_census_year = ২০০৮ |population_density_km2 = ২.৬ |population_density_sq_mi = ৬.৮ <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ২৩৫তম |GDP_PPP = $১৩.৭৬৪ বিলিয়ন<ref name=imf2>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআৰএল=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=728&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=61&pr.y=16 |শিৰোনাম=Namibia|প্ৰকাশক=International Monetary Fund|সংগ্ৰহেৰ-তাৰিখ=2009-10-01}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = ১৩৬তম |GDP_PPP_year = ২০০৯ |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $৬,৬১০.৩৫<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ১২৯তম |GDP_nominal = $৯.০৩৯ বিলিয়ন<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_year = ২০০৯ |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $৪,৩৪১.৩৬<ref name=imf2 /> |Gini = ৭০.৭<ref name="সিআইএ">{{Cite web |title=সিআইএ পৃথিৱীৰ ফেক্টবুক: নামিবিয়া |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |access-date=2021-05-06 |archivedate=2020-04-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423100756/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> |Gini_rank = ১ম |Gini_year = ২০০৩ |Gini_category = <span style="color:#800000; ">উচ্চ</span> |HDI = {{increase}} ০.৬৫০ |HDI_rank = ১২৫তম |HDI_year = ২০০৭ |HDI_category = <span style="color:#ffcc00; ">মধ্যম</span> |currency = নামিবিয়ান ডলাৰ |currency_code = NAD |country_code = |time_zone = [[:en:West Africa Time|WAT]] |utc_offset = +১ |time_zone_DST = [[:en:West Africa Summer Time|WAST]] |utc_offset_DST = +২ |drives_on = left |cctld = [[:en:|.na]] |calling_code = ২৬৪ }} '''নামিবিয়া''' ({{Lang-en|Namibia}})<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1405881180}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521152532}}</ref> দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰ এখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ। আটলাণ্টিক সাগৰৰ তীৰবৰ্তী নামিবিয়াৰ উত্তৰত [[আংগলা]] আৰু [[জাম্বিয়া]] পূৱত [[বৎচোৱানা]] দক্ষিণ আৰু পূৱত [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]]। ১৫ শতকত পৰ্তুগীজ সকলে নামিবিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে। ১৮৮৪ চনত দেশখন জাৰ্মানসকৰ অধীনলৈ গুচি যায়। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ জাৰ্মান উপনিবেশ দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা কৰ্তৃক অধিকৃত হয়। ১৯৬০ চনত দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ নাম পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰি নামিবিয়া নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। দেশখনৰ মাৰ্ক্সবাদী সংগঠন সোৱাপোৰ নেতৃত্বত স্বাধীনতাৰ বাবে গেৰিলা যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। পিছলৈ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ শান্তি প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ মাধ্যমেৰে ১৯৯০ চনৰ ২১ মাৰ্চত দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভ কৰে নামিবিয়া। == প্ৰশাসনিক অঞ্চলসমূহ == উইণ্ডহোক:-প্ৰশাসনিক কাৰ্য্যালয় আৰু ৰাজধানী। == ভূগোল == দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকাৰ দেশ নামিবিয়া। দেশখনৰ পশ্চিমত আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ, উত্তৰত জাম্বিয়া আৰু আংগলা, পূৱত বৎচোৱানা আৰু দক্ষিণ আৰু পূৱত দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা। == জনসংখ্যা == দেশখনৰ জনসংখ্যা ২৪ লাখ। জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰ ১.৭ শতাংশ। উল্লেখযোগ্য জনগোষ্ঠী : ওভাম্বো (৪৯.৫%), কাভাঙ্গো (৯.২%), কলৰ্ড (৮%), হেৰেৰো (৭%), ডামাৰা (৭%), নামিবিয়ান শ্বেতাংগ (৭%)। ==তথ্যউৎস== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} == বহিঃসংযোগ == ; চৰকাৰী * [https://archive.is/20121203072358/http://www.grnnet.gov.na/ Republic of Namibia] Government Portal * [http://www.orusovo.com/namcon/ Constitution of the Republic of Namibia] from ''orusovo.com'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210072855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-n/namibia.html ৰাষ্ট্ৰ প্ৰধান আৰু মন্ত্ৰীপৰিষদৰ সদস্যবৃন্দ] * [http://www.namibiaweather.info Current weather in Namibia] ; সাধাৰণ তথ্য * {{CIA World Factbook link|wa|Namibia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221805/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/namibia.htm Namibia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Namibia}} * [http://www.namibia4u.com Namibian Business Directory] * {{wikiatlas|Namibia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181023093330/http://map-of-namibia.com/ Map of Namibia] * [http://video.on.nytimes.com/?fr_story=80fb2db70489c34e5289369d52b6e846c918e32e Video of Namibia from The New York Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904071635/http://video.on.nytimes.com/?fr_story=80fb2db70489c34e5289369d52b6e846c918e32e |date=2008-09-04 }} {{Wikivoyage|Namibia}} * [http://www.developmentafrica.com Debie LeBeau's Development work on Namibia] * [http://africanactivist.msu.edu/ African Activist Archive Project] on U.S support for the struggle for independence ; মিডিয়া * [http://www.namibian.com.na The Namibian] English independent newspaper * [http://www.republikein.com.na Republikein] Afrikaans independent newspaper * [http://www.az.com.na Allgemeine Zeitung] German independent newspaper * [http://www.newera.com.na New Era] English newspaper close to SWAPO [[শ্ৰেণী:আফ্ৰিকাৰ দেশ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ]] 8hs9sx6zctzgddfnjxrvscahl09en2x দুঃশাসন 0 73279 452990 290415 2024-12-09T15:00:21Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452990 wikitext text/x-wiki [[চিত্ৰ:Dushshasana.jpg|thumb|100px|দুঃশাসন]] '''দুঃশাসন''' ([[সংস্কৃত ভাষা|সংস্কৃত]]: दुःशासन) অন্ধৰাজ [[ধৃতৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] আৰু ৰাণী [[গান্ধাৰী|গান্ধাৰীৰ]] দ্বিতীয় পুত্ৰ। তেখেত [[মহাভাৰত]] [[মহাকাব্য|মহাকাব্যৰ]] [[দুৰ্যোধন|দুৰ্যোধনৰ]] সৰু ভায়েক। == জন্ম == গান্ধৰীয়ে ব্যাসদেৱৰ সেৱা কৰাৰ বাবে ব্যাসদেৱ গান্ধাৰীক শত পুত্ৰৰ মাতৃ হ’বলৈ বৰ দিছিল। যথাসময়ত গান্ধাৰী গৰ্ভৱতী হ’ল যদিও বিশ মাহৰ পাছত তাই সন্তান জন্ম নিদিলে। ইফালে কুন্তীৰ পুত্ৰৰ খবৰ পাই গান্ধাৰীয়ে গভীৰ শোকত ভাগি পৰে আৰু ধৃতৰাষ্ট্ৰক খবৰ নিদিয়াকৈয়ে লোহাৰ দণ্ডেৰে গৰ্ভপাত কৰে। ফলত তাইৰ গৰ্ভৰ পৰা লোহাৰ দৰে কঠিন মাংসৰ গোট এটা ওলাই আহিল। গান্ধৰীয়ে দাসীবিলাকক তাক ধ্বংস কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিবলৈ ওলোৱাৰ সময়তে ব্যাসদেৱ আহি তেওঁক নিষেধ কৰিলে। ভ্ৰুণটোক ঠাণ্ডা পানীত তিয়াই শ ভাগত ভাগ কৰি কাঁচৰ টেমা এটাত থৈ দিলে। এবছৰ দুৰ্যোধনৰ পাছত আৰু এবছৰ এমাহৰ ভিতৰতে দুশাসন, দুষাহা, বিকৰ্ণা আদি শতাপুত্ৰ আৰু দুষ্লা নামৰ এগৰাকী কন্যাৰ জন্ম হয়। দুশাসন ডাঙৰ ভাতৃ দুৰ্যোধনৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্যশীল আছিল আৰু দুৰ্যোধনৰ সকলো কুকৰ্মৰ সহযোগী আছিল। দুৰ্যোধন আৰু মামা শকুণীয়ে পাণ্ডৱক হত্যাৰ বিভিন্ন ষড়যন্ত্ৰত লিপ্ত হৈছিল।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXV |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01116.htm |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> == কুৰুসভাত দ্ৰৌপদীৰ নিগ্ৰহ == [[File:Draupadi s presented to a pachisi game.jpg|thumb|right|দুঃশাসন কৰ্তৃক দ্ৰৌপদীৰ নিগ্ৰহ]] [[শকুনি|শকুনিৰ]] লগত পাশা খেলাত [[যুধিষ্ঠিৰ]] সৰ্বস্বান্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত নিজৰ ভাই সকলক আৰু নিজকে পণ কৰি পৰাজিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ সিহঁতৰ ধৰ্মপত্নী [[দ্ৰৌপদী|দ্ৰৌপদীক]] পণ কৰিও পৰাস্ত হয়। দুঃশাসনে দ্ৰৌপদীক তাৰ অন্তঃপুৰৰ পৰা চুলিত ধৰি সভালৈ টানি আনে আৰু কৰ্ণৰ আদেশত<ref>http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02067.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Section LXII |publisher=Sacred-texts.com</ref><ref>https://archive.org/stream/mahabharata_nk/mahabharata_nilakanthas_commentary#page/n403/mode/2up</ref> তাক বিবস্ত্ৰা কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। এইসময়ত দ্ৰৌপদীয়ে শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণক আহ্বান কৰি থাকে। কৃষ্ণই ধৰ্মৰ অৱতাৰলৈ বস্ত্ৰৰূপে দ্ৰৌপদীক আবৃত কৰি থাকে। এনেদৰে স্ত্ৰীক অপমানিত হোৱা দেখি ভীমে প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰে যে যুদ্ধভূমিতে তেওঁ দুঃশাসনৰ বক্ষ বিদাৰণ কৰি তাৰ ৰক্তপান কৰিব। == মৃত্যু == [[File:Bhima drinks blood.jpg|thumb|ভীমেৰ প্ৰতিজ্ঞা পালন]] কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰ যুদ্ধৰ সপ্তদশ দিনা ভীমে দুঃশাসনৰ বক্ষ খড়্গৰে বিদীৰ্ণ কৰে আৰু তাৰ তেজ পান কৰে। দুঃশাসনৰ তেজেৰে তেওঁ দ্ৰৌপদীক চুলি ধোৱাত সাহায্য কৰে, কিয়নো দ্ৰৌপদীয়ে দুঃশাসনৰ তেজেৰে চুলি ধুব নোৱাৰালৈকে চুলি মেলা ৰখাৰ প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰিছিলে। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] acs0stm6cjx9vi7xu7p3r9qst95gkcl 453036 452990 2024-12-09T16:41:45Z AjayDas 12623 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 453036 wikitext text/x-wiki [[চিত্ৰ:Dushshasana.jpg|thumb|100px|দুঃশাসন]] '''দুঃশাসন''' ([[সংস্কৃত ভাষা|সংস্কৃত]]: दुःशासन) অন্ধৰাজ [[ধৃতৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] আৰু ৰাণী [[গান্ধাৰী|গান্ধাৰীৰ]] দ্বিতীয় পুত্ৰ। তেখেত [[মহাভাৰত]] [[মহাকাব্য|মহাকাব্যৰ]] [[দুৰ্যোধন|দুৰ্যোধনৰ]] সৰু ভায়েক। == জন্ম == গান্ধৰীয়ে ব্যাসদেৱৰ সেৱা কৰাৰ বাবে ব্যাসদেৱ গান্ধাৰীক শত পুত্ৰৰ মাতৃ হ’বলৈ বৰ দিছিল। যথাসময়ত গান্ধাৰী গৰ্ভৱতী হ’ল যদিও বিশ মাহৰ পাছত তাই সন্তান জন্ম নিদিলে। ইফালে কুন্তীৰ পুত্ৰৰ খবৰ পাই গান্ধাৰীয়ে গভীৰ শোকত ভাগি পৰে আৰু ধৃতৰাষ্ট্ৰক খবৰ নিদিয়াকৈয়ে লোহাৰ দণ্ডেৰে গৰ্ভপাত কৰে। ফলত তাইৰ গৰ্ভৰ পৰা লোহাৰ দৰে কঠিন মাংসৰ গোট এটা ওলাই আহিল। গান্ধৰীয়ে দাসীবিলাকক তাক ধ্বংস কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিবলৈ ওলোৱাৰ সময়তে ব্যাসদেৱ আহি তেওঁক নিষেধ কৰিলে। ভ্ৰুণটোক ঠাণ্ডা পানীত তিয়াই শ ভাগত ভাগ কৰি কাঁচৰ টেমা এটাত থৈ দিলে। এবছৰ দুৰ্যোধনৰ পাছত আৰু এবছৰ এমাহৰ ভিতৰতে দুশাসন, দুষাহা, বিকৰ্ণা আদি শতাপুত্ৰ আৰু দুষ্লা নামৰ এগৰাকী কন্যাৰ জন্ম হয়। দুশাসন ডাঙৰ ভাতৃ দুৰ্যোধনৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্যশীল আছিল আৰু দুৰ্যোধনৰ সকলো কুকৰ্মৰ সহযোগী আছিল। দুৰ্যোধন আৰু মামা শকুণীয়ে পাণ্ডৱক হত্যাৰ বিভিন্ন ষড়যন্ত্ৰত লিপ্ত হৈছিল।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXV |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01116.htm |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> == কুৰুসভাত দ্ৰৌপদীৰ নিগ্ৰহ == [[File:Draupadi s presented to a pachisi game.jpg|thumb|right|দুঃশাসন কৰ্তৃক দ্ৰৌপদীৰ নিগ্ৰহ]] [[শকুনি|শকুনিৰ]] লগত পাশা খেলাত [[যুধিষ্ঠিৰ]] সৰ্বস্বান্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত নিজৰ ভাই সকলক আৰু নিজকে পণ কৰি পৰাজিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ সিহঁতৰ ধৰ্মপত্নী [[দ্ৰৌপদী|দ্ৰৌপদীক]] পণ কৰিও পৰাস্ত হয়। দুঃশাসনে দ্ৰৌপদীক তাৰ অন্তঃপুৰৰ পৰা চুলিত ধৰি সভালৈ টানি আনে আৰু কৰ্ণৰ আদেশত<ref>http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02067.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Section LXII |publisher=Sacred-texts.com</ref><ref>https://archive.org/stream/mahabharata_nk/mahabharata_nilakanthas_commentary#page/n403/mode/2up</ref> তাক বিবস্ত্ৰা কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। এইসময়ত দ্ৰৌপদীয়ে শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণক আহ্বান কৰি থাকে। কৃষ্ণই ধৰ্মৰ অৱতাৰলৈ বস্ত্ৰৰূপে দ্ৰৌপদীক আবৃত কৰি থাকে। এনেদৰে স্ত্ৰীক অপমানিত হোৱা দেখি ভীমে প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰে যে যুদ্ধভূমিতে তেওঁ দুঃশাসনৰ বক্ষ বিদাৰণ কৰি তাৰ ৰক্তপান কৰিব। == মৃত্যু == [[File:Bhima drinks blood.jpg|thumb|ভীমেৰ প্ৰতিজ্ঞা পালন]] কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰ যুদ্ধৰ সপ্তদশ দিনা ভীমে দুঃশাসনৰ বক্ষ খড়্গৰে বিদীৰ্ণ কৰে আৰু তাৰ তেজ পান কৰে। দুঃশাসনৰ তেজেৰে তেওঁ দ্ৰৌপদীক চুলি ধোৱাত সাহায্য কৰে, কিয়নো দ্ৰৌপদীয়ে দুঃশাসনৰ তেজেৰে চুলি ধুব নোৱাৰালৈকে চুলি মেলা ৰখাৰ প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰিছিলে। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] eb102gi236oqr4sawznsway7df16o3n দ্ৰুপদ 0 73280 452991 403088 2024-12-09T15:03:39Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} {{Infobox character | series = [[মহাভাৰত]] | image = | alt = Drupada | caption = উপাজই তেওঁৰ ডাঙৰ ভাই দ্ৰুপদক দেখুৱাই আছে | family = পৃৃষত (পিতা) | children = [[শিখণ্ডী]], [[ধৃষ্টদ্যুম্ন]], [[দ্ৰৌপদী]], সত্যজিৎ, ব্ৰীক, উত্তামঝা, কুমাৰ, যুধ্যমান, পাঞ্চাল্য, সুৰথ, শত্ৰুঞ্জয়া আৰু জন্মেজয় }} '''দ্ৰুপদ''' ({{lang-sa|द्रुपद}}) যজ্ঞসেন নামেও পৰিচিত ({{lang-sa|यज्ञसेन}}) হ'ল [[মহাভাৰত]]ৰ এটি চৰিত্ৰ। তেখেত দক্ষিণ ''পাঞ্চাল'' ভূমিৰ ৰজা আছিল। তেখেতৰ ৰাজধানী কাম্পিল্য হিচাপে পৰিচিত আছিল। তেখেতৰ পিতৃৰ নাম আছিল পৃষত। তেখেত দ্ৰোণাচাৰ্যৰ বাল্য কালৰ বন্ধু আছিল। দ্ৰোণাচাৰ্যৰ আদেশত অৰ্জুনে দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাক বন্দী কৰিছিল।<ref name="sushmajee">[http://www.sushmajee.com/biographies/bio-C-D/drupad.htm Story of Drupad<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628190609/http://www.sushmajee.com/biographies/bio-C-D/drupad.htm |date=28 June 2012 }}</ref> == দৌপদীৰ সয়ম্বৰ== দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাই তেখেতৰ কন্যা তথা পাঞ্চালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী দ্ৰৌপদীৰ বিবাহৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সয়ম্বৰ সভাৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। == কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰৰ যুদ্ধত তেখেতৰ ভূমিকা == দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাই কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰৰ যুদ্ধত পাণ্ডৱৰ হৈ যুদ্ধ কৰিছিল। তেখেত এজন মহাৰথী আছিল। == বহিঃসংযোগ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] ew24rou0xwc9kripdr4rh6ix93ppl9z 452993 452991 2024-12-09T15:05:51Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} {{Infobox character | series = [[মহাভাৰত]] | image = | alt = Drupada | caption = উপাজই তেওঁৰ ডাঙৰ ভাই দ্ৰুপদক দেখুৱাই আছে | family = পৃৃষত (পিতা) | children = [[শিখণ্ডী]], [[ধৃষ্টদ্যুম্ন]], [[দ্ৰৌপদী]], সত্যজিৎ, ব্ৰীক, উত্তামঝা, কুমাৰ, যুধ্যমান, পাঞ্চাল্য, সুৰথ, শত্ৰুঞ্জয়া আৰু জন্মেজয় }} '''দ্ৰুপদ''' ({{lang-sa|द्रुपद}}) যজ্ঞসেন নামেও পৰিচিত ({{lang-sa|यज्ञसेन}}) হ'ল [[মহাভাৰত]]ৰ এটি চৰিত্ৰ। তেখেত দক্ষিণ ''পাঞ্চাল'' ভূমিৰ ৰজা আছিল। তেখেতৰ ৰাজধানী কাম্পিল্য হিচাপে পৰিচিত আছিল। তেখেতৰ পিতৃৰ নাম আছিল পৃষত। তেখেত দ্ৰোণাচাৰ্যৰ বাল্য কালৰ বন্ধু আছিল। দ্ৰোণাচাৰ্যৰ আদেশত অৰ্জুনে দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাক বন্দী কৰিছিল।<ref name="sushmajee">[http://www.sushmajee.com/biographies/bio-C-D/drupad.htm Story of Drupad<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628190609/http://www.sushmajee.com/biographies/bio-C-D/drupad.htm |date=28 June 2012 }}</ref> == দৌপদীৰ সয়ম্বৰ== দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাই তেখেতৰ কন্যা তথা পাঞ্চালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী দ্ৰৌপদীৰ বিবাহৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সয়ম্বৰ সভাৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। == কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰৰ যুদ্ধত তেখেতৰ ভূমিকা == দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাই কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰৰ যুদ্ধত পাণ্ডৱৰ হৈ যুদ্ধ কৰিছিল। তেখেত এজন মহাৰথী আছিল।<ref name="urday2">{{cite web |url=http://www.urday.in/mpermission.htm |title=MAHABHARATA - Yudhistra's Permission |publisher=urday.in |access-date=2015-05-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531041757/http://www.urday.in/mpermission.htm |archive-date=31 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva|author=Ganguli, K.M.|date=2014|publisher=Netlancers Inc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLLrAgAAQBAJ}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == বহিঃসংযোগ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] 00f9v2c3hai36iecuj9z1t8cc4lw1e9 452994 452993 2024-12-09T15:06:10Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} {{Infobox character | series = [[মহাভাৰত]] | image = | alt = Drupada | caption = উপাজই তেওঁৰ ডাঙৰ ভাই দ্ৰুপদক দেখুৱাই আছে | family = পৃৃষত (পিতা) | children = [[শিখণ্ডী]], [[ধৃষ্টদ্যুম্ন]], [[দ্ৰৌপদী]], সত্যজিৎ, ব্ৰীক, উত্তামঝা, কুমাৰ, যুধ্যমান, পাঞ্চাল্য, সুৰথ, শত্ৰুঞ্জয়া আৰু জন্মেজয় }} '''দ্ৰুপদ''' ({{lang-sa|द्रुपद}}) যজ্ঞসেন নামেও পৰিচিত ({{lang-sa|यज्ञसेन}}) হ'ল [[মহাভাৰত]]ৰ এটি চৰিত্ৰ। তেখেত দক্ষিণ ''পাঞ্চাল'' ভূমিৰ ৰজা আছিল। তেখেতৰ ৰাজধানী কাম্পিল্য হিচাপে পৰিচিত আছিল। তেখেতৰ পিতৃৰ নাম আছিল পৃষত। তেখেত দ্ৰোণাচাৰ্যৰ বাল্য কালৰ বন্ধু আছিল। দ্ৰোণাচাৰ্যৰ আদেশত অৰ্জুনে দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাক বন্দী কৰিছিল।<ref name="sushmajee">[http://www.sushmajee.com/biographies/bio-C-D/drupad.htm Story of Drupad<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628190609/http://www.sushmajee.com/biographies/bio-C-D/drupad.htm |date=28 June 2012 }}</ref> == দৌপদীৰ সয়ম্বৰ== দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাই তেখেতৰ কন্যা তথা পাঞ্চালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী দ্ৰৌপদীৰ বিবাহৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সয়ম্বৰ সভাৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। == কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰৰ যুদ্ধত তেখেতৰ ভূমিকা == দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাই কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰৰ যুদ্ধত পাণ্ডৱৰ হৈ যুদ্ধ কৰিছিল। তেখেত এজন মহাৰথী আছিল।<ref name="urday2">{{cite web |url=http://www.urday.in/mpermission.htm |title=MAHABHARATA - Yudhistra's Permission |publisher=urday.in |access-date=2015-05-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531041757/http://www.urday.in/mpermission.htm |archive-date=31 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva|author=Ganguli, K.M.|date=2014|publisher=Netlancers Inc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLLrAgAAQBAJ}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] lse9ajd8yya788bu80pwcezm13uhyex 452995 452994 2024-12-09T15:06:38Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* দৌপদীৰ সয়ম্বৰ */ 452995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} {{Infobox character | series = [[মহাভাৰত]] | image = | alt = Drupada | caption = উপাজই তেওঁৰ ডাঙৰ ভাই দ্ৰুপদক দেখুৱাই আছে | family = পৃৃষত (পিতা) | children = [[শিখণ্ডী]], [[ধৃষ্টদ্যুম্ন]], [[দ্ৰৌপদী]], সত্যজিৎ, ব্ৰীক, উত্তামঝা, কুমাৰ, যুধ্যমান, পাঞ্চাল্য, সুৰথ, শত্ৰুঞ্জয়া আৰু জন্মেজয় }} '''দ্ৰুপদ''' ({{lang-sa|द्रुपद}}) যজ্ঞসেন নামেও পৰিচিত ({{lang-sa|यज्ञसेन}}) হ'ল [[মহাভাৰত]]ৰ এটি চৰিত্ৰ। তেখেত দক্ষিণ ''পাঞ্চাল'' ভূমিৰ ৰজা আছিল। তেখেতৰ ৰাজধানী কাম্পিল্য হিচাপে পৰিচিত আছিল। তেখেতৰ পিতৃৰ নাম আছিল পৃষত। তেখেত দ্ৰোণাচাৰ্যৰ বাল্য কালৰ বন্ধু আছিল। দ্ৰোণাচাৰ্যৰ আদেশত অৰ্জুনে দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাক বন্দী কৰিছিল।<ref name="sushmajee">[http://www.sushmajee.com/biographies/bio-C-D/drupad.htm Story of Drupad<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628190609/http://www.sushmajee.com/biographies/bio-C-D/drupad.htm |date=28 June 2012 }}</ref> == দৌপদীৰ সয়ম্বৰ== দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাই তেখেতৰ কন্যা তথা পাঞ্চালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী দ্ৰৌপদীৰ বিবাহৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সয়ম্বৰ সভাৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC&pg=PA6894|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|page=6894}}</ref> == কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰৰ যুদ্ধত তেখেতৰ ভূমিকা == দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাই কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰৰ যুদ্ধত পাণ্ডৱৰ হৈ যুদ্ধ কৰিছিল। তেখেত এজন মহাৰথী আছিল।<ref name="urday2">{{cite web |url=http://www.urday.in/mpermission.htm |title=MAHABHARATA - Yudhistra's Permission |publisher=urday.in |access-date=2015-05-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531041757/http://www.urday.in/mpermission.htm |archive-date=31 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva|author=Ganguli, K.M.|date=2014|publisher=Netlancers Inc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLLrAgAAQBAJ}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] qbn6h8vv8ci2boce6xws35fpai255hp 452996 452995 2024-12-09T15:06:56Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox character | series = [[মহাভাৰত]] | image = | alt = Drupada | caption = উপাজই তেওঁৰ ডাঙৰ ভাই দ্ৰুপদক দেখুৱাই আছে | family = পৃৃষত (পিতা) | children = [[শিখণ্ডী]], [[ধৃষ্টদ্যুম্ন]], [[দ্ৰৌপদী]], সত্যজিৎ, ব্ৰীক, উত্তামঝা, কুমাৰ, যুধ্যমান, পাঞ্চাল্য, সুৰথ, শত্ৰুঞ্জয়া আৰু জন্মেজয় }} '''দ্ৰুপদ''' ({{lang-sa|द्रुपद}}) যজ্ঞসেন নামেও পৰিচিত ({{lang-sa|यज्ञसेन}}) হ'ল [[মহাভাৰত]]ৰ এটি চৰিত্ৰ। তেখেত দক্ষিণ ''পাঞ্চাল'' ভূমিৰ ৰজা আছিল। তেখেতৰ ৰাজধানী কাম্পিল্য হিচাপে পৰিচিত আছিল। তেখেতৰ পিতৃৰ নাম আছিল পৃষত। তেখেত দ্ৰোণাচাৰ্যৰ বাল্য কালৰ বন্ধু আছিল। দ্ৰোণাচাৰ্যৰ আদেশত অৰ্জুনে দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাক বন্দী কৰিছিল।<ref name="sushmajee">[http://www.sushmajee.com/biographies/bio-C-D/drupad.htm Story of Drupad<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628190609/http://www.sushmajee.com/biographies/bio-C-D/drupad.htm |date=28 June 2012 }}</ref> == দৌপদীৰ সয়ম্বৰ== দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাই তেখেতৰ কন্যা তথা পাঞ্চালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী দ্ৰৌপদীৰ বিবাহৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সয়ম্বৰ সভাৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ukyp-gbtHcC&pg=PA6894|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|page=6894}}</ref> == কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰৰ যুদ্ধত তেখেতৰ ভূমিকা == দ্ৰুপদ ৰজাই কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰৰ যুদ্ধত পাণ্ডৱৰ হৈ যুদ্ধ কৰিছিল। তেখেত এজন মহাৰথী আছিল।<ref name="urday2">{{cite web |url=http://www.urday.in/mpermission.htm |title=MAHABHARATA - Yudhistra's Permission |publisher=urday.in |access-date=2015-05-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531041757/http://www.urday.in/mpermission.htm |archive-date=31 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva|author=Ganguli, K.M.|date=2014|publisher=Netlancers Inc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLLrAgAAQBAJ}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] hu9fx3zid5alm7ijue1xc4eqt4jhwoa অম্বালিকা 0 73301 452998 290475 2024-12-09T15:14:32Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 452998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} অম্বালিকা কাশীৰাজৰ কণিষ্ঠা জীয়ৰী।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Ambālikā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ ৰজা [[বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য]]ৰ পত্নী আৰু [[পাণ্ডু]]ৰ মাতৃ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-02-28 |title=Ambalika, Ambālikā: 14 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ambalika |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> ভীষ্মই অম্বা আৰু অম্বালিকাক স্বয়ংবৰৰ পৰা কাঢ়ি লৈ গৈছিল। বিবাহৰ সাত বছৰ পিছত বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য যক্ষ্মা ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে আৰু সন্তানহীন হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। কিন্তু বংশধৰসকলৰ পুত্ৰৰ বাবে তাই [[সত্যৱতী]]ৰ পুত্ৰ মহৰ্ষি [[বেদব্যাস]]ৰ সৈতে যৌন সম্ভোগ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু সহবাসৰ সময়ত বেদব্যাসৰ ভয়ানক ৰূপ দেখি তাই ভয়তে শ্বেতা পৰি গৈছিল। সেইকাৰণে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ পাণ্ডু শ্বেতা আছিল। তাই তাইৰ অন্তিম জীৱন শাহু সত্যৱতী আৰু ভগ্নী [[অম্বিকা (মহাভাৰত)|অম্বিকা]]ৰ সৈতে সন্ন্যাসিনীৰ দৰে অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল। == বহিঃসংযোগ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী: মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] 4ondllcu3frtmr4evby86t3f4v6rymx 452999 452998 2024-12-09T15:16:45Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* ধাৰাবাহিকৰ চৰিত্ৰত */ 452999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} অম্বালিকা কাশীৰাজৰ কণিষ্ঠা জীয়ৰী।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Ambālikā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ ৰজা [[বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য]]ৰ পত্নী আৰু [[পাণ্ডু]]ৰ মাতৃ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-02-28 |title=Ambalika, Ambālikā: 14 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ambalika |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> ভীষ্মই অম্বা আৰু অম্বালিকাক স্বয়ংবৰৰ পৰা কাঢ়ি লৈ গৈছিল। বিবাহৰ সাত বছৰ পিছত বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য যক্ষ্মা ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে আৰু সন্তানহীন হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। কিন্তু বংশধৰসকলৰ পুত্ৰৰ বাবে তাই [[সত্যৱতী]]ৰ পুত্ৰ মহৰ্ষি [[বেদব্যাস]]ৰ সৈতে যৌন সম্ভোগ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু সহবাসৰ সময়ত বেদব্যাসৰ ভয়ানক ৰূপ দেখি তাই ভয়তে শ্বেতা পৰি গৈছিল। সেইকাৰণে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ পাণ্ডু শ্বেতা আছিল। তাই তাইৰ অন্তিম জীৱন শাহু সত্যৱতী আৰু ভগ্নী [[অম্বিকা (মহাভাৰত)|অম্বিকা]]ৰ সৈতে সন্ন্যাসিনীৰ দৰে অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল। ==ধাৰাবাহিকৰ চৰিত্ৰত== *১৯৮৮ চনত বি আৰ চোপ্ৰাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰতত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মেনকা বব্বৰে। [ 11 ] *২০১৩ চনৰ ষ্টাৰ প্লাছৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰত (২০১৩) ত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মানসী শৰ্মাই ৷ [ 12 ] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী: মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] 2nclqeu38zr71lfaiqearlvh7mxaadx 453000 452999 2024-12-09T15:18:13Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} অম্বালিকা কাশীৰাজৰ কণিষ্ঠা জীয়ৰী।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Ambālikā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ ৰজা [[বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য]]ৰ পত্নী আৰু [[পাণ্ডু]]ৰ মাতৃ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-02-28 |title=Ambalika, Ambālikā: 14 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ambalika |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> ভীষ্মই অম্বা আৰু অম্বালিকাক স্বয়ংবৰৰ পৰা কাঢ়ি লৈ গৈছিল। বিবাহৰ সাত বছৰ পিছত বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য যক্ষ্মা ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে আৰু সন্তানহীন হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। কিন্তু বংশধৰসকলৰ পুত্ৰৰ বাবে তাই [[সত্যৱতী]]ৰ পুত্ৰ মহৰ্ষি [[বেদব্যাস]]ৰ সৈতে যৌন সম্ভোগ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু সহবাসৰ সময়ত বেদব্যাসৰ ভয়ানক ৰূপ দেখি তাই ভয়তে শ্বেতা পৰি গৈছিল। সেইকাৰণে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ পাণ্ডু শ্বেতা আছিল। তাই তাইৰ অন্তিম জীৱন শাহু সত্যৱতী আৰু ভগ্নী [[অম্বিকা (মহাভাৰত)|অম্বিকা]]ৰ সৈতে সন্ন্যাসিনীৰ দৰে অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল। ==ধাৰাবাহিকৰ চৰিত্ৰত== *১৯৮৮ চনত বি আৰ চোপ্ৰাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰতত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মেনকা বব্বৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> *২০১৩ চনৰ ষ্টাৰ প্লাছৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰত (২০১৩) ত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মানসী শৰ্মাই।<ref>{{Cite web|title=An epic for an epic, on small screen - All-new Mahabharata|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|website=The Telegraph|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011506/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|url-status=live}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী: মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] bynbiaxvz7rtj061hpusmovxqbzqgt5 453001 453000 2024-12-09T15:19:02Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* বাহ্যিক সংযোগ */ 453001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} অম্বালিকা কাশীৰাজৰ কণিষ্ঠা জীয়ৰী।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Ambālikā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ ৰজা [[বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য]]ৰ পত্নী আৰু [[পাণ্ডু]]ৰ মাতৃ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-02-28 |title=Ambalika, Ambālikā: 14 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ambalika |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> ভীষ্মই অম্বা আৰু অম্বালিকাক স্বয়ংবৰৰ পৰা কাঢ়ি লৈ গৈছিল। বিবাহৰ সাত বছৰ পিছত বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য যক্ষ্মা ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে আৰু সন্তানহীন হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। কিন্তু বংশধৰসকলৰ পুত্ৰৰ বাবে তাই [[সত্যৱতী]]ৰ পুত্ৰ মহৰ্ষি [[বেদব্যাস]]ৰ সৈতে যৌন সম্ভোগ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু সহবাসৰ সময়ত বেদব্যাসৰ ভয়ানক ৰূপ দেখি তাই ভয়তে শ্বেতা পৰি গৈছিল। সেইকাৰণে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ পাণ্ডু শ্বেতা আছিল। তাই তাইৰ অন্তিম জীৱন শাহু সত্যৱতী আৰু ভগ্নী [[অম্বিকা (মহাভাৰত)|অম্বিকা]]ৰ সৈতে সন্ন্যাসিনীৰ দৰে অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল। ==ধাৰাবাহিকৰ চৰিত্ৰত== *১৯৮৮ চনত বি আৰ চোপ্ৰাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰতত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মেনকা বব্বৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> *২০১৩ চনৰ ষ্টাৰ প্লাছৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰত (২০১৩) ত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মানসী শৰ্মাই।<ref>{{Cite web|title=An epic for an epic, on small screen - All-new Mahabharata|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|website=The Telegraph|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011506/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|url-status=live}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm KMG ''Mahabharata''] *[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html Story of Ambalika] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী: মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] 9jgklc24l2srbp5yx4dwmlkmq2zhadw 453002 453001 2024-12-09T15:20:43Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} অম্বালিকা কাশীৰাজৰ কণিষ্ঠা জীয়ৰী।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Ambālikā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ ৰজা [[বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য]]ৰ পত্নী আৰু [[পাণ্ডু]]ৰ মাতৃ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-02-28 |title=Ambalika, Ambālikā: 14 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ambalika |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> ভীষ্মই অম্বা আৰু অম্বালিকাক স্বয়ংবৰৰ পৰা কাঢ়ি লৈ গৈছিল। বিবাহৰ সাত বছৰ পিছত বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য যক্ষ্মা ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে আৰু সন্তানহীন হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। কিন্তু বংশধৰসকলৰ পুত্ৰৰ বাবে তাই [[সত্যৱতী]]ৰ পুত্ৰ মহৰ্ষি [[বেদব্যাস]]ৰ সৈতে যৌন সম্ভোগ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু সহবাসৰ সময়ত বেদব্যাসৰ ভয়ানক ৰূপ দেখি তাই ভয়তে শ্বেতা পৰি গৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01103.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CII |publisher=[[Sacred-texts.com]] |access-date=2012-08-15}}</ref><ref name=B>{{cite book|title=Myths and Legends from India - Great Women|last=Bhanu|first=Sharada|publisher=Macmillan India Limited|year=1997|location=Chennai|isbn=0-333-93076-2|pages=35–6}}</ref> সেইকাৰণে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ পাণ্ডু শ্বেতা আছিল। তাই তাইৰ অন্তিম জীৱন শাহু সত্যৱতী আৰু ভগ্নী [[অম্বিকা (মহাভাৰত)|অম্বিকা]]ৰ সৈতে সন্ন্যাসিনীৰ দৰে অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল। ==ধাৰাবাহিকৰ চৰিত্ৰত== *১৯৮৮ চনত বি আৰ চোপ্ৰাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰতত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মেনকা বব্বৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> *২০১৩ চনৰ ষ্টাৰ প্লাছৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰত (২০১৩) ত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মানসী শৰ্মাই।<ref>{{Cite web|title=An epic for an epic, on small screen - All-new Mahabharata|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|website=The Telegraph|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011506/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|url-status=live}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm KMG ''Mahabharata''] *[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html Story of Ambalika] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী: মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] ijdvx2eihisgralqzqf2fiecjs1vzgc 453003 453002 2024-12-09T15:21:01Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} অম্বালিকা কাশীৰাজৰ কণিষ্ঠা জীয়ৰী।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Ambālikā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ ৰজা [[বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য]]ৰ পত্নী আৰু [[পাণ্ডু]]ৰ মাতৃ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-02-28 |title=Ambalika, Ambālikā: 14 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ambalika |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> ভীষ্মই অম্বা আৰু অম্বালিকাক স্বয়ংবৰৰ পৰা কাঢ়ি লৈ গৈছিল। বিবাহৰ সাত বছৰ পিছত বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য যক্ষ্মা ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে আৰু সন্তানহীন হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। কিন্তু বংশধৰসকলৰ পুত্ৰৰ বাবে তাই [[সত্যৱতী]]ৰ পুত্ৰ মহৰ্ষি [[বেদব্যাস]]ৰ সৈতে যৌন সম্ভোগ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু সহবাসৰ সময়ত বেদব্যাসৰ ভয়ানক ৰূপ দেখি তাই ভয়তে শ্বেতা পৰি গৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01103.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CII |publisher=[[Sacred-texts.com]] |access-date=2012-08-15}}</ref><ref name=B>{{cite book|title=Myths and Legends from India - Great Women|last=Bhanu|first=Sharada|publisher=Macmillan India Limited|year=1997|location=Chennai|isbn=0-333-93076-2|pages=35–6}}</ref> সেইকাৰণে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ পাণ্ডু শ্বেতা আছিল। তাই তাইৰ অন্তিম জীৱন শাহু সত্যৱতী আৰু ভগ্নী [[অম্বিকা (মহাভাৰত)|অম্বিকা]]ৰ সৈতে সন্ন্যাসিনীৰ দৰে অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল। ==ধাৰাবাহিকৰ চৰিত্ৰত== *১৯৮৮ চনত বি আৰ চোপ্ৰাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰতত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মেনকা বব্বৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> *২০১৩ চনৰ ষ্টাৰ প্লাছৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰত (২০১৩) ত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মানসী শৰ্মাই।<ref>{{Cite web|title=An epic for an epic, on small screen - All-new Mahabharata|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|website=The Telegraph|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011506/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|url-status=live}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm KMG ''Mahabharata''] *[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html Story of Ambalika] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী: মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] 9ok5eibwpmmumwt2i0bngwf6rkf54m9 453004 453003 2024-12-09T15:21:49Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} অম্বালিকা কাশীৰাজৰ কণিষ্ঠা জীয়ৰী।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Ambālikā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ ৰজা [[বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য]]ৰ পত্নী আৰু [[পাণ্ডু]]ৰ মাতৃ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-02-28 |title=Ambalika, Ambālikā: 14 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ambalika |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> ভীষ্মই অম্বা আৰু অম্বালিকাক স্বয়ংবৰৰ পৰা কাঢ়ি লৈ গৈছিল। বিবাহৰ সাত বছৰ পিছত বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য যক্ষ্মা ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে আৰু সন্তানহীন হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। কিন্তু বংশধৰসকলৰ পুত্ৰৰ বাবে তাই [[সত্যৱতী]]ৰ পুত্ৰ মহৰ্ষি [[বেদব্যাস]]ৰ সৈতে যৌন সম্ভোগ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু সহবাসৰ সময়ত বেদব্যাসৰ ভয়ানক ৰূপ দেখি তাই ভয়তে শ্বেতা পৰি গৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01103.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CII |publisher=[[Sacred-texts.com]] |access-date=2012-08-15}}</ref><ref name=B>{{cite book|title=Myths and Legends from India - Great Women|last=Bhanu|first=Sharada|publisher=Macmillan India Limited|year=1997|location=Chennai|isbn=0-333-93076-2|pages=35–6}}</ref> সেইকাৰণে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ পাণ্ডু শ্বেতা আছিল। তাই তাইৰ অন্তিম জীৱন শাহু সত্যৱতী আৰু ভগ্নী [[অম্বিকা (মহাভাৰত)|অম্বিকা]]ৰ সৈতে সন্ন্যাসিনীৰ দৰে অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01129.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXXVIII |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2012-08-15}}</ref> ==ধাৰাবাহিকৰ চৰিত্ৰত== *১৯৮৮ চনত বি আৰ চোপ্ৰাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰতত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মেনকা বব্বৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> *২০১৩ চনৰ ষ্টাৰ প্লাছৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰত (২০১৩) ত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মানসী শৰ্মাই।<ref>{{Cite web|title=An epic for an epic, on small screen - All-new Mahabharata|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|website=The Telegraph|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011506/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|url-status=live}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm KMG ''Mahabharata''] *[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html Story of Ambalika] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী: মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] omainv4fcrc26g5yjr76ssb4lmp3hmg 453005 453004 2024-12-09T15:22:05Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453005 wikitext text/x-wiki অম্বালিকা কাশীৰাজৰ কণিষ্ঠা জীয়ৰী।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Ambālikā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ ৰজা [[বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য]]ৰ পত্নী আৰু [[পাণ্ডু]]ৰ মাতৃ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-02-28 |title=Ambalika, Ambālikā: 14 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ambalika |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> ভীষ্মই অম্বা আৰু অম্বালিকাক স্বয়ংবৰৰ পৰা কাঢ়ি লৈ গৈছিল। বিবাহৰ সাত বছৰ পিছত বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য যক্ষ্মা ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে আৰু সন্তানহীন হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। কিন্তু বংশধৰসকলৰ পুত্ৰৰ বাবে তাই [[সত্যৱতী]]ৰ পুত্ৰ মহৰ্ষি [[বেদব্যাস]]ৰ সৈতে যৌন সম্ভোগ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু সহবাসৰ সময়ত বেদব্যাসৰ ভয়ানক ৰূপ দেখি তাই ভয়তে শ্বেতা পৰি গৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01103.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CII |publisher=[[Sacred-texts.com]] |access-date=2012-08-15}}</ref><ref name=B>{{cite book|title=Myths and Legends from India - Great Women|last=Bhanu|first=Sharada|publisher=Macmillan India Limited|year=1997|location=Chennai|isbn=0-333-93076-2|pages=35–6}}</ref> সেইকাৰণে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ পাণ্ডু শ্বেতা আছিল। তাই তাইৰ অন্তিম জীৱন শাহু সত্যৱতী আৰু ভগ্নী [[অম্বিকা (মহাভাৰত)|অম্বিকা]]ৰ সৈতে সন্ন্যাসিনীৰ দৰে অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01129.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXXVIII |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2012-08-15}}</ref> ==ধাৰাবাহিকৰ চৰিত্ৰত== *১৯৮৮ চনত বি আৰ চোপ্ৰাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰতত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মেনকা বব্বৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> *২০১৩ চনৰ ষ্টাৰ প্লাছৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰত (২০১৩) ত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মানসী শৰ্মাই।<ref>{{Cite web|title=An epic for an epic, on small screen - All-new Mahabharata|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|website=The Telegraph|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011506/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|url-status=live}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm KMG ''Mahabharata''] *[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html Story of Ambalika] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী: মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] 3o1nthb2l7acbb4mzmek08jbuzn7tfr 453041 453005 2024-12-09T16:44:36Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453041 wikitext text/x-wiki অম্বালিকা কাশীৰাজৰ কনিষ্ঠা জীয়ৰী।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Ambālikā |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ ৰজা [[বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য]]ৰ পত্নী আৰু [[পাণ্ডু]]ৰ মাতৃ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-02-28 |title=Ambalika, Ambālikā: 14 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ambalika |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> ভীষ্মই অম্বা আৰু অম্বালিকাক স্বয়ংবৰৰ পৰা কাঢ়ি লৈ গৈছিল। বিবাহৰ সাত বছৰ পিছত বিচিত্ৰবীৰ্য যক্ষ্মা ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে আৰু সন্তানহীন হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। কিন্তু বংশধৰসকলৰ পুত্ৰৰ বাবে তাই [[সত্যৱতী]]ৰ পুত্ৰ মহৰ্ষি [[বেদব্যাস]]ৰ সৈতে যৌন সম্ভোগ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু সহবাসৰ সময়ত বেদব্যাসৰ ভয়ানক ৰূপ দেখি তাই ভয়তে শ্বেতা পৰি গৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01103.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CII |publisher=[[Sacred-texts.com]] |access-date=2012-08-15}}</ref><ref name=B>{{cite book|title=Myths and Legends from India - Great Women|last=Bhanu|first=Sharada|publisher=Macmillan India Limited|year=1997|location=Chennai|isbn=0-333-93076-2|pages=35–6}}</ref> সেইকাৰণে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ পাণ্ডু শ্বেতা আছিল। তাই তাইৰ অন্তিম জীৱন শাহু সত্যৱতী আৰু ভগ্নী [[অম্বিকা (মহাভাৰত)|অম্বিকা]]ৰ সৈতে সন্ন্যাসিনীৰ দৰে অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01129.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXXVIII |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |access-date=2012-08-15}}</ref> ==ধাৰাবাহিকৰ চৰিত্ৰত== *১৯৮৮ চনত বি আৰ চোপ্ৰাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰতত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মেনকা বব্বৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> *২০১৩ চনৰ ষ্টাৰ প্লাছৰ ধাৰাবাহিক মহাভাৰত (২০১৩) ত অম্বলিকাৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল মানসী শৰ্মাই।<ref>{{Cite web|title=An epic for an epic, on small screen - All-new Mahabharata|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|website=The Telegraph|access-date=9 May 2020|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011506/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/an-epic-for-an-epic-on-small-screen-all-new-mahabharata/cid/614823|url-status=live}}</ref> ==তথ্য উৎস== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm KMG ''Mahabharata''] *[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241376.html Story of Ambalika] {{মহাভাৰত}} [[শ্ৰেণী: মহাভাৰতৰ চৰিত্ৰ]] 5d96nmdc06gj9hqqf7l8o0kwpdmllaz পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা 0 74391 453305 377450 2024-12-10T09:37:16Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox writer | name = | image = পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা.jpeg | imagesize = 160px | alt = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_name = | Parents_name = তিলক বৰা, ঊষা বুজৰবৰুৱা | birth_date = ১-১-১৯৬৯ | birth_place = [[অসম]] | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = | nationality = [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] | ethnicity = | citizenship = ভাৰতীয় | language = [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] | education = ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী গ্ৰহণ৷ | alma_mater = | period = | genre = | subject = তুলনামূলক ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্য | movement = | notableworks = | notableworks = | partner = | children = | relatives = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = }} '''পল্লৱী ডেকা বুজৰবৰুৱা''' ({{lang-en|Pallavi Deka Buzarboruah}}) হৈছে এগৰাকী অসমীয়া লেখিকা, অনুবাদক, সম্পাদক। তেখেত বৰ্তমান [[ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ প্ৰাধ্যাপক হিচাপে কৰ্মৰত৷ অসমত ‘তুলনামূলক ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্য’বিষয়টোক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি তেখেতে ইতিমধ্যে কেইবাখনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰি উলিয়াইছে৷<ref>https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=YTulvu0AAAAJ&hl=en</ref> তেখেতৰ ‘গৱেষণাৰ পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান’ শীৰ্ষক গ্ৰন্থখন অসমীয়া ভাষাত এম.ফিল. আৰু ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰীৰ বাবে অধ্যয়নৰত শিক্ষাৰ্থীসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজনীয় এখন গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ গ্ৰন্থ৷ তেখেতে এতিয়ালৈকে ৫খনকৈ প্ৰবন্ধ সংকলন প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ লগতে দুখন উপন্যাস, এখন চুটিগল্প সংকলন আৰু ১খন অনুবাদ গ্ৰন্থ, ৫খন সম্পাদনামূলক গ্ৰন্থ আদি প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে৷ তেখেতৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত এতিয়ালৈকে ৩০ জনতকৈয়ো অধিক শিক্ষাৰ্থীয়ে অসমীয়া বিভাগৰপৰা এম.ফিল ডিগ্ৰী আৰু ১২ জন শিক্ষাৰ্থীয়ে ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছে৷ <ref>https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=YTulvu0AAAAJ&hl=en</ref> ==জন্ম আৰু বংশ পৰিচয়== তেখেতৰ জন্ম হয় ১ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৬৯ চনত৷ পিতৃৰ নাম তিলক বৰা আৰু মাতৃৰ ঊষা বুজৰবৰুৱা ৷ জন্মস্থান- লক্ষিমপুৰ, অসম৷ ==শিক্ষা== তেখেতে লক্ষিমপুৰ মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা ১৯৯০ চনত ইংৰাজী বিষয়ত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে৷ ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা ১৯৯৪ চনত অসমীয়া বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে৷ ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা ২০০১ চনত ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে৷ তেখেতৰ গৱেণাৰ বিষয় হ’ল- ‘ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথৰ কাব্যাদৰ্শ আৰু কেইজনমান অনুৱৰ্তী অসমীয়া কবিৰ কবিতা৷’<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/65 |access-date=2021-09-16 |archivedate=2021-09-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916053219/https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/65 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> <br /> ==চাকৰি জীৱন== ডিব্ৰুগড় হনুমানবক্স সুৰজকমল কানৈ কলেজত অধ্যাপক হিচাপে চাকৰি জীৱনৰ পাতনি মেলে৷ (১৯৯৭ চনৰপৰা ২০০৫ চনলৈকে)<br /> ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ সহকাৰী অধ্যাপক হিচাপে অংশগ্ৰহণ৷ (২০০৫ চনৰপৰা ২০০৯ চনলৈকে)<br /> ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ Reader হিচাপে দায়িত্বভাৰ গ্ৰহণ৷<br /> ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ অধ্যাপক হিচাপে অংশগ্ৰহণ৷ (২০১২ চনৰপৰা সাম্প্ৰতিক সময়লৈকে <ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/65 |access-date=2021-09-16 |archivedate=2021-09-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916053219/https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/65 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> <br /> ==সাহিত্যৰাজি== ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ আৰু অসমীয়া কবিতা, কৌষ্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, মাৰ্চ, ২০০৩<br /> ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথৰ চিন্তা আৰু ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্য বিচিত্ৰা, বনলতা, ডিব্ৰুগড়, মে, ২০০৩<br /> তুলনামূলক সাহিত্য, বিকাশ আৰু বিৱৰ্তন, ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, অসমীয়া বিভাগ, মাৰ্চ, ২০০৮<br /> তুলনামূলক সাহিত্য তত্ত্ব, বনলতা, ডিব্ৰুগড়, মে, ২০১৩<br /> গৱেষণা পদ্ধতিবিজ্ঞান, বনলতা, ২০১৭<br /> ===চুটিগল্প=== ভাৰ্ছিটিৰ ইকেবানা, চুটিগল্পৰ সংকলন, ২০১৪<br /> যাযাৱৰী নিশাৰ সংলাপ, চুটিগল্প সংকলন 2022 ===উপন্যাস=== পান্থশালাৰ প্ৰেমগাথা, ষ্টুডেণ্টচ্ ষ্ট’ৰচ্, গুৱাহাটী, ২০০৯<br /> কুঞ্জপৃথিৱীৰ কৃষ্ণপ্ৰিয়া, বনলতা, ডিব্ৰুগড়, চুটিগল্পৰ সংকলন<br /> ===অনুবাদ গ্ৰন্থ=== ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ, অনুবাদ, সাহিত্য অকাডেমী, নতুন দিল্লী, ২০১৮ <ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/65 |access-date=2021-09-16 |archivedate=2021-09-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916053219/https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/65 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> <br /> ===সম্পাদিত গ্ৰন্থ=== অসমৰ জনগোষ্ঠীয় লোকসাহিত্য, ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, অসমীয়া বিভাগ, মাৰ্চ, ২০০৯<br /> অসমীয়া কাব্যকোষ, অসম সাহিত্য সভা, ২০১২<br /> প্ৰসংগ : সাহিত্য আৰু সংস্কৃতি, বনলতা, ডিব্ৰুগড়, ২০১২<br /> বিহু, সদৌ ধেমাজি জিলা ছাত্ৰ সন্থা, ২০২১<br /> তুলনামূলক সাহিত্য আৰু পৰিধীয় ক্ষেত্ৰ, সদৌ ধেমাজি জিলা ছাত্ৰ সন্থা, ২০২১<br /> ==বঁটা আৰু সন্মান== == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক]] kp9hfkkd0m8900i79nvtcltowlk626v জয়ন্ত কুমাৰ বৰা 0 74398 453198 445149 2024-12-10T05:36:46Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notability}} {{unreferenced}} {{peacock}} {{infobox writer | name = জয়ন্ত কুমাৰ বৰা | image = | imagesize = 200px | alt = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_name = | Parents_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|-|-|-}} | birth_place = [[অসম]] | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = | nationality = [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] | ethnicity = | citizenship = ভাৰতীয় | language = [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] | education = | alma_mater = | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | notableworks = | partner = | children = | relatives = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = }} '''জয়ন্ত কুমাৰ বৰা''' ({{lang-en|Jayanta Kumar Bora}}) হৈছে এগৰাকী অসমীয়া লেখক, অধ্যাপক, সম্পাদক৷ তেখেত বৰ্তমান [[ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ]] অসমীয়া বিভাগৰ অধ্যাপক৷<ref name=dibru>[https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/63 Dibrugarh University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920025928/https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/63 |date=2021-09-20 }} Retrieved on 7 July 2022</ref> সাহিত্য সমালোচনা বিষয়ত তেখেতৰ ভালেকইখন গ্ৰন্থ ইতিমধ্যে প্ৰকাশিত হৈছে৷ ==জন্ম আৰু বংশ পৰিচয়== ==শিক্ষা== *অসমীয়া বিষয়ত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী, ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, অসমীয়া বিভাগ, ১৯৯১ *অসমীয়া বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী, ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, অসমীয়া বিভাগ, ১৯৯৪ *ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী, ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, অসমীয়া বিভাগ, ২০০৪ তেখেতৰ গৱেষণৰা বিষয় আছিল- ‘হোমেন বৰগোহাঞিৰ উপন্যাস: এটি বিশ্লেষণাত্মক অধ্যয়ন’ ==চাকৰি জীৱন== *সহকাৰী অধ্যাপক, অসমীয়া বিভাগ, শিৱসাগৰ কলেজ, ১৯৯৫ৰপৰা ১৯৯৮ চনলৈ৷ <ref>[https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/63 Dibrugarh University official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920025928/https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/63 |date=2021-09-20 }} https://dibru.ac.in/ Retrieved on 7th July 2022</ref> *সহকাৰী অধ্যাপক, ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, অসমীয়া বিভাগ, ১৯৯৮ৰপৰা ২০০৮ চনলৈ৷ *Reader, ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, অসমীয়া বিভাগ, ১৯৯৮ৰপৰা ২০১১ চনলৈ৷ *অধ্যাপক, ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, অসমীয়া বিভাগ, ২০১১ৰপৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে৷ ==সাহিত্যৰাজি== *সাহিত্য অভিৰূপা, বাণী মন্দিৰ, ২০১৩ *অসমীয়া সাহিত্যৰ নানা দিশ, বাণী মন্দিৰ,২০১০(প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশ) *সাহিত্য-প্ৰনিধি, বনলতা, ২০১৪ *বিষয় আৰু ব্যাখ্যা, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৪ *হোমেন বৰগোহাঞিৰ উপন্যাসৰ শিল্প বৈভৱ, অসম পাবলিচিং কোম্পানী, ২০১৫ *বীৰেন্দ্ৰ কুমাৰ ভট্টাচাৰ্যৰ গল্প সাহিত্য আৰু অন্যান্য, কৌস্তুভ প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৫ *নেপথ্য আৰু নিৰ্মাণ,বনলতা প্ৰকাশন,প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশ ২০১৯ <ref name=assamdibru>[https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/63 dibru University userlist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920025928/https://dibru.ac.in/userlist/welcome/profile/63 |date=2021-09-20 }} Retrieved on 7 July 2022</ref> ===সম্পাদিত গ্ৰন্থ=== *মনকৰৰ মনসা কাব্য, বাণী মন্দিৰ, ২০০৮ *শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰ কাব্য, বাণী মন্দিৰ, ২০০৯ *ভ্ৰমৰংগ, ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্ৰকাশন, ২০০৯ *মিলন-জ্যোতি, ডিব্ৰুগড় গ্ৰন্থ উৎসৱ, ২০১১ *অসমীয়া গদ্য চয়নিকা,যুতীয়াভাৱে, সাৰদা প্ৰকাশন, ২০০৯ *ভাষা সাহিত্য অধ্যয়নৰ বিবিধ দিশ, যুতীয়াভাৱে, ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্ৰকাশন, ২০১৪ <ref name=assamdibru/> *বিহু আৰু তাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক চিত্ৰ, (মূলঃ গণেশচন্দ্ৰ হাজৰিকা) সম্প্ৰীতি প্ৰকাশন, ২০২৩ ==বঁটা আৰু সন্মান== == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} 0bhga5u5nhmbvb889f25gvrzf3o54h1 ক'ফি আন্নান 0 75011 453131 301324 2024-12-10T01:24:10Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Kofi Annan 2012 (cropped).jpg | caption = ২০১২ চনত ক'ফি আন্নান | birth_date = {{birth date|1938|04|8|df=y}} | death_date = {{death date and age|2018|08|18|1938|04|08|df=y}} | birth_place = কুমাচী, গ'ল্ড কোষ্ট<br />{{nobr|(বৰ্তমানৰ [[ঘানা]])}} | death_place = বাৰ্ণ, [[ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড]] | spouse = {{plainlist}} * {{marriage|তিতি আলাকিজা|1965|1983|end=div}} * {{marriage|নানে লাগাৰগ্ৰেন|1984<!--Omission per Template:Marriage instructions-->}} {{endplainlist}} | children = ৩ | profession = কূটনীতিবিদ | signature = Kofi Annan signature.svg | signature_size = 100px }} '''ক'ফি আন্নান''' ({{Lang-en|Kofi Annan}}) [[ঘানা]]ৰ এজন কূটনীতিবিদ আছিল যি ১৯৯৭ চনৰ জানুৱাৰীৰ পৰা ২০০৬ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰলৈ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ সপ্তম মহাসচিব হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1996/19961217.ga9208.html |title=GENERAL ASSEMBLY APPOINTS KOFI ANNAN OF GHANA AS SEVENTH SECRETARY-GENERAL |publisher=Un.org |date=17 December 1996 |accessdate=22 May 2020 }}</ref> আন্নান আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘই যুটীয়াভাবে ২০০১ চনৰ শান্তিৰ [[ন'বেল বঁটা]] লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name=NobelLaur>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2001|website=NobelPrize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB 2018|accessdate=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819225327/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2001/summary/|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> তেওঁ ক'ফি আন্নান ফাউণ্ডেচনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আৰু অধ্যক্ষ হোৱাৰ লগতে [[নেলছন মেণ্ডেলা]]ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন দ্য এল্ডাৰছৰ অধ্যক্ষ আছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kofi-Annan|title=Kofi Annan {{!}} Ghanaian statesman and secretary-general of the United Nations|accessdate=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011154639/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kofi-Annan|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> == জন্ম আৰু বংশ পৰিচয় == ১৯৩৮ চনৰ ৮ এপ্ৰিলত গ'ল্ড কোষ্টৰ কুমাচীত ক'ফি আন্নানৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। আন্নানৰ জন্ম দেশৰ অন্যতম ফেণ্টে অভিজাত পৰিয়ালত হৈছিল; তেওঁলোকৰ ককাক আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ খুৰাক দুয়োজন ফেণ্টে পেৰামাউণ্ট চীফ আছিল।<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Kofi Annan – The Man To Save The World? |url=http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |url-status=dead |magazine=Saga Magazine |accessdate=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114194400/http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |archive-date=14 January 2014 |date=November 2002 |via=William Shawcross |archivedate=14 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114194400/http://www.williamshawcross.com/index.php?page=annan |deadurl=yes }}</ref> == শিক্ষা == ১৯৫৮ চনত আন্নানে কুমাচি বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তি মহাবিদ্যালয়ত অৰ্থনীতি অধ্যয়ন আৰম্ভ কৰে, যি বৰ্তমান ঘানাৰ কোৱামে এনক্ৰুমাহ বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তি বিদ্যা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়। তেওঁ ফৰ্ড ফাউণ্ডেচনৰ অনুদান লাভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত তেওঁ ১৯৬১ চনত আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মিনেচ'টাৰ ছেইণ্ট পলৰ মেকালেষ্টাৰ মহাবিদ্যালয়ত অৰ্থনীতিত স্নাতক অধ্যয়ন সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। তাৰ পিছত আন্নানে ১৯৬১ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬২ চনলৈ ছুইজাৰলেণ্ডৰ জেনেভাত গ্ৰেজুৱেট ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল এণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট ষ্টাডিজত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্পৰ্কত diplôme ডি'এপ্ৰফণ্ডিজ ডিইএ ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। কিছু বছৰৰ কামৰ অভিজ্ঞতাৰ পিছত, তেওঁ স্লোয়ান ফেলোছ কাৰ্যসূচীত এমআইটি স্লোয়ান স্কুল অফ মেনেজমেণ্ট (1971-72)ত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু মেনেজমেণ্টত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰিছিল।<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan</ref> == চাকৰি জীৱন == আন্নানে মেকালেষ্টাৰ মহাবিদ্যালয়ত অৰ্থনীতি, গ্ৰেজুৱেট ইনষ্টিটিউট জেনেভাত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্পৰ্ক আৰু এমআইটিৰ ব্যৱস্থাপনা অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল। আন্নানে ১৯৬২ চনত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘত যোগদান কৰে, [[বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থা]]ৰ জেনেভা কাৰ্যালয়ৰ বাবে কাম কৰে।<ref>Stanley Meisner (2007). Kofi Annan: A Man of Peace in a World of War. {{ISBN|978-0-470-28169-7}}. p27</ref> তেওঁ ১৯৯২ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহৰ পৰা ১৯৯৬ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহৰ ভিতৰত শান্তি ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে আণ্ডাৰ-চেক্ৰেটেৰী জেনেৰেল হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰাকে ধৰি ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয়ত কেইবাটাও পদত কাম কৰিছিল। ১৯৯৬ চনৰ ১৩ ডিচেম্বৰত নিৰাপত্তা পৰিষদে তেওঁক মহাসচিব হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়ে, আৰু পিছত সাধাৰণ সভাৰ দ্বাৰা নিশ্চিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ কৰ্মচাৰীৰ পৰা নিৰ্বাচিত হোৱা প্ৰথম কাৰ্যালয় ধাৰক হয়। তেওঁ ২০০১ চনত দ্বিতীয় কাৰ্যকালৰ বাবে পুনৰ নিৰ্বাচিত হয়, আৰু ২০০৭ চনৰ ১ জানুৱাৰীত তেওঁৰ উত্তৰসূৰী [[বেন কি মুন|বান কি-মুনে]] মহাসচিবৰ পদ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>GENERAL ASSEMBLY APPOINTS KOFI ANNAN OF GHANA AS SEVENTH SECRETARY-GENERAL". Un.org. 17 December 1996</ref> == মৃত্যু == ২০১৮ চনৰ ১৮ আগষ্টৰ ৰাতিপুৱা ছুইজাৰলেণ্ডৰ বাৰ্ণত ৮০ বছৰ বয়সত আন্নানৰ মৃত্যু হয়। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ঘানাৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কূটনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:শান্তিৰ ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী]] iyxydcabnm0nedx5m9imvg7lbl9s0te উমা ৰামাকৃষ্ণণ 0 79167 453107 410172 2024-12-10T00:28:56Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = উমা ৰামাকৃষ্ণণ | image = | nationality = ভাৰতীয় | alma_mater = ডক্টৰেট, ইউনিভাৰ্ছিটি অব চিকাগো প’ষ্টডক, ষ্টেনফ’ৰ্ড ইউনিভাৰ্ছিটি | occupation = অধ্যাপক | awards = Parker-Gentry Award | website = https://www.ncbs.res.in/faculty/uma-research }} '''উমা ৰামাকৃষ্ণণ'''(Uma Ramakrishnan) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় পৰিস্থিতি বিজ্ঞানী (ecologist)৷ তেওঁ বৰ্তমান [[বেংগালুৰু]]ৰ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় জীৱবিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ]]ত অধ্যাপক হিচাপে কাৰ্য্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰি আছে৷ তেওঁৰ গৱেষণাৰ মূল বিষয় হ’ল ভাৰতৰ স্তন্যপায়ী জন্তুৰ সংখ্যাগত আনুবংশিক বিজ্ঞান (population genetics) আৰু ক্ৰমবিৱৰ্ত্তনৰ ইতিহাস (evolutionary history)৷ বিশেষকৈ ভাৰতত [[ঢেঁকীয়াপতীয়া বাঘ]]ৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে তেওঁ উল্লেখযোগ্য অৱদান আগবঢ়াইছে৷<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/faculty/uma|title=Dr. Uma Ramakrishnan {{!}} NCBS|website=www.ncbs.res.in|access-date=2019-08-31}}</ref> ২০১৯ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিজ্ঞান একাডেমী (Indian National Science Academy) ৰ সদস্য হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়৷ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.ncbs.res.in/spotlight/congratulations-dr-uma-ramakrishnan-elected-fellow-insa|title=Congratulations! Dr Uma Ramakrishnan elected fellow of INSA {{!}} NCBS News|website=news.ncbs.res.in|access-date=2019-08-31}}</ref> ==শিক্ষা== ৰামাকৃষ্ণণে পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞান, ৰায়ন বিজ্ঞান আৰু গণিতসহ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগত স্নাতক আৰু বায়’টেকন’লজি বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে৷ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelifeofscience.com/2018/03/16/tiger-trail-uma/|title=On the tiger trail with Uma|date=2018-03-16|website=The Life of Science|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-31}}</ref> পৰৱৰ্ত্তী সময়ত তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ইউনিভাৰ্ছিটি অব কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া, ছান ডিয়েগোৰ পৰা ডক্টৰেট আৰু ষ্টেনফৰ্ড ইউনিভাৰ্ছিটিৰ পৰা প’ষ্ট ডক্টৰেল ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে৷<ref>https://www.ibiology.org/speakers/uma-ramakrishnan/</ref> এইসময়ত তেওঁ প্ৰাচীন ডি এন এ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি স্তন্যপায়ী জন্তুৰ ওপৰত জলবায়ুৰ পৰিৱৰ্ত্তন অধ্যয়ন কৰে৷<ref>https://blog.frontiersin.org/2021/09/13/from-curiosity-to-a-career-tigers-elephants-and-everything-in-between/</ref> ==কেৰিয়াৰ আৰু গৱেষণা== ৰামাকৃষ্ণণে ২০০৫ চনত [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় জীৱবিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ]]ত সহকাৰী অধ্যাপিকা পদত যোগদান কৰে৷ <ref>https://www.ibiology.org/speakers/uma-ramakrishnan/</ref>তেওঁৰ গৱেষণাৰ মূল বিষয় বংশগতি বিজ্ঞানৰ সহায়ত পৰিস্থিতিতন্ত্ৰই জৈৱবৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ ওপৰত পেলোৱা প্ৰভাৱৰ ওপৰত আলোচনা কৰা৷<ref>https://www.ibiology.org/speakers/uma-ramakrishnan/</ref> তেওঁৰ অধীনত গৱেষকৰ দলে [[ঢেঁকীয়াপতীয়া বাঘ]]ৰ মলৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি বাঘৰ সংখ্যা আৰু জিনগত জৰীপ কৰাৰ পদ্ধতি বিকাশ কৰে৷<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/dept/cehg/cgi-bin/cehg-symposium/speakers/uma-ramakrishnan/|title=Uma Ramakrishnan « CEHG Symposium|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-16|archivedate=2017-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218101018/https://web.stanford.edu/dept/cehg/cgi-bin/cehg-symposium/speakers/uma-ramakrishnan/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তাৰোপৰি তেওঁৰ গৱেষণাই বনৰীয়া নিগনি আৰু [[পশ্চিমঘাট পৰ্বতমালা]]ৰ চৰাইৰ জিনগত অধ্যয়নো সামৰি লৈছে৷<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-16|title=On the tiger trail with Uma|url=https://thelifeofscience.com/2018/03/16/tiger-trail-uma/|access-date=2019-08-31|website=The Life of Science|language=en-GB}}</ref> কানহা পেঞ্চ কৰিড’ৰৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ যোৱা সাত নম্বৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ঘাইপথটোৰ বহলীকৰণ ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ আদালতত হোৱা শুনানিত ৰামাকৃষ্ণণৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় ভাৰতৰ ঢেঁকীয়াপতীয়া বাঘৰ সংযোগ (connectivity) ৰ ওপৰত কৰা গৱেষণাৰ তথ্য ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল৷ <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-16|title=On the tiger trail with Uma|url=https://thelifeofscience.com/2018/03/16/tiger-trail-uma/|access-date=2019-08-31|website=The Life of Science|language=en-GB}}</ref> == বঁটা আৰু স্বীকৃতি == * ৰামানুজণ ফেল’শ্বিপ, বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যা বিভাগ, ভাৰত চৰকাৰ; ২০১০ <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbs.res.in/honors-awards/2010-2012|title=Honors & Awards(2010-2012) {{!}} NCBS|website=www.ncbs.res.in|access-date=2019-02-16}}</ref> * ফুলব্ৰাইট ভিজিটিং ফেল’শ্বিপ; ২০১৫ <ref>https://www.ibiology.org/speakers/uma-ramakrishnan/</ref> * পাৰ্কাৰ জেন্ট্ৰি বঁঁটা, ফিল্ড মিউজিয়াম অব নেচাৰেল হিষ্ট’ৰি, চিকাগো; ২০১৬<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bengaluru-based-ecologist-bags-parker-gentry-award-work-tiger-conservation-42026|website=www.thenewsminute.com|access-date=2019-02-16|title=Bengaluru based ecologist bags Parker-Gentry award for work on tiger conservation|date=22 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2016 Dr. Uma Ramakrishnan {{!}} Parker/Gentry Award|url=https://parkergentry.fieldmuseum.org/2016|access-date=2019-08-31|website=parkergentry.fieldmuseum.org|archivedate=2019-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421034244/https://parkergentry.fieldmuseum.org/2016|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *অসাধাৰণ বিজ্ঞানী বঁটা (Outstanding Scientist Award), এট’মিক এনাৰ্জি বিভাগ; ২০১২<ref name=":4" /> *সদস্য, ভাৰতীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিজ্ঞান একাডেমী<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.ncbs.res.in/spotlight/congratulations-dr-uma-ramakrishnan-elected-fellow-insa|title=Congratulations! Dr Uma Ramakrishnan elected fellow of INSA {{!}} NCBS News|website=news.ncbs.res.in|access-date=2019-08-31}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * উমা ৰামাকৃষ্ণণৰ ভাষণ: [https://www.ibiology.org/evolution/biogeography/#part-1 প্ৰজাতিৰ ভৌগোলিক বিস্তৃতিৰ অধ্যয়ন- প্ৰথম খণ্ড] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228163248/https://www.ibiology.org/evolution/biogeography/#part-1 |date=2022-02-28 }} * উমা ৰামাকৃষ্ণণৰ ভাষণ: [https://www.ibiology.org/evolution/biogeography/#part-2 প্ৰজাতিৰ ভৌগোলিক বিস্তৃতিৰ অধ্যয়ন- দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * উমা ৰামাকৃষ্ণণৰ ভাষণ: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfiuvYpPGpM ডিএনএৰ সহায়ত জৈৱবৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ মেপিং] * উমা ৰামাকৃষ্ণণৰ [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1NnlZbiPJc টেডএক্সত ভাষণ] ==তথ্যউৎস== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় বিজ্ঞানী]] i6xks5e8cmclh06h61o7um4qnpx17ex উৰ্বশী ৰৌতেলা 0 81276 453115 380213 2024-12-10T00:40:35Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actress | name = উৰ্বশী ৰৌতেলা | image = Urvashi-Rautela-12th-Radio-Mirchi-Music-awards-2020-12 (cropped).jpg | caption = ২০২০ত উৰ্বশী ৰৌতেলা | occupation = {{hlist|অভিনেত্ৰী|মডেল}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|02|25|df=y}} | birth_place = [[হৰিদ্বাৰ]], [[উত্তৰাখণ্ড]], ভাৰত | years_active = ২০১৩–বৰ্তমান | height = | competitions = [[মিছ ডিভা ২০১৫]]<br/>(Winner)<br/> [[মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্ছ ২০১৫]]<br/>(Unplaced) }} '''উৰ্বশী ৰৌতেলা''' (জন্ম:২৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী তথা মডেল। তেওঁ হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰতো অভিনয় কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-universe/Urvashi-Rautela-gets-a-lucky-charm-from-Lara/articleshow/49984318.cms |title=Urvashi Rautela gets a lucky charm from Lara! – Beauty Pageants – Indiatimes |website=Femina Miss India |access-date=25 December 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>[[মিছ ডিভা ইউনিভাৰ্চ|মিছ ডিভা ইউনিভাৰ্চ,২০১৫]]ৰ ৰৌতেলাই বিজয়ী মুকুট পৰিধান কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হোৱাৰ লগতে তেওঁ [[মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্ছ|মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্ছ,২০১৫]]ত ভাৰতক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিছিল। ''[[সিং ছাব দ্য গ্ৰেট]]'' (২০১৩) ছবিৰে চলচ্চিত্ৰ জগতত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰি ''[[মি.এৰাৱেতা]]'' (২০১৫),''[[চনম ৰে]]'' (২০১৬), ''[[গ্ৰেট গ্ৰেণ্ড মাস্তি]]'' (২০১৬), ''[[হেট ষ্ট'ৰী ৪]]'' (২০১৮),''[[পাগলপন্টি (২০১৯ চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|পাগলপন্টি]]'' (২০১৯) আদি ছবিত উৰ্বশী ৰৌতেলাই অভিনয় কৰিছে। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা== উৰ্বশী ৰৌতেলাৰ জন্ম হয় হৰিদ্বাৰত<ref>{{cite news |date=14 December 2015 |title=Meet Urvashi Rautela, Miss India Universe 2015 |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/glamour-achiever-meet-urvashi-rautela-miss-india-universe-2015/20151214.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> ১৯৯৪ চনৰ ২৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী তাৰিখে।<ref name="25thBDay">{{cite news |last1=Indo-Asian News Service |title=Urvashi Rautela posts 25th birthday selfie with Justin Bieber and Hailey Baldwin: I am about to faint |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/urvashi-rautela-posts-25th-birthday-selfie-with-justin-bieber-and-hailey-baldwin-i-am-about-to-faint-1464445-2019-02-25 |access-date=11 September 2019 |work=India Today |date=25 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> ৰৌতেলাৰ মাতৃ আৰু পিতৃৰ নাম ক্ৰমে মীৰা ৰৌতেলা আৰু মনোৱাৰ সিং ৰৌতেলা। তেওঁলোক গাৰোৱালী ৰাজপুত পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Did you know that Urvashi Rautela hails from the royal family of Garhwal, Uttarakhand? : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/know-urvashi-rautela-hails-royal-family-garhwal-uttarakhand/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=31 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chillar And Urvashi Rautela Reacts To Swara Bhaskar's Open Letter |url=https://bollywoodtoday.in/manushi-chillar-and-urvashi-rautela-reacts-to-swara-bhaskars-open-letter/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |work=bollywoodtoday.in |date=29 January 2018 |quote=I am a Rajput myself, I respect Rani Padmini and I really don’t want to comment much on the film as I haven’t seen it. But all I can say that trolling is such a common thing, it happens to everyone. During Filmfare it happened with me |archivedate=25 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525032345/https://bollywoodtoday.in/manushi-chillar-and-urvashi-rautela-reacts-to-swara-bhaskars-open-letter/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> উৰ্বশী ৰৌতেলাৰ গৃহ চহৰ [[কোটদ্বাৰ]]ত।<ref>{{cite news |date=27 October 2017 |title=Urvashi visits hometown Kotdwar |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Urvashi-visits-hometown-Kotdwar/articleshow/49557097.cms |access-date=24 January 2019}}</ref> উৰ্বশী ৰৌতেলা দিল্লী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অন্তৰ্গত গাৰ্গী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰাক্তন ছাত্ৰী।<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi University is the best and I'm lucky to be its alumna: Urvashi Rautela |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/delhi-university-is-the-best-and-i-m-lucky-to-be-its-alumna-urvashi-rautela/story-dd6RctllwMxdffxjQB7FbN.html |access-date=22 March 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]] bdhy5jrks0lnyne4xqr0c8n84pv0z11 জলকীয়া 0 83298 453204 390653 2024-12-10T05:41:20Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox |name = জলকীয়া |image = Madame Jeanette and other chillies.jpg |image_caption = |regnum = [[Plant]]ae |unranked_divisio=Tracheophytes |unranked_classis=Angiosperms |unranked_subclassis=Eudicots |unranked_ordo=Asterids |ordo=Solanales |familia=Solanaceae |tribus=Capsiceae L. |genus=Capsicum L. |parent_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |taxon = Capsicum |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |subdivision_ranks = [[Variety (botany)|প্ৰকাৰ]] আৰু [[Cultivar group|গোটসমূহ]] |subdivision = *[[Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum|''C. annuum'' var. ''glabriusculum'']]<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN}}</ref> *''C. annuum'' [[Bell pepper|'Bell']] *''C. annuum'' [[Cayenne pepper|'Cayenne']] *''C. annuum'' '[[Jalapeño]]' *''C. annuum'' [[New Mexico chile|'New Mexico Group' (New Mexico chile)]] *''C. annuum'' '[[Poblano]]' *''C. chinense'' '[[Habanero]]' *''C. chinense'' '[[Scotch bonnet]]' *''C. frutescens'' '[[Peri-peri]]' *''C. frutescens'' '[[Tabasco pepper]]' |synonyms_ref =<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2698415|title=Capsicum annuum L. — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org|access-date=2022-09-13|archivedate=2021-11-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102165401/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2698415|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>সমাৰ্থক</small> |''Capsicum buforum'' <small>Salisb.</small> }}}} [[File:Achill.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|জলকীয়া গছৰ পুলি]] '''জলকীয়া''' ({{lang-en|Chilli}}) এবিধ গুল্মজাতীয় গছত লগা জ্বলাগুণবিশিষ্ট পাচলি। খাদ্যবস্তু অধিক ৰুচিকৰ কৰে বাবে বহুতে ইয়াক মছলা হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। আদিতে প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে উৎপাদিত জলকীয়া পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো দেশৰ মানুহে কেঁচা, পকা আৰু শুকান- এই তিনিৰূপত খায়। জলকীয়াৰ উৎপত্তি বলিভিয়াত হৈছিল<ref name="Pickersgill">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pickersgill B | title = Relationships Between Weedy and Cultivated Forms in Some Species of Chili Peppers (Genus Capsicum) | journal = Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 683–691 | date = December 1971 | pmid = 28564789 | doi = 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01926.x | s2cid = 205772121 }}</ref><ref name="Chiou">{{cite journal | vauthors = Katherine C, Christine H |title=A Systematic Approach to Species-Level Identification of Chile Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Seeds: Establishing the Groundwork for Tracking the Domestication and Movement of Chile Peppers through the Americas and Beyond |journal=Economic Botany |date=16 December 2014 |volume=68 |issue=3 |publisher=New York Botanical Garden Press |pages=316–336 |doi=10.1007/s12231-014-9279-2 |jstor=43305668 |s2cid=36556206 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/43305668 |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰথম খেতি কৰা হৈছিল মেক্সিকোত।<ref name = "Kraft_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kraft KH, Brown CH, Nabhan GP, Luedeling E, Luna Ruiz J, Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge G, Hijmans RJ, Gepts P | display-authors = 6 | title = Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 111 | issue = 17 | pages = 6165–6170 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24753581 | pmc = 4035960 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1308933111 | first8 = RJ | doi-access = free | first9 = P | bibcode = 2014PNAS..111.6165K }}</ref> কলম্বিয়ান এক্সচেঞ্জৰ পিছত জলকীয়াৰ বহু জাত বিশ্বজুৰি বিয়পি পৰে যিবোৰ খাদ্য আৰু পৰম্পৰাগত ঔষধ দুয়োটাতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত এনুয়াম প্ৰজাতিকে ধৰি বহু ধৰণৰ প্ৰজাতি যেনে গ্লেব্ৰিয়স্কুলাম, নিউ মেক্সিকোৰ বেকেটাম, চাইনেন্স, ফ্ৰুটেচেন্স, আৰু পিউবেচেন্স আদিৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। উত্তৰ আমেৰিকা আৰু ইউৰোপত উৎপাদিত জাতবোৰ কেপচিকাম এনুয়ামৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ ফল সাধাৰণতে বগা, হালধীয়া, ৰঙা বা বেঙুনীয়াৰ আৰু ক’লা ৰঙৰ হয়। ২০১৯ চনত বিশ্বৰ কেঁচা সেউজীয়া জলকীয়াৰ উৎপাদন ৩৮ মিলিয়ন টন হৈছিল ইয়াৰে আধা অংশৰ উৎপাদক দেশ আছিল চীন।<ref name="fao2019">{{cite web|title=Green chili production in 2019; Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity/Green Chillies and Peppers from pick lists|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)|access-date=12 December 2021|date=2021}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== জলকীয়াৰ আদিভূমি [[বলিভিয়া]]। পৰিব্ৰাজক কলম্বাছে ইয়াক ইউৰোপলৈ আনিছিল। তাৰপাছত [[পশ্চিম ব্ৰাজিল]]ৰ পৰা [[পৰ্তুগীজ]]সকলে [[আফ্ৰিকা]]লৈ আৰু আফ্ৰিকাৰ পৰা [[উত্তমাশা অন্তৰীপ]] হৈ ভাৰতলৈ জলকীয়াৰ আগমন হয়। [[ভাৰত]]ত জলকীয়াৰ খেতি প্ৰথম [[গোৱা]]ত কৰা হয়। [[American Botanical Council]]ৰ ২০০০ চনত প্ৰকাশ কৰা তথ্য অনুসৰি ৭০০০-৭৫০০ বছৰ আগৰেপৰাই উত্তৰ আৰু মধ্য আমেৰিকাত ঔষধ আৰু খাদ্য হিচাপে জলকীয়া খাইছিল।<ref name="Pickersgill"/><ref name="bosland">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1996/V3-479.html| vauthors = Bosland PW | date = 1998 | chapter = Capsicums: Innovative uses of an ancient crop | pages = 479–487 | veditors = Janick J | title = Progress in New Crops | publisher = ASHS Press |location=Arlington, VA |access-date=23 December 2010}}</ref> জলকীয়াৰ খেতিৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৬,০০০ বছৰ আগতে পূব-মধ্য মেক্সিকোৰ পৰা আৰম্ভহোৱা বুলি অনুসন্ধান কৰা হৈছে,<ref name = "Kraft_2014" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/uoc--bot041614.php |title=Birthplace of the domesticated chili pepper identified in Mexico |publisher=EurekaAlert, [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |date=21 April 2014 |access-date=14 September 2022 |archivedate=15 August 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175256/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/uoc--bot041614.php |deadurl=yes }}</ref> যদিও ২০১৪ চনত নিউয়ৰ্ক উদ্ভিদ উদ্যান প্ৰেছৰ গৱেষণা অনুসৰি, প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে আমেৰিকাকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন স্থানত জলকীয়া গছৰ খেতি স্বতন্ত্ৰভাৱে কৰা হৈছিল হাইলেণ্ড বলিভিয়া, মধ্য মেক্সিকো আৰু আমাজনত।<ref name="Chiou"/> মেক্সিকো, মধ্য আমেৰিকা <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carrizo García |first1=Carolina |last2=Barfuss |first2=Michael H. J. |last3=Sehr |first3=Eva M. |last4=Barboza |first4=Gloria E. |last5=Samuel |first5=Rosabelle |last6=Moscone |first6=Eduardo A. |last7=Ehrendorfer |first7=Friedrich |date=July 2016 |title=Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers ( Capsicum, Solanaceae) |journal=Annals of Botany |language=en |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=35–51 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcw079 |issn=0305-7364 |pmc=4934398 |pmid=27245634}}</ref> আৰু দক্ষিণ আমেৰিকাৰ কিছু অংশত খেতি কৰা প্ৰথম স্ব-পৰগাছা শস্যৰ ভিতৰত জলকীয়া আছিল অন্যতম।<ref name=bosland/> পেৰুত খেতি কৰা কেপচিকামৰ সৰ্বাধিক বৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ জাত উপলব্ধ, কাৰণ পেৰু হৈছে এই বৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ কেন্দ্ৰ য'ত প্ৰাক-কলম্বিয়ান যুগতে পাঁচোটা প্ৰজাতি প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছিল, খেতি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name="van">{{cite journal | vauthors = van Zonneveld M, Ramirez M, Williams DE, Petz M, Meckelmann S, Avila T, Bejarano C, Ríos L, Peña K, Jäger M, Libreros D, Amaya K, Scheldeman X | display-authors = 6 | title = Screening Genetic Resources of Capsicum Peppers in Their Primary Center of Diversity in Bolivia and Peru | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 10 | issue = 9 | pages = e0134663 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26402618 | pmc = 4581705 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0134663 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1034663V }}</ref> ভাৰতত জলকীয়াৰ প্ৰচলন ১৬শ শতিকাৰ পৰাহে হয়। ইয়াৰ আগৰ কোনো ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্যত জলকীয়াৰ উল্লেখ নাই। [[বেদ]]ত জলকীয়াৰ উল্লেখ নাই। [[আবুল ফজল]]ৰ [[আইন ই আকবৰী]]তো জলকীয়া নামৰ পাচলিবিধৰ উল্লেখ নাই। [[সংস্কৃত]]ত ’মৰিছিকা’ শব্দটো জ্বলাগুণবিশিষ্ট [[জালুক]] বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="মাক">{{cite journal | title=জুতুলী পুতুলী মাকৰ চোকা টেকেলা পুতেক | author=ফুকন, ড° মৃদুস্মিতা | journal=প্ৰান্তিক | year=২০১৩ | month=ডিছেম্বৰ}}</ref> ==নাম আৰু প্ৰকাৰ== [[File:Bhoot Jolokia ( Ghost Chili pepper ).jpg|thumb|ভোটজলকীয়াৰ সৈতে কেইটামান কেঁচা জলকীয়া]] পৃথিৱীজুৰি থকা জলকীয়াক বিভিন্ন ঠাইত বিভিন্ন নামেৰে জনা যায়। ভাৰততো জলকীয়াৰ নানা নাম আছে। জলকীয়াৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম Capsicum Frutescens আৰু ই Solanaceae গোত্ৰৰ অন্তৰ্গত। এই গোত্ৰৰ ৫০ বিধতকৈ অধিক প্ৰজাতি আৰু অসংখ্য প্ৰকাৰৰ পোৱা যায়। যিবিলাক জলকীয়া জ্বলা নহয় বা জ্বলা কম থাকে, তেনে জলকীয়াক Capsicum আৰু যিবোৰত জ্বলাগুণ বেছি থাকে, তাক Chilli বুলি কোৱা হয়। বিশ্বত সৰ্বাধিক খেতি কৰা জলকীয়া হ’ল পাঁচবিধ। সেইবোৰ হ’ল, Capsicum annuum, C frutescens, C Chinese, Cpubescens আৰু C baccatum, ইয়াৰে প্ৰথম দুবিধৰ খেতিহে ভাৰতত হয়। ভাৰতত জলকীয়াক নানা নামেৰে জনা যায়। মৰিচ, ভজলুক, ভূঁই জালুক, লংকা, ভোজন ঠেলা আদিৰ উপৰিও স্থানীয় প্ৰকাৰভেদেও বেলেগ বেলেগ নাম আছে। কণ জলকীয়া, ফিৰিঙি জলকীয়া, আখি জলকীয়া, কৰ্দৈসিৰীয়া জলকীয়া, খুদ জলকীয়া, ধান জলকীয়া, মেম জলকীয়া, কৃষ্ণ জলকীয়া, ঘিঁউ জলকীয়া, সূৰ্যমুখী জলকীয়া, আম জলকীয়া, কুনকুনী জলকীয়া, মৈমনসিঙীয়া জলকীয়া, গাৰু জলকীয়া, ভোট জলকীয়া বা বিহ জলকীয়া বা ৰজা মৰিচ আদি।<ref name="মাক"/> ==খাদ্যপ্ৰাণ== জলকীয়া ভিটামিন ‘চি’ আৰু ভিটামিন ‘এ’ৰ উৎস। মানৱ শৰীৰৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজনীয় খনিজ লৱণ যেনে শৰ্কৰা, চৰ্বী, পানী, বিটা কেৰোটিন, পটাছিয়াম, ভিটামিন বি, ছডিয়াম, কপাৰ, ক্লৰিণ, ছালফাৰ আদিও জলকীয়াত পোৱা যায়। কেঁচা জলকীয়াৰ পৰা ভিটামিন “ছি’’ আহৰণ কৰি হাংগেৰীয়ান বিজ্ঞানী [[এলবাৰ্ট ছেণ্ট জৰ্জ]]এ ১৯৩৭ চনত ন’বেল পুৰস্কাৰ পাইছিল৷ <ref name="জলকীয়া"/> ১০০ গ্ৰাম জলকীয়াত পোৱা পুষ্টিকৰ উপাদানসমূহ হ’ল, ভিটামিন এ -- ২৯২ আই ইউ<br /> ভিটামিন চি -- ১১.১ মিলিগ্ৰাম<br /> মেগনেছিয়াম -- ২৪ মিলিগ্ৰাম<br /> আইৰণ -- ১.২ মিলিগ্ৰাম<br /> আঁহ -- ৬৮ গ্ৰাম<br /> কেলচিয়াম -- ৩০ মিলিগ্ৰাম<br /> ফছফৰাছ -- ৮০ মিলিগ্ৰাম<br /> প্ৰ’টিন -- ২.৯ মিলিগ্ৰাম<br /> কাৰ্বোহাইড্ৰেট সামান্য পৰিমাণ।<ref name="মাক"/> ==ব্যৱহাৰ== [[File:Shrimp.paste-Sambal.Belacan-01.jpg|thumb|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান, মালয়েছিয়ান আৰু ছিংগাপুৰৰ খাদ্যত ছাম্বাল নামৰ চিলি পেষ্ট। ]] খাদ্য সোৱাদযুক্ত কৰাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ উপৰি জলকীয়াক ঔষধ আৰু সৌন্দৰ্যবৰ্ধক হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। জলকীয়াৰ বেক্টেৰিয়াৰ শক্তি আছে আৰু ই মুখৰ লালটি নিঃসৰণত সহায় কৰে। সেয়ে ই হজমকাৰক। ই বিষনাশক, বায়ুনাশক হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হোৱাৰ উপৰি অৰ্শ, ডায়েৰিয়া আদিৰ চিকিৎসাতো ব্যৱহৃত হৈ আহিছে। জলকীয়াই কফ নিষ্কাশক হিচাপে কাম কৰে। জলকীয়াক কীটনাশক, যৌন উত্তেজক আৰু মেধাশক্তিবৰ্ধক হিচাপে প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়। পকা জলকীয়াই ছালৰ খজুৱতি ৰোগ নিৰাময় কৰাত সহায় কৰে। জলকীয়াৰ পৰা প্ৰস্তুত কৰা [[Smoke bomb]] [[Pepper spray]] ভাৰতৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা বিভাগে শত্ৰু উলিয়াই অনাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ উপৰি পেপাৰ স্প্ৰে’ মহিলাসকলৰ আত্মৰক্ষাৰ সঁজুলি হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈ আহিছে।<ref name="মাক"/> ==জ্বলাৰ মাপ== জলকীয়াত থকা Capsaicinoids নামৰ যৌগবিধে জলকীয়াৰ জ্বলাগুণ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে।<ref name="জলকীয়া"/> জলকীয়াৰ জ্বলাগুণ জুখিবলৈ উইলবাৰ এল স্কেভিল নামৰ ব্যক্তি এজনে এক পদ্ধতি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে। তেওঁৰ নামানুসৰি এই পদ্ধতিটোক “স্কেভিল হিট ইউনিট’’ (SHU) নামে জনা যায় যদিও এই পদ্ধতিত কিছুমান দোষ থকাৰ বাবে বৰ্তমান High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) পদ্ধতিৰে জলকীয়াৰ জ্বলাগুণ জোখা হয়। স্কেভিল হিট ইউনিটত জোখা বিভিন্ন জলকীয়াৰ জ্বলাগুণ এনেধৰণৰ:- আমেৰিকান পেপাৰিকাৰ ২৫০০- ৮০০০, মেক্সিকোৰ ৰেড ছেভিনা হাবানিৰ ৩৫০০০০-৫৭৫০০০, ছিৰান- ৮০০০-২২০০০, কেইনি ৩০০০০-৫০০০০, থাই জলকীয়া ৫০০০০- ১০০০০০, বাৰ্ডছ আই ১০০০০০-২২৫০০০, স্কটচ্ বনেট ১৫০০০০- ৩২৫০০০, ভোট জলকীয়া ১০০১৩০৪।<ref name="মাক"/> এই জোখমতে ২০০৭ চনত অসমৰ ভোট জলকীয়াই বিশ্বৰ সৰ্বাধিক জ্বলাগুণ বিশিষ্ট জলকীয়াৰ নাম পাইছিল যদিও ২০১১ চনত মেক্সিকৰ Trinidad Scorpion Butch T-Pepper নামৰ জলকীয়াবিধে ১৪৬৩৭০০ স্কেভিল হিট ইউনিট লৈ পুনৰ গীনিজ বুকত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ জ্বলাগুণবিশিষ্ট জলকীয়াৰ ঠাই অধিকাৰ কৰে।<ref name="জলকীয়া">{{cite journal | title=জলকীয়া- বিচিত্ৰ গুণৰ সমাহাৰ | author=দাস, ড° ৰমেশ | journal=প্ৰান্তিক | year=২০১৩ | month=ডিছেম্বৰ}}</ref><ref name="মাক"/> ==লোকসাহিত্যত জলকীয়া== জলকীয়াই অকল খাদ্য জুতি লগোৱাই নহয়, ই সাহিত্যতো অলংকাৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈছে। আমাৰ ফকৰা-যোজনা, ডাকৰ বচন, বিহুগীত আদিত জলকীয়াৰ সঘন উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। ডাকৰ বচনত আছে, “কাৱৈ মাছক কচি কুটিয়া, হালধি মৰিচ দি তেলে ভাজিয়া, ওলট-পালট কৰিয়া পিঠি, খাই পাইবা তেবেসে মিষ্টি’’। আকৌ, “যেবে নাহি মছলা ভাল। তেবে দিবা বিস্তৰ জাল’’। <ref name="লোক">{{cite book | title=অসমীয়া লোক সাহিত্যৰ ৰূপৰেখা | publisher=বনলতা | author=গগৈ। ড° লীলা | year=২০০১ | pages=২৪, ২৫ | isbn=81-7339-327-3}}</ref> “জলা, জোল আৰু জাল, আই তিনি নহ’লে নহয় আঞ্জা ভাল’’, “মগুৰ দালিত ঘৃত চেনি চূড়া দিল, আতি ভাল কৰি তাক মসুৰে ৰান্ধিল, আদা লোণ যনী মৰিচক দিল’’।<ref name="মাক"/> ফকৰা-যোজনা আদিত আছে, “জলকীয়াৰ জালেই সোৱাদ’’, “জলকীয়া বোলে মই প্ৰাণৰ বৈৰী, নোখোৱা ভাতকো চাৰিগাল গিলাওঁ, থাক উস্ আস্ কৰি’’, “মাক জুতুলী পুতুলী, পুতেক চোকা টেকেলি’’(সাঁথৰ)<ref name="মাক"/>। বিহুগীততো জলকীয়াৰ উল্লেখ আছে; “ক’লা চোলা কুৰুতা, গুদাম আছে চাৰিটা, চাৰিও চাৰিকে চৰে। এইজনীৰ চকুলৈ চাবকে নোৱাৰি, জালুক জলকীয়াই পোৰে’’।<ref name="লোক"/> “জালুকো বাটিলোঁ, জলকীয়াও বাটিলোঁ, তোমালৈ ভাত ৰান্ধোঁ বুলি’’, “শুকান জলকীয়াৰ কাকে সমনীয়া, শুকান জলকীয়াৰ কাক; বিহু থাকে মানে, বিহুকে বিনাবি, বিহু গ’লে বিনাকি কাক’’<ref name="মাক"/>। ==লোক বিশ্বাসত জলকীয়া== [[File:India-shop-chili-peppers-and-limes.jpg|thumb|নেমু-জলকীয়াৰ নজৰ বট্টু]] লোক সাহিত্যৰ দৰে লোক পৰম্পৰা আৰু লোক বিশ্বাসতো জলকীয়াই স্থান দখল কৰি আছে। প্ৰসূতি নাৰীক জালুক-জলকীয়াৰে মাগুৰ মাছৰ জোল খুওৱাটো অসমৰ প্ৰায়বো ঠাইৰে পৰম্পৰা। নামনি অসমত সন্তান জন্ম হ’লে পাঁচ দিনৰ দিনা বা এঘাৰ দিনৰ দিনা “জলাবটা’’ বিলোৱা নিয়ম।<ref name="সংস্কৃতি">{{cite book | title=অসমৰ লোক সংস্কৃতি | publisher=বীণা লাইব্ৰেৰী | author=বৰদলৈ, ড° নিৰ্মলপ্ৰভা | year=১৯৮৭ | pages=১৪}}</ref> আমাৰ দেশত নানা ঠাইত নিজৰ ঘৰ বা দোকানৰ সম্মুখৰ দুৱাৰত নেমুৰ লগত জলকীয়া মালাৰ দৰে গাঁঠি ওলোমাই থোৱা দেখা যায়। ইয়াক [[নজৰ বট্টু]] বুলি কোৱা হয়। বহুতৰ মতে ই অন্ধবিশ্বাস হ’লেও এই কাৰ্য এক লোকবিশ্বাসত পৰিণত হৈছে।<ref name="নেমু">{{cite journal | url=https://janambhumi.in/VG1wUk1rMTZXWHBQVVQwOQ==/%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC!-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3.html | title=ঘৰৰ বাহিৰত নেমু জলকীয়া ওলোমাই ৰখাটো অন্ধ বিশ্বাস নহয় | journal=জনমভূমি | access-date=2022-09-13 | archivedate=2022-09-13 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913174905/https://janambhumi.in/VG1wUk1rMTZXWHBQVVQwOQ==/%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC!-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3.html | deadurl=yes }}</ref> কেতিয়াবা নতুনকৈ কিনা সৰু বাহনতো জলকীয়া ওলোমাই থোৱা দেখা যায়। == সৰ্বাধিক জলাৰ উল্লেযোগ্য জলকীয়া == দেশ অনুসৰি বিশ্বৰ ভিতৰত সৰ্বাধিক জলাথকা ৮ বিধ জলকীয়া হৈছে: <!-- note, please use a news source for the SHU levels and list in alphabetical order since SHU measurements will change from location to location and season to season --> {| class="wikitable" |- ! দেশ ! ধৰণ ! জলা |- |{{Flaglist|United States}} || পিপাৰ এক্স || ৩.১৮ M SHU(*)<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Licata E |url=https://www.latimes.com/sns-dailymeal-1812885-pepper-x-worlds-hottest-pepper-hot-sauce-92317-20170923-story.html|title=Pepper X is the new hottest pepper in the world|date=23 September 2017|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> |- |{{Flaglist|Wales}} || ড্ৰেগনচ্ ব্ৰেথ || ২.৪৮ M SHU(*)<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Morris L | date = 22 January 2018 | url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/the-hottest-chilli-in-the-world-was-created-in-wales-accidentally.aspx | title=The Hottest Chilli in the World was Created in Wales Accidentally | access-date=17 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218091449/http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/the-hottest-chilli-in-the-world-was-created-in-wales-accidentally.aspx | archive-date=18 February 2018 | url-status=dead | work = National Geographic }}</ref> |- |{{Flaglist|United States}} || কেৰ'লিনা ৰিপাৰ || ২.২ M SHU<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Lynch K |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/11/confirmed-smokin-eds-carolina-reaper-sets-new-record-for-hottest-chilli-53033/|title=Confirmed: Smokin Ed's Carolina Reaper sets new record for hottest chilli|publisher=Guinness World Records|date=19 November 2013|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref> |- |{{Flaglist|Trinidad and Tobago}} || ট্ৰিনিদাদ মৰুগা স্কৰপিয়ন || ২.০ M SHU(*)<ref>{{cite web |vauthors = Bryan SM |date = 16 February 2012 |agency = Associated Press |work = Yahoo! News |url = http://news.yahoo.com/trinidad-moruga-scorpion-wins-hottest-pepper-title-015457622.html |title = Trinidad Moruga Scorpion wins hottest pepper title |access-date = 11 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401082127/http://news.yahoo.com/trinidad-moruga-scorpion-wins-hottest-pepper-title-015457622.html |archive-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{Flaglist|India}} || [[ভোট জলকীয়া]] (বিহ জলকীয়া) || ১.৫৮ M SHU<ref name="trinidad">{{cite news |url=http://yourlife.usatoday.com/fitness-food/story/2012-03-11/Chile-Pepper-Institute-studies-whats-hot/53490214/1 |title=Chile Pepper Institute studies what's hot |publisher=USA Today |work=Your life | vauthors = Joshi M |date=11 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314210249/http://yourlife.usatoday.com/fitness-food/story/2012-03-11/Chile-Pepper-Institute-studies-whats-hot/53490214/1 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flaglist|Trinidad and Tobago}} || ট্ৰিনিদাদ স্কৰপিয়ন বুচ টি || ১.৪৬৩ M SHU<ref>{{Cite web |vauthors=Da Silva M |date=12 April 2011 |work=Australian Geographic |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/aussies-grow-worlds-hottest-chilli.htm |title=Aussies grow world's hottest chilli |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028152226/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/aussies-grow-worlds-hottest-chilli.htm |archive-date=28 October 2011 |access-date=12 April 2011 |archivedate=28 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028152226/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/aussies-grow-worlds-hottest-chilli.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> |- |{{Flaglist|England}} || নাগা ভাইপাৰ || ১.৪ M SHU<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/title-of-worlds-hottest-chili-pepper-stolen--again-2225925.html|title=Title of world's hottest chili pepper stolen – again|work=[[The Independent]]|date=25 February 2011|access-date=27 February 2011|location=London}}</ref> |- |{{Flaglist|England}} || ইনফিনিতি চিলি || ১.২ M SHU<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12505344|title="Record-breaking" chilli is hot news|work=BBC News| vauthors = Henderson N |date=19 February 2011|access-date=20 February 2011}}</ref> |} বিঃদ্ৰ: SHU(*) হিচাপে উল্লেখকৰা জলকীয়া সমূহৰ জলাৰ উল্লেখযোগ্যতা গিনিজ বুক অৱ ৰেকৰ্ডত উল্লেখ হোৱা নাই<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/|title=Home|website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:পাচলি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মছলা]] 3nu2i1b2zoamakwtwc1motmjwzkwoio গোপালেৰ মা 0 87437 453154 387447 2024-12-10T03:37:02Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name = গোপালেৰ মা | honorific_suffix = | native_name = আঘোৰমণি দেৱী | image = Gopaler-Ma t.jpg | alt = | caption = গোপালেৰ মা | birth_name = আঘোৰমণি দেৱী | birth_date =১৮২২ | birth_place = কমাৰহাটী, [[কলিকতা]], [[বেংগল প্ৰেচিডেন্সি]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]] | death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1906|07|08|}} | death_place = [[কলিকতা]] | nationality = ভাৰতীয় | other_names = কমাৰহাটীৰ ব্ৰাহ্মণী | citizenship = [[ভাৰতীয়]] | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = গৃহিণী | years_active = | known_for = আধ্যাত্মিক ভক্তি | notable_works = | style = | spouse = | children = | parents = | awards = }} '''গোপালেৰ মা''' (অনুবাদː গোপালৰ মাক; জন্মːআঘোৰমণি দেৱী; ১৮২২ – ৮ জুলাই ১৯০৬) বংগৰ সাধু আৰু ৰহস্যবাদী ব্যক্তি শ্ৰীৰামকৃষ্ণৰ এগৰাকী ভক্ত আৰু ঘৰুৱা শিষ্য আছিল। তেওঁৰ জন্মগত নাম আছিল আঘোৰমণি দেৱী, কিন্তু [[শ্ৰীৰামকৃষ্ণ]]ৰ প্ৰতি "গোপাল" বা শিশু কৃষ্ণ হিচাপে তেওঁৰ তীব্ৰ মাতৃপ্ৰেমৰ বাবে শ্ৰীৰামকৃষ্ণৰ ভক্তসকলৰ মাজত গোপালেৰ মা নামেৰে পৰিচিত হ'ল।<ref name = "Story of Gopaler Ma">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rkmathnagpur.org/disciples/hd_gopaler-ma_story.htm |title=story of Gopaler Ma at RKM Nagpur |access-date=19 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214319/http://www.rkmathnagpur.org/disciples/hd_gopaler-ma_story.htm |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archivedate=1 February 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214319/http://www.rkmathnagpur.org/disciples/hd_gopaler-ma_story.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>Great Swan, Meetings with Sri Ramakrishna, by Lex Hixon, Motilal Banarsidass, 1995, Chapter: Introduction to Indian Edition</ref> কেঁচুৱা অৱস্থাত ভগৱান শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণৰ ঐশ্বৰিক দৰ্শন আৰু শ্ৰীৰামকৃষ্ণৰ আদৰ্শৰ প্ৰতি থকা ভক্তিৰ বাবে তেখেত বিখ্যাত আছিল। পিছৰ বছৰবোৰত [[স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ]] আৰু [[ভগ্নী নিবেদিতা]]ৰ লগত অতি ঘনিষ্ঠ হৈ পৰিছিল। জীৱনৰ শেষৰ কেইটামান বছৰ তেওঁ ভগ্নী নিবেদিতাৰ লগত কটাইছিল। ==প্ৰাথমিক জীৱন== ১৮২২ চনত কলিকতাৰ ওচৰৰ কমাৰহাটী নামৰ গাঁৱত এটা ব্ৰাহ্মণ পৰিয়ালত আঘোৰমণি দেৱীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰচলিত ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি মাত্ৰ ন বছৰ বয়সতে তেওঁৰ বিবাহ হৈছিল যদিও নিচেই কম দিনৰ পিছতে, আনকি বিবাহ সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ আগতেই, চৈধ্য বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ বিধৱা হৈছিল।<ref name = "Life of Gopaler Ma">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduism.fsnet.co.uk/namoma/life_others/life_gopaler_ma.htm |title=Life of Gopaler Ma |access-date=19 January 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030159/http://www.hinduism.fsnet.co.uk/namoma/life_others/life_gopaler_ma.htm |url-status=dead |archivedate=24 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030159/http://www.hinduism.fsnet.co.uk/namoma/life_others/life_gopaler_ma.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> বিধৱা হিচাপে তেওঁ কমাৰহাটীৰ কৃষ্ণ মন্দিৰত পুৰোহিত হিচাপে কৰ্মৰত ভাতৃ নীলমাধৱ বন্ধোপাধ্যায়ৰ ঘৰত থাকিছিল।<ref name = "Great Master">Ramakrishna, the Great Master, by Swami Saradananda, translated by Swami Jagadananda, Ramakrishna Math, Chennai, 1952, page 747</ref> মন্দিৰটোলৈ সঘনাই যোৱাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ চিনাকি হৈছিল মালিক গোবিন্দ চন্দ্ৰ দত্তৰ পত্নীৰ সৈতে, আৰু তেওঁৱেই গংগা নদীৰ পাৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ বাগিচাত এটা সৰু কোঠাৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰি আঘোৰেমণিক থাকিবলৈ দিছিল। তেওঁ নিজৰ গহনা আৰু স্বামীৰ সম্পত্তি বিক্ৰী কৰি পাঁচশ টকাৰ ৰাশি এটা বিনিয়োগ কৰে<ref name = "Life of Gopaler Ma"/> আৰু সেই কম উপাৰ্জন চাৰি-পাঁচ টকাৰে সহজ আৰু চিন্তাশীল জীৱন যাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>[http://www.boldsky.com/yoga-spirituality/spiritual-masters/sri-ramakrishna/lord-krishna-sri-ramakrishna-gopaler-ma-121010.html Gopaler Ma, boldsky article]</ref> তেওঁ জীৱনৰ পিছৰ ত্ৰিশ বছৰ সেই সৰু কোঠাটোতে কটায় আৰু অতি কঠোৰ জীৱন যাপন কৰে।<ref>[http://www.boldsky.com/yoga-spirituality/spiritual-masters/sri-ramakrishna/lord-krishna-sri-ramakrishna-gopaler-ma-121010.html Gopaler Ma, boldsky article]</ref> তেওঁৰ দৈনন্দিন কাম আছিল ৰাতিপুৱা দুইবজাত সাৰ পাই অজু সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা আৰু ৰাতিপুৱা আঠ বজালৈকে আধ্যাত্মিক অভ্যাস অব্যাহত ৰখা। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ কাষৰ কৃষ্ণ মন্দিৰত কাম কৰে, আৰু এইটো ৰাধা মাধৱৰ মন্দিৰ বুলিও জনা যায়। ধ্যান, জপ আৰু নিজৰ নিৰ্বাচিত আদৰ্শৰে শিশু কৃষ্ণৰ সেৱাৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁ গোটেই দিনটো কোনোবা নহয় কোনোবা ৰূপত আধ্যাত্মিক অনুশীলনত কটায়। ১৮৫২ চনৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৮৮৩ চনলৈকে তেওঁ এই দিনপঞ্জীয়েই অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল।<ref name = "Women Devotees, Belur Math">{{Cite web |title=Gopaler Ma, Belur Math site |url=http://www.belurmath.org/women_disciples.htm |access-date=2023-03-31 |archivedate=2018-01-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117190852/http://www.belurmath.org/women_disciples.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref>সন্ধিয়া তেওঁ মন্দিৰত সান্ধ্য আৰতি বা গোসাঁই সেৱাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি নিজৰ আৰাধ্যক প্ৰসাদ দিয়াৰ পিছত সাধাৰণ আহাৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰি মাজনিশালৈকে আধ্যাত্মিক অনুশীলন চলাই গৈছিল।<ref name = "Story of Gopaler Ma"/> তেওঁ বাগিচাৰ ঘৰটোৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম কোণত থাকিল। নিয়মিত কঠোৰ অভ্যাস আৰু তপস্যাৰ পৰা বিৰতি লৈ তেওঁ ঘৰৰ মালিকৰ সৈতে মথুৰা, বৃন্দাবন, গয়া, বাৰাণসী আৰু এলাহাবাদৰ পবিত্ৰ স্থানলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰে।<ref name = "Life of Gopaler Ma"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} ==অতিৰিক্ত উৎস== *They Lived with God, by Swami Chetanananda, published by Vedanta Society of St. Louis *[http://www.vivekananda.net/Biographical/death%20of%20gopal%20ma.html Death of Gopaler Ma] *[http://www.hinduism.fsnet.co.uk/namoma/life_others/life_gopaler_ma.htm Gopaler Ma – Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030159/http://www.hinduism.fsnet.co.uk/namoma/life_others/life_gopaler_ma.htm |date=24 September 2015 }} [this link is hacked; it is taking me to some other website - Aug 2020] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নাৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পশ্চিমবঙ্গৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু]] p075pha1pt0g4282nyn9lulu1hr73h7 আদা 0 87673 453090 449838 2024-12-09T22:48:04Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''আদা''' ({{lang-en|Ginger}}) এবিধ শিপাজাতীয় উদ্ভিদ যাৰ শিপা সাধাৰণতে মছলা আৰু বনৌষধি হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailyassam.com/2020/08/ginger-zingiber-officinale.html|title=আদা - অসমৰ উদ্ভিদ |last= |first= |date= |website= dailyassam.com|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://xobdo.org/dic/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE|title= আদা - শব্দ অভিধান|last= |first= |date= |website= xobdo.org |publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref>এই উদ্ভিদজোপা দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ থলুৱা যদিও বৰ্তমান বিশ্বৰ আন বহু ঠাইত ইয়াৰ খেতি কৰা হয়। আদাত থকা ৰাসায়নিক যৌগ (chemical compounds) সমূহে ইয়াৰ সোৱাদক ফুৰফুৰীয়া, জ্বলা–পোৰা আৰু উত্তেজক ধৰণৰ কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://helthyleaf.com/benefits-of-ginger-in-assamese/|title= 20+ আদাৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত উপকাৰিতা আৰু ইয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ – Benefits of Ginger|last= |first= |date= |website= helthyleaf.com|publisher= |access-date= |quote= |archivedate= 2023-04-05|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20230405154417/https://helthyleaf.com/benefits-of-ginger-in-assamese/|deadurl= yes}}</ref> ==খেতি প্ৰণালী== ঔষধিযুক্ত আদা গছৰ গাৰ বৰণ সেউজীয়া, পাতৰ বৰণ ঘন সেউজীয়া আৰু ইয়াৰ পাতবোৰ দীঘলীয়া আকৃতিৰ। আদাৰ গছ ২ পৰা ৩ ফুট ওখ থাকে। আদাৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশৰ বৰণ পাতল হালধীয়া। মছলাজাতীয় উদ্ভিদ হিচাপে আদাৰ বৃহৎ পৰিমাণে খেতি কৰা হয়। সাধাৰণতে ব'হাগ-জেঠত আদা ৰুই সচৰাচৰ আঘোণ-পুহ মাহত চপোৱা হয়। আদা খেতি ডিচেম্বৰত চপোৱাৰ পাছত আদখিনি এপ্ৰিল-মে মাহলৈ ভালদৰে সংৰক্ষণ কৰি ৰাখিব লাগে আৰু তাৰ পিছত অংকুৰণ হয় আৰু উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পায়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://as.vikaspedia.in/agriculture/AsomarKhetisamuh/9b69be995-9aa9be99a9b29bf9f0-9aa9c19b29bf9ac9be9f09c0-9aa9cd9f09b89cd9a49c19a4-9aa9cd9f09a39be9b29c0/9869a69be|title= আদা সংৰক্ষণ কি পদ্ধতিৰে কৰিব?|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= বিকাশপেডিয়া|access-date=|quote=}}</ref> কৃষকসকলে কোঠাৰ এটা চুকত দম কৰি আদাবোৰ মজুত কৰে। নাইবা খেৰি ঘৰৰ চুকত আদখিনি দমাই ৰাখি ওপৰত বালি অৰু শুকান ডাল-পাতেৰে ঢাকি থয়। কিছুমানে আকৌ ঘৰৰ কাষতে থকা গছৰ তলত গাঁত কৰিও আদা মজুত কৰি ৰাখে। আন কিছুমানে কেইশাৰীমান আদা পথাৰৰে এচুকত ৰাখি থয় আৰু এপ্ৰিল মাহত চপাই পুনঃ কঠীয়া হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আদা লগায়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dy365.in/assamese/lifestyle/be-careful-with-fake-ginger--864/25|title= আদা খোৱাত সাৱধান! নহ’লে হেৰুৱাব পাৰে আপোনাৰ প্ৰাণ|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref> আদা উৎপাদনত ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ স্থান পৃথিৱীৰ ভিতৰতে প্ৰথম। ভাৰতীয় আদা পৃথিৱীৰ ভিতৰত অতি উৎকৃষ্ট আৰু ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ কেৰেলা ৰাজ্যতেই ইয়াৰ ৭০ শতাংশ উৎপাদন হয়। অসমৰ জলবায়ু আৰু মাটি আদা খেতিৰ বাবে অতি উত্তম। অসমত প্ৰায় ১৭,৮৭০ হেক্টৰ মাটিত আদা খেতি কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১,১৪,৪০৮ টন আদা উৎপাদন হয়। অসমৰ কাছাৰ জিলাই আদা উৎপাদনত প্ৰথম স্থান অধিকাৰ কৰি আছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asomiya.krishijagran.com/horticulture/harmful-insects-and-remedies-for-ginger-cultivation/|title= আদা খেতিৰ অনিষ্টকাৰী কীট-পতঙ্গ আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিকাৰ|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://assam.mygov.in/talk/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%B1-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87/|title= কাৰ্বি পাহাৰত আদা আৰু হালধিৰ উৎপাদনেৰে বিপ্লৱ আনিছে ডিফুৰ জিতেন চাৰাংফাংচাই|last= |first= |date= |website= assam.mygov.in|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref> ==ঔষধিয় গুণাগুণ== গৱেষক সকলৰ মতে আদাক কমেও পাঁচ হেজাৰ বছৰ ধৰি ঔষধ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অহা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ স্বাস্থ্য উপকাৰিতাৰ লগতে এণ্টি-ইনফ্লেমেটৰী, এণ্টি অক্সিডেণ্ট, এণ্টিমাইক্ৰ’বিয়াল বৈশিষ্ট্য আছে, যিয়ে বহু ৰোগৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত সহায় কৰে। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে ইয়াক বমি, বমি, আৰু বদহজম আদি পাচনতন্ত্ৰৰ সমস্যাৰ লগতে মূৰৰ বিষ, চৰ্দি, ঋতুস্ৰাৱৰ আদিৰ চিকিৎসাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ‌ আদাৰ উপয়োগে মাংস পেশীৰ বিষৰ পৰাও মুক্তি দিয়ে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://as.vikaspedia.in/health/ousadh/9859b89ae9f0-9ac9a89b79a79bf/9869a69be|title= আদা|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= বিকাশপেডিয়া|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pragnews.com/lifestyle-assamese/ginger-benefits-for-ovarian-cancer-heart-attack-type-2-diabetes|title= ৩০দিন একেৰাহে খাওক আদা! কেন্সাৰকে ধৰি বহু মাৰাত্মক ৰোগৰ পৰা পাব পৰিত্ৰাণ|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= প্ৰাগ নিউজ|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asomiyapratidin.in/health/kitchen-spices-which-control-blood-sugar-level|title= ৰোগীৰ বাবে এই মছলাবোৰ প্ৰকৃততে আশীৰ্বাদহে|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= অসমীয়া প্ৰতিদিন|access-date=|quote=}}</ref> আয়ুৰ্বেদিক ঔষধ তৈয়াৰ কৰিবলৈ আদা বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহৃত হয়। আয়ুৰ্বেদ শাস্ত্ৰমতে আদা এবিধ দীপনীয় ঔষধি অৰ্থাৎ ই ভোক বঢ়োৱাত সহায় কৰে। বিভিন্ন ঔষধি গুণেৰে ভৰপূৰ হোৱা বাবে বহুতো ঔষধৰ উৎপাদনত আদাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://voice24x7.in/lifestyle/ginger-as-spice/|title= মছলা হিচাপে আদা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে নিশ্চয়। আদা খালে কি হয় জানেনে বাৰু|last= |first= |date= |website= voice24x7.in |publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dainikagradoot.in/blog/2022/12/23/health-benefits-of-ginger-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0/|title= আদা চৰ্দি-কাহৰ লগতে আৰু কি অসুখৰ কাৰণে লাগে?|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= দৈনিক অগ্ৰদূত|access-date=|quote=}}</ref> ==ৰন্ধনত ব্যৱহাৰ== ৰান্ধনীঘৰৰ দৈনিক ব্যৱহৃত হোৱা মছলা বিধেই হ’ল আদা। আদাৰ ব্যৱহাৰে ব্যঞ্জনক সুস্বাদু কৰি তোলে। শুকান আদা বহুদিন সংৰক্ষণ কৰি ৰাখিব পাৰি। আদা চাহ, পৰিপূৰক বা খাদ্য হিচাপে বহু ৰূপত সেৱন কৰিব পাৰি। সাধাৰণতে ইয়াক মধ্যমীয়া পৰিমাণে সেৱন কৰিলে বেছিভাগ মানুহৰে বাবে নিৰাপদ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়, কিন্তু কিছুমান লোকৰ পাৰ্শ্বক্ৰিয়া যেনে কলিজা, ডায়েৰিয়া বা এলাৰ্জিৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া অনুভৱ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assam.news18.com/news/health-well-being/excessive-consumption-of-ginger-can-lead-to-these-side-effects-manju-b-220561.html|title= Ginger Side Effects: প্ৰতি সাজতে আদা খায় নেকি? সাৱধান! হ'ব পাৰে এইসমূহ ছাইড এফেক্টছ|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://aamarasom.com/index.php/detail-news/6225|title= উপকাৰী যদিও আদা বেছিকৈ নাখাব|last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= আমাৰ অসম|access-date= |quote= |archivedate= 2023-04-05|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20230405163632/https://aamarasom.com/index.php/detail-news/6225|deadurl= yes}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:উদ্ভিদজগত]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ঔষধি উদ্ভিদ]] 3fo4whx07q2oxjnnsw2whujdm40l0pf জয় গোস্বামী 0 87888 453006 363864 2024-12-09T15:24:12Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} {{Infobox person | name = জয় গোস্বামী | image = Joy Goswami - Kolkata 2014-02-03 8315.JPG | alt = Joy Goswami | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|11|10|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিম বঙ্গ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --> | spouse = কাবেৰী গোস্বামী | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = কবি | known_for = কবিতা, সাহিত্য | signature = }} '''জয় গোস্বামী''' (জন্ম: ১০ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৫৪) বিংশ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰা এজন আধুনিক বাংলা কবি।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/25/stories/2009062556930100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629065300/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/25/stories/2009062556930100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2009|title=FIR registered against Aparna Sen|date=25 January 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> ভাৰতৰ পশ্চিম বংগৰ এই কবিক বাংলা ভাষাৰ জীৱনানন্দৰ পিছৰ পৰ্যায়ৰ অন্যতম জনপ্ৰিয় কবি বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ কবিতা বিস্ময়কৰ চিত্ৰকল্প, উপমা আৰু উপমাৰে ভৰপূৰ। তেওঁ দুবাৰকৈ আনন্দ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। তেওঁ কবিতা সংকলন "বজ্ৰবিদ্যুৎ-ভৰ্তি খাতা"ৰ বাবে পশ্চিমবংগ বাংলা অকাডেমী বঁটা লাভ কৰে। === কবিতা === * ''ক্ৰিসমাস ও শীতেৰ সনেটগুচ্ছ'' (১৯৭৬) * ''আলেয়া হ্ৰদ'' (১৯৮১) * ''উন্মাদেৰ পাঠক্ৰম'' (১৯৮৬) * ''ভূতুমভগবান'' (১৯৮৮) * ''নুন'' * ''ঘুমিয়েছো, ঝাউপাতা?'' (১৯৮৯) * ''আজ যদি আমাকে জিজ্ঞেস কৰো'' * ''বজ্ৰ বিদ্যুৎ ভৰ্তি খাতা'' (১৯৯৫) * ''ওঃ স্বপ্ন'' (১৯৯৬) * ''পাগলী, তোমাৰ সঙ্গে'' (১৯৯৪) * ''পাতাৰ পোশাক'' (১৯৯৭) * ''বিষাদ'' (১৯৯৮) * ''যাৰা বৃষ্টিতে ভিজেছিল'' (১৯৯৮) * ''মা নিষাদ'' (১৯৯৯) * ''সূৰ্য পোড়া ছাই'' (১৯৯৯) * ''জগৎবাড়ি'' (২০০০) * ''কবিতাসংগ্ৰহ ১-৬ '' * ''প্ৰেতপুৰুষ ও অনুপম কথা'' (২০০৪) * ''দু' দণ্ড ফেয়াৰমত '' * '' সনতানসন্ততি'' * '' হৰিণেৰ জন্যে একক'' * ''আমৰা সেই চাৰজন '' * '' একান্নবৰ্তী'' * '' গৰাদ, গৰাদ'' * '' নিশ্চিহ্ন'' * '' পড়ন্ত বেলাৰ আলো '' * '' প্ৰাণহাৰা সন্দেশ '' * '' প্ৰায় শস্য '' * '' বিষ '' * '' মায়েৰ সামনে স্নান কৰতে লজ্জা নেই '' * '' সপাং সপাং '' * ''তোমাকে,আশ্চৰ্যময়ী ''(১৯৯৯) * ''দগ্ধ (২০২২)'' === উপন্যাস আৰু অন্যান্য === * ''হৃদয়ে প্ৰেমেৰ শীৰ্ষ'' (১৯৯৪) * ''মনোৰমেৰ উপন্যাস'' (১৯৯৪) * ''সেইসব শেয়ালেৰা'' (১৯৯৪) * ''সুড়ঙ্গ ও প্ৰতিৰক্ষা'' (১৯৯৫) * ''ৰৌদ্ৰছায়াৰ সংকলন'' (১৯৯৮) * ''সংশোধন বা কাটাকুটি'' (২০০১) * ''সাঁঝবাতিৰ ৰূপকথাৰা'' (২০০১) * ''দাদাভাইদেৰ পাড়া'' * ''ব্ৰহ্মৰাক্ষস'' * ''সব অন্ধকাৰ ফুলগাছ'' * ''এক প্ৰৌঢ়েৰ জবানবন্দী'' * '' গোসাইবাগান ১-৩'' * মধুদি * টাকা * প্ৰবন্ধগুচ্ছ * নিৰ্বাচিত সাক্ষাৎকাৰ - জয় গোস্বামী * অৰ্থহাৰা একমুষ্ঠি বালি * ভগ্নাংশ নিৰ্ণয় * জয়েৰ সুভাষ * জয়েৰ সুনীল * খাদ * জয়েৰ শক্তি p0h38lhoiq01mc5xc86j47mkyv38b0g 453007 453006 2024-12-09T15:26:43Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} {{Infobox person | name = জয় গোস্বামী | image = Joy Goswami - Kolkata 2014-02-03 8315.JPG | alt = Joy Goswami | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|11|10|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিম বঙ্গ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --> | spouse = কাবেৰী গোস্বামী | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = কবি | known_for = কবিতা, সাহিত্য | signature = }} '''জয় গোস্বামী''' (জন্ম: ১০ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৫৪) বিংশ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰা এজন আধুনিক বাংলা কবি।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/25/stories/2009062556930100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629065300/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/25/stories/2009062556930100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2009|title=FIR registered against Aparna Sen|date=25 January 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> ভাৰতৰ পশ্চিম বংগৰ এই কবিক বাংলা ভাষাৰ জীৱনানন্দৰ পিছৰ পৰ্যায়ৰ অন্যতম জনপ্ৰিয় কবি বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ কবিতা বিস্ময়কৰ চিত্ৰকল্প, উপমা আৰু উপমাৰে ভৰপূৰ। তেওঁ দুবাৰকৈ আনন্দ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। তেওঁ কবিতা সংকলন "বজ্ৰবিদ্যুৎ-ভৰ্তি খাতা"ৰ বাবে পশ্চিমবংগ বাংলা অকাডেমী বঁটা লাভ কৰে। তাৰোপৰি তেওঁ পশ্চিম বংগ চৰকাৰৰ দ্বাৰা বংগ বিভূষণ (২০১২)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060205/asp/look/story_5797945.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912235516/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060205/asp/look/story_5797945.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2006|title=Calcutta : Look|date=5 February 2006|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> === কবিতা === * ''ক্ৰিসমাস ও শীতেৰ সনেটগুচ্ছ'' (১৯৭৬) * ''আলেয়া হ্ৰদ'' (১৯৮১) * ''উন্মাদেৰ পাঠক্ৰম'' (১৯৮৬) * ''ভূতুমভগবান'' (১৯৮৮) * ''নুন'' * ''ঘুমিয়েছো, ঝাউপাতা?'' (১৯৮৯) * ''আজ যদি আমাকে জিজ্ঞেস কৰো'' * ''বজ্ৰ বিদ্যুৎ ভৰ্তি খাতা'' (১৯৯৫) * ''ওঃ স্বপ্ন'' (১৯৯৬) * ''পাগলী, তোমাৰ সঙ্গে'' (১৯৯৪) * ''পাতাৰ পোশাক'' (১৯৯৭) * ''বিষাদ'' (১৯৯৮) * ''যাৰা বৃষ্টিতে ভিজেছিল'' (১৯৯৮) * ''মা নিষাদ'' (১৯৯৯) * ''সূৰ্য পোড়া ছাই'' (১৯৯৯) * ''জগৎবাড়ি'' (২০০০) * ''কবিতাসংগ্ৰহ ১-৬ '' * ''প্ৰেতপুৰুষ ও অনুপম কথা'' (২০০৪) * ''দু' দণ্ড ফেয়াৰমত '' * '' সনতানসন্ততি'' * '' হৰিণেৰ জন্যে একক'' * ''আমৰা সেই চাৰজন '' * '' একান্নবৰ্তী'' * '' গৰাদ, গৰাদ'' * '' নিশ্চিহ্ন'' * '' পড়ন্ত বেলাৰ আলো '' * '' প্ৰাণহাৰা সন্দেশ '' * '' প্ৰায় শস্য '' * '' বিষ '' * '' মায়েৰ সামনে স্নান কৰতে লজ্জা নেই '' * '' সপাং সপাং '' * ''তোমাকে,আশ্চৰ্যময়ী ''(১৯৯৯) * ''দগ্ধ (২০২২)'' === উপন্যাস আৰু অন্যান্য === * ''হৃদয়ে প্ৰেমেৰ শীৰ্ষ'' (১৯৯৪) * ''মনোৰমেৰ উপন্যাস'' (১৯৯৪) * ''সেইসব শেয়ালেৰা'' (১৯৯৪) * ''সুড়ঙ্গ ও প্ৰতিৰক্ষা'' (১৯৯৫) * ''ৰৌদ্ৰছায়াৰ সংকলন'' (১৯৯৮) * ''সংশোধন বা কাটাকুটি'' (২০০১) * ''সাঁঝবাতিৰ ৰূপকথাৰা'' (২০০১) * ''দাদাভাইদেৰ পাড়া'' * ''ব্ৰহ্মৰাক্ষস'' * ''সব অন্ধকাৰ ফুলগাছ'' * ''এক প্ৰৌঢ়েৰ জবানবন্দী'' * '' গোসাইবাগান ১-৩'' * মধুদি * টাকা * প্ৰবন্ধগুচ্ছ * নিৰ্বাচিত সাক্ষাৎকাৰ - জয় গোস্বামী * অৰ্থহাৰা একমুষ্ঠি বালি * ভগ্নাংশ নিৰ্ণয় * জয়েৰ সুভাষ * জয়েৰ সুনীল * খাদ * জয়েৰ শক্তি owl28h790ju44hunnhd83yneg5uefus 453008 453007 2024-12-09T15:28:01Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} {{Infobox person | name = জয় গোস্বামী | image = Joy Goswami - Kolkata 2014-02-03 8315.JPG | alt = Joy Goswami | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|11|10|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিম বঙ্গ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --> | spouse = কাবেৰী গোস্বামী | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = কবি | known_for = কবিতা, সাহিত্য | signature = }} '''জয় গোস্বামী''' (জন্ম: ১০ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৫৪) বিংশ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰা এজন আধুনিক বাংলা কবি।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/25/stories/2009062556930100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629065300/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/25/stories/2009062556930100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2009|title=FIR registered against Aparna Sen|date=25 January 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> ভাৰতৰ পশ্চিম বংগৰ এই কবিক বাংলা ভাষাৰ জীৱনানন্দৰ পিছৰ পৰ্যায়ৰ অন্যতম জনপ্ৰিয় কবি বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ কবিতা বিস্ময়কৰ চিত্ৰকল্প, উপমা আৰু উপমাৰে ভৰপূৰ। তেওঁ দুবাৰকৈ আনন্দ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। তেওঁ কবিতা সংকলন "বজ্ৰবিদ্যুৎ-ভৰ্তি খাতা"ৰ বাবে পশ্চিমবংগ বাংলা অকাডেমী বঁটা লাভ কৰে। তাৰোপৰি তেওঁ পশ্চিম বংগ চৰকাৰৰ পৰা ''বংগ বিভূষণ'' বঁটা (২০১২)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060205/asp/look/story_5797945.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912235516/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060205/asp/look/story_5797945.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2006|title=Calcutta : Look|date=5 February 2006|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> লাভ কৰে। === কবিতা === * ''ক্ৰিসমাস ও শীতেৰ সনেটগুচ্ছ'' (১৯৭৬) * ''আলেয়া হ্ৰদ'' (১৯৮১) * ''উন্মাদেৰ পাঠক্ৰম'' (১৯৮৬) * ''ভূতুমভগবান'' (১৯৮৮) * ''নুন'' * ''ঘুমিয়েছো, ঝাউপাতা?'' (১৯৮৯) * ''আজ যদি আমাকে জিজ্ঞেস কৰো'' * ''বজ্ৰ বিদ্যুৎ ভৰ্তি খাতা'' (১৯৯৫) * ''ওঃ স্বপ্ন'' (১৯৯৬) * ''পাগলী, তোমাৰ সঙ্গে'' (১৯৯৪) * ''পাতাৰ পোশাক'' (১৯৯৭) * ''বিষাদ'' (১৯৯৮) * ''যাৰা বৃষ্টিতে ভিজেছিল'' (১৯৯৮) * ''মা নিষাদ'' (১৯৯৯) * ''সূৰ্য পোড়া ছাই'' (১৯৯৯) * ''জগৎবাড়ি'' (২০০০) * ''কবিতাসংগ্ৰহ ১-৬ '' * ''প্ৰেতপুৰুষ ও অনুপম কথা'' (২০০৪) * ''দু' দণ্ড ফেয়াৰমত '' * '' সনতানসন্ততি'' * '' হৰিণেৰ জন্যে একক'' * ''আমৰা সেই চাৰজন '' * '' একান্নবৰ্তী'' * '' গৰাদ, গৰাদ'' * '' নিশ্চিহ্ন'' * '' পড়ন্ত বেলাৰ আলো '' * '' প্ৰাণহাৰা সন্দেশ '' * '' প্ৰায় শস্য '' * '' বিষ '' * '' মায়েৰ সামনে স্নান কৰতে লজ্জা নেই '' * '' সপাং সপাং '' * ''তোমাকে,আশ্চৰ্যময়ী ''(১৯৯৯) * ''দগ্ধ (২০২২)'' === উপন্যাস আৰু অন্যান্য === * ''হৃদয়ে প্ৰেমেৰ শীৰ্ষ'' (১৯৯৪) * ''মনোৰমেৰ উপন্যাস'' (১৯৯৪) * ''সেইসব শেয়ালেৰা'' (১৯৯৪) * ''সুড়ঙ্গ ও প্ৰতিৰক্ষা'' (১৯৯৫) * ''ৰৌদ্ৰছায়াৰ সংকলন'' (১৯৯৮) * ''সংশোধন বা কাটাকুটি'' (২০০১) * ''সাঁঝবাতিৰ ৰূপকথাৰা'' (২০০১) * ''দাদাভাইদেৰ পাড়া'' * ''ব্ৰহ্মৰাক্ষস'' * ''সব অন্ধকাৰ ফুলগাছ'' * ''এক প্ৰৌঢ়েৰ জবানবন্দী'' * '' গোসাইবাগান ১-৩'' * মধুদি * টাকা * প্ৰবন্ধগুচ্ছ * নিৰ্বাচিত সাক্ষাৎকাৰ - জয় গোস্বামী * অৰ্থহাৰা একমুষ্ঠি বালি * ভগ্নাংশ নিৰ্ণয় * জয়েৰ সুভাষ * জয়েৰ সুনীল * খাদ * জয়েৰ শক্তি 8l70hn61c95qugru5f4wgvk3hukca43 453009 453008 2024-12-09T15:28:17Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = জয় গোস্বামী | image = Joy Goswami - Kolkata 2014-02-03 8315.JPG | alt = Joy Goswami | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|11|10|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিম বঙ্গ]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --> | spouse = কাবেৰী গোস্বামী | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = কবি | known_for = কবিতা, সাহিত্য | signature = }} '''জয় গোস্বামী''' (জন্ম: ১০ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৫৪) বিংশ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰা এজন আধুনিক বাংলা কবি।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/25/stories/2009062556930100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629065300/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/25/stories/2009062556930100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2009|title=FIR registered against Aparna Sen|date=25 January 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> ভাৰতৰ পশ্চিম বংগৰ এই কবিক বাংলা ভাষাৰ জীৱনানন্দৰ পিছৰ পৰ্যায়ৰ অন্যতম জনপ্ৰিয় কবি বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ কবিতা বিস্ময়কৰ চিত্ৰকল্প, উপমা আৰু উপমাৰে ভৰপূৰ। তেওঁ দুবাৰকৈ আনন্দ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। তেওঁ কবিতা সংকলন "বজ্ৰবিদ্যুৎ-ভৰ্তি খাতা"ৰ বাবে পশ্চিমবংগ বাংলা অকাডেমী বঁটা লাভ কৰে। তাৰোপৰি তেওঁ পশ্চিম বংগ চৰকাৰৰ পৰা ''বংগ বিভূষণ'' বঁটা (২০১২)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060205/asp/look/story_5797945.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912235516/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060205/asp/look/story_5797945.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2006|title=Calcutta : Look|date=5 February 2006|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> লাভ কৰে। === কবিতা === * ''ক্ৰিসমাস ও শীতেৰ সনেটগুচ্ছ'' (১৯৭৬) * ''আলেয়া হ্ৰদ'' (১৯৮১) * ''উন্মাদেৰ পাঠক্ৰম'' (১৯৮৬) * ''ভূতুমভগবান'' (১৯৮৮) * ''নুন'' * ''ঘুমিয়েছো, ঝাউপাতা?'' (১৯৮৯) * ''আজ যদি আমাকে জিজ্ঞেস কৰো'' * ''বজ্ৰ বিদ্যুৎ ভৰ্তি খাতা'' (১৯৯৫) * ''ওঃ স্বপ্ন'' (১৯৯৬) * ''পাগলী, তোমাৰ সঙ্গে'' (১৯৯৪) * ''পাতাৰ পোশাক'' (১৯৯৭) * ''বিষাদ'' (১৯৯৮) * ''যাৰা বৃষ্টিতে ভিজেছিল'' (১৯৯৮) * ''মা নিষাদ'' (১৯৯৯) * ''সূৰ্য পোড়া ছাই'' (১৯৯৯) * ''জগৎবাড়ি'' (২০০০) * ''কবিতাসংগ্ৰহ ১-৬ '' * ''প্ৰেতপুৰুষ ও অনুপম কথা'' (২০০৪) * ''দু' দণ্ড ফেয়াৰমত '' * '' সনতানসন্ততি'' * '' হৰিণেৰ জন্যে একক'' * ''আমৰা সেই চাৰজন '' * '' একান্নবৰ্তী'' * '' গৰাদ, গৰাদ'' * '' নিশ্চিহ্ন'' * '' পড়ন্ত বেলাৰ আলো '' * '' প্ৰাণহাৰা সন্দেশ '' * '' প্ৰায় শস্য '' * '' বিষ '' * '' মায়েৰ সামনে স্নান কৰতে লজ্জা নেই '' * '' সপাং সপাং '' * ''তোমাকে,আশ্চৰ্যময়ী ''(১৯৯৯) * ''দগ্ধ (২০২২)'' === উপন্যাস আৰু অন্যান্য === * ''হৃদয়ে প্ৰেমেৰ শীৰ্ষ'' (১৯৯৪) * ''মনোৰমেৰ উপন্যাস'' (১৯৯৪) * ''সেইসব শেয়ালেৰা'' (১৯৯৪) * ''সুড়ঙ্গ ও প্ৰতিৰক্ষা'' (১৯৯৫) * ''ৰৌদ্ৰছায়াৰ সংকলন'' (১৯৯৮) * ''সংশোধন বা কাটাকুটি'' (২০০১) * ''সাঁঝবাতিৰ ৰূপকথাৰা'' (২০০১) * ''দাদাভাইদেৰ পাড়া'' * ''ব্ৰহ্মৰাক্ষস'' * ''সব অন্ধকাৰ ফুলগাছ'' * ''এক প্ৰৌঢ়েৰ জবানবন্দী'' * '' গোসাইবাগান ১-৩'' * মধুদি * টাকা * প্ৰবন্ধগুচ্ছ * নিৰ্বাচিত সাক্ষাৎকাৰ - জয় গোস্বামী * অৰ্থহাৰা একমুষ্ঠি বালি * ভগ্নাংশ নিৰ্ণয় * জয়েৰ সুভাষ * জয়েৰ সুনীল * খাদ * জয়েৰ শক্তি 6qqy92zyvermv2b4yofoj2fb6oywa6m পাৰ্চী 0 96802 453011 399454 2024-12-09T15:30:37Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} [[image:Parsi-family-in-traditional-costume.jpg|thumb|পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পোছাকত আধুনিক মুম্বাই পাৰ্চী পৰিয়াল]] '''পাৰ্চীসকল''' ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশত বাস কৰা দুটা প্ৰধান জৰথুষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of PARSI |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Parsi |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> জনবিশ্বাস অনুসৰি প্ৰায় ১০০০ বছৰ আগতে ইৰাণৰ পৰা পশ্চিম ভাৰতলৈ আহিছিল। ৬৩৩-৬৫৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ভিতৰত যেতিয়া পাৰচিয়াক মুছলমান খিলাফতত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়, তেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে পাৰস্যৰ পৰা ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰে। পাৰ্চীসকলৰ জনগোষ্ঠীয় ধৰ্ম হৈছে [[জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ|জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ]] ধৰ্ম আৰু ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থ হৈছে [[আবেস্তা|আৱেস্তা]]। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান মতে পাৰ্চীসকলে সাঞ্জান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা গুজৰাটলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিছিল। পাৰ্চী ভাষাক স্থানীয়ভাৱে ‘ফাৰ্চী’ বুলি কোৱা হয়, যিটো পাৰ্চী ভাষাৰ আৰবী ৰূপ। পূৰ্বৰ পাৰ্চী সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ইৰাণ, আফগানিস্তান, তাজিকিস্তান আদি অঞ্চলত এই ভাষাৰ ব্যাপক ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা আৰু পৰিচয়== এনচাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্ৰিটানিকাৰ মতে পাৰ্চী পুৰোহিতসকলে ভাৰতত থকা একাংশ অনুগামীক জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মলৈ ধৰ্মান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদী পাৰ্চীসকলৰ বংশধৰে মুছলমানৰ ধৰ্মীয় নিৰ্যাতনৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ ভাৰতলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিছিল। ইহঁতে মূলতঃ মুম্বাইত আৰু বেছিভাগেই মুম্বাইৰ দক্ষিণে থকা কেইখনমান চহৰ আৰু গাঁৱত বাস কৰে। কিন্তু কৰাচী (পাকিস্তান) আৰু চেন্নাইৰ ওচৰৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত সংখ্যালঘু হিচাপে বাস কৰে। বেংগালুৰু, পুনেতো পাৰ্চীসকলৰ এক বৃহৎ সম্প্ৰদায় আছে। কলিকতা আৰু হায়দৰাবাদতো কেইটামান পাৰ্চী পৰিয়াল বাস কৰে। পাৰ্চীসকলৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ সঠিক তাৰিখ জানিব পৰা হোৱা নাই। ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে পাৰ্চীসকলে প্ৰথমে পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰীয় হৰমুজত স্থায়ীভাৱে বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। কিন্তু মুছলমানে পাৰস্য বিজয়ত আতংকিত হৈ অষ্টম শতিকাত ভাৰত অভিমুখে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰে। আচলতে এই প্ৰব্ৰজন হয়তো দশম শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে প্ৰথমে দিউ কঠীয়াৱাৰত থাকিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যদিও পিছত দক্ষিণ গুজৰাটলৈ গুচি যায়। য'ত ইহঁতে প্ৰায় ৮০০ বছৰ ধৰি সৰু কৃষি সম্প্ৰদায় হিচাপে জীয়াই আছে। ==উৎস== প্ৰাচীন পাৰস্যত জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ ঋষিয়ে ধৰ্মীয় মতবাদ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল যে পৃথিৱীত ভাল আৰু বেয়া দুটা শক্তি আছে। এই শক্তি দুটা ইটোৱে সিটোৰ সমান। কিন্তু ইজনে সিজনৰ প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বী আৰু সদায় যুঁজত লিপ্ত। ভাল শক্তি বা পোহৰৰ পথত আহি নিজকে অপশক্তিৰ কু-প্ৰভাৱৰ পৰা মুক্ত কৰি ৰখাটো প্ৰতিজন মানুহৰ কৰ্তব্য। জীৱনকালত মানুহে যি পথ অনুসৰণ কৰে, সেই পথেই মৃত্যুৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ ভাগ্য নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব। যিসকলে আশা বা ধাৰ্মিকতা আৰু সত্যৰ পথ অনুসৰণ কৰে তেওঁলোকৰ স্বৰ্গত বাসস্থান হ’ব। নৰক হ’ব ড্ৰুজ বা দুষ্ট পথ গ্ৰহণ কৰাসকলৰ বাসস্থান। বাকীসকলে হামিষ্টাগানত থকা দুটা স্থানৰ মাজভাগ দখল কৰিব। জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদৰ মতে ভাল-অশুভ শক্তিৰ মাজত চূড়ান্ত সংঘাত আৰু এক বৃহৎ বিপৰ্যয়ৰ জৰিয়তে এদিন পৃথিৱীৰ অন্ত পৰিব। তেতিয়া সকলো পুনৰুত্থিত লোকে চিৰন্তন স্বৰ্গত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব, যদিও তাৰ আগতে তেওঁলোকে জুইৰ নদী পাৰ হ’ব লাগিব, য’ত সকলো পাপ জ্বলাই ধ্বংস হ’ব। জৰদস্তি ধৰ্মৰ পবিত্ৰ গ্ৰন্থ হ'ল জেন্দ আবেস্তা। ==ভাৰত উপমহাদেশত আগমন== ভাৰতলৈ অহাৰ পিছত পাৰ্চী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ জীৱন আৰু অভিজ্ঞতা কি আছিল সেই বিষয়ে জানিব পৰা একমাত্ৰ উৎস কিছা ই সঞ্জন নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন। সেই সময়ত পাৰ্চী জীৱনীৰ আন কোনো উৎস পোৱা নাযায়। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদীসকল ভাৰতলৈ অহাৰ কমেও ছশ বছৰৰ পাছত লিখা হৈছিল। গ্ৰন্থ অনুযায়ী প্ৰথমে ভাৰতলৈ অহা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ দলটোৰ আদিম ঘৰ মধ্য এছিয়াৰ বৃহত্তৰ খোৰাছান অঞ্চলত আছিল। ঐতিহাসিক খোৰাছান অঞ্চলৰ ভৌগোলিক বিস্তৃতি বিশাল। ইয়াৰ পৰিসৰ কেইবাখনো ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰে। ই ইৰাণ আৰু আধুনিক আফগানিস্তান ৰাজ্যৰ এক বৃহৎ অঞ্চল সামৰি লৈছে, য'ত তাজিকিস্তান, তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান আৰু উজবেকিস্তানৰ কিছু অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ইৰাণৰ বৰ্তমানৰ অংশটোক খোৰাছান প্ৰদেশ বুলি জনা যায়। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান নামৰ কিতাপখনৰ মতে জাদি ৰানা নামৰ এজন ভাৰতীয় শাসকে জৰদস্তিসকলক তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিছিল। কিন্তু বিনিময়ত তেওঁলোকক সেই ৰাজ্যৰ ভাষা আৰু (মহিলাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত) সাজ-পোছাক (শাৰী) গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ কোৱা হয়। এই চৰ্ত দুটা মানি লৈ দলটোৱে ভাৰতত বসবাস কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিলে। তেওঁলোকৰ এই বসতি পাছলৈ সাঞ্জান নামৰ এখন চহৰত পৰিণত হয়। কোৱা হয় যে তেওঁলোকে পাৰস্যত থকা তেওঁলোকৰ জন্মস্থান সাঞ্জান নগৰৰ নামেৰে এই বসতিস্থলৰ নাম ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান ৰাজ্যৰ মাৰভ অঞ্চলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন প্ৰাচীন চহৰ সাঞ্জান। প্ৰায় পাঁচ বছৰৰ পিছত ইৰাণৰ বৃহত্তৰ খোৰাছান অঞ্চলৰ পৰা আন এটা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ দল ভাৰতলৈ আহিছিল। এই গোটটোৱে লগত লৈ আহিছিল কিছুমান ধৰ্মীয় সামগ্ৰী (আলাত)। এই দুটা গোটক কেতিয়াবা সামূহিকভাৱে খোৰাস্তানী বা কোহিস্তানী অৰ্থাৎ পাহাৰীয়া মানুহ বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ পিছত ইৰাণৰ শাৰী অঞ্চলৰ পৰা আন এটা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ গোট ভাৰতলৈ অহা বুলি কোৱা হয়। ==ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কাৰ,আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ== পাৰ্চী সম্প্ৰদায়ে পালন কৰা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰধান আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানসমূহ হ’ল- বিশুদ্ধতা আৰু অশুদ্ধি অধ্যাদেশ (নাছু), দীক্ষা (নৱজোট), দৈনিক প্ৰাৰ্থনা, অগ্নি মন্দিৰ পূজা, বিবাহ, চূড়ান্ত সংস্কাৰ আৰু সাধাৰণ ধৰ্মীয় উপাসনা। ==বিশুদ্ধতা আৰু প্ৰদূষণ== পবিত্ৰতা বা পৰিষ্কাৰ-পৰিচ্ছন্নতাক জৰদস্তি ধৰ্মত পবিত্ৰ আৰু শুভ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আনহাতে অশুদ্ধিক অশুভ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==নৱজ্যোত== এই ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰক্ৰিয়া যাৰ দ্বাৰা জৰথ্ৰুষ্ট শিশুৱে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে নিজৰ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু ধৰ্মীয় দীক্ষাত দীক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ==বিবাহ== পাৰ্চী সমাজে বিবাহক যথেষ্ট গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুলি গণ্য কৰে। তেওঁলোকে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে ঈশ্বৰে দিয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ দায়িত্ব আৰু এই সম্প্ৰসাৰণত তেওঁলোকে নিজেই প্ৰজনন কৰি ভূমিকা ল’ব পাৰে। উচ্চ শিক্ষিত পাৰ্চী মহিলাসকলে পলমকৈ বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয় আৰু বহুক্ষেত্ৰত একেবাৰেই নহয়। সমীক্ষা অনুসৰি ৯৭% পাৰ্চী মহিলা সুশিক্ষিত, ৪২% বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ স্নাতক, আৰু আন ২৯% বৃত্তি বা পেছাত নিয়োজিত যিয়ে সন্তোষজনক আয়ৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে। পাৰ্চী বিবাহ অনুষ্ঠানৰ কথা কওঁতে নৱজোট অনুষ্ঠানৰ লগত তুলনা আহে। কাৰণ দুয়োৰে চিনাকি কৰাই দিয়া হয় চাফাই গা ধোৱা। গা ধোৱাৰ পিছত ফুলেৰে সজোৱা গাড়ীত দৰা-কইনা বিয়াৰ অনুষ্ঠানত উপস্থিত হয়। উক্ত অনুষ্ঠানত দুয়োপক্ষৰ পুৰোহিতসকলো উপস্থিত থাকে আৰু সক্ৰিয় ভূমিকা পালন কৰে। দৰা-কইনাক মুখামুখিকৈ বহিলেও মাজত এখন চাদৰ ৰখা হয়। দুয়োৰে মূৰত এটা ঊল সাতবাৰ পেচোৱা হয় আৰু সিহঁতক বান্ধোনত বান্ধি ৰখা হয়। তাৰ পিছত দৰা-কইনাই ইজনে সিজনৰ ওপৰত ভাত পেলায়। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ হৈছে ইজনে সিজনৰ ওপৰত কৰ্তৃত্ব প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা। এইবোৰ শেষ হ’লেই বিবাহৰ ধৰ্মীয় ৰীতি-নীতি আৰম্ভ হয়। বৰ আৰু কইনাই ওচৰাওচৰিকৈ আসন গ্ৰহণ কৰে। আৰু পুৰোহিতজন তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মুখত বহে। ==অন্তিম সংস্কাৰ== যিহেতু জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মই মৃতদেহক অশুদ্ধ বা অশুদ্ধ বুলি গণ্য কৰে, সেয়েহে পাৰ্চীসকলে যাতে কোনো ধৰণৰ লৌকিক বস্তু মৃতদেহৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহি অশুদ্ধ বা অশুদ্ধ হ’ব নোৱাৰে তাৰ প্ৰতি লক্ষ্য ৰাখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত মৃতদেহ ৰখাৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট কোঠা সংৰক্ষিত হৈ থাকে। পৰিয়ালৰ কোনোবা এজনৰ মৃত্যু হ’লে তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ দাহ নোহোৱালৈকে সেই কোঠাটোতে ৰখা হয়। মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সকলো ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান এই কোঠাতে কৰা হয়। দাহ কৰাৰ পূৰ্বে এজন পুৰোহিতক ঘৰলৈ মাতি অনা হয়। তেওঁ মৃতকৰ পাপৰ প্ৰায়শ্চিত্তৰ বাবে মন্ত্ৰ পাঠ কৰে। ==তথ্যপঞ্জী== {{refbegin}} * {{Citation | last = Boyce | first = M. | author-link = Mary Boyce | title = On the Calendar of the Zoroastrian Feasts | journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 513-539 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Merwan Rashid Yezdiar | year = 1948 | title = Parsi Matrimonial Court | publisher = Justice Coyaji}} * {{Citation | last = Merwan Rashid Yezdiar v. Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar | year = 1950 | title = 52 BLR 876 | publisher = Justices Chagla and Gajendragadkar}} {{refend}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ জনগোষ্ঠী]] [[শ্ৰেণী: জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ]] bxca5lzoy4ev4snf63f2ptjzv2zwcvd 453012 453011 2024-12-09T15:32:51Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} [[image:Parsi-family-in-traditional-costume.jpg|thumb|পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পোছাকত আধুনিক মুম্বাই পাৰ্চী পৰিয়াল]] '''পাৰ্চীসকল''' ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশত বাস কৰা দুটা প্ৰধান জৰথুষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of PARSI |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Parsi |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> জনবিশ্বাস অনুসৰি প্ৰায় ১০০০ বছৰ আগতে ইৰাণৰ পৰা পশ্চিম ভাৰতলৈ আহিছিল। ৬৩৩-৬৫৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ভিতৰত যেতিয়া পাৰচিয়াক মুছলমান খিলাফতত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়, তেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে পাৰস্যৰ পৰা ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰে। পাৰ্চীসকলৰ জনগোষ্ঠীয় ধৰ্ম হৈছে [[জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ|জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ]] ধৰ্ম আৰু ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থ হৈছে [[আবেস্তা|আৱেস্তা]]। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান মতে পাৰ্চীসকলে সাঞ্জান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা গুজৰাটলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিছিল। পাৰ্চী ভাষাক স্থানীয়ভাৱে ‘ফাৰ্চী’ বুলি কোৱা হয়, যিটো পাৰ্চী ভাষাৰ আৰবী ৰূপ। পূৰ্বৰ পাৰ্চী সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ইৰাণ, আফগানিস্তান, তাজিকিস্তান আদি অঞ্চলত এই ভাষাৰ ব্যাপক ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা আৰু পৰিচয়== এনচাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্ৰিটানিকাৰ মতে পাৰ্চী পুৰোহিতসকলে ভাৰতত থকা একাংশ অনুগামীক জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মলৈ ধৰ্মান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদী পাৰ্চীসকলৰ বংশধৰে মুছলমানৰ ধৰ্মীয় নিৰ্যাতনৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ ভাৰতলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিছিল। ইহঁতে মূলতঃ মুম্বাইত আৰু বেছিভাগেই মুম্বাইৰ দক্ষিণে থকা কেইখনমান চহৰ আৰু গাঁৱত বাস কৰে। কিন্তু কৰাচী (পাকিস্তান) আৰু চেন্নাইৰ ওচৰৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত সংখ্যালঘু হিচাপে বাস কৰে। বেংগালুৰু, পুনেতো পাৰ্চীসকলৰ এক বৃহৎ সম্প্ৰদায় আছে। কলিকতা আৰু হায়দৰাবাদতো কেইটামান পাৰ্চী পৰিয়াল বাস কৰে।<ref name="britannica.com">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/444672/Parsi Parsi (people) - Encyclopædia Britannica]. Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.</ref> পাৰ্চীসকলৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ সঠিক তাৰিখ জানিব পৰা হোৱা নাই। ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে পাৰ্চীসকলে প্ৰথমে পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰীয় হৰমুজত স্থায়ীভাৱে বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। কিন্তু মুছলমানে পাৰস্য বিজয়ত আতংকিত হৈ অষ্টম শতিকাত ভাৰত অভিমুখে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰে। আচলতে এই প্ৰব্ৰজন হয়তো দশম শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে প্ৰথমে দিউ কঠীয়াৱাৰত থাকিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যদিও পিছত দক্ষিণ গুজৰাটলৈ গুচি যায়। য'ত ইহঁতে প্ৰায় ৮০০ বছৰ ধৰি সৰু কৃষি সম্প্ৰদায় হিচাপে জীয়াই আছে।<ref name="britannica.com"/> ==উৎস== প্ৰাচীন পাৰস্যত জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ ঋষিয়ে ধৰ্মীয় মতবাদ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল যে পৃথিৱীত ভাল আৰু বেয়া দুটা শক্তি আছে। এই শক্তি দুটা ইটোৱে সিটোৰ সমান। কিন্তু ইজনে সিজনৰ প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বী আৰু সদায় যুঁজত লিপ্ত। ভাল শক্তি বা পোহৰৰ পথত আহি নিজকে অপশক্তিৰ কু-প্ৰভাৱৰ পৰা মুক্ত কৰি ৰখাটো প্ৰতিজন মানুহৰ কৰ্তব্য। জীৱনকালত মানুহে যি পথ অনুসৰণ কৰে, সেই পথেই মৃত্যুৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ ভাগ্য নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব। যিসকলে আশা বা ধাৰ্মিকতা আৰু সত্যৰ পথ অনুসৰণ কৰে তেওঁলোকৰ স্বৰ্গত বাসস্থান হ’ব। নৰক হ’ব ড্ৰুজ বা দুষ্ট পথ গ্ৰহণ কৰাসকলৰ বাসস্থান। বাকীসকলে হামিষ্টাগানত থকা দুটা স্থানৰ মাজভাগ দখল কৰিব। জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদৰ মতে ভাল-অশুভ শক্তিৰ মাজত চূড়ান্ত সংঘাত আৰু এক বৃহৎ বিপৰ্যয়ৰ জৰিয়তে এদিন পৃথিৱীৰ অন্ত পৰিব। তেতিয়া সকলো পুনৰুত্থিত লোকে চিৰন্তন স্বৰ্গত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব, যদিও তাৰ আগতে তেওঁলোকে জুইৰ নদী পাৰ হ’ব লাগিব, য’ত সকলো পাপ জ্বলাই ধ্বংস হ’ব। জৰদস্তি ধৰ্মৰ পবিত্ৰ গ্ৰন্থ হ'ল জেন্দ আবেস্তা। ==ভাৰত উপমহাদেশত আগমন== ভাৰতলৈ অহাৰ পিছত পাৰ্চী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ জীৱন আৰু অভিজ্ঞতা কি আছিল সেই বিষয়ে জানিব পৰা একমাত্ৰ উৎস কিছা ই সঞ্জন নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন। সেই সময়ত পাৰ্চী জীৱনীৰ আন কোনো উৎস পোৱা নাযায়। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদীসকল ভাৰতলৈ অহাৰ কমেও ছশ বছৰৰ পাছত লিখা হৈছিল। গ্ৰন্থ অনুযায়ী প্ৰথমে ভাৰতলৈ অহা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ দলটোৰ আদিম ঘৰ মধ্য এছিয়াৰ বৃহত্তৰ খোৰাছান অঞ্চলত আছিল। ঐতিহাসিক খোৰাছান অঞ্চলৰ ভৌগোলিক বিস্তৃতি বিশাল। ইয়াৰ পৰিসৰ কেইবাখনো ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰে। ই ইৰাণ আৰু আধুনিক আফগানিস্তান ৰাজ্যৰ এক বৃহৎ অঞ্চল সামৰি লৈছে, য'ত তাজিকিস্তান, তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান আৰু উজবেকিস্তানৰ কিছু অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ইৰাণৰ বৰ্তমানৰ অংশটোক খোৰাছান প্ৰদেশ বুলি জনা যায়। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান নামৰ কিতাপখনৰ মতে জাদি ৰানা নামৰ এজন ভাৰতীয় শাসকে জৰদস্তিসকলক তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিছিল। কিন্তু বিনিময়ত তেওঁলোকক সেই ৰাজ্যৰ ভাষা আৰু (মহিলাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত) সাজ-পোছাক (শাৰী) গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ কোৱা হয়। এই চৰ্ত দুটা মানি লৈ দলটোৱে ভাৰতত বসবাস কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিলে। তেওঁলোকৰ এই বসতি পাছলৈ সাঞ্জান নামৰ এখন চহৰত পৰিণত হয়। কোৱা হয় যে তেওঁলোকে পাৰস্যত থকা তেওঁলোকৰ জন্মস্থান সাঞ্জান নগৰৰ নামেৰে এই বসতিস্থলৰ নাম ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান ৰাজ্যৰ মাৰভ অঞ্চলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন প্ৰাচীন চহৰ সাঞ্জান। প্ৰায় পাঁচ বছৰৰ পিছত ইৰাণৰ বৃহত্তৰ খোৰাছান অঞ্চলৰ পৰা আন এটা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ দল ভাৰতলৈ আহিছিল। এই গোটটোৱে লগত লৈ আহিছিল কিছুমান ধৰ্মীয় সামগ্ৰী (আলাত)। এই দুটা গোটক কেতিয়াবা সামূহিকভাৱে খোৰাস্তানী বা কোহিস্তানী অৰ্থাৎ পাহাৰীয়া মানুহ বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ পিছত ইৰাণৰ শাৰী অঞ্চলৰ পৰা আন এটা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ গোট ভাৰতলৈ অহা বুলি কোৱা হয়। ==ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কাৰ,আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ== পাৰ্চী সম্প্ৰদায়ে পালন কৰা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰধান আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানসমূহ হ’ল- বিশুদ্ধতা আৰু অশুদ্ধি অধ্যাদেশ (নাছু), দীক্ষা (নৱজোট), দৈনিক প্ৰাৰ্থনা, অগ্নি মন্দিৰ পূজা, বিবাহ, চূড়ান্ত সংস্কাৰ আৰু সাধাৰণ ধৰ্মীয় উপাসনা। ==বিশুদ্ধতা আৰু প্ৰদূষণ== পবিত্ৰতা বা পৰিষ্কাৰ-পৰিচ্ছন্নতাক জৰদস্তি ধৰ্মত পবিত্ৰ আৰু শুভ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আনহাতে অশুদ্ধিক অশুভ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==নৱজ্যোত== এই ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰক্ৰিয়া যাৰ দ্বাৰা জৰথ্ৰুষ্ট শিশুৱে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে নিজৰ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু ধৰ্মীয় দীক্ষাত দীক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ==বিবাহ== পাৰ্চী সমাজে বিবাহক যথেষ্ট গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুলি গণ্য কৰে। তেওঁলোকে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে ঈশ্বৰে দিয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ দায়িত্ব আৰু এই সম্প্ৰসাৰণত তেওঁলোকে নিজেই প্ৰজনন কৰি ভূমিকা ল’ব পাৰে। উচ্চ শিক্ষিত পাৰ্চী মহিলাসকলে পলমকৈ বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয় আৰু বহুক্ষেত্ৰত একেবাৰেই নহয়। সমীক্ষা অনুসৰি ৯৭% পাৰ্চী মহিলা সুশিক্ষিত, ৪২% বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ স্নাতক, আৰু আন ২৯% বৃত্তি বা পেছাত নিয়োজিত যিয়ে সন্তোষজনক আয়ৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে। পাৰ্চী বিবাহ অনুষ্ঠানৰ কথা কওঁতে নৱজোট অনুষ্ঠানৰ লগত তুলনা আহে। কাৰণ দুয়োৰে চিনাকি কৰাই দিয়া হয় চাফাই গা ধোৱা। গা ধোৱাৰ পিছত ফুলেৰে সজোৱা গাড়ীত দৰা-কইনা বিয়াৰ অনুষ্ঠানত উপস্থিত হয়। উক্ত অনুষ্ঠানত দুয়োপক্ষৰ পুৰোহিতসকলো উপস্থিত থাকে আৰু সক্ৰিয় ভূমিকা পালন কৰে। দৰা-কইনাক মুখামুখিকৈ বহিলেও মাজত এখন চাদৰ ৰখা হয়। দুয়োৰে মূৰত এটা ঊল সাতবাৰ পেচোৱা হয় আৰু সিহঁতক বান্ধোনত বান্ধি ৰখা হয়। তাৰ পিছত দৰা-কইনাই ইজনে সিজনৰ ওপৰত ভাত পেলায়। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ হৈছে ইজনে সিজনৰ ওপৰত কৰ্তৃত্ব প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা। এইবোৰ শেষ হ’লেই বিবাহৰ ধৰ্মীয় ৰীতি-নীতি আৰম্ভ হয়। বৰ আৰু কইনাই ওচৰাওচৰিকৈ আসন গ্ৰহণ কৰে। আৰু পুৰোহিতজন তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মুখত বহে। ==অন্তিম সংস্কাৰ== যিহেতু জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মই মৃতদেহক অশুদ্ধ বা অশুদ্ধ বুলি গণ্য কৰে, সেয়েহে পাৰ্চীসকলে যাতে কোনো ধৰণৰ লৌকিক বস্তু মৃতদেহৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহি অশুদ্ধ বা অশুদ্ধ হ’ব নোৱাৰে তাৰ প্ৰতি লক্ষ্য ৰাখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত মৃতদেহ ৰখাৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট কোঠা সংৰক্ষিত হৈ থাকে। পৰিয়ালৰ কোনোবা এজনৰ মৃত্যু হ’লে তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ দাহ নোহোৱালৈকে সেই কোঠাটোতে ৰখা হয়। মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সকলো ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান এই কোঠাতে কৰা হয়। দাহ কৰাৰ পূৰ্বে এজন পুৰোহিতক ঘৰলৈ মাতি অনা হয়। তেওঁ মৃতকৰ পাপৰ প্ৰায়শ্চিত্তৰ বাবে মন্ত্ৰ পাঠ কৰে। ==তথ্যপঞ্জী== 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Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar | year = 1950 | title = 52 BLR 876 | publisher = Justices Chagla and Gajendragadkar}} {{refend}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ জনগোষ্ঠী]] [[শ্ৰেণী: জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ]] 6h2mlw96m6bnyq0ys3amq7z59tbilzl 453014 453012 2024-12-09T15:34:16Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* উৎস */ 453014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} [[image:Parsi-family-in-traditional-costume.jpg|thumb|পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পোছাকত আধুনিক মুম্বাই পাৰ্চী পৰিয়াল]] '''পাৰ্চীসকল''' ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশত বাস কৰা দুটা প্ৰধান জৰথুষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of PARSI |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Parsi |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> জনবিশ্বাস অনুসৰি প্ৰায় ১০০০ বছৰ আগতে ইৰাণৰ পৰা পশ্চিম ভাৰতলৈ আহিছিল। ৬৩৩-৬৫৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ভিতৰত যেতিয়া পাৰচিয়াক মুছলমান খিলাফতত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়, তেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে পাৰস্যৰ পৰা ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰে। পাৰ্চীসকলৰ জনগোষ্ঠীয় ধৰ্ম হৈছে [[জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ|জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ]] ধৰ্ম আৰু ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থ হৈছে [[আবেস্তা|আৱেস্তা]]। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান মতে পাৰ্চীসকলে সাঞ্জান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা গুজৰাটলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিছিল। পাৰ্চী ভাষাক স্থানীয়ভাৱে ‘ফাৰ্চী’ বুলি কোৱা হয়, যিটো পাৰ্চী ভাষাৰ আৰবী ৰূপ। পূৰ্বৰ পাৰ্চী সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ইৰাণ, আফগানিস্তান, তাজিকিস্তান আদি অঞ্চলত এই ভাষাৰ ব্যাপক ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা আৰু পৰিচয়== এনচাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্ৰিটানিকাৰ মতে পাৰ্চী পুৰোহিতসকলে ভাৰতত থকা একাংশ অনুগামীক জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মলৈ ধৰ্মান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদী পাৰ্চীসকলৰ বংশধৰে মুছলমানৰ ধৰ্মীয় নিৰ্যাতনৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ ভাৰতলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিছিল। ইহঁতে মূলতঃ মুম্বাইত আৰু বেছিভাগেই মুম্বাইৰ দক্ষিণে থকা কেইখনমান চহৰ আৰু গাঁৱত বাস কৰে। কিন্তু কৰাচী (পাকিস্তান) আৰু চেন্নাইৰ ওচৰৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত সংখ্যালঘু হিচাপে বাস কৰে। বেংগালুৰু, পুনেতো পাৰ্চীসকলৰ এক বৃহৎ সম্প্ৰদায় আছে। কলিকতা আৰু হায়দৰাবাদতো কেইটামান পাৰ্চী পৰিয়াল বাস কৰে।<ref name="britannica.com">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/444672/Parsi Parsi (people) - Encyclopædia Britannica]. Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.</ref> পাৰ্চীসকলৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ সঠিক তাৰিখ জানিব পৰা হোৱা নাই। ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে পাৰ্চীসকলে প্ৰথমে পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰীয় হৰমুজত স্থায়ীভাৱে বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। কিন্তু মুছলমানে পাৰস্য বিজয়ত আতংকিত হৈ অষ্টম শতিকাত ভাৰত অভিমুখে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰে। আচলতে এই প্ৰব্ৰজন হয়তো দশম শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে প্ৰথমে দিউ কঠীয়াৱাৰত থাকিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যদিও পিছত দক্ষিণ গুজৰাটলৈ গুচি যায়। য'ত ইহঁতে প্ৰায় ৮০০ বছৰ ধৰি সৰু কৃষি সম্প্ৰদায় হিচাপে জীয়াই আছে।<ref name="britannica.com"/> ==উৎস== প্ৰাচীন পাৰস্যত জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ ঋষিয়ে ধৰ্মীয় মতবাদ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল যে পৃথিৱীত ভাল আৰু বেয়া দুটা শক্তি আছে। এই শক্তি দুটা ইটোৱে সিটোৰ সমান। কিন্তু ইজনে সিজনৰ প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বী আৰু সদায় যুঁজত লিপ্ত। ভাল শক্তি বা পোহৰৰ পথত আহি নিজকে অপশক্তিৰ কু-প্ৰভাৱৰ পৰা মুক্ত কৰি ৰখাটো প্ৰতিজন মানুহৰ কৰ্তব্য। জীৱনকালত মানুহে যি পথ অনুসৰণ কৰে, সেই পথেই মৃত্যুৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ ভাগ্য নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব। যিসকলে আশা বা ধাৰ্মিকতা আৰু সত্যৰ পথ অনুসৰণ কৰে তেওঁলোকৰ স্বৰ্গত বাসস্থান হ’ব। নৰক হ’ব ড্ৰুজ বা দুষ্ট পথ গ্ৰহণ কৰাসকলৰ বাসস্থান। বাকীসকলে হামিষ্টাগানত থকা দুটা স্থানৰ মাজভাগ দখল কৰিব। জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদৰ মতে ভাল-অশুভ শক্তিৰ মাজত চূড়ান্ত সংঘাত আৰু এক বৃহৎ বিপৰ্যয়ৰ জৰিয়তে এদিন পৃথিৱীৰ অন্ত পৰিব। তেতিয়া সকলো পুনৰুত্থিত লোকে চিৰন্তন স্বৰ্গত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব, যদিও তাৰ আগতে তেওঁলোকে জুইৰ নদী পাৰ হ’ব লাগিব, য’ত সকলো পাপ জ্বলাই ধ্বংস হ’ব। জৰদস্তি ধৰ্মৰ পবিত্ৰ গ্ৰন্থ হ'ল জেন্দ আবেস্তা।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Entine |first=Jon |url= |title=Abraham's Children: Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People |date=2007-10-24 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |isbn=978-0-446-40839-4 |pages=236 |language=en}}</ref> ==ভাৰত উপমহাদেশত আগমন== ভাৰতলৈ অহাৰ পিছত পাৰ্চী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ জীৱন আৰু অভিজ্ঞতা কি আছিল সেই বিষয়ে জানিব পৰা একমাত্ৰ উৎস কিছা ই সঞ্জন নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন। সেই সময়ত পাৰ্চী জীৱনীৰ আন কোনো উৎস পোৱা নাযায়। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদীসকল ভাৰতলৈ অহাৰ কমেও ছশ বছৰৰ পাছত লিখা হৈছিল। গ্ৰন্থ অনুযায়ী প্ৰথমে ভাৰতলৈ অহা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ দলটোৰ আদিম ঘৰ মধ্য এছিয়াৰ বৃহত্তৰ খোৰাছান অঞ্চলত আছিল। ঐতিহাসিক খোৰাছান অঞ্চলৰ ভৌগোলিক বিস্তৃতি বিশাল। ইয়াৰ পৰিসৰ কেইবাখনো ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰে। ই ইৰাণ আৰু আধুনিক আফগানিস্তান ৰাজ্যৰ এক বৃহৎ অঞ্চল সামৰি লৈছে, য'ত তাজিকিস্তান, তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান আৰু উজবেকিস্তানৰ কিছু অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ইৰাণৰ বৰ্তমানৰ অংশটোক খোৰাছান প্ৰদেশ বুলি জনা যায়। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান নামৰ কিতাপখনৰ মতে জাদি ৰানা নামৰ এজন ভাৰতীয় শাসকে জৰদস্তিসকলক তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিছিল। কিন্তু বিনিময়ত তেওঁলোকক সেই ৰাজ্যৰ ভাষা আৰু (মহিলাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত) সাজ-পোছাক (শাৰী) গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ কোৱা হয়। এই চৰ্ত দুটা মানি লৈ দলটোৱে ভাৰতত বসবাস কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিলে। তেওঁলোকৰ এই বসতি পাছলৈ সাঞ্জান নামৰ এখন চহৰত পৰিণত হয়। কোৱা হয় যে তেওঁলোকে পাৰস্যত থকা তেওঁলোকৰ জন্মস্থান সাঞ্জান নগৰৰ নামেৰে এই বসতিস্থলৰ নাম ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান ৰাজ্যৰ মাৰভ অঞ্চলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন প্ৰাচীন চহৰ সাঞ্জান। প্ৰায় পাঁচ বছৰৰ পিছত ইৰাণৰ বৃহত্তৰ খোৰাছান অঞ্চলৰ পৰা আন এটা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ দল ভাৰতলৈ আহিছিল। এই গোটটোৱে লগত লৈ আহিছিল কিছুমান ধৰ্মীয় সামগ্ৰী (আলাত)। এই দুটা গোটক কেতিয়াবা সামূহিকভাৱে খোৰাস্তানী বা কোহিস্তানী অৰ্থাৎ পাহাৰীয়া মানুহ বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ পিছত ইৰাণৰ শাৰী অঞ্চলৰ পৰা আন এটা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ গোট ভাৰতলৈ অহা বুলি কোৱা হয়। ==ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কাৰ,আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ== পাৰ্চী সম্প্ৰদায়ে পালন কৰা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰধান আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানসমূহ হ’ল- বিশুদ্ধতা আৰু অশুদ্ধি অধ্যাদেশ (নাছু), দীক্ষা (নৱজোট), দৈনিক প্ৰাৰ্থনা, অগ্নি মন্দিৰ পূজা, বিবাহ, চূড়ান্ত সংস্কাৰ আৰু সাধাৰণ ধৰ্মীয় উপাসনা। ==বিশুদ্ধতা আৰু প্ৰদূষণ== পবিত্ৰতা বা পৰিষ্কাৰ-পৰিচ্ছন্নতাক জৰদস্তি ধৰ্মত পবিত্ৰ আৰু শুভ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আনহাতে অশুদ্ধিক অশুভ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==নৱজ্যোত== এই ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰক্ৰিয়া যাৰ দ্বাৰা জৰথ্ৰুষ্ট শিশুৱে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে নিজৰ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু ধৰ্মীয় দীক্ষাত দীক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ==বিবাহ== পাৰ্চী সমাজে বিবাহক যথেষ্ট গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুলি গণ্য কৰে। তেওঁলোকে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে ঈশ্বৰে দিয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ দায়িত্ব আৰু এই সম্প্ৰসাৰণত তেওঁলোকে নিজেই প্ৰজনন কৰি ভূমিকা ল’ব পাৰে। উচ্চ শিক্ষিত পাৰ্চী মহিলাসকলে পলমকৈ বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয় আৰু বহুক্ষেত্ৰত একেবাৰেই নহয়। সমীক্ষা অনুসৰি ৯৭% পাৰ্চী মহিলা সুশিক্ষিত, ৪২% বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ স্নাতক, আৰু আন ২৯% বৃত্তি বা পেছাত নিয়োজিত যিয়ে সন্তোষজনক আয়ৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে। পাৰ্চী বিবাহ অনুষ্ঠানৰ কথা কওঁতে নৱজোট অনুষ্ঠানৰ লগত তুলনা আহে। কাৰণ দুয়োৰে চিনাকি কৰাই দিয়া হয় চাফাই গা ধোৱা। গা ধোৱাৰ পিছত ফুলেৰে সজোৱা গাড়ীত দৰা-কইনা বিয়াৰ অনুষ্ঠানত উপস্থিত হয়। উক্ত অনুষ্ঠানত দুয়োপক্ষৰ পুৰোহিতসকলো উপস্থিত থাকে আৰু সক্ৰিয় ভূমিকা পালন কৰে। দৰা-কইনাক মুখামুখিকৈ বহিলেও মাজত এখন চাদৰ ৰখা হয়। দুয়োৰে মূৰত এটা ঊল সাতবাৰ পেচোৱা হয় আৰু সিহঁতক বান্ধোনত বান্ধি ৰখা হয়। তাৰ পিছত দৰা-কইনাই ইজনে সিজনৰ ওপৰত ভাত পেলায়। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ হৈছে ইজনে সিজনৰ ওপৰত কৰ্তৃত্ব প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা। এইবোৰ শেষ হ’লেই বিবাহৰ ধৰ্মীয় ৰীতি-নীতি আৰম্ভ হয়। বৰ আৰু কইনাই ওচৰাওচৰিকৈ আসন গ্ৰহণ কৰে। আৰু পুৰোহিতজন তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মুখত বহে। ==অন্তিম সংস্কাৰ== যিহেতু জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মই মৃতদেহক অশুদ্ধ বা অশুদ্ধ বুলি গণ্য কৰে, সেয়েহে পাৰ্চীসকলে যাতে কোনো ধৰণৰ লৌকিক বস্তু মৃতদেহৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহি অশুদ্ধ বা অশুদ্ধ হ’ব নোৱাৰে তাৰ প্ৰতি লক্ষ্য ৰাখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত মৃতদেহ ৰখাৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট কোঠা সংৰক্ষিত হৈ থাকে। পৰিয়ালৰ কোনোবা এজনৰ মৃত্যু হ’লে তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ দাহ নোহোৱালৈকে সেই কোঠাটোতে ৰখা হয়। মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সকলো ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান এই কোঠাতে কৰা হয়। দাহ কৰাৰ পূৰ্বে এজন পুৰোহিতক ঘৰলৈ মাতি অনা হয়। তেওঁ মৃতকৰ পাপৰ প্ৰায়শ্চিত্তৰ বাবে মন্ত্ৰ পাঠ কৰে। ==তথ্যপঞ্জী== {{refbegin}} * {{Citation | last = Boyce | first = M. | author-link = Mary Boyce | title = On the Calendar of the Zoroastrian Feasts | journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 513-539 | year = 1970 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X(1970)33%3A3%3C513%3AOTCOZF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5}} * {{Citation | last = Boyce | first = M. | editor-last = Godrej | editor-first = P.J. | title = A Zoroastrian Tapestry | place = New York | publisher = Mapin |date=July 2002| chapter= The Parthians | ISBN = 1890206229}} * {{Citation | last = Darukhanawala | first = H. | last2 = Jeejeebhoy | first2 = J | title = Parsi Lustre on Indian Soil, Vol. I | place = Bombay | publisher = G. 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Merwan Rashid Yezdiar | year = 1948 | title = Parsi Matrimonial Court | publisher = Justice Coyaji}} * {{Citation | last = Merwan Rashid Yezdiar v. Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar | year = 1950 | title = 52 BLR 876 | publisher = Justices Chagla and Gajendragadkar}} {{refend}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ জনগোষ্ঠী]] [[শ্ৰেণী: জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ]] eewmiort36el0acr7h5ns98ula0mvdt 453015 453014 2024-12-09T15:37:17Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} [[image:Parsi-family-in-traditional-costume.jpg|thumb|পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পোছাকত আধুনিক মুম্বাই পাৰ্চী পৰিয়াল]] '''পাৰ্চীসকল''' ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশত বাস কৰা দুটা প্ৰধান জৰথুষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of PARSI |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Parsi |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> জনবিশ্বাস অনুসৰি প্ৰায় ১০০০ বছৰ আগতে ইৰাণৰ পৰা পশ্চিম ভাৰতলৈ আহিছিল। ৬৩৩-৬৫৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ভিতৰত যেতিয়া পাৰচিয়াক মুছলমান খিলাফতত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়, তেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে পাৰস্যৰ পৰা ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰে। পাৰ্চীসকলৰ জনগোষ্ঠীয় ধৰ্ম হৈছে [[জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ|জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ]] ধৰ্ম আৰু ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থ হৈছে [[আবেস্তা|আৱেস্তা]]। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান মতে পাৰ্চীসকলে সাঞ্জান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা গুজৰাটলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিছিল। পাৰ্চী ভাষাক স্থানীয়ভাৱে ‘ফাৰ্চী’ বুলি কোৱা হয়, যিটো পাৰ্চী ভাষাৰ আৰবী ৰূপ। পূৰ্বৰ পাৰ্চী সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ইৰাণ, আফগানিস্তান, তাজিকিস্তান আদি অঞ্চলত এই ভাষাৰ ব্যাপক ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা আৰু পৰিচয়== এনচাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্ৰিটানিকাৰ মতে পাৰ্চী পুৰোহিতসকলে ভাৰতত থকা একাংশ অনুগামীক জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মলৈ ধৰ্মান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদী পাৰ্চীসকলৰ বংশধৰে মুছলমানৰ ধৰ্মীয় নিৰ্যাতনৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ ভাৰতলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিছিল। ইহঁতে মূলতঃ মুম্বাইত আৰু বেছিভাগেই মুম্বাইৰ দক্ষিণে থকা কেইখনমান চহৰ আৰু গাঁৱত বাস কৰে। কিন্তু কৰাচী (পাকিস্তান) আৰু চেন্নাইৰ ওচৰৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত সংখ্যালঘু হিচাপে বাস কৰে। বেংগালুৰু, পুনেতো পাৰ্চীসকলৰ এক বৃহৎ সম্প্ৰদায় আছে। কলিকতা আৰু হায়দৰাবাদতো কেইটামান পাৰ্চী পৰিয়াল বাস কৰে।<ref name="britannica.com">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/444672/Parsi Parsi (people) - Encyclopædia Britannica]. Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.</ref> পাৰ্চীসকলৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ সঠিক তাৰিখ জানিব পৰা হোৱা নাই। ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে পাৰ্চীসকলে প্ৰথমে পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰীয় হৰমুজত স্থায়ীভাৱে বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। কিন্তু মুছলমানে পাৰস্য বিজয়ত আতংকিত হৈ অষ্টম শতিকাত ভাৰত অভিমুখে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰে। আচলতে এই প্ৰব্ৰজন হয়তো দশম শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে প্ৰথমে দিউ কঠীয়াৱাৰত থাকিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যদিও পিছত দক্ষিণ গুজৰাটলৈ গুচি যায়। য'ত ইহঁতে প্ৰায় ৮০০ বছৰ ধৰি সৰু কৃষি সম্প্ৰদায় হিচাপে জীয়াই আছে।<ref name="britannica.com"/> ==উৎস== প্ৰাচীন পাৰস্যত জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ ঋষিয়ে ধৰ্মীয় মতবাদ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল যে পৃথিৱীত ভাল আৰু বেয়া দুটা শক্তি আছে। এই শক্তি দুটা ইটোৱে সিটোৰ সমান। কিন্তু ইজনে সিজনৰ প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বী আৰু সদায় যুঁজত লিপ্ত। ভাল শক্তি বা পোহৰৰ পথত আহি নিজকে অপশক্তিৰ কু-প্ৰভাৱৰ পৰা মুক্ত কৰি ৰখাটো প্ৰতিজন মানুহৰ কৰ্তব্য। জীৱনকালত মানুহে যি পথ অনুসৰণ কৰে, সেই পথেই মৃত্যুৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ ভাগ্য নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব। যিসকলে আশা বা ধাৰ্মিকতা আৰু সত্যৰ পথ অনুসৰণ কৰে তেওঁলোকৰ স্বৰ্গত বাসস্থান হ’ব। নৰক হ’ব ড্ৰুজ বা দুষ্ট পথ গ্ৰহণ কৰাসকলৰ বাসস্থান। বাকীসকলে হামিষ্টাগানত থকা দুটা স্থানৰ মাজভাগ দখল কৰিব। জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদৰ মতে ভাল-অশুভ শক্তিৰ মাজত চূড়ান্ত সংঘাত আৰু এক বৃহৎ বিপৰ্যয়ৰ জৰিয়তে এদিন পৃথিৱীৰ অন্ত পৰিব। তেতিয়া সকলো পুনৰুত্থিত লোকে চিৰন্তন স্বৰ্গত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব, যদিও তাৰ আগতে তেওঁলোকে জুইৰ নদী পাৰ হ’ব লাগিব, য’ত সকলো পাপ জ্বলাই ধ্বংস হ’ব। জৰদস্তি ধৰ্মৰ পবিত্ৰ গ্ৰন্থ হ'ল জেন্দ আবেস্তা।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Entine |first=Jon |url= |title=Abraham's Children: Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People |date=2007-10-24 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |isbn=978-0-446-40839-4 |pages=236 |language=en}}</ref> ==ভাৰত উপমহাদেশত আগমন== ভাৰতলৈ অহাৰ পিছত পাৰ্চী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ জীৱন আৰু অভিজ্ঞতা কি আছিল সেই বিষয়ে জানিব পৰা একমাত্ৰ উৎস কিছা ই সঞ্জন নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন। সেই সময়ত পাৰ্চী জীৱনীৰ আন কোনো উৎস পোৱা নাযায়। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদীসকল ভাৰতলৈ অহাৰ কমেও ছশ বছৰৰ পাছত লিখা হৈছিল। গ্ৰন্থ অনুযায়ী প্ৰথমে ভাৰতলৈ অহা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ দলটোৰ আদিম ঘৰ মধ্য এছিয়াৰ বৃহত্তৰ খোৰাছান অঞ্চলত আছিল। ঐতিহাসিক খোৰাছান অঞ্চলৰ ভৌগোলিক বিস্তৃতি বিশাল। ইয়াৰ পৰিসৰ কেইবাখনো ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰে। ই ইৰাণ আৰু আধুনিক আফগানিস্তান ৰাজ্যৰ এক বৃহৎ অঞ্চল সামৰি লৈছে, য'ত তাজিকিস্তান, তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান আৰু উজবেকিস্তানৰ কিছু অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ইৰাণৰ বৰ্তমানৰ অংশটোক খোৰাছান প্ৰদেশ বুলি জনা যায়। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান নামৰ কিতাপখনৰ মতে জাদি ৰানা নামৰ এজন ভাৰতীয় শাসকে জৰদস্তিসকলক তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিছিল। কিন্তু বিনিময়ত তেওঁলোকক সেই ৰাজ্যৰ ভাষা আৰু (মহিলাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত) সাজ-পোছাক (শাৰী) গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ কোৱা হয়। এই চৰ্ত দুটা মানি লৈ দলটোৱে ভাৰতত বসবাস কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিলে। তেওঁলোকৰ এই বসতি পাছলৈ সাঞ্জান নামৰ এখন চহৰত পৰিণত হয়। কোৱা হয় যে তেওঁলোকে পাৰস্যত থকা তেওঁলোকৰ জন্মস্থান সাঞ্জান নগৰৰ নামেৰে এই বসতিস্থলৰ নাম ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান ৰাজ্যৰ মাৰভ অঞ্চলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন প্ৰাচীন চহৰ সাঞ্জান। প্ৰায় পাঁচ বছৰৰ পিছত ইৰাণৰ বৃহত্তৰ খোৰাছান অঞ্চলৰ পৰা আন এটা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ দল ভাৰতলৈ আহিছিল। এই গোটটোৱে লগত লৈ আহিছিল কিছুমান ধৰ্মীয় সামগ্ৰী (আলাত)। এই দুটা গোটক কেতিয়াবা সামূহিকভাৱে খোৰাস্তানী বা কোহিস্তানী অৰ্থাৎ পাহাৰীয়া মানুহ বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ পিছত ইৰাণৰ শাৰী অঞ্চলৰ পৰা আন এটা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ গোট ভাৰতলৈ অহা বুলি কোৱা হয়। ==ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কাৰ,আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ== পাৰ্চী সম্প্ৰদায়ে পালন কৰা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰধান আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানসমূহ হ’ল- বিশুদ্ধতা আৰু অশুদ্ধি অধ্যাদেশ (নাছু), দীক্ষা (নৱজোট), দৈনিক প্ৰাৰ্থনা, অগ্নি মন্দিৰ পূজা, বিবাহ, চূড়ান্ত সংস্কাৰ আৰু সাধাৰণ ধৰ্মীয় উপাসনা। ==বিশুদ্ধতা আৰু প্ৰদূষণ== পবিত্ৰতা বা পৰিষ্কাৰ-পৰিচ্ছন্নতাক জৰদস্তি ধৰ্মত পবিত্ৰ আৰু শুভ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আনহাতে অশুদ্ধিক অশুভ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==নৱজ্যোত== এই ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰক্ৰিয়া যাৰ দ্বাৰা জৰথ্ৰুষ্ট শিশুৱে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে নিজৰ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু ধৰ্মীয় দীক্ষাত দীক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ==বিবাহ== পাৰ্চী সমাজে বিবাহক যথেষ্ট গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুলি গণ্য কৰে। তেওঁলোকে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে ঈশ্বৰে দিয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ দায়িত্ব আৰু এই সম্প্ৰসাৰণত তেওঁলোকে নিজেই প্ৰজনন কৰি ভূমিকা ল’ব পাৰে। উচ্চ শিক্ষিত পাৰ্চী মহিলাসকলে পলমকৈ বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয় আৰু বহুক্ষেত্ৰত একেবাৰেই নহয়। সমীক্ষা অনুসৰি ৯৭% পাৰ্চী মহিলা সুশিক্ষিত, ৪২% বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ স্নাতক, আৰু আন ২৯% বৃত্তি বা পেছাত নিয়োজিত যিয়ে সন্তোষজনক আয়ৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে। পাৰ্চী বিবাহ অনুষ্ঠানৰ কথা কওঁতে নৱজোট অনুষ্ঠানৰ লগত তুলনা আহে। কাৰণ দুয়োৰে চিনাকি কৰাই দিয়া হয় চাফাই গা ধোৱা। গা ধোৱাৰ পিছত ফুলেৰে সজোৱা গাড়ীত দৰা-কইনা বিয়াৰ অনুষ্ঠানত উপস্থিত হয়। উক্ত অনুষ্ঠানত দুয়োপক্ষৰ পুৰোহিতসকলো উপস্থিত থাকে আৰু সক্ৰিয় ভূমিকা পালন কৰে। দৰা-কইনাক মুখামুখিকৈ বহিলেও মাজত এখন চাদৰ ৰখা হয়। দুয়োৰে মূৰত এটা ঊল সাতবাৰ পেচোৱা হয় আৰু সিহঁতক বান্ধোনত বান্ধি ৰখা হয়। তাৰ পিছত দৰা-কইনাই ইজনে সিজনৰ ওপৰত ভাত পেলায়। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ হৈছে ইজনে সিজনৰ ওপৰত কৰ্তৃত্ব প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা। এইবোৰ শেষ হ’লেই বিবাহৰ ধৰ্মীয় ৰীতি-নীতি আৰম্ভ হয়। বৰ আৰু কইনাই ওচৰাওচৰিকৈ আসন গ্ৰহণ কৰে। আৰু পুৰোহিতজন তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মুখত বহে। ==অন্তিম সংস্কাৰ== যিহেতু জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মই মৃতদেহক অশুদ্ধ বা অশুদ্ধ বুলি গণ্য কৰে, সেয়েহে পাৰ্চীসকলে যাতে কোনো ধৰণৰ লৌকিক বস্তু মৃতদেহৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহি অশুদ্ধ বা অশুদ্ধ হ’ব নোৱাৰে তাৰ প্ৰতি লক্ষ্য ৰাখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত মৃতদেহ ৰখাৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট কোঠা সংৰক্ষিত হৈ থাকে। পৰিয়ালৰ কোনোবা এজনৰ মৃত্যু হ’লে তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ দাহ নোহোৱালৈকে সেই কোঠাটোতে ৰখা হয়। মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সকলো ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান এই কোঠাতে কৰা হয়। দাহ কৰাৰ পূৰ্বে এজন পুৰোহিতক ঘৰলৈ মাতি অনা হয়। তেওঁ মৃতকৰ পাপৰ প্ৰায়শ্চিত্তৰ বাবে মন্ত্ৰ পাঠ কৰে। ==অধিক পঢ়িবলৈ চাওক== * {{cite web |title=Parsi-Religion and Expressive Culture |website=Countries and their Cultures |publisher=Advameg, Inc. |url= http://www.everyculture.com/South-Asia/Parsi-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html}} * {{cite web |title=A brief introduction to Zoroastrianism |website=Kwintessentials |url= http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/religion/zoroastrianism.html|access-date=June 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501070758/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/religion/zoroastrianism.html |archive-date=May 1, 2016 |url-status=dead }} * {{Citation|last=Naoroji |first=Dadabhai |author-link=Dadabhai Naoroji |title=The Parsee Religion|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924031767779#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1861|publisher= 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Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.</ref> পাৰ্চীসকলৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ সঠিক তাৰিখ জানিব পৰা হোৱা নাই। ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে পাৰ্চীসকলে প্ৰথমে পাৰ্চী উপসাগৰীয় হৰমুজত স্থায়ীভাৱে বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। কিন্তু মুছলমানে পাৰস্য বিজয়ত আতংকিত হৈ অষ্টম শতিকাত ভাৰত অভিমুখে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰে। আচলতে এই প্ৰব্ৰজন হয়তো দশম শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে প্ৰথমে দিউ কঠীয়াৱাৰত থাকিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যদিও পিছত দক্ষিণ গুজৰাটলৈ গুচি যায়। য'ত ইহঁতে প্ৰায় ৮০০ বছৰ ধৰি সৰু কৃষি সম্প্ৰদায় হিচাপে জীয়াই আছে।<ref name="britannica.com"/> ==উৎস== প্ৰাচীন পাৰস্যত জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ ঋষিয়ে ধৰ্মীয় মতবাদ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল যে পৃথিৱীত ভাল আৰু বেয়া দুটা শক্তি আছে। এই শক্তি দুটা ইটোৱে সিটোৰ সমান। কিন্তু ইজনে সিজনৰ প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বী আৰু সদায় যুঁজত লিপ্ত। ভাল শক্তি বা পোহৰৰ পথত আহি নিজকে অপশক্তিৰ কু-প্ৰভাৱৰ পৰা মুক্ত কৰি ৰখাটো প্ৰতিজন মানুহৰ কৰ্তব্য। জীৱনকালত মানুহে যি পথ অনুসৰণ কৰে, সেই পথেই মৃত্যুৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ ভাগ্য নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব। যিসকলে আশা বা ধাৰ্মিকতা আৰু সত্যৰ পথ অনুসৰণ কৰে তেওঁলোকৰ স্বৰ্গত বাসস্থান হ’ব। নৰক হ’ব ড্ৰুজ বা দুষ্ট পথ গ্ৰহণ কৰাসকলৰ বাসস্থান। বাকীসকলে হামিষ্টাগানত থকা দুটা স্থানৰ মাজভাগ দখল কৰিব। জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদৰ মতে ভাল-অশুভ শক্তিৰ মাজত চূড়ান্ত সংঘাত আৰু এক বৃহৎ বিপৰ্যয়ৰ জৰিয়তে এদিন পৃথিৱীৰ অন্ত পৰিব। তেতিয়া সকলো পুনৰুত্থিত লোকে চিৰন্তন স্বৰ্গত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব, যদিও তাৰ আগতে তেওঁলোকে জুইৰ নদী পাৰ হ’ব লাগিব, য’ত সকলো পাপ জ্বলাই ধ্বংস হ’ব। জৰদস্তি ধৰ্মৰ পবিত্ৰ গ্ৰন্থ হ'ল জেন্দ আবেস্তা।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Entine |first=Jon |url= |title=Abraham's Children: Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People |date=2007-10-24 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |isbn=978-0-446-40839-4 |pages=236 |language=en}}</ref> ==ভাৰত উপমহাদেশত আগমন== ভাৰতলৈ অহাৰ পিছত পাৰ্চী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ জীৱন আৰু অভিজ্ঞতা কি আছিল সেই বিষয়ে জানিব পৰা একমাত্ৰ উৎস কিছা ই সঞ্জন নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন। সেই সময়ত পাৰ্চী জীৱনীৰ আন কোনো উৎস পোৱা নাযায়। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদীসকল ভাৰতলৈ অহাৰ কমেও ছশ বছৰৰ পাছত লিখা হৈছিল। গ্ৰন্থ অনুযায়ী প্ৰথমে ভাৰতলৈ অহা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ দলটোৰ আদিম ঘৰ মধ্য এছিয়াৰ বৃহত্তৰ খোৰাছান অঞ্চলত আছিল। ঐতিহাসিক খোৰাছান অঞ্চলৰ ভৌগোলিক বিস্তৃতি বিশাল। ইয়াৰ পৰিসৰ কেইবাখনো ৰাজ্যৰ মাজেৰে। ই ইৰাণ আৰু আধুনিক আফগানিস্তান ৰাজ্যৰ এক বৃহৎ অঞ্চল সামৰি লৈছে, য'ত তাজিকিস্তান, তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান আৰু উজবেকিস্তানৰ কিছু অংশও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ইৰাণৰ বৰ্তমানৰ অংশটোক খোৰাছান প্ৰদেশ বুলি জনা যায়। কিচ্ছা এ সাঞ্জান নামৰ কিতাপখনৰ মতে জাদি ৰানা নামৰ এজন ভাৰতীয় শাসকে জৰদস্তিসকলক তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিছিল। কিন্তু বিনিময়ত তেওঁলোকক সেই ৰাজ্যৰ ভাষা আৰু (মহিলাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত) সাজ-পোছাক (শাৰী) গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ কোৱা হয়। এই চৰ্ত দুটা মানি লৈ দলটোৱে ভাৰতত বসবাস কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিলে। তেওঁলোকৰ এই বসতি পাছলৈ সাঞ্জান নামৰ এখন চহৰত পৰিণত হয়। কোৱা হয় যে তেওঁলোকে পাৰস্যত থকা তেওঁলোকৰ জন্মস্থান সাঞ্জান নগৰৰ নামেৰে এই বসতিস্থলৰ নাম ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান তুৰ্কমেনিস্তান ৰাজ্যৰ মাৰভ অঞ্চলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন প্ৰাচীন চহৰ সাঞ্জান। প্ৰায় পাঁচ বছৰৰ পিছত ইৰাণৰ বৃহত্তৰ খোৰাছান অঞ্চলৰ পৰা আন এটা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ দল ভাৰতলৈ আহিছিল। এই গোটটোৱে লগত লৈ আহিছিল কিছুমান ধৰ্মীয় সামগ্ৰী (আলাত)। এই দুটা গোটক কেতিয়াবা সামূহিকভাৱে খোৰাস্তানী বা কোহিস্তানী অৰ্থাৎ পাহাৰীয়া মানুহ বুলিও কোৱা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ পিছত ইৰাণৰ শাৰী অঞ্চলৰ পৰা আন এটা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ গোট ভাৰতলৈ অহা বুলি কোৱা হয়। ==ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কাৰ,আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ== পাৰ্চী সম্প্ৰদায়ে পালন কৰা জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰধান আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানসমূহ হ’ল- বিশুদ্ধতা আৰু অশুদ্ধি অধ্যাদেশ (নাছু), দীক্ষা (নৱজোট), দৈনিক প্ৰাৰ্থনা, অগ্নি মন্দিৰ পূজা, বিবাহ, চূড়ান্ত সংস্কাৰ আৰু সাধাৰণ ধৰ্মীয় উপাসনা। ==বিশুদ্ধতা আৰু প্ৰদূষণ== পবিত্ৰতা বা পৰিষ্কাৰ-পৰিচ্ছন্নতাক জৰদস্তি ধৰ্মত পবিত্ৰ আৰু শুভ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আনহাতে অশুদ্ধিক অশুভ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==নৱজ্যোত== এই ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰক্ৰিয়া যাৰ দ্বাৰা জৰথ্ৰুষ্ট শিশুৱে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে নিজৰ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু ধৰ্মীয় দীক্ষাত দীক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ==বিবাহ== পাৰ্চী সমাজে বিবাহক যথেষ্ট গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুলি গণ্য কৰে। তেওঁলোকে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে ঈশ্বৰে দিয়া ৰাজ্যৰ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ দায়িত্ব আৰু এই সম্প্ৰসাৰণত তেওঁলোকে নিজেই প্ৰজনন কৰি ভূমিকা ল’ব পাৰে। উচ্চ শিক্ষিত পাৰ্চী মহিলাসকলে পলমকৈ বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয় আৰু বহুক্ষেত্ৰত একেবাৰেই নহয়। সমীক্ষা অনুসৰি ৯৭% পাৰ্চী মহিলা সুশিক্ষিত, ৪২% বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ স্নাতক, আৰু আন ২৯% বৃত্তি বা পেছাত নিয়োজিত যিয়ে সন্তোষজনক আয়ৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে। পাৰ্চী বিবাহ অনুষ্ঠানৰ কথা কওঁতে নৱজোট অনুষ্ঠানৰ লগত তুলনা আহে। কাৰণ দুয়োৰে চিনাকি কৰাই দিয়া হয় চাফাই গা ধোৱা। গা ধোৱাৰ পিছত ফুলেৰে সজোৱা গাড়ীত দৰা-কইনা বিয়াৰ অনুষ্ঠানত উপস্থিত হয়। উক্ত অনুষ্ঠানত দুয়োপক্ষৰ পুৰোহিতসকলো উপস্থিত থাকে আৰু সক্ৰিয় ভূমিকা পালন কৰে। দৰা-কইনাক মুখামুখিকৈ বহিলেও মাজত এখন চাদৰ ৰখা হয়। দুয়োৰে মূৰত এটা ঊল সাতবাৰ পেচোৱা হয় আৰু সিহঁতক বান্ধোনত বান্ধি ৰখা হয়। তাৰ পিছত দৰা-কইনাই ইজনে সিজনৰ ওপৰত ভাত পেলায়। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ হৈছে ইজনে সিজনৰ ওপৰত কৰ্তৃত্ব প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা। এইবোৰ শেষ হ’লেই বিবাহৰ ধৰ্মীয় ৰীতি-নীতি আৰম্ভ হয়। বৰ আৰু কইনাই ওচৰাওচৰিকৈ আসন গ্ৰহণ কৰে। আৰু পুৰোহিতজন তেওঁলোকৰ সন্মুখত বহে। ==অন্তিম সংস্কাৰ== যিহেতু জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ ধৰ্মই মৃতদেহক অশুদ্ধ বা অশুদ্ধ বুলি গণ্য কৰে, সেয়েহে পাৰ্চীসকলে যাতে কোনো ধৰণৰ লৌকিক বস্তু মৃতদেহৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আহি অশুদ্ধ বা অশুদ্ধ হ’ব নোৱাৰে তাৰ প্ৰতি লক্ষ্য ৰাখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ ঘৰত মৃতদেহ ৰখাৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট কোঠা সংৰক্ষিত হৈ থাকে। পৰিয়ালৰ কোনোবা এজনৰ মৃত্যু হ’লে তেওঁৰ মৃতদেহ দাহ নোহোৱালৈকে সেই কোঠাটোতে ৰখা হয়। মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সকলো ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান এই কোঠাতে কৰা হয়। দাহ কৰাৰ পূৰ্বে এজন পুৰোহিতক ঘৰলৈ মাতি অনা হয়। তেওঁ মৃতকৰ পাপৰ প্ৰায়শ্চিত্তৰ বাবে মন্ত্ৰ পাঠ কৰে। ==অধিক পঢ়িবলৈ চাওক== * {{cite web |title=Parsi-Religion and Expressive Culture |website=Countries and their Cultures |publisher=Advameg, Inc. |url= http://www.everyculture.com/South-Asia/Parsi-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html}} * {{cite web |title=A brief introduction to Zoroastrianism |website=Kwintessentials |url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/religion/zoroastrianism.html |access-date=June 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501070758/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/religion/zoroastrianism.html |archive-date=May 1, 2016 |url-status=dead |archivedate=May 1, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501070758/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/religion/zoroastrianism.html |deadurl=yes }} * 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Merwan Rashid Yezdiar | year = 1948 | title = Parsi Matrimonial Court | publisher = Justice Coyaji}} * {{Citation | last = Merwan Rashid Yezdiar v. Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar | year = 1950 | title = 52 BLR 876 | publisher = Justices Chagla and Gajendragadkar}} {{refend}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ জনগোষ্ঠী]] [[শ্ৰেণী: জৰথুষ্ট্ৰ]] r6g51ci53jkzc1v4yal8l48yqvka2bk ৰবীন্দ্ৰ জাদেজা 0 99338 453016 392188 2024-12-09T15:39:04Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* সাফল্য */ 453016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} {{Infobox cricketer | name = ৰবীন্দ্ৰ জাদেজা | image = Ravindra Jadeja in 2018.jpg | imagesize = 220px | caption = ২০১৮ চনত জাদেজা}} '''ৰবীন্দ্ৰসিংহ অনিৰুদ্ধসিংহ জাদেজা''' ( {{Lang-gu|રવિન્દ્રસિંહ અનિરુધ્ધસિંહ જાડેજા}} ; জন্ম: ৬ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৮৮) [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] [[গুজৰাট|গুজৰাটত]] জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ক্ৰিকেট|ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] ৷ [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুৰুষ ক্ৰিকেট দল|ভাৰতীয়]] দলত বাওঁহাতৰ মিডল অৰ্ডাৰ বেটছমেন আৰু লেহেমীয়া বাওঁহাতৰ বলাৰ হিচাপে খেলে। ঘৰুৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতাত সৌৰাষ্ট্ৰ দল আৰু [[ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰীমিয়াৰ লীগ|ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰিমিয়াৰ লীগত]] চেন্নাই ছুপাৰ কিংছৰ বাবে প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ ক্ৰিকেট ৷ ২০০৮ চনত [[মালয়েছিয়া|মালয়েছিয়াত]] অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা আই চি চি অনূৰ্ধ্ব-১৯ ক্ৰিকেট বিশ্বকাপত জয়ী হোৱা ভাৰতীয় দলৰ অন্যতম সদস্য আছিল জাদেজা। যোৱা দশকৰ অন্যতম শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অলৰাউণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে তেওঁক গণ্য কৰা হয়। ২০১৩ চনৰ আই চি চি চেম্পিয়নছ ট্ৰফী জয় কৰা ভাৰতীয় দলটোৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সদস্য আছিল জাদেজা, য’ত তেওঁ প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনত ভাৰতৰ হৈ সৰ্বাধিক উইকেট দখল কৰিছিল আৰু এইদৰে গোল্ডেন বল লাভ কৰিছিল। ২০১৩ চনৰ আই চি চি চেম্পিয়নছ ট্ৰফীৰ ফাইনেলত তেওঁ মেন অৱ দ্য মেচৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰে। ===সাফল্য=== ২০১২ চনত ৰবীন্দ্ৰ জাদেজা ক্ৰিকেটৰ ইতিহাসত প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ ক্ৰিকেটত তিনিটা ট্ৰিপল শতক অৰ্জন কৰা অষ্টম আৰু প্ৰথমজন ভাৰতীয় ক্ৰিকেটাৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। যাৰ ফলত তেওঁ ড'নাল্ড ব্ৰেডমেন, ব্ৰায়ান লাৰা, বিল পন্সফৰ্ড, ৱালটাৰ হামণ্ড, ডব্লিউ জি গ্ৰেচ, গ্ৰেম হিক আৰু মাইক হাছিৰ শাৰীত যোগদান কৰে। ২০১২ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত তেওঁ ওড়িশা, গুজৰাট আৰু ৰেলৱেৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ত্ৰিপল শতক অৰ্জন কৰে। সেই সময়ত তেওঁৰ বয়স আছিল মাত্ৰ ২৭ বছৰ। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতীয় ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] eg8zvosyu0vb9daoaq1x1dc99yus5zh 453017 453016 2024-12-09T15:40:47Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} {{Infobox cricketer | name = ৰবীন্দ্ৰ জাদেজা | image = Ravindra Jadeja in 2018.jpg | imagesize = 220px | caption = ২০১৮ চনত জাদেজা}} '''ৰবীন্দ্ৰসিংহ অনিৰুদ্ধসিংহ জাদেজা''' ( {{Lang-gu|રવિન્દ્રસિંહ અનિરુધ્ધસિંહ જાડેજા}} ; জন্ম: ৬ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৮৮) [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] [[গুজৰাট|গুজৰাটত]] জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ক্ৰিকেট|ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] ৷ [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুৰুষ ক্ৰিকেট দল|ভাৰতীয়]] দলত বাওঁহাতৰ মিডল অৰ্ডাৰ বেটছমেন আৰু লেহেমীয়া বাওঁহাতৰ বলাৰ হিচাপে খেলে। ঘৰুৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতাত সৌৰাষ্ট্ৰ দল আৰু [[ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰীমিয়াৰ লীগ|ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰিমিয়াৰ লীগত]] চেন্নাই ছুপাৰ কিংছৰ বাবে প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ ক্ৰিকেট ৷ ২০০৮ চনত [[মালয়েছিয়া|মালয়েছিয়াত]] অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা আই চি চি অনূৰ্ধ্ব-১৯ ক্ৰিকেট বিশ্বকাপত জয়ী হোৱা ভাৰতীয় দলৰ অন্যতম সদস্য আছিল জাদেজা। যোৱা দশকৰ অন্যতম শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অলৰাউণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে তেওঁক গণ্য কৰা হয়। ২০১৩ চনৰ আই চি চি চেম্পিয়নছ ট্ৰফী জয় কৰা ভাৰতীয় দলটোৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সদস্য আছিল জাদেজা, য’ত তেওঁ প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনত ভাৰতৰ হৈ সৰ্বাধিক উইকেট দখল কৰিছিল আৰু এইদৰে গোল্ডেন বল লাভ কৰিছিল। ২০১৩ চনৰ আই চি চি চেম্পিয়নছ ট্ৰফীৰ ফাইনেলত তেওঁ মেন অৱ দ্য মেচৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=24 June 2013 |title=Champions Trophy 2013: Jadeja wins golden ball, man of the match |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/champions-trophy-2013-jadeja-wins-golden-ball-man-of-the-match |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-in}}</ref> ===সাফল্য=== ২০১২ চনত ৰবীন্দ্ৰ জাদেজা ক্ৰিকেটৰ ইতিহাসত প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ ক্ৰিকেটত তিনিটা ট্ৰিপল শতক অৰ্জন কৰা অষ্টম আৰু প্ৰথমজন ভাৰতীয় ক্ৰিকেটাৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। যাৰ ফলত তেওঁ ড'নাল্ড ব্ৰেডমেন, ব্ৰায়ান লাৰা, বিল পন্সফৰ্ড, ৱালটাৰ হামণ্ড, ডব্লিউ জি গ্ৰেচ, গ্ৰেম হিক আৰু মাইক হাছিৰ শাৰীত যোগদান কৰে। ২০১২ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত তেওঁ ওড়িশা, গুজৰাট আৰু ৰেলৱেৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ত্ৰিপল শতক অৰ্জন কৰে। সেই সময়ত তেওঁৰ বয়স আছিল মাত্ৰ ২৭ বছৰ। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতীয় ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] ehlm6uko6n564eqp26l6txibmkb3oho 453018 453017 2024-12-09T15:42:23Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} {{Infobox cricketer | name = ৰবীন্দ্ৰ জাদেজা | image = Ravindra Jadeja in 2018.jpg | imagesize = 220px | caption = ২০১৮ চনত জাদেজা}} '''ৰবীন্দ্ৰসিংহ অনিৰুদ্ধসিংহ জাদেজা''' ( {{Lang-gu|રવિન્દ્રસિંહ અનિરુધ્ધસિંહ જાડેજા}} ; জন্ম: ৬ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৮৮) [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] [[গুজৰাট|গুজৰাটত]] জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ক্ৰিকেট|ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]]৷<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2013|title=Too mooch this Movember|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/too-mooch-this-movember/story-eMi9WkMpvuE69ENUB1WBBO.html|access-date=31 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Caste">{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Jyoti |date=15 April 2020 |title=Ravindra Jadeja must stop being a 'Rajput boy' and grow up to be a cricketer |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/ravindra-jadeja-must-stop-being-a-rajput-boy-and-grow-up-to-be-a-cricketer/402251/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ravindra Jadeja |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/234675.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুৰুষ ক্ৰিকেট দল|ভাৰতীয়]] দলত বাওঁহাতৰ মিডল অৰ্ডাৰ বেটছমেন আৰু লেহেমীয়া বাওঁহাতৰ বলাৰ হিচাপে খেলে। ঘৰুৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতাত সৌৰাষ্ট্ৰ দল আৰু [[ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰীমিয়াৰ লীগ|ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰিমিয়াৰ লীগত]] চেন্নাই ছুপাৰ কিংছৰ বাবে প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ ক্ৰিকেট ৷ ২০০৮ চনত [[মালয়েছিয়া|মালয়েছিয়াত]] অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা আই চি চি অনূৰ্ধ্ব-১৯ ক্ৰিকেট বিশ্বকাপত জয়ী হোৱা ভাৰতীয় দলৰ অন্যতম সদস্য আছিল জাদেজা। যোৱা দশকৰ অন্যতম শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অলৰাউণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে তেওঁক গণ্য কৰা হয়। ২০১৩ চনৰ আই চি চি চেম্পিয়নছ ট্ৰফী জয় কৰা ভাৰতীয় দলটোৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সদস্য আছিল জাদেজা, য’ত তেওঁ প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনত ভাৰতৰ হৈ সৰ্বাধিক উইকেট দখল কৰিছিল আৰু এইদৰে গোল্ডেন বল লাভ কৰিছিল। ২০১৩ চনৰ আই চি চি চেম্পিয়নছ ট্ৰফীৰ ফাইনেলত তেওঁ মেন অৱ দ্য মেচৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=24 June 2013 |title=Champions Trophy 2013: Jadeja wins golden ball, man of the match |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/champions-trophy-2013-jadeja-wins-golden-ball-man-of-the-match |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-in}}</ref> ===সাফল্য=== ২০১২ চনত ৰবীন্দ্ৰ জাদেজা ক্ৰিকেটৰ ইতিহাসত প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ ক্ৰিকেটত তিনিটা ট্ৰিপল শতক অৰ্জন কৰা অষ্টম আৰু প্ৰথমজন ভাৰতীয় ক্ৰিকেটাৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। যাৰ ফলত তেওঁ ড'নাল্ড ব্ৰেডমেন, ব্ৰায়ান লাৰা, বিল পন্সফৰ্ড, ৱালটাৰ হামণ্ড, ডব্লিউ জি গ্ৰেচ, গ্ৰেম হিক আৰু মাইক হাছিৰ শাৰীত যোগদান কৰে। ২০১২ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত তেওঁ ওড়িশা, গুজৰাট আৰু ৰেলৱেৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ত্ৰিপল শতক অৰ্জন কৰে। সেই সময়ত তেওঁৰ বয়স আছিল মাত্ৰ ২৭ বছৰ। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতীয় ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] dv0uupxnls66tpyigbhnpvhslgguwrs 453019 453018 2024-12-09T15:44:06Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unreferenced}} {{Infobox cricketer | name = ৰবীন্দ্ৰ জাদেজা | image = Ravindra Jadeja in 2018.jpg | imagesize = 220px | caption = ২০১৮ চনত জাদেজা}} '''ৰবীন্দ্ৰসিংহ অনিৰুদ্ধসিংহ জাদেজা''' ( {{Lang-gu|રવિન્દ્રસિંહ અનિરુધ્ધસિંહ જાડેજા}} ; জন্ম: ৬ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৮৮) [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] [[গুজৰাট|গুজৰাটত]] জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ক্ৰিকেট|ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]]৷<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2013|title=Too mooch this Movember|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/too-mooch-this-movember/story-eMi9WkMpvuE69ENUB1WBBO.html|access-date=31 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Caste">{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Jyoti |date=15 April 2020 |title=Ravindra Jadeja must stop being a 'Rajput boy' and grow up to be a cricketer |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/ravindra-jadeja-must-stop-being-a-rajput-boy-and-grow-up-to-be-a-cricketer/402251/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ravindra Jadeja |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/234675.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুৰুষ ক্ৰিকেট দল|ভাৰতীয়]] দলত বাওঁহাতৰ মিডল অৰ্ডাৰ বেটছমেন আৰু লেহেমীয়া বাওঁহাতৰ বলাৰ হিচাপে খেলে। ঘৰুৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতাত সৌৰাষ্ট্ৰ দল আৰু [[ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰীমিয়াৰ লীগ|ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰিমিয়াৰ লীগত]] চেন্নাই ছুপাৰ কিংছৰ বাবে প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ ক্ৰিকেট ৷ ২০০৮ চনত [[মালয়েছিয়া|মালয়েছিয়াত]] অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা আই চি চি অনূৰ্ধ্ব-১৯ ক্ৰিকেট বিশ্বকাপত জয়ী হোৱা ভাৰতীয় দলৰ অন্যতম সদস্য আছিল জাদেজা।<ref>{{Cite web |last=AadyaS |date=4 June 2022 |title=Where Are India's 2008 U19 World Cup Winning Squad Members Now? |url=https://wisden.com/stories/where-are-indias-2008-u19-world-cup-winning-squad-members-now |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Wisden}}</ref> যোৱা দশকৰ অন্যতম শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অলৰাউণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে তেওঁক গণ্য কৰা হয়। ২০১৩ চনৰ আই চি চি চেম্পিয়নছ ট্ৰফী জয় কৰা ভাৰতীয় দলটোৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সদস্য আছিল জাদেজা, য’ত তেওঁ প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনত ভাৰতৰ হৈ সৰ্বাধিক উইকেট দখল কৰিছিল আৰু এইদৰে গোল্ডেন বল লাভ কৰিছিল। ২০১৩ চনৰ আই চি চি চেম্পিয়নছ ট্ৰফীৰ ফাইনেলত তেওঁ মেন অৱ দ্য মেচৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=24 June 2013 |title=Champions Trophy 2013: Jadeja wins golden ball, man of the match |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/champions-trophy-2013-jadeja-wins-golden-ball-man-of-the-match |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-in}}</ref> ===সাফল্য=== ২০১২ চনত ৰবীন্দ্ৰ জাদেজা ক্ৰিকেটৰ ইতিহাসত প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ ক্ৰিকেটত তিনিটা ট্ৰিপল শতক অৰ্জন কৰা অষ্টম আৰু প্ৰথমজন ভাৰতীয় ক্ৰিকেটাৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। যাৰ ফলত তেওঁ ড'নাল্ড ব্ৰেডমেন, ব্ৰায়ান লাৰা, বিল পন্সফৰ্ড, ৱালটাৰ হামণ্ড, ডব্লিউ জি গ্ৰেচ, গ্ৰেম হিক আৰু মাইক হাছিৰ শাৰীত যোগদান কৰে। ২০১২ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত তেওঁ ওড়িশা, গুজৰাট আৰু ৰেলৱেৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ত্ৰিপল শতক অৰ্জন কৰে। সেই সময়ত তেওঁৰ বয়স আছিল মাত্ৰ ২৭ বছৰ। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতীয় ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] 1dypk14o942cys0g54um4m7uw0ifms3 453021 453019 2024-12-09T15:47:50Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cricketer | name = ৰবীন্দ্ৰ জাদেজা | image = Ravindra Jadeja in 2018.jpg | imagesize = 220px | caption = ২০১৮ চনত জাদেজা}} '''ৰবীন্দ্ৰসিংহ অনিৰুদ্ধসিংহ জাদেজা''' ( {{Lang-gu|રવિન્દ્રસિંહ અનિરુધ્ધસિંહ જાડેજા}} ; জন্ম: ৬ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৮৮) [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] [[গুজৰাট|গুজৰাটত]] জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ক্ৰিকেট|ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]]৷<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2013|title=Too mooch this Movember|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/too-mooch-this-movember/story-eMi9WkMpvuE69ENUB1WBBO.html|access-date=31 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Caste">{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Jyoti |date=15 April 2020 |title=Ravindra Jadeja must stop being a 'Rajput boy' and grow up to be a cricketer |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/ravindra-jadeja-must-stop-being-a-rajput-boy-and-grow-up-to-be-a-cricketer/402251/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ravindra Jadeja |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/234675.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুৰুষ ক্ৰিকেট দল|ভাৰতীয়]] দলত বাওঁহাতৰ মিডল অৰ্ডাৰ বেটছমেন আৰু লেহেমীয়া বাওঁহাতৰ বলাৰ হিচাপে খেলে। ঘৰুৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতাত সৌৰাষ্ট্ৰ দল আৰু [[ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰীমিয়াৰ লীগ|ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰিমিয়াৰ লীগত]] চেন্নাই ছুপাৰ কিংছৰ বাবে প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ ক্ৰিকেট ৷ ২০০৮ চনত [[মালয়েছিয়া|মালয়েছিয়াত]] অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা আই চি চি অনূৰ্ধ্ব-১৯ ক্ৰিকেট বিশ্বকাপত জয়ী হোৱা ভাৰতীয় দলৰ অন্যতম সদস্য আছিল জাদেজা।<ref>{{Cite web |last=AadyaS |date=4 June 2022 |title=Where Are India's 2008 U19 World Cup Winning Squad Members Now? |url=https://wisden.com/stories/where-are-indias-2008-u19-world-cup-winning-squad-members-now |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Wisden}}</ref> যোৱা দশকৰ অন্যতম শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অলৰাউণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে তেওঁক গণ্য কৰা হয়। ২০১৩ চনৰ আই চি চি চেম্পিয়নছ ট্ৰফী জয় কৰা ভাৰতীয় দলটোৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সদস্য আছিল জাদেজা, য’ত তেওঁ প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনত ভাৰতৰ হৈ সৰ্বাধিক উইকেট দখল কৰিছিল আৰু এইদৰে গোল্ডেন বল লাভ কৰিছিল। ২০১৩ চনৰ আই চি চি চেম্পিয়নছ ট্ৰফীৰ ফাইনেলত তেওঁ মেন অৱ দ্য মেচৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=24 June 2013 |title=Champions Trophy 2013: Jadeja wins golden ball, man of the match |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/champions-trophy-2013-jadeja-wins-golden-ball-man-of-the-match |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-in}}</ref> ===সাফল্য=== ২০১২ চনত ৰবীন্দ্ৰ জাদেজা ক্ৰিকেটৰ ইতিহাসত প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ ক্ৰিকেটত তিনিটা ট্ৰিপল শতক অৰ্জন কৰা অষ্টম আৰু প্ৰথমজন ভাৰতীয় ক্ৰিকেটাৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। যাৰ ফলত তেওঁ ড'নাল্ড ব্ৰেডমেন, ব্ৰায়ান লাৰা, বিল পন্সফৰ্ড, ৱালটাৰ হামণ্ড, ডব্লিউ জি গ্ৰেচ, গ্ৰেম হিক আৰু মাইক হাছিৰ শাৰীত যোগদান কৰে। ২০১২ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত তেওঁ ওড়িশা, গুজৰাট আৰু ৰেলৱেৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ত্ৰিপল শতক অৰ্জন কৰে। সেই সময়ত তেওঁৰ বয়স আছিল মাত্ৰ ২৭ বছৰ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravindra Jadeja Debut and last played matches in Tests, ODIs, T20Is and other formats |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/ravindra-jadeja-234675/matches |access-date=25 August 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতীয় ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] 0csyo4r8rvo2z72ndfq4ysrebf5rbj5 453043 453021 2024-12-09T16:45:49Z AjayDas 12623 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 453043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cricketer | name = ৰবীন্দ্ৰ জাদেজা | image = Ravindra Jadeja in 2018.jpg | imagesize = 220px | caption = ২০১৮ চনত জাদেজা}} '''ৰবীন্দ্ৰসিংহ অনিৰুদ্ধসিংহ জাদেজা''' ( {{Lang-gu|રવિન્દ્રસિંહ અનિરુધ્ધસિંહ જાડેજા}} ; জন্ম: ৬ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৮৮) [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] [[গুজৰাট|গুজৰাটত]] জন্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ক্ৰিকেট|ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]]৷<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2013|title=Too mooch this Movember|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/too-mooch-this-movember/story-eMi9WkMpvuE69ENUB1WBBO.html|access-date=31 July 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Caste">{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Jyoti |date=15 April 2020 |title=Ravindra Jadeja must stop being a 'Rajput boy' and grow up to be a cricketer |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/ravindra-jadeja-must-stop-being-a-rajput-boy-and-grow-up-to-be-a-cricketer/402251/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ravindra Jadeja |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/234675.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> [[ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুৰুষ ক্ৰিকেট দল|ভাৰতীয়]] দলত বাওঁহাতৰ মিডল অৰ্ডাৰ বেটছমেন আৰু লেহেমীয়া বাওঁহাতৰ বলাৰ হিচাপে খেলে। ঘৰুৱা প্ৰতিযোগিতাত সৌৰাষ্ট্ৰ দল আৰু [[ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰীমিয়াৰ লীগ|ইণ্ডিয়ান প্ৰিমিয়াৰ লীগত]] চেন্নাই ছুপাৰ কিংছৰ বাবে প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ ক্ৰিকেট ৷ ২০০৮ চনত [[মালয়েছিয়া|মালয়েছিয়াত]] অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা আই চি চি অনূৰ্ধ্ব-১৯ ক্ৰিকেট বিশ্বকাপত জয়ী হোৱা ভাৰতীয় দলৰ অন্যতম সদস্য আছিল জাদেজা।<ref>{{Cite web |last=AadyaS |date=4 June 2022 |title=Where Are India's 2008 U19 World Cup Winning Squad Members Now? |url=https://wisden.com/stories/where-are-indias-2008-u19-world-cup-winning-squad-members-now |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Wisden}}</ref> যোৱা দশকৰ অন্যতম শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অলৰাউণ্ডাৰ হিচাপে তেওঁক গণ্য কৰা হয়। ২০১৩ চনৰ আই চি চি চেম্পিয়নছ ট্ৰফী জয় কৰা ভাৰতীয় দলটোৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সদস্য আছিল জাদেজা, য’ত তেওঁ প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনত ভাৰতৰ হৈ সৰ্বাধিক উইকেট দখল কৰিছিল আৰু এইদৰে গোল্ডেন বল লাভ কৰিছিল। ২০১৩ চনৰ আই চি চি চেম্পিয়নছ ট্ৰফীৰ ফাইনেলত তেওঁ মেন অৱ দ্য মেচৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=24 June 2013 |title=Champions Trophy 2013: Jadeja wins golden ball, man of the match |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/champions-trophy-2013-jadeja-wins-golden-ball-man-of-the-match |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-in}}</ref> ===সাফল্য=== ২০১২ চনত ৰবীন্দ্ৰ জাদেজা ক্ৰিকেটৰ ইতিহাসত প্ৰথম শ্ৰেণীৰ ক্ৰিকেটত তিনিটা ট্ৰিপল শতক অৰ্জন কৰা অষ্টম আৰু প্ৰথমজন ভাৰতীয় ক্ৰিকেটাৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। যাৰ ফলত তেওঁ ড'নাল্ড ব্ৰেডমেন, ব্ৰায়ান লাৰা, বিল পন্সফৰ্ড, ৱালটাৰ হামণ্ড, ডব্লিউ জি গ্ৰেচ, গ্ৰেম হিক আৰু মাইক হাছিৰ শাৰীত যোগদান কৰে। ২০১২ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত তেওঁ ওড়িশা, গুজৰাট আৰু ৰেলৱেৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ত্ৰিপল শতক অৰ্জন কৰে। সেই সময়ত তেওঁৰ বয়স আছিল মাত্ৰ ২৭ বছৰ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravindra Jadeja Debut and last played matches in Tests, ODIs, T20Is and other formats |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/ravindra-jadeja-234675/matches |access-date=25 August 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতীয় ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী: ক্ৰিকেটাৰ]] drgmazioci6iyu6plfb23xg6ssnm278 শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ সংস্কৃতি 14 99690 453266 390623 2024-12-10T07:13:20Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:ইন্দোনেছিয়া]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453266 wikitext text/x-wiki [[শ্ৰেণী:দেশ অনুসৰি সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইন্দোনেছিয়া]] 7hkyd215as6iyx2wpj3f11lzzwlk7qv 453267 453266 2024-12-10T07:13:37Z AjayDas 12623 removed [[Category:ইন্দোনেছিয়া]]; added [[Category:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453267 wikitext text/x-wiki [[শ্ৰেণী:দেশ অনুসৰি সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] k3emfuksi828l4bunqdgiymsghry9n2 অণুৰাষ্ট্ৰ 0 100039 453023 434696 2024-12-09T15:52:41Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453023 wikitext text/x-wiki [[চিত্র:Sealand_fortress.jpg|thumb|280x280px|দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত নিৰ্মিত এটা পৰিত্যক্ত সাগৰীয় দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে '''প্ৰিন্সিপালিটি অৱ ছিলেণ্ড''']] অণুৰাষ্ট্ৰ বা মাইক্ৰ’ষ্টেট হ’ল এনে এক ৰাজনৈতিক সত্তা, যাৰ সদস্যসকলে নিজকে কোনো স্বতন্ত্ৰ জাতি বা সাৰ্বভৌম ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ বুলি দাবী কৰে, কিন্তু বিশ্ব চৰকাৰ বা প্ৰধান আন্তৰ্জাতিক সংগঠনৰ আইনী স্বীকৃতি নাপায়। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Sawe|first=Benjamin|title=What Is a Micronation?|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-a-micronation.html|work=World Atlas: World Facts|date=25 April 2017|publisher=World Atlas|accessdate=6 December 2017}}</ref> বেছিভাগেই ভৌগোলিকভাৱে অতি সৰু, এক বৰ্গফুটৰ পৰা পাঁচ লাখ বৰ্গমাইলৰ আকাৰৰ। এইবিলাক সাধাৰণতে ব্যক্তিগত উদ্যোগত সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। সাধাৰণতে ক্ষুদ্ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে কিছুমান ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব দাবী কৰে, কিন্তু এইবোৰৰ কোনো স্বীকৃতি নাই। এইবোৰ বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী আন্দোলনৰ পৰা পৃথক; তেওঁলোকৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ সাধাৰণতে ইমানেই তুচ্ছ যে প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত দেশসমূহে তেওঁলোকক আওকাণ কৰে, যাৰ ভূখণ্ডৰ ওপৰত তেওঁলোকে সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব দাবী কৰে। কেইবাখনো ক্ষুদ্ৰ ৰাজ্যই ৰাজহৰ উৎস হিচাপে মুদ্ৰা, পতাকা, ডাক ষ্টাম্প, পাছপ’ৰ্ট, পদক আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজ্য সম্পৰ্কীয় সামগ্ৰী জাৰি কৰিছে। '''মাইক্ৰ’নেচন''' শব্দটো ১৯৭০ চনত মাইক্ৰ’ষ্টেটক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। <ref>''The People's Almanac #2'', page 330.</ref> ''মাইক্ৰ'পেট্ৰ'লজী'' শব্দটো কেতিয়াবা মাইক্ৰ'পলিটিচিয়ানসকলে মাইক্ৰ'পলিটিক্স আৰু মাইক্ৰ'ষ্টেট উভয়ৰে অধ্যয়নক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, ইয়াৰে কিছুমানে সাৰ্বভৌম জাতি-ৰাষ্ট্ৰক '''মেক্ৰ'নেচন''' বুলিও কয়। মাইক্ৰ’ষ্টেটক কেতিয়াবা মাইক্ৰ’ষ্টেটৰ সৈতে বিভ্ৰান্ত কৰা হয়। ক্ষুদ্ৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহ সৰু কিন্তু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত সাৰ্বভৌম ৰাষ্ট্ৰ, যেনে এণ্ডোৰা, [[বাহৰেইন]], লিচেনষ্টাইন, মনাকো, [[ছান মাৰিণ'|ছান মেৰিনো]], [[ছিংগাপুৰ]] আৰু [[ভেটিকান চিটি|ভেটিকান চহৰ]] । <ref>{{Cite book|title=Report from practically nowhere|url=https://archive.org/details/reportfrompracti00sack|first1=John|last1=Sack|first2=Shel|last2=Silverstein|publisher=Harper|year=1959}}</ref> কাল্পনিক দেশ আৰু অন্যান্য ধৰণৰ সামাজিক গোট (যেনে ইক’-ভিলেজ, কেম্পাছ, জনজাতি, ফৈদ, সম্প্ৰদায় আদি)ৰ পৰাও ইহঁত পৃথক। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞান]] 58pigbx2t881u5x3p8glir55crg6fkg তাঁতশাল 0 100081 453024 438859 2024-12-09T15:53:20Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453024 wikitext text/x-wiki [[চিত্র:তাঁতশালত_এগৰাকী_গাভৰু_বোৱনী.JPG|thumb|তাঁতশাল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি থকা অৱস্থাত এগৰাকী [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] মহিলা]] [[চিত্র:Hand_weaving_loom.JPG|right|thumb|তাঁতশাল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ মুহূৰ্তত হাংগেৰীৰ এগৰাকী [[নাৰী|মহিলা]]।]] [[কপাহ]] বা কপাহী সূতাৰ পৰা কাপোৰ তৈয়াৰ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা যন্ত্ৰক '''তাঁতশাল''' বোলে। আধুনিক বস্ত্ৰ কাৰখানাত স্বয়ংক্ৰিয় তাঁতশাল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় ৷ সাধাৰণতে তাঁতশাল নামৰ যন্ত্ৰটোত সূতাটো কুণ্ডলীৰ ৰূপত সুমুৱাই দিয়া হয়। তাঁতশালৰ আকৃতি আৰু ইয়াত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কৌশল বেলেগ বেলেগ হ’ব পাৰে। "বোৱা কাপোৰ" শব্দটো "তন্তু বায়ন"ৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে। তাঁতশাল অসমীয়া মানুহৰ জাতীয় শিল্পস্বৰূপ। অসমীয়া লোকশিল্পৰ লগত ওতঃপ্ৰোতভাৱে জড়িত। অতীজ অসমত অসমীয়া মহিলাই তাঁত বোৱা নজনাটো এটা লাজৰ কাৰণ আছিল। অসমৰ তাঁতৰ কাপোৰৰ সুখ্যাতি অতি প্ৰাচীন। অসম আক্ৰমণকাৰী [[মোগল]]ৰ সৈতে বহু মোগল ঐতিহাসিক অসমলৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁলোকে অসমত তৈয়াৰ হোৱা বিবিধ পাটৰ কাপোৰ অতি উচ্চ মানবিশিষ্ট আৰু চীনৰ পাটকাপোৰৰ সমকক্ষ বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছিল। আহোম ৰাজত্বকালতো আহোম স্বৰ্গদেউসকলৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত অসমৰ বয়ন শিল্পৰ অভূতপূৰ্ব বিকাশ হৈছিল। পুৰণি অসমত অসমীয়া মহিলাই তাঁতশালত একেনিশাই স্বামীৰ বাবে কবচ কাপোৰ বৈ দিয়াৰ কথা বুৰঞ্জীত পোৱা যায়। মহাত্মা গান্ধীয়েও অসমীয়া মহিলাই তাঁত শালত সপোন ৰঙে বুলি প্ৰশংসা কৰিছিল। কোঁচৰজা মহাৰাজ [[নৰনাৰায়ণ]]ৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত আৰু মহাপুৰুষ শংকৰদেৱ আৰু মাধৱদেৱৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাত তাঁতীকুছিত বোৱা [[বৃন্দাবনী বস্ত্ৰ]]ৰ কথাও উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। অসমীয়া [[বিহুগীত]] আৰু অন্যান্য [[লোকগীত]]ত তাঁতশাল আৰু তাঁতশালৰ বিবিধ সঁজুলিৰ বিষয়ে উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:লোক-সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যন্ত্ৰ]] szu2vx3zudnt05ekkj62l0t7bvwiv9z পাম তেল 0 100747 453306 451871 2024-12-10T09:52:37Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453306 wikitext text/x-wiki 6 [[File:Huile de palme biologique 350g.jpg|thumb|right|উতলোৱাৰ ফলত হোৱা পাতল ৰং দেখুওৱা পাম অইলৰ টুকুৰা]] '''পাম তেল''' ({{lang-en | Palm Oil}})পামৰ ফলৰ ৰঙা ৰঙৰ ৰসাল আঁহৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এবিধ উদ্ভিদজাত খোৱা তেল।<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Reeves |first1=James B. |last2=Weihrauch |first2=John L|author3=Consumer and Food Economics Institute |title=Composition of foods: fats and oils |series=Agriculture handbook 8-4 |year=1979 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=5301713 |page=4}}</ref> খাদ্য প্ৰস্তুত, সৌন্দৰ্য সামগ্ৰী, জৈৱ ইন্ধন হিচাপে এই তেল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ২০১৪ চনত তৈলজাত শস্যৰ পৰা উৎপাদিত সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বৰ মুঠ তেলৰ প্ৰায় ৩৬% তেল পাম তেলৰ তেল আছিল। <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Ritchie|first=Hannah|title=Palm Oil|url=https://ourworldindata.org/palm-oil|journal=Our World in Data|date=9 February 2021}}</ref>অতি-প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৃত খাদ্যত পাম তেলে খাদ্যৰ সোৱাদ আৰু স্থায়িত্বৰ মান সুস্থিৰ কৰি ৰাখে বাবে, খাদ্য নিৰ্মাতাসকলে ইয়াক সঘনাই ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable palm oil: how can food companies step up to the plate? |url=https://www.foodprocessing-technology.com/features/sustainable-palm-oil/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.foodprocessing-technology.com}}</ref> ২০১৫ চনত বিশ্বজুৰি গড়ে প্ৰতিজন মানুহে বছৰটোত ৭.৭ কিলোগ্ৰাম (১৭ পাউণ্ড) পাম তেল খাইছিল।<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news|last=Raghu|first=Anuradha|date=17 May 2017|title=We Each Consume 17 Pounds of Palm Oil a Year|work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-17/soap-to-chocolate-we-consume-17-pounds-of-palm-oil-each-year|url-status=live|access-date=22 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517225045/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-17/soap-to-chocolate-we-consume-17-pounds-of-palm-oil-each-year|archive-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> ইয়াৰ চাহিদা অন্যান্য ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবেও বৃদ্ধি পাইছে, যেনে প্ৰসাধন সামগ্ৰী আৰু জৈৱ ইন্ধন; ফলত অধিক চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি হৈছে আৰু এই তেল যোগানৰ বাবে গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় দেশসমূহত পাম তেল বাগিচাসমূহৰ বৃদ্ধিত উৎসাহিত কৰিছে। পাম তেলৰ ব্যৱহাৰে পৰিৱেশ আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ সংগঠনৰ বাবে উদ্বেগ কাৰণ হৈ পৰিছে। পাম তেলৰ উদ্যোগটোৱে ক্ৰান্তীয় অঞ্চলত পাম খেতিৰ বাবে বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰিহণা যোগায়, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে দায়ী কৰা খেতিয়কসকলৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘনৰ অভিযোগৰ বাবে ইয়াক সামাজিক সমস্যাৰ কাৰক হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Immerzeel |first1=DESIRÉE J. |last2=Verweij |first2=PITA A. |last3=van der Hilst |first3=FLOOR |last4=Faaij |first4=ANDRÉ P. C. |date=2013-04-05 |title=Biodiversity impacts of bioenergy crop production: a state-of-the-art review |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12067 |journal=GCB Bioenergy |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=183–209 |doi=10.1111/gcbb.12067 |hdl=1874/308342 |s2cid=86278367 |issn=1757-1693|hdl-access=free }}</ref> ২০০৪ চনত অধিক বহনক্ষম আৰু বিধিসন্মত পাম তেল সৃষ্টিৰ বাবে ঘূৰণীয়া মেজমেলৰ যোগেদি এটা উদ্যোগ গোট গঠন কৰা হৈছিল। সংস্থাটোৰ জৰিয়তে অতি কম পাম তেলৰ প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ দিয়া হৈছিল, কিন্তু কিছুমান গোটে ইয়াক “সেউজ ধ্বংসকাৰী’’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 December 2020|title=Child labor in palm oil industry tied to Girl Scout cookies|url=https://apnews.com/article/palm-oil-forests-indonesia-scouts-83b01f2789e9489569960da63b2741c4|access-date=18 April 2021|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> ২০১৮ চনত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষণ সংঘৰ এক প্ৰতিবেদনত স্বীকাৰ কৰা হৈছে যে, আন তৈল উদ্ভিদতকৈ পাম তেল মাটি আৰু পানী ব্যৱহাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত বেছি কাৰ্যক্ষম; যাৰ ফলত অন্য তেলতকৈ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ দ্বাৰা অধিক জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ ক্ষতি হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Meijaard |first1=Erik |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/47753 |title=Oil palm and biodiversity |last2=Garcia-Ulloa |first2=John |last3=Sheil |first3=Douglas |last4=Wich |first4=Serge A. |last5=Carlson |first5=K. M. |last6=Juffe-Bignoli |first6=Diego |last7=Brooks |first7=Thomas M. |date=2018 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-1911-5 |language=en}}</ref> বিশ্বজুৰি পাম তেলৰ সৰ্বাধিক উৎপাদনকাৰী দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই ২০২২ চনত ইয়াৰ ৬০% উৎপাদন কৰিছিল,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldagriculturalproduction.com/crops/palmoil.aspx|title=Palm Oil Production by Country &#124; World Agricultural Production 2023/2024|website=www.worldagriculturalproduction.com|access-date=2023-12-17|archivedate=2023-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210095657/http://www.worldagriculturalproduction.com/crops/palmoil.aspx|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তাৰ পিছতে মালয়েছিয়া, থাইলেণ্ড আৰু নাইজেৰিয়া। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই মূলতঃ পাম তেলৰ পৰা বায়’ডিজেল উৎপাদন কৰে।<ref name="deforestation">{{cite news |title=Indonesia's biodiesel drive is leading to deforestation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/59387191 |work=BBC News |date=8 December 2021}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ৫,০০০ বছৰ আগতেই মানুহে পাম তেল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। ১৮০০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে, পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদসকলে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩,০০০ চনৰ এবিডোছৰ এটা সমাধিত এটা পদাৰ্থ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল, যি মূলতঃ তালৰ তেল বুলি তেওঁলোকে সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল।<ref name=Kiple>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge World History of Food |editor1-last=Kiple |editor1-first=Kenneth F. |editor2-last=Conee Ornelas |editor2-first=Kriemhild |year=2000 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521402163|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/palmoil.htm |access-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020201103/http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/palmoil.htm |archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> [[File:Elaeis guineensis MS 3467.jpg|thumb|300px|পাম তেলৰ গছ [[Elaeis guineensis]]]] ইলানিচ গুইনিনচিচ [[Elaeis guineensis]] নামৰ গছৰ পৰা পোৱা পাম তেল পশ্চিম আৰু মধ্য আফ্ৰিকাৰ দেশসমূহত দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত ৰন্ধন তেল হিচাপে বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহৃত। পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ সৈতে ব্যৱসায় কৰা ইউৰোপীয় ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে ইউৰোপত ৰন্ধন তেল হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰৰ কৰিবলৈ মাজে মাজে এই পাম তেল ক্ৰয় কৰিছিল। ব্ৰিটেইনৰ শিল্প বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত যন্ত্ৰ-পাতিৰ বাবে ঔদ্যোগিক “লুব্ৰিকেণ্ট’’ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে পাম তেল ব্ৰিটিছ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলৰ অতি পছন্দৰ সামগ্ৰী হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite journal | year = 2000 | title = British Colonial Policies and the Oil Palm Industry in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, 1900–1960. | url = http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf | journal = African Study Monographs | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 19–33 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234451/http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf | archive-date = 16 January 2013 | df = dmy-all | access-date = 17 December 2023 | archivedate = 16 January 2013 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234451/http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-1/19-33.pdf | deadurl = yes }}</ref> পাম তেলে চাবোন তৈয়াৰ কৰা সামগ্ৰীৰ মূল হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল, যেনে লিভাৰ ব্ৰাদাৰ্ছৰ (বৰ্তমান “ইউনিলিভাৰ’’) "ছানলাইট" চাবোন আৰু [[আমেৰিকা]]ৰ [[পালম’লিভ]] ব্ৰেণ্ড।<ref>{{cite web |first=Mary |last=Bellis |title=The History of Soaps and Detergents |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2012 |website=[[About.com]] |quote=In 1864, Caleb Johnson founded a soap company called B.J. Johnson Soap Co., in Milwaukee. In 1898, this company introduced a soap made of palm and olive oils called Palmolive. }}</ref> ১৮৭০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ কিছুমান দেশৰ প্ৰধান ৰপ্তানি সামগ্ৰী পাম তেলেই আছিল যদিও ১৮৮০ চনত ঔপনিৱেশিক ইউৰোপীয় ক’ক’ বাগিচাৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তনৰ লগে লগে ইয়াক ক’ক’ই আগুৰি ধৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://www.antislavery.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/1_cocoa_report_2004.pdf|title= The Cocoa Industry in West Africa: A History of Exploitation| year= 2004| website= antislavery.org| publisher= [[Anti-Slavery International]] | page= 5| access-date= October 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title= Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa | first1= Robin| last1= Law| first2= Suzanne| last2= Schwarz| first3= Silke | last3= Strickrodt| publisher= Boydell & Brewer Ltd| year= 2013| page= 22| isbn= 978-1-847-01075-9}}</ref> ==প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণ== [[File:Elaeis guineensis fruits on tree.jpg|thumb|পাম তেলৰ গছত ফল লাগি থকা দেখা গৈছে। ]] [[File:Elaeis guineensis - noix de palme oil palm - harvesting fruits from the the cluster.jpg|thumb|প্ৰায় ১০ কিলোগ্ৰাম (২২ পাউণ্ড) ওজনৰ এটা পাম তেলৰ গুটিৰ থোক, ইয়াৰ কিছুমান ফল ছিঙি লোৱা হৈছে]] পাম তেলত বিটা-কেৰটিনৰ পৰিমাণ বেছি হোৱাৰ বাবে ই প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে ৰঙা ৰঙৰ হয়। পাম গছৰ একেটা ফলৰ গুটিৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা তেল আৰু পাম গছৰ অন্তৰ্বীজৰ তেল<ref>{{Cite book|last=Poku|first=Kwasi|title=Small-Scale Palm Oil Processing in Africa|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|year=2002|isbn=978-92-5-104859-7|series=FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 148|chapter=Origin of oil palm|chapter-url=http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/y4355e/y4355e03.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923032745/http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/y4355e/y4355e03.htm|archive-date=23 September 2009}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> বা নাৰিকলৰ অন্তৰ্বীজৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা নাৰিকল তেলৰ সৈতে ইয়াক ভুল কৰিব নালাগে (Cocos nucifera)। পাৰ্থক্য ৰং আৰু (কেঁচা পামৰ গুটিৰ তেলত কেৰটিনয়ডৰ অভাৱ আৰু ই ৰঙা নহয়), সংপৃক্ত চৰ্বিৰ পৰিমাণত; পাম ফলৰ বাকলিৰ তলৰ শাহৰ পৰা তৈয়াৰী তেল ৪৯% সংপৃক্ত, আনহাতে পামৰ অন্তৰ্বীজৰ তেল আৰু নাৰিকল তেল ক্ৰমে ৮১% আৰু ৮৬% চৰ্বি সংপৃক্ত। কিন্তু ৰিফাইন, নিউট্ৰেলাইজড, ব্লিচ আৰু ডিঅ’ডাৰাইজ কৰা খাৰুৱা ৰঙা পাম তেল, “আৰ-বি-ডি’’ত, (ৰিফাইন, ব্লিচ আৰু ডিঅ'ডাৰাইজড) যি সাধাৰণ বিক্ৰীৰ বাবে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হয়, কেৰটিন’ইড নাথাকে।<ref name="nag">{{cite journal|last1=Nagendran|first1=B.|last2=Unnithan|first2=U. R.|last3=Choo|first3=Y. M.|last4=Sundram|first4=Kalyana|year=2000|title=Characteristics of red palm oil, a carotene- and vitamin E–rich refined oil for food uses|journal=Food and Nutrition Bulletin|volume=21|issue=2|pages=77–82|doi=10.1177/156482650002100213|s2cid=82771180|doi-access=free}}</ref> বহুতো ঔদ্যোগিক খাদ্য প্ৰয়োগত পাম অইলৰ ভগ্নাংশযুক্ত উপাদান ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় (সততে "পৰিৱৰ্তিত পাম অইল" হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়), যাৰ পৰিপূৰক মাত্ৰা ৯০% পৰ্যন্ত হ’ব পাৰে; <ref>{{cite book|last1=Gibon|first1=Véronique|title=Palm Oil|year=2012|isbn=9780981893693|pages=329–375|chapter=Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil Refining and Fractionation Technology|doi=10.1016/B978-0-9818936-9-3.50015-0|quote=This super stearin contains ~90% of saturated fatty acids, predominantly palmitic ...}}</ref>এই “পৰিৱৰ্তিত’’ পাম তেলবোৰ অতি সংপৃক্ত হ’ব পাৰে, কিন্তু সাধাৰণতে হাইড্ৰ’জেনযুক্ত নহয়। পাম গছৰ ফলৰ একোটা থোকত বহুতো ফলেৰে একোটা থোকা হয় আৰু ৰসে চপচপীয়া জাবৰৰ এটা আৱৰণে মূল গুটিটো আৱৰি ৰাখে, যি অতি কঠিন খোলাৰে আবৃত। এফ.এ.অ’.ই পাম অইল(পালপৰ পৰা অহা) আৰু পামৰ গুটিক প্ৰাথমিক উৎপাদন বুলি গণ্য কৰে। এটা থোকাৰ পৰা তেল নিষ্কাশনৰ হাৰ পাম তেলৰ বাবে ১৭%ৰ পৰা ২৭% আৰু অন্তৰ্বীজৰ পৰা ৪%ৰ পৰা ১০% লৈ ভিন্ন হয়।<ref>{{cite web|title=FAO data – dimension-member – Oil, palm fruit|url=http://ref.data.fao.org/dimension-member?entryId=2095d9b1-bd16-41ac-a315-2673fb88549a|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/201808171ঃ61440/http://ref.data.fao.org/dimension-member?entryId=2095d9b1-bd16-41ac-a315-2673fb88549a|archive-date=17 August 2018|access-date=17 August 2018|website=ref.data.fao.org|archivedate=17 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161440/http://ref.data.fao.org/dimension-member?entryId=2095d9b1-bd16-41ac-a315-2673fb88549a|deadurl=yes}}</ref> নাৰিকল তেলৰ লগতে পাম তেল অতি সংপৃক্ত শাক-পাচলিৰ চৰ্বিৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম আৰু সাধাৰণ উষ্ণতাত ই অৰ্ধকঠিন।<ref name="Plant cholesterol">{{cite journal|last1=Behrman|first1=E. J.|last2=Gopalan|first2=Venkat|year=2005|title=Cholesterol and Plants|url=http://chemistry.osu.edu/~gopalan.5/file/7B.PDF|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=82|page=1791|bibcode=2005JChEd..82.1791B|doi=10.1021/ed082p1791|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021165010/http://chemistry.osu.edu/~gopalan.5/file/7B.PDF|archive-date=21 October 2012|editor=William M. Scovell|number=12|access-date=18 December 2023|archivedate=21 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021165010/http://chemistry.osu.edu/~gopalan.5/file/7B.PDF|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আফ্ৰিকা, দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া আৰু ব্ৰাজিলৰ কিছু অংশৰ গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় অঞ্চলত পাম তেল ৰন্ধা-বঢ়াৰ এক সাধাৰণ উপাদান। ইয়াৰ খৰচ কম<ref>{{cite press release|title=Palm Oil Continues to Dominate Global Consumption in 2006/07|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|date=June 2006|url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/circular/2006/06-06/Junecov.pdf|access-date=22 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019165631/http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/circular/2006/06-06/Junecov.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> আৰু ভাজিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ সময়ত পৰিশোধিত সামগ্ৰীৰ অক্সিডেটিভ স্থিৰতা (চেচুৰেচন) অধিক হোৱাৰ বাবে বিশ্বৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলত ইয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাণিজ্যিক খাদ্য উদ্যোগত ব্যাপকভাৱে প্ৰচলিত।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Che Man|first1=YB|last2=Liu|first2=J.L.|last3=Jamilah|first3=B.|last4=Rahman|first4=R. Abdul|year=1999|title=Quality changes of RBD palm olein, soybean oil and their blends during deep-fat frying|journal=Journal of Food Lipids|volume=6|issue=3|pages=181–193|doi=10.1111/j.1745-4522.1999.tb00142.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Matthäus|first1=Bertrand|year=2007|title=Use of palm oil for frying in comparison with other high-stability oils|journal=European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology|volume=109|issue=4|pages=400–409|doi=10.1002/ejlt.200600294}}</ref> এটা সূত্ৰৰ মতে, ২০১৫ চনত মানুহে প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিয়ে গড়ে ১৭ পাউণ্ড (৭.৭ কিলোগ্ৰাম) পাম তেল খাইছিল।<ref name="bloomberg"/> ==শোধন প্ৰক্ৰিয়া== [[File:Balung Tawau Sabah Apas-Balung-Mill-02.jpg|thumb|285x285px| মালয়েছিয়াৰ এটা তেল মিলৰ চৌহদৰ কাষত কৰ্মৰত শ্ৰমিক]] মিলিং কৰাৰ পিছত শোধন প্ৰক্ৰিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি পাম তেলৰ পৰা বিভিন্ন সামগ্ৰী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। # তেলখিনি ভৌতিকভাৱে ফিল্টাৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ পৰা তেলবিহীন কঠিন পদাৰ্থ আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হয়। তাৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ঘনত্ব অনুসৰি পৃথক কৰি পামফলৰ পানী আঁতৰোৱা হয়।<ref name="FAO">{{cite web |title=3. PALM OIL PROCESSING |url=https://www.fao.org/3/Y4355E/y4355e04.htm |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> এই পদক্ষেপত কিছু ডিগামিঙো কৰিব পাৰি, যদিহে ফলটো প্ৰথমে ভাপত দি ফলৰ আঠা হাইড্ৰ’লাইজ কৰা হয়। হাইড্ৰ’লাইছিছৰ পৰিণতিত কিছু ট্ৰাইগ্লিচাৰাইড হেৰুৱাবলগীয়া হয়। ফলত এই তেলক "অশোধিত পাম অইল" বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="FAO"/> # ডিগামিং কাৰ্যই তেলত থকা ফচফ’লিপিডবোৰ নিৰ্বাচন কৰি হাইড্ৰ’লাইজ কৰে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ওজন অনুসৰি ০.১% ফছফৰিক এচিড যোগ কৰিলেই এই কাম সম্ভৱ হ’ব পাৰে।<ref name=Lidu2016>{{cite journal |last1=Lidu |first1=Seri Rahimah |last2=Mohamed |first2=Nurul‘Ain |last3=Klemeš |first3=Jiří Jaromír |last4=Varbanov |first4=Petar Sabev |last5=Yusup |first5=Suzana |title=Evaluation of the energy saving opportunities for palm oil refining process: Sahabat Oil Products (SOP) in Lahad Datu, Malaysia |journal=Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy |date=December 2016 |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=2453–2465 |doi=10.1007/s10098-016-1252-6|bibcode=2016CTEP...18.2453L |s2cid=114530616 }}</ref> # ব্লিচিং কৰিলে তেলৰ পৰা ৰং আঁতৰি যায়। ভেকুৱাম মিক্সাৰত ব্লিচিং আৰ্থ নামৰ মাটি শোষক পদাৰ্থ যোগ কৰিলে এই কাম সম্ভৱ হয়।<ref name=Lidu2016/> # ফিল্টাৰেৰে তেলৰ পৰা ধূলি-মাটি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হয়।<ref name=Lidu2016/> # ডিঅ’ড্ৰাইজাৰত এই তেল প্ৰৱেশ কৰোৱাই হাইড্ৰ’লাইছিছৰ দ্বাৰা উৎপন্ন হোৱা মুক্ত ফেটি এচিড (FFA) আঁতৰোৱা হয়। এটা প্ৰকাৰৰ ডিঅ’ড্ৰাইজাৰে বিভিন্ন উষ্ণতাৰ এটা গোট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি এফ-এফ-এসমূহ ডিষ্টিলেট কৰি কাম কৰে। এফ-এফ-এ "পাম ফেটি এচিড ডিষ্টিলেট" (PFAD) হিচাপে সংগ্ৰহ কৰা হয়।<ref name=Lidu2016/> পি-এফ-এ-ডি চাবোন, কাপৰ ধোৱা পাউদাৰ আৰু অন্যান্য সামগ্ৰী প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা এক মূল্যৱান সামগ্ৰী। # চূড়ান্ত, পৰিশোধিত তেলক “শোধিত, ব্লিচড। আৰু ডিঅ’ডাৰাইজড। পাম অইল’’ (RBDPO) বোলা হয়। RBDPO হৈছে বিশ্বৰ পণ্য বজাৰত বিক্ৰী হোৱা মৌলিক পাম তেল। ইয়াৰ উপাদানসমূহত বিভিন্ন গলনাংক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি “আৰ বি ডি পি অ’’ক আৰু অধিক ক্ষুদ্ৰ অংশলৈ নিব পাৰি। অধিক গলনাংক থকা অংশটোক, যিটো আগতে কঠিন পদাৰ্থ হিচাপে স্ফটিকীয় হৈ উঠে, ইয়াক “পাম ষ্টেৰিন’’ বোলা হয়। ইয়াত বেছিভাগেই সংপৃক্ত চৰ্বি থাকে। বাকী থকা তৰল অংশটোক “পাম অলেইন’’ বোলা হয়।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tong |first1=Shi‐Cheng |last2=Tang |first2=Teck‐Kim |last3=Lee |first3=Yee‐Ying |title=A Review on the Fundamentals of Palm Oil Fractionation: Processing Conditions and Seeding Agents |journal=European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology |date=December 2021 |volume=123 |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/ejlt.202100132|s2cid=240505689 }}</ref> অশোধিত পাম তেলৰ দ্বাৰাও প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণৰ ভিন্ন বিন্দুত ভগ্নাংশকৰণ কৰা সম্ভৱ।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deffense |first1=E. |title=Fractionation of palm oil |journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society |date=February 1985 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=376–385 |doi=10.1007/BF02541408 |s2cid=84577079 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225491696}}</ref> ===ৰঙা পাম তেল=== [[File:Palm Oil 0.jpg|thumb|344x344px|ঘানাত প্লাষ্টিকৰ বটলত ৰাস্তাৰ কাষত বিক্ৰীৰ বাবে থোৱা আছে ৰেড পাম অইল। ]] ১৯৯০ চনৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা তেল পামৰ ফলৰ পৰা সাধাৰণ উষ্ণতাত চেপি ৰঙা পাম তেল নিষ্কাশন কৰি ৰন্ধন তেল হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে বটলত ভৰোৱা হয়, তদুপৰি অন্যান্য ব্যৱহাৰ যেনে মেয়’নিজ আৰু উদ্ভিদজাত তেলতো ইয়াক মিহলি কৰা হয়।<ref name="nag" /> পাম ফলৰ পৰা উৎপাদিত তেলক “ৰঙা পাম তেল’’ বা কেৱল “পাম তেল’’ বুলি কোৱা হয়। ইয়াত পামৰ অন্তৰ্বীজৰ তেলতকৈ যথেষ্ট কম, প্ৰায় ৫০% সংপৃক্ত চৰ্বি—৪০% অসংপৃক্ত চৰ্বি আৰু ১০% বহুঅসংপৃক্ত চৰ্বি থাকে। অপ্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৃত অৱস্থাত ৰঙা পাম তেলত প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে কেৰ’টিন থকাৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ ৰং গভীৰ ৰঙা হয়। ৰঙা পাম তেলত ষ্টেৰল, ভিটামিন ই আৰু কেৰ’টিনয়’ড যেনে, আলফা-কেৰাটিন, বিটা-কেৰাটিন আৰু লাইকোপিন আদি থাকে।<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oguntibeju|first1=O.O|last2=Esterhuyse|first2=A.J.|last3=Truter|first3=E.J.|date=2009|title=Red palm oil: nutritional, physiological and therapeutic roles in improving human wellbeing and quality of life|journal=British Journal of Biomedical Science|volume=66|issue=4|pages=216–22|doi=10.1080/09674845.2009.11730279|pmid=20095133|s2cid=12845370}}</ref> ===বগা পাম তেল=== পাম তেলৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণ আৰু শোধনৰ ফলত বগা পাম তেল পোৱা যায়। শোধন কৰিলে পাম তেলৰ গভীৰ ৰঙা ৰং নোহোৱা হয়। খাদ্য উৎপাদনত ইয়াক ব্যাপকভাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক বাদামৰ মাখন আৰু চিপচকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৃত খাদ্যত পোৱা যায়। ইয়াক প্ৰায়ে পামৰ পৰা উৎপাদিত বুলি লেবেল লগোৱা হয় আৰু বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ বেকড্ আৰু ফ্ৰাইড্ প্ৰডাক্টত হাইড্ৰজেনেটেড ফেটৰ সলনি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ==ব্যৱহাৰ== ===খাদ্যত=== পাম তেলৰ অতি সংপৃক্ত বৈশিষ্ট্যই ইয়াক নাতিশীতোষ্ণ অঞ্চলৰ সাধাৰণ উষ্ণতাত (ৰুম টেম্পাৰেচাৰ) কঠিন কৰি তোলে, সেয়ে, পেষ্ট্ৰী তৈয়াৰ কৰা আৰু বেকড্ কৰা সামগ্ৰী উৎপাদনত ইয়াক মাখন বা হাইড্ৰজেনেটেড উদ্ভিদ তেলৰ সস্তীয়া বিকল্প হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ খাদ্য যেনে “এগুচি চুপ’’ আৰু “ভেন্দিৰ চুপ’’ত পাম তেল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।[28] হাইড্ৰজেনেটেড উদ্ভিদ তেলত ট্ৰেন্স ফেটৰ সৈতে জড়িত স্বাস্থ্যজনিত চিন্তাই খাদ্য উদ্যোগত পাম তেলৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বৃদ্ধিত অৰিহণা যোগাইছে।<ref name="npr._Palm">{{Cite web|date=25 July 2013|title=Palm Oil In The Food Supply: What You Should Know|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/07/25/205486197/palm-oil-in-the-food-supply-what-you-should-know?t=1543742568978|access-date=2 December 2018|work=NPR.org}}</ref> ===পণ্য সামগ্ৰীত=== শৰীৰৰ যত্ন আৰু পৰিষ্কাৰকৰণৰ সামগ্ৰীত পাম তেল ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু ই প্ৰায় প্ৰতিটো চাবোন, চেম্পু বা ডিটাৰজেণ্টতে থাকি ফেন সৃষ্টিকাৰী উপাদান হিচাপে কাম কৰে। চাবোন, চেম্পু, মেক-আপ সামগ্ৰী আৰু লোচনকে ধৰি ব্যক্তিগত যত্নৰ প্ৰায় ৭০% সামগ্ৰীত পাম অইলৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা নানা উপাদান থাকে। এই পাম তেলৰ উপাদানসমূহৰ ২০০ৰো অধিক ভিন্ন নাম আছে, কিন্তু ইয়াৰে মাত্ৰ ১০% নামতহে "পাম" শব্দটো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tullis|first=Paul|date=19 February 2019|title=How the world got hooked on palm oil|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/19/palm-oil-ingredient-biscuits-shampoo-environmental}}</ref> ===জৈৱসাৰ আৰু জৈৱ-ইন্ধন=== পাম তেল মিথাইল এষ্টাৰ আৰু হাইড্ৰ’ডিঅক্সিজেনেটেড বায়’ডিজেল দুয়োটা উৎপাদন কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Rojas">{{cite news|last1=Rojas|first1=Mauricio|date=3 August 2007|title=Assessing the Engine Performance of Palm Oil Biodiesel|newspaper=Biodiesel Magazine|url=http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/1755/assessing-the-engine-performance-of-palm-oil-biodiesel/|url-status=live|access-date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511051402/http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/1755/assessing-the-engine-performance-of-palm-oil-biodiesel/|archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> ট্ৰেন্সএষ্টেৰিফিকেশন নামৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ জৰিয়তে পাম তেলৰ পৰা মিথাইল এষ্টাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়। পাম তেল বায়’ডিজেল প্ৰায়ে অন্য ইন্ধনৰ সৈতে মিহলাই পাম তেল বায়’ডিজেলৰ মিশ্ৰণ সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nahian|first1=Md. Rafsan|last2=Islam|first2=Md. Nurul|last3=Khan|first3=Shaheen|date=26 December 2016|title=Production of Biodiesel from Palm Oil and Performance Test with Diesel in CI Engine|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312016794}}</ref> পাম তেলৰ বায়’ডিজেলে বায়'ডিজেলৰ ইউৰোপীয় মানদণ্ড “EN 14214’’ পূৰণ কৰে।<ref name="Rojas" /> হাইড্ৰ’ডিঅক্সিজেনেটেড বায়’ডিজেল চৰ্বিৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ হাইড্ৰ’জেন’লাইছিছৰ দ্বাৰা এলক’ন আৰু প্ৰ’পেনলৈ উৎপন্ন কৰা হয়। বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ পাম অইল বায়’ডিজেল প্লেণ্টটো হৈছে ছিংগাপুৰৰ ফিনলেণ্ডৰ ৫৫ কোটি ইউৰোৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত ''নেষ্টে অইল বায়’ডিজেল প্লেণ্ট'', যিটো ২০১১ চনত বছৰি ৮ লাখ টন উৎপাদনৰ ক্ষমতাৰে মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মালয়েছিয়া আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আমদানি কৰা পাম তেলৰ পৰা হাইড্ৰ’ডিঅক্সিজেনেটেড নেক্সবিটিএল বায়’ডিজেল উৎপাদন কৰে।<ref name="Yahya">{{cite news|last1=Yahya|first1=Yasmine|date=9 March 2011|title=World's Largest Biodiesel Plant Opens in Singapore|newspaper=The Jakarta Globe|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/worlds-largest-biodiesel-plant-opens-in-singapore/427641|url-status=live|access-date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626075012/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/worlds-largest-biodiesel-plant-opens-in-singapore/427641|archive-date=26 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=July 2011|editor1-last=Tuck|editor1-first=Andrew|title=Neste Oil_|journal=Monocle|volume=05|issue=45|page=73|issn=1753-2434|quote=Petri Jokinen (right), managing director of Neste Oil Singapore [...] the €550m plant has an annual production capacity of 800,000 metric tons of NExBTL renewable diesel, which is distributed mainly in Europe [...] palm oil, is imported from neighbouring Malaysia and Indonesia}}</ref> ইউৰোপলৈ ৰপ্তানি কৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য পৰিমাণৰ পাম তেল বায়’ডিজেললৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হয় (২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া: ৪০%, মালয়েছিয়া ৩০%)।<ref>{{cite web|last=hermes|date=24 January 2018|title=European ban on palm oil in biofuels upsets Jakarta, KL|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/european-ban-on-palm-oil-in-biofuels-upsets-jakarta-kl|website=The Straits Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wahyudi Soeriaatmadja|last2=Trinna Leong|date=24 January 2018|title=European ban on palm oil in biofuels upsets Jakarta, KL|work=[[The Straits Times]]|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/european-ban-on-palm-oil-in-biofuels-upsets-jakarta-kl|access-date=23 November 2018|quote=For Indonesia, 40% of its palm oil exports to Europe are converted into biofuels. Europe is Malaysia's second-largest export market for palm oil, with 30% of it used for biodiesel.}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনলৈকে ইউৰোপৰ পাম তেল আমদানিৰ আধা অংশ বায়'ডিজেলৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news|last1=Melanie Hall|date=1 June 2016|title=New palm oil figures: Biodiesel use in EU fueling deforestation|work=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/new-palm-oil-figures-biodiesel-use-in-eu-fueling-deforestation/a-19298426|access-date=23 November 2018|quote=In 2014, nearly half of the palm oil used in Europe ended up in the gas tanks of cars and trucks, according to data compiled by the EU vegetable oil industry association Fediol}}</ref> ২০১৮ চনত ইউৰোপৰ আধা পাম তেল বায়’ডিজেল হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news|last1=Robert-Jan Bartunek|last2=Alissa de Carbonnel|date=14 June 2018|title=EU to phase out palm oil from transport fuel by 2030|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-climatechange-palmoil/eu-to-phase-out-palm-oil-from-transport-fuel-by-2030-idUSKBN1JA21F|access-date=23 November 2018|quote=Half of the EU's 6 billion euros ($7 billion) worth of palm oil imports are used for biodiesel, according to data from Copenhagen Economics.}}</ref> বায়'ডিজেল হিচাপে পাম তেল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে অন্য জীৱাশ্ম ইন্ধন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাতকৈ তিনিগুণ কাৰ্বন নিৰ্গমন হয়,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hans Spross|date=22 June 2018|title=Does EU biofuel deal compromise the environment for trade with Southeast Asia?|work=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-eu-biofuel-deal-compromise-the-environment-for-trade-with-southeast-asia/a-44350293|access-date=23 November 2018|quote=According to a 2015 study carried out on behalf of the European Commission, the production and use of palm oil biodiesel causes three times the carbon emissions of fossil diesel.}}</ref> আৰু উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, “ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পাম তেলৰ পৰা নিৰ্মিত বায়’ডিজেলে বিশ্বব্যাপী কাৰ্বন সমস্যাক অধিক গুৰুতৰ কৰি তোলে, ভাল নহয়। ’’<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abrahm Lustgarten|date=20 November 2018|title=Supposed to Help Save the Planet. Instead It Unleashed a Catastrophe.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/magazine/palm-oil-borneo-climate-catastrophe.html|access-date=14 December 2018|quote=six of the world's leading carbon-modeling schemes, including the E.P.A.'s, have concluded that biodiesel made from Indonesian palm oil makes the global carbon problem worse, not better}}</ref> ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পাম ভিত্তিক বায়’ডিজেল উৎপাদনৰ বাবে তেলপাম উৎপাদন বৃদ্ধিত হেঁচা পৰিছে। বৰ্তমান বায়’ডিজেল গেছ পাম্পত পাম তেল আৰু গতানুগতিক ডিজেলৰ অনুপাত ৩০:৭০ (বি৩০ নামেৰে জনাজাত) থাকে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে গতানুগতিক ডিজেল ব্যৱহাৰৰ পৰা আঁতৰি আহিবলৈ ১০০% পাম তেল বায়’ডিজেল (বা বি১০০) উৎপাদন কৰাৰ লক্ষ্য লৈছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে অনুমান কৰিছে যে, ভৱিষ্যতে এই চাহিদাসমূহ পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰায় ১.৫ কোটি হেক্টৰ মাটিত তেলপাম বাগিচা স্থাপন কৰিব লাগিব।<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jong |first1=Hans Nicholas |title=Top Indonesian Palm Oil Developments in 2020 |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/12/top-indonesia-palm-oil-news-story-2020/ |website=Mongabay |date=28 December 2020 |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> তেলপাম প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকৰণৰ সময়ত যি জৈৱিক আৱৰ্জনা যেনে, পাম বীজৰ খোলা আৰু পামৰ ফলৰ গোট আদিৰ পৰাও শক্তি উৎপাদন কৰিব পাৰি। এই পেলনীয়া পদাৰ্থক পেলেটলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰি জৈৱ ইন্ধন হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি।<ref name="Choong">{{cite news|last1=Choong|first1=Meng Yew|date=27 March 2012|title=Waste not the palm oil biomass|newspaper=The Star Online|url=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2012/3/27/lifefocus/9991812&sec=lifefocus|access-date=25 February 2013}}</ref> তদুপৰি, খাদ্য ভাজিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা পাম তেলক বায়’ডিজেলৰ বাবে মিথাইল এষ্টাৰলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিব পাৰি। ব্যৱহৃত ৰন্ধন তেল ৰাসায়নিকভাৱে পৰিশোধন কৰি পেট্ৰলিয়াম ডিজেলৰ দৰে বায়’ডিজেলৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা হয়।<ref name="JOPR 2006">{{Cite report|url=http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/joprv18june-loh.pdf|title=Recovery and conversion of palm olein-derived used frying oil to methyl esters for biodiesel|author=Loh Soh Kheang|author2=Choo Yuen May|date=18 June 2006|author3=Cheng Sit Food|author4=Ma Ah Ngan|access-date=25 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704235655/http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/joprv18june-loh.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2010|journal=Journal of Palm Oil Research|url-status=live|archivedate=4 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704235655/http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/joprv18june-loh.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ===ঘাঁ শুকনি হিচাপে=== পাম তেলত এণ্টিমাইক্ৰ’বিয়াল প্ৰভাৱ আছে বুলি থকা ধাৰণাৰ বাবে ঘাঁত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয় যদিও গৱেষণাই ইয়াৰ ফলপ্ৰসূতা নিশ্চিত কৰা নাই।<ref> [http://www.kmitl.ac.th/ejkmitl/vol5no2/p502-505.pdf Antimicrobial effects of palm kernel oil and palm oil] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002235927/http://www.kmitl.ac.th/ejkmitl/vol5no2/p502-505.pdf|date=2 October 2008}} Ekwenye, U.N and Ijeomah, ''King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Science Journal'', Vol. 5, No. 2, Jan–Jun 2005</ref> ==উৎপাদন== ২০১৮–২০১৯ চনত বিশ্বত পাম তেলৰ উৎপাদন আছিল ৭৩.৫ মিলিয়ন মেট্ৰিক টন (৮১.০ মিলিয়ন চৰ্ট টন)।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/613471/palm-oil-production-volume-worldwide/|title=Global production volume palm oil 20222/23|website=Statista}}</ref> ২০৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত পাম তেলৰ বাৰ্ষিক উৎপাদন ২৪ কোটি মেট্ৰিক টন (২৬ কোটি চৰ্ট টন) হ’ব বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tullis |first1=Paul |title=How the World Got Hooked on Palm Oil |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/19/palm-oil-ingredient-biscuits-shampoo-environmental |work=The Guardian|date=19 February 2019 |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> ২০২২ চনত ৰাছিয়াই ইউক্ৰেইন আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা খাদ্য সংকট আৰু জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ ফলত হোৱা প্ৰতিকূল বতৰৰ বাবে বিশ্বৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলত শস্যৰ নাটনিৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে পাম তেল ৰপ্তানি নিষিদ্ধ কৰে।<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Nangoy |first=Fransiska |date=2022-04-23 |title=Indonesia bans palm oil exports as global food inflation spikes |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesia-ban-palm-oil-exports-shore-up-supply-soyoil-futures-surge-2022-04-22/ |access-date=2022-04-27}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ফলত মালয়েচিয়াত ফচল হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ ফলত বিশ্বত পাম তেলৰ মূল্য বহু পৰিমাণে বৃদ্ধি পায়, আনহাতে উপলব্ধতা হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ ফলত বিশ্বৰ যোগান শৃংখলত সংকোচনৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name=":4" /> ২০২২ চনৰ ২৩ মে’ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে পাম তেল যোগানৰ ভাৰসাম্য ৰক্ষাৰ আশাত পুনৰ ব্যৱসায় আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-19 |title=Indonesia Lifts Palm Oil Export Ban in Relief to Global Market |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-19/indonesia-lifts-palm-oil-export-ban-in-relief-to-global-market |access-date=2022-05-20}}</ref> ===ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া=== [[File:Oil palm plantation in Cigudeg-03.jpg|thumb|250px|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ এখন পাম তেল গছৰ বাগিচা]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া বিশ্বৰ সৰ্বাধিক পাম তেল উৎপাদনকাৰী দেশ। ২০০৬ চনত ই মালয়েছিয়াক অতিক্ৰম কৰি ২০.৯ মিলিয়ন মেট্ৰিক টনতকৈ অধিক (২৩.০ মিলিয়ন চৰ্ট টন) উৎপাদন কৰে,<ref name="sciam201212">{{Citation |title=The Other Oil Problem|date=December 2012|periodical=[[Scientific American]]|volume=307|issue=6|page=10|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1212-10|quote=...such as Indonesia, the world's largest producer of palm oil.}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2007/12/Indonesia_palmoil/ Indonesia: Palm Oil Production Prospects Continue to Grow] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510154018/http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2007/12/Indonesia%5Fpalmoil/|date=10 May 2009}} 31 December 2007, USDA-FAS, Office of Global Analysis</ref> এই সংখ্যা তেতিয়াৰ পৰা ২০১৬ চনলৈ ৩৪.৫ মিলিয়ন মেট্ৰিক টন (৩৮.০ মিলিয়ন চৰ্ট টন)তকৈ অধিক বৃদ্ধি পাইছে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maulidiyah |last2=Nurdin |first2=Muhammad |last3=Fatma |first3=Fetty |last4=Natsir |first4=Muh. |last5=Wibowo |first5=Dwiprayogo |date=2017-06-01 |title=Characterization of methyl ester compound of biodiesel from industrial liquid waste of crude palm oil processing 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curcas Linn.) as Feedstock for Biodiesel Production in Indonesia |journal=Energy Procedia |series=Conference and Exhibition Indonesia - New and Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation (The 3rd Indo EBTKE-ConEx 2014) |language=en |volume=65 |pages=170–179 |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.01.054 |s2cid=110832809 |issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hidayat |first1=Arif |last2=Rochmadi |last3=Wijaya |first3=Karna |last4=Nurdiawati |first4=Annisa |last5=Kurniawan |first5=Winarto |last6=Hinode |first6=Hirofumi |last7=Yoshikawa |first7=Kunio |last8=Budiman |first8=Arief |date=2015-08-01 |title=Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate with High Amount of Free Fatty Acids Using Coconut Shell Char Based Catalyst |journal=Energy Procedia |series=Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015) |language=en |volume=75 |pages=969–974 |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.301 |issn=1876-6102|doi-access=free }}</ref> ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই ২০৩০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে উৎপাদন দুগুণ হোৱাৰ আশা কৰিছে।<ref name="Gilbert" /> ২০১৯ চনলৈকে এই সংখ্যা ৫১.৮ মিলিয়ন মেট্ৰিক টন (৫৭.১ মিলিয়ন চৰ্ট টন) আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|date=4 February 2020|title=Produksi Sawit 2019 Capai 51,8 Juta Ton|language=id|work=Republika|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/q54sje370/produksi-sawit-2019-capai-518-juta-ton|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref> ২০১০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ৬০% উৎপাদিত পাম তেল অশোধিত ৰূপত ৰপ্তানি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news|date=24 May 2011|title=P&G may build oleochemical plant to secure future supply|work=The Jakarta Post|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/24/pg-may-build-oleochemical-plant-secure-future-supply.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725093859/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/24/pg-may-build-oleochemical-plant-secure-future-supply.html|archive-date=25 July 2012}}</ref> এফ এ অ’ৰ তথ্য অনুসৰি ১৯৯৪ চনৰ পৰা ২০০৪ চনৰ ভিতৰত উৎপাদন ৪০০%তকৈ অধিক বৃদ্ধি পাই ৮৭ লাখ মেট্ৰিক টনতকৈ অধিক (৯৬ লাখ চৰ্ট টন) হৈছে। ===মালয়েছিয়া=== [[File:District-Kunak Sabah IOI-Baturong-Palm-Oil-Mill-03.jpg|thumb|250px|মালয়েছিয়াৰ এখন পাম তেল বাগিচাত এটা পাম মিল]] [[File:Malayasia iko 2002169.jpg|thumb|350px|পাম তেল বাগিচাৰ বাবে মালয়েছিয়াত নিৰ্বনানীকৰণ হোৱা দৃশ্য উপগ্ৰহ চিত্ৰ]] মালয়েছিয়া হৈছে বিশ্বৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম পাম তেল উৎপাদনকাৰী দেশ। ১৯৯২ চনত বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ ভয়াৱহতাৰ প্ৰতি সঁহাৰি জনাই মালয়েছিয়া চৰকাৰে দেশৰ কমেও আধা ভূমি সম্পদ সেউজ ভূমি হিচাপে ধৰি ৰাখি পাম তেল বাগিচাৰ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ সীমিত কৰাৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিছিল। .<ref name="Morales">{{cite news|last1=Morales|first1=Alex|date=18 November 2010|title=Malaysia Has Little Room for Expanding Palm-Oil Production, Minister Says|newspaper=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-18/malaysia-has-little-room-for-palm-oil-expansion-plantation-minister-says.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912033525/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-18/malaysia-has-little-room-for-palm-oil-expansion-plantation-minister-says.html|archive-date=12 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="Scott-Thomas2">{{cite news|last1=Scott-Thomas|first1=Caroline|date=17 September 2012|title=French firms urged to back away from 'no palm oil' label claims|newspaper=Foodnavigator|url=http://www.foodnavigator.com/Financial-Industry/French-firms-urged-to-back-away-from-no-palm-oil-label-claims|url-status=live|access-date=7 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312115810/http://www.foodnavigator.com/Financial-Industry/French-firms-urged-to-back-away-from-no-palm-oil-label-claims|archive-date=12 March 2013}}</ref> ২০১২ চনত দেশখনে<ref name="Pakiam">{{cite news|last1=Pakiam|first1=Ranjeetha|date=3 January 2013|title=Palm Oil Advances as Malaysia's Export Tax May Boost Shipments|newspaper=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-04/palm-oil-advances-as-malaysia-s-export-tax-may-boost-shipments.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105085751/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-04/palm-oil-advances-as-malaysia-s-export-tax-may-boost-shipments.html|archive-date=5 January 2013}}</ref> প্ৰায় ৫,০০০,০০০ হেক্টৰ (১৯,০০০ বৰ্গমাইল) মাটিত ১৮.৮ মিলিয়ন মেট্ৰিক টন (২০.৭ মিলিয়ন চৰ্ট টন) অশোধিত পাম তেল উৎপাদন কৰে।<ref name="The Star January 2013">{{cite news|date=15 January 2013|title=MPOB expects CPO production to increase to 19 million tonnes this year|newspaper=The Star Online|url=http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2013/1/15/business/12576771&sec=business|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127140157/http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F15%2Fbusiness%2F12576771&sec=business|archive-date=27 January 2013|archivedate=27 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127140157/http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F15%2Fbusiness%2F12576771&sec=business|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="USDA2012">{{cite web|date=11 December 2012|title=Malaysia: Stagnating Palm Oil Yields Impede Growth|url=http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2012/12/Malaysia/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218012050/http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2012/12/Malaysia/|archive-date=18 February 2013|access-date=29 January 2013|website=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service|archivedate=18 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218012050/http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2012/12/Malaysia/|deadurl=yes}}</ref>যদিও ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বিশ্বৰ ভিতৰত অধিক পাম তেল উৎপাদন কৰে, মালয়েছিয়াই ২০১১ চনত ১ কোটি ৮০ লাখ মেট্ৰিক টন (২ কোটি চৰ্ট টন) পাম তেলৰ সামগ্ৰী ৰপ্তানি কৰি বিশ্বৰ সৰ্বাধিক পাম তেলৰ ৰপ্তানিকাৰক দেশ হৈছিল। ভাৰত, চীন, পাকিস্তান, ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ আৰু আমেৰিকাই... মালয়েছিয়াৰ পাম তেলৰ সামগ্ৰীৰ প্ৰাথমিক আমদানিকাৰক।<ref name="AOCS">{{cite web|last1=May|first1=Choo Yuen|date=September 2012|title=Malaysia: economic transformation advances oil palm industry|url=http://www.aocs.org/Membership/FreeCover.cfm?itemnumber=18340|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113145720/http://www.aocs.org/Membership/FreeCover.cfm?itemnumber=18340|archive-date=13 November 2012|access-date=29 January 2013|website=American Oil Chemists' Society}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনত আমেৰিকাত ট্ৰাম্পৰ নিৰ্বাচনী জয়ৰ পিছত চাৰি বছৰৰ ভিতৰত পাম তেলৰ দাম সৰ্বাধিক হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news|title=Palm oil hits 4-year high after Trump victory |url=https://www.ft.com/content/69de3106-a7ff-11e6-8898-79a99e2a4de6 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/69de3106-a7ff-11e6-8898-79a99e2a4de6 |archive-date=10 December 2022|access-date=29 November 2019|website=Financial Times|date=11 November 2016|last1=Terazono|first1=Emiko|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ===নাইজেৰিয়া=== ২০১৮ চনলৈকে নাইজেৰিয়া বিশ্বৰ পাম তেলৰ তৃতীয় বৃহত্তম উৎপাদনকাৰী দেশ আছিল। প্ৰায় ২৩ লাখ হেক্টৰ (৫৭ লাখ একৰ) মাটিত খেতি আছে। ১৯৩৪ চনলৈকে নাইজেৰিয়া আছিল বিশ্বৰ সৰ্বাধিক উৎপাদনকাৰী দেশ। ক্ষুদ্ৰ আৰু বৃহৎ উৎপাদক উভয়েই এই উদ্যোগত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। .<ref>{{cite web|last=Ayodele|first=Thompson|date=August 2010|title=African Case Study: Palm Oil and Economic Development in Nigeria and Ghana; Recommendations for the World Bank's 2010 Palm Oil Strategy|url=http://www.ippanigeria.org/worldbankreportpalmoil%5B1%5D.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422142906/http://www.ippanigeria.org/worldbankreportpalmoil%5B1%5D.pdf|archive-date=22 April 2012|access-date=8 December 2011|website=Initiative For Public Policy Analysis|archivedate=22 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422142906/http://www.ippanigeria.org/worldbankreportpalmoil%5B1%5D.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ayodele|first=Thompson|date=15 October 2010|title=The World Bank's Palm Oil Mistake|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/16/opinion/16ayodele.html?_r=1&src=sch&pagewanted=all|url-status=live|access-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150947/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/16/opinion/16ayodele.html?_r=1&src=sch&pagewanted=all|archive-date=19 January 2018}}</ref> ===থাইলেণ্ড=== কেঁচা পাম তেল উৎপাদনকাৰী দেশৰ ভিতৰত বিশ্বৰ তৃতীয় বৃহত্তম দেশ থাইলেণ্ডে প্ৰতি বছৰে প্ৰায় ২০ লাখ মেট্ৰিক টন অৰ্থাৎ বিশ্বৰ উৎপাদনৰ ১.২% উৎপাদন কৰে। থাইলেণ্ডৰ প্ৰায় সকলো উৎপাদন স্থানীয়ভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। দেশৰ প্ৰায় ৮৫% পাম বাগিচা আৰু নিষ্কাশন মিল দক্ষিণ থাইলেণ্ডত আছে। ২০১৬ চনৰ বছৰৰ শেষত ৪.৭ৰ পৰা ৫.৮ মিলিয়ন ক’লা সৰিয়হ (৭৫০,০০০ৰ পৰা ৯৩০,০০০ হেক্টৰ; ১,৯০০,০০০ৰ পৰা ২,৩০০,০০০ একৰ) তৈল পামত ৰোপণ কৰা হৈছিল, য’ত ৩ লাখ কৃষক নিয়োজিত হৈছিল, বেছিভাগেই ৩.২ হেক্টৰ; ৭.৯ একৰ জোখৰ সৰু মাটিত। আঞ্চলিক হিচাপত ''এছিয়ানে''(Association of Southeast Asian Nations) ৫২.৫ মিলিয়ন মেট্ৰিক টন পাম তেল উৎপাদন কৰে, যিটো বিশ্বৰ মুঠ উৎপাদনৰ প্ৰায় ৮৫% আৰু বিশ্বৰ ৰপ্তানিৰ ৯০%তকৈ অধিক। বিশ্বৰ ৰপ্তানিৰ ৫২% ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ। মালয়েছিয়াৰ ৰপ্তানি মুঠ ৩৮%। পাম অইলৰ সৰ্বাধিক উপভোক্তাৰ দেশ ভাৰত, ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ আৰু চীন- এই তিনিওখনেই বিশ্বৰ ৰপ্তানিৰ প্ৰায় ৫০% খৰচ কৰে। থাইলেণ্ডৰ অভ্যন্তৰীণ বাণিজ্য বিভাগে সাধাৰণতে কেঁচা পাম তেল আৰু শোধিত পাম তেলৰ মূল্য নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। মালয়েছিয়া আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তুলনাত থাইলেণ্ডৰ কৃষকৰ উৎপাদন তুলনামূলকভাৱে কম। থাইলেণ্ডৰ পাম তেলৰ শস্যত ৪–১৭% তেল পোৱা যায়, যিটো প্ৰতিযোগী দেশত প্ৰায় ২০% তেল পোৱা যায়। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু মালয়েছিয়াৰ তেলপাম বাগিচাসমূহৰ আকাৰ থাইলেণ্ডৰ বাগিচাতকৈ ১০ গুণ বেছি।<ref name="BP-20180128">{{cite news|last1=Arunmas|first1=Phusadee|last2=Wipatayotin|first2=Apinya|date=28 January 2018|title=EU move fuelling unease among palm oil producers|work=Bangkok Post|format=Spectrum|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/1403374/eu-move-fuelling-unease-among-palm-oil-producers|access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref> ===বেনিন=== পাম গছ পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ জলাশয়ৰ স্থানীয় উদ্ভিদ আৰু দক্ষিণ বেনিনত ইয়াৰ বহুতো বাগিচা আছে। বেনিনৰ ‘কৃষি পুনৰুজ্জীৱন কাৰ্যসূচী’য়ে বহু হাজাৰ হেক্টৰ মাটিক ৰপ্তানিৰ বাবে নতুন তেলপাম বাগিচাৰ বাবে উপযোগী বুলি চিনাক্ত কৰিছে। অৰ্থনৈতিক লাভ থকা সত্ত্বেও “নেচাৰ ট্ৰপিকেল’’ৰ দৰে বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থাসমূহে (এন জি অ’) দাবী কৰে যে, বৰ্তমানৰ কিছুমান প্ৰধান কৃষি স্থানত জৈৱ ইন্ধনে ঘৰুৱা খাদ্য উৎপাদনৰ সৈতে প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অৱতীৰ্ণ হ’ব। আন কিছুমান অঞ্চলত পিট ভূমি আছে, যাৰ নিষ্কাশনে পৰিৱেশৰ ওপৰত ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰভাৱ পেলাব। তেওঁলোকে এই অঞ্চলত জিনীয়ভাৱে পৰিৱৰ্তিত উদ্ভিদ প্ৰৱৰ্তনৰ চেষ্টা কৰিব, যাৰ ফলত অৱশ্যে তেওঁলোকে অ-জিএম শস্যৰ বাবে বৰ্তমানৰ প্ৰিমিয়াম বিপন্ন হ’ব বুলিও চিন্তিত।<ref name="wrm">{{cite web|last=Pazos|first=Flavio|date=3 August 2007|title=Benin: Large scale oil palm plantations for agrofuel|url=http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/120/Benin.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808035000/http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/120/Benin.html|archive-date=8 August 2014|website=World Rainforest Movement|access-date=20 December 2023|archivedate=8 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808035000/http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/120/Benin.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=African Biodiversity Network|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=as4sAQAAMAAJ|title=Agrofuels in Africa: the impacts on land, food and forests: case studies from Benin, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia|publisher=African Biodiversity Network|others=translated by|year=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418054802/https://books.google.com/books?id=as4sAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=18 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> নেচনেল জিঅ’গ্ৰাফিকৰ শেহতীয়া প্ৰবন্ধ অনুসৰি বেনিনৰ বেছিভাগ পাম তেল এতিয়াও মহিলাসকলে ঘৰুৱা ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে উৎপাদন কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hillary Rosner|title=Palm oil is unavoidable. Can it be sustainable?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/12/palm-oil-products-borneo-africa-environment-impact/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210132728/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/12/palm-oil-products-borneo-africa-environment-impact/|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2018|website=National Geographic|date=4 December 2018}}</ref> FAO এ অতিৰিক্তভাৱে কয় যে, বেনিনৰ কৃষকসকলে কৃষি পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান চৰ্চা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|last=FAO|title=West African women defend traditional palm oil|url=http://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/417205/|website=Food and Agricultural Organization}}</ref> সৰু সৰু বাগিচাৰ পৰা পাম ফল চপোৱা হয় আৰু পাম তেল বেছিকৈ স্থানীয় খাদ্যৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ===কলম্বিয়া=== ২০১৮ চনত কলম্বিয়াত মুঠ পাম তেল উৎপাদন, ১৬ লাখ মেট্ৰিক টন, যি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কৃষি ’জিডিপি’ৰ প্ৰায় ৮% প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু মূলতঃ ক্ষুদ্ৰ কৃষকসকলক(কলম্বিয়াৰ পাম তেল খণ্ডৰ ৬৫%) লাভৱান কৰে। <ref>{{Cite web |author1=Inga Hilbert |author2=María Goretti Esquivel |author3=Joel Brounen |date=2019 |title=Barometer on sustainable production and trade of palm oil in Colombia |url=https://www.solidaridadnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/migrated-files/publications/BarometerSustainableColombianPalmOil%202019.pdf |access-date=20 May 2022 |publisher=Solidaridad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020 |title=Palm oil |url=https://comerciosostenible.org/en/ |access-date=2 October 2020 |publisher=Sustainable Trade Platform - Colombia |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030021647/https://comerciosostenible.org/en |url-status=dead |archivedate=30 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030021647/https://comerciosostenible.org/en |deadurl=yes }}</ref> পৰিৱেশ, বিজ্ঞান আৰু নীতিৰ এক অধ্যয়ন অনুসৰি কলম্বিয়াই বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস নকৰাকৈ বহনক্ষম পাম তেল উৎপাদন কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Carmenza Castiblanco |author2=Andrés Etter |author3=T. Mitchell Aide |date=2013 |title=Oil palm plantations in Colombia: a model of future expansion |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S146290111300004X |journal=Environmental Science and Policy |volume=27 |pages=172–183 |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2013.01.003}}</ref> তদুপৰি, পাম তেল আৰু অন্যান্য শস্যই কোকা আদিৰ দৰে অবৈধ শস্যৰ বাবে এক উৎপাদনশীল বিকল্প হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |author1=David Calderón |author2=Carlos Alberto Pérez |date=1 January 2019 |title=Smallholder oil palm producers contributing to peace and sustainability in Colombia |url=https://www.solidaridadnetwork.org/solidaridad-stories/smallholder-oil-palm-producers-contributing-to-peace-and-sustainability-in |access-date=2 October 2020 |publisher=ETFRN, Tropenbos International}}</ref> ===কেমেৰুণ=== কেমেৰুণত আমেৰিকাৰ “হেৰাক্লেছ ফাৰ্মছ’’ৰ দ্বাৰা আৰম্ভ কৰা এটা উৎপাদন প্ৰকল্প চলি আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosenthal|first=Elisabeth|date=2012-09-05|title=Report Assails Palm Oil Project in Cameroon|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/05/report-assails-palm-oil-project-in-cameroon/|access-date=2023-02-08|website=Green Blog|language=en}}</ref> কিন্তু কেমেৰুণৰ নাগৰিক সমাজৰ সংগঠনৰ হেঁচাত এই প্ৰকল্পটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। প্ৰকল্পটো বন্ধ হোৱাৰ আগতে বহনক্ষম পাম তেল উদ্যোগৰ আলোচনাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে হেৰাক্লেছে “ঘূৰণীয়া মেজ মেল’’ ত্যাগ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|date=21 June 2013|title=Cameroon changes mind on Herakles palm oil project|url=http://wwf.panda.org/?209145/Cameroon-changes-mind-on-Herakles-palm-oil-project|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213041929/http://wwf.panda.org/?209145%2FCameroon-changes-mind-on-Herakles-palm-oil-project|archive-date=13 December 2013|access-date=23 May 2016|website=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> গাঁওবাসীৰ বিৰোধিতা আৰু জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ বাবে স্পৰ্শকাতৰ অঞ্চলত প্ৰকল্পটো স্থাপন কৰাৰ বাবে এই প্ৰকল্পটো বিতৰ্কিত হৈ পৰিছে। ===ইকুৱেডৰ=== ইকুৱেডৰৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছে পাম তেল উৎপাদকসকলক বহনক্ষম পদ্ধতিৰ মাজলৈ লৈ যোৱা আৰু সেউজ উদ্যোগ বিকাশৰ পদক্ষেপত “আৰ এছ পি অ’’ প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰা।<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2018 |title=Ecuador to invest $1.2bn in palm oil sustainability & innovation: 'There is a tremendous opportunity here' |url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2018/05/04/Ecuador-to-invest-1.2bn-in-palm-oil-sustainability-innovation-There-is-a-tremendous-opportunity-here |website=Food Navigator |access-date=20 December 2023 |archivedate=2 October 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002212853/https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2018/05/04/Ecuador-to-invest-1.2bn-in-palm-oil-sustainability-innovation-There-is-a-tremendous-opportunity-here |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ===ঘানা=== ঘানাত পাম বীজৰ বহুত প্ৰজাতি আছে, যিবোৰ অঞ্চলটোৰ কৃষিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰিহণা যোগাব পাৰে। যদিও ঘানাত স্থানীয় পাম বীজৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি স্থানীয়ভাৱে নান প্ৰজাতিৰ একাধিক পামৰ প্ৰজাতি আছে, তথাপি ইয়াক লৈ কেৱল স্থানীয়ভাৱে আৰু চুবুৰীয়া দেশলৈহে বাণিজ্য কৰা হৈছিল। বৃহৎ বিনিয়োগ পুঁজিসমূহে বাগিচা ক্ৰয় কৰাৰ লগে লগে এতিয়া উৎপাদন সম্প্ৰসাৰিত হৈছে, কাৰণ ঘানাক পাম তেলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ এক প্ৰধান অঞ্চল হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছে। ===কেনিয়া=== কেনিয়াৰ ঘৰুৱা খাদ্য তেলৰ উৎপাদনে বাৰ্ষিক চাহিদাৰ প্ৰায় এক তৃতীয়াংশ পূৰণ কৰে, যিটো ৩ লাখ ৮০ হাজাৰ মেট্ৰিক টন (৪২০,০০০ চৰ্ট টন) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। বাকীখিনি বছৰি প্ৰায় ১৪ কোটি মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ ব্যয় কৰি আমদানি কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত খাদ্য তেল, পেট্ৰলিয়ামৰ পিছতে দেশৰ দ্বিতীয় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আমদানি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে। ১৯৯৩ চনৰ পৰা পশ্চিম কেনিয়াত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ খাদ্য আৰু কৃষি সংস্থাই ঠাণ্ডা সহনশীল, উচ্চ উৎপাদনক্ষম তেলপামৰ নতুন বৰ্ণসংকৰ জাতৰ প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছে। দেশৰ খাদ্য তেলৰ ঘাটি দূৰ কৰাৰ লগতে এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰ্থকৰী শস্যৰ যোগান ধৰাৰ লগতে ইয়াক অঞ্চলটোত পৰিৱেশৰ বাবে উপকাৰী বুলি দাবী কৰা হয়, কাৰণ ই খাদ্য শস্য বা থলুৱা গছ-গছনিৰ বিৰুদ্ধে প্ৰতিযোগিতা নকৰে আৰু ই মাটিৰ বাবে স্থিতিশীলতা প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref name="fao">{{cite web|date=24 November 2003|title=Hybrid oil palms bear fruit in western Kenya|url=http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/field/2003/1103_oilpalm.htm|first=Teresa|last=Buerkle|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122113444/http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/field/2003/1103_oilpalm.htm|archive-date=22 January 2015|website=UN FAO|access-date=20 December 2023|archivedate=7 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007174829/http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/field/2003/1103_oilpalm.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ===ম্যানমাৰ=== ১৯২০ চনত ব্ৰিটিছসকলে বাৰ্মা(বৰ্তমান ম্যানমাৰ)ত পাম তেল প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে।<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Nomura |first1=Keiko |last2=Mitchard |first2=Edward T. A. |last3=Patenaude |first3=Genevieve |last4=Bastide |first4=Joan |last5=Oswald |first5=Patrick |last6=Nwe |first6=Thazin |date=2019-08-15 |title=Oil palm concessions in southern Myanmar consist mostly of unconverted forest |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=11931 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-48443-3 |pmid=31417153 |pmc=6695397 |bibcode=2019NatSR...911931N |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> ১৯৭০ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি টানিন্থাৰী অঞ্চল আৰু মন, কায়িন আৰু ৰাখাইন ৰাজ্যত সৰু পৰিসৰৰ পাম তেলৰ বাগিচা গঢ়ি তোলা হয়।<ref name=":5" /> ১৯৯৯ চনত শাসকীয় সামৰিক জুণ্টা, ৰাজ্যিক শান্তি আৰু উন্নয়ন পৰিষদে এনে বাগিচাসমূহৰ বৃহৎ পৰিসৰৰ উন্নয়নৰ কাম আৰম্ভ কৰে, বিশেষকৈ ম্যানমাৰৰ একেবাৰে দক্ষিণ অঞ্চল, টানিন্থাৰীত।<ref name=":5" /> ২০১৯ চনলৈকে ৪৪টা কোম্পানীক ৪০১,৮১৪ হেক্টৰতকৈ অধিক পাম তেলৰ ৰেহাই দিয়া হৈছে।<ref name=":5" /> ৬০% ৰেহাই বনাঞ্চল আৰু থলুৱা গছ-গছনিৰে গঠিত আৰু কিছুমান ৰেহাই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, য’ত টানিন্থাৰী আৰু লেনিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানসমূহো আছে। এইবোৰে বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস কৰা দেখা গৈছে আৰু ইণ্ডোচাইনিজ বাঘৰ দৰে স্থানীয় প্ৰজাতিৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ প্ৰতি ই ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে।<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-13 |title=Myanmar risks losing forests to oil palm, but there's time to pivot |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/myanmar-risks-losing-forests-to-oil-palm-but-theres-time-to-pivot/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> ==সামাজিক আৰু পৰিৱেশিক প্ৰভাৱ== ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু মালয়েছিয়াৰ কিছু অংশত এককভাবে পাম খেতি কৰিবলৈ কৃষিভূমিৰ বাবে কৰিবলৈ বনাঞ্চলসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sustainablepalmoil.org/deforestation|title=Deforestation|website=www.sustainablepalmoil.org|access-date=15 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817173748/http://www.sustainablepalmoil.org/deforestation/|archive-date=17 August 2016|archivedate=17 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817173748/http://www.sustainablepalmoil.org/deforestation/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ইয়াৰ ফলত স্থানীয় পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছে, যাৰ ফলত বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ লগতে জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ ক্ষতি হৈছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াসমূহৰ ফলত ওৰাংওটাঙৰ তিনিটা জীৱিত প্ৰজাতিৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক বাসস্থানৰ যথেষ্ট ক্ষতি হৈছে। বিশেষকৈ সুমাট্ৰাৰ ওৰাংওটাঙৰ এটা প্ৰজাতিক পাম খেতিৰ ফলত বাসস্থান হেৰুওৱাৰ বাবে ভয়ানকভাবে বিপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ বুলি তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite iucn |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/121097935/123797627 |title=Pongo abelii |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref><ref name=Gilbert>{{cite journal |title=Palm-oil boom raises conservation concerns: Industry urged towards sustainable farming practices as rising demand drives deforestation |author=Natasha Gilbert |date=4 July 2012 |journal=Nature |volume=487 |issue=7405 |pages=14–15 |doi=10.1038/487014a |pmid=22763524 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ=== [[File:Palm forest.jpg|thumb|250px| ব্ৰুনেইত বনাঞ্চল(F) পাম গছ ৰোপণৰ বাবে নিৰ্মূল কৰা হৈছে। (G) এই পৰিৱৰ্তনবোৰ সকলো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰতে দেখা গৈছে(H)। ]] পৰিৱেশৰ চিন্তাৰ উপৰিও পাম তেল উৎপাদন কৰা অঞ্চলসমূহত পাম তেলৰ উন্নয়নে উল্লেখযোগ্য সামাজিক সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে। দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পোৱা পাম তেলৰ উৎপাদন থকা অঞ্চলসমূহে খিলঞ্জীয়া লোকৰ ভূমিৰ অধিকাৰৰ যথেষ্ট উলংঘা, অবৈধ অনুপ্ৰৱেশকাৰী শ্ৰমিক আৰু শ্ৰমিক প্ৰথাৰ প্ৰবাহ, আৰু অন্যান্য আনুষংগিক মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। পাম তেল উদ্যোগে শ্ৰমিক, খিলঞ্জীয়া আৰু পাম তেল উৎপাদনকাৰী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ওপৰত ইতিবাচক আৰু নেতিবাচক দুয়োটা প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। পাম তেল উৎপাদনে নিয়োগৰ সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে, আৰু আন্তঃগাঁথনি, সমাজ সেৱাৰ উন্নতিৰ লগতে দৰিদ্ৰতা হ্ৰাস কৰা দেখা গৈছে।<ref name="Budidarsono">{{cite news|last1=Budidarsono|first1=Suseno|last2=Dewi|first2=Sonya|last3=Sofiyuddin|first3=Muhammad|last4=Rahmanulloh|first4=Arif|title=Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Palm Oil Production|work=World Agroforestry Centre|url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFs/TB12053.PDF|url-status=live|access-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111075416/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFs/TB12053.PDF|archive-date=11 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Norwana">{{cite web|last1=Norwana|first1=Awang Ali Bema Dayang|last2=Kunjappan|first2=Rejani|year=2011|title=The local impacts of oil palm expansion in Malaysia|url=http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/WPapers/WP-78Andriani.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622221930/http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/WPapers/WP-78Andriani.pdf|archive-date=22 June 2013|access-date=30 January 2013|work=cifor.org|publisher=Center for International Forestry Research}}</ref><ref name="Ismail">{{cite news|last1=Ismail|first1=Saidi Isham|date=9 November 2012|title=Palm oil transforms economic landscape|newspaper=Business Times|url=http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/VISPAM/Article/|url-status=dead|access-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112182523/http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/VISPAM/Article/|archive-date=12 November 2012}}</ref> কিন্তু কিছুমান ক্ষেত্ৰত পাম তেল গছৰ বাগিচাসমূহে সেই ভূমিত বাস কৰা খিলঞ্জীয়া লোকসকলৰ সৈতে পৰামৰ্শ বা ক্ষতিপূৰণ অবিহনে ভূমি অধিকাৰ কৰি বাগিচা স্থাপন কৰিছে; যাৰ ফলত সামাজিক সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে।<ref name="IDMC">{{cite press release|title=Palm oil cultivation for biofuel blocks return of displaced people in Colombia|url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/B3EE02C81FE75923C125738A003536C9/$file/Colombia_press_release_nov07.pdf|publisher=Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre|date=5 November 2007|access-date=30 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127055013/http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/B3EE02C81FE75923C125738A003536C9/$file/Colombia_press_release_nov07.pdf|archive-date=27 November 2007}}</ref><ref name="Colchester">{{cite news|last1=Colchester|first1=Marcus|last2=Jalong|first2=Thomas|last3=Meng Chuo|first3=Wong|date=2 October 2012|title=Free, Prior and Informed Consent in the Palm Oil Sector – Sarawak: IOI-Pelita and the community of Long Teran Kanan|newspaper=Forest Peoples Program|url=http://www.forestpeoples.org/topics/palm-oil-rspo/publication/2012/free-prior-and-informed-consent-palm-oil-sector-sarawak-ioi-pe|url-status=live|access-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514104723/http://www.forestpeoples.org/topics/palm-oil-rspo/publication/2012/free-prior-and-informed-consent-palm-oil-sector-sarawak-ioi-pe|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="FPP">{{cite news|date=28 February 2008|title="Losing Ground" – report on indigenous communities and oil palm development from LifeMosaic, Sawit Watch and Friends of the Earth|newspaper=Forest Peoples Programme|url=http://www.forestpeoples.org/topics/palm-oil-rspo/publication/2012/losing-ground-report-indigenous-communities-and-oil-palm-devel|url-status=live|access-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514094449/http://www.forestpeoples.org/topics/palm-oil-rspo/publication/2012/losing-ground-report-indigenous-communities-and-oil-palm-devel|archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> মালয়েছিয়াত অবৈধ প্ৰব্ৰজিত শ্ৰমিকৰ ব্যৱহাৰে পাম তেল উদ্যোগৰ ভিতৰত কৰ্ম সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰতিও উদ্বেগ সৃষ্টি কৰিছে। .<ref name="BMS 2012">{{Cite report|url=http://biomasssociety.org/en/2012/05/indonesian-migrant-workers-with-particular-reference-in-the-oil-palm-plantation-industries-in-sabah-malaysia%E3%80%80dr-riwanto-tirtrosudarmo/|title=Indonesian migrant workers: with particular reference in the oil palm plantation industries in Sabah, Malaysia|date=11 December 2010|publisher=Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111071229/http://biomasssociety.org/en/2012/05/indonesian-migrant-workers-with-particular-reference-in-the-oil-palm-plantation-industries-in-sabah-malaysia%E3%80%80dr-riwanto-tirtrosudarmo/|archive-date=11 January 2014|work=Biomass Society|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ABC 2014">{{Cite news|date=9 January 2014|title=Malaysia Plans High-Tech Card for Foreign Workers|work=ABC News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/malaysia-plans-high-tech-card-foreign-workers-21471479/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113074248/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/malaysia-plans-high-tech-card-foreign-workers-21471479|archive-date=13 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="BBC 2013">{{Cite news|date=2 September 2013|title=Malaysia rounds up thousands of migrant workers|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23931833|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905100947/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23931833|archive-date=5 September 2013}}</ref> কিছুমান সামাজিক পদক্ষেপে দৰিদ্ৰতা নিৰাময়ৰ কৌশলৰ অংশ হিচাপে পাম তেলৰ খেতি নিৰ্বাচন কৰে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ খাদ্য আৰু কৃষি সংস্থাৰ পশ্চিম কেনিয়াত স্থাপন কৰা হাইব্ৰিড তেল পাম প্ৰকল্প, যিয়ে স্থানীয় জনসাধাৰণৰ আয় আৰু খাদ্যৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা দেখা গৈছে আৰু মালয়েছিয়াৰ ফেডাৰেল লেণ্ড ডেভেলপমেণ্ট অথৰিটি আৰু ফেডাৰেল লেণ্ড কনচলিডেচন এণ্ড ৰিহেবিলিটেচন অথৰিটি-- দুয়োটাই গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়নত সহায় কৰিছে।<ref name="Ibrahim">{{cite news|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Ahmad|date=31 December 2012|title=Felcra a success story in rural transformation|work=New Straits Times|url=http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/felcra-a-success-story-in-rural-transformation-1.193708|url-status=dead|access-date=7 February 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413151936/http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/felcra-a-success-story-in-rural-transformation-1.193708|archive-date=13 April 2013}}</ref> ===খাদ্য বনাম ইন্ধন=== বায়’ডিজেল উৎপাদনত পাম তেলৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ গুৰুত্বই খাদ্যৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাতকৈ ইন্ধনৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাক আগস্থান দিয়া হৈছে বুলি উদ্বেগ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে, যাৰ ফলত উন্নয়নশীল ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহত পুষ্টিহীনতাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে। ইয়াক [[খাদ্য বনাম ইন্ধন]] বিতৰ্ক বুলি জনা যায়। ২০০৮ চনত নবীকৰণযোগ্য আৰু বহনক্ষম শক্তি পৰ্যালোচনাত প্ৰকাশিত এক প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি পাম তেল গছ খাদ্য আৰু জৈৱ ইন্ধন উভয়ৰে বহনক্ষম উৎস হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু পাম তেলৰ পৰা বায়'ডিজেলৰ উৎপাদনে খোৱা পাম তেলৰ যোগানৰ বাবে ভাবুকিৰ সৃষ্টি নকৰে।<ref name="Man Kee Lam">{{Cite report|url=https://www.academia.edu/876673|title=Malaysian Palm oil: Surviving the food versus fuel dispute for a sustainable future|author=Man Kee Kam|author2=Kok Tat Tan|date=9 September 2008|author3=Keat Teong Lee|author4=Abdul Rahman Mohamed|access-date=26 February 2013|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews}}</ref> ২০০৯ চনত “পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান আৰু নীতি’’ বিষয়ৰ এক আলোচনীত প্ৰকাশিত এক অধ্যয়ন অনুসৰি, পাম তেল বায়'ডিজেলে ভৱিষ্যতে পাম তেলৰ চাহিদা বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত পাম তেলৰ উৎপাদন সম্প্ৰসাৰণ হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু সেয়েহে খাদ্যৰ যোগানো বৃদ্ধি পাব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Corley|first1=R. H. V.|year=2009|title=How much palm oil do we need?|journal=Environmental Science & Policy|volume=12|issue=2|pages=134–838|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2008.10.011}}</ref> ===মানৱাধিকাৰ=== [[File:Palm oil manufacture (9) Lac Mukamba, Teretoire de Dimbelenge, Kasai occ. RD Congo.JPG|thumb|ইতিহাসত পাম তেল উদ্যোগে বিভিন্ন প্ৰেক্ষাপটত শ্ৰম সম্পৰ্কীয় মানৱ অধিকাৰ, খিলঞ্জীয়া ভূখণ্ডৰ অধিকাৰ আৰু সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰিৱেশ অধিকাৰ উলংঘা কৰাৰ নজিৰ আছে। পাম তেল উৎপাদন হোৱা বহু উত্তৰ-ঔপনিৱেশিক অঞ্চলত (যেনে আফ্ৰিকা) ক্ষুদ্ৰ কৃষিত শিশু শ্ৰমিক আইন উলংঘা সাধাৰণ কথা|254x254px]] এক প্ৰতিবেদনত বিপজ্জনক কীটনাশকৰ সংস্পৰ্শ, শিশু শ্ৰমিক নিয়োগ, ধৰ্ষণ আৰু যৌন নিৰ্যাতন আৰু অসুৰক্ষিত বোজা কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া আদিৰে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু মালয়েছিয়াত পাম তেল উৎপাদনত [[মানৱ অধিকাৰ]] উলংঘাৰ বহুতো অভিযোগৰ ইংগিত দিয়া হৈছিল। সময়ত এই কাণ্ডবোৰে তেল কোম্পানী বা আৰক্ষীৰ কোনো সঁহাৰি নাপাবও পাৰে বা ভুক্তভোগীয়ে নিজৰ নিৰ্যাতনকাৰীৰ পৰা প্ৰতিশোধৰ আশংকাত কৰ্তৃপক্ষৰ ওচৰত বিশেষ আপত্তি দাখিল নকৰিবও পাৰে। কীটনাশকত ব্যৱহৃত ৰাসায়নিক পদাৰ্থ যেনে, [[পেৰাকুৱেট]] আৰু [[গ্লাইফ’ছেট]], [[পাৰ্কিনছন ৰোগ]] আৰু [[কেন্সাৰ]] আদি ৰোগৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে।<ref name="ap">{{Cite news|author1=Margie Mason |author2=Robin McDowell |date=18 November 2020|title=Rape, abuses in palm oil fields linked to top beauty brands|work=The Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/palm-oil-abuse-investigation-cosmetics-2a209d60c42bf0e8fcc6f8ea6daa11c7|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref> ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ খিলঞ্জীয়া জনগোষ্ঠী আৰু সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ এক প্ৰতিবেদন মতে, পাম তেল উদ্যোগ সম্প্ৰসাৰণৰ বাবে কৃষিভূমি আৰু পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে ভোগ কৰি অহা মাটি হেৰুৱাৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ২০১৭ চনত পাম তেল বাগিচা আৰু খিলঞ্জীয়া ভূমিৰ মালিকৰ মাজত ৬৫০ টাতকৈও অধিক বিভিন্ন ভূমি বিবাদ হৈছিল।<ref name="hrw.org">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-22 |title="When We Lost the Forest, We Lost Everything": Oil Palm Plantations and Rights Violations in Indonesia |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/09/23/when-we-lost-forest-we-lost-everything/oil-palm-plantations-and-rights-violations |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref> খিলঞ্জীয়া সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহেও প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ যেনে বন্য ৰবৰ, নল আৰু আদাত বনাঞ্চল (সাম্প্ৰদায়িক অৰণ্য) হেৰুৱাৰ বাবে উদ্বেগ প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="hrw.org"/> খিলঞ্জীয়া সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহে ভূমি বিবাদৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত দুটা উপায় অৱলম্বন কৰিছে, হয় প্ৰতিবাদ নহয় আইনী যুঁজ।<ref name="hrw.org"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-27 |title=Indigenous Papuans won their forest back from a palm oil firm, but still lack land title |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/10/indigenous-papuans-won-their-forest-back-from-a-palm-oil-firm-but-still-lack-land-title/ |access-date=2021-12-14 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> খিলঞ্জীয়া সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ প্ৰভাৱিত হোৱা আন চিন্তাৰ বিষয়সমূহ হ’ল পাম তেল বাগিচাৰ ওপৰত চৰকাৰী নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ অভাৱ, ৰাজনৈতিক দুৰ্নীতি বা খিলঞ্জীয়াৰ ভূমি সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে আইন বলবৎ নকৰা।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-22 |title=Indonesia: Indigenous Peoples Losing Their Forests |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/09/22/indonesia-indigenous-peoples-losing-their-forests |access-date=2021-12-14 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> গুৱাটেমালাৰ দৰে দেশত স্থানীয় ন্যায় ব্যৱস্থাৰ ভিতৰত পাম তেল বাগিচাসমূহে যথেষ্ট সুবিধা লাভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত স্থানীয় আৰক্ষীয়ে খিলঞ্জীয়াৰ ভূমিৰ দাবীক অৱজ্ঞা কৰে, প্ৰতিবাদী শক্তি মষিমূৰ কৰিবলৈ বল প্ৰয়োগ কৰাৰ উপৰি স্থানীয় নেতাক হত্যাও কৰাও দেখা গৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuffe |first=Sandra |title=Guatemala's growing palm oil industry fuels Indigenous land fight |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/15/guatemala-growing-palm-oil-industry-fuels-indigenous-land-fight |access-date=2021-12-14 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> ===পাৰিপাৰ্শ্বিক=== বিশ্বৰ উদ্ভিদজাত তেলৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা মুঠ কৃষিভূমিৰ মাত্ৰ ৫%হে পাম খেতিৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় যদিও ইয়াৰ পৰা আহৰিত তেল মুঠ তেলৰ ৩৮%।<ref name="spinks">{{cite web|author=Spinks, Rosie J|date=17 December 2014|title=Why does palm oil still dominate the supermarket shelves?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/dec/17/palm-oil-sustainability-developing-countries|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204125318/https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/dec/17/palm-oil-sustainability-developing-countries|archive-date=4 December 2016|access-date=7 December 2016|work=The Guardian}}</ref> তেল উৎপাদনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত চয়াবীন, সূৰ্যমুখী বা সৰিয়হ আদিৰ খেতিতকৈ পাম খেতিৰ পৰা তেল উৎপাদন ১০ গুণ বেছি, কাৰণ পামৰ গুটি আৰু শাহ দুয়োটাৰ পৰাই ব্যৱহাৰযোগ্য তেল আহৰণ কৰা যায়।<ref name="spinks" /> পাম তেল পৰিৱেশবিদসকলৰ সমালোচনাৰ মুখামুখি হোৱাৰ অন্যতম কাৰণ হ’ল, পৰিৱশগত কাৰণত ইয়াৰ উৎপাদিত ভূমি। অৱশ্যে, অন্যান্য তেল উদ্যোগৰ তুলনাত ই নিৰ্বিবাদে অধিক কাৰ্যক্ষম। ২০১৬ চনত দেখা গৈছিল যে, পাম তেলৰ ফাৰ্মত প্ৰতি হেক্টৰত প্ৰায় ৪.১৭ মেট্ৰিক টন তেল উৎপাদন হৈছে। বিপৰীতে, সূৰ্যমুখী, সৰিয়হ বা চয়াবীনৰ পৰা প্ৰতি হেক্টৰত ক্ৰমে ০.৫৬, ০.৩৯ আৰু ০.১৬ মেট্ৰিক টনহে উৎপাদিত হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 February 2018|title=The Benefits of Palm Oil|url=https://www.asianagri.com/en/media-en/articles/the-benefits-of-palm-oil|website=Asian AGRI}}</ref> উৎপাদনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পাম তেল আটাইতকৈ অধিক বহনক্ষম উদ্ভিদজাত তেল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে অন্যান্য উদ্ভিদজাত তেলৰ শস্যই ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা মাটিৰ মাত্ৰ ন ভাগৰ এভাগহে প্ৰয়োজন হয়।<ref name="jp">{{cite news|date=6 February 2019|title=Oil palms need one-ninth of land used by other vegetable oil crops|work=Jakarta Post|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/02/06/oil-palms-need-one-ninth-of-land-used-by-other-vegetable-oil-crops.html|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> ভৱিষ্যতে পৰীক্ষাগাৰত উৎপাদিত অনুজীৱৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰতি একক মাটিত তুলনামূলক অধিক মূল্যৰ উৎপাদন সম্ভৱ হ’ব পাৰে।<ref name="doi10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.003">{{Cite journal|last1=Atabani|first1=A. E.|last2=Silitonga|first2=A. S.|last3=Badruddin|first3=I. A.|last4=Mahlia|first4=T. M. I.|last5=Masjuki|first5=H. H.|last6=Mekhilef|first6=S.|year=2012|title=A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=16|issue=4|pages=2070–2093|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Laura Paddison|date=29 September 2017|title=From algae to yeast: the quest to find an alternative to palm oil|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/sep/29/algae-yeast-quest-to-find-alternative-to-palm-oil|access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref> [[File:Riau deforestation 2006.jpg|thumb|পাম তেলৰ খেতিৰ বাবে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ নিৰ্বনানীকৰণ]]<ref name="deforestation"/>]] কিন্তু প্ৰাকৃতিক পৰিৱেশৰ ওপৰত ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱৰ বাবে পাম তেল খেতিৰ সমালোচনা কৰা হৈছে,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Clay|first1=Jason|title=World Agriculture and the Environment.|year=2004|isbn=978-1-55963-370-3|page=219|publisher=Island Press }}</ref><ref name="Greenpeace Cooking">{{cite news|date=8 November 2007|title=Palm oil: Cooking the Climate|newspaper=Greenpeace|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/palm-oil_cooking-the-climate|url-status=dead|access-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410195818/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/palm-oil_cooking-the-climate|archive-date=10 April 2010|archivedate=10 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410195818/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/palm-oil_cooking-the-climate|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, প্ৰাকৃতিক বাসস্থান হেৰুৱা,<ref>{{cite web|title=The bird communities of oil palm and rubber plantations in Thailand|url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/thailand2_tcm9-133164.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006011200/https://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/thailand2_tcm9-133164.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2016|access-date=4 October 2016|website=The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)}}</ref> আৰু সেউজ গৃহ গেছৰ নিৰ্গমন,<ref name="Foster">{{cite news|last1=Foster|first1=Joanna M.|date=1 May 2012|title=A Grim Portrait of Palm Oil Emissions|newspaper=The New York Times|url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/a-grim-portrait-of-palm-oil-emissions/|url-status=live|access-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116051501/http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/a-grim-portrait-of-palm-oil-emissions/|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yui|first1=Sahoko|last2=Yeh|first2=Sonia|date=1 December 2013|title=Land use change emissions from oil palm expansion in Pará, Brazil depend on proper policy enforcement on deforested lands|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=8|issue=4|pages=044031|bibcode=2013ERL.....8d4031Y|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044031|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref> যিয়ে ভয়ানকভাবে বিপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ জীৱৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকি কঢ়িয়াই আনিছে, যেনে ওৰাংওটাং<ref name="cspi">{{cite web|date=May 2005|title=Palm oil threatening endangered species|url=http://www.cspinet.org/palm/PalmOilReport.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040459/http://www.cspinet.org/palm/PalmOilReport.pdf|archive-date=17 September 2012|publisher=[[Center for Science in the Public Interest]]}}</ref> আৰু সুমাত্ৰা বাঘ।<ref name="WWF 2010">{{cite news|date=12 October 2010|title=Camera catches bulldozer destroying Sumatra tiger forest|newspaper=World Wildlife Fund|url=http://wwf.panda.org/?195632/Camera-catches-bulldozer-destroying-Sumatra-tiger-forest|url-status=live|access-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234435/http://wwf.panda.org/?195632%2FCamera-catches-bulldozer-destroying-Sumatra-tiger-forest|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> পাম তেল উৎপাদনকাৰী দেশসমূহত নতুন বাগিচা সৃষ্টিৰ বাবে এতিয়াও ঝুম কৃষি পদ্ধতিৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ২০১৯ চনৰ জানুৱাৰীৰ পৰা ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত ৮ লাখ ৫৭ হাজাৰ হেক্টৰ মাটি জ্বলাই দিয়া হয়; জ্বলি যোৱা অঞ্চলৰ এক চতুৰ্থাংশতকৈও অধিক অংশ পিতনি আছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jope|first=Alan|date=2019|title=Burning down the house: How Unilever and other global brands continue to fuel Indonesia's fires|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-international-stateless/2019/11/5c8a9799-burning-down-the-house-greenpeace-indonesia-fires-briefing.pdf|journal=Greenpeace}}</ref> ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত ব্যাপক বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস আৰু অন্যান্য পৰিৱেশ ধ্বংস, যাৰ বহুখিনি পাম তেল উৎপাদনৰ ফলত হয়, ইয়াক শিক্ষাবিদসকলে সেয়ে “পৰিৱেশ ধ্বংসকাৰী’’ বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forensic Architecture |url=https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/ecocide-in-indonesia |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=forensic-architecture.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-08-04 |title=Explainer: What is ecocide? |url=https://www.eco-business.com/news/explainer-what-is-ecocide/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Eco-Business |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Aida |first1=Melly |title=Ecocide in the International Law: Integration Between Environmental Rights and International Crime and Its Implementation in Indonesia |date=2023 |work=Proceedings of the 3rd Universitas Lampung International Conference on Social Sciences (ULICoSS 2022) |volume=740 |pages=572–584 |editor-last=Perdana |editor-first=Ryzal |place=Paris |publisher=Atlantis Press SARL |language=en |doi=10.2991/978-2-38476-046-6_57 |isbn=978-2-38476-045-9 |last2=Tahar |first2=Abdul Muthalib |last3=Davey |first3=Orima |series=Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research |editor2-last=Putrawan |editor2-first=Gede Eka |editor3-last=Saputra |editor3-first=Bayu |editor4-last=Septiawan |editor4-first=Trio Yuda|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Alberro |first1=Heather |last2=Daniele |first2=Luigi |date=2021-06-29 |title=Ecocide: why establishing a new international crime would be a step towards interspecies justice |url=http://theconversation.com/ecocide-why-establishing-a-new-international-crime-would-be-a-step-towards-interspecies-justice-162059 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Setiyono |first1=Joko |last2=Natalis |first2=Aga |date=2021-12-30 |title=Ecocides as a Serious Human Rights Violation: A Study on the Case of River Pollution by the Palm Oil Industry in Indonesia |journal=International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning |language=en |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=1465–1471 |doi=10.18280/ijsdp.160807 |issn=1743-7601|doi-access=free }}</ref> ​ “গ্ৰীণপিছ আৰু ফ্ৰেণ্ডছ অৱ দ্য আৰ্থ’’ৰ দৰে পৰিৱেশ সংগঠনে পাম তেলৰ জৈৱ ইন্ধনৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰি দাবী কৰে যে, পাম বাগিচাৰ ফলত হোৱা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসই জলবায়ুলৈ অনা ক্ষতি পাম গছৰ পৰা জৈৱ ইন্ধনলৈ হোৱা লাভতকৈ অধিক ক্ষতিকাৰক।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fargione|first1=Joseph|last2=Hill|first2=Jason|last3=Tilman|first3=David|last4=Polasky|first4=Stephen|last5=Hawthorne|first5=Peter|date=7 February 2008|title=Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt|url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1152747|url-status=live|journal=Science|volume=319|issue=5867|pages=1235–1238|bibcode=2008Sci...319.1235F|doi=10.1126/science.1152747|pmid=18258862|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528052911/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/319/5867/1235.abstract|archive-date=28 May 2011|s2cid=206510225}}</ref> ২০১৮ চনত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষণ সংঘই (IUCN) কৰা এক অধ্যয়নত এই সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হৈছে যে, আন বহুতো উদ্ভিদজাত তেলৰ তুলনাত ইয়াৰ উৎপাদনশীলতা অধিক হোৱাৰ বাবে পাম তেল “অৱশ্যেই থাকিব’’। আই ইউ চি এন-এ কয় যে, পাম তেলৰ ঠাইত অন্য উদ্ভিদ তেলৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে অধিক পৰিমাণৰ কৃষিভূমিৰ প্ৰয়োজন হ’ব, যাৰ ফলত জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ ওপৰত নেতিবাচক প্ৰভাৱ পৰিব।<ref name="jp" /><ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Meijaard|first1=E|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2018-027-En.pdf|title=Oil palm and biodiversity. A situation analysis by the IUCN Oil Palm Task Force|date=2018|publisher=IUCN Oil Palm Task Force|isbn=978-2-8317-1910-8|edition=PDF|location=Gland|display-authors=etal|access-date=7 February 2019}}</ref> আই ইউ চি এন-এ পাম তেল উদ্যোগত উন্নত পদ্ধতিৰ পোষকতা কৰে, যেনে, বাগিচাসমূহ বনাঞ্চললৈ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ হোৱাত বাধা দিয়া আৰু প্ৰমাণিত আৰু বহনক্ষম পাম তেলৰ সামগ্ৰীৰ চাহিদা সৃষ্টি কৰা আদি।<ref name=":0" /> ২০১৯ চনত “ৰেইনফৰেষ্ট একচন নেটৱৰ্কে’’ লিউজাৰ ইক'চিষ্টেমত পাম তেল নিষ্কাশনৰ সৈতে জড়িত আঠটা বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্ৰেণ্ডৰ ওপৰত জৰীপ চলাইছিল আৰু কৈছিল যে, কোনোটোৱেই "সংঘাতপূৰ্ণ পৰিস্থিতি" এৰাই চলাত পৰ্যাপ্ত মনোযোগ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা নাই।<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 January 2020|title=Snack food giants fall short on palm oil deforestation promises|url=https://www.fdiforum.net/mag/supply-chain/snack-food-giants-fall-short-palm-oil-promises/|access-date=18 January 2020|website=Food and Drink International|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706144952/https://www.fdiforum.net/mag/supply-chain/snack-food-giants-fall-short-palm-oil-promises/|url-status=dead|archivedate=6 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706144952/https://www.fdiforum.net/mag/supply-chain/snack-food-giants-fall-short-palm-oil-promises/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বহু কোম্পানীয়ে গাৰ্ডিয়ানক জনাইছিল যে তেওঁলোকে নিজৰ কাম-কাজ উন্নত কৰাৰ বাবে কাম কৰি আছে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 January 2020|title=Biggest food brands 'failing goals to banish palm oil deforestation'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/17/biggest-food-brands-failing-goals-to-banish-palm-oil-deforestation|access-date=18 January 2020|website=The Guardian}}</ref> WWF ৰ স্ক’ৰকাৰ্ডে ১৭৩টা কোম্পানীক মাত্ৰ ১৫টা কোম্পানীক ভাল প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা বুলি ৰেটিং দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palm Oil Buyers' Scorecard Analysis|url=https://palmoilscorecard.panda.org/analysis|access-date=18 January 2020|website=WWF|archive-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231172955/http://palmoilscorecard.panda.org/analysis|url-status=dead|archivedate=31 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231172955/http://palmoilscorecard.panda.org/analysis|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== {{div col|2}} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰিৱেশ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:তৈল উদ্যোগ]] fc5yb6w35slyvh70m60mddlvvnil15d ছোলিয়া 0 101994 453169 435489 2024-12-10T04:02:05Z AjayDas 12623 removed [[Category:নেপাল]]; added [[Category:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dance | title = ছোলিয়া | name = ছোলিয়া বা হুডকেলী | image = Cholliyar.jpg | caption = ছোলিয়া নৃত্যৰ শিল্পী | native_name = {{lang|kfy|छोलिया}}<br> {{lang|ne|हुड्केली}} | genre = লোকনৃত্য | origin = [[ভাৰত উপমহাদেশ]] ([[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[নেপাল]]) }} '''ছোলিয়া''' ({{lang-en | Chholiya}}) বা '''হুডকেলী''' হ’ল ভাৰতীৰ উত্তৰাখণ্ড ৰাজ্য আৰু নেপালৰ সুদুৰপশ্চিম প্ৰদেশৰ কুমাওন প্ৰদেশত সৃষ্টি হোৱা এক পৰম্পৰাগত লোকনৃত্য।<ref>{{Cite web |last=नागरिक |title=संकटमा हुड्केली नाच |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/social-affairs/173654-1552705440.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com |language=ne}}</ref> আজি ই কুমাওনী আৰু সুদুৰপশ্চিমীৰ(মূলতঃ দোটি, বৈতাদী আৰু দাৰ্চুলা জিলাত) সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে। মূলতঃ ই বিবাহ শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ লগত পৰৱেশন কৰা তৰোৱাল নৃত্য যদিও এতিয়া ইয়াক আন বহু শুভ অনুষ্ঠানত প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/folk-dances/north-india.html |title=Folk Dances Of North India |publisher=Culturalindia.net |access-date=2010-06-12}}</ref> বিশেষকৈ কুমাওন সংমণ্ডলৰ আলমোৰা, বাগেশ্বৰ, চম্পাৱত আৰু পিথোৰাগড় জিলাত আৰু নেপালৰ দোটি, বইতাদি আৰু দাৰ্চুলা জিলাত ইয়াৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা দেখা যায়। এই তৰোৱাল নৃত্যৰ ইতিহাস হাজাৰ বছৰতকৈও অধিক পুৰণি আৰু ইয়াৰ শিপা বিচাৰি পোৱা হয় কুমাওনী জনগোষ্ঠী আৰু খাছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ যুদ্ধ পৰম্পৰাত৷ ==উৎপত্তি== ছোলিয়া নৃত্য হাজাৰ বছৰতকৈও অধিক পুৰণি, এই নৃত্যৰ উৎপত্তি কুমাওনৰ যুদ্ধ পিপাসু ক্ষত্ৰিয়সকল যেনে, খাছা আৰু কাত্যুৰীৰ পৰাই হৈছে, যেতিয়া তেওঁলোকৰ মাজত ''তৰোৱালৰ আগত বিবাহ'' সম্পন্ন কৰা হৈছিল। দশম শতিকাত দৃশ্যপটত উপস্থিত হোৱা চান্দ ৰজাসকলে থলুৱা ক্ষত্ৰিয়সকলক একত্ৰিত কৰিছিল । থলুৱা ক্ষত্ৰিয়ক ক্ষুদ্ৰ সংখ্যালঘু কৰি তোলা অনুপ্ৰৱেশকাৰী ৰাজপুতসকলেও পাহাৰীয়া ৰীতি-নীতি গ্ৰহণ কৰি নিজৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু ভাষাৰে পাহাৰী সংস্কৃতিক প্ৰভাৱিত কৰিছিল। তৰোৱালৰ আগত হোৱা বিয়াৰ দিন শেষ হ’ল যদিও ইয়াৰ লগত জড়িত পৰম্পৰাবোৰ পিছলৈ চলি থাকিল। সেইবাবেই নেপালত আজিও দৰাক কোঁৱৰ বা ৰজা বুলি কোৱা হয়। বিবাহ শোভাযাত্ৰাত তেওঁ ঘোঁৰাত উঠি কঁকালৰ বেল্টত খুকৰি গুজি লয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/uttaranchal/music_cinema/choliya_dance.php |title=Choliya Dance - Folk Dances of Kumaon |publisher=Euttaranchal.com |access-date=2010-06-12 |archive-date=2 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702172355/http://www.euttaranchal.com/uttaranchal/music_cinema/choliya_dance.php |url-status=dead |archivedate=2014-07-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702172355/http://www.euttaranchal.com/uttaranchal/music_cinema/choliya_dance.php |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==গুৰুত্ব== [[File:छलिया नृत्य.jpg|thumb|নেপালৰ হুডকেলী নৃত্যশিল্পী|254x254px]] কুমাওঁবাসীৰ যুদ্ধ পৰম্পৰাৰ পৰা উৎপত্তি হোৱাৰ উপৰিও ছোলিয়াৰ ধৰ্মীয় তাৎপৰ্যও আছে। এই শিল্পৰূপটো মূলতঃ ৰাজপুত সম্প্ৰদায়ে তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ শোভাযাত্ৰাত পৰিৱেশন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |author=musetheplace.com |url=http://musetheplace.com/choliya-dance-folk-dances-of-kumaon/ |title=Choliya Dance – Folk Dances of Kumaon |publisher=musetheplace.com |access-date=2013-01-21 |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213423/http://musetheplace.com/choliya-dance-folk-dances-of-kumaon/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ছোলিয়া বিবাহত পৰিৱেশন কৰাৰ কাৰণ হ’ল ইয়ে অশুভ আত্মা আৰু অসুৰৰ পৰা সুৰক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰাৰ বাবে শুভ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। অশুভ আত্মা এনে বিবাহ শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ প্ৰতি দুৰ্বল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল, যিয়ে সুখ বিঘ্নিত কৰাক লক্ষ্য কৰি লয়। অশুভ শক্তি বা অসুৰে বিবাহ শোভাযাত্ৰা বা বৰযাত্ৰীক অনুসৰণ কৰি নৱবিবাহিতসকলক মোহিত কৰিবলৈ কৰা চেষ্টাক ছোলীয়াৰ পৰিবেশনে ইয়াক ৰোধ কৰিব পাৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়৷ ==বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ== পিতলৰ বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গত ''টুৰি'' (তুৰী), ''নাগফানী'' আৰু ''ৰানছিং'' কুমাওন শাখাৰ পৰম্পৰাগত বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় যি পূৰ্বতে সৈন্যৰ মনোবল বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে যুদ্ধত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল৷ কুমাউনৰ স্থানীয় ঢোল, দামাউ আদি অনৱদ্ধ বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ ''ঢোলি'' নামেৰে জনাজাত পেছাদাৰী সংগীতজ্ঞসকলে বজায়। মাৰ্চিং বেণ্ডত বজোৱা বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ ''মাচাকবীন'' কুমাউনত ব্ৰিটিছে প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা সুষিৰ বাদ্য, যি পিছলৈ নানা সুষিৰ বাদ্যৰ উদ্ভাৱনে বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় কৰিছিল৷ কাঠৰ বতাহৰ বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ যেনে, ''নাউছুৰিয়া মুৰুলি'' নটা সুৰ ওলোৱা এক প্ৰকাৰৰ বাঁহী আৰু জ্যোন্যা (দ্বৈত সুুৰৰ বাঁহী) কুমাউনৰ স্থানীয় এক প্ৰকাৰৰ দ্বৈত বাঁহীও বজোৱা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chhaliyamahotsava.com/home.htm |title=Welcome to Chhaliya Mahotsava, Pithoragarh |publisher=Chhaliyamahotsava.com |access-date=2010-06-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123060934/http://www.chhaliyamahotsava.com/home.htm |archive-date=23 January 2011 |df=dmy-all |archivedate=2011-01-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123060934/http://www.chhaliyamahotsava.com/home.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==সাজপাৰ== নৃত্যশিল্পীসকলে পৰম্পৰাগত কুমাউনী সাজ-পোছাক বগা চুৰিদাৰ পায়জামা পিন্ধি, মূৰত টানকা, চোলা, মুখখন চন্দন কাঠৰ লেপনেৰে বোলাই লয়, যেন তৰোৱাল আৰু কাঁহৰ ঢালেৰে সজ্জিত হৈ যুদ্ধৰ বাবে সাজু হৈ আছে। তেওঁলোকৰ সাজ-পোছাক আৰু কুমাউনত বাস কৰা প্ৰাচীন ৰণ সৈনিকৰ সাজ-পোছাকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalaya2000.com/uttarakhand/dances/choliya.html |title=Choliya Dance - Choliya Dance Uttarakhand, Cholia Dance Uttaranchal |publisher=Himalaya2000.com |access-date=2010-06-12}}</ref> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:লোক-নৃত্য]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] cwes34nzhhhwawzy4obysj7nyinfk2e ঝিঝিয়া 0 102224 453170 429507 2024-12-10T04:03:15Z AjayDas 12623 −[[শ্ৰেণী:লোক-নৃত্য]]; ±[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰত]]→[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ লোকনৃত্য]]; ±[[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]]→[[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dance | title = ঝিঝিয়া | name = ঝিঝিয়া | native_name_lang = ঝিঝিয়া | native_name = {{lang|sa|झिझिया}}<br>{{lang|mai|ঝিঝিয়া}} | etymology = | image = Women performing Jhijhiya dance.jpg | caption = মহিলাসকলে ঝিঝিয়া পৰিৱেশন কৰিছে | genre = লোক-নৃত্য | instruments = [[তাল (বাদ্য)|মঞ্জিৰা]], [[ঢোল]] | origin = [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ [[মিথিলা]] আৰু [[ভোজপুৰী]] অঞ্চল৷ }} '''ঝিঝিয়া''' ({{lang-en| Jhijhiya}}) যাক ঝিঝাৰি বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ভাৰত আৰু নেপালৰ মিথিলা আৰু ভোজপুৰী<ref>{{Cite web |title=झिझिया लोक अनुष्ठान सुरू |url=https://www.setopati.com/samaj/35315/ |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Setopati |language=ne |archivedate=2022-10-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007173814/https://www.setopati.com/samaj/35315/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> অঞ্চলৰ এক সাংস্কৃতিক লোকনৃত্য।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nandan |first=Subodh Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vW21EAAAQBAJ&dq=jhijhiya+bhojpuri&pg=PT69 |title=Bihar Ke Parva-Tyohar Aur Khanpan: Bestseller Book by Subodh Kumar Nandan: Bihar Ke Parva-Tyohar Aur Khanpan |date=2023-03-24 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-90825-18-9 |language=hi}}</ref> দশেৰা উৎসৱৰ সময়ত, অসমীয়া কেলেণ্ডাৰমতে আহিন মাহ(ছেপ্টেম্বৰ/অক্টোবৰ)ত ইয়াক পৰিৱেশন কৰা হয়। এই নৃত্য দেৱী দুৰ্গা—বিজয় দেৱীৰ প্ৰতি ভক্তি প্ৰদান কৰাৰ লগতে নিজৰ পৰিয়াল, শিশু আৰু সমাজক ডাইনী আৰু ক’লা যাদুৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=सिरहामा झिझिया नृत्यको रौनक शुरू |url=https://lokaantar.com/story/198268/2022/9/27/jiban-darshan/dance |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Lokaantar |language=ne}}</ref> দুৰ্গা পূজাৰ সময়ত ঘট স্থাপনৰ দিনাৰ পৰাই বিজয়া দশমীলৈকে একেৰাহে দহ দিনৰ সন্ধিয়া পৰত মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ পাঁচৰ পৰা পোন্ধৰজনীয়া দলে মূৰত মাটিৰ কলহ লৈ ঘূৰণীয়াকৈ নাচি নাচি এই নৃত্য পৰিৱেশন কৰে। কলহৰ ভিতৰত এটা চাকি ৰখা হয় আৰু কলহৰ গাত একাধিক ফুটা কৰা হয়। বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে, যদি কোনো ডাইনীয়ে কলহত থকা ফুটাবোৰ গণনা কৰাত সফল হয়, তেন্তে নৃত্যশিল্পীগৰাকীৰ লগে লগে মৃত্যু হয়। ==উৎপত্তিৰ কাহিনী== এই সংস্কৃতিটো যিহেতু প্ৰজন্মৰ পৰা প্ৰজন্মলৈ মৌখিক ৰূপত চলি আহিছে, গতিকে নৃত্যৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে কোনো সঠিক তথ্য নাই। এই নৃত্যৰ লগত জড়িত এটা কিংবদন্তী অনুসৰি, এসময়ত চিত্ৰসেন নামৰ এজন ৰজা বাস কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-14 |title=प्रिया मल्लिक का नया गाना 'झिझिया' लोगों को खूब पसंद |url=https://biharpatrika.in/new-song-of-priya/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=BIHAR PATRIKA (बिहार पत्रिका) :: बदलाव का पथिक |language=en-US |archivedate=2022-09-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927133914/https://biharpatrika.in/new-song-of-priya/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁৰ পত্নী ৰাণী আছিল ক’লা যাদুত পাৰ্গত। ৰজাতকৈ ৰাণী বয়সত যথেষ্ট সৰু আছিল। ৰজা আৰু ৰাণীৰ কোনো সন্তান নাছিল। ৰজাই ভতিজাক বালৰুচিৰ নাম তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী হিচাপে ৰখাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। ৰাণীৰ মোহ বালৰুচিৰ প্ৰতি। তেওঁ তাক একাধিকবাৰ আকৰ্ষিত কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল যদিও প্ৰতিবাৰেই বিফল হৈছিল। এদিন ৰাণীয়ে হতাশ হৈ বালৰুচিৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিশোধ লোৱাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত ল’লে। তেওঁ নিজৰ ক’লা যাদু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অসুস্থ হোৱাৰ ভাও জুৰিলে। ৰজাই তেওঁৰ চিকিৎসাৰ বাবে আয়ুৰ্বেদিক চিকিৎসকক আদেশ দিলে। ৰাণীৰ যাদুৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আয়ুৰ্বেদিক ঔষধ সফল নহ’ল। তাৰ পিছত ৰাণীয়ে ৰজাক ক’লে যে তেওঁ পুনৰ সুস্থ হৈ উঠিব পৰা একমাত্ৰ উপায় হ’ল বালৰুচিৰ তেজেৰে গা ধোৱা। কিন্তু, সেই চিকিৎসাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ৰজাই দ্বিধাবোধ কৰিছিল যদিও, যিহেতু তেওঁ পত্নীক বৰ ভাল পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ জীৱন ৰক্ষা কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল; সেয়েহে তেওঁ সৈনিকসকলক বালৰুচিক হত্যা কৰি তেওঁৰ তেজ আনিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল। ৰজাৰ সৈন্যসকলে বালৰুচিক হত্যা কৰিবলৈ নিজকে মনাব নোৱাৰি হাবিত মুক্ত কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়। পৰিৱৰ্তে, তেওঁলোকে এটা হৰিণৰ তেজ লৈ আহে আৰু তাৰে ৰাণীয়ে গা ধুই পুনৰ সুস্থ হৈ উঠিল। ইপিনে, হাবিত বালৰুচিয়ে এগৰাকী বৃদ্ধাক লগ পালে। যিহেতু, বালৰুচিৰ ভোক লাগিছিল আৰু আশ্ৰয় স্থানৰ প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল, সেয়ে তেওঁ সেই মহিলাগৰাকীক কিছু খাদ্য আৰু ৰাতি থাকিবলৈ ঠাই বিচাৰিছিল। মহিলাগৰাকীয়ে তেওঁক কৰুণা কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে তেওঁক দত্তক ল’লে। বুঢ়ীজনী অৱশ্যে এগৰাকী শক্তিশালী ডাইনী আছিল। তেওঁ আৰু বালৰুচি একেলগে থাকিবলৈ ধৰিলে। এদিন ৰজা-ৰাণী হাবিখনৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হৈ গৈ থাকোঁতে ৰজাৰ পাল্কী কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া মানুহ এজনৰ মৃত্যু হ’ল। অৰণ্যত পাল্কী কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া এজন লোকৰ সন্ধানত বালৰুচিক লগ পায়। অৱশ্যে বালৰুচি আৰু ৰজা দুয়োজনে ইজনে সিজনক চিনি নাপালে আৰু বালৰুচি আৰু ৰাণীয়েও চিনি নাপালে। ৰজাৰ যাত্ৰা পুনৰ আগবাঢ়ি যোৱাৰ লগে লগে ৰজাই গান এটা গুণগুণাবলৈ ধৰিলে যদিও গানটোৰ কিছুমান শাৰী পাহৰি গ’ল। কেইবাবাৰো চেষ্টা কৰিও ৰজাই শাৰীবোৰ মনত পেলাব পৰা নাই। তেতিয়া ৰজাই নতুন পাল্কীবাহীজনে বাকী থকা শাৰীবোৰ গোৱা শুনিলে। ৰজাৰ কাষৰ এজন ব্যক্তিয়েহে গীতটিৰ কথা জানিছিল আৰু সেইজন ব্যক্তি আছিল বালৰুচি। এই কথা অনুধাৱন কৰি তেওঁ বালৰুচিক চিনি পালে। ৰাণীয়েও সেই মুহূৰ্তত দোষী অনুভৱ কৰিলে আৰু ৰজা-ৰাণী দুয়োজনে বালৰুচিৰ ওচৰত ক্ষমা বিচাৰি ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি আহিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰিলে। বালৰুচিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ লগত উভতি যোৱাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত ল’লে আৰু এই কথাত বুঢ়ী ডাইনীজনীক অতিশয় খং উঠিল। তাই বালৰুচিৰ ওপৰত যাদুকৰী মন্ত্ৰ মাতিবলৈ ধৰিলে, যাৰ ফলত সি আহত হ’ল। ৰাণীয়ে গম পালে যে, বলৰুচিয়ে আঘাত পোৱাৰ আঁৰত কিছু ক’লা যাদু আছে। গতিকে, তেৱোঁ বুঢ়ী ডাইনীজনীৰ মন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিহত কৰিবলৈ যাদু যদু প্ৰয়োগ কৰিলে। ৰাণী আৰু বুঢ়ী ডাইনীৰ মাজত যাদুকৰী যুদ্ধ হৈছিল, য’ত বুঢ়া ডাইনীজনী পৰাস্ত হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত ৰজা, ৰাণী আৰু বালৰুচি ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি আহিছিল। ৰজাই বালৰুচিক পুনৰ নিজৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ঘোষণা কৰিলে আৰু ৰাণীয়ে বালৰুচিৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে প্ৰতি বছৰে তন্ত্ৰিক আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে। তাৰ পিছৰ পৰা আন লোকেও নিয়মীয়াকৈ নিজৰ সন্তান আৰু পৰিয়ালৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে এই অনুষ্ঠানসমূহ পালন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল৷<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2020-11-13 |title=Jhijhiya: The Cultural Folkdance of Mithila Region |url=https://thegorkhatimes.com/2020/11/13/jhijhiya-the-cultural-folkdance-of-mithila-region/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=The Gorkha Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ==পৰিৱেশন== ​ ​ভাৰত আৰু নেপালৰ মিথিলা আৰু ভোজপুৰী অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলে এই নৃত্য পৰিৱেশন কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumari |first=Punam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=em4wAQAAIAAJ&q=jhijhiya |title=Social and Cultural Life of the Nepalese |date=1999 |publisher=Mohit |isbn=978-81-7445-092-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=तराईमा दसैँसँगै झिझिया नाचको रौनक |url=https://kantipurtv.com/news/2022-09-30/20220930102205.html |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=kantipurtv.com |language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRJB8bfItF0C |title=Ājakala |date=1987 |publisher=Publikēśansa Ḍivīzana, Sūcanā Tayā Prasārana Mantrādaya, Bhārah Sarkāra. |language=hi}}</ref> ঘট স্থাপনৰ দিনটোৰ পৰা বিজয়া দশমীলৈকে প্ৰতিদিনে সন্ধিয়া নৃত্য পৰিৱেশন কৰা হয়। নিজৰ সন্তান আৰু সমাজক ডাইনীৰ কু-দৃষ্টিৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ এই নৃত্য পৰিৱেশন কৰা হয় বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। মহিলাসকলে মূৰত মাটিৰ কলহ লৈ নাচে। কলহটোৰ ভিতৰত একাধিক ফুটা কৰি তাৰ ভিতৰত এটা চাকি ৰখা হয়। নাৰীৰ মূৰত ৰখা কলহৰ ফুটাবোৰ গণিবলৈ ডাইনী সফল হ'লে নাচি থকা মহিলাগৰাকীৰ লগে লগে মৃত্যু হয় বুলিও জনবিশ্বাস আছে।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Neha |title=मिथिलामा झिझिया नाचको रौनक |url=https://www.setopati.com/index.php/social/190860/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Setopati |language=ne}}</ref> দশেৰাৰ প্ৰথম দিনা পৱিত্ৰ স্থানত নৃত্য কৰাৰ পিছত আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে আৰম্ভ হয় ঝিঝিয়া। ঝিঝিয়া নৃত্যৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক আৰম্ভণিৰ পিছত ঘৰে ঘৰে গৈ নৃত্য দেখুওৱাৰ পৰম্পৰা আছে। তাৰ পিছত নৃত্যশিল্পীসকলে ঘৰৰ মালিকৰ পৰা শস্য আৰু অন্তিম দিনা প্ৰসাদৰ বাবে খাদ্য বিচাৰে। বিজয়া দশমীৰ দিনা চূড়ান্ত প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰা হয় আৰু সংগ্ৰহ কৰা শস্য আৰু ধনেৰে ভোজৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0" /> ​ ​ ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:লোকবিশ্বাস]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ লোকনৃত্য]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] 4hk3orbhgn3cy9d3x0pvsxdv6sp472u ম্হ পূজা 0 102459 453174 408347 2024-12-10T04:06:00Z AjayDas 12623 removed [[Category:নেপাল]]; added [[Category:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday |holiday_name = ম্হা পূজা |image = Nepalese Mhapuja Mandala.jpg |imagesize = |caption = [[নেপালী]] ম্হা পুজাৰ মণ্ডলৰ স্কেছ |official_name = |nickname = |observedby = হিন্দু নেপালী আৰু বৌদ্ধধৰ্মী লোক |litcolor = |longtype = ধৰ্মীয় |significance = নৱবৰ্ষত আত্মাক শুদ্ধ কৰা |date2013 = ৪ নৱেম্বৰ (নৱবৰ্ষ, নেপাল সম্বেট ১১৩৪) |date2014 =২৪ অক্টোবৰ (নৱবৰ্ষ নেপাল সম্বেট ১১৩৫) |date2016 = ৩১ অক্টোবৰ |date2017 = ২০ অক্টোবৰ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.welcomenepal.com/whats-on/mha-puja.html|title=Mha Puja}}</ref> |celebrations = মণ্ডলপূজা উপহাৰ দিয়া, ভোজ |observances = |relatedto = }} '''ম্হা পূজা'''(দেৱনাগৰী: म्हপুজা) নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপনৰ অংশ হিচাপে আত্মাক শুদ্ধ আৰু সবলীকৰণৰ বাবে নেপালৰ নেৱাৰসকলে কৰা বাৰ্ষিক অনুষ্ঠান। [[স্বন্তি (উৎসৱ)]]ৰ সময়ত হোৱা নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চান্দ্ৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ ''নেপাল সংবত''ৰ নৱবৰ্ষৰ দিনা ইয়াক অনুষ্ঠিত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite news |last= Dhaubhadel |first= Manoranjan N. |title= Mha Puja -- A Unique Newah Tradition |url= http://www.noa-fl.org/resources/NOA-FL_Newsletter_Vol1_Year1.pdf |access-date= 12 October 2013 |newspaper= NOA-FL Newsletter |publisher= NOA Florida Chapter |date= 17 November 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131014134302/http://www.noa-fl.org/resources/NOA-FL_Newsletter_Vol1_Year1.pdf |archive-date= 14 October 2013 |url-status= dead |archivedate= 14 October 2013 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20131014134302/http://www.noa-fl.org/resources/NOA-FL_Newsletter_Vol1_Year1.pdf |deadurl= yes }}</ref> ম্হা পূজাৰ অৰ্থ নেৱাৰী ভাষাত "আত্মাৰ পূজা", আৰু ই নিজৰ ভিতৰত থকা আত্মাক উদযাপিত কৰে। এই অনুষ্ঠানে নৱবৰ্ষৰ শুভ আৰম্ভণিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে আৰু অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীৰ বাবে সমৃদ্ধি আৰু দীৰ্ঘায়ুৰ প্ৰাৰ্থনা জনায়।<ref>{{cite news|last=Maharjan|first=Ujjwala|title=Cultural symbolisms in Mha Puja|url=http://archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=24968|access-date=21 November 2012|newspaper=Republica|date=5 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926204918/http://archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=24968|archive-date=26 September 2013|url-status=dead|archivedate=26 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926204918/http://archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=24968|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mha Puja today, Nepal Sambat 1132 being observed|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2011/10/27/top-story/mha-puja-today-nepal-sambat-1132-being-observed/342845.html|access-date=21 November 2012|newspaper=Ekantipur|date=27 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610193828/http://www.ekantipur.com/2011/10/27/top-story/mha-puja-today-nepal-sambat-1132-being-observed/342845.html|archive-date=10 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> নেপালীসকলে বসতি স্থাপন কৰা বিদেশৰ মাটিতো ম্হা পূজা আৰু নেপাল সংবত উদযাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ppguk.org/Activities-/-Events/ppguk-recent-activites.html|title=Mha Puja 2012 & New Year Nepal Samvat 1133 Celebration|date=2012|website=Pasa Puchah Guthi UK|access-date=15 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130720024545/http://www.ppguk.org/Activities-/-Events/ppguk-recent-activites.html|archive-date=20 July 2013|archivedate=20 July 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130720024545/http://www.ppguk.org/Activities-/-Events/ppguk-recent-activites.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==পৰম্পৰা== ম্হা পূজাত পৰিয়ালৰ প্ৰতিজন সদস্যৰ বাবে মজিয়াত [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ এটা শাৰী অংকন কৰা হয়। শাৰীৰ শেষত মৃত্যুৰ দূত দুজনৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত মণ্ডল একোটা অংকন কৰা হয়। পানীৰ কলহ, চালনী আৰু ঝাড়ুৰ দৰে ঘৰুৱা অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় সামগ্ৰীৰ বাবেও মণ্ডল অংকন কৰা হয়। আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, পবিত্ৰ সূতা, ৰঙীন লেপন, ধূপ, জ্বলোৱা ধূপ আৰু ফুলৰ প্ৰসাদ দি মণ্ডল পূজা কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছত পৰিয়ালৰ লোকসকলে নিজৰ নিজৰ মণ্ডলৰ সন্মুখত ভৰি দুখন কোঁচাই ভকতীয়া ধৰণে বহি থাকে আৰু ঘৰৰ মহিলাগৰাকীয়ে তেওঁলোকক [[তিলক]] পিন্ধাই শাৰীটোৰ শেষলৈ গুচি যায়। অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৰৱৰ্তী অংশ হ'ল [[চাগান]] অনুষ্ঠান)। এগৰাকী মহিলাই ''ধৌ'' ([[দৈ]]) থকা মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ এটা লৈ শাৰীটোৰ শেষলৈ খোজ কাঢ়ি যায়, য’ৰ পৰা সকলোৱে ডাব এটা লৈ নিজৰ মন্দিৰত ৰাখে। তাৰ পিছত অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলক সিজোৱা কণী, ধোঁৱা দিয়া মাছ আৰু চাউলৰ মদেৰে গঠিত শুভ-পৰম্পৰাৰ এটা টোপোলা উপহাৰ দিয়া হয়। চাউলৰ মদখিনি সৰু বাটিত তিনিবাৰ ঢালি তিনিবাৰকৈ ভৰাই দিয়া হয়, তেতিয়ালৈকে বাটিটো হাতত ধৰি ৰাখিব লাগে, তলত থৈ দিব নালাগে। ম্হা পূজাৰ সময়ত মণ্ডলৰ পূজা প্ৰধান অনুষ্ঠান। মণ্ডলে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু অনুষ্ঠানৰ সময়ত জ্বলোৱা চাকিৰ শিখা আৰু ধূপৰ লাঠিৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীয়ে আনৰ বাবে উজ্জ্বলতা আৰু সুগন্ধি বিয়পাই দিব লাগে।<ref>{{cite news|last=Maharjan|first=Ujjwala|title=Cultural symbolisms in Mha Puja|url=http://archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=24968|access-date=21 November 2012|newspaper=Republica|date=5 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926204918/http://archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=24968|archive-date=26 September 2013|url-status=dead|archivedate=26 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926204918/http://archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=24968|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ম্হা পূজা নেৱাৰসকলৰ মাজত এক সন্মানীয় প্ৰথা আৰু নেপালৰ বাহিৰতো ইয়াক পালন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newah.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=165:noalc-celebrate-mha-puja-2012&catid=28:press-releases&Itemid=43 |title=NOALC Celebrate Mha Puja 2012 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2012 |publisher=Newah Organization of America |access-date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ppguk.org/Activities-/-Events/ppguk-recent-activites.html |title=Mha Puja 2012 & New Year Nepal Samvat 1133 Celebration |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=18 November 2012 |publisher=Pasa Puchah Guthi UK |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130720024545/http://www.ppguk.org/Activities-/-Events/ppguk-recent-activites.html |archive-date=20 July 2013 |access-date=27 February 2024 |archivedate=20 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130720024545/http://www.ppguk.org/Activities-/-Events/ppguk-recent-activites.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==মণ্ডল== মণ্ডল চূণশিলেৰ গুড়িৰে তৈয়াৰী বালিৰ অংকন। ম্হা পূজা মণ্ডলটো পানীৰে চিহ্নিত বৃত্তৰ ভিতৰত আঠটা পাহিৰ পদুমৰ আকৃতিত অংকন কৰা হয়। ইয়াক মুক্ত হাতেৰে বা ষ্টেনচিল বা চুপি বা সাঁচ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি আঁকিব পাৰি। মণ্ডলৰ মাজত সৰিয়হৰ তেলেৰে এটা সৰু বৃত্ত অংকন কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালে পৰিয়ালৰ পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি ৰঙা চাউল, ক'লা মচুৰ দাইল, ক'লা সৰিয়হ, খোলা নোহোৱা চাউল আৰু ফুলি উঠা চাউলৰ দ্বাৰা চিহ্নিত সমকেন্দ্ৰিক আঙুঠি অঁকা হয়।<ref>{{cite book |last=Bajracharya |first=Chunda |title=Newah Tajilajii Nakhah Chakhah |year=2000 |publisher=Nepal Bhasa Academy |location=Kathmandu |page=145}}</ref> মণ্ডলৰ শোভা বঢ়াবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা বস্তুবোৰ সৌভাগ্য, দীৰ্ঘায়ু আৰু বিপদৰ পৰা মুক্তি পোৱাৰ প্ৰতীক। মণ্ডলক আত্মাৰ অণুব্ৰহ্মাণ্ড আৰু বৃহৎ মহাজাগতিক উপস্থাপন হিচাপে ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book |last=van den Hoek |first=A. W. |title=Caturmāsa: Celebrations of Death in Kathmandu, Nepal |year=2004 |publisher=CNWS Publications |isbn=9789057890987 |page=127}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Löwdin |first=Per |title=Food ritual and society among the Newars |year=1985 |publisher=Uppsala University |isbn=9789150605938 |page=66}}</ref> জাতি-গোষ্ঠী আৰু পাৰিবাৰিক পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি ম্হা পূজাৰ মণ্ডল নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা সামগ্ৰীৰ ভিন্নতা থাকিব পাৰে, কিন্তু অনুষ্ঠানৰ আঁৰৰ দৰ্শন একেই। ==ভোজ== [[File:Mhapuja bhoy.jpg|thumb|200px| ব্ৰঞ্জৰ থালত ৰাতিৰ আহাৰ পৰিৱেশন]] অনুষ্ঠানৰ শেষত পৰিয়ালৰ লোকে ভোজ খায়। শুভ খাদ্য সামগ্ৰী থকা ব্ৰঞ্জৰ প্লেটখন কোনো এটা মণ্ডলত ৰাখি, নিখুঁত নোহোৱাৰ ফলত লৌকিক অস্থায়িত্বৰ ইংগিত দিবলৈ সক্ষম নোহোৱা মণ্ডলাটো ধ্বংস কৰা হয়। মূল মেনুত আঠটা বস্তুৰ গোট থাকে, যিয়ে ''অষ্ট মাত্ৰিকা''ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে, যি আঠগৰাকী আইতাক দেৱীক ৰক্ষক হিচাপে পূজা কৰা হয়। নেপালী ভাষাত এওঁলোকক ''আজিমা'' বুলি জনা যায়। প্লেটত সজ্জিত খাদ্যয়ো এটা মণ্ডলৰ আকৃতি লয় আন আঠটা চাউলৰ গুড়িৰে তৈয়াৰী উপকৰণেৰে আগুৰি থকা বাবে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও আন খাদ্য সামগ্ৰীও পৰিৱেশন কৰি আড়ম্বৰপূৰ্ণ ভোজৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়। ৰাতিৰ আহাৰ খোৱাৰ পিছত প্লেট আৰু বাকী থকা খাদ্যবোৰ ৰাতিটোৰ বাবে তেনেদৰেই থৈ দিয়া হয়। পিছদিনা মজিয়াখন ঝাড়ু দি পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite book |last=Bajracharya |first=Chunda |title=Newah Tajilajii Nakhah Chakhah |year=2000 |publisher=Nepal Bhasa Academy |location=Kathmandu |page=148}}</ref> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:লোক-সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু ধৰ্মীয় প্ৰথা]] rxusm9if333zu03ofafcx690ujyugr1 গাই যাত্ৰা 0 102467 453168 411561 2024-12-10T04:01:35Z AjayDas 12623 removed [[Category:নেপাল]]; added [[Category:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday | image = Gaijatra 01.jpg | caption = গাই যাত্ৰাৰ বাবে সাজ-পোছাক কৰি সাজু ল’ৰা-ছোৱালী | nickname = | observedby = [[হিন্দু]], নেৱাৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ লোক | date = ভাদ মাহৰ প্ৰতিপদ তিথি | observances = উৎসৱ, শোভাযাত্ৰা, নৃত্য | celebrations = | type = হিন্দু | longtype = ধৰ্মীয়, [[নেপাল]] | significance = | holiday_name = গাই যাত্ৰা | frequency = বছৰেকীয়া | startedby = প্ৰতাপ মল্ল | firsttime = ১৭ শতিকা | alt = গাই যাত্ৰাৰ বাবে সাজু ল’ৰা-ছোৱালী }} '''গাই যাত্ৰা''' (নেপালী: গই জাত্ৰ), যাক ইয়াৰ সমাৰ্থক নাম ''সা পাৰু'' বুলিও জনা যায়, নেপালৰ এটা উৎসৱ যিটো প্ৰধানকৈ কাঠমাণ্ডু উপত্যকাৰ নেৱাৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ লোকে পালন কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chettri |first=Prabhakar |title=Festivals of Nepal: Gai Jatra |url=https://www.nepalhomepage.com/society/festivals/gaijatra.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509094127/https://www.nepalhomepage.com/society/festivals/gaijatra.html |archive-date=2008-05-09 |website=nepalhomepage.com |access-date=2024-02-27 |archivedate=2012-11-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113150827/http://www.nepalhomepage.com/society/festivals/gaijatra.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Setopati |first=सेतोपाटी |title=गाईजात्रा सुरु |url=https://www.setopati.com/social/187949/ |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Setopati |language=en-US}}</ref> পাৰ হৈ যোৱা বছৰৰ ভিতৰত মৃত্যু হোৱা তেওঁলোকৰ নিকট আত্মীয়ৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি হিচাপে এই উৎসৱ পালন কৰা হয়। ল’ৰা-ছোৱালীৰ বেলেগ বেলেগ গোটে গৰু বা অন্য ধৰ্মীয় জীৱৰ অনুকৰণত সাজ-পোছাক পিন্ধি দলবদ্ধ হৈ চহৰত ঘূৰি ফুৰে৷ সাধাৰণতে ভদ্ৰ মাহত (আগষ্ট/ছেপ্টেম্বৰ) ইয়াক পালন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Setopati |first=सेतोपाटी |title=गाईजात्रा सुरु |url=https://www.setopati.com/social/187949/ |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Setopati |language=en-US}}</ref> চান্দ্ৰ মাহ ''নেপালী চাম্বাত'' কেলেণ্ডাৰ অনুসৰি এই যাত্ৰাৰ তাৰিখ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু ''গুণলা'' মাহৰ [[কৃষ্ণ পক্ষ]]ৰ প্ৰথম দিনটোত এই গাই যাত্ৰা পৰে। ==উৎপত্তি== নেপালৰ ৰজা প্ৰতাপ মল্লই তেওঁৰ শাসন কাল ১৬৪১ চনৰ পৰা ১৬৭১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজতে এই ''গাই যাত্ৰা'' অনুষ্ঠান আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল৷<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-19 |title=गाईजात्रा कहाँ, किन र कसरी मनाइन्छ? |url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-57639897 |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=BBC News नेपाली |language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁৰ কিশোৰ পুত্ৰ চক্ৰৱৰ্তেন্দ্ৰ মল্লৰ অকাল মৃত্যু হৈছিল আৰু ৰাণীয়ে পুত্ৰক হেৰুৱাই শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰি বাউলী হৈছিল। ৰজা প্ৰতাপ মল্লই নিজৰ পুত্ৰৰ আত্মাক পৰৱৰ্তী জীৱনলৈ উন্নীত কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ আৰু শোকত ভাগি পৰা ৰাণী আৰু যিসকলৰ আপোনজনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল, তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিয়ালৰ শোক পাতলাবলৈ এই পৰম্পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-23 |title=Devotees celebrate Gai Jatra in Kathmandu for the salvation of departed souls |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/devotees-celebrate-gai-jatra-in-kathmandu-for-the-salvation-of-departed-souls20210823204351/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823180825/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/devotees-celebrate-gai-jatra-in-kathmandu-for-the-salvation-of-departed-souls20210823204351/ |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=[[ANI News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaijatra being observed in Kathmandu Valley |url=https://kathmandupost.com/visual-stories/2022/08/12/gaijatra-being-observed-in-kathmandu-valley |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== এই উৎসৱটো নেৱাৰ ভাষা বা নেপালী ভাষাত ''সা পাৰু'' বুলিও জনা যায়। নেপালী ভাষাত ''সা''ৰ অৰ্থ গৰু আৰু ''পাৰু''ৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ''প্ৰতিপদ তিথি''(হিন্দু পঞ্জিকা পদ্ধতি অনুসৰি পষেকৰ প্ৰথম দিন)। ভাদ্ৰ (হিন্দু পঞ্জিকা) মাহৰ [[পক্ষ|শুক্ল পক্ষ]]ৰ [[প্ৰথম (দিন)|প্ৰতিপদ]] তিথিত ল’ৰা-ছোৱালীবোৰে গৰুৰ দৰে সাজ-পোছাক পিন্ধি পালন কৰা হয় বাবে এই উৎসৱক সা-পাৰু (চা-পাৰু) বোলা হয়॥ নেপালী ভাষাত আৰু নেপাল আৰু বিশ্বৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলত ইয়াক গাই যাত্ৰা নামেৰে জনা যায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title='सा पारु' अर्थात् गाईजात्रा |url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/saa-paaru-arthaat-gaaiijaatraa-134790 |access-date=2022-09-01 |website='सा पारु' अर्थात् गाईजात्रा |language=en}}</ref> ==পৰিৱেশন== হিন্দু ধৰ্মত ''গাই''(গৰু) লক্ষ্মীৰ দৰে পৱিত্ৰ আৰু মাতৃ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। যিসকলৰ পৰিয়ালৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল, তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান ''হনুমান ধোকা প্ৰাসাদ''লৈ গৈছিল আৰু নেৱাৰ পুৰোহিতে ওলাই যোৱাসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰাৰ্থনা কৰে। শিশোৱে সাধাৰণতে দীঘল চোলা পিন্ধে আৰু কঁকালত ''কমৰবন্ধ'' এডাল মাৰে যাৰ দুয়োটা মূৰ সোঁ আৰু বাওঁফালে ওলমি থাকিব লাগে, যাতে খোজ কঢ়াৰ সময়ত মাটিত আঁচ বহি থাকে। তেওঁলোকে আঁচ বহুৱাই যোৱাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় কাৰণ ই মৃত্যু হৈ পৃথিৱীৰ পৰা স্বৰ্গলৈ আৰোহণ কৰা আপোনজনৰ বাবে মাটি(পৃথিৱী) স্পৰ্শ কৰে। এইটো ''খোজকাঢ়োঁতে কাপোৰ চোঁচৰাই নিয়াৰ উৎসৱ''। ল’ৰা-ছোৱালীবোৰে মূৰত এনে পোছাক পিন্ধে যাৰ ওপৰত গৰুৰ ছবি অংকন কৰা থাকে যিটো এই উৎসৱৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ; আৰু তেওঁলোকে মুখত গোঁফ অংকন কৰে। নেৱাৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে এই যাত্ৰা ধৰ্মীয় যেন লাগে, কাৰণ এই অনুষ্ঠানৰ জৰিয়তে আপোনজনক পৃথিৱীৰ পৰা স্বৰ্গলৈ পাৰ হৈ যোৱাত সহায় কৰে আৰু পৰি ৰোৱা শোকাহতসকলক উৎসাহিত কৰে। এই শোভাযাত্ৰা শিশুসকলে ৰাতিপুৱা কৰে আৰু সন্ধিয়া শোকত ভাগি পৰা ৰাণী আৰু অন্যান্যৰ বাবে ''হনুমান ধোকা ডাবালি''ত কৌতুক অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত কৰে। ১৬০০ চনৰ পৰাই এই ব্যংগ আৰু কৌতুক বিকশিত হৈ আহিছে আৰু বৰ্তমান টিভি শ্ব'ত ইয়াক অধিক আকৰ্ষণীয় কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজনৈতিক ব্যংগও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। সাধাৰণতে পুৰুষ কমেডিয়ানসকলে মহিলাৰ কাপোৰ পিন্ধি নাটকৰ পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলা উভয় চৰিত্ৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এইটো এটা মজাৰ অনুষ্ঠান, নেৱাৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ লগতে আন সকলো নেপালী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=गाईजात्रा : मृत्यु शोकको अनौठो उत्सव |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/08/1001961 |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Online Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref> ​ গাই যাত্ৰা প্ৰধানকৈ কাঠমাণ্ডু উপত্যকাৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু চহৰত, পাতন আৰু ভক্তপুৰত উদযাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khaiju |first=Ishwor Kaji |date=2020-07-19 |title=Gai Jatra in Bhaktapur to be marked without iconic dances |url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/gai-jatra-in-bhaktapur-to-be-marked-without-iconic-dances-2659 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720073821/https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/gai-jatra-in-bhaktapur-to-be-marked-without-iconic-dances-2659 |archive-date=2020-07-20 |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=[[The Annapurna Express]] |language=en}}</ref> এই উৎসৱ উদযাপন দেশৰ অন্যান্য অঞ্চলতো বিয়পি পৰিছে, য’ত উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে নেৱাৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ লোক আছে। ==তথ্য সূ্ত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:লোক-সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ধৰ্মীয় উৎসৱ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] kfxlsp9dow4ofgn778zilifwcizdsh1 নেৱাৰসকলৰ জাতীয় সাজ 0 102481 453171 425812 2024-12-10T04:03:56Z AjayDas 12623 removed [[Category:নেপাল]]; added [[Category:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''নেৱাৰসকলৰ জাতীয় সাজ''' বুলিলে নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু উপত্যকা আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে থকা অঞ্চলৰ খিলঞ্জীয়া নেৱাৰ লোকসকলে পৰিধান কৰা দৈনন্দিন কাপোৰক বুজায়। পুৰণি অভিজাত শ্ৰেণী, ব্যৱসায়ী, কৃষক, শিল্পী আৰু পেছাদাৰী লোকৰ সৈতে এই কাপোৰৰ সম্পৰ্ক আছে। বেছিভাগ কাপোৰেই ঘৰতে তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডু উপত্যকাৰ বয়ন শিল্প আছিল এক প্ৰধান কুটীৰ উদ্যোগ। প্ৰায়বোৰৰে ঘৰত হাতৰ তাঁতশাল আছিল আৰু আগৰ দিনত [[যঁতৰ]] আৰু ''নেওঠনি'' কইনাৰ লগত দিয়া প্ৰয়োজনীয় উপহাৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম আছিল।<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chattopadhyay |first=K.P. |date=1923 |title=An Essay on the History of Newar Culture |url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002183942/mobot31753002183942_djvu.txt |journal= Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=19 |issue=10 |page=551 |access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> মানুহে ব্যক্তিগত ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে বা বিক্ৰীৰ বাবে কাপোৰ বৈছিল। বৈ সমাপ্ত কৰা কাপোৰখন ৰং কৰিবলৈ ''ছীপা''(বৰ্তমান ৰঞ্জিত বা ৰঞ্জিতকাৰ) নামৰ এক জন-সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ ওচৰলৈ পঠিওৱা হৈছিল৷ সেই সময়ত ৰং কৰা লোকসকলক ছীপা নামে জন গৈছিল। ১৯৬০ চনলৈকে ঘৰুৱা বোৱা-কটাৰ প্ৰথা চলি আছিল। ৰাজপথত মহিলাসকলে তাঁতবাতি কৰাটো সেই সময়ৰ এটা সাধাৰণ দৃশ্য আছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last= Campbell |first=A. |title= Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 5 |publisher= G. H. Rouse, Baptist Mission Press |date=1836 |page=219 |chapter= Notes on the State of the Arts of Cotton Spinning, Weaving, Printing, and Dyeing in Nepal |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-64IAAAAQAAJ&q=newar+clothing|access-date=15 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Hamilton |first= Francis Buchanan |publisher= A. Constable and Company, Edinburgh |year=1819 |title= An Account of The Kingdom of Nepal |page=232 |url= http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30364/30364-h/30364-h.htm#page232|access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> ১৮ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে সাধাৰণ নেৱাৰসকলে পিন্ধা কাপোৰৰ বৰ্ণনা ইটালীৰ খৃষ্টান ধৰ্মযাজক ''ইপ্পোলিটো ডেচিডেৰি''য়ে এৰি থৈ যোৱা ভ্ৰমণ কাহিনীত পোৱা যায়। ১৭২১ চনত [[তিব্বত]]ৰ পৰা [[ভাৰত]]লৈ যোৱাৰ পথত ডেচিডেৰীয়ে কাঠমাণ্ডু ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। স্থানীয় লোকসকলৰ কাপোৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ লিখিছে যে, তেওঁলোকে আঁঠুলৈকে উল বা কপাহী জেকেট আৰু ভৰিৰ গোৰোহালৈকে দীঘল ট্ৰাউজাৰ পিন্ধে। মূৰত ৰঙা টুপী পিন্ধে আৰু ভৰিত চপ্পল পিন্ধে বুলি তেওঁ লিখিছে।<ref>{{cite book |last=Desideri |first=Ippolito |editor-first=Filippo |editor-last=De Filippi |title=An Account of Tibet: The Travels of Ippolito Desideri 1712-1727 AES reprint |publisher=Asian Educational Services |date=1995 |page=314|chapter=The Kingdom of Nepal |isbn=9788120610194}}</ref> ১৯৭৩ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰে নেপালৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলত পৰিধান কৰা পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পোছাকৰ ছবি দেখুওৱা ডাকটিকটৰ এটা অংশ হিচাপে জাৰি কৰে। {{Multiple image | align= center | direction vertical|total_width=800 | image1 = Sayn kayta.jpeg | caption1 = চায়ন্ ক্যাতা ট্ৰাউজাৰ পিন্ধা মানুহ, ১৯২০ | image2 = A Newar Woman LACMA M.91.134.jpg | caption2 = ১৮-১৯ শতিকাৰ পাৰচী পিন্ধা মহিলা | image3 = Haku patasi.jpg | caption3 = হাকু পাটাচী | image4 = Bhantan lan.jpg | caption4 = ভাণ্টানলান | image5 = Newar janku dress.jpg | caption5 = জাংকু সাজত শিশু | image6 = Newar bride 1941.jpg | caption6 = পাৰচী পিন্ধা নেৱাৰ কইনা}} ==তাপালান== পুৰুষৰ সাধাৰণ সাজ-পোছাকত তাপালান (নেপালী ভাষাত: तपालন) নামৰ দীঘল চাৰ্ট আৰু সুৰুৱা নামেৰে জনাজাত টাইট ফিটিং ট্ৰাউজাৰ থাকে। চাৰ্টৰ ওপৰত এটা জহৰ কোট আৰু কোট পিন্ধিব পাৰে। আজি এই কাপোৰ বিশেষ অনুষ্ঠান, চৰকাৰী অনুষ্ঠান আৰু উৎসৱৰ সময়ত পৰিধান কৰা হয় যদিও পুৰণি প্ৰজন্মৰ বহুতৰে বাবে এতিয়াও ই দৈনন্দিন পৰিধান। ''নেপাল সম্বাত''ৰ নৱবৰ্ষ দিৱসৰ পেৰেডত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সময়ত পুৰুষে তাপালান আৰু সুৰুৱাৰ সাজ-পোছাক পিন্ধে আৰু মহিলাসকলে ''হাকু পাটাছি'' পিন্ধে। এই পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পোছাক বিয়াৰ শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ সময়তো পৰিধান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite book |last= Muiznieks |first= Persijs |publisher= Xlibris Corporation |year=2011 |title= National Costumes of Nepal |page=20 |isbn=9781469128047}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://bossnepal.com/traditional-newari-attire/ |title= Traditional Newari attire |last= Anisha |website= Boss Nepal |access-date= 23 September 2013 |archivedate= 23 September 2013 |archiveurl= https://archive.today/20130923104523/http://bossnepal.com/traditional-newari-attire/ |deadurl= yes }}</ref> ==হাকু পাটাচী== মহিলাসকলে হাকু পাটাচী বা হাকু পাৰ্চী নামৰ ক'লা কপাহৰ শাৰী পিন্ধে যাৰ ৰঙা পাৰি থাকে। বিশেষকৈ কৃষক মহিলাসকলৰ মাজত এতিয়াও ইয়াক দৈনন্দিন সাজ-পোছাক হিচাপে বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু উৎসৱৰ সময়ত ই আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় সাজ-পোছাক। শাৰীৰ লগত কাপোৰেৰে তৈয়াৰী মিছালন নামৰ জৰীৰে বন্ধা ব্লাউজ পিন্ধা হয়। শৰীৰৰ ওপৰৰ অংশত ''গা'' নামৰ চাদৰ মেৰিয়াই লোৱা হয়।<ref>{{cite news |first= Aastha |last= Manandhar |title= Red, black, and changing perceptions of beauty |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2012/09/12/related_articles/red-black-and-changing-perceptions-of-beauty/239563.html |location = Kathmandu |work=The Kathmandu Post |date=13 September 2012 |access-date= 13 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Reed |first= David |publisher= Rough Guides |year=2002 |title= Nepal |page=507 |isbn=9781858288994}}</ref> ১৯৭৩ চনত নেপালৰ ডাক সেৱা বিভাগে কাঠমাণ্ডু উপত্যকাৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পোছাক দেখুৱাবলৈ ''হাকু পাটাছি'' আৰু ''তাপালান'' পৰিধান কৰা এগৰাকী মহিলা আৰু এজন পুৰুষৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ষ্টাম্প জাৰি কৰে। নেপালৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলৰ সাজ-পোছাকৰ ধাৰাবাহিকতাৰ অংশ আছিল এই ডাকটিকট।<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rajan.com/stamps/st1973.htm | title =List of Nepali Postage Stamps Issued| access-date = 19 September 2013}}</ref> ==চায়ন্ ক্যাতা== চায়ন্ ক্যাতা পৰম্পৰাগত পুৰুষৰ ট্ৰাউজাৰ। ইয়াক ১৯৩০ চনলৈকে বেছিভাগেই বণিক আৰু দৰবাৰী শ্ৰেণীয়ে পিন্ধিছিল। ঢিলা ট্ৰাউজাৰটো আঁঠুৰ ওচৰত গোটাই ফিতাৰ টুকুৰাৰে বান্ধি থোৱা হয়। ট্ৰাউজাৰটোত কঁকালত পিঠিৰ পৰা আনি সম্মুখত গাঁঠি দিব পৰা ৰছী আছে। চাইন্ ক্য়াতা তৈয়াৰ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা সামগ্ৰী কেঁচা ৰেচম। এযোৰত ৬ গজ সামগ্ৰীৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। চাইনক দীঘল চাৰ্টৰ সৈতে পিন্ধা হয়, যিটো কাপোৰৰ ফিতাৰে ঠাইত ধৰি ৰখা হয়। এটা কপাহী কমৰবন্ধই সাজযোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। ==পাৰচী== নেৱাৰৰ কিছুমান শ্ৰেণীৰ মহিলাই সাধাৰণ বা ছপা শাৰী পিন্ধিছিল যাক পাৰচী বুলি জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ বহুতো প্লেট থাকে, যিবোৰ সম্মুখত গোটাই লৈ ফিতাৰ টুকুৰা এটাৰে একগোট কৰি বান্ধি থোৱা হয়। এই শাৰীবোৰ ২০ গজ পৰ্যন্ত দীঘল আছিল। ==ভাণ্টানলান== ছোৱালীয়ে ডিঙিৰ পৰা গোৰোহালৈকে বিস্তৃত হৈ থকা দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ টাইট ফিটিং গাউন পিন্ধে যাক ''ভাণ্টানলান'' বুলি জনা যায়। ভৰি দুখন বাহিৰ কৰিবলৈ কৰিবলৈ ইয়াৰ দুয়োকাষত ধৰি টানি ডাঙি দিয়া হয়; ওপৰৰ অংশটো কাপোৰৰ বান্ধোনেৰে বান্ধি থোৱা হয়। ছোৱালীৰ কাপোৰৰ আন এক জনপ্ৰিয় বস্তু আছিল ড্ৰপ ক্ৰচ পেণ্ট। আঁঠুৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্যত পিন্ধা পোছাক। ==উছৱৰ সাজ== জীৱনচক্ৰৰ অনুষ্ঠানৰ সময়ত বিশেষ সাজ-পোছাক পৰিধান কৰা হয়, যেনে শিশুৰ প্ৰথম ভাত খুৱাই দিয়া “জাংকু’’, দীক্ষাৰ অনুষ্ঠান, বিয়া, বৃদ্ধাৱস্থাৰ অনুষ্ঠান আদিত। প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ভাত খুৱাই দিয়া শিশুক ব্ৰকেডেৰে তৈয়াৰী গেঞ্জী আৰু টুপী পিন্ধাই দিয়া হয়। প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক হ’বলৈ ধৰা ল’ৰাবোৰে কঁকালৰ কাপোৰ পিন্ধে। ছোৱালীবোৰে নিজৰ ''ইহি'' আৰু ''বাৰে''ৰ বাবে ডাঙৰ ডাঙৰ ডিজাইনত ৰেচম আৰু ব্ৰকেডৰ আড়ম্বৰপূৰ্ণকৈ তৈয়াৰী সাজ-পোছাক পিন্ধে, যি দুটা অনুষ্ঠান তেওঁলোকে কিশোৰ বয়স হোৱাৰ আগতেই পাৰ কৰে। বিশেষ ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠানৰ সময়ত পুৰোহিতসকলে গোৰোহালৈকে প্লিটযুক্ত গাউন পিন্ধে। টুপি, পাগুৰি আৰু মুকুট হৈছে আনুষ্ঠানিক কাপোৰৰ সৈতে পিন্ধা মূৰৰ কাপোৰ।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/147946199/A-Modern-Guide-for-Vajrayana-Life-Cycle-Rites-Todd-Lewis |title=A Modern Newar Guide for Vajrayana Life-Cycle Rites |last=Lewis |first=Todd T. |access-date=8 December 2013 |archivedate=12 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212101021/http://www.scribd.com/doc/147946199/A-Modern-Guide-for-Vajrayana-Life-Cycle-Rites-Todd-Lewis |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Shrestha |first= Bal Gopal |date= July 2006 |title= The Svanti Festival: Victory over Death and the Renewal of the Ritual Cycle in Nepal |url= http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_33_02_03.pdf |journal= Contributions to Nepalese Studies |publisher=CNAS/TU |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=206–221 |access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> ​ ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:সাজ-পোছাক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] s957nymjmcb4g2f1417mz85abn5vrly মাঘে সংক্ৰান্তি 0 102543 453173 413467 2024-12-10T04:05:34Z AjayDas 12623 removed [[Category:নেপাল]]; added [[Category:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = মাঘে সংক্ৰান্তি | type = হিন্দু | image = Magar woman dancing with traditional basket in Maghe Sakranti festival.jpg | caption = মাঘে সংক্ৰান্তিৰ বাস্কেট নৃত্য | longtype = ধৰ্মীয়, সাংস্কৃতিক | observedby = পৰম্পৰাগতভাবে নেপালী হিন্দু, আজিকালি বৌদ্ধ কিৰাতীসকল৷ | significance = শীতৰ অন্তত | date = সাধাৰণতে ১৪ জানুৱাৰী | date2017 = ১৪ জানুৱাৰী | date2018 = ১৫ জানুৱাৰী<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weallnepali.com/nepali-festivals|title=Festivals in Nepal - We All Nepali|website=www.weallnepali.com|access-date=2024-02-29|archivedate=2023-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529185956/http://www.weallnepali.com/nepali-festivals|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | relatedto = [[মকৰ সংক্ৰান্তি]] | frequency = বছৰেকীয়া | image_size = 200px | celebrations = ভোজৰ সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ }} '''মাঘে সংক্ৰান্তি''' ''বিক্ৰম সম্বত''(B.S) বা ''য়েলে পঞ্জিকা''মতে মাঘৰ প্ৰথম দিনটোত পুহ মাহৰ হাড়-কঁপোৱা শীতৰ অন্ত পেলোৱা নেপালী লোক-উৎসৱ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maghi the Tharu way |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-culture/2023/01/15/maghi-the-tharu-way |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> থাৰুসকলে এই বিশেষ দিনটোক নতুন বছৰ হিচাপে পালন কৰে৷ ইয়াক মগৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মুখ্য চৰকাৰে ঘোষণা কৰা বাৰ্ষিক উৎসৱ হিচাপেও পালন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magar, Tharu communities observe Maghi festival (in pictures) |url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2016/01/15/magar-tharu-communities-observe-maghi-festival-in-pictures |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> মাঘে সংক্ৰান্তি উৎসৱৰ সৈতে অন্যান্য সৌৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰৰ ধৰ্মীয় পৰম্পৰাৰ লগত মিল আছে।<ref>{{cite book|author=N. P. ManandharSolar cycle (calendar)title=Plants and People of Nepal|title = Plants and People of Nepal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klAFeYz4YdYC&pg=PA39|year=2002|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-0-88192-527-2|pages=39–}}</ref> এই উৎসৱ পালন কৰা [[হিন্দু]]সকলে [[লোকাচাৰ]]মতে স্নান কৰে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত জনকপুৰধাম, পাটনৰ সমীপৰ বাগমতীত থকা শংমামুল; গণ্ডক/নাৰায়ণী নদীৰ অৱবাহিকাৰ [[ত্ৰিবেণী সংগম]], চিতৱান উপত্যকাৰ ওচৰৰ দেৱঘাট আৰু কালিগণ্ডকী নদীৰ ৰিডিত<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120502045108/http://vegetarian-restaurants.net/Nepal/Nepal-Others/Ridi-Bazaar.htm Ridi Bazaar]. vegetarian-restaurants.net</ref> ; আৰু সূৰ্য্য কোশীৰ কোশী নদীৰ অৱবাহিকা দোলালঘাটত। উৎসৱত পৰম্পৰাগত খাদ্য, যেনে [[লাড়ু]], ঘিউ, মিঠা আলু বিতৰণ কৰা হয়। ভাগিন আৰু ভতিজাসকলে সাধাৰণতে মামা-খুড়াৰ ঘৰলৈ গৈ [[তিলক]] আৰু আশীৰ্বাদ আৰু উপহাৰ লৈ আহে। ==তাৰিখ আৰু গুৰুত্ব== [[File:Maghe Sankranti Food.jpg|thumb|মাঘে সংক্ৰান্তিৰ খাদ্যসম্ভাৰ]] সাধাৰণতে মাঘে সংক্ৰান্তি ১৪ জানুৱাৰীত পৰে আৰু ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশত ইয়াক মকৰ সংক্ৰান্তি বা মাঘী বুলিও কোৱা হয়। মাঘে সংক্ৰান্তি নেপালত পালন কৰা এক প্ৰধান শস্য চপোৱা উৎসৱ। সূৰ্যই এটা ৰাশিৰ পৰা আন এটা ৰাশিলৈ গতি কৰাক সংক্ৰান্তি বোলা হয় আৰু সূৰ্যই মকৰ নামেৰে জনাজাত মকৰ ৰাশিলৈ গতি কৰাৰ লগে লগে এই অনুষ্ঠানটোক পাহাৰী প্ৰসংগত মকৰ সংক্ৰান্তি নামেৰে নামাকৰণ কৰা হয়। মধেচী, মাগৰ আৰু থাৰু লোকে ইয়াক নিৰ্দিষ্ট তাৰিখ অৰ্থাৎ ১৪ জানুৱাৰীত পালন কৰে৷ নেপালীসকলৰ আন কেইটামান উৎসৱৰ ভিতৰত ই অন্যতম, কাৰণ সূৰ্য দেৱতাৰ সন্মানত এই সৌৰ উৎসৱটো বিক্ৰমী পঞ্জিকাৰ সৌৰচক্ৰ অনুসৰণ কৰে, ইয়াৰ পিছৰ আন আন উৎসৱবোৰৰ দৰে নহয় চান্দ্ৰ চক্ৰমতে নকৰে।<ref>{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&pg=PA547 |year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-205-0|pages=547–548}}</ref><ref>Chaturvedi, B.K. (2004), Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd [https://books.google.com/books?id=gORJJvPw6KcC&pg=PA30 Bhavishya Purana]</ref> মাঘে সংক্ৰান্তিক [[নেপালী]] সংস্কৃতিৰ এক শুভ পৰ্যায়ৰ আৰম্ভণি বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ইয়াক ‘পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ পৱিত্ৰ পৰ্যায়’ বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা এটা অশুভ পৰ্যায়ৰ অন্ত পৰে, যিটো হিন্দু পঞ্জিকা অনুসৰি ডিচেম্বৰৰ মাজভাগৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়। বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে, যিকোনো শুভ আৰু পৱিত্ৰ অনুষ্ঠান যিকোনো নেপালী পৰিয়ালত, এই দিনটোৰ পৰাই শুভাৰম্ভ কৰিব পাৰি। বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে এই দিনটোৰ পৰাই ৰাতিৰ তুলনাত উষ্ণ আৰু দীঘলীয়া দিনৰ আৰম্ভণি হয়। অৰ্থাৎ সংক্ৰান্তিয়ে শীতকালৰ অন্ত আৰু নতুন শস্য বা বসন্তকালৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ সূচনা কৰে। ​ সমগ্ৰ দেশতে মাঘে সংক্ৰান্তি অতি ধুমধামেৰে পালন কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে দেশৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তত ইয়াক সুকীয়া নাম আৰু ৰীতি-নীতিৰে উদযাপন কৰা হয়। উত্তৰ আৰু পশ্চিম নেপালৰ ৰাজ্যসমূহত এই উৎসৱক বিশেষ উদ্যম আৰু উদ্যমেৰে মকৰ সংক্ৰান্তি দিৱস হিচাপে পালন কৰা হয়। মহাভাৰতৰ দৰে প্ৰাচীন মহাকাব্যত এই দিনটোৰ গুৰুত্বৰ ইংগিত পোৱা গৈছে{{cn}}। গতিকে সামাজিক-ভৌগোলিক গুৰুত্বৰ বাহিৰেও মাঘে সংক্ৰান্তিৰ ঐতিহাসিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় তাৎপৰ্য আছে। যিহেতু ই সূৰ্য ঈশ্বৰৰ উৎসৱ, আৰু তেওঁক দেৱতা আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞাৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়, সেয়েহে এই উৎসৱে এক চিৰন্তন অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। ==মকৰ সংক্ৰান্তি আৰু সৌৰ-গতি== [[File:Earth-lighting-winter-solstice EN.png|Winter Solstice|right|thumb]] বহু নেপালী লোকে এই উৎসৱক শীতকালীন সৌৰ-গতিৰ সৈতে মিহলাই লয় আৰু বিশ্বাস কৰে যে, সূৰ্যই পুহ মাহত জানুৱাৰী মাহৰ মাজভাগৰ এই দিনটোতে মকৰ ৰাশিৰ ক্ৰান্তীয় অঞ্চলত দক্ষিণমুখী যাত্ৰা (দক্ষিণায়ন)ৰ অন্ত পেলায় আৰু উত্তৰ দিশলৈ (উত্তৰায়ণ) কৰ্কট ক্ৰান্তীয় অঞ্চলৰ ফালে আগবাঢ়িবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে৷ নেপালী ধৰ্মত শীতকালীন সৌৰ-অৱস্থানৰ কোনো প্ৰকাশ্য সৌৰ-উৎসৱ পালন নাই যদিও চান্দ্ৰ পঞ্জিকাত হিচাপ কৰা বৈকুণ্ঠ একাদশী উৎসৱ ইয়াৰ আটাইতকৈ ওচৰত পৰে। তদুপৰি, সূৰ্যই উত্তৰ দিশলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰাৰ পিছদিনাৰ পৰা দিনৰ পোহৰ বৃদ্ধি পায়। গতিকে মকৰ সংক্ৰান্তিৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে শীতকালীন সৌৰ-অৱস্থানৰ পিছৰ দিনটো উদযাপন কৰা। ​ বৈজ্ঞানিকভাৱে উত্তৰ গোলাৰ্ধত শীতকালীন সৌৰ-অৱস্থান ২১ৰ পৰা ২২ ডিচেম্বৰৰ ভিতৰত হয়। ২২ ডিচেম্বৰৰ পৰা দিনৰ পোহৰ বাঢ়িবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু এই দিনটোতে সূৰ্যই উত্তৰ দিশলৈ যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰে, যি ''উত্তৰায়ণ'' চিহ্নিত বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://consciousevolution.com/metamorphosis/0212/hindumyth0212.htm|title=Sun - in Hindu Mythology by Anindita Basu|website=consciousevolution.com|access-date=2024-02-29|archivedate=2002-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021203193156/http://consciousevolution.com/metamorphosis/0212/hindumyth0212.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:লোক-সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ধৰ্মীয় উৎসৱ]] g0o9nhyaa2sq3n1bjgynrvugqviuvig বিস্কা যাত্ৰা 0 102577 453172 408908 2024-12-10T04:05:02Z AjayDas 12623 removed [[Category:নেপাল]]; added [[Category:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Chariot festival in Nepal}} {{Infobox recurring event | name = বিস্কা যাত্ৰা | native_name =   | native_name_lang = নেৱাৰ | logo = | logo_caption = | image = Bisket Jatra VIbes.jpg | caption = ভক্তপুৰৰ বৈশাখাঃ বা ভৈৰৱৰ ৰথযাত্ৰা | status = | genre = উৎসৱ | dates = 14 April (13 April on leap years) | date = <!--"dates=" also works, but do not use both--> | frequency = বাৰ্ষিক | venue = | location = ভক্তপুৰ জিলা | coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} --> | country = [[নেপাল]] | years_active = | first = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}}; "founded=" and "established=" also work --> | founder_name = | last = | prev = | next = | participants = | attendance = | area = | budget = | activity = ধৰ্মীয় | patron = | organised = <!--"organized=" also works--> | filing = <!-- Filing status --> | people = | member = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} '''বিস্কা যাত্ৰা''' বা '''বিস্কেট যাত্ৰা''' এপ্ৰিল মাহত ভক্তপুৰ, থিমি আৰু আদি ঠাইত এপ্ৰিল মাহত পালন কৰা বাৰ্ষিক উৎসৱ।<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |first= |date=13 April 2022 |title=बिस्का जात्राको संस्कृति र इतिहास |language=ne |work=[[Majdoor]] |url=https://onlinemajdoor.com/?p=80744 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119151150/https://onlinemajdoor.com/?p=80744 |archive-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> ভক্তপুৰ, থিমিকে ধৰি বহু ঠাইত ইয়াক বছৰৰ মূল উৎসৱ হিচাপে উদযাপন কৰা হয়৷ আন [[নেপাল]]ৰ উৎসৱৰ দৰে বিস্কা চন্দ্ৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সৌৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কৰা হয়।<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Vajracharya |first=Gautama Vajra |date=6 November 2018 |title=Nepal Saṃvat and Vikrama Saṃvat; Discerning Original Significance |work=Asian Art |url=https://www.asianart.com/articles/gvv-lecture/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120033928/https://www.asianart.com/articles/gvv-lecture/index.html |archive-date=20 November 2023}}</ref> বিস্কা নামেৰে এসময়ৰ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাজ্যৰ অংশ; ভক্তপুৰ, থিমি, বোডে, নাগাদেশ, ধাপাছি, টোখা, ধুলিখেল, কাটুঞ্জে, গুণ্ডু আৰু সাংগাত আদিত প্ৰায় একে সময়তে পালন কৰা উৎসৱসমূহক সামৰি লৈছে।<ref name=":0" /> বিস্কাৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছে ভক্তপুৰত এডাল দীঘল কাঠৰ খুঁটাত বান্ধি বেনাৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা মাৰ্চৰ বিষুৱ আৰু সৌৰ নৱবৰ্ষ উদযাপন কৰা উৎসৱ হিচাপে৷<ref name=":1" /> মল্ল বংশৰ কালত এই উৎসৱ ৰাজ্যৰ অন্যান্য প্ৰান্তলৈ বিয়পি পৰে আৰু ভক্তপুৰত ভৈৰৱ আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী ভদ্ৰকালিৰ [[ৰথ যাত্ৰা]], থিমিৰ [[সেন্দূৰ]] দলিওৱা উৎসৱকে ধৰি বহু নতুন পৰম্পৰা সংযোজন কৰা হয়, যি দুয়োখনেই আটাইতকৈ চিনাকি অংশ আজিৰ এই উৎসৱ।<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Shrestha |first=Purushottam Lochan |date=13 April 2020 |title=''biksah bare yek bichara'' |language=ne |work=[[Majdoor]] |url=https://archive.org/details/nice_20231123}}</ref> প্ৰতিখন চহৰৰ এই উৎসৱ উদযাপনৰ নিজস্ব সুকীয়া পদ্ধতি আছে। ==শব্দৰ উৎপত্তি== নেপাল ভাষাত এই উৎসৱৰ বৰ্তমানৰ নাম বিস্কা, নেৱাৰৰ ধ্ৰুপদী ''বিস্কিয়াটা'' শব্দৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে৷<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shrestha |first=Purushottam Lochan |date=June 2023 |title=''wākupati cāṁgunārāyaṇa, yeka adhyayana'' |url=https://archive.org/details/wakupati/wakupati/mode/2up |journal=Wākupati cāṁgunārāyaṇa |language=ne |publisher=[[Bhaktapur Municipality]] |pages=27–28}}</ref> এই ধ্ৰুপদী শব্দ, "বিস্কিয়াতা" দুটা পৃথক শব্দৰ যোগফল; "বিসিকা"(বা "বিস্কা") আৰু "কেতু", যিয়ে নেৱাৰৰ প্ৰাচীন ভাষাত মাৰ্চ বিষুৱক বুজায়৷ ই সংস্কৃত নাম ''বিষুৱদ''ৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা যাৰ বৈশাখ শব্দৰো ব্যুৎপত্তিগত উৎস৷<ref name=":1" /> সমান্তৰালভাৱে ‘কেতু’ সংস্কৃতৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা শব্দই ‘নিচান’ বুজাই ‘বিস্ক্যাত’ গঠনত অৰিহণা যোগায়।<ref name=":2" /><ref>[https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=ketu&dir=se ''<u>ketu</u>'']; Sanskrit Dictionary</ref> যাত্ৰা, এই অভিধাটোৰ মূল সংস্কৃত য়াত্ৰা (यात्रा)ত পোৱা যায়, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে 'যাত্ৰা' বা 'শোভাযাত্ৰা'। নেপালী ভাষাত এই উৎসৱক বিস্কেট যাত্ৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, থলুৱা শব্দ ''বিস্কাঃ যাত্ৰ''ৰ নেপালী অভিযোজন।<ref name=":2" /> স্থানীয় কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি বিস্কাঃ নামটো দুটা নেৱাৰ শব্দ ''বি'' আৰু ''ছিকা''ৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, যিটো যাত্ৰাৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হ'লে ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হয় "সৰ্পৰ মৃত্যুৰ স্মৃতিত পালিত উৎসৱ"৷<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Levy|1990|p=453}} ==উৎস== উৎসৱৰ সৃষ্টিৰ সৈতে জড়িত বহুতো কিংবদন্তি ভক্তপুৰত জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে লোককথা হিচাপে চলি আহিছে, সকলোবোৰ কাহিনীৰ শেষত দুটা সাপক হত্যা কৰা হয় আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ মৃতদেহ এটা দীঘল কাঠৰ খুঁটাত বান্ধি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হয়।<ref name=":2" /> ==পৰম্পৰা== ভক্তপুৰ তৌমাধিৰ স্বাক্ষৰ অনুষ্ঠানৰ আৰম্ভণিতে বিস্কা যাত্ৰা "দ্যা কোহা বিজ্যইগু" অৰ্থাৎ উৎসৱৰ বাবে ভৈৰৱ দেৱতাক ইয়াৰ মন্দিৰৰ পৰা বাহিৰলৈ অনা হয়, ই চহৰৰ ''থানে''(উপৰ) আৰু ''কনে''(তল)ৰ মাজত হোৱা ৰছী টনা খেলৰ অংশ। দুয়োফালৰ পৰা ৰথখন টানি অনা হয় আৰু চহৰৰ সেই অংশত যিয়ে জয়ী হয় তেওঁ ৰথখন সুযোগ বুজি নিজৰ ঠাইলৈ লৈ যাব পাৰে আৰু আনফালে নিজৰ পাললৈ অপেক্ষা কৰি থাকে। অৱশেষত ৰথখন ''গাহিটি''লৈ টানি অনা হয়, য’ত ৰথখন দুদিন ধৰি ৰখা হয় আৰু নেপালী নৱবৰ্ষৰ প্ৰাকক্ষণত পুনৰ লিয়াছিংখেললৈ টানি অনা হয়। ''যোছি খ্যো''ত প্ৰায় ২৫ মিটাৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ''যোহ ছি দ্যো'' স্থাপন কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছত ৰথখন লিয়াছিংখেললৈ টানি আনি পিছদিনালৈকে ৰখা হয়। নৱবৰ্ষৰ প্ৰাকক্ষণত ''যোহ ছি''টো তললৈ টানি অনা হয়। তাৰ পিছত আকৌ ৰথ টানি ''গাহিটি''লৈ আৰু শেষৰ দিনা যাক ''দ্যা থাহা বিজ্যইগু'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়; যাৰ অৰ্থ ভৈৰৱ দেৱতাক পুনৰ মন্দিৰলৈ অনা, সকলো মানুহ আহে, ৰথখন পুনৰ দুয়োফালে টানি শেষত ৫ মহলীয়া মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদত থিতাপি লোৱা হয়। মধ্যপুৰ থিমি (থিমি, নাগাদেশ আৰু বড়ে)ৰ কেইবাখনো স্থানত ''বিস্কা যাত্ৰা'' উদযাপন কৰা হয়। মধ্যপুৰ থিমিৰ বিভিন্ন ঠাইৰ পৰা লোকসকলে নিজৰ ৰথ লৈ ''লায়েকু থিমি''ত গোট খায়। মানুহে আনন্দ-উল্লাস কৰে আৰু শুভেচ্ছা ভাগ-বতৰা কৰাৰ লগতে [[সেন্দূৰ]]ৰ গুড়ি ছটোয়ায় আৰু ''ধিময় সংগীত'' বজায়। ব’ড়ে জিভা বিন্ধোৱাৰ অনুষ্ঠানৰ সাক্ষী হয়। এজন বাসিন্দাই গোটেই দিনটো এডাল লোহাৰ তাঁৰেৰে জিভা বিন্ধাই থয় আৰু কান্ধত একাধিক অগ্নিময় জোঁৰ লৈ চহৰত ঘূৰি ফুৰে। ''জুজু ভাই শ্ৰেষ্ঠা'' জিভা বিন্ধোৱাৰ চহৰবোৰৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত৷<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iciclesadventuretreks.com/blog/biska |title=Biska Jatra-Unique Nepali Festival Only Celebrated In various places of Nepal |publisher=www.iciclesadventuretreks.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoteltravel.com/nepal/kathmandu/Biska |title=Biska Jatra: Festival of Legends |publisher=www.hoteltravel.com }}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-04-09/bisket-jatra-commences-in-bhaktapur.html |title=Bisket Jatra commences in Bhaktapur |publisher=kathmandupost.ekantipur.com}}</ref> ==তথ্য সূ্ত্ৰ== ​ [[শ্ৰেণী:লোক-সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বাৰ্ষিক উৎসৱ]] ed2wrdqy7drab8g21w3kj0tcruu5cgc পট্টচিত্ৰ 0 103782 453302 429528 2024-12-10T09:23:34Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox geographical indication | name = পট্টাচিত্ৰ |image= {{Photomontage | photo1a = Patta Chitra 03.jpg | photo2b = Extrait de Chandi Mangal de Hazra Chitrakar (Naya Bengale) (1439702942).jpg | position = centre | size = 250 | foot_montage = [[ওড়িশা]] পট্টাচিত্ৰত (ওপৰত) [[ৰাধা কৃষ্ণৰ]] চিত্ৰ আৰু [[পশ্চিম বংগৰ]] পটচিত্ৰত (তলত) দুৰ্গাৰ চিত্ৰ। }} | alt = | alternative names = পট্টাচিত্ৰ | description =পট্টাচিত্ৰ (নাইবা উৰিষ্যাৰ পট্টাচিত্ৰ) [[উৰিষ্যা]] আৰু [[পশ্চিম বংগৰ]] এক পুৰণি পৰম্পৰাগত কলা | area = * [[ৰঘুৰাজপুৰ]], [[পুৰী]], দণ্ডা সাহি, [[পৰলাখেমুণ্ডি]], [[চিকিটি]], [[দিগপাহাণ্ডী]], [[Sonepur, Odisha|সোণেপুৰ]], [[ধৰাকোটে]] (উৰিষ্যা)<ref name="odisha.gov.in">http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/November/engpdf/46-48.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110190425/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/November/engpdf/46-48.pdf |date=10 January 2017 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |title=Orissa Pattachitra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102657/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/orissa-pattachitra/article14422369.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br /> * [[বীৰভুম]], [[পশ্চিম মিডনাপুৰ]], [[ঝাৰগ্ৰাম]], [[বৰধামান]], [[মুৰ্ছিদাবাদ]] জিলা আৰু [[কালিঘাট]] অঞ্চলৰ [[পিংলা]]] ব্লকৰ নয়াগ্ৰাম(পশ্চিম বংগ)<ref>Bose, Nirmal Kumar. 1953. ''Folk religion of Bengal, part I number I (A study of the Vrata rites).''C. Kar, Benoy Bose Road, Calcutta, India</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mediaindia.eu/art-culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|title=Patachitra: Ancient scroll painting of Bengal|date=26 April 2017|work=Media India Group|access-date=18 May 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519120435/https://mediaindia.eu/art-culture/patachitra-ancient-scroll-painting-of-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref> | country = [[ভাৰত]] | registered =*[[উৰিষ্যা]] পট্টাচিত্ৰ: ১০ জুলাই ২০০৮ *[[West Bengal|বংগ]] পট্টাচিত্ৰ: ২৮ মাৰ্চ ২০০৮ | material = পোছাক,তাল গছৰ পাত, কাগজ, ৰং, থিম | official website ={{URL|http://www.ipindia.nic.in/registered-gls.htm|ipindiaservices.gov.in}}}} পটচিত্ৰ বা পট্টাচিত্ৰ হৈছে পৰম্পৰাগত, কাপোৰত স্ক্ৰল চিত্ৰকলাৰ জৰিয়তে প্ৰস্তুত কৰা এক কাৰুকাৰ্য। <ref>SenGupta, pp. 13.</ref> এই কলা পূব ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য উৰিষ্যা,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|title=:::::: Daricha Foundation ::::::|access-date=11 May 2018|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122102659/http://www.daricha.org/sub_genre.aspx?ID=39&Name=Patachitra|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Patta Chitra|url=http://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|access-date=2 March 2014|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521003914/http://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|url-status=live|archivedate=21 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521003914/http://www.paramparaproject.org/traditions_pata-chitra.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> পশ্চিম বংগ<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rahaman|first1=Md Motiur|last2=Hom Choudhury|first2=Mahuya|last3=Sengupta|first3=Sangita|date=29 February 2016|title=VALIDATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION (G.I) REGISTRATION OF PATACHITRA OF WEST BENGAL- ISSUES AND CHALLENGES|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320172069}}</ref> আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ কিছু অংশত দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। পটচিত্ৰ শিল্পৰূপ ইয়াৰ জটিল বিৱৰণৰ লগতে ইয়াত লিপিবদ্ধ পৌৰাণিক আখ্যান আৰু লোককথাৰ বাবে জনাজাত। পটচিত্ৰ হৈছে উৰিষ্যাৰ প্ৰাচীন শিল্পকৰ্মবোৰৰ অংশ,যাক মূলতঃ আচাৰ-অনুষ্ঠানৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আৰু পুৰীৰ লগতে উৰিষ্যাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰলৈ যোৱা তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলৰ বাবে স্মৃতিগ্ৰন্থ/স্মৰণিকা হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gadon|first=Elinor W.|date=February 2000|title=Indian Art Worlds in Contention: Local, Regional and National Discourses on Orissan Patta Paintings. By Helle Bundgaard. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series, No. 80. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 1999. 247 pp. $45.00 (cloth).|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/indian-art-worlds-in-contention-local-regional-and-national-discourses-on-orissan-patta-paintings-by-helle-bundgaard-nordic-institute-of-asian-studies-monograph-series-no-80-richmond-surrey-curzon-1999-247-pp-4500-cloth/F46E8FB8E5D42BF037AA4A8178BDFB75|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|language=en|volume=59|issue=1|pages=192–194|doi=10.2307/2658630|jstor=2658630|s2cid=201436927|issn=1752-0401|access-date=29 August 2020|archive-date=29 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829190142/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/indian-art-worlds-in-contention-local-regional-and-national-discourses-on-orissan-patta-paintings-by-helle-bundgaard-nordic-institute-of-asian-studies-monograph-series-no-80-richmond-surrey-curzon-1999-247-pp-4500-cloth/F46E8FB8E5D42BF037AA4A8178BDFB75|url-status=live}}</ref> পটচিত্ৰ প্ৰাচীন বাংলা আখ্যান শিল্পৰ এটা উপাদান, মূলতঃ গীত পৰিৱেশনৰ সময়ত ই দৃশ্যগত যন্ত্ৰ হিচাপে কাম কৰে।<ref name="chitrolekha.com">{{Cite news|url=http://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|title=Myths and Folktales in the Patachitra Art of Bengal: Tradition and Modernity - The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|date=2 August 2015|work=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|access-date=18 May 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519054832/http://chitrolekha.com/myths-and-folktales-patachitra/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==ব্যুৎপত্তিবিজ্ঞান== সংস্কৃত ভাষাত ''পট্টাৰ'' অৰ্থ হৈছে "কাপোৰ" আৰু ''চিত্ৰ''ৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "চিত্ৰ।" এই চিত্ৰসমূহৰ অধিকাংশই হিন্দু দেৱতাৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰে।<ref>SenGupta, pp. 12.</ref> ==উৰিষ্যাৰ পট্টাচিত্ৰ== পট্টাচিত্ৰ ভাৰতৰ উৰিষ্যাৰ এখন পৰম্পৰাগত চিত্ৰ।<ref name="odisha.gov.in"/> এই চিত্ৰসমূহ হিন্দু পৌৰাণিক কাহিনীৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত আৰু বিশেষভাৱে জগন্নাথ আৰু বৈষ্ণৱ পন্থাৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত।<ref>{{cite web|title=Patta Chitra|url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/ViewDetails.asp?vchglinkid=GL010&vchplinkid=PL060&vchslinkid=SL036|access-date=30 May 2012|archive-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923182155/http://www1.odisha.gov.in/portal/ViewDetails.asp?vchglinkid=GL010&vchplinkid=PL060&vchslinkid=SL036|url-status=live}}</ref> চিত্ৰকলাত ব্যৱহৃত সকলো ৰং প্ৰাকৃতিক। চিত্ৰকলাসমূহ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুৰণি পৰম্পৰাগত পদ্ধতিৰে চিত্ৰকৰাছ অৰ্থাৎ উড়িয়া চিত্ৰকলাৰ দ্বাৰা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। পট্টাচিত্ৰ শৈলীৰ চিত্ৰকলা উৰিষ্যাৰ অন্যতম পুৰণি আৰু জনপ্ৰিয় শিল্পকলা। সংস্কৃত শব্দ ''পট্টা'' অৰ্থাৎ কেনভাছ আৰু ''চিত্ৰ'' অৰ্থাৎ ছবিৰ পৰাই পট্টাচিত্ৰ নামটোৰ বিকাশ ঘটিছে। পট্টাচিত্ৰা এনেদৰে কেনভাচত কৰা এক চিত্ৰ। এই চিত্ৰ ৰঙৰ প্ৰয়োগ, সৃজনশীল আৰ্হি, ডিজাইন আৰু সৰল বিষয়বস্তুৰ চিত্ৰায়নৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশিত হয়, যিবোৰৰ চিত্ৰণ বেছিভাগেই পৌৰাণিক।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/pattachitra.php|title=National Portal of India|access-date=18 February 2010|archive-date=5 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205133406/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/pattachitra.php|url-status=live}}</ref> ''পট্টাচিত্ৰ'' চিত্ৰকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা হাজাৰ বছৰৰো অধিক পুৰণি। <ref>http://craftorissa.com/b2c/product_info.php?products_id=112{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=106|title=Pattachitra Painting|publisher=archive.india.gov.in|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407063444/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=106|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Ostindischer Meister 001.jpg|center|thumb|382x382px|যমুনাৰ পাৰত গোপীসকলক চিত্ৰিত কৰা এখন পট্টাচিত্ৰৰ অধ্যয়ন, প্ৰায় ১৫৫০ চন। ওড়িশা। ]] ==মূল== [[File:Two lovers, folio from a Ragamala album.jpg|thumb|220x220px|দুজন প্ৰেমিকৰ ৰূপত চিত্ৰিত ওডিচি সংগীতৰ ''ৰাগা কোডাবাৰ'' পট্টাচিত্ৰৰ চিত্ৰ। কাপোৰৰ ওপৰত ৰং, ১৬ x ১২চে.মি., উৰিষ্যা, ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগ। ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰহ|left]] [[File:Earthen pot with lid.jpg|thumb|বাহিৰৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ আৰু ঢাকনিখনত পট্টাচিত্ৰেৰে ৰং কৰা ডাঙৰ মাটিৰ পাত্ৰ, ভাৰতৰ ওড়িশা সংগ্ৰহালয়। ]] মাধ্যমৰ দৃষ্টিকোণৰ পৰা উৰিষ্যাৰ চিত্ৰকলাক তিনিটা ভাগত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি। সেইকেইটা হৈছে কাপোৰ বা 'পট্টা চিত্ৰ', দেৱালত অংকন বা 'ভিত্তী চিত্ৰ' আৰু কলপাত খোদিত বা "তালা পাত্ৰ চিত্ৰ' বা "পট্টা," চিত্ৰ'।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unnatisilks.com/patachitra-introduction-indian-crafts.html|title=Crafts of India -Patachitra - Introduction|website=Unnati Silks|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=8 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208135207/https://www.unnatisilks.com/patachitra-introduction-indian-crafts.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=8 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208135207/https://www.unnatisilks.com/patachitra-introduction-indian-crafts.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> 'পট্টাচিত্ৰ' চিত্ৰখনৰ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫ম শতিকাৰ পুৰণি উৰিষ্যাৰ muralৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য আছে। বিশেষকৈ পুৰী, কোণাৰ্ক আৰু ভুৱনেশ্বৰ অঞ্চলৰ ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰসমূহৰ সৈতে ইয়াৰ সাদৃশ্য দেখা যায়। ইয়াৰ সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ কাৰুকাৰ্য্য পুৰী,বিশেষকৈ ৰঘুৰাজপুৰ গাওঁ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paramparik-karigar.org/bystates/pattachitra.html |title=Pattachitra Arts - Orissa {{!}} Handmade Crafts directly from Craftsmen |access-date=18 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227115716/http://www.paramparik-karigar.org/bystates/pattachitra.html |archive-date=27 February 2011 |archivedate=27 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227115716/http://www.paramparik-karigar.org/bystates/pattachitra.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[File:Pattachitra Painting (16419923734).jpg|thumb|তালগছৰ পাতত তৈয়াৰী পট্টাচিত্ৰ, ওড়িশা। ]] উড়িয়া চিত্ৰকলাৰ এই পুৰণি পৰম্পৰা পুৰী, ৰঘুৰাজপুৰ, পৰলাখেমুণ্ডি, চিকিটি আৰু সোণেপুৰ আদি ঠাইত আজিও জীয়াই আছে। বৰ্তমানৰ প্ৰভু জগন্নাথক পট্টা শৈলীৰ উৎপত্তি হিচাপে লোৱা হৈছে। পুৰীৰ দেৱতাসকলৰ ৰঙৰ শৈলীৰ লগত পট্টা শৈলীৰ যথেষ্ট মিল আছে। পট্টা চিত্ৰকলাৰ সবাতোকৈ পুৰণি প্ৰয়োগটো বোধহয় পুৰীত অৱস্থিত বৰ্তমান শ্ৰী জগন্নাথৰ মন্দিৰ স্থাপনৰ পিছলৈ যোৱা নাই। ইয়াৰ কাৰণ হ’ব পাৰে যে চিত্ৰকলা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ দৰে জীয়াই নাথাকে। পুৰীৰ ভগৱান জগন্নাথৰ মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰত থকা ৰঙে এই তাৰিখ সম্ভাৱ্য কৰি তুলিছে। কেওঁঝাৰত সীতাবঞ্জীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ধ্ৰুপদী মাৰ্বল চিত্ৰসমূহ বৰ্তমানৰ পট্টা চিত্ৰকলাৰ শৈলীৰ সৈতে সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে মিল নাই। তিনিওজন দেৱতাৰ কাঠৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰো কাপোৰেৰে ঢাকি তাৰ পিছত চক মিহলি আঠাৰে আবৃত কৰা হয়। তাৰ পিছত ৰঙা, হালধীয়া, বগা আৰু ক’লা ৰঙৰ চাৰিটা সীমিত ৰঙৰহে ৰং দিয়া হয়। উড়িয়াসকলে উচ্চ সন্মান লাভ কৰা আৰু জনসাধাৰণৰ ধৰ্ম, জীৱন আৰু কাৰ্যকলাপৰ প্ৰেৰণা যোগোৱা দেৱতাসকলেও নিজৰ লগত শিল্প আৰু চিত্ৰকলাৰ পৰম্পৰা কঢ়িয়াই লৈ ফুৰে, যি দেৱতাসকলৰ দৰেই পুৰণি। যদি জগন্নাথৰ সাৱৰা উৎপত্তিৰ কথা মানি লোৱা হয়, তেন্তে পট্টা চিত্ৰৰ তাৰিখ প্ৰাচীন যুগৰ পৰাই অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি। এই চিত্ৰবোৰ মূলতঃ সেই দিনবোৰত উপাসনাৰ বিকল্প আছিল যেতিয়া মূৰ্তিবোৰ তেওঁলোকৰ ৰীতি-নীতিৰে স্নান কৰাৰ পিছত ৰাইজৰ পৰা আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mokashi |first=Akshata |date=2021-01-29 |title=Pattachitra: The Heritage Art of Odisha |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/living-culture/pattachitra |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.livehistoryindia.com |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231090802/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/living-culture/pattachitra |url-status=live }}</ref> ==বিষয়বস্তু আৰু শৈলী== উড়িয়া চিত্ৰকলাৰ বিষয়বস্তু জগন্নাথ আৰু বৈষ্ণৱ পন্থাৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু। পট্টাচিত্ৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ আৰম্ভণিৰে পৰা ভগৱান শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণৰ অৱতাৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত প্ৰভু জগন্নাথ প্ৰেৰণাৰ প্ৰধান উৎস হৈ আহিছে। পট্টাচিত্ৰৰ বিষয়বস্তু বেছিভাগেই পৌৰাণিক, ধৰ্মীয় কাহিনী আৰু লোককথা। বিষয়বস্তুবোৰ মুখ্যতঃ ভগৱান জগন্নাথ আৰু ৰাধা-কৃষ্ণ, শ্ৰী জগন্নাথ, বলভদ্ৰ আৰু সুভদ্ৰাৰ বিভিন্ন "ভেচা", মন্দিৰৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ, জয়দেৱৰ 'গীতা গোবিন্দ', কাম কুজাৰা নৱগুঞ্জৰা, ৰামায়ণ, মহাভাৰতৰ 'গীতা গোবিন্দ'ৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত বিষ্ণুৰ দহটা অৱতাৰ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianart.in/indian-art-journey/patta-chitra-paintings.html|title=Indian Art » Blog Archive » Patta Chitra Paintings|publisher=indianart.in|access-date=19 March 2010|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162339/http://www.indianart.in/indian-art-journey/patta-chitra-paintings.html|url-status=live|archivedate=21 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162339/http://www.indianart.in/indian-art-journey/patta-chitra-paintings.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> দেৱ-দেৱীৰ ব্যক্তিগত চিত্ৰসমূহো অংকন কৰা হৈছে। পট্টাচিত্ৰ শৈলী, লোক আৰু ধ্ৰুপদী উভয় উপাদানৰ মিশ্ৰণ যদিও লোকৰূপৰ প্ৰতি অধিক ঢাল খায়। পোছাকশৈলীত মোগলৰ প্ৰভাৱ আছে। সকলোবোৰ ভংগিমা কেইটামান সুনিৰ্দিষ্ট ভংগীত সীমাবদ্ধ কৰি ৰখা হৈছে। এইবোৰ একঘেয়ামী পুনৰাবৃত্তিৰ পৰা মুক্ত নহয় যদিও কেতিয়াবা শৈলীৰ আখ্যানমূলক চৰিত্ৰটোক জোৰ দিবলৈ এইটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় হয়। ৰেখাবোৰ সাহসী, পৰিষ্কাৰ, কৌণিক আৰু তীক্ষ্ণ। সাধাৰণতে কোনো দৃশ্য, দৃষ্টিভংগী আৰু দূৰৱৰ্তী দৃশ্য নাথাকে। সকলো ঘটনা ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে দেখা গৈছে। সেই পৃষ্ঠভূমিত চিত্ৰবোৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হৈছে, ফুল আৰু পাতৰ সজ্জাৰ সৈতে বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে আৰু বেছিভাগ ৰঙা ৰঙত অংকিত কৰা হৈছে। সকলো ছবিকে সজ্জাগত সীমা দিয়া হৈছে। গোটেই চিত্ৰখনক এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট কেনভাছত ডিজাইনৰ ৰূপত ধাৰণা কৰা হৈছে। বিষয়বস্তুসমূহক তলত দিয়া শ্ৰেণীসমূহত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি<ref>[http://www.rabindraart.com/how-to-do-pattachitra.html categories of Pattachitra] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729235958/http://www.rabindraart.com/how-to-do-pattachitra.html |date=29 July 2010 }}</ref> ১. জগন্নাথৰ চিত্ৰকলা</br> ২. বৈষ্ণৱ চিত্ৰকলা</br> ৩. ভাগবতৰ চিত্ৰ</br> ৪. ৰামায়ণৰ চিত্ৰ</br> ৫. শৈৱ চিত্ৰকলা</br> ৬. শাক্ত চিত্ৰকলা</br> ৭. কিংবদন্তি হিচাপে চিত্ৰকলা</br> ৮. ৰাগচিত্ৰ</br> ৯. বন্ধাচিত্ৰ</br> ১০. যমপতি আৰু যাত্ৰীপাত – (পুৰী মন্দিৰৰ স্কেচ) গঞ্জাপা খেলা তাচ চিত্ৰ আৰু চিত্ৰকলাৰ ওপৰত অন্যান্য সামাজিক বিষয়বস্তু।</br> ১১. নৱগুঞ্জৰা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devotionalstore.com/blogs/devotional-blog/traditional-arts-of-odisha-pattachitra-painting|title=Traditional Art of Odisha : Pattachitra Painting|date=2 January 2017|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141345/https://www.devotionalstore.com/blogs/devotional-blog/traditional-arts-of-odisha-pattachitra-painting|url-status=live|archivedate=13 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141345/https://www.devotionalstore.com/blogs/devotional-blog/traditional-arts-of-odisha-pattachitra-painting|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় লোকশিল্প]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভৌগোলিক স্বীকৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশাৰ সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ওড়িশাৰ কলা]] apmt6ad1eez8b3kkk4enzfpv38mntdd বেটেলগ্ৰাউণ্ড্‌ছ ম’বাইল ইণ্ডিয়া 0 105598 453124 426251 2024-12-10T01:18:40Z Mohsin274 23375 /* বিকাশ */ বানান শুধৰণি 453124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game|title=বেটেলগ্ৰাউণ্ড্‌ছ ম’বাইল ইণ্ডিয়া|image=[[file:Battlegrounds Mobile India, BGMI LOGO white - 1082x360.png|200px]]|caption=ল’গ’|developer=[[ক্ৰাফ্টন]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 August 2021|title=After months-long wait, Battlegrounds Mobile India goes live on iOS|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/after-months-long-wait-battlegrounds-mobile-india-goes-live-on-ios/2313234/|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023022633/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/after-months-long-wait-battlegrounds-mobile-india-goes-live-on-ios/2313234/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=3 July 2021|title=Krafton officially launches Battlegrounds Mobile in India to repeat PUBG success|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/krafton-officially-launches-battlegrounds-mobile-in-india-to-repeat-pubg-success/articleshow/84060665.cms?from=mdr|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023021130/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/krafton-officially-launches-battlegrounds-mobile-in-india-to-repeat-pubg-success/articleshow/84060665.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>|publisher=[[ক্ৰাফ্টন]]|director=ছীন হিউনিল ছ’ন|producer=|designer=|engine=[[আনৰিয়েল ইঞ্জিন ৪]]|platform={{Ubl|[[এণ্ড্ৰইড]]|[[আইঅ’এছ]]|[[আইপেডঅ’এছ]]}}|composer=[[টম্ ছাল্টা]]|release={{Ubl|'''এণ্ড্ৰইড'''|২ জুলাই ২০২১|'''আইঅ’এছ/আইপেডঅ’এছ'''|১৮ আগষ্ট ২০২১}}|genre=[[বেটেল ৰয়াল গে’ম|বেটেল ৰয়াল]]|modes=[[মাল্টিপ্লেয়াৰ]]|series=[[পাব্জী ইউনিভাৰ্ছ]]<ref>{{cite web |title=List of games in PUBG Universe |url=https://pubg-universe.com/en/games |website=pubg-universe.com |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920211915/https://pubg-universe.com/en/games |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fenlon |first1=Wes |title=PUBG Universe, PUBG is called PUBG: Battlegrounds now? |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/hold-up-pubg-is-called-pubg-battlegrounds-now/ |website=PC Gamer |date=8 August 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229140113/https://www.pcgamer.com/hold-up-pubg-is-called-pubg-battlegrounds-now/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} '''''বেটেলগ্ৰাউণ্ড্‌ছ ম’বাইল ইণ্ডিয়া''''' ({{Lang-en|Battlegrounds Mobile India}}; চমুকৈ '''বিজিএমআই''', '''BGMI'''),<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 May 2021|title=Battlegrounds Mobile India launch: Get BGMI Early Access file; also check APK+OBB download links|work=[[Zee Business]]|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/technology/apps/news-battlegrounds-mobile-india-download-how-to-download-bgmi-early-access-file-also-check-apkobb-download-links-158874|access-date=21 May 2021|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203157/https://www.zeebiz.com/technology/apps/news-battlegrounds-mobile-india-download-how-to-download-bgmi-early-access-file-also-check-apkobb-download-links-158874}}</ref> বা পূৰ্বৰ '''''পাব্জি ম’বাইল ইণ্ডিয়া'''''<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 November 2020|title=PUBG Mobile India relaunch: Reactions from the gaming community|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gaming/pubg-mobile-india-comeback-public-reaction-7051051/|access-date=21 May 2021|archivedate=5 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205230651/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gaming/pubg-mobile-india-comeback-public-reaction-7051051/}}</ref> হৈছে ভাৰতত উপলভ্য পাব্জি ম’বাইলৰ এটা সংস্কৰণ।<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 May 2021|title=PUBG Mobile officially renamed as Battlegrounds Mobile India, website goes live|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/pubg-mobile-officially-renamed-as-battlegrounds-mobile-india-website-goes-live/articleshow/82428060.cms|access-date=30 June 2021|archivedate=9 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/pubg-mobile-officially-renamed-as-battlegrounds-mobile-india-website-goes-live/articleshow/82428060.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=6 May 2021|title=Battlegrounds Mobile India will replace PUBG Mobile in India, KRAFTON officially unveils the logo|work=[[Firstpost]]|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/gaming/battlegrounds-mobile-india-will-replace-pubg-mobile-in-india-krafton-officially-unveils-the-logo-9596971.html|access-date=18 June 2021|archivedate=28 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628090847/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/gaming/battlegrounds-mobile-india-will-replace-pubg-mobile-in-india-krafton-officially-unveils-the-logo-9596971.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=6 May 2021|title=PUBG Mobile's parent company announces launch of Battlegrounds Mobile India|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/pubg-mobiles-parent-company-announces-launch-of-battlegrounds-mobile-india/story/438414.html|access-date=18 June 2021|archivedate=14 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614132136/https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/pubg-mobiles-parent-company-announces-launch-of-battlegrounds-mobile-india/story/438414.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 May 2021|title=Krafton announces PUBG Mobile to return as 'Battlegrounds Mobile India'; registrations to open soon|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gaming/pubg-mobile-returns-to-india-developer-krafton-announced-battlegrounds-mobile-india-a-new-game-that-looks-a-lot-like-pubg-7304100/|access-date=18 June 2021|archivedate=8 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508020330/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gaming/pubg-mobile-returns-to-india-developer-krafton-announced-battlegrounds-mobile-india-a-new-game-that-looks-a-lot-like-pubg-7304100/}}</ref> ই [[ক্ৰাফ্টন]] কোম্পানীৰ এটা অনলাইন মাল্টিপ্লেয়াৰ বেটেল ৰয়াল গে’ম।<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|date=2 July 2021|title=Battlegrounds Mobile India officially launched in India: Launch details, in-game content, free rewards and more|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/battlegrounds-mobile-india-officially-launched-in-india-launch-details-in-game-content-free-rewards-and-more/articleshow/84056014.cms|access-date=2 July 2021|archivedate=22 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722022214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/battlegrounds-mobile-india-officially-launched-in-india-launch-details-in-game-content-free-rewards-and-more/articleshow/84056014.cms}}</ref> এই গে’মটো প্ৰথমে ২ জুলাই ২০২১ তাৰিখে [[এণ্ড্ৰইড]] ডিভাইচৰ বাবে<ref name=":12" /> আৰু ১৮ আগষ্টত [[আইঅ’এছ]] ডিভাইচৰ বাবে মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল। ক্ৰাফ্টন ই‌ণ্ডিয় ইস্প’ৰ্ট‌ছে এবছৰত দুখনকৈ আনুষ্ঠানিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত কৰে। প্ৰথমটো হৈছে বিজিএমআই ইণ্ডিয়া ছিৰীজ বা বিজিআইএছ আৰু দ্বিতীয়টো হৈছে বিজিএমআই প্ৰ’ ছিৰীজ বা বিএমপিএছ। ২০২২ চনৰ জুলাই মাহলৈকে ''বিজিএমআই''-এ [[গুগল প্লে’]] ষ্ট’ৰত 156 মিলিয়ন ডাউনল’ড অতিক্ৰম কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 July 2022|title=Battlegrounds Mobile India clocks 100 million users, completes one year in India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gaming/battlegrounds-mobile-india-clocks-100-million-users-completes-one-year-in-india-8003566/|accessdate=30 July 2022|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archivedate=7 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207093831/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gaming/battlegrounds-mobile-india-clocks-100-million-users-completes-one-year-in-india-8003566/}}</ref> [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ|ভাৰত চৰকাৰে]] ২০২২ চনৰ ২৮ জুলাইত ভাৰতত এই গে’মটো নিষিদ্ধ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=BGMI banned in India over 'data sharing' concerns: Report|work=www.livemint.com|date=29 July 2022|url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/apps/bgmi-banned-in-india-what-indian-government-s-latest-order-says-11659069329227.html|accessdate=27 May 2023|archivedate=31 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131125746/https://www.livemint.com/technology/apps/bgmi-banned-in-india-what-indian-government-s-latest-order-says-11659069329227.html}}</ref> ক্ৰাফ্টনে প্ৰকাশ কৰা এক বিবৃতি অনুসৰি, ২৬ মে’,২০২৩ তাৰিখে এই নিষেধাজ্ঞা আঁতৰোৱা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=TN Tech|title=Battlegrounds Mobile India (BGMI) Now Available for Preload: Gameplay Set to Start From Monday|work=TimesNow|date=27 May 2023|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/battlegrounds-mobile-india-bgmi-now-available-for-preload-gameplay-set-to-start-from-monday-article-100543708|accessdate=27 May 2023|archivedate=27 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527051609/https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/battlegrounds-mobile-india-bgmi-now-available-for-preload-gameplay-set-to-start-from-monday-article-100543708}}</ref> == গে’মপ্লে’ == ''বেটেলগ্ৰাউণ্ড্‌ছ ম’বাইল ইণ্ডিয়া'' হৈছে এটা বেটেল ৰয়াল গে’ম য’ত ১০০গৰাকী খেলুৱৈৰ মাজত প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। খেলুৱৈসকলে অকলশৰে বা চাৰিগৰাকী পৰ্যন্ত খেলুৱৈৰ দল হিচাপে গে’মত সোমাব পাৰে। প্ৰত্যেক মেট্‌চৰ আৰম্ভণিত খেলুৱৈসকলে এখন বিমানৰ পৰা সাতখন মানচিত্ৰৰ কোনো এখনত পেৰাচ্যুটেৰে অৱতৰণ কৰে। প্ৰতিটো ৰাউণ্ডতে মানচিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত বিমানখনৰ উৰণৰ পথ সলনি হয় আৰু খেলুৱৈসকলে পেৰাচ্যুটেৰে তললৈ নমাৰ সৰ্বোত্তম সময় দ্ৰুততাৰে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিবলগীয়া হয়। খেলুৱৈসকলৰ হাতত আৰম্ভণিত কোনো সা-সঁজুলি নাথাকে, অৱশ্য কিছুমান স্বনিৰ্বাচিত কানি-কাপোৰ থাকে যাৰ দ্বাৰা গে’মপ্লে’ত কোনো প্ৰভাৱ নপৰে। মাটিত অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ পাছত খেলুৱৈসকলে বিভিন্ন অট্টালিকা, পৰিত্যক্ত চহৰ আদিৰ পৰা অস্ত্ৰ, বাহন, ঢাল আদি বিচাৰি ল’ব পাৰে। খেলৰ আৰম্ভণিত এইবোৰ পদ্ধতিগতভাৱে বিতৰণ কৰা হয় আৰু উচ্চ বিপদাশংকা থকা অঞ্চলবোৰত উন্নতমানৰ সা-সঁজুলি পোৱা যায়। মৰি যোৱা খেলুৱৈৰ সা-সঁজুলি অন্য খেলুৱৈয়ে সংগ্ৰহ কৰিব পাৰে। খেলুৱৈসকলে ফাৰ্ষ্ট-পাৰ্ছন বা থাৰ্ড-পাৰ্ছন দৃষ্টিকোণেৰে খেলিব পাৰে, য’ত যুদ্ধ আৰু পৰিস্থিতি-সম্বন্ধীয় সচেতনতাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত দুয়োৰে নিজ-নিজ সুবিধা-অসুবিধা থাকে। কেইমিনিটমানৰ মূৰে-মূৰে মানচিত্ৰখনৰ খেলিবপৰা অঞ্চল এক যাদৃচ্ছিক অৱস্থানৰ ফালে সংকুচিত হৈ গৈ থাকে, য’ত সুৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ বাহিৰত ধৰা পৰা খেলুৱৈৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে ক্ষতি হয় আৰু সময় থাকোঁতে সুৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলত নোসোমালে মৰি যায়; গে’মত সীমাটো এটা উজ্জ্বল নীলা দেৱালৰ নিচিনা দেখা যায় যি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে সংকুচিত হৈ গৈ থাকে। ইয়াৰ ফলত মানচিত্ৰ সীমাবদ্ধ হৈ গৈ থাকে আৰু শত্ৰুৰ লগত মুখামুখি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বৃদ্ধি পায়। মেট্‌চৰ সময়ছোৱাত মানচিত্ৰখনৰ যাদৃচ্ছিক অঞ্চলত ৰঙা চিন ওলায় আৰু সেই অঞ্চলত বোমা-বৃষ্টি হয়, যি সেই অঞ্চলত থকা খেলুৱৈসকলৰ বাবে ভীতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। দুয়োটা ক্ষেত্ৰতে খেলুৱৈসকলক কেইমিনিটমান আগতেই সতৰ্ক কৰি দিয়া হয়, যাৰ দ্বাৰা তেওঁলোকে সুৰক্ষিত স্থানলৈ যাবলৈ সময় পায়। এখন বিমান মাজে-সময়ে খেলিবপৰা মানচিত্ৰৰ বিভিন্ন অংশৰ ওপৰেদি যাদৃচ্ছিকভাৱে বা য’তেই খেলুৱৈয়ে ফ্লেয়াৰ গান ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে তালৈকে উৰি আহে আৰু এটা লুট পেকেজ পেলাই থৈ যায় য’ত এনে কিছুমান সা-সঁজুলি থাকে যি সাধাৰণতে গে’মত পোৱা নাযায়। এই পেকেজবোৰৰ পৰা বৰকৈ চকুত-পৰা ৰঙা বা হালধীয়া ধোঁৱা ওলায়, যি আগ্ৰহী খেলুৱৈসকলক আকৰ্ষিত কৰে আৰু ফলত অতিৰিক্ত সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰাউণ্ডত প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিট সময় লাগে। == বিকাশ == ২০২০ চনৰ ২ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 September 2020|title=PUBG Ban: PUBG Mobile is Still Working in India After Ministry Bans The Game|work=India.com News|url=https://www.india.com/technology/pubg-ban-pubg-mobile-is-still-working-in-india-after-ministry-ban-the-game-4133856/|access-date=21 June 2021|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624223938/https://www.india.com/technology/pubg-ban-pubg-mobile-is-still-working-in-india-after-ministry-ban-the-game-4133856/}}</ref> [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ [[ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক্স আৰু তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তি মন্ত্ৰালয় (ভাৰত)|ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক্স আৰু তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তি মন্ত্ৰালয়ে]] [[তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তি আইন ২০০০|তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তি আইন, ২০০০]]-ৰ ধাৰা ৬৯A-ৰ অধীনত ভাৰতৰ সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব, অখণ্ডতা, প্ৰতিৰক্ষা, ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ নিৰাপত্তা আৰু জনশৃংখলাৰ প্ৰতি ভাবুকিস্বৰূপ আৰু ক্ষতিকাৰক কাৰ্য্যকলাপৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি ১১৭টা চীনা এপ্লিকেশ্যন-সহ পাব্জি ম’বাইল নিষিদ্ধ কৰে।<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=5 September 2020|title=PUBG Mobile, 117 Chinese apps banned in India: Check the full list|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/india-bans-pubg-mobile-116-chinese-apps-full-list-6580365/|access-date=21 June 2021|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202439/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/india-bans-pubg-mobile-116-chinese-apps-full-list-6580365/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=3 September 2020|title=PUBG Mobile ban: Here's why the Indian government blocked the game|work=HT Tech|url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/gaming/news/pubg-mobile-ban-here-s-why-the-indian-government-blocked-the-game-71599133987192.html|access-date=21 June 2021|archivedate=19 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619132650/https://tech.hindustantimes.com/gaming/news/pubg-mobile-ban-here-s-why-the-indian-government-blocked-the-game-71599133987192.html}}</ref> ২০২০ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল যে ''পাব্জি ম’বাইল ই‌ণ্ডিয়া'' নামেৰে ভাৰতত ''পাব্জি ম’বাইল'' পুনৰ মুকলি কৰা হ’ব৷<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 November 2020|title=PUBG Mobile coming back to India: Here's everything you need to know|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gaming/pubg-mobile-india-to-launch-soon-7049047/|access-date=21 June 2021|archivedate=16 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416052208/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gaming/pubg-mobile-india-to-launch-soon-7049047/}}</ref> ২০২০ চনৰ ২৪ নৱেম্বৰত ''[[দ্য টাইম্‌ছ অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া]]''ই প্ৰকাশ কৰা অনুসৰি ভাৰতত ''পাব্জি ম’বাইল'' পুনৰ মুকলি কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে পাব্জি ষ্টুডিঅ’ছ আৰু [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]]ৰ ভিডিঅ’ গে’ম কোম্পানী [[ক্ৰাফ্টন|ক্ৰাফ্টনে]] ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ [[ক’ৰ্পৰেট পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰালয়]]ৰ অধীনত পাব্জি ই‌ণ্ডিয়া প্ৰাইভেট লিমিটেডৰ পঞ্জীয়ন কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-24|title=PUBG India is now a registered company in India; do pre-registration to download PUBG mobile this way|url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-pubg-india-is-now-a-registered-company-in-india-do-pre-registration-to-download-pubg-mobile-this-way-141668|accessdate=2022-05-10|work=Zee Business|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202027/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-pubg-india-is-now-a-registered-company-in-india-do-pre-registration-to-download-pubg-mobile-this-way-141668}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=24 November 2020|title=Government approves PUBG India company registration; PUBG Mobile game to relaunch soon|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/government-approves-pubg-india-company-registration-pubg-mobile-game-to-relaunch-soon/articleshow/79390939.cms|access-date=21 June 2021|archivedate=26 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626170041/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/government-approves-pubg-india-company-registration-pubg-mobile-game-to-relaunch-soon/articleshow/79390939.cms}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ মে’ মাহত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল যে ভাৰতীয় গে’মিং বজাৰত সোমাবলৈ ''পাব্জি ম’বাইলক'' ''বেটেলগ্ৰাউণ্ড্‌ছ ম’বাইল ইণ্ডিয়া'' হিচাপে ৰিব্ৰেণ্ড কৰা হ’ব।<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dogra|first=Sarthak|date=5 May 2021|title=PUBG Mobile may return as Battlegrounds Mobile India, here is what to expect|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/pubg-mobile-may-return-as-battlegrounds-mobile-india-here-is-what-to-expect-1799120-2021-05-05|access-date=21 June 2021|archivedate=25 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425205649/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/pubg-mobile-may-return-as-battlegrounds-mobile-india-here-is-what-to-expect-1799120-2021-05-05}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পাছত ২০২১ চনৰ ৭ মে’ত ''দ্য ইণ্ডিয়ান এক্সপ্ৰেছে'' প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে ক্ৰাফ্টনে এটা প্ৰেছ বিবৃতিত নিশ্চিত কৰিছে যে তেওঁলোকে ''পাব্জি ম’বাইল''ৰ দৰে গে’ম ''বেটেলগ্ৰাউণ্ড্‌ছ ম’বাইল ইণ্ডিয়া'' মুকলি কৰিবলৈ ওলাইছে।<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 May 2021|title=Krafton announces PUBG Mobile to return as 'Battlegrounds Mobile India'; registrations to open soon|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gaming/pubg-mobile-returns-to-india-developer-krafton-announced-battlegrounds-mobile-india-a-new-game-that-looks-a-lot-like-pubg-7304100/|access-date=21 June 2021|archivedate=8 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508020330/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gaming/pubg-mobile-returns-to-india-developer-krafton-announced-battlegrounds-mobile-india-a-new-game-that-looks-a-lot-like-pubg-7304100/}}</ref> == মুক্তিলাভ == ২০২১ চনৰ ৬ মে’ত এই গে’মৰ ঘোষণা কৰা হয়।<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=6 May 2021|title=Wait over? PUBG Mobile India aka Battlegrounds Mobile India may arrive as early as this month|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/wait-over-pubg-mobile-india-aka-battlegrounds-mobile-india-may-arrive-as-early-as-this-month-1799399-2021-05-06|access-date=18 June 2021|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201702/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/wait-over-pubg-mobile-india-aka-battlegrounds-mobile-india-may-arrive-as-early-as-this-month-1799399-2021-05-06}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=6 May 2021|title=Krafton announces launch of Battlegrounds Mobile India, logo revealed|work=[[India TV]]|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/technology/news-pubg-mobile-india-launching-as-battlegrounds-mobile-india-logo-revealed-702837|access-date=18 June 2021|archivedate=12 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612121400/https://www.indiatvnews.com/technology/news-pubg-mobile-india-launching-as-battlegrounds-mobile-india-logo-revealed-702837}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৮ মে’ৰ পৰা [[এণ্ড্ৰইড]] ব্যৱহাৰকাৰীৰ বাবে গে’মটোৰ প্ৰি-ৰেজিষ্ট্ৰেশ্যন আৰম্ভ হয়<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=18 May 2021|title=Battlegrounds Mobile India is now open for pre-registration on Google Play Store|work=[[Firstpost]]|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/battlegrounds-mobile-india-is-now-open-for-pre-registration-on-google-play-store-9621001.html|access-date=18 June 2021|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200441/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/battlegrounds-mobile-india-is-now-open-for-pre-registration-on-google-play-store-9621001.html}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=18 May 2021|title=Battlegrounds Mobile India pre-registration to begin TODAY: Things to know|work=[[DNA India]]|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/gaming/report-pubg-mobile-india-latest-update-2021-pubg-mobile-publisher-krafton-battlegrounds-mobile-india-pre-registration-to-start-on-18-may-5-thing-to-keep-in-mind-2890766|access-date=18 June 2021|archivedate=20 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520032303/https://www.dnaindia.com/gaming/report-pubg-mobile-india-latest-update-2021-pubg-mobile-publisher-krafton-battlegrounds-mobile-india-pre-registration-to-start-on-18-may-5-thing-to-keep-in-mind-2890766}}</ref> আৰু গে’মটোৰ আৰ্লী এক্সেছ বিটা সংস্কৰণ ১৭ জুন ২০২১ তাৰিখে কেৱল [[এণ্ড্ৰইড]] ব্যৱহাৰকাৰীৰ বাবে মুকলি কৰা হয়।<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=17 June 2021|title=Battlegrounds Mobile India now available to download as early access on Google Play|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/battlegrounds-mobile-india-now-available-to-download-as-early-access-on-google-play-1815869-2021-06-17|access-date=18 June 2021|archivedate=18 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618091034/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/battlegrounds-mobile-india-now-available-to-download-as-early-access-on-google-play-1815869-2021-06-17}}</ref> এই গে’মটো ২০২১ চনৰ ২ জুলাই তাৰিখে [[এণ্ড্ৰইড]] ডিভাইচৰ বাবে<ref name=":12" /> আৰু ১৮ আগষ্ট ২০২১ তাৰিখে আইঅ’এছ ডিভাইচৰ বাবে মুকলি কৰা হয়।<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|date=18 August 2021|title=Battlegrounds Mobile India is now available on iOS: Download details, rewards and more|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/battlegrounds-mobile-india-is-now-available-on-ios-download-details-rewards-and-more/articleshow/85421550.cms|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909184722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/battlegrounds-mobile-india-is-now-available-on-ios-download-details-rewards-and-more/articleshow/85421550.cms|archivedate=9 September 2021|access-date=18 August 2021|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ম’বাইল গে’ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় গে’ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বেটেল ৰয়াল গে’ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মাল্টিপ্লেয়াৰ ভিডিঅ’ গে’ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভিডিঅ' গেম]] svdppzqs2qh65awwujrgkseykh46gt0 জাহান্নাম 0 108468 453215 448017 2024-12-10T05:52:41Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Islamic concept of hell and punishment of sinners after death}}{{অনুবাদ}} [[চিত্ৰ:Muhammad_visits_Hell_-_from_the_Miraj_Nameh.jpg|thumb|[[মুহাম্মাদ|মুহাম্মাদে]] জাহান্নাম ভ্ৰমণ কৰাৰ চিত্ৰ; মিৰাজ নামেহৰ পৰা শিল্পকৰ্ম।]] [[ইছলাম|ইছলামত]] '''জাহান্নাম''' হৈছে পৰলোক বা [[নৰক]]ত [[কাফিৰ]] আৰু দুষ্টকৰ্মীৰ শাস্তি দিয়া স্থান।<ref name="ETISN2009:401">[[জাহান্নাম#ETISN2009|Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009]]: p.401</ref> এই ধাৰণাটো ইছলামিক ধৰ্মতত্ত্বৰ এক অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংগ,<ref name="ETISN2009:401" /> আৰু ই [[মুছলমান]] বিশ্বাসত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান দখল কৰিছে।<ref name="CLLHiIT2016:3">[[জাহান্নাম#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.3</ref> ইয়াক প্ৰায়ে জাহান্নামৰ সঠিক নামেৰে কোৱা হয়।{{Efn|{{lang-ar|جهنم}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|jahannam}}, but other names include "the fire" {{script|Arab|[[wikt:النار#Arabic|النار]]}}, ''al-nar'',<ref name="IDT">{{cite web |title=Islamic Terminology |url=http://islamic-dictionary.tumblr.com/post/4725662151/an-nar-arabic-literally-means-fire-but |access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> "blazing fire" {{script|Arab|[[wikt:جحيم#Arabic|جحيم]]}}, ''jaheem'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surah Al-Baqarah – 119|url=https://quran.com/2/119|access-date=2021-08-24|website=quran.com}}</ref> "that which breaks to pieces" {{script|Arab|[[wikt:حطم#Arabic|حطمة]]}} ''hutamah'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surah Al-Humazah – 4|url=https://quran.com/104/4|access-date=2021-08-24|website=quran.com}}</ref> "the abyss" {{script|Arab|[[wikt:هاوية#Arabic|هاوية]]}}, ''haawiyah'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surah Al-Qari'ah – 9|url=https://quran.com/101/9|access-date=2021-08-24|website=quran.com}}</ref> "the blaze" {{script|Arab|[[wikt:سعير#Arabic|سعير]]}}, ''sa’eer'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surah Al-Mulk – 5|url=https://quran.com/67/5|access-date=2021-08-24|website=quran.com}}</ref> "place of burning" {{script|Arab|[[wikt:سقر#Arabic|سقر]]}} ''Saqar'', which are also often used as the names of different gates to [[hell]].<ref name=rustomji-119>{{cite book |last1=Rustomji |first1=Nerina|title=The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press |pages=Shabob118–9 |isbn=9780231140850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVasAgAAQBAJ&q=Al-Ghazali+on+jahannam&pg=PT143 |access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref>}} কিন্তু "জাহান্নাম" একেসময়তে বিশেষভাৱে নৰকৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ স্তৰৰ বাবে এটা শব্দ। ইছলামিক মতবাদত জাহান্নামৰ গুৰুত্ব হ'ল যে ই [[কিয়ামত|কিয়ামত]]ৰ দিনৰ এক অপৰিহাৰ্য উপাদান, যিটো বিশ্বাসৰ ছটা অনুচ্ছেদৰ ভিতৰত এটা ([[আল্লাহ]], [[ফৰিষ্টা]], [[আচমানী কিতাপ|কিতাব]], [[নবী]], [[কিয়ামত|কিয়ামতৰ দিন]], আৰু [[ফৰজ|আদেশ]]) "দ্বাৰা" যিটো মুছলমান বিশ্বাস পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে সংজ্ঞায়িত কৰা হৈছে।"<ref name="ETISN2009:401" /> নৰকত শাস্তি আৰু দুখ-কষ্ট, মূলসুঁতিৰ ইছলামত, শাৰীৰিক, মানসিক আৰু আধ্যাত্মিক, আৰু নিন্দা কৰা ব্যক্তিৰ পাপ অনুসৰি ভিন্ন হয়।<ref name="idiot">{{cite book|last1=Emerick|first1=Yahiya|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Islam|date=2011|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9781101558812|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6LQJWalzQkC&q=hell+in+islam&pg=PT97}}</ref><ref>Tom Fulks, ''Heresy? The Five Lost Commandments'', Strategic Book Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-609-11406-0}} p. 74</ref> কোৰআনত বৰ্ণনা কৰা ইয়াৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু ভয়ানকতা প্ৰায়ে [[জান্নাত|জান্নাহ]] (জান্নাত)ৰ আনন্দ আৰু আনন্দৰ সমান্তৰাল।<ref name="ETISN2009:405">[[জাহান্নাম#ETISN2009|Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009]]: p.405</ref><ref name="JISYYHIU1981:86">[[জাহান্নাম#JISYYHIU1981|Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 1981]]: p.86</ref> সাধাৰণতে মুছলমানসকলে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে নৰকত বন্দী হোৱাটো মুছলমানৰ বাবে সাময়িক কিন্তু আনৰ বাবে নহয়,<ref name="ReferenceA">A F Klein ''Religion Of Islam'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-09954-0}} page 92</ref>{{#tag:ref|"One should note there was a near consensus among Muslim theologians of the later periods that punishment for Muslim grave sinners would only be temporary; eventually after a purgatory sojourn in hell's top layer they would be admitted into paradise."<ref name=CLLHiIT2016:7>[[#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.7</ref>|group=Note}} আৰু মুছলমান পণ্ডিতসকলৰ মাজত মতানৈক্য আছে যে নৰক নিজেই অনন্তকাললৈকে থাকিব নেকি (গৰিষ্ঠসংখ্যকৰ মতে),<ref name="Islamic Traditions p. 12 w/quote">{{cite book|first1=Christian|last1=Lange|title=Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions|chapter=Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies|year=2016|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-30121-4|page=12|jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7|quote=5 While, as noted above, some theologians held that only paradise was eternal, while Hell would eventually perish ( fanāʾ al-nār), the majority agreed that Hell too was eternal unto eternity, that is, a parte post (abad) (cf. Q 4:169, 5:119, passim)}}</ref><ref name="religion-quote">{{cite web|title=A Description of Hellfire (part 1 of 5): An Introduction|url=http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/344/|website=Religion of Islam|access-date=23 December 2014|quote=No one will come out of Hell except sinful believers who believed in the Oneness of God in this life and believed in the specific prophet sent to them (before the coming of Muhammad).}}</ref> বা আল্লাহৰ দয়াই অৱশেষত ইয়াক নিৰ্মূল কৰিব নেকি?<ref name="ETISN2009:413">[[জাহান্নাম#ETISN2009|Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009]]: p.413</ref> মুছলমানসকলৰ মাজত সাধাৰণ বিশ্বাস যে জাহান্নাম কালজগতৰ সৈতে সহাৱস্থান কৰে, ঠিক জান্নাতৰ দৰেই<ref name="Islamic Traditions p. 12">{{cite book|first1=Christian|last1=Lange|title=Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions|chapter=Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies|year=2016|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-30121-4|page=12|jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7}}</ref> (বিচাৰ দিনৰ পিছত সৃষ্টি হোৱাতকৈ)। ইছলামিক সাহিত্যৰ বিভিন্ন উৎসৰ দ্বাৰা নৰকক শাৰীৰিকভাৱে বিভিন্ন ধৰণে বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে ই আকাৰত বিশাল,<ref name="discover">{{cite web|last1=Elias|first1=Afzal Hoosen|title=Conditions and Stages of Jahannam (Hell)|url=http://www.discoveringislam.org/jahannam.pdf|website=discoveringIslam.org|access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="500-years">Qurṭubī, ''Tadhkira'', 93; quoted in [[জাহান্নাম#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.14</ref> আৰু জান্নাতৰ তলত অৱস্থিত।<ref name="AYAli-7:50">{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Abdullah Yusuf|title=The Qur'an|year=2001|publisher=Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an, Inc.|location=Elmhurst, New York|pages=353–4}}</ref> ইয়াৰ সাতটা স্তৰ আছে, প্ৰতিটো স্তৰ ইয়াৰ ওপৰৰ স্তৰতকৈ অধিক গুৰুতৰ, কিন্তু ইয়াক এটা বিশাল গাঁত বুলিও কোৱা হয়,<ref name="RFIBA">{{cite web|title=Islamic Beliefs about the Afterlife|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs/afterlife.htm|access-date=23 December 2014|website=Religion Facts}}</ref><ref>Q.15:44</ref><ref name="ETISN2009:407">[[জাহান্নাম#ETISN2009|Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009]]: p.407 যাৰ ওপৰেৰে আছ-চিৰাটৰ দলংখন পাৰ হৈ পুনৰুত্থান হোৱা লোকসকলে খোজ কাঢ়ে।<ref name="Bukhārī p.12">Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ, k. al-riqāq 52; Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ, k. al-īmān 299; quoted in |Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.12</ref> ইয়াত ঘৃণনীয় তৰল পদাৰ্থৰে ভৰা পাহাৰ, নদী, উপত্যকা আৰু "আনকি সাগৰ" আছে বুলি কোৱা হয়;<ref name="CLLHiIT2016:15">[[জাহান্নাম#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.15</ref> আৰু লগতে খোজ কাঢ়িব পৰা (লজ্জাঘৰেৰে নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত),<ref name="reins-Qurtubi">{{cite book|author1=Ford, Khadija|author2=Reda Bedeir|title=Paradise and Hell-fire in Imâm Al-Qurtubî|year=1425|publisher=Dar Al-Manarah|location=El-Mansoura Egypt}}</ref> আৰু প্ৰশ্ন কৰিব পৰা,<ref name="qaf-50:30-AYAli">{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Abdullah Yusuf|title=The Meaning of the Glorious Qur'an|year=n.d.|publisher=Dar al-Kitab|volume=2|location=Cairo Egypt|pages=1415}}</ref> বহুখিনি জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাৰ দৰেই। == উৎসসমূহ == === প্ৰাক-ইছলামিক: হিব্ৰু বাইবেল, নতুন নিয়ম আৰু বেবিলনীয় তালমুদ === {{Main|বাইবেল আৰু কোৰআনৰ আখ্যান}} [[চিত্ৰ:Ge-Hinnom.jpg|thumb|225x225px|হিনোমৰ উপত্যকা (বা গেহেন্না), গ. ১৯০০ চনত পূৰ্বৰ শিশুবলিদানৰ স্থান আৰু মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিয়া অপৰাধীৰ মৃতদেহৰ বাবে ডাম্পিং কৰা ঠাই হিচাপে যিৰিমিয়াই ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণী কৰিছিল যে ই "বধ উপত্যকা" আৰু কবৰস্থান হ'ব; পিছৰ সাহিত্যত ইয়াক এইদৰে নৰকক দুষ্টসকলক শাস্তি দিয়া ঠাই হিচাপে লৈ এক নতুন ধাৰণাৰে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{harvnb|Berlin|2011|p=285}}</ref>]] হিব্ৰু বাইবেলত, গেই-হিনোম বা গেই-বেন-হিনোম, "হিনোমৰ [পুত্ৰৰ] উপত্যকা" হৈছে [[জেৰুজালেম]]ৰ এটা অভিশপ্ত উপত্যকা য'ত শিশু বলিদান কৰা হৈছিল। নীতিগত শুভবাৰ্তাত [[যীশু]]ৱে গেহেন্নাৰ বিষয়ে "য'ত কৃমি কেতিয়াও মৰি নাযায় আৰু জুই কেতিয়াও নুমুৱাব নোৱাৰে" বুলি কৈছে। ([[s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#9:48|মাৰ্ক ৯:৪৮ পদ]])। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২য় শতিকাৰ আশে-পাশে লিখা ৪ এজ্ৰাৰ এপক্ৰিফাল কিতাপখনত গেহিনমক শাস্তিৰ অতিক্ৰমণীয় স্থান হিচাপে দেখা গৈছে। এই পৰিৱৰ্তন প্ৰায় ৫০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত লিখা বেবিলনৰ তালমুদত সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bernstein|first=Alan E.|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1qv5q7k|title=Hell and Its Rivals: Death and Retribution among Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Early Middle Ages|date=2017|publisher=Cornell University Press|edition=1|jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1qv5q7k}}</ref> ভাবিব পাৰি যে ইছলামত নৰকৰ আখ্যান বহুলাংশে গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে মানৱ বলিদানক [[জুই]]ৰ ওপৰত পাছ কৰি বা মলকক জ্বলাই দিয়া, যিটো তওৰাতে গেহেনাত সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে (যিৰিমিয়া ৭; ৩২–৩৫)। গেহেন্নাই নিজৰ নাম জাহান্নামক<ref>Richard P. Taylor (2000). ''Death and the Afterlife: A Cultural Encyclopedia.'' "JAHANNAM From the Hebrew ge-hinnom, which refers to a valley outside Jerusalem, Jahannam is the Islamic word for hell."</ref> দিয়াৰ সময়তে প্ৰসাদৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জুই নৰকলৈ পৰিণত হয় আৰু মোলেক কোৰআনৰ আখ্যানত জাহান্নামৰ ৰক্ষক মালিকলৈ পৰিণত হয়। (কোৰআন.৪৩:৭৭)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/foreignvocabular030753mbp/foreignvocabular030753mbp_djvu.txt|title=The Foreign Vocabulary of the Quran|date=1938|publisher=Oriental Institute Barods}}</ref> === কোৰআন === আইনাৰ থমাচেনৰ মতে মুছলমানসকলে জাহান্নামৰ বিষয়ে কেনেকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰে আৰু চিন্তা কৰে তাৰ বহুখিনি কোৰআনৰ পৰাই আহিছে। তেওঁ বিভিন্ন নাম ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি তাত জাহান্নমৰ প্ৰায় ৫০০ টা উল্লেখ পাইছিল।<ref name="ETISN2009:402">[[জাহান্নাম#ETISN2009|Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009]]: p.402</ref>{{#tag:ref|Scholars differ on the number of references in the Qur'an. A. Jones counts 92 "significant passages" about Hell and 62 about Paradise,<ref>Jones, ''Paradise and Hell'', 110</ref> while Lange identified about 400 verses "relating, in a meaningful way" to Hell, and about 320 to Paradise.<ref>Lange, ''Paradise and Hell'' chapter 1, (forthcoming),</ref> Other scholars claim Paradise gets "significantly more space" in the Qur'an than Hell.<ref name=CLLHiIT2016:5>[[#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.5</ref>|group=Note}} তলত জাহান্নামৰ বিষয়ে কোৰআনৰ আয়াতসমূহৰ উদাহৰণ দিয়া হ’ল:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://quran.com/78?startingVerse=17|title=Surah An-Naba - 1-40}}</ref> : নিশ্চয় সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱাৰ দিনটো (এটা দিন) নিযুক্ত কৰা হৈছে: যিদিনা শিঙা বজোৱা হ’ব, সেই দিনা তোমালোকে সৈন্যবাহিনীৰে ওলাই আহিবা; আৰু আকাশখন এনেদৰে মুকলি হ’ব যাতে সকলো মুকলি হ’ব; আৰু পৰ্বতবোৰ এনেদৰে আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হ’ব যাতে সেইবোৰ কেৱল আভাস হৈয়েই থাকিব। নিশ্চয় জাহান্নাম অপেক্ষাত আছে, অতিমাত্ৰা লোকৰ বাবে আশ্ৰয়ৰ ঠাই, যুগ যুগ ধৰি তাত বাস কৰা। তাত তেওঁলোকে শীতল সোৱাদ নাপাব আৰু পান নকৰিব কিন্তু উতলা পানী আৰু লেতেৰা, সংশ্লিষ্ট প্ৰতিশোধ হিচাপে। নিশ্চয় তেওঁলোকে হিচাপটোক ভয় কৰা নাছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকে আমাৰ বাৰ্তাবোৰক মিছা বুলি নাকচ কৰিছিল। আৰু আমি সকলো কথা এখন কিতাপত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰিছো, : গতিকে সোৱাদ লওক! কিয়নো আমি তোমালোকক অত্যাচাৰৰ বাহিৰে আন একোতে বৃদ্ধি নকৰো। (কোৰআন ৭৮:১৭–৩০)<ref>Shakir translation, quoted in {{cite journal|last1=Thomassen|first1=Einar|title=Islamic Hell|journal=Numen|date=2009|volume=56|issue=2–3|page=403|doi=10.1163/156852709X405062|jstor=27793798|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27793798|access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:The_tree_'Zaqqum'_and_Jahannam.png|thumb|[[মুহাম্মাদ|মুহাম্মাদে]] জাহান্নামৰ বন্দীসকলক জাহান্নামৰ ৰক্ষক [[ফৰিষ্টা|ফেৰেস্তাৰ]] দ্বাৰা অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, আৰু [[চয়তান]]ৰ মূৰ থকা জাক্কুম গছ দেখুওৱাৰ চিত্ৰ; "ডেভিড সংগ্ৰহ"ৰ পৰা ক্ষুদ্ৰ।]] ওপৰত উল্লেখ কৰা বিভিন্ন শব্দ আৰু বাক্যাংশ যিবোৰে কোৰআনত নৰকক বুজায়, তাৰ ভিতৰত অগ্নি (''নাৰ'') ১২৫ বাৰ, নৰক ('''জাহান্নাম''') ৭৭ বাৰ, আৰু জ্বলন্ত অগ্নি (''জাহিম'') ২৬ বাৰ,<ref name="ItQ">{{cite book|editor1-last=Kaltner|editor1-first=John|title=Introducing the Qur'an: For Today's Reader|date=2011|publisher=Fortress Press|pages=228–9|isbn=9781451411386|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBFKDjJgh9UC&q=jahannam|access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> বা আন এটা গণনাৰ দ্বাৰা ২৩ বাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Islamicity">{{cite web|last1=AMATULLAH|title=Paradise and Hell|url=http://www.islamicity.org/4766/paradise-and-hell/|website=Islamicity|access-date=7 May 2018}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> জাহান্নামক জ্বলন্ত জুইৰ ঠাই বুলি বৰ্ণনা [[কোৰআন]]ৰ প্ৰায় প্ৰতিটো [[আয়াত]]তে জাহান্নামৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="tahrike-21">{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Abdullah Yusuf|title=The Qur'an|year=2001|publisher=Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an, Inc.|location=Elmhurst, New York|pages=21}}</ref> কোৰআনত পোৱা [[জাহাজ]]ৰ বৰ্ণনাৰ এটা সংকলন<ref name="JISYYHIU1981:85-86">[[জাহান্নাম#JISYYHIU1981|Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 1981]]: p.85-86</ref> হৈছে "জুইৰ অত্যাচাৰৰ যথেষ্ট নিৰ্দিষ্ট ইংগিত":<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quran 25:14|url=https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/25:14}}</ref> তীব্ৰ, উতলি থকা [[পানী]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quran 22:19|url=https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.hilali/22:19|access-date=|website=}}</ref> [[জুই|জুইকুৰা]] [[বতাহ]] আৰু ক’লা [[ধোঁৱা]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surah Al-Waqi'ah – 42–43|url=https://quran.com/56/42-43|access-date=2021-08-24|website=quran.com}}</ref> ক্ৰোধত ফাটি যোৱাৰ দৰে গৰ্জন আৰু উতলি থকা।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surah Al-Mulk – 7–8|url=https://quran.com/67/7-8|access-date=2021-08-24|website=quran.com}}</ref> জাহান্নামক [[জান্নাত]]ৰ তলত অৱস্থিত বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে,<ref>verse 7:50 states "The companions of the Fire will call to the Companions of the Garden: 'Pour down to us water or anything that God doth provide'".{{cite quran|7|50|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="AYAli-7:50" /> ইয়াৰ সাতটা দুৱাৰ (দৰ্জা) আছে আৰু পাপীসকলৰ "প্ৰতিটো দুৱাৰৰ বাবে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট দল থাকিব" (কোৰআন ১৫:৪৩–৪৪)।<ref name="Surah Al-Hijr - 43-44" /><ref name="rustomji-119" /><ref name="ETISN2009:407" /> কোৰআনত অন্যায়কাৰীসকলৰ "কৰ্ম অনুসৰি ডিগ্ৰী (বা পদবী)" থকাৰ কথাও উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে,<ref>{{cite quran|6|132|s=ns}}</ref> (যিটোৱে প্ৰতিখন দুৱাৰত থকা "নিৰ্দিষ্ট পক্ষ"ক বুজায় বুলি কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে বিশ্বাস কৰে);<ref name="ItQ" /> আৰু "সাতটা আকাশ ˹তৰপত˺, আৰু একেদৰে পৃথিৱীৰ বাবে" থকাৰ কথা (কোৰআন ৬৫:১২),<ref name="Christian Lange p. 12-13">Christian Lange ''Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions'' BRILL 978-90-04-30121-4 p. 12-13</ref> (যদিও ইয়াৰ পৰা বুজা নাযায় যে পৃথিৱীৰ সাতটা স্তৰ নৰক)। নৰকৰ স্তৰৰ এটা উল্লেখ হ’ল ইয়াৰ একেবাৰে তলত ভণ্ডক পোৱা যাব।<ref name="ItQ" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Quran 4:145|url=https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.hilali/4:145}}</ref> === কাফিৰসকল === থমাচেনৰ মতে, কোৰআনত বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখ কৰাসকল যে তেওঁলোকক জাহান্নামত শাস্তি দিয়া হৈছে, তেওঁলোক "বেছিভাগ সাধাৰণভাৱে" [[কাফিৰ]] (''কাফিৰুন'')। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত [[মুহাম্মাদ]]ৰ সময়ত বাস কৰা লোক, মুশ্বৰিক (''মুশ্বৰিকুন''), বা মূৰ্তি পূজা কৰা মুহাম্মাদৰ শত্ৰু (কোৰআন: ১০:২৪), আৰু "হাৰী হোৱা", বা মুহাম্মাদৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুদ্ধত মৃত্যু হোৱা শত্ৰু (কোৰআন: ২১:৭০), লগতে পাপীৰ বহল শ্ৰেণী: ধৰ্মত্যাগী (''মুৰ্তাদ্দুন''; কোৰআন: ৩:৮৬–৮৭), ভণ্ড (''মুনাফিকুন''; কোৰআন: ৪:১৪০), আত্মসন্তুষ্টি (কোৰআন: ১০:৭–৮, ১৭ :১৮),<ref name="ETISN2009:404">[[জাহান্নাম#ETISN2009|Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", ''Numen'', 56, 2009]]: p.404</ref> [[মুশ্বৰিক]] (''মুশ্বৰিকন''; কোৰআন ৪:৪৮,১১৬), আৰু যিসকলে ইছলামৰ কিছুমান মূল মতবাদত বিশ্বাস নকৰে: যিসকলে কোৰআনৰ ঐশ্বৰিক উৎপত্তিক অস্বীকাৰ কৰে (কোৰআন: ৭৪:১৬–২৬) বা [[কিয়ামত]]ৰ দিনৰ অস্বীকাৰ কৰে। (কোৰআন: ২৫:১১–১৪)।<ref name="ETISN2009:404" /> ==== ডাঙৰ পাপ ==== ইয়াৰ উপৰিও যিসকলে আন মানুহৰ বিৰুদ্ধে গুৰুতৰ অপৰাধমূলক অপৰাধ সংঘটিত কৰিছে: বিশ্বাসীক হত্যা কৰা (কোৰআন: ৪:৯৩, ৩:২১), সুদ খোৱা (কোৰআন: ২:২৭৫), অনাথ শিশুৰ সম্পত্তি ভক্ষণ কৰা (কোৰআন: ৪:১০), আৰু নিন্দা (কোৰআন: ১০৪), বিশেষকৈ এগৰাকী সতী মহিলাৰ নিন্দা কৰা (কোৰআন:২৪:২৩)।<ref name="ETISN2009:405" /> ==== বাইবেল আৰু ঐতিহাসিক ব্যক্তি ==== [[হাদিছ]] আৰু [[কোৰআন]]ত নৰকত কষ্ট পোৱা বা তাত কষ্ট পোৱাৰ নিয়তিত উল্লেখ কৰা কিছুমান বিশিষ্ট ব্যক্তি হ’ল: [[ফেৰাউন]] (Firʿawn; যাত্ৰাৰ ফেৰাউন; কোৰআন:10:90-92), নূহ আৰু লুতৰ পত্নী (কোৰআন: ৬৬–১০), আৰু আবু লাহাব আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী, যিসকল মুহাম্মাদৰ সমসাময়িক আৰু শত্ৰু আছিল (কোৰআন:১১১)।<ref name="surah 111">{{cite web|title=Al-Masad, The Palm Fibre|url=https://quran.com/111|website=quran.com|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> <ref>Ibn Hisham, Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad'' p. 707. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Quran > Ibn-Kathir Al-Qur'an Tafsir > Surah 111. Al-Lahab . Ayah 1|url=https://www.alim.org/quran/tafsir/ibn-kathir/surah/111/1|website=Alim|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> ==== শাস্তি ==== কোৰআনত বৰ্ণনা কৰা নৰকৰ শাস্তিসমূহ "ছালৰ সংবেদন আৰু হজম"ৰ ওপৰত আবদ্ধ হোৱাৰ প্ৰৱণতা থাকে।<ref name="ETISN2009:404" /> ইয়াৰ দুৰ্ভগীয়া বাসিন্দাসকলে হুমুনিয়াহ কাঢ়ে আৰু হাহাকাৰ কৰে,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quran 11:106|url=https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.hilali/11:106}}</ref> তেওঁলোকৰ জ্বলি যোৱা ছালখন অহৰহ নতুন ছালৰ সৈতে বিনিময় কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে যন্ত্ৰণাৰ সোৱাদ নতুনকৈ ল’ব পাৰে,<ref name="Quran 4:56">{{Cite web|title=Quran 4:56|url=https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.hilali/4:56}}</ref> ফুলি উঠা পানী খাব পাৰে আৰু যদিও চাৰিওফালৰ পৰা মৃত্যু দেখা দিয়ে তথাপিও তেওঁলোকে মৰিব নোৱাৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surah Ibrahim – 16–17|url=https://quran.com/14/16-17|access-date=2021-08-24|website=quran.com}}</ref> ৭০ হাতৰ শিকলিৰে একেলগে বান্ধি থোৱা থাকে,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surah Al-Haqqah – 30–32|url=https://quran.com/69/30-32|access-date=2021-08-24|website=quran.com}}</ref> কাপোৰৰ বাবে পিটচ পিন্ধি থাকে আৰু মুখত জুই থাকে,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quran 14:50|url=https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.hilali/14:50}}</ref> মূৰৰ ওপৰত উতলা পানী ঢালি দিয়া হ’ব, ভিতৰৰ লগতে ছালও গলিব, আৰু ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পিছলৈ টানি নিবলৈ লোহাৰ হুক থাকে পলাবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে,<ref name="cite quran|67|7|s=ns">[[Quran 67:7]] {{cite quran|67|7|s=ns}}</ref> আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ অনুশোচনামূলক ভুল স্বীকাৰ কৰা আৰু ক্ষমাৰ বাবে অনুৰোধ কৰাটো অসাৰ।<ref name="ItQ-233">{{cite book|editor1-last=Kaltner|editor1-first=John|title=Introducing the Qur'an: For Today's Reader|date=2011|publisher=Fortress Press|pages=233|isbn=9781451411386|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBFKDjJgh9UC&q=jahannam|access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Surah Ash-Shu'ara - 96-102|url=https://quran.com/26/96-102|access-date=2021-08-24|website=quran.com}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Quran 41:24|url=https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.hilali/41:24}}</ref> কাৰাগাৰৰ লগত নৰকৰ সাদৃশ্য প্ৰবল। বন্দীসকলৰ ডিঙিত শিকলি থাকে (কোৰআন.১৩:৫, ৩৪:৩৩, ৩৬:৮, ৭৬:৪, ইত্যাদি), লোহাৰ হুকেৰে "বান্ধি" থাকে (কোৰআন.২২:২১), আৰু " নিৰ্দয় ফেৰেস্তা" (''জাবানিয়াহ''; কোৰআন ৬৬:৬, ৯৬:১৮)।<ref name="ETISN2009:404" /> ইয়াৰ বন্দীসকল "অনবৰতে" পিয়াহ আৰু ভোকত থাকিব।<ref name="ETISN2009:404" /> ইহঁতৰ তৰল পদাৰ্থৰ ভিতৰত উতলা পানী (কোৰআন ৬:৭০), গলি যোৱা পিতল, আৰু/বা তিতা ঠাণ্ডা, "অপৰিষ্কাৰ, পূজেৰে ভৰা" হ'ব।<ref name="Gwynne 2002:416a">Gwynne, Rosalind W. 2002. "Hell and Hellfire." ''Encyclopaedia of the Quran'', 2: :416a</ref> জুইৰ উপৰিও (কোৰআন ২:১৭৪) ইয়াৰ খাদ্যৰ তিনিটা ভিন্ন অনন্য উৎস আছে: # Ḍari, এবিধ শুকান মৰুভূমিৰ উদ্ভিদ যি কাঁইটেৰে ভৰা আৰু ভোক দূৰ কৰাত বা মানুহক জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাত ব্যৰ্থ হয় ([[Q88:6|কোৰআন ৮৮:৬]]);<ref name="73:13">{{cite quran|73|13|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="86:7">{{cite quran|86|7|s=ns}}</ref><ref name="ItQ-232">{{cite book|editor1-last=Kaltner|editor1-first=John|title=Introducing the Qur'an: For Today's Reader|date=2011|publisher=Fortress Press|pages=232|isbn=9781451411386|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBFKDjJgh9UC&q=jahannam|access-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> # ঘিছলিন, যাৰ কথা মাত্ৰ এবাৰহে উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে (কোৰআন ৬৯:৩৬ত, য'ত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই নৰকত একমাত্ৰ পুষ্টি);<ref name="ItQ-232" /><ref name="39:36">{{cite quran|39|36|s=ns}}</ref> # "নৰকৰ তলৰ পৰা ওলাই অহা" Zaqqum গছৰ পৰা ওলমি থকা [[চয়তান]]ৰ মূৰ।<ref name="ZILQ">{{cite web|last1=Farooqi|first1=M.I.H.|title=Zaqqum in light of the Quran|url=http://www.irfi.org/articles4/articles_5001_6000/zaqqum_in_the_light_of_quran.html|website=Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc.|access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="ItQ" /> (এইবোৰ কথা তিনি<ref name="ItQ-232" /> অথবা চাৰিবাৰ উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে: কোৰআন.17:60 ("অভিশপ্ত গছ" হিচাপে।),<ref name="17:60">{{cite quran|17|60|s=ns}}</ref> কোৰআন.37:62-68,<ref name="37:62">{{cite quran|37|62-68|s=ns}}</ref> কোৰআন.44:43,<ref name="44:43">{{cite quran|44|43|s=ns}}</ref> কোৰআন.56:52.)<ref name="56:52">{{cite quran|56|52|s=ns}}</ref> Psychological torments are humiliation (Q.3:178) and listening to "sighs and sobs". (Q.11:106).<ref name="ETISN2009:404" /> There are at least a couple of indications that physical rather than "spiritual or psychological" punishment predominates in jahannam according to scholars Smith and Haddad. For example, the Quran notes that inmates of jahannam will be denied the pleasure of "gazing on the face of God", but nowhere does it state "that this loss contributed to the agony" the inmates experience. While the Quran describes the regret the inmates express for the deeds that put them in hell, it is "for the consequences" of the deeds "rather than for the actual commission of them".<ref name="JISYYHIU1981:66">[[জাহান্নাম#JISYYHIU1981|Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 1981]]: p.66</ref> === হাদিছ === There are "scores" of [[Hadith|narrations]] or "short narratives traced back to the Prophet or his Companions" from "the third/ninth century onwards", that "greatly elaborate" on the Quranic image of hell.<ref name="CLLHiIT2016:6">[[জাহান্নাম#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.6</ref> ==== সংগঠন, আকাৰ, আৰু প্ৰহৰী ==== Similarly to how the Qur'an speaks of the seven gates of Hell,<ref name="Christian Lange p. 12-13" /> "relatively early" narrations attest that Hell has seven levels. This interpretation became "widespread" in Islam.<ref name="ETISN2009:407" /> The [[As-Sirāt|bridge]] (''ṣirāṭ'') over Hell that all resurrected souls must cross is mentioned in several narrations.<ref name="bridge">{{cite web|title=Sahih al-Bukhari. search of "bridge"|url=https://sunnah.com/search?q=bridge|website=Sunnah.com|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> Some hadith describe the size of hell as enormous. It is so deep that if a stone were thrown into it, it would fall for 70 years before reaching the bottom (according to one hadith).<ref name="discover" /> Another states that the breadth of each of Hell's walls is equivalent to a distance covered by a walking journey of 40 years.<ref name="discover" /> According to another source (Qurṭubī) it takes "500 years" to get from one of its levels to another.<ref name="500-years" /> Traditions often describe this in multiples of seven: hell has seventy thousand valleys, each with "seventy thousand ravines, inhabited by seventy thousand serpents and scorpions".<ref>Ghazālī, ''Iḥyāʾ'', v.157, trans. Winter p.221-2; quoted in [[জাহান্নাম#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.14</ref> According to one hadith, hell will be vastly more populous than Paradise. Out of every one thousand people entering into the afterlife, nine hundred and ninety-nine of them will end up in the fire.<ref>{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|8|76|6529|usc=yes}} (Volume 4, Book 55, Hadith number 567)</ref><ref>{{cite quran|56|39–55|s=ns}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=al-Ghazali|title=The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife|page=?|year=1989|publisher=The Islamic Text Society}}</ref> (According to at least one scholarly salafi interpretation, the hadith expresses the large disparity between the number of saved and damned rather than a specific literal ratio.)<ref>{{cite web|title=The ratio of people of Paradise to people of Hell – Islam Question & Answer|url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/22836/the-ratio-of-people-of-paradise-to-people-of-hell|website=Islam Question & Answer|access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref> Malik in Hadith quotes Muhammad as saying that the "fire of the children of Adam [humans] which they kindle is a seventieth part of the fire of ''Jahannam''."<ref>{{cite web|website=Sunnah.com|last=Imam Malik|title=Chapter 57 Jahannam|url=https://sunnah.com/malik/57|access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref> He also describes that fire as "blacker than tar".<ref>{{cite web|last=Imam Malik|title=Chapter 57 Hadith 2|url=http://ahadith.co.uk/chapter.php?cid=107}}</ref> In book 87 Hadith 155, "Interpretation of Dreams" of ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', Muhammad is reported to have talked of angels guarding hell, each with "a mace of iron", and describes Jahannam as a place<blockquote>"built inside like a well and it had side posts like those of a well, and beside each post there was an angel carrying an iron mace. I saw therein many people hanging upside down with iron chains, and I recognized therein some men from the [[Quraysh tribe|Quraish]]".<ref>{{cite web|last=al-Bukhari|title=87:155|url=http://www.hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/120-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2087.%20Interpretation%20of%20Dreams/7753-sahih-bukhari-volume-009-book-087-hadith-number-155.html|access-date=2012-12-05|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222165125/http://www.hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/120-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2087.%20Interpretation%20of%20Dreams/7753-sahih-bukhari-volume-009-book-087-hadith-number-155.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2014-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222165125/http://www.hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/120-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2087.%20Interpretation%20of%20Dreams/7753-sahih-bukhari-volume-009-book-087-hadith-number-155.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref></blockquote> ==== শাস্তি ==== [[Hadith|Hadiths]] introduce punishments, reasons and revelations not mentioned in the Quran. In both Quranic verses and hadiths, "the Fire" is "a gruesome place of punishment that is always contrasted with ''[[Jannah]]'', "the Garden" (paradise). Whatever characteristic "the Garden offered, the Fire usually offered the opposite conditions."<ref name="NRGF2009: 117-8">[[জাহান্নাম#NRGF2009|Rustomji, ''The Garden and the Fire'', 2009]]: p.117-8</ref> Several hadith describes a part of hell that is extremely cold rather than hot, known as [[Zamhareer]].<ref name="Zamhareer">{{cite web|title=The Coldness of Zamhareer|url=http://www.subulassalaam.com/articles/article.cfm?article_id=111#.VK2z58lggXg|website=subulassalaam.com|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> According to [[Muhammad al-Bukhari|Bukhari]], lips are cut by scissors. Other traditions added [[Flagellation|flogging]]. An [[Uyghur language|Uighur]] manuscript also mentions drowning, stoning and falling from heights.<ref>Christian Lange ''Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions'' BRILL 978-90-04-30121-4 p. 16</ref> Based on hadiths, the sinners are thought to carry signs in accordance with their sins.<ref name="Christian Lange p. 12-13" /> ==== বন্দী আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ==== Hadith describe types of sinners populating hell. Seven sins doom a person to Hell, according to reports of ''as-Saheehayn'', (i.e. the reports of the two most esteemed Sunni hadith collections: al-Bukhaari and Muslim): "Associating others with Allah (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]'' or [[idolatry]]); [[witchcraft]]; killing a soul whom Allah has forbidden us to kill, except in cases dictated by [[Sharia|Islamic law]]; consuming orphans' wealth; consuming ''[[riba]]'' (usury); fleeing from the battlefield; and slandering chaste, innocent women."<ref name="naik-7">{{cite web|last1=Naik|first1=Zakir|title=Avoid these 7 Deadly Sins that doom a person to Hell|url=https://www.islam-peace.com/7-deadly-sins-that-doom-a-person-to-hell/|website=Islam Peace|access-date=15 March 2022|date=13 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The seven sins that doom a person to Hell|website=Islam Question and Answer|date=15 November 2014|url=https://islamqa.info/amp/en/answers/200632b|access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="helpline">{{cite web|title=Commentary on hadith. The seven sins that doom a person to Hell|url=http://www.islamhelpline.net/iqa/answer/29/200632/the-seven-sins-that-doom-a-person-to-hell|website=Islam Helpline|access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="Al-Hakeem">{{cite web|last1=Al-Hakeem|first1=Assem|title=What Are The 7 Major Sins That Doom A Person To Hell|url=https://islamicfiqh.net/en/videos/what-are-the-7-major-sins-that-doom-a-person-to-hell-2489|website=Islamic fiqh|access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref> According to a series of hadith, [[Muhammad]] claims the majority of the inhabitants of hell will be women, due to an inclination for gossip, conjecture, ungratefulness of kind treatment from their spouses and idle chatting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:29|title=Sahih al-Bukhari 29 – Belief – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amrayn.com/bukhari:304|title=Sahih al-Bukhari 304|website=amrayn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amrayn.com/muslim:2736|title=Sahih Muslim 2736|website=amrayn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amrayn.com/bukhari:5196|title=Sahih al-Bukhari 5196|website=amrayn.com}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Other hadith include *Narrated `Imran: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "I looked at Paradise and saw that the majority of its residents were the poor; and I looked at the (Hell) Fire and saw that the majority of its residents were women." (Sahih al-Bukhari 5198: Book 67, Hadith 132. Vol. 7, Book 62, Hadith 126 *It was narrated that ‘Abd-Allah ibn ‘Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "I was shown Hell and I have never seen anything more terrifying than it. And I saw that the majority of its people are women." They said, "Why, O Messenger of Allah?" He said, "Because of their ingratitude (kufr)." It was said, "Are they ungrateful to Allah?" He said, "They are ungrateful to their companions (husbands) and ungrateful for good treatment. If you are kind to one of them for a lifetime then she sees one (undesirable) thing in you, she will say, ‘I have never had anything good from you.’" (Narrated by al-Bukhari, 1052)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bukhari |title=2. Belief. (21)Chapter: To be ungrateful to one's husband. And disbelief is of (different grades) lesser (or greater) degrees. |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:29 |website=sunnah.com |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> *"The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) went out to the musalla (prayer place) on the day of Eid al-Adha or Eid al-Fitr. He passed by the women and said, ‘O women! Give charity, for I have seen that you form the majority of the people of Hell.' They asked, ‘Why is that, O Messenger of Allah?' He replied, ‘You curse frequently and are ungrateful to your husbands. I have not seen anyone more deficient in intelligence and religious commitment than you. A cautious sensible man could be led astray by some of you.’ The women asked, ‘O Messenger of Allah, what is deficient in our intelligence and religious commitment?' He said, ‘Is not the testimony of two women equal to the testimony of one man?’ They said, ‘Yes.’ He said, ‘This is the deficiency in her intelligence. Is it not true that a woman can neither pray nor fast during her menses?' The women said, ‘Yes.’ He said, ‘This is the deficiency in her religious commitment.’" (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 304)<ref name="menstruating">{{cite web |last1=Bukhari |title=(6) Chapter: A menstruating women should leave observing Saum (fasting) |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:304 |website=Sunnah.com |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> *It was narrated that Jabir ibn ‘Abd-Allah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "I attended Eid prayers with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). He started with the prayer before the khutbah (sermon), with no adhan (call to prayer) or iqamah (final call to prayer). Then he stood up, leaning on Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him), speaking of fear of Allah (taqwa) and urging us to obey Him. He preached to the people and reminded them. Then he went over to the women and preached to them and reminded them. Then he said, ‘Give in charity, for you are the majority of the fuel of Hell. A woman with dark cheeks stood up in the midst of the women and said, ‘Why is that, O Messenger of Allah?' He said, ‘Because you complain too much and are ungrateful to your husbands.’ Then they started to give their jewelry in charity, throwing their earrings and rings into Bilal's cloak." (Narrated by Muslim, 885)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Muslim |title=8 The Book of Prayer – Two Eids. Sahih Muslim 885b |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:885b |website=Sunnah.com |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>|group=Note}} The [[Salafi movement|Salafi]] Muslim scholar [[Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar|ʿUmar Sulaymān al-Ashqar]] (d. 2012) reaffirms the arguments of [[Al-Qurtubi|al-Qurṭubī]], that women have an attachment to the here and now, inability to control their passions; but allows that despite this, many women are good and pious and will go to Paradise, and some are even superior to many men in piety.<ref>ʿUmar Sulaymān al-Ashqar, al-Yawm al-ākhir, iii, 83–4</ref> However, other hadith imply that the majority of people ''in paradise'' will be women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:2834a|title=Sahih Muslim 2834a – The Book of Paradise, its Description, its Bounties and its Inhabitants – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com}}</ref> Since the number of men and women are approximately equal, [[Al-Qurtubi|al-Qurṭubī]] attempts to reconcile the conflicting hadith by suggesting that many of the women in Hell are there only temporarily and will eventually be brought reside in Paradise; thereafter the majority of the people of Paradise would be women.<ref name="Qurtubi">at-Tadhkirah, al-Qurtubî, p. 475</ref>{{#tag:ref|However, if the number of men and women are approximately equal, both these Hadith could not be true at the same time.|group=Note}} Other people populating hell mentioned in hadith include, but are not limited to, the mighty, the proud and the haughty.<ref name="qudsi">{{cite web|title=Hadith Qudsi 39|url=http://hadithqudsi.sacredhadith.com/hadith-qudsi-39/|website=SacredHadith.com|publisher=Forty Hadith Qudsi}}</ref> Einar Thomassen writes that this almost certainly refers to those too proud and haughty to submit to God, i.e. unbelievers<ref name="ETISN2009:404" /> (the literal translation of Muslim is one who submits to God). Sahih Muslim quotes Muhammad as saying that suicides would reside in Jahannam forever.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sahih Muslim|title=001:199|url=http://www.hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/129-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2001.%20Faith/8585-sahih-muslim-book-001-hadith-number-0199.html|access-date=2012-12-05|archive-date=2018-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055807/http://www.hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/129-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2001.%20Faith/8585-sahih-muslim-book-001-hadith-number-0199.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2018-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055807/http://www.hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/129-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2001.%20Faith/8585-sahih-muslim-book-001-hadith-number-0199.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> According to the hadith collection ''[[Muwatta Imam Malik|Muwaṭṭaʾ]]'' of [[Malik ibn Anas|Imam Mālik]] (711–795), Muhammad said: "Truly a man utters words to which he attaches no importance, and by them he falls into the fire of Jahannam."<ref>{{cite web|last=Imam Malik|title=Chapter 56 Hadith 6|url=http://ahadith.co.uk/chapter.php?cid=106}}</ref> Al-Bukhari in book 72:834 added to the list of dwellers in Jahannam: "The people who will receive the severest punishment from Allah will be the [[Aniconism in Islam|picture makers]]".<ref>{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|7|72|834|usc=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=al-Bukhari|title=72:834|url=http://hadithcollection.com/about-hadith-books/105-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2072.%20Dress/6845-sahih-bukhari-volume-007-book-072-hadith-number-834.html|access-date=2012-12-05|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222165122/http://hadithcollection.com/about-hadith-books/105-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2072.%20Dress/6845-sahih-bukhari-volume-007-book-072-hadith-number-834.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=2014-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222165122/http://hadithcollection.com/about-hadith-books/105-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2072.%20Dress/6845-sahih-bukhari-volume-007-book-072-hadith-number-834.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Use of utensils made of precious metals could also land its users in Jahannam: "A person who drinks from a silver vessel brings the fire of Jahannam into his belly".<ref>{{cite web|last=Imam Malik|title=Chapter 49 Hadith 11|url=http://ahadith.co.uk/chapter.php?cid=99&page=2}}</ref> As could starving a cat to death: "A woman was tortured and was put in Hell because of a cat which she had kept locked till it died of hunger."<ref>{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|3|40|323|usc=yes}}</ref><ref name="CC-132">{{cite book|last1=Parshall|first1=Phil|author-link=Phil Parshall|title=The Cross and the Crescent Understanding the Muslim Mind and Heart|date=1989|publisher=Global Mapping International|page=132|url=http://www.misjon.info/uploads/media/the_cross_and_the_crescent__parshall.pdf|access-date=29 December 2014|chapter=8. Hell and Heaven|archive-date=30 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230043126/http://www.misjon.info/uploads/media/the_cross_and_the_crescent__parshall.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> At least one hadith indicates the importance of faith in avoiding hell, stating: "... no one will enter Hell in whose heart is an atom's weight of faith."{{#tag:ref|hadith At-Tirmidhi (1999), Abu Dawood (4091) and Ibn Maajah (59) narrated from ‘Abdullah ibn Mas‘ood that the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said: "No one will enter Paradise in whose heart is an atom's weight of arrogance and no one will enter Hell in whose heart is an atom's weight of faith."<ref>{{cite web |title=Who are your friends? |url=https://hadithoftheday.com/who-are-your-friends/ |website=hadith of the day |access-date=15 March 2022 |date=20 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Atom's Weight Of Arrogance And Faith. |url=https://ask.ghamidi.org/forums/discussion/62625/ |website=ask ghamidi |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://islamqa.info/en/170526 |author=Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid |website=Islam Question and Answer |title=170526: Commentary on the hadeeth, "No one who has an atom's weight of faith in his heart will enter Hell" |date=2013-10-13 |access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>|group=Note}} === এস্কেট'লজিকেল মেনুৱেল === {{Main|ইছলামিক এস্কেট’লজী}}{{Further|কিয়ামত|ইছলামত পুনৰুত্থান}}{{Islamic eschatology}} [[চিত্ৰ:Ibn_arabi_judgement_day.svg|alt=|thumb|Diagram of "Plain of Assembly" (''Ard al-Hashr)'' on the Day of Judgment, from an autograph manuscript of ''Futuhat al-Makkiyya'' by [[Sufism|Sufi mystic]] and [[Islamic philosophy|Muslim philosopher]] [[Ibn Arabi]], ca. 1238. Shown are the 'Arsh ([[Throne of God]]), pulpits for the righteous (al-Aminun), seven rows of [[Angel|angels]], [[Gabriel]] (al-Ruh), A'raf (the Barrier), the [[Pond of Abundance]], al-Maqam al-Mahmud (the Praiseworthy Station; where Muhammad will stand to intercede for the faithful), Mizan (the Scale), [[As-Sirāt]] (the Bridge), Jahannam (Hell), and [[Jannah|Marj al-Jannat]] (Meadow of Paradise).<ref>Begley, Wayne E. The Garden of the Taj Mahal: A Case Study of Mughal Architectural Planning and Symbolism, in: Wescoat, James L.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (1996). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects]'' Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C., {{ISBN|0884022358}}. pp. 229–231.</ref>]] "Eschatological manuals" were written after the hadith, they compiled the hadith on hell,<ref name="CLLHiIT2016:6" /> and also developed descriptions of Jahannam "in more deliberate ways".<ref name="Rustomji-117">{{cite book|last1=Rustomji|first1=Nerina|title=The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=117|isbn=9780231140850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVasAgAAQBAJ&q=Jahannam+%22in+more+deliberate+ways%22&pg=PT141|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> While the Quran and hadith tend to describe punishments that nonbelievers are forced to give themselves, the manuals illustrate external and more dramatic punishment, through [[Shaitan|devils]], scorpions, and snakes.<ref name="rustomji-121">{{cite book|last1=Rustomji|first1=Nerina|title=The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=121|isbn=9780231140850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVasAgAAQBAJ&q=Al-Ghazali+on+jahannam&pg=PT143|access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref> Manuals dedicated solely to the subject of Jahannam include [[Ibn Abi al-Dunya]]'s ''Sifat al-nar'', and al-Maqdisi's ''Dhikr al-nar''. {{#tag:ref|hadiths, ... were compiled into special eschatological handbooks by authors such as: *Saʿīd b. Janāḥ (Shiʿi, fl. early 3rd/9th c.), *Ibn Abī l-Dunyā (Sunni, d. 281/894), *al-Ghazālī (Sunni, d. 505/1111), *al-Qurṭubī (Sunni, d. 671/1272), *al-Suyūṭī (Sunni, d. 911/1505), *al-Baḥrānī (Shiʿi, d. 1107/1695–6), *al-Saffārīnī (Sunni, d. 1189/1774), *Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān (Sunni, d. 1307/1890) *Muḥammad b. Yūsuf Aṭfayyish (Ibāḍī, d. 1332/1917), etc.<ref name=CLLHiIT2016:6>[[#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.6</ref> There are also "anonymous, popular compilations"; two texts in particular that focus mainly on hell are: * ''Daqāʾiq al-akhbār fī dhikr al-janna wa-l-nār''26 * ''Qurrat al-ʿuyūn''<ref name=CLLHiIT2016:6/>|group=Note}} Other manuals—such as texts by [[al-Ghazali]] and the 12th-century scholar [[Qadi Ayyad]] – "dramatise life in the Fire", and present "new punishments, different types of sinners, and the appearance of a multitude of devils," to exhort the faithful to piety.<ref name="rustomji-119" /> His hell has a structure with a specific place for each type of sinners.<ref name="rustomji-121" /> According to [[Leor Halevi]], between the moment of death and the time of their burial ceremony, "the spirit of a deceased Muslim takes a quick journey to Heaven and Hell, where it beholds visions of the bliss and torture awaiting humanity at the end of days".<ref name="Halevi">{{cite news|last1=Halevi|first1=Leor|title=The torture of the grave Islam and the afterlife|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/04/opinion/04iht-edhalevi.1.5565834.html?_r=0|access-date=15 October 2015|agency=New York Times|date=4 May 2007}}</ref> In ''The Soul's Journey After Death'', [[Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya]], a theologian in the 14th century, writes explicitly of punishments faced by sinners and unbelievers in Jahannam. These are directly related to the wrongdoer's earthly transgressions.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyyah|author2=Layla Mabrouk|title=The Soul's Journey after Death|year=1987|publisher=Dar Al-Taqwa}}</ref> ==== বন্দী আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ==== In addition to those who engage in traditional sins of wine drinking, fornication, sodomy, suicide, atheism (''dahriyya''); hell is where those "who sleep during prayer (or speak of worldly matters during it),<ref>Qushayrī, ''Miʿrāj'', 40, 47, quoted in "Christian Lange p.17</ref><ref>''Daqāʾiq al-akhbār'', 70, quoted in "Christian Lange p.17</ref> or deny the doctrine of predestinarianism or assert absolute free-will ([[Qadariyah|Qadarites]]), are punished.<ref>see footnote 116 quoted in Christian Lange p.18</ref><ref name="CLLHiIT2016:18">[[জাহান্নাম#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.18</ref> Another tradition consigns to the seven different levels of hell, seven different types of "mischievous" Islamic scholars.<ref>Muttaqī, ''Kanz'', x, 82, quoted in "Christian Lange p.17</ref> Government authorities are also threatened with hell, but often in "oblique ways".<ref>Abū Nuʿaym, ''Ḥilya'' iv, 2, 112; Qurṭubī, ''Tadhkira'' ii, 76–7, 130; Muttaqī, ''Kanz'' iii, 200, vi, 18. all quoted in [[জাহান্নাম#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.18</ref> == স্থান আৰু ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি == === অৱস্থান === There are many traditions on the location of paradise and hell, but not all of them "are easily pictured or indeed mutually reconcilable".<ref name="CLLHiIT2016:131">[[জাহান্নাম#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.131</ref> For example, some describe hell as in the lowest earth, while one scholar (Al-Majlisī) describes hell as "surrounding" the earth.<ref name="CLLHiIT2016:131-note-79">[[জাহান্নাম#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.131, note 79</ref> Islamic scholars speculated on where the entrance to hell might be located. Some thought the sea was the top level,<ref>Qurtubi, Tadhkira, ii, 101, 105</ref><ref>Suyūṭī, Budūr, 411</ref> or that the sulphourus well in [[Hadhramaut Governorate|Hadramawt]] (in present-day Yemen), allegedly haunted by the souls of the wicked, was the entrance to the underworld. Others considered the entrance in [[Gehenna|the valley of Hinnom]] (surrounding the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]]). In a Persian work, the entry to hell is located in a gorge called ''Wadi Jahannam'' (in present-day [[Afghanistan]]).<ref name="Christian Lange p. 12-13" /> === সাতটা স্তৰ === Einar Thomassen writes that the seven levels of hell mentioned in hadith "came to be associated" with the seven names used in the Quran to refer to hell, with a category of inmates assigned to each level. # ''Jahannam'' was reserved for Muslims who had committed grave sins. # ''al-Laza'' (the blaze) # ''al-Hutama'' (the consuming fire) # ''al-Sa'ir'' # ''al-Saqar'' (the scorching fire) # ''al-jahim'' (the hot place) # ''al-Hawiya'' (the abyss) for the hypocrites.<ref name="ETISN2009:407" /> "Various similar models exist with a slightly differing order of names", according to Christian Lange, and he and A. F. Klein give similar lists of levels. ''Al-Laza'' and ''al-Saqar'' are switched in Lange's list, and there is no accompanying type of unbelievers for each level.<ref name="Christian Lange p. 12-13" /> In A. F. Klein's list, it is the names of the levels that's not included, and instead of a level for Zoroastrians there is one for "witches and fortunetellers".<ref name="ReferenceA" /> {{#tag:ref|Here is another tradition of layers quoted by A. F. Klein: # A fire for sinners among the Muslims; # Inferno interim for the sinner among the Christians; # Provisional destination for sinners among the Jewish; # The burning fire for renegades; # A place for witches and fortunetellers; # Furnace for the disbelievers; # A bottomless abyss for hypocrites, like the Pharaoh and people who disbelieves after Isa's table or Muslims who are outwardly believers but inwardly infidels.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>|group=Note}} Another description of the layers of hell comes from "models such as that recorded by al-Thalabi (died 427/1035)" corresponding to "the seven earths of medieval Islamic cosmology";<ref name="Christian Lange p. 12-13" />{{#tag:ref|According to the first part of verse Q.65:12, "It is Allah Who has created seven heavens and of the earth the like thereof (i.e. seven). ...|group=Note}} the place of hell before the [[Day of Resurrection]].<ref name="Thaʿlabī, Qiṣaṣ 6–7">al-Thaʿlabī: ''Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ'', Cairo [1960]; quoted in "Christian Lange p. 12-13"</ref> This idea derives from the concept of "seven earths", each beneath the surface of the known world, serving as a sort of [[underworld]], with hell at its bottom. Sources Miguel Asin Palacios and Patrick Hughes, Thomas Patrick Hughes describe these levels as: # ''Adim'' (surface), inhabited by mankind and jinn. # ''Basit'' (plain), the prison of winds, from where the winds come from. # ''Thaqil'' (region of distress), the antechamber of hell, in which dwell men with the mouth of a dog, the ears of a goat and the cloven hoof of an ox. # ''Batih'' (place of torrents or swamps), a valley through which flows a stream of boiling sulphur to torment the wicked. The dweller in this valley have no eyes and in place of feet, have wings. # ''Hayn'' (region of adversity), in which serpents of enormous size devour the infidels. # ''Masika''/''[[Sijjin]]'' (store or dungeon), the office where sins are recorded and where souls are tormented by scorpions of the size of mules. In ''tafsir'', this place is sometimes considered the lowest place instead. # ''As-Saqar'' (place of burning) and ''Athara'' (place of damp and great cold) the home of [[Iblis]], who is chained, his hand fastened one in front of and the other behind him, except when set free by God to chastise his demons. A large number of hadith about Muhammad's tour of hell during the miʿrāj, describe the various sinners and their torments. A summary of the uppermost level of hell, "reserved for deadly sins" and "subdivided into fourteen mansions, one close above the other, and each is a place of punishment for a different sin", was done by Asin Palacios:<ref name="Asin Palacios (1968:13-14)">Asin Palacios, Miguel. 1968. ''Islam and the Divine Comedy''. Trans. H. Sutherland. London: Frank Cass. 1968 (First published 1926.) 13–14</ref><blockquote>The first mansion is an ocean of fire comprising seventy lesser seas, and on the shore of each sea stands a city of fire. In each city are seventy thousand dwellings; in each dwelling, seventy thousand coffins of fire, the tombs of men and women, who, stung by snakes and scorpions, shriek in anguish. These wretches, the Keeper enlightens Mahomet, were tyrants. In the second mansion beings with blubber lips writhe under the red-hot forks of demons, while serpents enter their mouths and eat their bodies from within. These are faithless guardians, devoured now by serpents even as they once devoured the inheritances committed to their trust. Lower down usurers stagger about, weighed down by the reptiles in their bellies. Further, shameless women hang by the hair that they had exposed to the gaze of man. Still further down liars and slanderers hang by their tongues from red-hot hooks lacerating their faces with nails of copper. Those who neglected the rites of prayer and ablution are now monsters with the head of dogs and the bodies of swine and are the food of serpents. In the next mansion drunkards suffer the torture of raging thirst, which demons affect to quench with cups of a liquid fire that burns their entrails. Still lower, hired mourners and professional women singers hang head downwards and howl with pain as devils cut their tongues with burning shears. Adulterers are punished in a cone-shaped furnace... and their shrieks are drowned by the curses of their fellow damned at the stench of their putrid flesh. In the next mansion unfaithful wives hang by their breasts, their hands tied to their necks. Undutiful children are tortured in a fire by fiends with red-hot forks. Lower down, shackled in collars of fire, are those who failed to keep their word. Murderers are being knifed by demons in endless expiation of their crime. Lastly, in the fourteenth and lowest mansion of the first storey, are being crucified on burning pillars those who failed to keep the rule of prayer; as the flames devour them, their flesh is seen gradually to peel off their bones.<ref name="Asin Palacios (1968:13-14)" /> <ref>For the Arabic text summarized here, and a Spanish translation of it, see Asin Palacios 1984:432-37- Asin's source is a Leiden manuscript. (Leiden University Library Or. 786, no. 7) containing a copy of the anonymous Khabar al-Mi'rāj attributed to Ibn Abbas. Graphic illustrations of the various punishments are found in the famous miniatures of Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale Suppl. turc 190; see Seguy 1977.</ref><ref>See also [[জাহান্নাম#JISYYHIU1981|Smith & Haddad, ''Islamic Understanding'', 1981]]: p.86-7</ref></blockquote> === তিনিটা উপত্যকা === The three valleys in Jahannam described in the Quran on separate occasions are: # ''Ghayy'' # ''Wayl'' # ''Saqar'' Of these valleys, Ghayy is for those who postpone their prayers to the time of the next prayer, Wayl is for worshippers who neglect their prayers, and Saqar (also described as one of the seven levels above) is for those who did not pray, did not feed the poor, waded in vain dispute with vain talkers, and denied the [[Day of Judgement]] until they died.<ref name="MajorSins">{{cite book|author=al-Dhahabi|title=Major Sins|year=1351|url=https://www.muslim-library.com/dl/books/English_Major_sins.pdf}}</ref> === গাঁত === In addition to having levels, an important feature of Judgement Day is that hell is a huge pit over which the bridge of [[As-Sirāt]] crosses,<ref name="Bukhārī p.12" /> and from which sinners fall making their arrival in hell (see "Eschatological manuals" above) Christian Lange writes "it made sense to picture [hell] as a vast subterranean funnel, spanned by the Bridge, which the resurrected pass on their way to paradise,<ref name="CLLHiIT2016:12">[[জাহান্নাম#CLLHiIT2016|Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016]]: p.12</ref> with a brim (''shafīr'') and concentric circles leading down into a central pit at the bottom (''qaʿr'')."<ref name="Qurṭubī, ''Tadhkira'' ii, 108">al-Qurṭubī: ''Al-Tadhkira fī aḥwāl al-mawtā wa-umūr al-ākhira'', ed. Aḥmad Ḥijāzī al-Saqqā, 2 vols in 1, Cairo 1980. ii, 108. quoted in Christian Lange p.12</ref> But along with a pit and levels, hell also has mountains, rivers, valleys and "even oceans" filled with "fire, [[blood]], and [[pus]]".<ref name="CLLHiIT2016:15" /> === চেণ্টিয়েন্স === Along with being a pit and a series of levels, some scholars, like al-Ghazali and the thirteenth-century Muslim scholar [[Al-Qurtubi]], describe hell as a gigantic [[Sentience|sentient]] being, rather than a place. In ''Paradise and Hell-fire in Imam al Qurtubi'', Qurtubi writes, "On the Day of Judgment, hell will be brought with seventy thousand reins. A single rein will be held by seventy thousand angels...".<ref name="reins-Qurtubi" /> Based on verse 67:7 and verse 50:30, Jahannam inhales and has "breaths". Islamicity notes "the animalistic nature" of "The Fire" in Quranic verse 25:12: "When the Hellfire sees them from a distant place, they will hear its fury and roaring".<ref name="Islamicity" /> According to verse 50:30, God will ask Jahannam if it is full and Jahannam will answer: "Are there any more (to come)?"<ref name="qaf-50:30">{{Cite book|chapter=Surat Qaf [50:30]|title=The Noble Qur'an – القرآن الكريم|url=https://legacy.quran.com/50/30|access-date=2021-09-23|publisher=legacy.quran.com}}</ref><ref name="qaf-50:30-AYAli" /> == See also == * [[Barzakh]] * [[Gehenna]] * [[Salvation]] == References == {{notelist}} === Explanatory notes === {{reflist|group=Note}} === Citations === {{reflist|30em}} === Books and journal articles === * Asin Palacios, Miguel, 1968, ''Islam and the Divine Comedy'', Trans. H. Sutherland, London: Frank Cass (First published 1926) * {{cite book|last1=Berlin|first1=Adele|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion|chapter=Cosmology and creation|editor1-last=Berlin|editor1-first=Adele|editor2-last=Grossman|editor2-first=Maxine|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199730049|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&q=Bible+Cosmology&pg=PA189}} * {{cite book|last=Ghazali|first=Abu Hamid Muhammad|title=On the Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife|year=1989|publisher=Islamic Texts Society|location=Cambridge, U.K.|translator=Winter, T. J.|ref=ORDA1989}} * {{cite book|last1=Ibn Warraq|title=Why I Am Not a Muslim|url=https://archive.org/details/WhyIAmNotAMuslimIbnWarraq|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=1995|pages=123–127|ref=iWWINaM1995}} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Kaltner|editor1-first=John|title=Introducing the Qur'an: For Today's Reader|date=2011|publisher=Fortress Press|pages=228–234|isbn=9781451411386|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBFKDjJgh9UC&q=jahannam|access-date=2 May 2015|ref=ITfTR2011}} * {{cite book|first1=Christian|last1=Lange|editor=Christian Lange|title=Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions|chapter=Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-30121-4|date=2016|pages=1–28|jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7|ref=CLLHiIT2016}} * {{cite book|last=Lange|first=Christian|author-link=|date=2016|title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions|url=|location=Cambridge United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-50637-3|ref=CLPaHiIT2016}} * {{cite book|last1=Rustomji|first1=Nerina|title=The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231140850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVasAgAAQBAJ&q=Al-Ghazali+on+jahannam&pg=PT143|access-date=25 December 2014|ref=NRGF2009}} * {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jane I.|first2=Yvonne Y.|last2=Haddad|date=1981|title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection|location=Albany, N Y|publisher=SUNY Press|url=https://vdoc.pub/download/the-islamic-understanding-of-death-and-resurrection-1fa354cla15g|pages=84–87|ref=JISYYHIU1981}} * {{cite journal|last1=Thomassen|first1=Einar|title=Islamic Hell|journal=Numen|date=2009|volume=56|issue=2–3|pages=401–416|doi=10.1163/156852709X405062|jstor=27793798|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27793798|access-date=6 January 2022|ref=ETISN2009}} == External links == {{Wikiquote|Jahannam}} * {{Commons category-inline|Jahannam}} * {{Wiktionary inline|Jahannam}} {{Heaven}} {{Hell}} srctauunz9pq40rwvkanguwr6c95xgd ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪/অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকল 4 108803 453289 452614 2024-12-10T09:08:00Z নিপন নিয়ৰ শেনছোৱা 40137 453289 wikitext text/x-wiki # [[সদস্য:JyotiPN|JyotiPN]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:JyotiPN|বাৰ্তা]]) 04:37, 30 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) # [[সদস্য:BhuyanBhaskar|BhuyanBhaskar]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:BhuyanBhaskar|বাৰ্তা]]) 09:50, 4 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) # [[সদস্য:Jyoti Chiring|Jyoti Chiring]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Jyoti Chiring|বাৰ্তা]]) 09:30, 14 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) # [[সদস্য:Dasdipankar2005|দিপাংকৰ দাস]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Dasdipankar2005|বাৰ্তা]]) 10:09, 15 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) # [[সদস্য:Naruna Baruah|Naruna Baruah]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Naruna Baruah|বাৰ্তা]]) 01:24, 16 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) # [[সদস্য:Joli Rumi|Joli Rumi]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Joli Rumi|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:50, 16 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) # [[সদস্য:কুমুদ ঘোষ|কুমুদ ঘোষ]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:কুমুদ ঘোষ|বাৰ্তা]]) 14:07, 16 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) # [[সদস্য: Saddam Hussain Rahmani|Saddam Hussain Rahmani]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা: Saddam Hussain Rahmani|বাৰ্তা]]) 16 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি) # [[সদস্য:TRIDIP SRMA|TRIDIP SRMA]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:TRIDIP SRMA|বাৰ্তা]]) 16:41, 17 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) # [[সদস্য: Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা: Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]]) 23:30, 17 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি) # [[সদস্য:Nayan j Nath|Nayan j Nath]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Nayan j Nath|বাৰ্তা]]) 06:00, 21 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) # [[সদস্য:গীতাশ্ৰী গগৈ আপ্তে|গীতাশ্ৰী গগৈ আপ্তে]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:গীতাশ্ৰী গগৈ আপ্তে|বাৰ্তা]]) ১০:৩১, ২৯ নৱেম্বৰ 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) #[[সদস্য:পৱন বৰ্মন|পৱন বৰ্মন]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:পৱন বৰ্মন|বাৰ্তা]]) 17:15, 3 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) #[[সদস্য:অঞ্জুমণি শইকীয়া|অঞ্জুমণি শইকীয়া]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:অঞ্জুমণি শইকীয়া|বাৰ্তা]]) 17:04, 8 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) #[[সদস্য:নিপন নিয়ৰ শেনছোৱা|নিপন নিয়ৰ শেনছোৱা]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:নিপন নিয়ৰ শেনছোৱা|বাৰ্তা]]) 14:37, 10 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) phcelfbnovgwe6e4fpio7stkg6ea7ku এছ. ওৱাই. কুৰেশ্বি 0 108818 453119 443923 2024-12-10T00:56:24Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = শ্বাহাবুদ্দিন ইয়াকুব কুৰেশ্বি |honorific-prefix = |image = File:Dr. S.Y. Quraishi taking charge as the Chief Election Commissioner of India, in New Delhi on July 30, 2010 (cropped).jpg |imagesize = 200px |office = সপ্তদশ [[ভাৰতৰ মুখ্য নিৰ্বাচন আয়ুক্ত]] |term_start = ৩০ জুলাই ২০১০ |term_end = ১০ জুন ২০১২ |president = [[প্ৰতিভা পাটিল]] |primeminister = [[মনমোহন সিং]] |predecessor = [[নবীন চাওলা]] |successor = [[ভি. এছ. সম্পত]] |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|6|11}}<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/28/stories/2010072862460100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729032938/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/28/stories/2010072862460100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 July 2010 | title=Quraishi new Chief Election Commissioner | first=J. | last=Balaji | date=28 July 2010 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=10 June 2013 | archivedate=29 July 2010 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729032938/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/28/stories/2010072862460100.htm | deadurl=yes }}</ref> |birth_place = [[দিল্লী]] |education = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]<br />[[Jamia Millia Islamia]] |profession = অসামৰিক সেৱা |nationality = ভাৰতীয় }} '''শ্বাহাবুদ্দিন ইয়াকুব কুৰেশ্বি''' ({{lang-en| Shahabuddin Yaqoob Quraishi ; জন্ম: ১১ জুন ১৯৪৭}}) এজন ভাৰতীয় চৰকাৰী কৰ্মচাৰী যিয়ে ভাৰতৰ ১৭ নং মুখ্য নিৰ্বাচন আয়ুক্ত (CEC) হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-is-secular-because-most-hindus-are-secular-former-cec-sy-quraishi/articleshow/60899458.cms|title=India is secular because most Hindus are secular: Former CEC SY Quraishi|access-date=2024-10-30|archivedate=2018-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324111942/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-is-secular-because-most-hindus-are-secular-former-cec-sy-quraishi/articleshow/60899458.cms|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/previous-ces.aspx |title=Election Commission of India |access-date=10 March 2017 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312053326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/previous-ces.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ২০১০ চনৰ ৩০ জুলাইত নবীন চাওলাৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী হিচাপে তেওঁক চি ই চি হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। তেওঁ যুৱ পৰিক্ৰমা আৰু ক্ৰীড়া মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ সম্পাদক হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰি আহিছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India appointed Youth Affairs and Sports Secretary S Y Quraishi as Election Commissioner for a five-year term from IndiaDaily.Com |url=http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/10429.asp |access-date=2024-10-30 |archivedate=2008-11-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101223238/http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/10429.asp |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==কৰ্মজীৱন== ১৯৭১ চনৰ বেট্চৰ হাৰিয়ানা কেডাৰৰ পৰা আই এ এছ বিষয়া হৈছিল। তেওঁ যোগাযোগ আৰু সামাজিক বিপণনত পি এইচ ডি ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।<ref>Dr. S. Y. Quraishi has also attended the prestigious Jamia Millia Islamia, a Central University in New Delhi for his later education.[http://www.yahind.com/news/directory.php?id=408 S.Y. Quraishi appointed as election commissioner of India from YaHind.Com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502084543/http://www.yahind.com/news/directory.php?id=408 |date=2015-05-02 }}</ref> কুৰেশ্বি ভাৰতৰ '''চি ই চি''' হোৱা প্ৰথম মুছলমান হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। ২০১২ চনৰ ১০ জুনত তেওঁ কাৰ্যভাৰ ত্যাগ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/V-S-Sampath-is-new-Chief-Election-Commissioner/articleshow/13871294.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702081241/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-06/india/32078295_1_s-sampath-power-secretary-cec | url-status=live | archive-date=2 July 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=V S Sampath is new Chief Election Commissioner| date=6 June 2012}}</ref> তেওঁ 'এন আনডকুমেণ্টেড ৱণ্ডাৰ – দ্য মেকিং অৱ দ্য গ্ৰেট ইণ্ডিয়ান ইলেকচন',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/its-time-to-take-stock-of-the-electoral-process/article27239174.ece|title=It's time to take stock of the electoral process|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 May 2019|last1=Quraishi|first1=S. y.}}</ref> নামৰ গ্ৰন্থত ভাৰতীয় নিৰ্বাচনৰ বিশালতা আৰু জটিলতাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22119020-an-undocumented-wonder|title=An Undocumented Wonder}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/review-an-undocumented-wonder-the-making-of-the-great-indian-election-s.y.-quraishi-by-natwar-singh/1/356814.html|title = Book review: An Undocumented Wonder, the making of the Great Indian Election}}</ref> আৰু ওল্ড দিল্লী-লিভিং ট্ৰেডিছন(Old Delhi- Living Traditions) শীৰ্ষক এখন গ্ৰন্থত ঐতিহ্যমণ্ডিত চহৰখন আৰু ইয়াৰ সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক জীৱনৰ ওপৰত আলোকপাত কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/existing-and-forgotten-traditions-of-purani-dilli/article2677602.ece|title = Existing and forgotten traditions of Purani Dilli|newspaper = The Hindu|date = December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-8182902312|title=Old Delhi: Living Traditions |last1=Quraishi |first1=Shahabuddin Yaqoob |year=2011 |publisher=Shubhi Publications }}</ref> তেওঁৰ শেহতীয়া গ্ৰন্থ ''দ্য পপুলেচন মিথ''ত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে যে জনসংখ্যাৰ তথ্যৰ প্ৰতি সোঁপন্থী চক্ৰই কেনেকৈ 'মুছলমান বৃদ্ধিৰ হাৰ'ৰ বিষয়ে মিথৰ জন্ম দিছে, যিটো প্ৰায়ে জনগাঁথনিগত তিৰ্যকতাৰ সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠতাৰ আশংকা জগাই তুলিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/product/the-population-myth/|title = The Population Myth}}</ref> কিতাপখনে ইছলাম আৰু পৰিয়াল পৰিকল্পনাৰ বিষয়ে থকা ''মিথ'' ভাঙি পেলায়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/softcover/former-cec-s-y-quraishi-busts-myths-about-islam-and-family-planning-in-his-new-book/603094/|title = Former CEC S.Y. Quraishi busts myths about Islam and family planning in his new book|date = 12 February 2021}}</ref> ২০১১ চনৰ ''দ্য ইণ্ডিয়ান এক্সপ্ৰেছ''ৰ ১০০ জন আটাইতকৈ শক্তিশালী ভাৰতীয়ৰ তালিকাত<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-most-powerful-indians-in-2011-no.-4150/745639/3|title = The most powerful Indians in 2011: No. 41-50 – ''Indian Express''}}</ref> আৰু পুনৰ ২০১২ চনত তেওঁ স্থান লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-most-powerful-indians-in-2012-no.-3140/916155/4|title = The most powerful Indians in 2012: No. 31-40 – Indian Express}}</ref> এতিয়া তেওঁ দিল্লী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ক্লাষ্টাৰ ইনোভেচন চেণ্টাৰত কেন্দ্ৰটোৰ সন্মানীয় অধ্যাপক হিচাপে অধ্যাপনা আৰু মেণ্টৰিং কৰি শৈক্ষিক দিশৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web| url=http://du.ac.in | title=CIC gets a galaxy of honorary professors that include famous scientists, academicians, bureaucrats}}</ref> তেওঁ বৰ্তমান আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিৰ্বাচন উপদেষ্টা পৰিষদৰ সদস্যও। টেলিভিছন চেনেল চিএনএন-আইবিএনৰ ডেভিলছ এডভোকেট অনুষ্ঠানত কৰণ থাপাৰক উত্তৰ দিওঁতে তেওঁ [[আন্না হাজাৰে]] পোষকতা কৰা ''ৰাইট টু ৰিকল'' আৰু ''ৰাইট টু ৰিজেক্ট''ৰ ধাৰণাক ভাৰতত সম্ভৱ নহয় বুলি বিৰোধিতা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/topnews/239246/cec-not-for-right-to-reject-recall-suspects-will-destabilise-country/ |title=CEC not for Right to Reject, Recall, suspects will destabilise country |publisher=Indiavision news |access-date=2011-10-16 |archivedate=2013-01-27 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130127142945/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/topnews/239246/cec-not-for-right-to-reject-recall-suspects-will-destabilise-country/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> কিন্তু কিছু সময়ৰ পিছত টিভিৰ এটা সাক্ষাৎকাৰত তেওঁ কয় যে, প্ৰত্যাখ্যানৰ অধিকাৰৰ বিষয়ে বিবেচনা কৰিব পাৰি।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/right-to-reject-can-be-considered-sy-quraishi_755585.html|title = Right to reject can be considered: SY Quraishi|date = 29 January 2012}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ মে’ মাহত ড০ এছ ৱাই কুৰেশ্বিক নেশ্যনেল ইণ্ডিয়ান ষ্টুডেণ্টছ ইউনিয়ন ইউ কেৰ সন্মানীয় ফেল’শ্বিপ প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। তেওঁ [[শ্বাবানা আজমী]] আৰু [[জাভেদ আখতাৰ]]ৰ সৈতে যোগদান কৰে যিসকলে প্ৰথম ফেল'শ্বিপ লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-05-15/news/73102290_1_india-house-honorary-fellowship-london-school|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807165458/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-05-15/news/73102290_1_india-house-honorary-fellowship-london-school|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2016|title=Former Chief Election Commissioner S Y Quraishi awarded honorary fellowship in UK|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-05-29|archivedate=2016-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807165458/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-05-15/news/73102290_1_india-house-honorary-fellowship-london-school|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁ ২০১৯ চনত প্ৰকাশিত “গণতন্ত্ৰৰ মহান মাৰ্চ: ভাৰতৰ নিৰ্বাচনৰ সাতটা দশক’’ নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখনৰ সম্পাদনা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-great-march-of-democracy-edited-by-sy-quraishi/story-0YjMacMT2RauCCR41OkryM.html|title= Review: The Great March of Democracy edited by SY Quraishi|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref> ===লগতে চাওক=== *[[ভাৰতৰ মুখ্য নিৰ্বাচন আয়ুক্ত]] ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== {{div col|2}} [[শ্ৰেণী:সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসামৰিক সেৱা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ মুখ্য নিৰ্বাচন আয়ুক্ত]] tks6kvu3ywpwucjwosl3wf7gw0la2p9 শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি 14 108843 453165 442069 2024-12-10T04:00:37Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:নেপাল]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453165 wikitext text/x-wiki [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]] pd8uhr9ninaa49aklvwspxfi2mm64d6 আল-আকছা মছজিদ 0 109160 453187 449967 2024-12-10T05:08:46Z Babulbaishya 2558 পৃষ্ঠা [[আল-আকছা]]ৰ পৰা [[আল-আকছা মছজিদ]]লৈ Babulbaishyaয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 449967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unreferenced}}'''আল-আকছা''' ( [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰবী]] : '''الأَقْصَى''' ) বা '''আল-মছজিদ আল-আকছা''' ( [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰবী]] : '''المسجد''' '''الأقصى''' ) হৈছে জেৰুজালেমৰ পুৰণি চহৰত অৱস্থিত ইছলামৰ তৃতীয় পৱিত্ৰতম মছজিদ। ইয়াক হাৰাম আল-শ্বৰীফ বুলিও কোৱা হয় । বহুতো মছজিদ আৰু প্ৰাৰ্থনা কোঠা , মাদ্ৰাছা, জাৱিয়া, খালৱা আৰু অন্যান্য গম্বুজ আৰু ধৰ্মীয় গঠনৰ লগতে চাৰিটা আগুৰি থকা মিনাৰ। ইছলামৰ তৃতীয় পবিত্ৰ স্থান বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। চৌহদৰ মূল জমা মছজিদ বা প্ৰাৰ্থনা ঘৰক বিভিন্ন ধৰণে আল-আকছা মছজিদ, কিবলি মছজিদ বা আল-জামিআল-আকছা বুলি জনা যায়। আনহাতে কিছুমান উৎসত ইয়াক আল-মছজিদ আল-আকছা বুলিও কোৱা হয়। বিভ্ৰান্তিৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ বহল চৌহদটোক কেতিয়াবা আল-আকছা মছজিদ চৌহদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়। {{Infobox religious building|building_name=আল-আকছা|image=Temple_Mount_(Aerial_view,_2007)_05.jpg|caption=পৰ্বতৰ ওপৰত থকা আল-আকছা মছজিদৰ চৌহদৰ আকাশী দৃশ্য|location=জেৰুজালেম|map_type=Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png|map_caption=পুৰণি চহৰ জেৰুজালেম|architecture=ইছলামিক|religious_affiliation=[[ইছলাম]]|longs=২৭২ ফুট|map_size=Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png|state=জোৰদান 🇯🇴|consecration_year=৬৮৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ|year_completed=৭১৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত|capacity=৪০০,০০০|designated=আবদ-আল মালিক|founded_by=আবদ-আল মালিক|infobox_width=ال اقس|website=https://www.visitmasjidalaqsa.com/}}ৰছিদুন খলিফা উমৰ (ৰাজ্য ৬৩৪–৬৪৪) বা প্ৰথম উমাইয়াদ খলিফা মুআৱিয়া (ৰাজ্য ৬৬১–৬৮০)ৰ শাসনকালত মছজিদ স্থানৰ ওচৰত চৌহদত এটা সৰু নামাজ ঘৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। চৌহদৰ দক্ষিণ দেৱালত অৱস্থিত বৰ্তমানৰ মছজিদটো প্ৰথমে পঞ্চম উমাইয়াদ খলিফা আব্দ আল-মালিক (ৰাজ্য ৬৮৫–৭০৫) বা তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী প্ৰথম আল-ৱালিদ (ৰাজ্য ৭০৫–৭১৫) (বা... দুয়োটা) ড'ম অৱ দ্য ৰক। এটা স্মৃতিসৌধ ইছলামিক স্মৃতিসৌধৰ সৈতে একেটা অক্ষত থকা এটা জামাতৰ মছজিদ হিচাপে। ৭৪৬ চনত ভূমিকম্পত ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ পিছত ৭৫৮ চনত আব্বাছি খলিফা আল-মানছুৰে (ৰ. ৭৫৪–৭৭৫) এই মছজিদটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। ৭৮০ চনত আব্বাছি খলিফা আল-মাহদীয়ে (ৰাজ্য ৭৭৫–৭৮৫) ইয়াক আৰু অধিক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰে। তাৰ পিছত ইয়াত পোন্ধৰটা আইলেণ্ড আৰু এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছিল। কিন্তু ১০৩৩ চনৰ জৰ্ডান ৰিফ্ট ভেলীৰ ভূমিকম্পৰ সময়ত পুনৰ ধ্বংস হয়। মছজিদটো ফাতিমিদ খলিফা আল-জাহিৰে (ৰাজ্য ১০২১–১০৩৬) পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। যিয়ে ইয়াক সাতটা আইলেণ্ডলৈ হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল যদিও ইয়াৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশত উদ্ভিদ মোজাইকেৰে আবৃত এটা বিশৃংখল কেন্দ্ৰীয় তোৰণেৰে সজাইছিল। বৰ্তমানৰ গঠনে একাদশ শতিকাৰ ৰূপৰেখাখন সংৰক্ষণ কৰি ৰাখিছে। সময়ে সময়ে কৰা সংস্কাৰৰ সময়ত শাসকীয় ইছলামিক বংশসমূহে মছজিদ আৰু ইয়াৰ চৌহদসমূহত সংযোজন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। যেনে ইয়াৰ গম্বুজ, মুখাৱয়ব, মিনাৰ, আৰু মিনবাৰ আৰু অভ্যন্তৰীণ গঠন। ১০৯৯ চনত ক্ৰুছেডাৰসকলে ইয়াক দখল কৰাৰ লগে লগে মছজিদটোক ৰাজপ্ৰসাদ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ই নাইটছ টেম্পলাৰৰ ধৰ্মীয় সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় আছিল। ১১৮৭ চনত চালাদিনে (ৰাজ্য ১১৭৪–১১৯৩) এই অঞ্চল দখল কৰাৰ পিছত এই গঠনৰ মছজিদ হিচাপে কাম পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হয়। পিছৰ শতিকাবোৰত আয়ুবী, মামলুক, অট্টোমান, ব্ৰিটিছ পেলেষ্টাইনৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ মুছলমান পৰিষদ আৰু পশ্চিম পাৰ জৰ্ডানৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্তিৰ সময়ত অধিক সংস্কাৰ, মেৰামতি আৰু সম্প্ৰসাৰণ প্ৰকল্প হাতত লৈছিল। ইজৰাইলে পশ্চিম পাৰত চলি থকা দখলৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰাই এই মছজিদটো জেৰুজালেম ৱাকফৰ স্বতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছে। == সংজ্ঞা == প্ৰথমটোৱে (আল-মছজিদ আল-আকছা) [[কোৰআন|কোৰআনৰ]] [[ছূৰা]] ১৭ – "আটাইতকৈ দূৰৈৰ মছজিদ"ক বুজায় – পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে মছজিদৰ চৌহদৰ সমগ্ৰতাক বুজায়। {{Infobox rock|name=মছজিদ আল-আকছা|type=|image=Jerusalem-2013(2)-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_(SE_exposure).jpg|image_caption=আল-আকছা মছজিদৰ গম্বুজ}} আনহাতে পিছৰ নামটো (জামিয়া আল-আকছা) ৰূপৰ বাবে বিশেষভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় গম্বুজযুক্ত জামাতৰ মছজিদ ভৱন। [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰবী]] আৰু [[ফাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]] লেখক যেনে দশম শতিকাৰ ভূগোলবিদ আল-মুকাদ্দাছি, একাদশ শতিকাৰ পণ্ডিত নাছিৰ খুছৰাও। দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ ভূগোলবিদ আল-ইদ্ৰিচি আৰু পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ ইছলামিক পণ্ডিত মুজিৰ আল-দিন, লগতে ১৯ শতিকাৰ আমেৰিকান আৰু [[ব্ৰিটিছ ৰাজ|ব্ৰিটিছ]] প্ৰাচ্যবিদ এডৱাৰ্ড ৰবিনছন। গাই লে ষ্ট্ৰেঞ্জ আৰু এডৱাৰ্ড হেনৰী পামৰে বুজাই দিলে যে মছজিদ আল-আকছা শব্দটোৱে টেম্পল মাউণ্ট বা হাৰাম আল-শ্বৰীফ (‘উন্নত অভয়াৰণ্য’) বুলিও জনাজাত সমগ্ৰ এস্প্লেনেড প্লাজাটোক বুজায় । অৰ্থাৎ ড’ম অৱ দ্য ৰককে ধৰি সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটোক ফোয়াৰা, দুৱাৰ আৰু চাৰিটা মিনাৰ ।‌ কাৰণ [[কোৰআন]] লিখাৰ সময়ত এই অট্টালিকাবোৰৰ কোনোটোৱেই নাছিল। আল-মুকাদ্দাচীয়ে দক্ষিণৰ অট্টালিকাটোক (এই লেখাৰ বিষয়বস্তু) আল মুঘাট্টা ("আবৃত-অংশ") বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নাছিৰ খুছৰাৱে ইয়াক [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]] শব্দ পুছিছ ("আবৃত অংশ"ও" বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, হুবহু "আল মুগাত্তা" ") বা মকছুৰা (এটা অংশ-সমগ্ৰ ছিনেকডোচ)। মামলুক (১২৫০–১৫১৭) আৰু অট্টোমান শাসন (১৫১৭–১৯১৭)ৰ সময়ছোৱাত বহল চৌহদটোক জনপ্ৰিয়ভাৱে হাৰাম আল-শ্বৰীফ বা আল-হাৰাম এছ-শ্বৰীফ (আৰবী ভাষাত: اَلْـحَـرَم الـشَّـرِيْـف) নামেৰেও জনাজাত হ’বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে, যিটো... অনুবাদ কৰে যেনে "নোবেল অভয়াৰণ্য"। ই মক্কাৰ মছজিদ আল-হাৰামৰ পৰিভাষা প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে। এই শব্দটোৱে চৌহদটোক হাৰামৰ মৰ্যাদালৈ উন্নীত কৰিলে। যিটো পূৰ্বে কেৱল [[মক্কাৰ মছজিদ]] আল-হাৰাম আৰু মদীনাৰ আল-মছজিদ আন-নবৱীৰ বাবে সংৰক্ষিত আছিল। আন ইছলামিক ব্যক্তিসকলে এই স্থানৰ হাৰামৰ মৰ্যাদাক লৈ বিতৰ্ক কৰিছিল। স্থানীয় [[পেলেষ্টাইন|পেলেষ্টাইনীসকলে]] হাৰাম আল শ্বৰীফ নামটোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ যোৱা দশকবোৰত কমি আহিছে। আল-আকছা মছজিদৰ পৰম্পৰাগত নামটোৰ সপক্ষে। == ইতিহাস == ৬৯১ চনত খলিফা আব্দ আল-মালিকে ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন ষ্টোনৰ চাৰিওফালে গম্বুজৰ সৈতে এটা অষ্টভুজ ইছলামিক অট্টালিকা নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। অসংখ্য ৰাজনৈতিক, বংশগত আৰু ধৰ্মীয় কাৰণত, স্থানীয় আৰু [[কোৰআন]] পৰম্পৰাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল যিয়ে ঠাইখনৰ পবিত্ৰতাক উল্লেখ কৰে। যিটো এটা প্ৰক্ৰিয়া সৃষ্টি । যিবোৰ পাঠ্য আৰু স্থাপত্যৰ আখ্যানে ইটোৱে সিটোক শক্তিশালী কৰি তুলিছিল। এই মছজিদটো শিলৰ গম্বুজ (قبة الصخرة, Qubbat as-Sakhra) নামেৰে পৰিচিত হৈ পৰে। (গম্বুজটো নিজেই ১৯২০ চনত সোণেৰে আবৃত কৰা হৈছিল।) ৭১৫ চনত প্ৰথম খলিফা আল-ৱালিদৰ নেতৃত্বত উমাইয়াদসকলে আল-আকছা মছজিদ (المسجد الأقصى আল-মছজিদ আল-আকছা "আটাইতকৈ দূৰত মছজিদ") নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। [[কোৰআন]] আৰু [[হাদিছ|হাদীছত]] বৰ্ণনা কৰা মহম্মদৰ অলৌকিক নিশা যাত্ৰাৰ ইছলামিক বিশ্বাসৰ সৈতে মিল থকা। "উন্নত অভয়াৰণ্য" বা "হাৰাম আল-শ্বৰীফ" শব্দ। পিছলৈ মামলুক আৰু অট্টোমানসকলে ইয়াক কোৱাৰ দৰে। সেই শিলটোক আগুৰি থকা গোটেই অঞ্চলটোক বুজায়। স্থাপত্য আৰু মোজাইকসমূহ ওচৰৰ বাইজেন্টাইন গীৰ্জা আৰু প্ৰাসাদৰ আৰ্হিত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও ইয়াৰ বাহিৰৰ ৰূপ অট্টোমান যুগত আৰু পুনৰ আধুনিক যুগত যথেষ্ট সলনি হৈছিল। বিশেষকৈ ১৯৫৯–৬১ চনত আৰু পুনৰ ১৯৯৩ চনত সোণৰ চাল সংযোজনৰ ফলত। এই গঠনৰ অষ্টভুজ পৰিকল্পনা হয়তো বাইজেন্টাইন যুগৰ চাৰ্চ অৱ দ্য ছিট অৱ মেৰী (যাক... গ্ৰীক ভাষাত কাথিছমা আৰু আৰবী ভাষাত আল-কাদিছমু), যিটো ৪৫১ৰ পৰা ৪৫৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত জেৰুজালেম আৰু বেথলেহমৰ মাজৰ পথত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। গম্বুজটো সামান্য ওখ মঞ্চত বহি আছে, য’ত আঠটা চিৰিৰে প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰি, যাৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ ওপৰত আৰবী ভাষাত কানাতিৰ বা মাৱাজিন নামেৰে জনাজাত এটা মুক্তভাৱে থিয় হৈ থকা আৰ্কেড আছে। দশম শতিকাৰ পৰা পঞ্চদশ শতিকাৰ বিভিন্ন সময়ত এই আৰ্কেডসমূহ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ডম অৱ দ্য ৰকৰ গঠন মূলতঃ অষ্টভুজ। ইয়াৰ কেন্দ্ৰত প্ৰায় ২০ মিটাৰ (৬৬ ফুট) ব্যাসৰ গম্বুজ এটাৰে আবৃত, যিটো ১৬টা সমৰ্থনত (৪টা স্তৰ আৰু ১২টা স্তম্ভ) থিয় হৈ থকা এটা উচ্চ বৃত্তাকাৰ ড্ৰামত স্থাপন কৰা হয়। এই বৃত্তটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ২৪টা ঘাট আৰু স্তম্ভৰ অষ্টভুজ আৰ্কেড আছে। অষ্টভুজ আৰ্কেড আৰু ভিতৰৰ বৃত্তাকাৰ ড্ৰামটোৱে পবিত্ৰ শিলটোক আগুৰি থকা এটা ভিতৰৰ এম্বুলেটৰিয়ামৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। বাহিৰৰ বেৰবোৰো অষ্টভুজ। ইহঁতৰ প্ৰত্যেকৰে জোখ প্ৰায় ১৮ মিটাৰ (৬০ ফুট) বহল আৰু ১১ মিটাৰ (৩৬ ফুট) উচ্চতা। বাহিৰৰ আৰু ভিতৰৰ অষ্টভুজটোৱে ভিতৰৰটোক আগুৰি থকা দ্বিতীয়টো, বাহিৰৰ এম্বুলেটৰিয়াম সৃষ্টি কৰে। বৃত্তাকাৰ ঢোল আৰু বাহিৰৰ বেৰ দুয়োটাতে বহুতো খিৰিকী আছে। গম্বুজৰ ভিতৰৰ অংশ মোজাইক, ফেইয়েন্স আৰু মাৰ্বলেৰে আড়ম্বৰপূৰ্ণভাৱে সজাই তোলা হৈছে, যাৰ বহুখিনি সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ কেইবা শতিকাৰ পিছত সংযোজন কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত কোৰআনৰ শিলালিপিও আছে। আজিৰ মানক গ্ৰন্থৰ পৰা ইয়াৰ ভিন্নতা (মূলতঃ প্ৰথম ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা তৃতীয় ব্যক্তিলৈ পৰিৱৰ্তন) আৰু [[কোৰআন|কোৰআনত]] নথকা ধৰ্মপৰায়ণ শিলালিপিৰ সৈতে মিহলি কৰা হয়। বাহিৰৰ দেৱালৰ সজ্জা দুটা ডাঙৰ পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজেৰে গৈছিল: প্ৰাৰম্ভিক উমাইয়াদ আঁচনিখনত ভিতৰৰ দেৱালৰ দৰেই মাৰ্বল আৰু মোজাইক আছিল। ষোড়শ শতিকাৰ অট্টোমান চুলতান চুলেমান দ্য মেগনিফিচেণ্টে ইয়াৰ ঠাইত তুৰ্কী ফেইয়েন্স টাইলছ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ১৯৬০ চনত অট্টোমান টাইলছৰ সজ্জাৰ ঠাইত ইটালীত নিৰ্মিত বিশ্বাসী কপি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়। == তথ্য উৎস == [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Aqsa-Mosque ১. আল-আকছা মছজিদৰ ইতিহাস : https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Aqsa-Mosque] ২. আল-আকছা বাতৰি কাকত ২০২৩ : [https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/why-al-aqsa-mosque-is-important-in-the-israel-palestine-conflict-explained-2447607-2023-10-11 India Today News] পৰা আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে; ৩. [https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/where-is-al-aqsa-mosque-why-is-it-so-important-islam-2023-04-05/ Al-Aqsa-Mosque] পৰা আহৰণ কৰা: এপ্ৰিল ৫ ২০২৪ ৪. আল-আকছা ৱিকিপিডিয়া [[:en:Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa ৱিকি তথ্য]] পৰা আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে; ৫. আৰৱ বাতৰি ১৩ অক্টোবৰ ২০২৪ [https://www.arabnews.com/node/2579066/middle-east ArabNews] ৱেবছাইট পৰা আহৰণ কৰা; ৬। [https://infopediapk.weebly.com/-al-masjid-al-aqsa.html Al-masjid-al-aqsa] পৰা আহৰণ কৰা ৭.https://g.co/kgs/YC1oLun Al-Aqsa Art and culture ৮. [https://www.timesofisrael.com/topic/al-aqsa-mosque/ Timesofisrael] Israel News ৯. website [https://www.visitmasjidalaqsa.com/ Visit-Masjid-Al-Aqsa website] Al-Aqsa k7yxgpcrj5g20tbwe8m7eg01zbsfiqi বাৰ্তা:আল-আকছা মছজিদ 1 109164 453189 445285 2024-12-10T05:08:46Z Babulbaishya 2558 পৃষ্ঠা [[বাৰ্তা:আল-আকছা]]ৰ পৰা [[বাৰ্তা:আল-আকছা মছজিদ]]লৈ Babulbaishyaয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 445285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf খাগৰিকটা শহা 0 109191 453290 447946 2024-12-10T09:08:27Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|name=খাগৰিকটা শহা|image=CaprolagusHispidusJASB.jpg|status=EN|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Caprolagus hispidus'' |author=Aryal, A. |author2=Yadav, B. |date=2019 |page=e.T3833A45176688 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>|status2=CITES_A1|status2_system=CITES|status2_ref=<ref name=iucn/>|genus=Caprolagus|parent_authority=[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1845|species=hispidus|authority=([[John Thomas Pearson|Pearson]], 1839)|range_map=Hispid Hare area.png|range_map_caption=Hispid hare range}} '''খাগৰিকটা শহা''' (Caprolagus hispidus)ক অসম শহাপহু আৰু ব্ৰিষ্টলি শহাপহু বুলিও কোৱা হয়। লেপৰিড পৰিয়ালৰ কেপ্ৰ’লাগাছ গণৰ এই প্ৰাণীবিধ দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আৰু ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিস্তৃতি হিমালয়ৰ দক্ষিণ পাদদেশ। আজি ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান বিচ্ছিন্ন আৰু ৫,০০০ৰ পৰা ২০,০০০ বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰ (১,৯০০ৰ পৰা ৭,৭০০ বৰ্গমাইল) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত; যাক ৫০০বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰতকৈ কম বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। বৰ্ধিত কৃষি, বান নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ, আৰু মানৱ উন্নয়নৰ ফলত এই প্ৰাণীবিধৰ উপযুক্ত বাসস্থান অবিৰতভাৱে‍ হ্ৰাস পোৱা দেখা গৈছে‍। সেয়েহে ইয়াক ১৯৮৬ চনৰ পৰা আই ইউ চি এন ৰেড লিষ্টত বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="iucn-1"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAryal,_A.Yadav,_B.2019"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="151">Aryal, A.; Yadav, B. (2019). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="152">[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3833/45176688 "''Caprolagus hispidus''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="153">''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="155">'''2019''': e.T3833A45176688. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="156">[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span></span><span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="158">UK.2019-1.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="159">RLTS.</span>]]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="160"><span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en|T3833A45176688.en]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="161"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2022</span>.</span></cite></ref> ই কেপ্ৰ’লাগাছ গণৰ একমাত্ৰ প্ৰজাতি। == বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ == খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ গাটো ৰুক্ষ আৰু ঠৰঙা নোমেৰে আবৃত৷ ইয়াৰ কাণবোৰ অতি চুটি আৰু তাক নোমৰ বাহিৰলৈ‍ নুলিয়াই।<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen36zool#page/n681/mode/2up|title=18. ''Lepus hispidus''|last=Pearson|first1=J. T.|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|date=1839|volume=VII|page=152}}</ref> ক 'লা আৰু বাদামী চুলিৰ মিশ্ৰণৰ বাবে পিঠিৰ নোমখিনি‍ গাঢ় মটিয়া ৰঙৰ হয়, বুকুৰ ওপৰভাগৰ ৰং মটিয়া আৰু পেট বগা বৰণৰ। ইয়াৰ নেজডাল বাদামী আৰু প্ৰায় ৩০ মিলিমিটাৰ (১.২ ইঞ্চি) দীঘল হয়। মতা খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ শৰীৰৰ ওজন ১,৮১০ৰ পৰা ২,৬১০ গ্ৰাম (৬৪ৰ পৰা ৯২ আউন্স) আৰু গড় ওজন ২,২৪৮ গ্ৰাম (৭৯.৩ আউন্স)। মাইকী খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ শৰীৰৰ ওজন গডে় ২,৫১৮ গ্ৰাম (৮৮.৮ আউন্স), গৰ্ভৱতী খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ শৰীৰৰ গড় ওজন ৩,২১০ গ্ৰাম, (১১৩ আউন্স) বুলি এক পৰিসংখ্যাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Bell1990">{{Cite book|last=Bell|first1=D. J.|last2=Oliver|first2=W. L. R.|last3=Ghose|first3=R. K.|title=Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|year=1990|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|place=Gland, Switzerland|isbn=978-2831700199|pages=128–137|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA128|editor=Chapman, J. A.|chapter=Chapter 9: The Hispid Hare ''Caprolagus Hispidus''}}</ref> সন্মুখৰ হাড়বোৰ অতি বহল। অ'চিপিটো-নাকৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য সাধাৰণতে ৮৫ মিমি (৩ ইঞ্চি) তকৈ দীঘল হয়। পোষ্টঅৰ্বিটেল প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ সন্মুখত কোনো স্পষ্ট খাঁজ নাই।<ref name="ems66">{{Cite book|last=Ellerman|first1=J. R.|last2=Morrison-Scott|first2=T. C. S.|year=1966|url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofindia00elle#page/424/mode/2up|title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946|edition=2nd|publisher=British Museum of Natural History|place=London|page=424}}</ref> গড় হিচাপত খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ মূৰৰ পৰা নেজলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৪৭৬ মিমি (১৮.৭ ইঞ্চি)।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macdonald, D. W.|title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-956799-7}}</ref> == বিতৰণ আৰু বাসস্থান == খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিচৰণৰ পৰিসৰ [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ]]ৰ পৰা দক্ষিণ [[নেপাল]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ|পশ্চিম বংগ]]ৰ উত্তৰ অঞ্চলৰ লগতে‍ [[অসম]] আৰু [[বাংলাদেশ]] পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছিল। বৰ্তমান বাংলাদেশ, [[ভাৰত]], নেপাল আৰু [[ভূটান]]ত ইয়াৰ বিচৰণ‍ক্ষেত্ৰ সীমাৱদ্ধ। ই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ক্ৰমৱৰ্ধমান ওখ ঘাঁহনি অঞ্চলত বাস কৰে আৰু শুকান বতৰত যেতিয়া এই অঞ্চলবোৰ জ্বলাৰ সম্ভাৱনা থাকে তেতিয়া নদীৰ পাৰৰ কাষৰীয়া জলাশয় অঞ্চল বা ঘাঁহত আশ্ৰয় লয়।<ref name="Bell1990"/> শুক্লাফান্তা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বিস্তৃত ঘাঁহনি অঞ্চলত থকা ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দৃষ্টিকোণৰপৰা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baral|first1=H.S.|last2=Inskipp|first2=C.|year=2009|title=The Birds of Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal|journal=Our Nature|volume=7|pages=56–81|doi=10.3126/on.v7i1.2554}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ১৯৮৪ চনৰ পিছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত এটা খাগৰিকটা শহা নথিভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khadka, B.B.|last2=Yadav, B.P.|last3=Aryal, N.|last4=Aryal, A.|year=2017|title=Rediscovery of the hispid hare (''Caprolagus hispidus'') in Chitwan National Park, Nepal after three decades|journal=Conservation Science|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10–12|doi=10.3126/cs.v5i1.18560|url=http://conservscience.org/index.php/consci/article/viewFile/27/26|access-date=2024-11-16|archivedate=2018-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319215407/http://conservscience.org/index.php/consci/article/viewFile/27/26|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == পৰিস্থিতি‍ বিজ্ঞান == খাগৰিকটা শহা কাহিলীপুৱা আৰু গধূলিৰ সময়ত আটাইতকৈ বেছি‍ সক্ৰিয়। খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ প্ৰজনন বিষয়ত উপলব্ধ সীমিত তথ্যই সূচায় যে ইয়াৰ জন্মৰ হাৰ তাকৰ।<ref name="Bell1990"/> == ভাবুকি == গৰু-ম'হৰ অত্যধিক চৰণৰ ফলত খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ আৱাসভূমি হিচাপে থকা ঘাঁহনিবোৰ ভাবুকিৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। <ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Ecology and Conservation of Endangered Hispid Hare ''Caprolagus hispidus'' in India|date=2013|pages=179–203|last=Maheswaran|first1=G.|title=Rare Animals of India|publisher=Bentham Science Publishers|doi=10.2174/9781608054855113010012|editor=Singaravelan, N.}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় প্ৰজাতি]] ogik3xjfngdfnaazg0mahjc6d57j2kp 453292 453290 2024-12-10T09:10:18Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|name=খাগৰিকটা শহা|image=CaprolagusHispidusJASB.jpg|status=EN|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Caprolagus hispidus'' |author=Aryal, A. |author2=Yadav, B. |date=2019 |page=e.T3833A45176688 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>|status2=CITES_A1|status2_system=CITES|status2_ref=<ref name=iucn/>|genus=Caprolagus|parent_authority=[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1845|species=hispidus|authority=([[John Thomas Pearson|Pearson]], 1839)|range_map=Hispid Hare area.png|range_map_caption=Hispid hare range}} '''খাগৰিকটা শহা''' ({{lang-en|Hispid hare}}; বৈ‍জ্ঞানিক নামঃ Caprolagus hispidus)ক অসম শহাপহু আৰু ব্ৰিষ্টলি শহাপহু বুলিও কোৱা হয়। লেপৰিড পৰিয়ালৰ কেপ্ৰ’লাগাছ গণৰ এই প্ৰাণীবিধ দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আৰু ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিস্তৃতি হিমালয়ৰ দক্ষিণ পাদদেশ। আজি ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান বিচ্ছিন্ন আৰু ৫,০০০ৰ পৰা ২০,০০০ বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰ (১,৯০০ৰ পৰা ৭,৭০০ বৰ্গমাইল) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত; যাক ৫০০বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰতকৈ কম বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। বৰ্ধিত কৃষি, বান নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ, আৰু মানৱ উন্নয়নৰ ফলত এই প্ৰাণীবিধৰ উপযুক্ত বাসস্থান অবিৰতভাৱে‍ হ্ৰাস পোৱা দেখা গৈছে‍। সেয়েহে ইয়াক ১৯৮৬ চনৰ পৰা আই ইউ চি এন ৰেড লিষ্টত বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="iucn-1"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAryal,_A.Yadav,_B.2019"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="151">Aryal, A.; Yadav, B. (2019). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="152">[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3833/45176688 "''Caprolagus hispidus''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="153">''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="155">'''2019''': e.T3833A45176688. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="156">[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span></span><span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="158">UK.2019-1.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="159">RLTS.</span>]]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="160"><span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en|T3833A45176688.en]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="161"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2022</span>.</span></cite></ref> ই কেপ্ৰ’লাগাছ গণৰ একমাত্ৰ প্ৰজাতি। == বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ == খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ গাটো ৰুক্ষ আৰু ঠৰঙা নোমেৰে আবৃত৷ ইয়াৰ কাণবোৰ অতি চুটি আৰু তাক নোমৰ বাহিৰলৈ‍ নুলিয়াই।<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen36zool#page/n681/mode/2up|title=18. ''Lepus hispidus''|last=Pearson|first1=J. T.|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|date=1839|volume=VII|page=152}}</ref> ক 'লা আৰু বাদামী চুলিৰ মিশ্ৰণৰ বাবে পিঠিৰ নোমখিনি‍ গাঢ় মটিয়া ৰঙৰ হয়, বুকুৰ ওপৰভাগৰ ৰং মটিয়া আৰু পেট বগা বৰণৰ। ইয়াৰ নেজডাল বাদামী আৰু প্ৰায় ৩০ মিলিমিটাৰ (১.২ ইঞ্চি) দীঘল হয়। মতা খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ শৰীৰৰ ওজন ১,৮১০ৰ পৰা ২,৬১০ গ্ৰাম (৬৪ৰ পৰা ৯২ আউন্স) আৰু গড় ওজন ২,২৪৮ গ্ৰাম (৭৯.৩ আউন্স)। মাইকী খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ শৰীৰৰ ওজন গডে় ২,৫১৮ গ্ৰাম (৮৮.৮ আউন্স), গৰ্ভৱতী খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ শৰীৰৰ গড় ওজন ৩,২১০ গ্ৰাম, (১১৩ আউন্স) বুলি এক পৰিসংখ্যাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Bell1990">{{Cite book|last=Bell|first1=D. J.|last2=Oliver|first2=W. L. R.|last3=Ghose|first3=R. K.|title=Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|year=1990|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|place=Gland, Switzerland|isbn=978-2831700199|pages=128–137|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA128|editor=Chapman, J. A.|chapter=Chapter 9: The Hispid Hare ''Caprolagus Hispidus''}}</ref> সন্মুখৰ হাড়বোৰ অতি বহল। অ'চিপিটো-নাকৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য সাধাৰণতে ৮৫ মিমি (৩ ইঞ্চি) তকৈ দীঘল হয়। পোষ্টঅৰ্বিটেল প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ সন্মুখত কোনো স্পষ্ট খাঁজ নাই।<ref name="ems66">{{Cite book|last=Ellerman|first1=J. R.|last2=Morrison-Scott|first2=T. C. S.|year=1966|url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofindia00elle#page/424/mode/2up|title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946|edition=2nd|publisher=British Museum of Natural History|place=London|page=424}}</ref> গড় হিচাপত খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ মূৰৰ পৰা নেজলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৪৭৬ মিমি (১৮.৭ ইঞ্চি)।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macdonald, D. W.|title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-956799-7}}</ref> == বিতৰণ আৰু বাসস্থান == খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিচৰণৰ পৰিসৰ [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ]]ৰ পৰা দক্ষিণ [[নেপাল]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ|পশ্চিম বংগ]]ৰ উত্তৰ অঞ্চলৰ লগতে‍ [[অসম]] আৰু [[বাংলাদেশ]] পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছিল। বৰ্তমান বাংলাদেশ, [[ভাৰত]], নেপাল আৰু [[ভূটান]]ত ইয়াৰ বিচৰণ‍ক্ষেত্ৰ সীমাৱদ্ধ। ই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ক্ৰমৱৰ্ধমান ওখ ঘাঁহনি অঞ্চলত বাস কৰে আৰু শুকান বতৰত যেতিয়া এই অঞ্চলবোৰ জ্বলাৰ সম্ভাৱনা থাকে তেতিয়া নদীৰ পাৰৰ কাষৰীয়া জলাশয় অঞ্চল বা ঘাঁহত আশ্ৰয় লয়।<ref name="Bell1990"/> শুক্লাফান্তা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বিস্তৃত ঘাঁহনি অঞ্চলত থকা ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দৃষ্টিকোণৰপৰা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baral|first1=H.S.|last2=Inskipp|first2=C.|year=2009|title=The Birds of Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal|journal=Our Nature|volume=7|pages=56–81|doi=10.3126/on.v7i1.2554}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ১৯৮৪ চনৰ পিছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত এটা খাগৰিকটা শহা নথিভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khadka, B.B.|last2=Yadav, B.P.|last3=Aryal, N.|last4=Aryal, A.|year=2017|title=Rediscovery of the hispid hare (''Caprolagus hispidus'') in Chitwan National Park, Nepal after three decades|journal=Conservation Science|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10–12|doi=10.3126/cs.v5i1.18560|url=http://conservscience.org/index.php/consci/article/viewFile/27/26|access-date=2024-11-16|archivedate=2018-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319215407/http://conservscience.org/index.php/consci/article/viewFile/27/26|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == পৰিস্থিতি‍ বিজ্ঞান == খাগৰিকটা শহা কাহিলীপুৱা আৰু গধূলিৰ সময়ত আটাইতকৈ বেছি‍ সক্ৰিয়। খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ প্ৰজনন বিষয়ত উপলব্ধ সীমিত তথ্যই সূচায় যে ইয়াৰ জন্মৰ হাৰ তাকৰ।<ref name="Bell1990"/> == ভাবুকি == গৰু-ম'হৰ অত্যধিক চৰণৰ ফলত খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ আৱাসভূমি হিচাপে থকা ঘাঁহনিবোৰ ভাবুকিৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। <ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Ecology and Conservation of Endangered Hispid Hare ''Caprolagus hispidus'' in India|date=2013|pages=179–203|last=Maheswaran|first1=G.|title=Rare Animals of India|publisher=Bentham Science Publishers|doi=10.2174/9781608054855113010012|editor=Singaravelan, N.}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় প্ৰজাতি]] 5ljnpf5yohf1lyw6m4x6fk4xa1xxm19 453293 453292 2024-12-10T09:10:47Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|name=খাগৰিকটা শহা|image=CaprolagusHispidusJASB.jpg|status=EN|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Caprolagus hispidus'' |author=Aryal, A. |author2=Yadav, B. |date=2019 |page=e.T3833A45176688 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>|status2=CITES_A1|status2_system=CITES|status2_ref=<ref name=iucn/>|genus=Caprolagus|parent_authority=[[Edward Blyth|Blyth]], 1845|species=hispidus|authority=([[John Thomas Pearson|Pearson]], 1839)|range_map=Hispid Hare area.png|range_map_caption=Hispid hare range}} '''খাগৰিকটা শহা''' ({{lang-en|Hispid hare}}; বৈ‍জ্ঞানিক নামঃ ''Caprolagus hispidus'')ক অসম শহাপহু আৰু ব্ৰিষ্টলি শহাপহু বুলিও কোৱা হয়। লেপৰিড পৰিয়ালৰ কেপ্ৰ’লাগাছ গণৰ এই প্ৰাণীবিধ দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আৰু ইয়াৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিস্তৃতি হিমালয়ৰ দক্ষিণ পাদদেশ। আজি ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান বিচ্ছিন্ন আৰু ৫,০০০ৰ পৰা ২০,০০০ বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰ (১,৯০০ৰ পৰা ৭,৭০০ বৰ্গমাইল) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত; যাক ৫০০বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰতকৈ কম বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। বৰ্ধিত কৃষি, বান নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ, আৰু মানৱ উন্নয়নৰ ফলত এই প্ৰাণীবিধৰ উপযুক্ত বাসস্থান অবিৰতভাৱে‍ হ্ৰাস পোৱা দেখা গৈছে‍। সেয়েহে ইয়াক ১৯৮৬ চনৰ পৰা আই ইউ চি এন ৰেড লিষ্টত বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="iucn-1"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAryal,_A.Yadav,_B.2019"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="151">Aryal, A.; Yadav, B. (2019). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="152">[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3833/45176688 "''Caprolagus hispidus''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="153">''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="155">'''2019''': e.T3833A45176688. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="156">[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span></span><span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="158">UK.2019-1.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="159">RLTS.</span>]]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="160"><span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en|T3833A45176688.en]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="161"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2022</span>.</span></cite></ref> ই কেপ্ৰ’লাগাছ গণৰ একমাত্ৰ প্ৰজাতি। == বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ == খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ গাটো ৰুক্ষ আৰু ঠৰঙা নোমেৰে আবৃত৷ ইয়াৰ কাণবোৰ অতি চুটি আৰু তাক নোমৰ বাহিৰলৈ‍ নুলিয়াই।<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen36zool#page/n681/mode/2up|title=18. ''Lepus hispidus''|last=Pearson|first1=J. T.|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|date=1839|volume=VII|page=152}}</ref> ক 'লা আৰু বাদামী চুলিৰ মিশ্ৰণৰ বাবে পিঠিৰ নোমখিনি‍ গাঢ় মটিয়া ৰঙৰ হয়, বুকুৰ ওপৰভাগৰ ৰং মটিয়া আৰু পেট বগা বৰণৰ। ইয়াৰ নেজডাল বাদামী আৰু প্ৰায় ৩০ মিলিমিটাৰ (১.২ ইঞ্চি) দীঘল হয়। মতা খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ শৰীৰৰ ওজন ১,৮১০ৰ পৰা ২,৬১০ গ্ৰাম (৬৪ৰ পৰা ৯২ আউন্স) আৰু গড় ওজন ২,২৪৮ গ্ৰাম (৭৯.৩ আউন্স)। মাইকী খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ শৰীৰৰ ওজন গডে় ২,৫১৮ গ্ৰাম (৮৮.৮ আউন্স), গৰ্ভৱতী খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ শৰীৰৰ গড় ওজন ৩,২১০ গ্ৰাম, (১১৩ আউন্স) বুলি এক পৰিসংখ্যাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Bell1990">{{Cite book|last=Bell|first1=D. J.|last2=Oliver|first2=W. L. R.|last3=Ghose|first3=R. K.|title=Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|year=1990|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|place=Gland, Switzerland|isbn=978-2831700199|pages=128–137|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q994k86i0zYC&pg=PA128|editor=Chapman, J. A.|chapter=Chapter 9: The Hispid Hare ''Caprolagus Hispidus''}}</ref> সন্মুখৰ হাড়বোৰ অতি বহল। অ'চিপিটো-নাকৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য সাধাৰণতে ৮৫ মিমি (৩ ইঞ্চি) তকৈ দীঘল হয়। পোষ্টঅৰ্বিটেল প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ সন্মুখত কোনো স্পষ্ট খাঁজ নাই।<ref name="ems66">{{Cite book|last=Ellerman|first1=J. R.|last2=Morrison-Scott|first2=T. C. S.|year=1966|url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofindia00elle#page/424/mode/2up|title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946|edition=2nd|publisher=British Museum of Natural History|place=London|page=424}}</ref> গড় হিচাপত খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ মূৰৰ পৰা নেজলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৪৭৬ মিমি (১৮.৭ ইঞ্চি)।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Macdonald, D. W.|title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-956799-7}}</ref> == বিতৰণ আৰু বাসস্থান == খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিচৰণৰ পৰিসৰ [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ]]ৰ পৰা দক্ষিণ [[নেপাল]], [[পশ্চিমবংগ|পশ্চিম বংগ]]ৰ উত্তৰ অঞ্চলৰ লগতে‍ [[অসম]] আৰু [[বাংলাদেশ]] পৰ্যন্ত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছিল। বৰ্তমান বাংলাদেশ, [[ভাৰত]], নেপাল আৰু [[ভূটান]]ত ইয়াৰ বিচৰণ‍ক্ষেত্ৰ সীমাৱদ্ধ। ই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ক্ৰমৱৰ্ধমান ওখ ঘাঁহনি অঞ্চলত বাস কৰে আৰু শুকান বতৰত যেতিয়া এই অঞ্চলবোৰ জ্বলাৰ সম্ভাৱনা থাকে তেতিয়া নদীৰ পাৰৰ কাষৰীয়া জলাশয় অঞ্চল বা ঘাঁহত আশ্ৰয় লয়।<ref name="Bell1990"/> শুক্লাফান্তা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বিস্তৃত ঘাঁহনি অঞ্চলত থকা ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দৃষ্টিকোণৰপৰা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baral|first1=H.S.|last2=Inskipp|first2=C.|year=2009|title=The Birds of Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal|journal=Our Nature|volume=7|pages=56–81|doi=10.3126/on.v7i1.2554}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ১৯৮৪ চনৰ পিছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত এটা খাগৰিকটা শহা নথিভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khadka, B.B.|last2=Yadav, B.P.|last3=Aryal, N.|last4=Aryal, A.|year=2017|title=Rediscovery of the hispid hare (''Caprolagus hispidus'') in Chitwan National Park, Nepal after three decades|journal=Conservation Science|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10–12|doi=10.3126/cs.v5i1.18560|url=http://conservscience.org/index.php/consci/article/viewFile/27/26|access-date=2024-11-16|archivedate=2018-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319215407/http://conservscience.org/index.php/consci/article/viewFile/27/26|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == পৰিস্থিতি‍ বিজ্ঞান == খাগৰিকটা শহা কাহিলীপুৱা আৰু গধূলিৰ সময়ত আটাইতকৈ বেছি‍ সক্ৰিয়। খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ প্ৰজনন বিষয়ত উপলব্ধ সীমিত তথ্যই সূচায় যে ইয়াৰ জন্মৰ হাৰ তাকৰ।<ref name="Bell1990"/> == ভাবুকি == গৰু-ম'হৰ অত্যধিক চৰণৰ ফলত খাগৰিকটা শহাৰ আৱাসভূমি হিচাপে থকা ঘাঁহনিবোৰ ভাবুকিৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। <ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Ecology and Conservation of Endangered Hispid Hare ''Caprolagus hispidus'' in India|date=2013|pages=179–203|last=Maheswaran|first1=G.|title=Rare Animals of India|publisher=Bentham Science Publishers|doi=10.2174/9781608054855113010012|editor=Singaravelan, N.}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় প্ৰজাতি]] hjhx91q0vumim84aj9hn5i5fkdyv900 গটফ্ৰিড উইলহেল্ম লাইবনিৎছ 0 109317 453186 447003 2024-12-10T04:59:03Z Babulbaishya 2558 453186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|গটফ্ৰিড উইলহেল্ম লেইবনিজ}} {{Infobox Philosopher |region = [[পাশ্চাত্য দৰ্শন]] |era = সপ্তদশ/অষ্টদশ শতাব্দীৰ দৰ্শন |color = #B0C4DE |image = Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.jpg|250px |image_caption = গটফ্ৰিড লাইবনিৎস |name = গটফ্ৰিড উইলহেল্ম লাইবনিৎছ (লিবনিজ ) |birth_date = ১ জুলাই (২১ জুন [[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]]) ১৬৪৬ |birth_place = [[লাইপ্‌ৎসিশ]], স্যাক্সনি, জাৰ্মানি |death_date = ১৪ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৭১৬ |death_place = [[হানোফাৰ]], জাৰ্মানি |nationality = জাৰ্মান |education = {{প্ৰান্তৰতালিকা| * {{Interlanguage link multi|Alte Nikolaischule|de|3=Alte Nikolaischule (Leipzig)|lt=Alte Nikolaischule}}<br>(১৬৫৫–১৬৬১) * [[লাইপৎসিগ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] (১৬৬১–১৬৬৬: ** দৰ্শনে [[বি.এ.]], ডিসেম্বৰ ১৯৬২ ** দৰ্শনে [[এম.এ.]], ফেব্ৰুয়াৰি ১৯৬৪ ** [[এলএল.বি.]], সেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৬৬৫ ** [[Dr. phil. hab.]], মাৰ্চ ১৬৬৬) * [[জেনা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<br>(গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন, ১৬৬৩)<ref name="Arthur p. 16">আৰ্থাৰ ২০১৪, পৃ. ১৬।</ref> * [[আল্টডৰ্ফ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<br>([[Dr. jur.]], নভেম্বৰ ১৬৬৬)}} |main_interests = [[অধিবিদ্যা]], [[গণিত]], |doctoral_advisor = বাৰ্থলমাউস লেওনহাৰ্ড শোয়েণ্ডেনডৰফাৰ (Dr. jur. উপদেষ্টা)<ref>Kurt Huber, ''Leibniz: Der Philosoph der universalen Harmonie'', Severus Verlag, 2014, p. 29.</ref><ref>{{MathGenealogy|id=60985}}</ref> | academic_advisors = {{প্ৰান্তৰতালিকা| *[[এৰহাৰ্ড ভেইগেল]] (জেনা বি.)<ref name="Arthur p. 16"/> *[[ইয়াকপ থমাসিয়ুস]] (বি.এ. উপদেষ্টা)<ref name="Arthur p. 13"/> *[[ক্ৰিষ্টিয়ান হুইগেন্স]]}} | doctoral_students = [[ইয়াকপ বেৰ্নুলি]]<br />[[ক্ৰিষ্টিয়ান ফন উল্‌ফ]]<br /> | influences = [[প্লেটো]], [[এৰিষ্টটল]], [[Thomas Aquinas|আকুইনাস]], [[Francisco Suárez|সুয়াৰেজ]], [[Rene Descartes|দেকাৰ্তে]], [[Baruch Spinoza|স্পিনোজা]], [[Ramon Llull]] | influenced = [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|ক্ৰিষ্টিয়ান উল্‌ফ]], [[ইমানুয়েল কাণ্ট|কাণ্ট]], [[Bertrand Russell|ৰাসেল]], [[Bernardino Varisco|ভাৰিস্কো]], [[Martin Heidegger|হাইডেগাৰ]] | notable_ideas = [[Infinitesimal calculus]], [[ক্যালকুলাস]], [[Monadology]], [[Theodicy]], [[Optimism]] | signature=Leibnitz signature.jpg }} গটফ্ৰিড উইলহেল্ম লাইবনিৎছ (লিবনিজ) (জাৰ্মান: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, জুলাই ১, ১৬৪৬ – নভেম্বৰ ১৪, ১৭১৬) এজন জাৰ্মান দাৰ্শনিক আৰু গণিতজ্ঞ যাক কেলকুলাছৰ আৱিষ্কাৰক হিচাপে সন্মান জনোৱা হয়। তেওঁৰ ব্যৱহৃত কেলকুলাছৰ অংকপাতন পদ্ধতি বা নোটেশ্বনসমূহ বৰ্তমানেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। আধুনিক কম্পিউটাৰৰ মূল আধাৰ দ্বৈত পদ্ধতি তেওঁৰ উদ্ভাৱন। পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞান, জীৱবিজ্ঞান, সম্ভাৱনা তত্ত্ব, তথ্য বিজ্ঞান আদিত তেওঁৰ ব্যাপক অৱদান আছে। ==জীৱনী == ===প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন=== গটফ্ৰিড উইলহেল্ম ফন লাইবনিৎছে ১৬৪৬ চনৰ ১ জুলাই জাৰ্মানিৰ লাইপজিগ চহৰৰ এক সম্ভ্ৰান্ত পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ পিতৃ আছিল ফ্ৰিড্ৰিক লাইবনিৎছ আৰু মাতৃ আছিল কেথাৰিনা স্মুক। লাইবনিৎছক ৩ জুলাইত লাইপজিগৰ ছেণ্ট নিকলাচ গীৰ্জাত অভিসিঞ্চিত কৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ ধৰ্মপিতা আছিল লুথেৰান ধৰ্মতত্ত্ববিদ মাৰ্টিন গেইয়াৰ।<ref>Kurt Müller, Gisela Krönert, ''Leben und Werk von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Eine Chronik''. Frankfurt a.M., Klostermann 1969, p. 3.</ref> লাইবনিৎছৰ মাথোঁ ছবছৰ বয়সতে তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ মৃত্যু হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ মাতৃয়ে তেওঁক লালন-পালন কৰ <ref>{{cite book|title=The Philosophy of Leibniz: Metaphysics and Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3M8DwAAQBAJ&q=Gottfried+Leibniz+father+died+when+he+was+six+and+a+half+years+old&pg=PA17|isbn=978-0-19-505946-5|last1=Mates|first1=Benson|year=1989| publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> লাইবনিৎছৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ সেক্সনি চৰকাৰৰ অধীনত উচ্চ পদত কৰ্মচাৰী আছিল, আৰু তেওঁৰ পিতৃ লাইপজিগ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ নৈতিক দৰ্শন বিষয়ৰ অধ্যাপক আছিল। এইদৰে এক শিক্ষিত আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক পৰিৱেশত তেওঁৰ শৈশৱ অতিবাহিত হয়। পিতৃৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত তেওঁ পিতৃৰ গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী হয়। সাত বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁক এই গ্ৰন্থাগাৰত প্ৰৱেশাধিকাৰ দিয়া হয়। তেওঁৰ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পঢ়া কিছু নীতিমূলক পাঠদানতে সীমিত হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ পিতৃৰ গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ বিভিন্ন দাৰ্শনিক আৰু ধৰ্মতত্ত্ব বিষয়ৰ গ্ৰন্থ পঢ়িবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। এই গ্ৰন্থবোৰ পঢ়িবলৈ তেওঁ কলেজলৈকে অপেক্ষা কৰিবলগীয়া হোৱা নাছিল।<ref>Mackie (1845), 21</ref> গ্ৰন্থবোৰৰ অধিকাংশ লেটিন ভাষাত লিখা আছিল, সেয়েহে তেওঁ আঠ বছৰ বয়সত লেটিন ভাষা শিকিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু বাৰ বছৰ বয়সত লেটিনত দক্ষতা অৰ্জন কৰে। তেৰ বছৰ বয়সত বিদ্যালয়ৰ এক বিশেষ অনুষ্ঠানৰ বাবে তেওঁ ৩০০ হেক্সামিটাৰৰ এটি লেটিন কবিতা ৰচনা কৰে।<ref>Mackie (1845), 22</ref> ইয়াৰ পাছত, তেওঁ সম্পূৰ্ণ নিজৰ চেষ্টাৰে গ্ৰীক ভাষাও আয়ত্ত কৰে। এই সময়ত তেওঁৰ মানসিক উৎকৰ্ষ ৰেনে দেকাৰ্তৰ অনুৰূপ আছিল। প্ৰাচীন সাহিত্য আৰু কলাৰ অনুশীলনে তেওঁক সন্তুষ্ট কৰিব পৰা নাছিল, সেয়ে তেওঁ ন্যায় শাস্ত্ৰৰ অধ্যয়নত মনোনিবেশ কৰে। গ্ৰীক আৰু লেটিন পণ্ডিত, দাৰ্শনিক আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টান যাজকবৃন্দই ন্যায়শাস্ত্ৰক যি পৰ্যায়লৈ নিছিল, তাৰ সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰয়াসতে লাইবনিজৰ কেৰেক্টাৰিষ্টিক ইউনিভাৰ্ছালিছ বা ইউনিভাৰ্ছেল মেথেমেটিছৰ বীজ অঙ্কুৰিত হয়। ইয়াৰ পৰাই তেওঁ দৰ্শনশাস্ত্ৰ আৰু মনোবিজ্ঞানৰ আস্বাদ লাভ কৰিছিল। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:সপ্তদশ শতিকাৰ জাৰ্মান বিজ্ঞানী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সপ্তদশ শতিকাৰ জাৰ্মান গণিতবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:১৬৪৬ চনত জন্ম ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:১৭১৬ চনত মৃত্যু হোৱা ব্যক্তি]] sfqgtsno0vqdal7kxwwdu3ez7juphku কুকুৰ তিহাৰ (উৎসৱ) 0 109327 453167 446921 2024-12-10T04:01:13Z AjayDas 12623 removed [[Category:নেপাল]]; added [[Category:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday | holiday_name = কুকুৰ তিহাৰ | image = Kukur Tihar.jpg | caption = কুকুৰ তিহাৰত ডিঙিত ফুলৰ মালা পিন্ধোৱা এটা কুকুৰ | nickname = কুকুৰৰ উৎসৱ | date2020 = ১৪ নৱেম্বৰৰ ২০২০<ref>[https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/kukur-tihar-laxmi-puja-being-observed-today-amid-covid-19-pandemic/ "Kukur Tihar, Laxmi Puja being observed today amid COVID-19 pandemic"]. ''[[The Himalayan Times]]'', 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020</ref> | date2021 = ৩ নৱেম্বৰৰ ২০২১<ref>{{Cite web|title=२०७८ सालको तिहारपर्व सँग सम्वन्धित दिन तथा साईतहरू|url=https://npns.gov.np/notice/H0jhE7tuJpaSLIh6|url-status=dead|access-date=1 November 2021|website=Nepal Panchanga Nirnayak Samitee|language=ne|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101164818/https://npns.gov.np/notice/H0jhE7tuJpaSLIh6}}</ref> | duration = এদিন | observances = প্ৰাৰ্থনা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান | celebrations = কুকুৰক সন্মান জনোৱা | type = হিন্দু | frequency = বাৰ্ষিক | longtype = ধৰ্মীয় | official_name = {{Native name|ne|कुकुर तिहार|paren=no}} | date = [[কাতি]] [[কৃষ্ণ পক্ষ]] [[চতুৰ্দশী তিথি]] | date2023 = ৩১ অক্টোবৰ, ২০২৪ | imagesize = 200px }} '''কুকুৰ তিহাৰ''' বা [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী ভাষাত]] '''নৰক চতুৰ্দশী''' এক বাৰ্ষিক [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] উৎসৱ, যাৰ উৎপত্তি নেপালত আৰু [[তিহাৰ]] উৎসৱৰ দ্বিতীয় দিনা (অক্টোবৰ বা নৱেম্বৰৰ আশে-পাশে) পালন কৰা হয়। তিহাৰৰ দ্বিতীয় দিনটো কুকুৰ উৎসৱ নামেৰে জনাজাত আৰু কুকুৰ পূজাৰ বাবে উছৰ্গা কৰা হয়। এই দিনটোত মানুহে মৃত্যুৰ দেৱতা [[যম|যমক]] সন্তুষ্ট কৰিবলৈ কুকুৰক পূজা কৰে, কিয়নো কুকুৰক তেওঁৰ দূত বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। কুকুৰক [[তিলক]] দিয়াৰ লগতে ডিঙিত ফুলৰ মালা পিন্ধোৱাৰ হয়। ভক্তসকলে কুকুৰক বিভিন্ন খাদ্য, যেনে- মাংস, গাখীৰ, কণী আদি আগবঢ়ায়। এই দিনটোত কুকুৰক অসন্মানজনক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো [[পাপ]] বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তত নেপালী প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীয়েও কুকুৰ উৎসৱ পালন কৰে। == পটভূমি == [[চিত্ৰ:Rakta_Bhairava.jpg|left|thumb| ''ভৈৰৱ'' ৰূপত [[শিৱ]], যাৰ সংগী হিচাপে শ্বৱান নামৰ কুকুৰ এটা আছে। ]] [[তিহাৰ]] নেপাল মূলৰ পাঁচদিনীয়া হিন্দু উৎসৱ; [[দঁশেই উৎসৱ|দশাইনৰ]] পিছত দেশৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহত্তম উৎসৱ। <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 November 2020|language=en-US|title=Market in border area bustling|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/market-in-border-area-bustling/|accessdate=10 November 2020|work=The Himalayan Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasain|first=Krishana|date=21 October 2020|language=English|title=Nepal's biggest festival Dashain fails to lift the market mood, buyers and sellers say|url=https://kathmandupost.com/money/2020/10/21/nepal-s-biggest-festival-dashain-fails-to-lift-the-market-mood-buyers-and-sellers-say|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110145828/https://kathmandupost.com/money/2020/10/21/nepal-s-biggest-festival-dashain-fails-to-lift-the-market-mood-buyers-and-sellers-say|archivedate=10 November 2020|accessdate=10 November 2020|work=The Kathmandu Post}}</ref> তিহাৰৰ দ্বিতীয় দিনটোত কুকুৰ তিহাৰ উদযাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Devleesschauwer|first=Brecht|date=12 February 2016|title=Epidemiology, Impact and Control of Rabies in Nepal: A Systematic Review|pages=e0004461|language=en|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0004461|issn=1935-2735|pmc=4752342|pmid=26871689}}</ref> তিহাৰ উৎসৱৰ সময়ত গৰু, কাউৰীকে ধৰি বহুতো জীৱ-জন্তুৰ পূজাও কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Kelly|first=Erin|date=5 October 2015|language=en-US|title=In Nepal, Every Dog Has Its Day. Literally.|url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/dog-festival-nepal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027204224/https://allthatsinteresting.com/dog-festival-nepal|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=All That's Interesting}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Devkota|first=Mahima|date=3 November 2021|language=en|title=Why do we worship crows and dogs?|url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/society/why-do-we-worship-crows-and-dogs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103111123/https://risingnepaldaily.com/society/why-do-we-worship-crows-and-dogs|archivedate=3 November 2021|accessdate=21 November 2021|work=The Rising Nepal}}</ref> প্ৰাচীন [[ভাৰতীয় মহাকাব্য|সংস্কৃত মহাকাব্য]] ''[[মহাভাৰত|মহাভাৰতত]]'', পাঁচজন [[পাণ্ডৱ|পাণ্ডৱৰ]] লগত স্বৰ্গলৈ যোৱাৰ পথত এটা কুকুৰ আছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Shahani|first=Shradha|date=22 October 2019|language=en-IN|title=In Nepal, Diwali is a time to worship the dogs|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/nepal-diwali-time-worship-dogs/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027174746/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/nepal-diwali-time-worship-dogs/|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=Condé Nast Traveller}}</ref> পাণ্ডৱসকলে পত্নী [[দ্ৰৌপদী]] আৰু ভাই-ভনীৰ সৈতে [[হিমালয়]] আৰোহণ কৰিছিল; [[যুধিষ্ঠিৰ]] আৰু সেই কুকুৰটো বাদে আটাইকেইজনৰে বাটতে মৃত্যু হৈছিল। তাৰ পিছত [[যুধিষ্ঠিৰ|যুধিষ্ঠিৰে]] [[ইন্দ্ৰ]] দেৱতাক লগ পায়, যিয়ে তেওঁক স্বৰ্গলৈ আদৰি লৈ যায় যদিও কয় যে তেওঁ সেই কুকুৰটোৰ সৈতে স্বৰ্গত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব নোৱাৰিব। কুকুৰটোক এৰিব লাগিব। <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sudeshna|date=8 April 2020|language=en|title=Interested in the Mahabharata? Know how the Pandavas died|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/interested-in-the-mahabharata-know-how-the-pandavas-died/575675|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027175827/https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religion/article/interested-in-the-mahabharata-know-how-the-pandavas-died/575675|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=Times Now}}</ref> যুধিষ্ঠিৰে সেই কুকুৰটো নোহোৱাকৈ স্বৰ্গত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰি পৃথিৱীলৈ ঘূৰি আহিম বুলি কয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Gitanjali|date=6 September 2020|language=en|title=Explained: After Modi's push, a look at the several dog breeds native to India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-after-pm-modis-push-the-many-dog-breeds-native-to-india-6577820/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027175734/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-after-pm-modis-push-the-many-dog-breeds-native-to-india-6577820/|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2018|language=en|title=Day of the Dog: A day before Diwali, Nepal celebrates 'dog puja festival' with fervour – See pics|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/tihar-dog-puja-festival-nepal-kukur-tihar-bhairava-dashain-yamraj-naraka-chaturdashi-bhoot-chaturdashi-yudhishthira-mahabharata/310584|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027192823/https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/tihar-dog-puja-festival-nepal-kukur-tihar-bhairava-dashain-yamraj-naraka-chaturdashi-bhoot-chaturdashi-yudhishthira-mahabharata/310584|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=Times Now}}</ref> তেনেতে কুকুৰটো নোহোৱা হৈ যায় আৰু ই মৃত্যুৰ দেৱতা [[যম|যমৰ]] ৰূপ লয়; ইন্দ্ৰই তেওঁৰ কৰ্মত আপ্লুত হয় আৰু তেওঁৰ [[ন্যায়পৰায়ণতা|ধৰ্ম্মই]] যুধিষ্ঠিৰৰ বাবে স্বৰ্গৰ দুৱাৰ মুকলি কৰে।<ref name=":12" /> হিন্দু পৌৰাণিক কাহিনী অনুসৰি যমৰ দুটা কুকুৰ আছে— শৰ্বৰ আৰু শ্যাম —যিসকলে নৰকৰ দুৱাৰ পহৰা কৰে। <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 2015|language=English|title=Dogs worshipped on Kukur Tihar|url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2015/11/10/dogs-worshipped-on-kukur-tihar|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027202913/https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2015/11/10/dogs-worshipped-on-kukur-tihar|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=The Kathmandu Post}}</ref> নেপালী হিন্দুসকলে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে কুকুৰক পূজা কৰিলেও তেওঁলোকে মৃত্যুক ইতিবাচকভাৱে গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰে, কিয়নো তেওঁলোকৰ মৃত্যুৰ সময়তো কুকুৰে তেওঁলোকৰ অন্তিম যাত্ৰাত তেওঁলোকৰ পিছে পিছে যাব। <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmnTDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Kukur+Tihar%22&pg=PT272|title=The Cultural Heritage of Meghalaya|last=Marak|first=Queenbala|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|date=28 February 2020|publisher=Routledge|language=en|isbn=978-1-000-07182-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028142919/https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HmnTDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT272|archivedate=28 October 2020|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> তেওঁলোকে আশা কৰে যে কুকুৰবোৰে তেওঁলোকক নৰকৰ অত্যাচাৰৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিব। <ref name=":6" /> কুকুৰক যমৰ সংগী বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয় আৰু তেওঁক সন্তুষ্ট কৰিবলৈ পূজা কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2019|language=en-US|title=Kukur Tihar, Laxmi Puja observed; Bhai Tika tomorrow|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/kukur-tihar-laxmi-puja-observed-bhai-tika-tomorrow/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027183335/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/kukur-tihar-laxmi-puja-observed-bhai-tika-tomorrow/|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=The Himalayan Times}}</ref> এবিচি চাইন্সৰ মতে, কুকুৰক প্ৰথমে [[নেপাল]] আৰু [[মংগোলিয়া|মংগোলিয়াত]] পোহনীয়া কৰা হৈছিল। == উদযাপন == প্ৰতি বছৰে অক্টোবৰ বা নৱেম্বৰৰ আশে-পাশে তিহাৰ উদযাপন কৰা হয়। উৎসৱৰ সময়ত কুকুৰক পূজা কৰি গা ধুওৱা আৰু [[তিলক]] দিয়া হয়, যিটো সেন্দূৰ বা আবিৰ, চাউল আৰু দৈৰে তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmnTDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Kukur+Tihar%22&pg=PT272|title=The Cultural Heritage of Meghalaya|last=Marak|first=Queenbala|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|date=28 February 2020|publisher=Routledge|language=en|isbn=978-1-000-07182-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028142919/https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HmnTDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT272|archivedate=28 October 2020|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2017|language=en|title=Did you know there is a dog puja festival in Nepal on Choti Diwali day?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/religion/kukur-tihar-nepal-people-worship-dogs-on-diwali-second-day-4896975/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027183446/https://indianexpress.com/article/religion/kukur-tihar-nepal-people-worship-dogs-on-diwali-second-day-4896975/|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> ফুলৰ মালা পিন্ধাই মাংস, গাখীৰ, কণী, কুকুৰৰ খাদ্যকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন খাদ্য খুৱাই। আৰক্ষীৰ কুকুৰ আৰু ৰাজপথৰ কুকুৰকো সন্মান জনোৱা হয়। <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=30 October 2016|title=Dogs in Nepal enjoy treats, affection|url=https://gulf-times.com/story/519367|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114151543/http://www.gulf-times.com/story/519367|archivedate=14 November 2016|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=Gulf Times}}</ref> কুকুৰ আৰু মানুহৰ মাজৰ সম্পৰ্কক উদযাপন কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Whitehead|first=Joanna|date=8 November 2018|language=en|title=This Nepalese festival has an entire day devoted to celebrating dogs|url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/travel/day-of-the-dogs-nepal-festival-tihar-diwali-2018-219907|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027205258/https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/travel/day-of-the-dogs-nepal-festival-tihar-diwali-2018-219907|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=28 October 2020|work=The i}}</ref> == সঁহাৰি == আমেৰিকাত এতিয়া কুৰ উৎসৱ গ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছে। ২০২৪ চনৰ ২৭ অক্টোবৰত ভিএৰ হেমাৰ্কেটৰ জেমছ লং পাৰ্কত প্ৰথম কুকুৰ তিহাৰ - কুকুৰ দিৱস উদযাপন কৰা হয়। এই অনুষ্ঠানৰ আয়োজক জুয়ান তিৱাৰীয়ে কয় যে তেওঁলোকে প্ৰতি বছৰে অক্টোবৰ মাহৰ শেষৰ দেওবাৰে আমেৰিকাত কুকুৰ তিহাৰ উদযাপন কৰিব। [[২০১৫ নেপাল ভূমিকম্প|২০১৫ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত নেপালত হোৱা ভূমিকম্পৰ পিছত]], এনিমেল নেপালে এই উৎসৱৰ উপলক্ষে কুকুৰৰ গৃহহীনতাৰ বিষয়টোক প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=30 October 2016|title=Dogs in Nepal enjoy treats, affection|url=https://gulf-times.com/story/519367|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114151543/http://www.gulf-times.com/story/519367|archivedate=14 November 2016|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=Gulf Times}}</ref> ''কাঠমাণ্ডু পোষ্টৰ'' বাতৰি অনুসৰি মানুহে বিদেশী জাতৰ কুকুৰ কিনিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত স্থানীয় কুকুৰক গৃহহীন কৰি তুলিছে। <ref>{{Cite web|language=English|title=Kukur Puja for rescued dogs|url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2014/10/22/kukur-puja-for-rescued-dogs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028150746/https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2014/10/22/kukur-puja-for-rescued-dogs|archivedate=28 October 2020|accessdate=28 October 2020|work=The Kathmandu Post}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনত জীৱ-জন্তুক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বিষয়ে সজাগতা সৃষ্টিৰ বাবে [[মেক্সিকো|সমগ্ৰ মেক্সিকোত]] কুকুৰ উৎসৱ বিয়পি পৰে। <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 November 2018|language=en-US|title=Mexico adopts Kukur Tihar|url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/latest/mexico-adopts-kukur-tihar/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027184648/https://www.nepalitimes.com/latest/mexico-adopts-kukur-tihar/|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=Nepali Times}}</ref> বিশেষ সম্প্ৰচাৰ সেৱাই প্ৰকাশ কৰা অনুসৰি [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ]] বহু নেপালী লোকে এই উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰিছে। <ref>{{Cite web|language=en|title=Every dog has its 'favourite' day in Nepal|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/every-dog-has-its-favourite-day-in-nepal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027192448/https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/every-dog-has-its-favourite-day-in-nepal|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=SBS}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|language=en|title="Happy Dog Day": Nepalis in Australia celebrate their favorite companion for a Hindu festival|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/happy-dog-day-nepalis-in-australia-celebrate-their-favorite-companion-for-a-hindu-festival|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027200739/https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/happy-dog-day-nepalis-in-australia-celebrate-their-favorite-companion-for-a-hindu-festival|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=SBS}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনত এছিয়ান আৰ্টে লণ্ডনত এই উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰি এটা চেৰিটি <nowiki>''ডগ ৱাক''</nowiki> অনুষ্ঠান কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=Susan|date=1 November 2008|title=Asian art market: Asian Art in London offers up an extraordinary range of works from every corner of the continent. Susan Moore selects some highlights|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00036536&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA189597200&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|pages=108–110|language=English|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028152146/https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00036536&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA189597200&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|archivedate=28 October 2020|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনত [[কাঠমাণ্ডু|কাঠমাণ্ডু মেট্ৰ'পলিটান চিটি]] হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল আৰু জেন গুডল ইনষ্টিটিউট নেপালে "নগৰীয়া কুকুৰৰ জনসংখ্যা মানৱীয়ভাৱে পৰিচালনা"ৰ বাবে এক কাৰ্যসূচী প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2016|language=en-US|title=Nepal's First Metropolitan Dog Management Program – "Manumitra" – Launched in Kathmandu|url=https://www.hsi.org/news-media/nepal-dog-population-management-042016/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027205908/https://www.hsi.org/news-media/nepal-dog-population-management-042016/|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=Humane Society International}}</ref> আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহযোগী পশু ব্যৱস্থাপনা মিত্ৰজোঁটৰ (আইচিএএম মিত্ৰজোঁটৰ) এক শৈক্ষিক মূল্যায়নত দেখা গৈছে যে [[কাঠমাণ্ডু|নেপালৰ ৰাজধানীত]] কুকুৰবোৰ “সাধাৰণতে সুস্থ আৰু সমাজে গ্ৰহণ কৰে”। <ref>{{Cite web|last=Kartal|first=Tamara|date=29 July 2019|language=en-GB|title=Manu Mitra: an example of community engagement in Kathmandu, Nepal|url=https://www.icam-coalition.org/manu-mitra-an-example-of-community-engagement-in-kathmandu-nepal/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027193832/https://www.icam-coalition.org/manu-mitra-an-example-of-community-engagement-in-kathmandu-nepal/|archivedate=27 October 2020|accessdate=27 October 2020|work=ICAM}}</ref> ২০১৮ চনত কুশল নামৰ এটা কুকুৰক এই উৎসৱ উপলক্ষে নেপাল আৰক্ষীয়ে "বছৰটোৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কুকুৰ" হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰিছিল, কাৰণ কুকুৰটোৱে ১০ বছৰীয়া এগৰাকী কিশোৰীৰ হত্যাকাৰীক বিচাৰি উলিওৱাত সহায় কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|language=English|title='Special 78' sniff out murderers for Nepal Police|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2018/11/07/special-78-sniff-out-murderers-for-nepal-police|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028151257/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2018/11/07/special-78-sniff-out-murderers-for-nepal-police|archivedate=28 October 2020|accessdate=28 October 2020|work=The Kathmandu Post}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> চিত্ৰ:Kukur_Tihar_2.jpg|alt=Dog bedecked with flower garlands| ফুলৰ মালা পিন্ধা কুকুৰ চিত্ৰ:Kathmandu_Tihar_Swayambhu.jpg|alt=Kukur Tihar is celebrated on the second day of five–day Tihar festival, a day before Dipawali.| পাঁচদিনীয়া তিহাৰ উৎসৱৰ দ্বিতীয় দিনা [[দেৱালী|দেৱালীৰ]] এদিন আগত কুকুৰ তিহাৰ পালন কৰা হয়। চিত্ৰ:Dog_worship_in_Hinduism.jpg|alt=The feet and forehead of dog are adorned with a red tika| কুকুৰৰ ভৰি আৰু কপালত ৰঙা তিলক চিত্ৰ:A_dog_overlooks_the_city_of_Kathmandu.jpg|alt=Alongside pet dogs, stray dogs are also worshipped on this day.| পোহনীয়া কুকুৰৰ লগতে এই দিনটোত পথৰ কুকুৰকো পূজা কৰা হয়। </gallery> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ উৎসৱসমূহ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ সংস্কৃতি]] dvwglaakpwqjavoxgzw7hz3k2v39zbk মটক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ গায়ন-বায়ন 0 109350 453185 451724 2024-12-10T04:53:09Z Babulbaishya 2558 453185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikify}} মটক জনগোষ্ঠী হ'ল বৰ অসমৰ চাৰি পীঠৰ সৌমাৰ পীঠৰ স্বকীয় জীৱনশৈলীৰে ভৰপূৰ এটা অন্যতম প্ৰাচীন জনগোষ্ঠী।<ref>{{cite book |last1=চেতিয়া |first1=নয়ন |title=মটক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ গায়ন-বায়ন |date=১৬ অক্টোবৰ২০২৪ |pages=৪৫ |edition=প্ৰান্তিক দ্বাবিংশ সংখ্যা |accessdate=২২ নৱেম্বৰ,২০২৪}}</ref> আন জনগোষ্ঠীৰ ধৰ্মীয় ৰীতি-নীতিৰ লগত মটক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ ধৰ্মীয় ৰীতি- নীতি মিল দেখিবলৈ পোৱা নাযায়। প্ৰধানত : মটক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ [[গায়ন-বায়ন]] অন্য জনগোষ্ঠীতকৈ পৃথক। মটক সকলৰ গায়ন-বায়ন ধৰ্মৰ এটা প্ৰধান অংগ। গায়ন-বায়ন নহ'লে মটক সকলৰ বহু সৎকাম সিদ্ধ নহ'য়। নৃত্য,গীত আৰু বাদ্য-এই ত্ৰিবেণী সঙ্গম মাধ্যমেৰে কৰা উচ্চাঙ্গ কীৰ্তনেই হʼল গায়ন-বায়ন। পুৰণি অসমৰ ওজাপালি নৃত্যৰ সৈতে গায়ন-বায়নৰ সম্বন্ধ আছে। উল্লেখযোগ্য যে মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে মায়ামৰা ধৰ্মালম্বী তথা মটক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত শাস্ত্ৰীয় গীত,সুৰ,তাল,মান আৰু বাদ্যৰ সংযোজনে অসমৰ সত্ৰীয়া সংস্কতিৰ নৃত্য-গীতৰ দিশটোত যথেষ্ট অৰিহণা যোগাই আহিছে।<ref>{{cite book |last1=হাজৰিকা |first1=উৎপল |title=মায়ামৰা সমাজৰ গায়ন-বায়ন(গুণাকৰ) |date=২৩ অক্টবৰ ২০২২ |page=৩৭ |edition=প্ৰথম বাৰ্ষিক (মধ্যকালীন)অধিবেশন |accessdate=২২ নৱেম্বৰ,২০২৪}}</ref>আদি গুৰু শ্ৰীশ্ৰী অনিৰুদ্ধদেৱৰ গীতৰ উপৰিও শ্ৰীশ্ৰী শংকৰদেৱ, মাধৱদেৱ,হৰিৰামদেৱ আৰু নিত্যানন্দদেৱে ৰচনা কৰা গীতবোৰক মায়ামৰা সমাজৰ মাঙ্গলিক অনুষ্ঠান সমূহত সময় অনুযায়ী এটা নিদিষ্ট ধৰা-বন্ধা নীতিৰে গায়ন-বায়ন মাধ্যমেৰে পৰিবেশন কৰে। মটক জনগোষ্ঠীয়ে পৰিবেশন কৰা এই গায়ন-বায়ন সুকীয়া বৈশিষ্ট্যৰে পৰিপূৰ্ণ। মটক সকলে পৰিবেশন কৰা গায়ন-বায়নৰ গীত সমূহ সময় অনুযায়ী ভাগ কৰি দেখুওৱা হʼল - # পুৱা বেলা : অহিৰ, শ্যাম, দেহাগড়,সিন্ধুৰা,কামোদ, কৌ,ললিত,কল্যাণ,পূৰ্বী প্ৰভুতি। # দুপৰৰ পৰা তিনিপৰলৈ : গৌৰী,ভাটিয়ালী, বসন্ত,গান্ধাৰ, শ্ৰী, ধনশ্ৰী,বড়াৰী, মাহুৰ আদি। # সন্ধ্যা বেলা : আশোৱাৰী, বেলোৱাৰ,সাৰেঙ্গ,চালে প্ৰভুতি। # ৰাতিৰ প্ৰথম ভাগত : সুহাই, সিন্ধুৰা, কানাড়া, মল্লাৰ প্ৰভুতি। # ৰাতিৰ দ্বিতীয় ভাগত : মধ্যালী, ভূপালী, কামোদ আদি ৰাগৰ গীত। অৱশ্যে ঠাই ভেদে এই গীত সমূহ কিছু সালসলনি কৰি মটক সকলে পৰিবেশন কৰে। মটক সমাজৰ বৰ সবাহ, গুৰুসকলৰ জন্ম তিথি, নাম জাননী, মৃতকৰ শ্ৰাদ্ধ, নামঘৰৰ বছৰেকীয়া অনুষ্ঠান তথা অন্যান্য মাংগলিক অনুষ্ঠান সমূহত গায়ন-বায়ন গোৱাটো এক সামাজিক পৰম্পৰা। শৰীৰ,মন আৰু আত্মা- এই ত্ৰিবেণী সঙ্গমেই হৈছে বাদ্য, গীত আৰু নৃত্য। মায়ামৰা তথা মটক সকলৰ গায়ন-বায়ন পূ্ৰ্ণাঙ্গ ৰূপত পৰিবেশন কৰিবলৈ ওজা, বায়ন আৰু পালিৰ ভূমিকা অপৰিহাৰ্য্য। ওজাজনে আঁত ধৰি গীত জোৰে। পালিয়ে দোহাৰি দি গায় আৰু বায়নে গীতৰ লয় মাত্ৰা ৰক্ষা কৰি চাপৰ, লাগ, ঘাতেৰে মৃদং বজায়। গায়ন-বায়ন অনুষ্ঠানটোৰ গীত লগাই দিয়া জনক গায়ন আৰু মৃদং বজোৱা জনক বায়ন বুলি কোৱা হয়। গায়ন আৰু বায়নৰ দুয়োটা শিক্ষাত পাকৈত জনেই হৈছে ওজা। মায়ামৰা সমাজ তথা মটক জনগোষ্ঠীয়ে বিভিন্ন সময়ত গায়ন-বায়নেৰে পৰিবেশন কৰা গীত-মাতৰ চমু আভাস এনেধৰণৰ- ৰাম গোহাঁই কৰোঁহো গোহাৰি ৰহু হৃদি পংকজ থাম হামাৰি।<ref>{{cite book |last1=চেতিয়া |first1=বলীন |title=মায়ামৰা মটক সমাজৰ গায়ন-বায়ন(গুণাকৰ( |date=২৩ অক্টবৰ ২০২২ |page=৬৫ |edition=প্ৰথম বাৰ্ষিক (মধ্যকালীন)অধিবেশন |accessdate=২২ নৱেম্বৰ,২০২৪}}</ref> (-মাধৱদেৱ) এই গীতটো আশোৱাৰী গীত আৰু সম্পূৰ্ণ বৰগীত। কিন্তু গৰু সকলে বৰগীতৰ ধাৰা ধৰি নাৰাখি গায়ন-বায়ন‌ৰ শাৰীতেই মায়ামৰা সমাজৰ বাবে প্ৰচলিত কৰিলে। মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰী শংকৰদেৱ আৰু মাধৱদেৱৰ বহুকেইটা বৰগীত মায়ামৰা সমাজত গায়ন-বায়ন হিচাপে পৰিবশন হৈ আহিছে। বিহুৱা সবাহৰ সময়ত মটকসকলে পৰিবেশন কৰা এটা পৰিচিত গীত হʼল- ‌ ʼবোলহ গোপিনী উদ্ধৱ মুখে চাই কৈক্ষানে এথা আসিব কানাই। ' (গীত কানাড়া-হৰিৰামদেৱ) ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বিহুৱা সবাহত গুৰু সকলৰ ৰচিত কৃষ্ণৰ গোপিনী সম্বন্ধ থকা গীতেৰে উচ্চাঙ্গ কীৰ্তনৰে সমাধা কৰা হয়। শৰণীয়াল সকলক উদ্দেশ্য কৰি ৰচনা কৰা শ্ৰীশ্ৰী অনিৰুদ্ধদেৱৰ এটি গীত- ভাই নামত কৰ সঞ্চাত ‌ই তিনি লোকত আত ব্যতিৰেক ‌ বিশ্বাস কৰিবি কাত॥ ধ্ৰু: (গীত ৰাগ ʼঅহিবʼ-অনিৰুদ্ধ) শৰণীয়াল বা সমাজৰ গন‌্য মান্য ব্যক্তি মৃত্যু হʼলে তেখেতৰ শৱযাত্ৰা গায়ন-বায়নেৰেই আদৰা মটকসকলৰ অন্যতম নিয়ম। এই গায়ন-বায়নত প্ৰহৰৰ সৈতে সম্বন্ধ নাই যদিও গুৰু সকলে নিদিষ্ঠ গীত ৰচনা কৰি থৈ গৈছে। যেনে: শৱ যাত্ৰা গীত- শুনিয়ো সজ্জন কৰি এক মন ‌‌ ভাগৱত শাস্ত্ৰৰ মত ৰাম নাম বিনে মৰণে সময়ে ‌‌ সবস্ব নাহি লগত। (গীত ৰাগ গৌৰী- হৰিৰামদেৱ) তদুপৰি মৃতকৰ সকাম- নিকাম বোৰত যেনে -তিনি দিনৰ তিলনি, দহ দিনৰ দহা,কুৰি দিনৰ কাজৰ বাবে গুৰু সকলে গীত ৰচনা কৰি থৈ গৈছে। মহিলাৰ মৃত্যু সময়ত গোৱা এটি গীত এনেধৰণৰ- সীতা যায় পাতালে নকৰা গমন ‌‌ লৱ কুশ পৰি কান্দে ৰামৰ চৰণে। (গীত ভূপালী- আনিৰুদ্ধদেৱ) মটক সকলৰ গায়ন-বায়নত এভাগ গীতৰ ৰাগ দিয়াৰ পিছতে মান ধেমালি গোৱা হয়। এই মান ধেমালি চাৰিখন-১) মানজৌতি,২)মেলান,৩)বিদ্যাপতি আৰু ৪)মৌ-মুৰি। মৌ-মুৰি থানখনত তিনিটা ঘাত আৰু বাকী তিনিখন মানত দহটাকৈ বেলেগ বেলেগ ঘাত আহিছে । মটক সকলৰ গায়ন-বায়নৰ সাজপাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো সুকীয়া বৈশিষ্ট্য দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। গায়ন-বায়নিয়ালৰ মূৰত ঠাকুৰি পাগ,ককাঁলৰ পৰা ভৰিৰ গোৰোহালৈকে জামা,ককাঁলত টঙালি,গাত হাত দীঘল ছেবিল চোলা আৰু দুই বাউসিৰ ওপৰেদি নাৰদী চাদৰ বা চেলেং চাদৰ গাত ওলমাই লয়। মটক জনগোষ্ঠীয়ে এনেদৰেই ভিন্ন শৈলীৰে গায়ন-বায়ন পৰিবেশন কৰি আহিছে আৰু অসমৰ লোক সংস্কতিত ই এক অনন্য সংযোজন। ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} r3v147ik4xppy96gzhg0mi2ekq7ep6e ডাটো পাণ্ডেলেলা ৰিনং পামগ 0 109432 453242 448885 2024-12-10T06:48:41Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sportsperson | honorific_prefix = Yang Berbahagia<br /> ডাটো | name = পাণ্ডেলেলা ৰিনং পামগ | honorific_suffix = PSBS, AMN, JBK, OLY | image = XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Winners of (Women`s) Swimming 10M Platform Diving, Pamg Pandelela Rinong of Malaysia (Gold), Melissa Wu of Australia (Silver) and Alexandra Croak of Australia (Bronze) (cropped).jpg | caption = ২০১০ চনৰ কমনৱেলথ খেলত পাণ্ডেলেলা ৰিনং পামগ | fullname = পাণ্ডেলেলা ৰিনং এনাক পামগ | nationality = মালয়েছিয়ান | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|3|2|df=y}} | birth_place = বাও, চৰাৱাক, [[মালয়েছিয়া]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Pandelela Rinong: Diving into everyday life |url=http://www.star2.com/people/2015/05/31/diving-into-everyday-life/ |publisher=star 2.com |date=31 May 2015 |author=N. Rama Lohan |access-date=1 September 2017 |archivedate=1 September 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901170246/http://www.star2.com/people/2015/05/31/diving-into-everyday-life/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> | residence = | height = ১.৬২ মি<ref name="KualaLumpur2017">{{cite web |url=http://gms.kualalumpur2017.com.my/RS2017/Athlete/ProfilePage/5730 |title=Pandelela Rinong anak Pamg |website=[[2017 Southeast Asian Games|Kuala Lumpur 2017]] |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728064312/http://gms.kualalumpur2017.com.my/RS2017/Athlete/ProfilePage/5730 |archive-date=28 July 2018 |url-status=dead |archivedate=28 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728064312/http://gms.kualalumpur2017.com.my/RS2017/Athlete/ProfilePage/5730 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> | country = মালয়েছিয়া | event = 3&nbsp; m, 10&nbsp; m, 10&nbsp; m synchro | club = Majlis Sukan Negara | retired = | website = {{URL|pandelela.my/|pandelela.my}} | show-medals = yes | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{MAS}} }} {{MedalCompetition | অলিম্পিক খেল }} {{MedalSilver | [[Diving at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]] | [[Diving at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's synchronized 10 metre platform|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[Diving at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]] | [[Diving at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 10 metre platform|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalCompetition | ৱৰ্ল্ড চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপ }} {{MedalSilver|[[Diving at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships|2019 Gwangju]]|[[Diving at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships – Women's synchronized 10 metre platform|10 m synchro]]}} {{MedalBronze | [[Diving at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships|2009 Rome]] | [[Diving at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships – Women's synchronized 10 metre platform|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[Diving at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships|2013 Barcelona]] | [[Diving at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Women's synchronized 10 metre platform|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[Diving at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships|2015 Kazan]] | [[Diving at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 10 metre platform|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[Diving at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships|2017 Budapest]] | [[Diving at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Women's synchronized 10 metre platform|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalBronze|[[2022 World Aquatics Championships|2022 Budapest]]|[[Diving at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 10 metre platform|10 m platform]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[2022 World Aquatics Championships|2022 Budapest]]|[[Diving at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships – Women's synchronized 10 metre platform|10 m synchro]]}} {{MedalCompetition | ফিনা ডাইভিং ৱৰ্ল্ড কাপ }} {{MedalGold | [[2021 FINA Diving World Cup|2021 Tokyo]] | [[2021 FINA Diving World Cup – Results#Women's 10m platform|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[2016 FINA Diving World Cup|2016 Rio de Janeiro]] | [[2016 FINA Diving World Cup#Women's events|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[2018 FINA Diving World Cup|2018 Wuhan]] | [[2018 FINA Diving World Cup#Women's events|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalCompetition | য়ুথ অলিম্পিক গেমছ }} {{MedalSilver | [[Diving at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|2010 Singapore]] | 10 m platform }} {{MedalSilver | [[Diving at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|2010 Singapore]] | 3 m springboard }} {{MedalCompetition | এছিয়ান গেমছ }} {{MedalSilver | [[Diving at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]] | [[Diving at the 2010 Asian Games – Women's synchronized 10 metre platform|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[Diving at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]] | [[Diving at the 2010 Asian Games – Women's 10 metre platform|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[Diving at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]] | [[Diving at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's synchronized 10 metre platform|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[Diving at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Diving at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's synchronized 10 metre platform|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[Diving at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Diving at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's 10 metre platform|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalCompetition | কমনৱেলথ গেমছ }} {{MedalGold | [[Diving at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 New Delhi]] | [[Diving at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 10 metre platform|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Diving at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]] | [[Diving at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's synchronised 10 metre platform|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[Diving at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 New Delhi]] | [[Diving at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's synchronised 10 metre platform|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[Diving at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]] | [[Diving at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 10 metre platform|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalBronze | [[Diving at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]] | [[Diving at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's synchronised 10 metre platform|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalCompetition | চাউথইষ্ট এছিয়ান গেমছ }} {{MedalGold | [[Aquatics at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games|2007 Nakhon Ratchasima]] | [[Aquatics at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Aquatics at the 2009 Southeast Asian Games|2009 Vientiane]] | [[Aquatics at the 2009 Southeast Asian Games|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Aquatics at the 2009 Southeast Asian Games|2009 Vientiane]] | [[Aquatics at the 2009 Southeast Asian Games|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Aquatics at the 2011 Southeast Asian Games|2011 Palembang]] | [[Aquatics at the 2011 Southeast Asian Games|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Diving at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games|2013 Naypyidaw]] | [[Diving at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games – Women's 10 metre platform|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Diving at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games|2015 Singapore]] | [[Diving at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games – Women's 10 metre platform|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Diving at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games|2017 Kuala Lumpur]] | [[Diving at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games – Results#Women's 10 metre platform|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Diving at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games|2017 Kuala Lumpur]]| [[Diving at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games – Results#Team event|Team]] }} {{MedalGold | [[Diving at the 2021 Southeast Asian Games|2021 Hanoi]] | [[Diving at the 2021 Southeast Asian Games – Results#Women's synchronised 10 metre platform|10 m synchro]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[Aquatics at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games|2007 Nakhon Ratchasima]] | [[Aquatics at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games|10 m platform]] }} {{MedalCompetition | [[Diving at the Summer Universiade|Universiade]] }} {{MedalSilver | [[Diving at the 2011 Summer Universiade|2011 Shenzhen]] | 10 m platform }} {{MedalBronze | [[Diving at the 2011 Summer Universiade|2011 Shenzhen]] | Team }} {{MedalBronze | [[Diving at the 2011 Summer Universiade|2011 Shenzhen]] | 10 m synchro }} }} '''ডাটো পাণ্ডেলেলা ৰিনং পামগ''' ({{Lang-en|: Dato Pandelela Rinong Pamg}}; জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী মালয়েছিয়ান ডুবাৰু (চুইমাৰ)। তেওঁ দুটা [[অলিম্পিক]] পদক আৰু ৭টা বিশ্ব চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ পদক লাভ কৰিছে। ২০০৮ চনৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিকত পাণ্ডেলেলাই ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্মত ২৭ নম্বৰ স্থান দখল কৰি মালয়েছিয়াক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিছিল। ২০১০ চনৰ [[কমনৱেলথ গেমছ]]ত সোণৰ পদক লাভ কৰিছিল। [[২০১২ চনৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিক]]ত মালয়েছিয়াৰ পতাকাবাহী হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল। তাৰ পাছত ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্মত ব্ৰঞ্জৰ পদক লাভ কৰি [[অলিম্পিক পদক]] লাভ কৰা প্ৰথমগৰাকী মালয়েছিয়াৰ মহিলা খেলুৱৈ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। ইয়াৰ আগত বেডমিণ্টনৰ বাহিৰে আন কোনো খেলতে মালয়েছিয়াৰ খেলুৱৈয়ে অলিম্পিকত পদক লাভ কৰা নাছিল। ২০১৬ চনৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিকত তেওঁ [[চেয়ং জুন হুঙ]]ৰ সৈতে ১০ মিটাৰ ছিংক্ৰ'নাইজড প্লেটফৰ্মত ৰূপৰ পদক লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |title=(Olympic) Divers Cheong Jun Hoong and Pandelela Rinong win silver, first medal for Malaysia in Rio 2016 |author=Vijesh Rai |url=http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/08/164366/olympic-divers-cheong-jun-hoong-and-pandelela-rinong-win-silver-first-medal |newspaper= [[New Straits Times]] |date=10 August 2016 |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক আৰু ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ছাৰাৱাক ৰাজ্যৰ বাউৰ এখন বিদায়ুহ গাঁৱত কুপুও(কাম্পুং) জুগানত পাণ্ডেলেলাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁৰ পিতৃ হাৰতিনি লামিম আৰু মাতৃ পামগ জোহেঙৰ ঘৰত।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/07/21/pandelela-shining-example-of-true-grit/ |title=Pandelela – Shining example of true grit |newspaper=[[Borneo Post]] |date=21 July 2012 |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="hopefulforgold">{{cite news |author1=Jonathan Edward |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/dad-hopeful-of-gold-soon-for-pandelela |title=Dad hopeful of gold soon for Pandelela |newspaper=[[Malay Mail]] |date=11 August 2016 |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="2012londonwin">{{cite news |author1=Anasathia Jenis |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/08/11/pamg-over-the-moon-with-daughters-victory/ |title=Pamg over the moon with daughter's victory |newspaper=[[Borneo Post]] |date=11 August 2012 |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref>তেওঁলোক মালয়েছিয়াৰ ছাৰাৱাক]] ৰাজ্যৰ [[বুমিপুটেৰা]](Sanskrit: भूमिपुत्र, romanized: bhū́miputra) বাসিন্দা [[বিদায়ুহ]] নামৰ অতি পুৰণি জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোক। চাৰিজন সন্তানৰ ভিতৰত পাণ্ডেলেলা হৈছে তেওঁলোকৰ দ্বিতীয় সন্তান।<ref>{{cite news |author1=Dennis Wong |author2=Desmond Davidson |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/pandelela-does-nation-proud-with-medal-win-1.123655/ |title=Pandelela does nation proud with medal win |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=11 August 2012 |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> সাত বছৰ বয়সতে পাণ্ডেলেলা ৰাজ্যিক ডুবাৰু হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয় আৰু বুকিট জলিল ক্ৰীড়া বিদ্যালয়ত প্ৰশিক্ষণত অংশ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref name="brightyoungthings">{{cite news |author1=Dian Pasquinal Kaur |title=Bright Young Things: National diver Pandelela Rinong on the road to Rio |newspaper=Asia Tatler |date=29 July 2016 |url=http://my.asiatatler.com/society/bright-young-things-national-diver-pandelela-rinong-on-the-road-to-rio |access-date=24 November 2024 |archivedate=1 September 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901153335/http://my.asiatatler.com/society/bright-young-things-national-diver-pandelela-rinong-on-the-road-to-rio |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১৮ চনত মালয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা ক্ৰীড়া ব্যৱস্থাপনা বিজ্ঞানত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।<ref name="graduate2018">{{cite news |author1=Bernama |title=Pandelela to graduate from University Malaya on Tuesday |newspaper=Borneo Post |date=20 October 2018|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2018/10/21/pandelela-to-graduate-from-university-malaya-on-tuesday/ }}</ref> পাণ্ডেলেলাই তেওঁৰ বিদায়হ মাতৃভাষা [[মালয়]] আৰু লগতে [[ইংৰাজী]]ও কয়। ইয়াৰ উপৰি তেওঁ চীনৰ [[মেণ্ডেৰিন ভাষা]] ভালকৈ কব পাৰে; যিটো তেওঁ এছ জে কে(চি) ষ্টেম্পিন-[[চীনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰকাৰৰ প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়]]ত পঢ়োঁতে আয়ত্ত কৰিছিল। <ref name="chin2018">{{cite news |author1=Christina Chin|title=Pandelela Rinong: Not your average student |newspaper=The Star |date=21 October 2018 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/education/2018/10/21/pandelela-rinong-not-your-average-student/ }}</ref><ref name="unityicon">{{cite news |title=Pandelela now a national unity icon|newspaper=The Star |date=13 June 2023|access-date=13 June 2023 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/06/13/pandelela-now-a-national-unity-icon }}</ref> ==খেল জীৱন== ২০০৭ চনত পাণ্ডেলেলাই আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অভিষেক ঘটায় এছিয়ান জুনিয়ৰ একুৱাটিকছ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ জৰিয়তে। য'ত তেওঁ চাৰিটা সোণৰ পদক লাভ কৰে। ২০০৭ চনত থাইলেণ্ডত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা [[দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ান গেমছ]]ত তেওঁ চেয়ং জুন হুঙৰ সৈতে ১০ মিটাৰ ছিংক্ৰ'নাইজড প্লেটফৰ্মত সোণৰ পদক লাভ কৰে। ২০০৮ চনৰ [[বেইজিং অলিম্পিক]]ত ১৫ বছৰ বয়সতে পাণ্ডেলেলাই অলিম্পিকত অভিষেক ঘটায়। যত তেওঁ ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্মত ২৭ নম্বৰ স্থান দখল কৰে। ২০০৯ চনৰ বিশ্ব জলজ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপত ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্মত পঞ্চম স্থান দখল কৰে। [[লিয়ং মুন য়ে]]ৰ সৈতে ১০ মিটাৰ ছিংক্ৰ’নাইজড প্লেটফৰ্মত ব্ৰঞ্জৰ পদক লাভ কৰে আৰু এইটো আছিল বিশ্ব চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপত মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰথম ডাইভিং পদক। ২০০৯ চনত ভিয়েণ্টিয়ানত অনুষ্ঠিত [[দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ান গেমছ]]ত পাণ্ডেলেলাই দুটা সোণৰ পদক লাভ কৰে। ২০১০ চনত [[ছিংগাপুৰ]]ত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা [[গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন যুৱ অলিম্পিক]]ত মালয়েছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[পতাকাবাহী]] হিচাপে তেওঁ ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্ম ইভেণ্ট আৰু ৩ মিটাৰ স্প্ৰিংবৰ্ড ইভেণ্টত ৰূপৰ পদক লাভ কৰে। ২০১০ চনত নতুন দিল্লীত অনুষ্ঠিত [[কমনৱেলথ গেমছ]]ত ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্ম ইভেণ্টত জয়লাভ কৰি জলজ ক্ৰীড়াত মালয়েছিয়াৰ প্ৰথম কমনৱেলথ গেমছত স্বৰ্ণ পদক লাভ কৰে। ২০১০ চনত গুৱাংঝোত অনুষ্ঠিত [[এছিয়ান গেমছ]]ত লিয়ং মুন য়েৰ সৈতে ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্মত ব্ৰঞ্জৰ পদক আৰু ১০ মিটাৰ ছিংক্ৰ’নাইজড প্লেটফৰ্মত ৰূপৰ পদক লাভ কৰে। পাণ্ডেলেলা ২০১২ চনৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিকৰ মুকলি অনুষ্ঠানত [[টিম মালয়েছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পতাকাবাহী]] আছিল, এই সন্মান লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম মালয়েছিয়ান অলিম্পিক মহিলা খেলুৱৈ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল। তেওঁ ব্যক্তিগত ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্ম, চেয়ং জুন হুঙৰ সৈতে ৩ মিটাৰ ছিংক্ৰ'নাইজড স্প্ৰিংবৰ্ড আৰু লিয়ং মুন য়েৰ সৈতে ১০ মিটাৰ ছিংক্ৰ'নাইজড প্লেটফৰ্ম ইভেণ্টত প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref name=first>{{cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/08/10/blazing-the-trail/ |author=Zulhilmi Supaat |title=Pandelela, Malaysia's first woman to win Olympic medal |newspaper=[[Borneo Post]] |date=10 August 2012}}</ref> তেওঁ অলিম্পিকৰ পদক লাভ কৰা প্ৰথমগৰাকী মালয়েছিয়ান মহিলা খেলুৱৈ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয় আৰু ২০১২ চনত লণ্ডনত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিকত ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্মত ব্ৰঞ্জৰ পদক লাভ কৰি বেডমিণ্টনৰ বাহিৰেও আন এবিধ বেলেগ খেলত অলিম্পিক পদক লাভ কৰা প্ৰথমগৰাকী মালয়েছিয়ান খেলুৱৈ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পায়।<ref name=first/> তেওঁৰ সফলতাৰ বিজয় উৎসবত, গৃহভূমিলৈ বিজয়িনী হৈ উভতি অহাৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে আস্তানাত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা বিশেষ অভিষেক সমাৰোহত ছাৰাৱাক ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰে তেওঁক ''জোহান বিনটাং কেনলাং (কম্পেনিয়ন অৱ দ্য অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ দ্য ষ্টাৰ অৱ হৰ্ণবিল)'' উপহাৰ দিয়ে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Sarawak confers award on diver Pandelela |author=Dennis Wong |url=http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/sarawak-confers-award-on-diver-pandelela-1.127901 |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=22 August 2012 |access-date=30 August 2012}}</ref> তেওঁৱেই এই বঁটা লাভ কৰা ছাৰাৱাকৰ প্ৰথমগৰাকী খেলুৱৈ।<ref name="JBK2012">{{cite journal |title=Pandelela receives Johan Bintang Kenyalang award |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2012/08/22/pandelela-receives-johan-bintang-kenyalang-award/ |journal=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref> ২০১৩ চনত বাৰ্চিলোনাত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা বিশ্ব জলজ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপত পাণ্ডেলেলা আৰু মুন য়েই ১০ মিটাৰ ছিংক্ৰ’নাইজড প্লেটফৰ্মত ৩৩১.১৪ পইণ্টেৰে ব্ৰঞ্জৰ পদক লাভ কৰে। ব্যক্তিগত ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্ম ইভেণ্টতো ষষ্ঠ স্থান দখল কৰে। ২০১৩ চনত নেইপিড’ত অনুষ্ঠিত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ান গেমছত তেওঁ ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্ম ইভেণ্টত স্বৰ্ণ পদক অক্ষুণ্ণ ৰাখিছিল। ২০১৪ চনত গ্লাছগোত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা [[কমনৱেলথ গেমছ]]ত আঁঠুৰ আঘাতৰ সত্ত্বেও পাণ্ডেলেলাই অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ [[নুৰ ধবিতা চাবৰি]]ৰ সৈতে ১০ মিটাৰ ছিংক্ৰ'নাইজড প্লেটফৰ্মত ব্ৰঞ্জৰ পদক লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/commonwealth-games-surprise-bronze-pandelela|title=COMMONWEALTH GAMES: Surprise bronze for Pandelela|author=Vijesh Rai|date=30 July 2014|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=2 December 2018}}</ref> ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্মতো ৩৬৮.৫৫ পইণ্ট লাভ কৰি ৰূপৰ পদক লাভ কৰে। ২০১৪ চনত ইঞ্চিয়নত অনুষ্ঠিত [[এছিয়ান গেমছ]]ত লিয়ং মুন য়েৰ সৈতে ১০ মিটাৰ চিনক্ৰ’প্লেটফৰ্মত ব্ৰঞ্জৰ পদক লাভ কৰে। ২০১৫ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত পাণ্ডেলেলাই ইতিহাস ৰচনা কৰে যেতিয়া তেওঁ বিশ্ব জলজ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপত ব্যক্তিগত ইভেণ্টত প'ডিয়ামত অন্ত পেলোৱা প্ৰথমগৰাকী মালয়েছিয়ান হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Historic win for Pandelela in World Aquatics Championships |author=Ajitpal Singh |url=http://www.nst.com.my/node/94038 |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=31 July 2015 |access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> কাজানত ব্যক্তিগত ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্মত ব্ৰঞ্জৰ পদক লাভ কৰি ২০১৬ চনত ব্ৰাজিলত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা [[ৰিঅ' ডি জেনেইৰ' অলিম্পিক]]ৰ বাবে যোগ্যতা অৰ্জন কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Najib congratulates Pandelela for becoming first Malaysian athlete to qualify for Rio Olympics |agency=Bernama |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/sports/article/najib-congratulates-pandelela-for-becoming-first-malaysian-athlete-to-quali |newspaper=[[Malay Mail]] |date=31 July 2015 |access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ ৰিঅ' ডি জেনেইৰ'ত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিকত তেওঁ চেয়ং জুন হুঙৰ সৈতে ১০ মিটাৰ ছিংক্ৰ'নাইজড প্লেটফৰ্মত ৰূপৰ পদক লাভ কৰে আৰু অলিম্পিকত ৰূপৰ পদক লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম মালয়েছিয়াৰ মহিলা দল হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref name=NBC-2016-08-09>{{cite episode |series=Rio Olympics |date=9 August 2016 |network=NBC |title=Olympics Primetime}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিকত তেওঁৰ কৃতিত্বৰ সন্মানত ছাৰাৱাকৰ [[পেট্ৰা জয়াৰ দ্য চাৰাৱাক]] একুৱাটিক চেণ্টাৰক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে পাণ্ডেলেলা ৰিনং একুৱাটিক চেণ্টাৰ হিচাপে নামকৰণ কৰা হয়।<ref name=fmt-aquaticcentre>{{cite news |title=Sarawak Aquatic Centre named after Pandelela Rinong |agency=Bernama |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/09/03/sarawak-aquatic-centre-named-after-pandelela-rinong/ |work=[[Free Malaysia Today]] |date=3 September 2016 |access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref> [[২০১৬ চনৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিক]]ৰ পিছত পাণ্ডেলেলাই পিঠি আৰু কান্ধৰ আঘাতৰ পৰা সুস্থ হ'বলৈ বিৰতি লৈছিল।<ref name=pandelelaincontrol>{{cite news |author1=Ajitpal Singh|title=Pandelela in control |newspaper=New Straits Times |date=5 February 2017|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/02/209743/pandelela-control}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনত বুডাপেষ্টত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা বিশ্ব জলজ চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপত চেয়ং জুন হুঙৰ সৈতে ১০ মিটাৰ ছিংক্ৰ’নাইজড প্লেটফৰ্মত ব্ৰঞ্জৰ পদক লাভ কৰে। ব্যক্তিগত ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্মত নৱম স্থান দখল কৰে যিটো তেওঁৰ সংগী জুন হুঙে লাভ কৰে। ২০১৭ চনত কুৱালালামপুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত [[দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ান গেমছ]]ত তেওঁ গেব্ৰিয়েল গিলবাৰ্ট ডেইমৰ সৈতে নতুনকৈ প্ৰৱৰ্তিত দলীয় ইভেণ্টত সোণৰ পদক লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/others/2017/08/272933/kl2017-malaysia-sweep-diving-gold |title=KL2017: Malaysia sweep diving gold |last=Singh |first=Jugjet |date=26 August 2017 |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> ব্যক্তিগত ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্ম ইভেণ্টতো তেওঁ স্বৰ্ণ পদক অক্ষুণ্ণ ৰাখে।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/others/2017/08/273870/kl2017-pandelela-retains-gold-individual-10m-platform |title=KL2017: Pandelela retains gold in individual 10m platform |last=Singh |first=Jugjet |date=28 August 2017 |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |access-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> ২০২১ চনত [[জাপান]]ৰ [[টকিঅ’]]ত অনুষ্ঠিত ফিনা ডাইভিং বিশ্বকাপত ব্যক্তিগত ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্মত স্বৰ্ণ পদক লাভ কৰে। [[লিয়ং মুন য়ে]]ৰ সৈতে একেলগে ছিনক্ৰ’নাইজড ১০ মিটাৰ প্লেটফৰ্মত চতুৰ্থ স্থান লাভ কৰে। ২০২০ চনত টকিঅ'ত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিকত পাণ্ডেলেলা আৰু ডাইভিং অংশীদাৰ লিয়ং মুন য়েই মহিলাৰ ১০ মিটাৰ ছিংক্ৰ'নাইজড প্লেটফৰ্মত অষ্টম স্থান দখল কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=The medal wait continues as Pandelela-Mun Yee finish last|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/diving/2021/07/27/the-medal-wait-continues-as-pandelela-mun-yee-finish-last|access-date=2021-07-29|website=The Star|language=en}}</ref> ==বঁটা সমূহ== *SAM-100PLUS শ্ৰেষ্ঠ খেলুৱৈ: ২০১০,<ref name="100plus2010">{{cite web |title=Pandelela wins SAM-100PLUS Sports Awards 2010 |date=10 March 2011 |author=Asan Ahmad |url=http://www.aipsmedia.com/index.php?page=news&cod=5571&tp=n |work=AIPS |access-date=15 March 2016 |archivedate=10 May 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510113936/http://www.aipsmedia.com/index.php?page=news&cod=5571&tp=n |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১২,<ref name="2012samawards">{{cite web |title=Pendelela Picks Up Second SAM-100PLUS Best Athlete Crown |date=19 February 2013 |url=http://www.fnbm.com.my/news_details.php?nid=77 |work=FNBM |access-date=15 March 2016 |archivedate=10 May 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510153300/http://www.fnbm.com.my/news_details.php?nid=77 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১৫<ref name="SAM100plus2015">{{cite web|title=Pandelela wins third SAM-100Plus best athlete award |date=15 April 2016 |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/04/15/pandelela-wins-third-sam-100plus-best-athlete-award/ |work=[[Borneo Post]] |access-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> *বছৰৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ক্ৰীড়াবিদ: ২০১১, ২০১২।<ref name="NSAsportswoman">{{cite web|title=Pandelela retains Sportswoman crown |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/04/18/pandelela-retains-sportswoman-crown/ |work=[[Borneo Post]] |date=18 April 2013 |access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref> ২০১৫,<ref name="Nationalsportsawards2015">{{cite web|title=Pandelela, Al-Jufferi named as country's top athletes |date=25 May 2016 |author=Eric Samuel |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/sport/other-sport/2016/05/25/al-jumeri-pandelela-national-sportsman-sportswoman-awards/ |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> ২০২১<ref name="Nationalsportsawards2021">{{cite web|title=Azizulhasni, Pandalela awarded highest national sports recognition |date=31 January 2023|author=Kalbana Perimbanayagam |url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/others/2023/01/875309/azizulhasni-pandalela-awarded-highest-national-sports-recognition |work=New Straits Times |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> *ছাৰাৱাক বছৰৰ ক্ৰীড়াবিদ: ২০১০, ২০১১–১২<ref name="sportswoman2011">{{cite web|title=Pandelela Rinong crowned Sarawak sportswoman of the year, again |date=24 November 2013 |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/11/24/pandelela-rinong-crowned-sarawak-sportswoman-of-the-year-again/ |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref> *এন পি চি-টান শ্ৰী এছ এম নাচিমুদ্দিন এছ এম আমিন ১বছৰৰ মালয়েছিয়ান: ২০১২<ref name="NPC2012">{{cite web|title=Pandelela Rinong awarded the NPC-Tan Sri SM Nasimuddin SM Amin 1Malaysian of the Year award |date=14 September 2012 |author=Danny Tan |url=http://paultan.org/2012/09/14/pandelela-rinong-awarded-npc-tan-sri-sm-nasimuddin-sm-amin-1malaysian-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref> *টি এম অনুৰাগীয়ে বঁটা বাছি লয় – গৌৰৱময় মুহূৰ্ত: ২০১৫<ref name="Nationalsportsawards2015" /> * Sarawak Sports Youth Icon 2016<ref name="sarawaksportsicon2016">{{cite web|agency=Bernama|title=Pandelela is state's Sports Youth Icon|date=13 November 2016|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/11/13/pandelela-is-states-sports-youth-icon/ |work=Borneo Post|access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> *ছাৰাৱাক ক্ৰীড়া যুৱ আইকন ২০১৬<ref name=UMsports2016>{{cite web |title=Nauraj, Pandelela crowned UM Sportsman, Sportswoman of the Year 2016 |date=30 March 2017 |url=http://english.astroawani.com/sports-news/nauraj-pandelela-crowned-um-sportsman-sportswoman-year-2016-137294 |work=[[Astro Awani]] |access-date=26 May 2017 |archivedate=21 June 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621183712/http://english.astroawani.com/sports-news/nauraj-pandelela-crowned-um-sportsman-sportswoman-year-2016-137294 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> *ইউ এম বছৰৰ ক্ৰীড়াবিদ: ২০১৬[33]<ref name=UMsports2016/> বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ক্ৰীড়াৰ ইউ এম বিশেষ বেজ<ref name=UMsports2016/> *ইয়াকুল্ট স্প'ৰ্টছ আইকন ২০১৭[11]<ref name="unityicon"/> *দয়াক যুৱ ক্ৰীড়া আইকন বঁটা ২০২৪ (ক্ৰীড়াবিদ শ্ৰেণী)<ref>{{cite web |title=Dayak Youth Sports Icon Award 2024 honours Pandelela, Kilat Boy, para-athletes Bonnie, Angeline |date=23 June 2024|url=https://dayakdaily.com/dayak-youth-sports-icon-award-2024-honours-pandelela-kilat-boy-para-athletes-bonnie-angeline/ |work=Dayak Daily |access-date=26 June 2024 }}</ref> ==সন্মান== ===মালয়েছিয়াৰ সন্মান=== মালয়েছিয়া : *অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ দ্য ডিফেণ্ডাৰ অৱ দ্য ৰিয়েলম (AMN) (২০১৬)ৰ সদস্য<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/10/183926/303-individuals-conferred-federal-awards-today|title=303 individuals conferred Federal Awards today|agency=Bernama|work=New Straits Times|date=27 October 2016|access-date=9 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat|website=istiadat.gov.my}}</ref> ছাৰাৱাক : *কম্পেনিয়ন অৱ দ্য অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ দ্য ষ্টাৰ অৱ হৰ্ণবিল চাৰাৱাক (জেবিকে) (২০১৬)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/08/11/rewards-incentives-await-diving-queen-pandelela/|title=Rewards, incentives await diving queen Pandelela|date=2016-08-10|work=BorneoPost Online {{!}} Borneo, Malaysia, Sarawak Daily News|access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref> *কমাণ্ডাৰ অৱ দ্য মষ্ট এক্সেলটেড অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ দ্য ষ্টাৰ অৱ চাৰাৱাক (পিএছবিএছ) – ডাটো (২০২১)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/ahmad-urai-abdul-karim-dan-pandelela-antara-penerima-darjah-kebesaran-tyt-sarawak-324354|title=Ahmad Urai, Abdul Karim dan Pandelela antara penerima darjah kebesaran TYT Sarawak|date=2021-10-09|access-date=2021-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ram|first=Sadho|date=2021-10-09|title=Malaysian Olympian Pandelela Conferred Datukship By Sarawak|url=https://says.com/my/sports/malaysian-olympian-pandelela-conferred-datukship-by-sarawak|access-date=2021-10-09|website=SAYS|language=en}}</ref> ==বিতৰ্ক== ২০১৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত [[চীন]]ৰ গুৱাংঝুত প্ৰশিক্ষণ শিবিৰৰ সময়ত পাণ্ডেলেলা আৰু আন ছয়জন ডুবাৰু পাৰ্টি কৰি মদ্যপান কৰা এটা ভিডিঅ’ বিতৰ্কত সোমাই পৰিছিল। এই ভিডিঅ'টো [[চীন]]ৰ নৱবৰ্ষৰ দিনটোৰ প্ৰাকক্ষণত ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উঠে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Pandelela, 6 others punished for drinking, partying during training stint |date=21 June 2018|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/06/21/pandelela-6-others-punished-for-drinking-partying-during-training-stint/ |work=Free Malaysia Today |access-date=29 June 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Shameful videos' divers promise never to do it again |date=20 June 2018|url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/others/2018/06/382142/shameful-videos-divers-promise-never-do-it-again |work=The Star|author=NSTP Sport|access-date=29 June 2018 }}</ref> এই কাণ্ডৰ পিছত [[মালয়েছিয়াৰ এমেচাৰ ছুইমিং ইউনিয়নে]] (ASUM) সাতজন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ডুবাৰুৰ ভাট্টা তাৎক্ষণিকভাৱে কাৰ্যকৰী হোৱাকৈ স্থগিত ৰাখে আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছত অধিক অনুশাসনমূলক ব্যৱস্থা লোৱা হ'ব বুলি সাৱধান কৰি দিয়ে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Pandelela and Co face the music for partying in China |date=21 June 2018|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/diving/2018/06/21/divers-in-hot-water-pandelela-and-co-face-the-music-for-partying-in-china/ |work=The Star|author=Lim Teik Huat|access-date=29 June 2018 }}</ref>পিছত পাণ্ডেলেলা আৰু আন ছয়জন ডুবাৰুৱে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে ক্ষমা বিচাৰে আৰু এই কাণ্ডৰ পুনৰাবৃত্তি নহ'ব বুলি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিয়ে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Truly, deeply sorry|date=22 June 2018|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/diving/2018/06/22/truly-deeply-sorry-remorseful-divers-promise-not-to-repeat-acts-of-misconduct/ |work=The Star|author=Lim Teik Huat|access-date=29 June 2018 }}</ref>তেওঁলোকৰ লিখিত প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি পায় আছুমে ঘোষণা কৰে যে সাতজন ডুবাৰুৰ বাবে আৰু কোনো ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰা নহ'ব কাৰণ ডুবাৰুসকলে ইতিমধ্যে তেওঁলোকৰ এই কাৰ্য্যৰ বাবে অনুশোচনা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web |title=No further punishment for divers who broke drinking rule |date=25 July 2018|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/diving/2018/07/25/no-further-punishment-for-divers-who-broke-drinking-rule/ |work=The Star|access-date=30 July 2018 }}</ref> ==উত্তৰাধিকাৰ== পাণ্ডেলেলা ৰিনং জলজ কেন্দ্ৰ। তেওঁৰ নামেৰে কেইবাটাও স্থান আৰু সন্মানৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, য'ত আছিল: কুচিঙৰ পেট্ৰা জয়াত থকা ছাৰাৱাক জলজ কেন্দ্ৰটোক ২০১৮ চনত আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে পাণ্ডেলেলা ৰিনং জলজ কেন্দ্ৰ বুলি নামকৰণ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarawak Chief Minister opens Pandelela Rinong Aquatic Centre|date=8 May 2018|url=https://www.thesundaily.my/archive/sarawak-chief-minister-opens-pandelela-rinong-aquatic-centre-AUarch546202 |work=The Sun Daily|access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} 3imkzfzfhlku2nev83mstr43dxmce4t নেপালী সাহিত্য 0 109442 453294 448892 2024-12-10T09:12:37Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453294 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bhanubhakta Acharya.jpg|right|thumb|150px| প্ৰথম নেপালী ভাষাৰ কবি ভানুভক্ত আচাৰ্য]] '''নেপালী সাহিত্য''' ({{lang_en|Nepali literature}}) নেপালী ভাষাত লিখা সাহিত্যক বুজায়। নেপালী ভাষা ১৯৫৮ চনৰ পৰা [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা হৈ আহিছে।<ref name="hutt">''[http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft729007x1; brand=ucpress Himalayan Voices: An Introduction to Modern Nepali Literature]'' (Voices from Asia), edited and translated by [[Michael Hutt (orientalist)|Michael J. Hutt]], University of California Press, 1991. p. 5. {{ISBN|9780520910263}}</ref>নেপালী ভাষা সংস্কৃতৰ পৰা বিকশিত হৈছিল আৰু নেপালী ভাষা সাহিত্যৰ ইতিহাসৰ সঠিক আৰম্ভণি কেতিয়া হৈছিল কোৱাটো কঠিন। কিয়নো বেছিভাগ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পণ্ডিতে [[সংস্কৃত]]ত লিখিছিল। অৱশ্যে নেপালী সাহিত্যক প্ৰায় পাঁচটা সময়ত বিভক্ত কৰা সম্ভৱ। ===প্ৰাক্‌ ভানুভক্তৰ যুগ=== এয়া ধাৰণা কৰা হয় যে নেপালী সাহিত্য শ শ বছৰ ধৰি মৌখিক [[লোককাহিনী]]ত বিদ্যমান আছিল। অৱশ্যে, ভানুভক্তৰ আগতে লিখিত সাহিত্য কৰ্মৰ কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাই। ভানুভক্তৰ আগতে সংস্কৃতত লিখা হৈছিল আৰু যিহেতু [[সংস্কৃত]] সেই সময়ত উচ্চ বৰ্ণৰ [[ব্ৰাহ্মণ]]সকলৰ বাবে একমাত্ৰ উপলব্ধ ভাষা আছিল, সাধাৰণ নেপালী লোকসাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত নাছিল। কেইজনমান পণ্ডিতে যুক্তি দিছে যে কবি সুৱাানন্দ দাস আধুনিক নেপালৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰথম সাহিত্যিক ব্যক্তি আছিল। নিৰ্গুন ভক্তি ধাৰাক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা ভানুভক্তৰ সমসাময়িক, সন্ত জ্ঞানীল দাস নেপালী ভাষাত সাহিত্য চৰ্চা কৰিছিল আৰু উদয়লাহাৰী ৰচনা কৰা কবি আছিল। ===ভানুভক্তৰ যুগ=== নেপালী ভাষীসকলে ভানুভক্তক নেপালী ভাষাৰ আদিকবি (নেপালী: आदिकवि) হিচাপে সন্মানীত কৰে। নেপালী সাহিত্যলৈ ভানুভক্তৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৱদান হৈছে তেওঁ পবিত্ৰ [[ৰামায়ণ]]খন নেপালী ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ৰামায়ণক মেট্ৰিক ৰূপত লিপিবদ্ধ কৰিছিল, সংস্কৃত পণ্ডিতসকলৰ দৰে একে ৰূপব্যৱহাৰ কৰি। ৰামায়ণ অনুবাদ কৰাৰ উপৰিও ভানুভক্তই বিভিন্ন বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত কবিতা লিখিছিল। ভানুভক্তৰকবিতাত ঠাই পাইছিল পাৰিবাৰিক নৈতিকতাৰ ওকালতিৰ পৰা আমোলাতন্ত্ৰৰ ব্যংগ আৰু বন্দীসকলৰ দুৰ্বল অৱস্থালৈকে।<ref name="acharyas">{{cite book | title=Ādikavi Bhānubhakta Ācāryako saccā jı̄vanacarittra | publisher=Naranātha Ācārya | author=Ācārya, Naranātha | author2=Śivarāja Ācārya | author3=Sāmbkslo thiyoarāja Ācārya | author4=Jayaraj Acharya | name-list-style=amp | year=1979 | location=Tanuṅa | oclc = 10023122}}</ref> ===বিংশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণি=== [[File:Motiram Bhatta.jpg|thumb|150px|কবি মতিৰাম ভট্ট|left]]এই যুগটো কবি মতিৰাম ভট্ট যুগ বুলিও জনা যায়। মতিৰাম ভট্টাই (১৯২৩-১৯৫৩ বিএছ বা ১৮৬৬-১৮৯৬ চিই) ভানুভক্তৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী কালছোৱাত নেপালী সাহিত্য পুনৰুজ্জীৱিত কৰে। আৰু ভানুভক্তৰ অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰচাৰ কৰে।<ref name="wln">{{cite web |title=Motiram Bhatta - Legend of Nepali Literature |url=http://www.weallnepali.com/sahitya-sumana/motiram-bhatta |access-date=2019-02-25 |publisher=We All Nepali |location=Kathmandu |language=en}}</ref>গিৰীশ বল্লভ যোশীৰ 'বীৰ চৰিত্ৰ'ক প্ৰথম নেপালী উপন্যাস বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। এইখন ১৯০৩ চনত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपालको पहिलो उपन्यासः वीरचरित्र |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2018/02/656813 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Online Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref> অৱশ্যে উপন্যাসখনৰ প্ৰকাশৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ৰাণা শাসনৰ দ্বাৰা সীমাবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু উপন্যাসখনৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ সংস্কৰণ ১৯৬৫ চনত প্ৰকাশ িত হৈছিল। উপন্যাসখনৰ পাণ্ডুলিপি পঢ়ুৱৈসকলৰ মাজত ভাগ বতৰা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনত প্ৰকাশিত ৰুদ্ৰ ৰাজ পাণ্ডেৰ 'ৰূপমতী'নেপালী ভাষাৰ প্ৰথম জনপ্ৰিয় উপন্যাস হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। যিহেতু ' বীৰচৰিত্ৰ'ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ সংস্কৰণ বহু পিছত প্ৰকাশ হৈছিল। 'ৰূপমতীক' নেপালী ভাষাৰ প্ৰথমখন [[উপন্যাস]] বুলিও গণ্য কৰিব পাৰি।<ref name="acharyas"/> ===১৯৬০-১৯৯১=== [[File:Mahakavi laxmi prasad devkota.jpg|right|thumb|150px| মহাকবি লক্ষ্মী প্ৰসাদ দেৱকোটা]] মত প্ৰকাশৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ অভাৱ থকা স্বত্বেও সৃষ্টিশীল লিখনিৰ বাবে প্ৰাক-বিপ্লৱ যুগ নেপালী সাহিত্যৰ বাবে এক অতি উৎকৃষ্ট সময় আছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত নেপালী সাহিত্য প্ৰকাশৰ বাবে স্বতন্ত্ৰ আলোচনী "শাৰদা" একমাত্ৰ মুদ্ৰিত মাধ্যম আছিল। লক্ষ্মী প্ৰসাদ দেৱকোটা, গুৰু প্ৰসাদ মাইনালী, বিশ্বেশ্বৰ প্ৰসাদ কৈৰালা আৰু গদুল সিং লামা (চানু লামা)ৰ[[ চুটি গল্প]]সমূহক যথেষ্ট গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুলি বিবেচিত হৈছিল আৰু নেপালী সাহিত্যৰ বিকাশৰ বাবে এই সময়ছোৱা অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল।<ref name="The Gentle Literary Giant">{{cite web | url=http://www.sikkim-culture.gov.in/Personalities/personalities_pdf/gadul_singh_lama.pdf | title=The Gentle Literary Giant | publisher=Government of Sikkim | date=2015 | access-date=December 3, 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141634/http://www.sikkim-culture.gov.in/Personalities/personalities_pdf/gadul_singh_lama.pdf | archive-date=December 8, 2015 | archivedate=December 8, 2015 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141634/http://www.sikkim-culture.gov.in/Personalities/personalities_pdf/gadul_singh_lama.pdf | deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[নাটক]]ৰ ভিতৰত লক্ষ্মী প্ৰসাদ দেৱকোটাৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী মুনা মদনৰ দৰে নাটকে মানৱ জীৱনৰ কাহিনীসমূহ ভালদৰে ফুটাই তুলিছিল। নাটকৰ কাহিনীটো আছিল এনে এজন ব্যক্তিৰ বিষয়ে যিয়ে তিব্বতত ধন উপাৰ্জন কৰিবলৈ তেওঁৰ পত্নী, মাতৃ আৰু ঘৰ এৰি যায়, যাৰ ফলত ট্ৰেজেডী হয়। বিশ্বেশ্বৰ প্ৰসাদ কৈৰালাৰ আন কাহিনীবোৰে সাহিত্যত মনোবিজ্ঞানৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল, উদাহৰণ স্বৰূপে টিন ঘুমতি, দোশী চশমা আৰু নৰেন্দ্ৰ দাইৰ দৰে সৃষ্টিৰ জৰিয়তে। এই সময়ছোৱাত বহুকেইজন [[কবি]]য়ে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তাৰে ভিতৰত লক্ষ্মী প্ৰসাদ দেৱকোটা, গোপাল প্ৰসাদ ৰীমাল, সিদ্ধিচৰণ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ, ভীম নিধি তিৱাৰী আৰু বলকৃষ্ণ সমাৰ দৰে কেইবাজনো বিশিষ্ট কবি প্ৰস্তুত হৈছিল। পিছত, পঞ্চায়ত শাসনকালত কেইবাজনো কবি পোহৰলৈ আহে। ইন্দ্ৰ বাহাদুৰ ৰায়, <ref>''Gorkhas Imagined: I.B. Rai in Translation'', Eds. Prem Poddar and Anmole Prasad, Mukti Prakashan, 2009</ref>পৰিজাত, ভুপি শ্বেৰচান, মাধৱ প্ৰসাদ ঘিমিৰে, বৈৰাগী কাইনলা, বানিৰা গিৰি, ঈশ্বৰ বল্লভ, তুলসী দিৱস, কুল বাহাদুৰ কেচি, <ref>Jagannath Adhikari, David Seddon (1 January 2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=T1baAAAAMAAJ&q=kul+bahadur+kc "Pokhara: Biography of a Town"], p. 185. Mandala Book Point, Original from the [[University of Michigan]].{{ISBN|9789993310143}} Retrieved on 29 January 2020.</ref> এই সন্দৰ্ভত টয়া গুৰুং, বিষ্ণু ৰাজ আত্ৰেয় আৰু কৃষ্ণ ভুচন বল আদিৰ নাম উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি। ===বিপ্লৱৰ পাছৰ যুগ=== [[File:Kapildham Sahitya Chautari Bangangaga Municipility Ward No. 7 Kapilbastu Lumbini Zone Nepal Rajesh Dhungana (5).jpg|thumb|কপিলধাম সাহিত্য চৌটাৰীত জনপ্ৰিয় লেখকৰ আবক্ষ মূৰ্তি, [[Kapilvastu District|কপিলাবস্তু]]]] ১৯৯১ চনৰ গণতান্ত্ৰিক বিপ্লৱৰ পিছত বৰ্তমানলৈকে নেপালী সাহিত্যলৈ অৱদান আগবঢ়োৱা নেপালী ভাষাৰ লেখকসকল হ'ল খগেন্দ্ৰ চাংৰাউলা, আশেশ মাল্লা, য়ুয়ুৎচু শৰ্মা, সুমন পোখৰেল, শ্ৰৱণ মুকাৰুং, গীতা ত্ৰিপাথি, নয়ন ৰাজ পাণ্ডে, ৰমেশ ক্ষিতিজ, নাৰায়ণ ৱাগল, বুদ্ধি সাগৰ, মহাানন্দ পুড়িয়াল, দীনবন্ধু শৰ্মা, সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ ভাণ্ডাৰী, পঞ্চম আধি আদিৰ দৰে বহুতো সাহিত্যিক। নেপালী ভাষাভাষীসকলে বিশ্বজুৰি দ্ৰুতগতিত প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰি আছে আৰু বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন কোণৰ পৰা নেপালী ভাষা সাহিত্যৰ বহুতো কিতাপ প্ৰকাশ িত হৈছে। প্ৰবাসী সাহিত্যই নতুন চিন্তাধাৰা বিকশিত কৰিছে আৰু নেপালী ভাষা সাহিত্যত এটা নতুন শাখা সৃষ্টি কৰিছে। ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * https://www.onlinesahitya.com/ *https://web.archive.org/web/20130819102625/http://bangladeshinovels.com/Nepali%20Literature.pdf *https://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127115520/http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80 |date=2024-11-27 }} ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী: নেপালী সাহিত্য]][[শ্ৰেণী: নেপাল]] 9yw5a8f4wwey0bl4882evc21vxqoq8j ৰং ৱংসাৱন 0 109450 453149 452673 2024-12-10T02:35:46Z JyotiPN 22102 লিখি থকা হৈছে। 453149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | embed = | honorific_prefix = | name = নাৰংগ ৱংসাৱন<br>{{lang|th|ณรงค์ วงษ์สวรรค์}} | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | pseudonym = ৰং ৱংসাৱন<br>{{lang|th|'รงค์ วงษ์สวรรค์}} | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1932|05|20|df=y}} | birth_place = চাই নেট প্ৰভিন্স, চিয়াম{{r|Leyland}} | death_date = {{death date and age|2009|03|15|1932|05|20|df=y}} | death_place = চ্যিয়াং মেই প্ৰভিন্স, [[থাইলেণ্ড]]<ref name=Manager>{{cite web|title=สิ้นลมแล้ว "รงค์ วงษ์สวรรค์" ปิดฉากตำนาน "พญาอินทรีแห่งสวนอักษร"|url=http://www.manager.co.th/Local/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9520000029630|website=[[Manager Online]]|language=th|date=15 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103052953/http://www.manager.co.th/Local/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9520000029630|archive-date=3 November 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=24 November 2024|archivedate=3 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103052953/http://www.manager.co.th/Local/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9520000029630|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | resting_place = | occupation = [[লেখক]], সাংবাদিক | language = | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = | alma_mater = | period = | genre = <!-- or: | genres = --> | subject = <!-- or: | subjects = --> | movement = | notable_works = | spouse = চুমালী ৱংসাৱন<ref name=Citylife>{{cite web|title=National treasure Rong Wongsawan’s classic book now in English|url=https://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/clg/see-do/national-treasure-rong-wongsawans-classic-book-now-in-english/|website=Citylife Chiang Mai|date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011170219/https://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/clg/see-do/national-treasure-rong-wongsawans-classic-book-now-in-english/|archive-date=11 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><br>{{lang|th|สุมาลี วงษ์สวรรค์}} | partner = <!-- or: | partners = --> | children = 2{{r|Leyland}} | relatives = | awards = জাতীয় শিল্পী (১৯৯৫) | signature = | signature_alt = | years_active = | module = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.org}} --> | portaldisp = <!-- "on", "yes", "true", etc.; or omit --> }} '''নাৰং ৱংসাৱন''' ( থাই: ณรงค์ วงษ์สวรรค์; ২০ মে' ১৯৩২ – ১৫ মাৰ্চ ২০০৯) এগৰাকী থাই লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক। তেওঁ ৰং ৱংসাৱন (থাই ভাষাত: 'รงค์ วงษ์สวรรค์) নামেৰে লেখা-মেলা কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ সৰহসংখ্যক লেখা আছিল অৰ্ধ-আত্মজীৱনীমূলক। এই লেখাসমূহত তেওঁৰ অভিজ্ঞতা তথা [[থাইলেণ্ড]] আৰু কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন ঠাইৰ প্ৰতিবেদন প্ৰতিফলিত হৈছিল, য’ত ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত তেওঁ বসবাস কৰিছিল। এই দুয়ো ঠাইতে তেওঁ ক্ষমতাশালীৰ ভণ্ডামিৰ সমালোচনা কৰিছিল আৰু সমান্তৰালকৈ বঞ্চিত লোকৰ প্ৰতি সহানুভূতি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছিল।<ref name=Leyland>{{cite web|last=Leyland|first=Peter|date=29 May 2009|title=Obituary: Rong Wongsawan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/29/obituary-rong-wongsawan|website=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418000351/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/29/obituary-rong-wongsawan|archive-date=18 April 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Waters>{{cite journal|last=Waters|first=Tony|year=2019|title=Rong Wongsawan's Gonzo Journey through California in 1976: A Thai Writer Looks at the Americans|url=https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/224702|journal=[[Journal of the Siam Society]]|volume=107|issue=2|pages=117–133}}</ref><ref>https://mysakonnakhon.com/thai-journalist-day-remembering-rong-wongsawan/</ref> যদিও সাৱলীলভাৱে [[ইংৰাজী]] ক’ব আৰু লিখিব পাৰিছিল, ৱংসাৱনে নিজৰ স্থানীয় [[থাই ভাষা]]তহে লেখা মেলা কৰিছিল। ২০০৯ চনত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ আগলৈকে তেওঁ মাজে মাজে চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল আৰু থাই টেলিভিছনৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। থাই ভাষাক লৈ কৰা নতুন সম্পৰীক্ষাৰ বাবে তেওঁক জনা গৈছিল আৰু অন্য থাই ভাষাৰ লেখকৰ দৰে তেওঁ কাহিনীক আগুৱাই নিবলৈ তেওঁ লেখাত কথোপকথনৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book|first1=Benedict|last1=Anderson|author-link=Benedict Anderson|first2=Ruchira|last2=Mendiones|year=1985|title=In the Mirror: Literature and Politics in Siam in the American Era|location=Bangkok|publisher=Duang Kamol|isbn=978-974-210-380-4}}</ref> ==সংক্ষিপ্ত জীৱনী== ৱংসাৱনে চাই নাটত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণৰ বাবে ১৯৪০ চনত তেওঁ [[বেংকক]]ত থাকিবলৈ গৈছিল। তাতে তেওঁক চিয়াম ৰাথ কাকতৰ সম্পাদক এম আৰ কুকৃত প্ৰমোজে ফটোগ্ৰাফাৰ আৰু সাংবাদিক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। বেংককত ৱংসাৱনে নিজৰ সুকীয়া প্ৰতিবেদন শৈলী গঢ়ি তুলিছিল, য’ত তেওঁ [[বেংকক]]ৰ দৰিদ্ৰ অঞ্চলসমূহ ভ্ৰমণ কৰি বেশ্যাকে ধৰি চহৰখনৰ বঞ্চিত লোকসকলৰ জীৱন আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰায়ে ধনী গ্ৰাহকসকলৰ জীৱনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সময়ৰ তেওঁৰ আটাইতকৈ পৰিচিত গ্ৰন্থখন হৈছে; ১৯৬১ চনত প্ৰকাশিত ''চানিম চয়'' (থাই: สนิมสร้อย)।<ref name=Feangfu>{{cite book|last=Feangfu|first=Janit|year=2011|title=(Ir)resistibly Modern: The Construction of Modern Thai Identities in Thai Literature during the Cold War Era, 1958–1976|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/id/eprint/12761|series=Doctoral thesis|publisher=[[SOAS, University of London]]|doi=10.25501/SOAS.00012761}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:থাইলেণ্ডৰ ব্যক্তি]] 2aefyonn3ysgkkdh3yg5gfgd1atisof 453228 453149 2024-12-10T06:01:06Z JyotiPN 22102 লিখি থকা হৈছে। 453228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | embed = | honorific_prefix = | name = নাৰংগ ৱংসাৱন<br>{{lang|th|ณรงค์ วงษ์สวรรค์}} | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | pseudonym = ৰং ৱংসাৱন<br>{{lang|th|'รงค์ วงษ์สวรรค์}} | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1932|05|20|df=y}} | birth_place = চাই নেট প্ৰভিন্স, চিয়াম{{r|Leyland}} | death_date = {{death date and age|2009|03|15|1932|05|20|df=y}} | death_place = চ্যিয়াং মেই প্ৰভিন্স, [[থাইলেণ্ড]]<ref name=Manager>{{cite web|title=สิ้นลมแล้ว "รงค์ วงษ์สวรรค์" ปิดฉากตำนาน "พญาอินทรีแห่งสวนอักษร"|url=http://www.manager.co.th/Local/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9520000029630|website=[[Manager Online]]|language=th|date=15 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103052953/http://www.manager.co.th/Local/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9520000029630|archive-date=3 November 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=24 November 2024|archivedate=3 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103052953/http://www.manager.co.th/Local/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9520000029630|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | resting_place = | occupation = [[লেখক]], সাংবাদিক | language = | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | citizenship = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = | alma_mater = | period = | genre = <!-- or: | genres = --> | subject = <!-- or: | subjects = --> | movement = | notable_works = | spouse = চুমালী ৱংসাৱন<ref name=Citylife>{{cite web|title=National treasure Rong Wongsawan’s classic book now in English|url=https://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/clg/see-do/national-treasure-rong-wongsawans-classic-book-now-in-english/|website=Citylife Chiang Mai|date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011170219/https://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/clg/see-do/national-treasure-rong-wongsawans-classic-book-now-in-english/|archive-date=11 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><br>{{lang|th|สุมาลี วงษ์สวรรค์}} | partner = <!-- or: | partners = --> | children = 2{{r|Leyland}} | relatives = | awards = জাতীয় শিল্পী (১৯৯৫) | signature = | signature_alt = | years_active = | module = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.org}} --> | portaldisp = <!-- "on", "yes", "true", etc.; or omit --> }} '''নাৰং ৱংসাৱন''' ( থাই: ณรงค์ วงษ์สวรรค์; ২০ মে' ১৯৩২ – ১৫ মাৰ্চ ২০০৯) এগৰাকী থাই লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক। তেওঁ ৰং ৱংসাৱন (থাই ভাষাত: 'รงค์ วงษ์สวรรค์) নামেৰে লেখা-মেলা কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ সৰহসংখ্যক লেখা আছিল অৰ্ধ-আত্মজীৱনীমূলক। এই লেখাসমূহত তেওঁৰ অভিজ্ঞতা তথা [[থাইলেণ্ড]] আৰু কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন ঠাইৰ প্ৰতিবেদন প্ৰতিফলিত হৈছিল, য’ত ১৯৬০ৰ দশকত তেওঁ বসবাস কৰিছিল। এই দুয়ো ঠাইতে তেওঁ ক্ষমতাশালীৰ ভণ্ডামিৰ সমালোচনা কৰিছিল আৰু সমান্তৰালকৈ বঞ্চিত লোকৰ প্ৰতি সহানুভূতি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছিল।<ref name=Leyland>{{cite web|last=Leyland|first=Peter|date=29 May 2009|title=Obituary: Rong Wongsawan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/29/obituary-rong-wongsawan|website=[[The Guardian]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418000351/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/29/obituary-rong-wongsawan|archive-date=18 April 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Waters>{{cite journal|last=Waters|first=Tony|year=2019|title=Rong Wongsawan's Gonzo Journey through California in 1976: A Thai Writer Looks at the Americans|url=https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/224702|journal=[[Journal of the Siam Society]]|volume=107|issue=2|pages=117–133}}</ref><ref>https://mysakonnakhon.com/thai-journalist-day-remembering-rong-wongsawan/</ref> সাৱলীলভাৱে [[ইংৰাজী]] ক’ব আৰু লিখিব পাৰিছিল যদিও, ৱংসাৱনে নিজৰ স্থানীয় [[থাই ভাষা]]তহে লেখা মেলা কৰিছিল। ২০০৯ চনত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ আগলৈকে তেওঁ মাজে মাজে চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল আৰু থাই টেলিভিছনৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। [[থাই ভাষা]]ক লৈ কৰা নতুন সম্পৰীক্ষাৰ বাবে তেওঁক জনা গৈছিল আৰু অন্য [[থাই ভাষা]]ৰ লেখকৰ দৰে কাহিনীক আগুৱাই নিবলৈ তেওঁ লেখাত কথোপকথনৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book|first1=Benedict|last1=Anderson|author-link=Benedict Anderson|first2=Ruchira|last2=Mendiones|year=1985|title=In the Mirror: Literature and Politics in Siam in the American Era|location=Bangkok|publisher=Duang Kamol|isbn=978-974-210-380-4}}</ref> ==সংক্ষিপ্ত জীৱনী== ৱংসাৱনে চাই নাটত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণৰ বাবে ১৯৪০ চনত তেওঁ [[বেংকক]]ত থাকিবলৈ গৈছিল। তাতে তেওঁক ‘চিয়াম ৰাথ’ কাকতৰ সম্পাদক এম আৰ কুকৃত প্ৰমোজে ফটোগ্ৰাফাৰ আৰু সাংবাদিক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিছিল। [[বেংকক]]ত ৱংসাৱনে নিজৰ সুকীয়া প্ৰতিবেদন শৈলী গঢ়ি তুলিছিল, য’ত তেওঁ [[বেংকক]]ৰ দৰিদ্ৰ অঞ্চলসমূহ ভ্ৰমণ কৰি বেশ্যাকে ধৰি চহৰখনৰ বঞ্চিত লোকসকলৰ জীৱন আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰায়ে ধনী গ্ৰাহকসকলৰ জীৱনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সময়ছোৱাৰ তেওঁৰ আটাইতকৈ পৰিচিত গ্ৰন্থখন হৈছে; ১৯৬১ চনত প্ৰকাশিত ''চানিম চয়'' (থাই: สนิมสร้อย)।<ref name=Feangfu>{{cite book|last=Feangfu|first=Janit|year=2011|title=(Ir)resistibly Modern: The Construction of Modern Thai Identities in Thai Literature during the Cold War Era, 1958–1976|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/id/eprint/12761|series=Doctoral thesis|publisher=[[SOAS, University of London]]|doi=10.25501/SOAS.00012761}}</ref> ১৯৬২ চনত ৱংসাৱনক ''[[চিয়াম ৰাথ]]''ৰ সংবাদদাতা হিচাপে কেলিফৰ্ণিয়ালৈ পঠিওৱা হয়। কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ জীৱন নিৰ্বাহ কৰিবলৈ কাকতৰ চাকৰিৰ সমান্তৰালকৈ ছান ফ্ৰান্সিস্কোত বাৰটেণ্ডাৰৰ কাম কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ লেখাত সাংবাদিকতা আৰু গল্প-কথাৰ সমন্বয় ঘটিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ এই সুকীয়া লেখন শৈলীৰে তেওঁ চিয়াম ৰাথলৈ গল্প প্ৰেৰণ কৰিছিল। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:থাইলেণ্ডৰ ব্যক্তি]] qnnv8cv41fv5cx411h3c92oanfdx2vu দিগেন মহন্ত 0 109608 453053 449724 2024-12-09T17:34:13Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 453053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |bgcolour = lightgray |name = দিগেন মহন্ত |alias = কলংপৰীয়া সংগীত কণ্ঠ |image =Digen Mahanta.jpg|thumb |image_size = 220px |caption = |birth_date ={{Birth date|1949|09|30}} |background = solo_singer |birth_place = [[নগাঁও জিলা]]ৰ জাজৰি বগৰিগুৰি |spouse = [[অৰ্চনা মহন্ত]] |partner = |children = মনদীপ মহন্ত, মনমিত মহন্ত |parents = হৰেন্দ্ৰ নাথ মহন্ত, লক্ষ্মীপ্ৰিয়া দেৱী<ref name="assamtimes">{{cite web | url=http://www.assamtimes.org/node/11086 | title=Khagen Mahanta no more | publisher=assamtimes | date=Thu, 12/06/2014 | accessdate=12 জুন 2014 | author=AT News}}</ref> |death_date ={{Death date and age|2024|09|17|1949|08|17}} |origin = [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] |genre = আধুনিক, লোক-সংগীত |occupation = কণ্ঠশিল্পী, গীতিকাৰ, সুৰকাৰ |instrument = |nationality = ভাৰতীয় {{flagicon|IND}} }} '''দিগেন মহন্ত'''({{lang-en| Digen Mahanta}}) অসমৰ এগৰাকী কণ্ঠশিল্পী। তেওঁ আধুনিক গীত আৰু লোকসংগীতত কণ্ঠদান কৰাৰ উপৰি সুৰাৰোপ কৰাৰ লগতে কথাছবিৰ গীততো কণ্ঠদান কৰিছিল। তেওঁ অসমৰ বিভিন্ন শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানৰ শীৰ্ষগীত প্ৰযোজনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁক “কলংপৰীয়া সংগীত কণ্ঠ’’ উপাধি প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। দিগেন মহন্ত শিল্পী [[খগেন মহন্ত]]ৰ ভাতৃ আৰু [[অংগৰাগ মহন্ত]]ৰ খুড়াক। ==জন্ম আৰু শিক্ষা== তেজপুৰ বৰহোলিয়াত দিগেন মহন্তৰ জন্ম হৈছিল, ৩০ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ চনত। পিতৃ আছিল নগাঁৱৰ জাজৰিৰ “গজলা সত্ৰ’’ৰ সত্ৰাধিকাৰ হৰেন্দ্ৰনাথ মহন্ত আৰু মাতৃ লক্ষ্মীপ্ৰিয়া মহন্ত।<ref name="দি-২"/> পিতৃৰ পৰাই তেওঁ সত্ৰীয়া গীত-মাতৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ পাইছিল। তেওঁ নগাঁও ডচন হাইস্কুলৰ পৰা উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক শ্ৰেণী উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈ [[নগাঁও মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা চাৰিবছৰীয়া বাণিজ্যৰ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। ছাত্ৰাৱস্থাত তেওঁ ক্ৰীড়াৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো পাৰদৰ্শিতা দেখুৱাইছিল। ===পৰিয়াল=== বিহুগীতৰ ওজা খ্যাত শিল্পী [[খগেন মহন্ত]]ৰ তেওঁ ভাতৃ। ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ নগাঁও অনাতাঁৰ শিল্পী প্ৰগতি বৰাৰ স’তে বিবাহ হয়।<ref name="দি-৭">{{cite journal | title=ছটা দশকৰ নাভাগৰা কণ্ঠ | author=দাস, ঋতুপৰ্ণ | journal=দৈনিক জনমভূমি | year=২০০৪ | month=২৩ এপ্ৰিল | pages=৫}}</ref> তেওঁলোকৰ দুই পুত্ৰ মনদীপ মহন্ত আৰু মনমিত মহন্ত।<ref name="দি-২"/><ref name="দি-৬">{{cite journal | title=The Voice from the Banks of Kolong | journal=melange, The Sentinel | year=2019 | month=8 September | pages=1}}</ref> তিনিও শিক্ষকতাৰ লগতে সংগীতৰ লগত ওতপ্ৰোতভাৱে জড়িত। ==সংগীত জীৱন== ষষ্ঠ শ্ৰেণীত পঢ়ি থাকোঁতেই তেওঁ [[কেশৱ মহন্ত]]ৰ “এডাল দূবৰি বন, তাৰো যেন আছে এটি মন’’ শীৰ্ষক গীতটোত সুৰাৰোপ কৰিছিল।<ref name="দি-৫">{{cite journal | title=বিশিষ্ট সংগীত শিল্পী দিগেন মহন্তৰ মৃত্যু | journal=দৈনিক অসম | year=২০২৪ | month=১৯ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ | pages=১১}}</ref> এই গীতটি [[পুলক বেনাৰ্জী]]য়ে গাইছিল।<ref name="দি-৬"/> দিগেন মহন্ত অনাতাঁৰ শিল্পী হিচাপে “তুমি ৰোৱা সেই শেৱালি জুপি’’ আৰু “আকৌ নাচ আকৌ’’ আদি গীতেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name="দি-১">{{cite journal | title=ক’ত হেৰাল সেই সুৱদী সুৰীয়া গীত | author=ভাগৱতী, কমল কুমাৰ | journal=চিত্ৰ সংবাদ | year=১৯৯৯ | month=১৬ জুলাই}}</ref> ১৯৭৮ চনত গুৱাহাটী অনাতাঁৰ কেন্দ্ৰ শিল্পীৰূপে তেওঁ স্বীকৃতি পায়।<ref name="দি-২"/> ১৯৭৩ চনত নগাঁও মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গায়ক আৰু ১৯৭২ আৰু ১৯৭৩ চনত আন্তঃ মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ সংগীত প্ৰতিযোগিতাত ৰূপৰ পদক লাভ কৰে। তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয় কেইটামান গীত হ’ল, “অ’ শৰতৰ শেৱালি’’, “বতাহ লাগি ইচাট-বিচাট’’, “তুমি ৰোৱা সৌ শেৱালি জুপি’’, “মোৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰেমৰ উন্মেষ’’, “এই মাটি মোৰ দেহৰ এফাল’’, “মোক এজন বন্ধু লাগে’’ আদি।<ref name="দি-৩"/> ''বতাহ লাগি ইচাট-বিচাট'' আৰু ''অ’ শৰতৰ শেৱালি'' শীৰ্ষক গীতদুটি এইচ. এম. ভি. কোম্পানীত ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা হৈছিল। অভিনেতা [[চন্দ্ৰ ফুকন]] ৰচিত ''মঞ্চ এন্ধাৰ হ’ল'' শীৰ্ষক গীতটি এটি কালজয়ী গীত হিচাপে বিবেচিত।<ref name="দি-৪">{{cite journal | title=অ’ শৰতৰ সেৱালি খ্যাত দিগেন মহন্ত | author=বৰা, উজ্জ্বল জ্যোতি | journal=দৈনিক অসম | year=২০২৪ | month=২৭ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ}}</ref> মহন্তই হাৰমণিয়াম, তবলা, ঢোলক, কংগো আৰু ডাফ্লি বজোৱাত পাকৈত আছিল আৰু [[প্ৰতিমা পাণ্ডে বৰুৱা]], [[দিপালী বৰঠাকুৰ]] সবিতা চৌধুৰী [[খগেন মহন্ত]] [[ভূপেন হাজৰিকা]] আদি শিল্পীৰ গীতত সংগত কৰিছিল।।<ref name="দি-৬"/> ১৯৯২ চনত তেওঁ হৃদৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত পত্নীৰ সহযোগত ঘৰতে এখনি সংগীত বিদ্যালয় স্থাপন কৰি সংগীত শিক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰি আছিল।<ref name="দি-৭"/> ===কথাছবিৰ সংগীত=== অসমীয়া কথাছবি [[মেঘমুক্তি]] আৰু [[মইনাজান]]ত তেওঁ কণ্ঠদান কৰিছিল। পত্নী প্ৰগতি মহন্তৰ সৈতে দ্বৈত কণ্ঠত তেওঁ মনময়ুৰী, কেঁচাসোণ, বহনা, কাচোনমতী, আকাশীগংগা আদি সংগীত এলবামো সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="দি-২"/><ref name="দি-৩"/> ==সন্মান, বঁটা আদি== ''কলংপৰীয়া সংগীত কণ্ঠ'' উপাধি প্ৰাপ্ত<ref name="দি-৬"/> মহন্তই ২০১৬ চনত অসম চৰকাৰৰ শিল্পী পেন্সন লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="দি-৩"/> নগাঁৱৰ ''সুৰৰ পানচৈ শিল্পী সমাজে'' দিগেন মহন্তক ২০২৪ বৰ্ষত “সুৰৰ পানচৈ শিল্পী বঁটা’’ আৰু “স্বৰ্ণ কণ্ঠ’’ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref name="দি">{{cite journal | title=নগাঁৱত সুৰৰ পানচৈ শিল্পী সমাজৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা দিৱসৰ প্ৰস্তুতি | journal=নিয়মীয়া বাৰ্তা | year=২০২৪ | month=২৪ জুলাই| pages=৯}}</ref><ref name="দি-২"/> ==মৃত্যু== নগাঁও চহৰৰ আমোলাপট্টিত ৭৫ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২৪ চনৰ ১৭ ছেপ্তেম্বৰত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="দি-২">{{cite journal | title=বিশিষ্ট কণ্ঠশিল্পী দ্বিগেন মহন্তৰ দেহাৱসান | journal=আমাৰ অসম | year=২০২৪ | month=১৯ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ | pages=৮}}</ref> কিছুদিন ধৰি তেওঁ দুৰাৰোগ্য কৰ্কট ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ আছিল।<ref name="দি-৩">{{cite journal | title=কণ্ঠশিল্পী দিগেন মহন্ত | journal=অসমীয়া খবৰ | year=২০২৪ | month=১৯ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ | issue=৩০৬ | pages=১}}</ref> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:কণ্ঠশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সুৰকাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ব্যক্তি]] bv5hxkrokic129qzqmvvkb9l95cfukv 453054 453053 2024-12-09T17:34:58Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* পৰিয়াল */ 453054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |bgcolour = lightgray |name = দিগেন মহন্ত |alias = কলংপৰীয়া সংগীত কণ্ঠ |image =Digen Mahanta.jpg|thumb |image_size = 220px |caption = |birth_date ={{Birth date|1949|09|30}} |background = solo_singer |birth_place = [[নগাঁও জিলা]]ৰ জাজৰি বগৰিগুৰি |spouse = [[অৰ্চনা মহন্ত]] |partner = |children = মনদীপ মহন্ত, মনমিত মহন্ত |parents = হৰেন্দ্ৰ নাথ মহন্ত, লক্ষ্মীপ্ৰিয়া দেৱী<ref name="assamtimes">{{cite web | url=http://www.assamtimes.org/node/11086 | title=Khagen Mahanta no more | publisher=assamtimes | date=Thu, 12/06/2014 | accessdate=12 জুন 2014 | author=AT News}}</ref> |death_date ={{Death date and age|2024|09|17|1949|08|17}} |origin = [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] |genre = আধুনিক, লোক-সংগীত |occupation = কণ্ঠশিল্পী, গীতিকাৰ, সুৰকাৰ |instrument = |nationality = ভাৰতীয় {{flagicon|IND}} }} '''দিগেন মহন্ত'''({{lang-en| Digen Mahanta}}) অসমৰ এগৰাকী কণ্ঠশিল্পী। তেওঁ আধুনিক গীত আৰু লোকসংগীতত কণ্ঠদান কৰাৰ উপৰি সুৰাৰোপ কৰাৰ লগতে কথাছবিৰ গীততো কণ্ঠদান কৰিছিল। তেওঁ অসমৰ বিভিন্ন শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানৰ শীৰ্ষগীত প্ৰযোজনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁক “কলংপৰীয়া সংগীত কণ্ঠ’’ উপাধি প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। দিগেন মহন্ত শিল্পী [[খগেন মহন্ত]]ৰ ভাতৃ আৰু [[অংগৰাগ মহন্ত]]ৰ খুড়াক। ==জন্ম আৰু শিক্ষা== তেজপুৰ বৰহোলিয়াত দিগেন মহন্তৰ জন্ম হৈছিল, ৩০ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ চনত। পিতৃ আছিল নগাঁৱৰ জাজৰিৰ “গজলা সত্ৰ’’ৰ সত্ৰাধিকাৰ হৰেন্দ্ৰনাথ মহন্ত আৰু মাতৃ লক্ষ্মীপ্ৰিয়া মহন্ত।<ref name="দি-২"/> পিতৃৰ পৰাই তেওঁ সত্ৰীয়া গীত-মাতৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ পাইছিল। তেওঁ নগাঁও ডচন হাইস্কুলৰ পৰা উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক শ্ৰেণী উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈ [[নগাঁও মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰা চাৰিবছৰীয়া বাণিজ্যৰ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। ছাত্ৰাৱস্থাত তেওঁ ক্ৰীড়াৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো পাৰদৰ্শিতা দেখুৱাইছিল। ===পৰিয়াল=== [[File:পত্নীৰে সৈতে দিগেন মহন্ত.jpg|thumb|left|প্ৰয়াত কণ্ঠশিল্পী দিগেন মহন্ত আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী প্ৰগতি বৰা মহন্ত]] বিহুগীতৰ ওজা খ্যাত শিল্পী [[খগেন মহন্ত]]ৰ তেওঁ ভাতৃ। ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ নগাঁও অনাতাঁৰ শিল্পী প্ৰগতি বৰাৰ স’তে বিবাহ হয়।<ref name="দি-৭">{{cite journal | title=ছটা দশকৰ নাভাগৰা কণ্ঠ | author=দাস, ঋতুপৰ্ণ | journal=দৈনিক জনমভূমি | year=২০০৪ | month=২৩ এপ্ৰিল | pages=৫}}</ref> তেওঁলোকৰ দুই পুত্ৰ মনদীপ মহন্ত আৰু মনমিত মহন্ত।<ref name="দি-২"/><ref name="দি-৬">{{cite journal | title=The Voice from the Banks of Kolong | journal=melange, The Sentinel | year=2019 | month=8 September | pages=1}}</ref> তিনিও শিক্ষকতাৰ লগতে সংগীতৰ লগত ওতপ্ৰোতভাৱে জড়িত। ==সংগীত জীৱন== ষষ্ঠ শ্ৰেণীত পঢ়ি থাকোঁতেই তেওঁ [[কেশৱ মহন্ত]]ৰ “এডাল দূবৰি বন, তাৰো যেন আছে এটি মন’’ শীৰ্ষক গীতটোত সুৰাৰোপ কৰিছিল।<ref name="দি-৫">{{cite journal | title=বিশিষ্ট সংগীত শিল্পী দিগেন মহন্তৰ মৃত্যু | journal=দৈনিক অসম | year=২০২৪ | month=১৯ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ | pages=১১}}</ref> এই গীতটি [[পুলক বেনাৰ্জী]]য়ে গাইছিল।<ref name="দি-৬"/> দিগেন মহন্ত অনাতাঁৰ শিল্পী হিচাপে “তুমি ৰোৱা সেই শেৱালি জুপি’’ আৰু “আকৌ নাচ আকৌ’’ আদি গীতেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref name="দি-১">{{cite journal | title=ক’ত হেৰাল সেই সুৱদী সুৰীয়া গীত | author=ভাগৱতী, কমল কুমাৰ | journal=চিত্ৰ সংবাদ | year=১৯৯৯ | month=১৬ জুলাই}}</ref> ১৯৭৮ চনত গুৱাহাটী অনাতাঁৰ কেন্দ্ৰ শিল্পীৰূপে তেওঁ স্বীকৃতি পায়।<ref name="দি-২"/> ১৯৭৩ চনত নগাঁও মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গায়ক আৰু ১৯৭২ আৰু ১৯৭৩ চনত আন্তঃ মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ সংগীত প্ৰতিযোগিতাত ৰূপৰ পদক লাভ কৰে। তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয় কেইটামান গীত হ’ল, “অ’ শৰতৰ শেৱালি’’, “বতাহ লাগি ইচাট-বিচাট’’, “তুমি ৰোৱা সৌ শেৱালি জুপি’’, “মোৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰেমৰ উন্মেষ’’, “এই মাটি মোৰ দেহৰ এফাল’’, “মোক এজন বন্ধু লাগে’’ আদি।<ref name="দি-৩"/> ''বতাহ লাগি ইচাট-বিচাট'' আৰু ''অ’ শৰতৰ শেৱালি'' শীৰ্ষক গীতদুটি এইচ. এম. ভি. কোম্পানীত ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা হৈছিল। অভিনেতা [[চন্দ্ৰ ফুকন]] ৰচিত ''মঞ্চ এন্ধাৰ হ’ল'' শীৰ্ষক গীতটি এটি কালজয়ী গীত হিচাপে বিবেচিত।<ref name="দি-৪">{{cite journal | title=অ’ শৰতৰ সেৱালি খ্যাত দিগেন মহন্ত | author=বৰা, উজ্জ্বল জ্যোতি | journal=দৈনিক অসম | year=২০২৪ | month=২৭ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ}}</ref> মহন্তই হাৰমণিয়াম, তবলা, ঢোলক, কংগো আৰু ডাফ্লি বজোৱাত পাকৈত আছিল আৰু [[প্ৰতিমা পাণ্ডে বৰুৱা]], [[দিপালী বৰঠাকুৰ]] সবিতা চৌধুৰী [[খগেন মহন্ত]] [[ভূপেন হাজৰিকা]] আদি শিল্পীৰ গীতত সংগত কৰিছিল।।<ref name="দি-৬"/> ১৯৯২ চনত তেওঁ হৃদৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত পত্নীৰ সহযোগত ঘৰতে এখনি সংগীত বিদ্যালয় স্থাপন কৰি সংগীত শিক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰি আছিল।<ref name="দি-৭"/> ===কথাছবিৰ সংগীত=== অসমীয়া কথাছবি [[মেঘমুক্তি]] আৰু [[মইনাজান]]ত তেওঁ কণ্ঠদান কৰিছিল। পত্নী প্ৰগতি মহন্তৰ সৈতে দ্বৈত কণ্ঠত তেওঁ মনময়ুৰী, কেঁচাসোণ, বহনা, কাচোনমতী, আকাশীগংগা আদি সংগীত এলবামো সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="দি-২"/><ref name="দি-৩"/> ==সন্মান, বঁটা আদি== ''কলংপৰীয়া সংগীত কণ্ঠ'' উপাধি প্ৰাপ্ত<ref name="দি-৬"/> মহন্তই ২০১৬ চনত অসম চৰকাৰৰ শিল্পী পেন্সন লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="দি-৩"/> নগাঁৱৰ ''সুৰৰ পানচৈ শিল্পী সমাজে'' দিগেন মহন্তক ২০২৪ বৰ্ষত “সুৰৰ পানচৈ শিল্পী বঁটা’’ আৰু “স্বৰ্ণ কণ্ঠ’’ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref name="দি">{{cite journal | title=নগাঁৱত সুৰৰ পানচৈ শিল্পী সমাজৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা দিৱসৰ প্ৰস্তুতি | journal=নিয়মীয়া বাৰ্তা | year=২০২৪ | month=২৪ জুলাই| pages=৯}}</ref><ref name="দি-২"/> ==মৃত্যু== নগাঁও চহৰৰ আমোলাপট্টিত ৭৫ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২৪ চনৰ ১৭ ছেপ্তেম্বৰত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="দি-২">{{cite journal | title=বিশিষ্ট কণ্ঠশিল্পী দ্বিগেন মহন্তৰ দেহাৱসান | journal=আমাৰ অসম | year=২০২৪ | month=১৯ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ | pages=৮}}</ref> কিছুদিন ধৰি তেওঁ দুৰাৰোগ্য কৰ্কট ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ আছিল।<ref name="দি-৩">{{cite journal | title=কণ্ঠশিল্পী দিগেন মহন্ত | journal=অসমীয়া খবৰ | year=২০২৪ | month=১৯ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ | issue=৩০৬ | pages=১}}</ref> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:কণ্ঠশিল্পী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সুৰকাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ব্যক্তি]] r5x2bxvrl3e63yj3prtb71zwx5vst0c উমেৰা আহমেদ 0 109621 453109 450508 2024-12-10T00:31:25Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Umera Ahmed|native_name={{Nastaliq |عمیرہ احمد}}|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=y|1976|12|10}}|birth_place=[[শিয়ালকোট]], [[পাকিস্তান]]|nationality=পাকিস্তানী|alma_mater=[[মুৰে কলেজ]]|occupation=কল্পকাহিনী লেখক, চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ}} '''উমেৰা আহমেদ''' ({{lang-en|Umera Ahmed}}) এগৰাকী পাকিস্তানী লেখিকা আৰু চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ। তেওঁ ''শ্বেহৰ-ই-জাত'', ''পিৰ-ই-কামিল'', ''জিন্দেগী গুলজাৰ হাই'', ''আলিফ'', ''দুৰ-ই-শ্বেহৱাৰ'', ''ডাম'', ''মান-অ'-চালৱা'', ''কায়েদ-ই-তানহাই'', ''ডাইজেষ্ট ৰাইটাৰ'', ''মাত'', ''কংকৰ'', ''মেৰী জাত জাৰা-ই-বেনিশান'', ''দোৰাহা'' আৰু ''হাম কাহান কে সচ্চা থা'' আদি উপন্যাস আৰু নাটকৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ বেছি পৰিচিত। উমেৰা আহমেদ এই যুগৰ আটাইতকৈ বহুলভাৱে পঠিত আৰু জনপ্ৰিয় উৰ্দু কল্পকাহিনী ঔপন্যাসিক আৰু চিত্ৰনাট্য লেখকসকলৰ ভিতৰৰ অন্যতম এজন।<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-01-26|publisher=DAWN|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1176410|title=10 iconic Pakistani TV dramas you should binge-watch this weekend|date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 July 2016|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/68995/20-pakistani-tv-dramas-that-you-should-watch-if-you-havent/|title=20 Pakistani TV dramas that you should watch if you haven't|work=Daily Times|accessdate=22 May 2021}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == ১৯৭৬ চনৰ ১০ ডিচেম্বৰত [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ শি‍য়ালকোটত উমেৰা আহমেদৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁ ছিয়ালকোটৰ মুৰে কলেজৰ পৰা ইংৰাজী সাহিত্যত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। সেই একেখন কলেজেই কুৰি‍ শতিকাৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত আৰু মেধাৱী পণ্ডিত আৰু কবি (ব্ৰিটিছৰ অধীনত থকা ভাৰতত) আল্লামা মহম্মদ ইকবালক জন্ম দিছিল। ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়াত সক্ৰিয় হৈ থকাৰ পিছতো, আৰু শ্ব’বিজৰ সৈতে জড়িত হোৱাৰ পিছতো তেওঁ নিজৰ ব্যক্তিগত জীৱনক ব্যক্তিগতভাৱে কৰি থ'বলৈহে‍ পছন্দ কৰে আৰু তেওঁ খুব কমেইহে সাক্ষাৎকাৰো দিয়ে৷ ২০০৫ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ লেখক বঁটা সংগ্ৰহ কৰিবলৈ ''ইণ্ডাছ ভিজন বঁটা''ৰ মঞ্চত তেওঁ একমাত্ৰ অনস্ক্ৰীণ উপস্থিতি আছিল। == শিক্ষা == উমৰাই ছিয়ালকোটৰ মুৰে কলেজ পৰা ইংৰাজী সাহিত্যত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল(স্ব-প্ৰকাশিত উৎস)। উমৰা আহমেদ ছিয়ালকোটৰ আৰ্মি পাব্লিক স্কুলত ইংৰাজীৰ শিক্ষয়িত্ৰী হিচাপে‍ কৰ্মৰত আছিল আৰু তেওঁ তাত মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় আৰু উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক শিক্ষাদান কৰিছিল।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Umera Ahmed|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4335300.Umera_Ahmed|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=www.goodreads.com}}</ref> অৱশ্যে তেওঁ পূৰ্ণকালীনভাৱে‍ লেখা-মেলাৰ কেৰিয়াৰ গঢ়িব বিচাৰিছিল, সেয়েহে শিক্ষকতাৰ বৃত্তি‍ এৰি তেওঁ উৰ্দু আলোচনীত লিখিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":0" /> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ===লেখা-মেলা === উমেৰা আহমেদে কম বয়সতে লেখা-মেলা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ কাহিনীবোৰ প্ৰায়ে মাহেকীয়া উৰ্দু ভাষাৰ ডাইজেষ্ট আলোচনীসমূহত প্ৰকাশিত হৈছিল। অতি কম সময়তে তেওঁ কিতাপ প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰত ৩০খনতকৈও অধিক গ্ৰন্থ, কেইখনমান উপন্যাস আৰু চুটি গল্পৰ সংকলন কৰিছে‍। তেওঁৰ আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত কাম ''পীৰ-ই-কামিল'' আৰু ''মেৰী জাত জাৰা-ই-বেনিচান''; যিয়ে তেওঁৰ সাহিত্যিক-জীৱনক এক উচ্চতালৈ লৈ গৈছিল। ''অমৰবইল'' উমেৰা আহমেদৰ আন এখন বিখ্যাত উপন্যাস। ১৯৯৮ চনত মাহেকীয়া উৰ্দু আলোচনীসমূহত কাহিনী প্ৰকাশৰ যোগেদি‍ উমেৰাই তেওঁৰ লেখিকাৰ জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ডাইজেষ্ট আলোচনীৰ বাবে লিখা তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম কাহিনীটো আছিল ''জিন্দেগী গুলজাৰ হে। ''<ref name="dailytimes.com.pk">{{Cite web|date=22 April 2019|title=Zindagi Gulzar Hai has the power to transform you|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/380269/zindagi-gulzar-hai-has-the-power-to-transform-you/|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=Daily Times|language=en-US}}</ref> এই ৰচনাই পাঠকৰ মনোযোগ আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল আৰু উমেৰাক যথাসম্ভৱ সোনকালেই এখন পূৰ্ণ দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ উপন্যাস লিখিবলৈ কোৱা হৈছিল। কাহিনীটো লিখাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বয়স আছিল ২১ বছৰ। ২০১২ চনত উপন্যাসখন একে নামৰ জনপ্ৰিয় ধাৰাবাহিক নাটকৰ হিচাপে ৰূপ দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2020|title='Zindagi Gulzar Hai' reflective of problems and prejudices young people face: Writer Umera Ahmed|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/zindagi-gulzar-hai-reflective-of-problems-and-prejudices-young-people-face-writer-umera-ahmed-6921957/|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> নাটকখনত ছনাম ছাইদ আৰু ফাওয়াদ খানে‍ মুখ্য অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2020|title='Zindagi Gulzar Hai' Reflective Of Problems And Prejudices Young People Face: Writer Umera Ahmed|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/zindagi-gulzar-hai-reflective-of-problems-and-prejudices-young-people-face-writer-umera-ahmed-3037988.html|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=News18|language=en}}</ref> এক সাক্ষাৎকাৰত উমেৰাই কৈছিল যে উপন্যাসখনত মুখ্য নাৰী চৰিত্ৰ কাশাফৰ চৰিত্ৰটো তেওঁৰ নিজৰ জীৱনৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। উমেৰাৰ কাহিনীবোৰ প্ৰায়েই পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ সম্পৰ্ক, সামাজিক সমস্যা আৰু চাপৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2014|title=I give words to people's journeys: Writer Umera Ahmed|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/i-give-words-to-peoples-journeys/|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> তেওঁৰ কাহিনীবোৰে মহিলাক কেন্দ্ৰীয় বিষয়বস্তু হিচাপে চিত্ৰিত কৰে।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Umera Ahmed: The Queen of TV Dramas – Hareem Zafar – Youlin Magazine|url=https://www.youlinmagazine.com/article/umera-ahmed-the-queen-of-tv-dramas/MTY5NQ==|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=www.youlinmagazine.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Saleem|first=Muhammad|date=4 March 2020|title='AAN' Upcoming Blockbuster of Haseeb Hasan & Umera Ahmed|url=https://theazb.com/aan-upcoming-blockbuster-of-haseeb-hasan-umera-ahmed/|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=Daily The Azb|language=en-US}}</ref> ধাৰাবাহিক নাটকলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হোৱা আন বহু উপন্যাসৰ লেখি‍কা হ'ল আহমেদ। তেওঁৰ আন জনপ্ৰিয় ৰচনাসমূহ হ 'ল। ''মেৰী জাত জাৰা-ই-বেনিশান'', যাৰ বাবে আহমেদে দশম ''লাক্স ষ্টাইল এৱাৰ্ডছ''ত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ লেখকৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 July 2019|title=Meri Zaat Zarra-e-Benishan is a tale of immense tragedy|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/424570/meri-zaat-zarra-e-benishan-is-a-tale-of-immense-tragedy/|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=Daily Times|language=en-US}}</ref> উপন্যাসখন একে নামৰ নাটকলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। এই নাটকখনে‍ যথেষ্ট জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু ২০১৪ চনত, ইয়াক ''কেইচি য়ে কয়ামত'' নামেৰে ভাৰততো সম্প্ৰচাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":1" /> আহমেদে ধৰ্ম আৰু আধ্যাত্মিকতাৰ বিষয়তো উপন্যাস লিখিছে। ''পিৰ-ই-কামিল'' (২০০৪) ''শ্বেহৰ-ই-জাত'' (২০১২) আৰু ''আলিফ'' (২০১৯) হৈছে তেওঁৰ এনে কিছু উপন্যাস যিবোৰে‍ আধ্যাত্মিকতাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিছে‍।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nayyar|first=Nasir Abbas|date=22 September 2019|title=FICTION: A BULWARK AGAINST SECULAR ART|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1506548|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Haider|first=Sadaf|date=17 March 2020|title=Alif is one of the most artistically pleasing dramas to grace our screens in years|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1184857|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=Images|language=en}}</ref> তেওঁৰ উপন্যাস ''আলিফ'' -ক এক জনপ্ৰিয় ধাৰাবাহিকৰ বাবে‍ নাট্যৰূপ দিয়া হৈছিল য'ত হামজা আলী আব্বাছি, ছাজাল আলী আৰু কুব্ৰা খান আদিয়ে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2019|title=Umera Ahmed's much-anticipated novel 'Alif' is all set to release this month|url=https://www.somethinghaute.com/alif-umera-ahmed-release-month/|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=Something Haute|language=en-US}}</ref> [[মাহিৰা খান]] অভিনীত ছেহৰ-ই-জাত এখন জনপ্ৰিয় নাটক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2012|title=Shehr-e-Zaat and its misplaced knowledge of Islam|url=http://tribune.com.pk/article/14645/shehr-e-zaat-and-its-misplaced-knowledge-of-islam|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 March 2019|title=Shehr-e-Zaat — a tale of obsession and pride|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/368517/shehr-e-zaat-a-tale-of-obsession-and-pride/|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=Daily Times|language=en-US}}</ref> আহমেদে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰত ৩৫খনতকৈও অধিক গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছে। তেওঁৰ ২২খনতকৈ অধিক কিতাপক ধাৰাবাহিকৰ বাবে‍ নাট্যৰূপ দিয়া হৈছে। তেওঁৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহ ইংৰাজী আৰু [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰবী]] ভাষালৈও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। জাগৰনট প্ৰকাশনে‍ আহমেদৰ ৰচনাসমূহ হিন্দিলৈও অনুবাদ কৰিছে‍।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Umera Ahmed|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/author/umera-ahmed/|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=HuffPost India|language=en}}</ref> === চিত্ৰনাট্য === আহমেদৰ বহুকেইখন উপন্যাসক ধাৰাবাহিক নাটকৰ ৰূপ দিয়া হৈছে। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁ বিশেষকৈ নাটক আৰু চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবেও কাহিনী লিখিছে। তেওঁ পৰিচালক মেহৰীন জাব্বাৰৰ সৈতে লগলাগি‍ ধাৰাবাহিক নাটক ৰচনা কৰিছে যিয়ে ব্যাপক জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰিছে। শেহতীয়াকৈ, তেওঁ ''এক ঝুটি লাভ ষ্ট'ৰী'' নামৰ এখন ৱেব-ছিৰিজ বাবেও পূৰ্ণ সহযোগিতা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 October 2019|title=Umera Ahmed and Mehreen Jabbar re-unite for a web-series|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/483589/umera-ahmed-and-mehreen-jabbar-re-unite-for-a-web-series/|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=Daily Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NewsBytes">{{Cite web|last=NewsBytes|title=Mehreen Jabbar's web-series to be called Aik Jhooti Love Story|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/456952-mehreen-jabbars-web-series-to-be-called-aik-jhooti-love-story|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref> এই ধাৰাবাহিকখন [[কৰাচী]]ৰ এহাল দম্পতীক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি ৰচিত এখন কমেডী ধাৰাবাহিক। <ref name="fuchsiamagazine.com">{{Cite web|date=18 July 2020|title=Mehreen Jabbar & Umera Ahmed's Project 'Aik Jhooti Love Story' on ZEE5|url=https://www.fuchsiamagazine.com/2020/07/18/mehreen-jabbars-upcoming-project-aik-jhooti-love-story-on-zee5/|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=FUCHSIA|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NewsBytes" /> ইয়াত মুখ্য অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছে বিল্লাল আব্বাছ খান আৰু মাদিহা ইমামে।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rehman|first=Maliha|date=30 October 2020|title=Bilal Abbas, Madiha Imam's new webseries for Zee5 is not your average love story|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1185962|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=Images|language=en}}</ref> ''এক ঝুটি লাভ ষ্ট'ৰী'' ৩০ অক্টোবৰ ২০২০-ত মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু জি5-ত মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল। জি5 হৈছে এক ডিজিটেল মনোৰঞ্জন মঞ্চ।<ref>{{Cite web|title=The lighter side of story telling {{!}} Instep {{!}} thenews.com.pk|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/727381-the-lighter-side-of-story-telling|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref> আহমেদে প্ৰয়াত পাকিস্তানী মডেল কান্দিল বালুচৰ জীৱনৰ আধাৰত''বাঘী'' নামৰ এখন চিত্ৰনাট্যও ৰচনা কৰিছিল৷ ।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hasan|first=Mehreen|date=28 July 2017|title=Qandeel's family gave us complete creative liberty to tell this story, say Baaghi's writers|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1178085|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=Images|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 January 2018|title=Is 'Baaghi' a disservice to the real-life Qandeel Baloch?|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1609065/4-baaghi-disservice-real-life-qandeel-baloch|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref> ইয়াত মুখ্য অভিনেত্ৰী হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল সাবা কামৰে‍ <ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2019|title=Umera Ahmed's latest novel 'Alif' to release this month|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1956950/umera-ahmeds-latest-novel-alif-release-month|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=17 July 2014|title=Zindagi Gulzar Hai: Pakistani drama serials win hearts in India|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1119811|access-date=2020-11-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 May 2018|title=Hamza Ali Abbasi, Sajal Aly and Kubra Khan to star in 'Alif'|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1721683/hamza-ali-abbasi-sajal-aly-kubra-khan-star-alif|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref> আহমেদে [[নেটফ্লিক্স]] প্ৰকল্পতো কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁৰ শেহতীয়া কামটো চাইবাৰ বুলিঙ বিষয়ক এখন ধাৰাবাহিক। এই ধাৰাবাহিকখনৰ কাহিনী অপৰাধ এটাৰ তদন্ত কৰি থকা এগৰাকী মহিলা চোৰাংচোৱাৰ জীৱনক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি ৰচনা কৰা হৈছে‍। এইখন উমেৰাৰ প্ৰথম থ্ৰিলাৰ ছিৰিজ। এক সাক্ষাৎকাৰত উমেৰাই কৈছিল, "এইটো পোনপটীয়াকৈ হৃদয়ৰ পৰা আহিছে, কিয়নো মই ইয়াৰ বাবে বহুতো লোকক কষ্ট পোৱা দেখিছোঁ৷ মই জানো ট্ৰলিঙে‍ কেনেকৈ জীৱন ধ্বংস কৰিব পাৰে!" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Umera Ahmed gets into crime thriller mode|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/pakistani-cinema/umera-Ahmed-gets-into-crime-thriller-mode-1.66452723|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=gulfnews.com|date=16 September 2019|language=en}}</ref> ''তুমহাৰে হুছন কে নাম'' (২০২৩) হৈছে ছাৰা কয়ুমৰ সহযোগিতাত তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা লিখা আন এখন শেহতীয়া নাটক। এইখন মূলতঃ হকীম নায়াৰ ৱেষ্টিৰ উপন্যাস ''আখতাৰ ঔৰ ছালমা'' (1930) ৰ দ্বাৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত হৈ লিখা নাটক। নাটকখনত মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে সাবা কামৰ আৰু ইমৰান আব্বাছে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/08-May-2023/trailer-of-saba-qazar-and-imran-abbas-starrer?version=|title=Trailer of Saba Qamar and Imran Abbas starrer 'Tumharey Husn Kay Naam' out now!|date=2023-05-08|work=Daily Pakistan|accessdate=2024-06-26}}</ref> === আলিফ কিতাব === ২০১৬ চনত আহমেদে আলিফ কিতাব সৃষ্টি কৰে। উদীয়মান লেখকসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ কাম ভাগ-বতৰা কৰিবলৈ আৰু ইয়াক নগদীকৃত কৰিবলৈ ই এক ডিজিটেল প্লেটফৰ্ম। এই মঞ্চৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছে নতুন লেখকসকলক বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ সৈতে মত বিনিময় কৰাৰ সুযোগ দি সম্পাদনাৰ নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰা। এই মঞ্চই তেওঁলোকক তেওঁলোকৰ লেখাসমূহ সংবাদ মাধ্যম আৰু প্ৰযোজনা সংস্থাত দাখিল কৰাৰ অনুমতি দিয়ে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2016|title=Umera Ahmed to launch platform for commercial writers|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1077646/umera-ahmed-to-launch-platform-for-commercial-writers|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Umera Ahmed to launch platform for commercial writers {{!}} Pakistan Today|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/04/04/umera-ahmed-to-launch-platform-for-commercial-writers/|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> == বঁটা আৰু স্বীকৃতি == * ২০১৪ চনত পাকিস্তান মিডিয়া এৱাৰ্ডছ - ধাৰাবাহিক নাটক জিন্দেগী গুলজাৰ হেই-ৰ বাবে বছৰৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ লেখকৰ বঁটা।<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-01-26|publisher=Events in Karachi|url=https://www.eventsinkarachi.com/pakistans-4th-media-award-winner-list/|title=Pakistan's 4th Media Award Winner List|date=17 January 2014|archivedate=2021-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202171740/https://www.eventsinkarachi.com/pakistans-4th-media-award-winner-list/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * ২০১৪ চনত হাম বঁটা - জিন্দেগী গুলজাৰ হেই-ৰ বাবে ধাৰাবাহিক নাটকৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ লেখক।<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-01-26|publisher=ww.web.pk|url=https://ww.web.pk/2013/first-hum-tv-awards-red-carpet-winners-list/|title=First Hum TV Awards Red Carpet : Winners List|date=17 March 2013}}</ref> === লাক্স ষ্টাইল বঁটা === {|class="wikitable style" !Ceremony !Category !Project !Result |- |[[দশম লাক্স ষ্টাইল বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-08 |title=Lux Style Awards 2011 Nominations {{!}} Rewaj - All About Women Lifestyle |url=http://www.rewaj.com/fashion/lux-style-awards-2011-nominations.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108022835/http://www.rewaj.com/fashion/lux-style-awards-2011-nominations.html |archive-date=8 November 2011 |archivedate=2011-11-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108022835/http://www.rewaj.com/fashion/lux-style-awards-2011-nominations.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> |rowspan="6"|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ টেলিভিছন লেখক |'''''[[মেৰী জাত জাৰা-ই-বেনিছান]]''''' |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|[[একাদশ লাক্স ষ্টাইল বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2011-08-26 |title=Lux Style Awards: A trip down memory lane |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/239961/lux-style-awards-a-trip-down-memory-lane |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> |'''''[[Uraan (2010 TV series)|উৰাণ]]''''' |rowspan="4" {{nom}} |- |'''''[[কাইদ-ই-তানহাই]]''''' |- |[[দ্বাদশ লাক্স ষ্টাইল বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-18 |title=12th Lux Style Awards 2013 Pictures and Winner's List {{!}} DesiFreeTV.com |url=http://www.desifreetv.com/news/12th-lux-style-awards-2013-pictures-and-winners-list/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118100355/http://www.desifreetv.com/news/12th-lux-style-awards-2013-pictures-and-winners-list/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archivedate=2017-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118100355/http://www.desifreetv.com/news/12th-lux-style-awards-2013-pictures-and-winners-list/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> |'''''[[মাত]]''''' |- |[[১৩ সংখ্যক লাক্স ষ্টাইল বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-19 |title=Nominees announced for 2014 Lux Style Awards |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/12-Aug-2014/nominees-announced-for-2014-lux-style-awards |access-date=2024-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125919/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/12-Aug-2014/nominees-announced-for-2014-lux-style-awards |archive-date=19 August 2014 }}</ref> |'''''[[জিন্দাগী গুলজাৰ হায়]]''''' |- |[[২০ সংখ্যক লাক্স ষ্টাইল বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-10-10 |title=LSA 2021 winners: Bayaan and 'Pyaar Ke Sadqay' reign supreme |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2324144/lsa-2021-winners-bayaan-and-pyaar-ke-sadqay-reign-supreme |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> |'''''[[Alif (TV series)|আলিফ]]''''' |{{won}} |} ==নিৰ্বাচিত কাম== === কিতাপ=== * ''মেৰী জাত জাৰা-ই-বেনিছান'' * ''[[পিৰ-ই-কামিল]]''<ref name=":0" /> * ''অমৰ বইল'' * ''[[Shehr-e-Zaat (novella)|শ্বেহৰ-ই-জাত]]'' * ''মান-ও-ছালৱা'' * ''আব-ই-হায়াত'' * ''লা-হাচিল'' * ''জিন্দাগী গুলজাৰ হায়''<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 January 2013|title=Zindagi Gulzar hai: Liberating women in different ways|url=http://tribune.com.pk/article/15574/zindagi-gulzar-hai-liberating-women-in-different-ways|access-date=2020-11-23|website=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zindagi Gulzar Hai|url=https://www.hum.tv/dramas/zindagi-gulzar-hai/|access-date=2020-11-23|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''আলিফ''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Isani|first=Aamna Haider|title=Alif and its message|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/630342-alif-and-its-message|access-date=2020-11-23|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en}}</ref> * ''কংকৰ''<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 October 2013|title=Kankar: Standing up for the abused woman|url=http://tribune.com.pk/article/19281/kankar-standing-up-for-the-abused-woman|access-date=2020-11-23|website=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref> * ''কাইদ-ই-তানহাই'' * '' ইমান উমিদ উৰ মহব্বত'' * ''হাচিল'' * ''হুছনা ঔৰ হুছান আৰা'' === নাটক=== * ''[[জিন্দাগী গুলজাৰ হায়]]'' – হাম টিভি<ref>{{cite web |title=Zindagi Gulzar Hai |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/80087078?s=a&trkid=13747225&t=cp |website=Netflix |date=December 2015 |access-date=22 May 2019 |archivedate=7 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007204222/https://www.netflix.com/title/80087078?s=a&trkid=13747225&t=cp |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * ''[[Kankar (TV series)|কংকৰ]]'' – হাম টিভি<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/19281/kankar-standing-up-for-the-abused-woman/ |title=Kankar: Standing up for the abused woman – The Express Tribune Blog |website=blogs.tribune.com.pk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027011610/http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/19281/kankar-standing-up-for-the-abused-woman/ |archive-date=2013-10-27}}</ref> * ''[[মন-ও-ছালৱা]]'' – হাম টিভি<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/187161/umeras-endeavour-promote-urdu-among-children/|title=Umera's endeavour to promote Urdu among children – Daily Times|date=24 January 2018|work=Daily Times|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''[[Alif (TV series)|আলিফ]]'' – জিঅ’ টিভি<ref>{{cite news|title=Hamza Ali Abbasi, Sajal Aly and Kubra Khan to star in 'Alif' – The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1721683/4-hamza-ali-abbasi-sajal-aly-kubra-khan-star-alif/|access-date=29 May 2018|work=The Express Tribune|date=29 May 2018}}</ref> * ''দৰাৰ'' – এআৰৱাই ডিজিটেল<ref>{{Cite web|title=Umera Ahmed|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3877103/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''[[ডাইজেষ্ট ৰাইটাৰ]]'' – হাম টিভি<ref>{{Cite web|last=HumTv|title=Digest Writer|url=https://www.ebuzztoday.com/hum-tv-drama-serial-digest-writer/}}</ref> * ''[[ঝুট]]'' – হাম টিভি<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jhoot|url=https://www.hum.tv/dramas/jhoot/|access-date=2020-11-23|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''[[Maat (TV series)|মাত]]'' – হাম টিভি<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 November 2014|title=Maat HUM TV Serial {{!}} HUM TV – Watch Dramas Online|url=https://www.hum.tv/maat-hum-tv-serial/|access-date=2020-11-23|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''[[Baaghi (TV series)|বাঘি]]'' (Screenplay) – উৰ্দু ১<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/04-Feb-2018/if-baaghi-is-based-on-a-true-story-then-qandeel-baloch-did-not-deserve-this|title=If Baaghi is based on a true story then Qandeel Baloch did not deserve this|date=4 February 2018|work=The Nation|access-date=2018-07-04|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''[[মহবত সুভ কা সীতাৰা হায়]]'' – হাম টিভি<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 March 2014|title=Mohabbat Subh Ka Sitara Hai Episode 14 HUM TV Drama {{!}} HUM TV – Watch Dramas Online|url=https://www.hum.tv/mohabbat-subh-ka-sitara-hai-episode-14-hum-tv-drama/|access-date=2020-11-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humtv.tv/blog/mohabat-subh-ka-sitara-hai-pens-umera-ahmed/|title=Mohabat Subh Ka Sitara Hai: From The Pens of Umera Ahmed|publisher=Hum TV|date=12 December 2013|access-date=10 January 2014}}</ref> * ''[[হম কহা কে সচ্চা থা]]'' – হাম টিভি<ref>{{cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1187972|title=Mahira Khan returns to our television screens after five-year hiatus with Hum Kahan Kai Sachey Thay|date=9 July 2021|website=DAWN IMAGES|access-date=11 July 2021|author=Irfan Ul Haq}}</ref><ref name="nxt">{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/789074/usman-mukhtar-to-star-opposite-mahira-and-kubra-in-his-next/|title=Usman Mukhtar to star opposite Mahira and Kubra in his next|date=11 July 2021|website= Daily Times|access-date=2021-07-11}}</ref> * ''তুমহাৰে হুছন কে নাম'' (সহ লেখক) - গ্ৰীণ এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্টট * ''চিৰিয়েল কিলাৰ'' - গ্ৰীণ এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-15 |title=Saba Qamar announces Umera Ahmed's 'Serial Killer' |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/900613-saba-qamar-announces-umera-ahmeds-serial-killer |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=The News International |language=en}}</ref> ===টেলিফিল্ম আৰু ৱেব-ছিৰিজ=== * ''[[বেহাড্ড]]''<ref>{{cite web|title= BEHADD starring Nadia Jamil and Sajal Ali, alongside Fawad Khan will be coming on 8th June on HUM TV. |url=http://fuchsia.com.sg/?p=4315|publisher=FUCHSIA weekly|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> * ''[[Laal (film)|লাল]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/371759/telefilm-laal-tugs-at-our-heartstrings-with-its-sheer-brilliance/|title=Telefilm 'Laal' tugs at our heartstrings with its sheer brilliance|date=31 March 2019|website=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref> * ''[[এক হাই নিগাৰ]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=30 June 2020|title=Nigar Johar promoted to Lieutenant General first female of Pakistan Army|url=https://emeatribune.uk/nigar-johar-promoted-to-lieutenant-general-first-female-of-pakistan-army/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-30|website=EMEA Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''[[মুঠি ভৰ মিট্টি]]'' * ''[[এক থি মৰিয়াম]]''<ref name="develp&filming">{{cite web|last1=Aijaz|first1=Rahul|title=In memorium: 'Ek Thi Marium' takes flight|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1174282/memorium-ek-thi-marium-takes-flight/|website=[[The Express Tribune]]|access-date=3 September 2016|date=1 September 2016}}</ref> * ''[[এক ঝুঠি লভ ষ্টৰী]]''<ref name="fuchsiamagazine.com"/> * ''[[ধূপ কি দীৱাৰ]]''<ref>{{ Cite web |title=Haseeb Hasan shares details on Dhoop Ki Deewar|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/589514-haseeb-hasan-shares-details-on-dhoop-ki-deewar|date=September 2020}}</ref> == লগতে চাওক == * নিমৰা আহমেদ খান ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পাকিস্তানৰ ব্যক্তি]] 71yy6im3fsv4zviemccok2swym0g1f2 চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান 0 109668 453178 451187 2024-12-10T04:23:53Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|National park in Nepal}} {{Infobox protected area | name = চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান | iucn_category = II | location = নেপালৰ মধ্য তেৰাই | established = ১৯৭৩ | nearest_city = [[Bharatpur, Nepal|ভাৰতপুৰ]] | map = Nepal Bagmati Province#Nepal#South Asia | relief = 1 | label = Chitwan National Park | label_position = top | coordinates = {{coord|27|30|0|N|84|20|0|E|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = ৯৫২.৬৩ | governing_body = [[Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (Nepal)|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ]] | embedded1={{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=8 |coord= | designation1=WHS | designation1_date = ১৯৮৪ <small>(অষ্টম [[World Heritage Committee|অধিৱেশন]])</small> | designation1_type = প্ৰাকৃতিক | designation1_criteria = vii, ix, x | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/284 ২৮৪] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|দক্ষিণ এছিয়া]] }} | visitation_num = | visitation_year = |photo=Chitwan swamp.jpg}} '''চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান''' ({{lang-en|Chitwan National Park}}) হ'ল নেপালৰ প্ৰথমখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান। ১৯৭৩ চনত ৰয়েল চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখনক ১৯৮৪ চনত বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ মৰ্যাদা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chitwan National Park|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/284/|accessdate=2023-05-15|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> এই উদ্যানখনে‍ দক্ষিণ-মধ্য নেপালৰ উপগ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ভিতৰুৱা তৰাই নিম্নভূমিৰ অন্তৰ্গত নৱালপুৰ, চিতৱান, মাকৱানপুৰ আৰু পাৰ্ছা জিলাৰ ৯৫২.৬৩ বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰ এলেকা আৱৰি আছে। নদী উপত্যকাৰ প্ৰায় ১০০ মিটাৰ (৩৩০ ফুট) পৰা উচ্চতাৰ পৰা শিৱলিক পাহাৰৰ ৮১৫ মিটাৰ (২,৬৭৪ ফুট) উচ্চতালৈকে ই বিস্তৃত।<ref name="nbrb07">{{Cite book|last=Bhuju, U. R.|last2=Shakya, P. R.|last3=Basnet, T. B.|last4=Shrestha, S.|author article name=amp|year=2007|title=Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites|publisher=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, in cooperation with United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific|place=Kathmandu|isbn=978-92-9115-033-5|chapter=Chitwan National Park|pages=48–51|url=https://lib.icimod.org/record/7560}}</ref> সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পশ্চিমে নাৰায়ণী-ৰাপ্তি নদী প্ৰণালীয়ে মানুহৰ বসতিৰ বাবে এক প্ৰাকৃতিক সীমা গঠন কৰিছে। চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ পূব দিশত পাৰ্ছা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আছে, দক্ষিণ দিশত ভাৰতীয় ব্যাঘ্ৰ প্ৰকল্প বাল্মীকি ৰাষ্ট্ৰয় উদ্যান আছে। ২.০৭৫ (৮০১ বৰ্গ মাইল) এলেকাৰে সুসংগত সংৰক্ষিত এলেকাটোৱে বাঘ সংৰক্ষণ গোট (টিটিকুৱা-চিতৱান-পাৰ্ছা-বাল্মীকি‍)ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে, যিয়ে‍ ৩,৫৪৯ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ ( ১,৩৭০ বৰ্গ মাইল)ৰ পলসুৱা ঘাঁহনি আৰু উপ-ক্ৰান্তীয় আৰ্দ্ৰ পৰ্ণপাতী অৰণ্যৰ বিশাল অঞ্চল আৱৰি আছে।<ref>{{Cite book|title=Riding the Tiger. Tiger Conservation in human-dominated landscapes|editor=Seidensticker, J.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-64835-1|last=Wikramanayake, E.D.|last2=Dinerstein, E.|last3=Robinson, J.G.|last4=Karanth, K.U.|last5=Rabinowitz, A.|last6=Olson, D.|last7=Mathew, T.|last8=Hedao, P.|last9=Connor, M.|author article name=amp|year=1999|pages=255–272|chapter=Where can tigers live in the future? A framework for identifying high-priority areas for the conservation of tigers in the wild|chapter-url=http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Riding_The_Tiger1&template=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=3062|access-date=23 October 2011|archivedate=10 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310110401/http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Riding_The_Tiger1&template=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=3062}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰফালৰ পৰা শীতকালত চিতৱানৰ গভীৰ অৰণ্য অঞ্চল নে‍পালৰ শাসক শ্ৰেণীৰ বাবে এক প্ৰিয় চিকাৰৰ স্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল। ১৯৫০ চনলৈকে [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ পৰা নেপালৰ দক্ষিণলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰাটো কঠিন আছিল, এই অঞ্চলটোলৈ‍ কেৱল খোজকাঢ়িহে যাব পৰা গৈছিল আৰু তাৰ বাবে কেইবা সপ্তাহ সময় লাগিছিল। ডাঙৰ জীৱ-জন্তুৰ সামন্তবাদী চিকাৰীবোৰ আৰু সিহঁতৰ সহযোগীৰ বাবে তাত আৰামদায়ক শিবিৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাত কেইবামাহ ধৰি থাকি সিহেঁত শ শ বাঘ, গঁড়, হাতী, নাহৰফুটুকী আৰু শ্লথ ভালুক বা ক'লা ভালুক গুলীয়াই চিকাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="A">{{cite book | title=Heart of the Jungle: the Wildlife of Chitwan, Nepal | publisher=André Deutsch, London | author=Gurung, K. K. | year=1983}}</ref> ১৯৫০ চনত চিতৱানৰ অৰণ্য আৰু ঘাঁহনি ২৬০০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰতকৈও অধিক (১,০০০ বৰ্গ মাইল) অঞ্চলজুৰি‍ বিস্তৃত আছিল আৰু ইয়াত প্ৰায় ৮০০টা গঁড় আছিল। যেতিয়া মধ্য পাহাৰৰ পৰা দৰিদ্ৰ কৃষকসকলে কৃষিযোগ্য মাটিৰ সন্ধানত চিতৱান উপত্যকালৈ গুচি গ’ল, তেতিয়া সেই অঞ্চলটো পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বসতি স্থাপনৰ বাবে মুকলি কৰা হ’ল, আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণীৰ চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱ ঘটিল। ১৯৫৭ চনত দেশৰ প্ৰথমখন সংৰক্ষণ আইনৰ যোগেদি‍ গঁড় আৰু সিবিলাকৰ বাসস্থানৰ সুৰক্ষাৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৫৯ চনত এডৱাৰ্ড প্ৰিচাৰ্ড গীয়ে এই অঞ্চলত জৰীপ চলাই ৰাপ্ত‍ি নদীৰ উত্তৰ অংশত সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল আৰু দহ বছৰকাল পৰীক্ষামূলকভাৱ‍ে নদীখনৰ দক্ষিণত বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।<sup><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gee|first1=E. P.|year=1959|title=Report on a survey of the rhinoceros area of Nepal|journal=Oryx|volume=5|pages=67–76|doi=10.1017/S0030605300000326|doi-access=free}}</ref></sup> ১৯৬৩ চনত চিতৱানৰ পৰৱৰ্তী জৰীপৰ পিছত বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ সমিতি আৰু আন্তৰ্জাতিক প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষণ সংঘ দুয়োটাকে‍ তেওঁ অভয়াৰণ্যখন দক্ষিণলৈ সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ আগবঢ়ায়।<sup><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gee|first1=E. P.|year=1963|title=Report on a brief survey of the wildlife resources of Nepal, including rhinoceros|journal=Oryx|volume=7|issue=2–3|pages=67–76|doi=10.1017/s0030605300002416|doi-access=free}}</ref></sup> ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰফালে চিতৱানৰ ৭০% বনাঞ্চল পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল, ডি ডি টি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি মেলেৰিয়া নিৰ্মূল কৰা হৈছিল আৰু হাজাৰ হাজাৰ লোকে‍ তাত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল; তেতিয়া তাত মাত্ৰ ৯৫টা গঁড়হে বৰ্তি‍ আছিল। গঁড়ৰ সংখ্যাৰ নাটকীয় হ্ৰাস আৰু চোৰাং চিকাৰীৰ কৰ্ম-কাণ্ডই চৰকাৰক গৈদা গাষ্টি নামেৰে‍ ১৩০ জনীয়া সশস্ত্ৰ লোকৰ বাহিনী সৃষ্টি কৰি‍ গঁড়ৰ নিৰাপত্তাৰ বাবে‍ গোপন টহলৰ দিহা কৰিবলৈ‍ আৰু সমগ্ৰ চিতৱানত গাৰ্ড পোষ্টৰ নেটৱৰ্ক প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিবলৈ প্ৰেৰণা যোগাইছিল। ১৯৭০ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত গঁড়ৰ বিলুপ্তি ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাবে‍ অধিসূচনা জাৰি‍ কৰা হয়, তাৰ পিছৰ বছৰত সীমা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰি‍ ১৯৭৩ চনত প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত ৫৪৪ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ (২১০ বৰ্গ মাইল) এলেকা উদ্যানখনৰ বাবে‍ সামৰি লোৱা হয়।<ref name="B">{{cite journal | title=The curse of success | author=Adhikari, T. R. | journal=Habitat Himalaya - A Resources Himalaya Factfile | year=2002 | volume=IX | issue=3}}</ref> যেতিয়া চিতৱানক প্ৰথম সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে‍ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল, তেতিয়া থাৰু সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ লোকসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ পৰম্পৰাগত ভূমিৰ পৰা স্থানান্তৰিত হ'বলৈ বাধ্য কৰোৱা হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকক ভূমিৰ অধিকাৰৰ পৰা বঞ্চিত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এনেদৰেই ভূমিহীনতা আৰু দৰিদ্ৰ পৰিস্থিতিৰ সন্মুখীন হ'বলৈ তেওেঁলাকক বাধ্য কৰোৱা হৈছিল। এই সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলটিক যেতিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছিল, তেতিয়া নেপালী সৈন্যই উদ্যানখনৰ সীমাৰ ভিতৰত অৱস্থিত গাঁওসমূহ ধ্বংস কৰি ঘৰবোৰ জ্বলাই দিছিল আৰু হাতী ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি পথাৰবোৰ পদদলিত কৰিছিল। থৰু লোকসকলক বন্দুক দেখুৱাই নিজ ঠাই এৰি‍ যাবলৈ বাধ্য কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name="Mclean">{{Cite journal|last=McLean, J.|year=1999|title=Conservation and the impact of relocation on the Tharus of Chitwan, Nepal|journal=Himalayan Research Bulletin|volume=XIX|issue=2|pages=38–44|url=http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1628&context=himalaya}}</ref> ১৯৭৭ চনত উদ্যানখন বৰ্তমানৰ ৯৫২.৬৩ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ (৩৬৭.৮১ বৰ্গ মাইল)লৈ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়। ১৯৯৭ চনত নাৰায়ণী-ৰাপ্ত‍ি নদী ব্যৱস্থাৰ উত্তৰ আৰু পশ্চিম সীমা, উদ্যানখনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব সীমা আৰু ভাৰতৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সীমান্তৰ মাজৰ ৭৬৬.১ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৯৫.৮ বৰ্গ মাইল) অঞ্চলত বাফাৰজ’ন সংযোজন কৰা হয়৷<ref name="nbrb07"/> উদ্যানখনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় কাছাৰাত। ইয়াৰ ওচৰতে‍ ঘৰিয়াল আৰু কাছ প্ৰজনন আৰু সংৰক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। ২০০৮ চনত নেপালত এতিয়া সংকটজনকভাৱে বিপন্ন হোৱা জিপছ শগুণৰ দুটা প্ৰজাতি ক্ৰমে [[পাতি শগুণ]] (Oriental white-backed vulture) আৰু শগুণ (Slender-billed vulture)-ৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ ২৫ যোৰালৈকে ৰখাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে এটা শগুণ প্ৰজনন কেন্দ্ৰ উদ্বোধন কৰা হয়। == জলবায়ু == চিতৱানৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্দ্ৰ উপ-ক্ৰান্তীয় মৌচুমী বায়ুৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰভাৱিত আৰু গোটেই বছৰজুৰি উচ্চ আৰ্দ্ৰতা থাকে। অঞ্চলটো [[হিমালয়]]ৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় জলবায়ু অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত, য'ত জুন মাহৰ মাজভাগত মৌচুমী বতাহ আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু ছেপ্টেম্বৰৰ শেষৰ ফালে কমে‍। এই ১৪-১৫ সপ্তাহতে বাৰ্ষিক বৰষুণৰ ২,৫০০ মিমি (৯৮ ইঞ্চি) বৰষুণ হয়। অক্টোবৰৰ মাজভাগৰ পিছত, মৌচুমীৰ ডাৱৰ আঁতৰি যায় আৰু আৰ্দ্ৰতা হ্ৰাস পায়। দৈনিক তাপমাত্ৰা ক্ৰমান্বয়ে প্ৰায় ৩৬° চেলছিয়াছ (৯৭° ফাৰেনহাইট)ৰ পৰা ১৮° চেলছিয়াছ (৬৪° ফাৰেনহাইট)লৈ‍ হ্ৰাস হয়। ডিচেম্বৰৰ শেষৰফালে‍ যেতিয়া সাধাৰণতে কেইদিনমান মৃদু বৰষুণ হয় তেতিয়া ৰাতি ৫° চেলছিয়াছ (৪১° ফাৰেনহাইট)লৈকে ঠাণ্ডা হয়। তাৰ পিছত ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি পাবলৈ ধৰে।  {{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap; ">&#x5B; ''[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:উদ্ধৃতিৰ প্ৰয়োজন|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D; </sup> == উদ্ভিদ == [[চিত্ৰ:Kapok_seeds_I_IMG_8004.jpg|thumb|কাপোকৰ বীজ, কপাহ গছ]] আভ্যন্তৰীণ তেৰাইৰ সাধাৰণ উদ্ভিদ হৈছে হিমালয়ৰ উপ-ক্ৰান্তীয় বহল পাতৰ অৰণ্য য'ত মূলতঃ শাল গছেই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখনৰ প্ৰায় ৭০% এলেকা আৱৰি আছে। শালৰ আটাইতকৈ বিশুদ্ধ অৱস্থিতি‍ মাজভাগৰ ভালদৰে নিষ্কাশিত নিম্নভূমিৰ মাটিত দেখা যায়। চুৰিয়া পাহাৰৰ দক্ষিণ প্ৰান্ত দীঘল পাতৰ ভাৰতীয় পাইন (পিনাছ ৰক্সবাৰ্গী) বিক্ষিপ্তভাৱে‍ আছে। উত্তৰ ঢালবোৰত শাল, সৰু সৰু ফুলৰ গছ আৰু গুল্ম প্ৰজাতি যেনে বেলেৰিক (টেৰ্মিনালিয়া বেলিৰিকা), ৰ'জউড (ডালবাৰ্জিয়া চিছ'অ'),এক্সলউড (এন'জিছাছ লেটিফোলিয়া), ঔটেঙা (ডিলেনিয়া ইণ্ডিকা), গ্ৰে ডাউনি বালচাম (গাৰুগা পিন্নাটা) আৰু ব'হিনিয়া ভাহলি আৰু ''স্পাথোলোবাছ পাৰ্ভিফ্লোৰাছ'' দৰে লতা আছে‍। ঋতুভিত্তিক জোপোহা, বানপানী আৰু খহনীয়াই নদীৰ পাৰত থকা অৰণ্য আৰু ঘাঁহনিক সদায় সলনি হোৱা এক মোজাইকৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে‍। নিম্নভূমি অঞ্চলত শেহতীয়াকৈ জমা হোৱা পলস আৰু কেটেচু (একেচিয়া কেটেচু)ৱে‍ ৰ'জউডৰ সৈতে প্ৰভুত্ব বিস্তাৰ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছতে‍ আছে‍ কাপোক (বোম্ব্যাক্স চেইবাৱা) আৰু গঁড়ৰ আপেল (ট্ৰুইয়া নুডিফ্লোৰা) যাৰ ফলৰ সোৱাদ গঁড়বোৰে যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণে‍ লয়।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dinerstein|first1=E.|last2=Wemmer|first2=C. M.|year=1988|title=Fruits Rhinoceros Eat: Dispersal of Trewia Nudiflora (Euphorbiaceae) in Lowland Nepal|journal=Ecology|volume=69|issue=6|pages=1768–1774|doi=10.2307/1941155|jstor=1941155}}</ref> মখমলযুক্ত বিউটিবেৰীৰ তলৰ গুচ্ছবোৰে (কেলিকাৰ্পা মেক্ৰ'ফাইলা) হিল গ্ল'ৰি‍ বোৱাৰ (ক্লেৰ'ডেণ্ড্ৰাম স্পেচিচ) আৰু গুজবেৰী (ফিলান্থাছ এম্ব্লিকাই) বিভিন্ন প্ৰজাতিক আশ্ৰয় আৰু নিৰাপত্তা প্ৰদান কৰে। তেৰাই-ডুৱাৰ চাভানা আৰু ঘাঁহনিসমূহে উদ্যানখনৰ প্ৰায় ২০% এলেকা আৱৰি থৈছে‍। ইয়াত ৫০তকৈও অধিক প্ৰজাতি ঘাঁহ পোৱা যায়, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে বিশ্বৰ কিছুমান ওখ ঘাঁহ যেনে ছেচাৰাম ৰেভেনা নামৰ হাতী ঘাঁহ, বিশাল বেত (আৰুণ্ডো ডোনাক্স), খাগ্ৰা ৰিড (ফ্ৰাগমাইটছ কাৰ্কা) আৰু কেইবাটাও প্ৰজাতিৰ প্ৰকৃত ঘাঁহ। নতুন বালিৰ পাৰত উপনিৱেশ স্থাপন কৰা আৰু বাৰ্ষিক বাৰিষাৰ বানপানীৰ দ্বাৰা ধুই পেলোৱা প্ৰথম ঘাঁহবোৰৰ ভিতৰত কানচ ঘাঁহ (চচ্চাৰুম স্পণ্টেনিয়াম) অন্যতম।<ref name="খখ">{{cite journal | title=Change in Grassland Vegetation in the Northern Part of Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal | author=Shrestha, B. K., Dangol, D. R. | journal=Scientific World | year=2006 | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=78–83}}</ref> == প্ৰাণী == [[চিত্ৰ:Mugger_Chitwan-2.jpg|thumb|ৰ'দ লৈ থকা মুগ্গৰ ঘঁৰিয়াল]] [[চিত্ৰ:Chital,_at_Chitwan_NP,_Nepal.jpg|thumb|ফুটুকী হৰিণা]] চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত ৭০০তকৈও অধিক প্ৰজাতিৰ বন্যপ্ৰাণী আৰু এতিয়াও সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে জৰীপ কৰা নোহোৱা [[পখিলা]], [[Moth|মথ]] আৰু কীট-পতংগৰ প্ৰজাতি আছে‍। [[ডাঁহী সাপ|ৰজা ফেঁ‌টী]] আৰু [[Python molurus|ভাৰতীয় অজগৰ]]ৰ উপৰিও আন ১৭টা ভিন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ সাপ, হালধীয়া কাছ, গুঁই আৰু তেজপিয়া পোৱা যায়। নাৰায়ণী-ৰাপ্তি নদী প্ৰণালী, ইয়াৰ সৰু সৰু উপনদী আৰু অগণন হ্ৰদত ১১৩বিধ প্ৰজাতিৰ [[মাছ]] নথিভুক্ত হোৱাৰ লগতে আৰু ই [[Mugger crocodile|মুগ্গৰ ঘঁৰিয়াল]]ৰ বাসস্থান। ১৯৫০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিত নাৰায়ণী নদীত প্ৰায় ২৩৫টা [[Gharial|ঘৰিয়াল]] আছিল। ২০০৩ চনত ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা নাটকীয়ভাৱে কমি মাত্ৰ ৩৮টালৈ‍ হ্ৰাস পাইছে। প্ৰতি‍ বছৰে ঘৰিয়াল সংৰক্ষণ প্ৰকল্পৰ প্ৰজনন কেন্দ্ৰত কণী ফুটাবলৈ নদীৰ কাষৰ পৰা ঘৰিয়ালৰ কণী সংগ্ৰহ কৰা হয় আৰু ৬–৯ বছৰ বয়সলৈকে সিহঁতক প্ৰতিপালন কৰা হয়৷ প্ৰতি বছৰে নৰায়ণী-ৰাপ্তি নদীত ডেকেৰুৱা ঘৰিয়ালবোৰ পুনৰ এৰি দিয়া হয়, কিন্তু দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনকভাৱে সিহঁতৰ মাত্ৰ খুব কম সংখ্যকহে জীয়াই থাকে।<ref>{{Cite report|author=Priol, P.|date=2003|title=Gharial field study report|publisher=A report submitted to Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation|location=Kathmandu, Nepal}}</ref> === স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী === চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত ৬৮বিধ স্তন্যপায়ী [[প্ৰজাতি (জীৱবিদ্যা)|প্ৰজাতি]]ৰ প্ৰাণী আছে‍।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chitwan National Park Office|title=Biodiversity – Chitwan National Park|url=http://www.chitwannationalpark.gov.np/index.php/biodiversity|date=2015|publisher=Government of Nepal Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation|accessdate=2018-01-21|archivedate=2021-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812163255/https://chitwannationalpark.gov.np/index.php/biodiversity}}</ref> ইয়াত "বনৰ ৰজা" হৈছে [[ঢেকীয়াপতীয়া বাঘ]]। তেৰাইৰ পলসুৱা প্লাৱনভূমিৰ বাসস্থান বিশ্বৰ যিকোনো ঠাইৰ ভিতৰত বাঘৰ অন্যতম শ্ৰেষ্ঠ বাসস্থান। চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱাৰ পিছৰে পৰাই প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত প্ৰায় ২৫টাৰ পৰা সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি হৈ‍ ১৯৮০ চনত বাঘৰ সংখ্যা ৭০-১১০টালৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল। যোৱা কিছু বছৰত চোৰাং চিকাৰ আৰু বানপানীৰ বাবে এই সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস পাইছে। ১৯৯৫ চনৰ পৰা ২০০২ চনলৈকে কৰা এক দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী অধ্যয়নত বাঘ গৱেষকসকলে ৮২টা প্ৰজননক্ষম বাঘৰ আপেক্ষিক উপস্থিতি‍ আৰু প্ৰতি ১০০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ৬জনী বাঘৰ ঘনত্ব চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barlow|first1=A.|last2=McDougal|first2=C.|last3=Smith|first3=J. L. D.|last4=Gurung|first4=B.|last5=Bhatta|first5=S. R.|last6=Kumal|first6=S.|last7=Mahato|first7=B.|last8=Tamang|first8=D. B.|year=2009|title=Temporal Variation in Tiger (''Panthera tigris'') Populations and its Implications for Monitoring|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=90|issue=2|pages=472–478|doi=10.1644/07-mamm-a-415.1}}</ref> ২০১১ চনত কেমেৰা ট্ৰেপৰ পৰা পোৱা তথ্যই ইংগিত দিছিল যে বাঘৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি ১০০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ৪.৪-ৰ পৰা ৬.৩৫ টাৰ মাজত আছিল। মানুহৰ কাৰ্যকলাপ শিখৰত উপনীত হোৱা দিনটোত ইহঁত বহু কম সক্ৰিয় হয়।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carter, N. H.|last2=Shrestha, B. K.|last3=Karki, J. B.|last4=Pradhan, N. M. B.|last5=J. Liu|title=Coexistence between wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales|year=2012|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=109|issue=38|pages=15360–15365|doi=10.1073/pnas.1210490109|pmc=3458348|pmid=22949642|bibcode=2012PNAS..10915360C}}</ref> উদ্যানখনত [[নাহৰফুটুকী বাঘ]]ৰ উপস্থিতি‍ অধিক। সিহঁতে বাঘৰ সৈতে সহ-অৱস্থান কৰে‍, কিন্তু বাঘৰ বাসস্থানত সামাজিকভাৱে থকা সহজে দেখা নাযায়।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McDougal|first1=C.|year=1988|title=Leopard and Tiger Interactions at Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=85|pages=609–610}}</ref> ১৯৮৮ চনত, এটা [[গোধাফুটুকী বাঘ]] (''নিওফেলিছ নেবুলোছা'') ধৰা হৈছিল আৰু সংৰক্ষিত এলেকাৰ বাহিৰত তাৰ ডিঙিত ৰেডিঅ'কলাৰ লগোৱা হৈছিল। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত তাক উদ্যানত মুকলি কৰি দিয়া হৈছিল যদিও সি‍ তাত থকা নাছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dinerstein|first1=E.|last2=Mehta|first2=J. N.|year=1989|title=The clouded leopard in Nepal|journal=Oryx|volume=23|issue=4|pages=199–201|doi=10.1017/S0030605300023024}}</ref> চিতৱানত আনুমানিক ২০০ৰ পৰা ২৫০টা [[Sloth bear|শ্লথ ভালুক বা ক'লা ভালুক]] আছে আৰু এই সংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্বক সৰ্বাধিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। মসৃণ আৱৰণযুক্ত উদবোৰ ভিনভিন খাল আৰু নদীত বাস কৰে। [[Bengal fox|বংগৰ শিয়াল]], দাগযুক্ত লিন্সাঙ আৰু হনি‍ বেজাৰে চিকাৰৰ বাবে অৰণ্যত ঘূৰি ফুৰে। চুৰিয়া পাহাৰৰ দক্ষিণৰ ঢালবাৰত ষ্ট্ৰিপড হায়েনা আছে।<ref name="ABC">{{cite book | title=The Status of Nepal’s Mammals: The National Red List Series | publisher=Kathmandu, Nepal: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation | author=nawali, S. R.; Baral, H. S.; Lee, S.; Acharya, K. P.; Upadhyay, G. P.; Pandey, M.; Shrestha, R.; Joshi, D.; Lamichhane, B. R.; Griffiths, J.; Khatiwada, A. P.; Subedi, N. & Amin, R. | year=2011}}</ref> ২০১১ চনত এক কেমেৰা ট্ৰেপিং জৰীপৰ সময়ত উদ্যানখনৰ দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম অংশত [[ৰাংকুকুৰ|ৰাংকুকুৰ]] লগতে [[Indian jackal|ভাৰতীয় শিয়াল]], [[মেচেকা]], [[বন মেকুৰী]], [[লতামাকৰী বাঘ]], কেঁকোৰা খোৱা নেউল, হালধীয়া ডিঙিৰ মাৰ্টেন, [[হাগা গেন্দেৰা|হাগা গেন্দেৰা বা গেণ্ডেৰা]] আৰু [[মুচি গেন্দেৰা|জহামাল]] নথীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thapa|first1=K.|last2=Kelly|first2=M. J.|last3=Karki|first3=J. B.|last4=Subedi|first4=N.|year=2013|title=First camera trap record of pack hunting dholes in Chitwan National Park, Nepal|journal=Canid Biology & Conservation|volume=16|issue=2|pages=4–7}}</ref> ১৯৭৩ চনৰ পৰা [[এশিঙীয়া গঁড়|এশিঙীয়া গঁড়]] সংখ্যা ক্ৰমাত বৃদ্ধি পাইছে‍ আৰু শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা ৫৪৪ টালৈ‍ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। মহামাৰীৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ‍ [[বিপন্ন প্ৰজাতি]]ক ১৯৮৬ চনৰ পৰা বছৰি চিতোৱানৰ পৰিৱেশৰ পৰা বাৰ্দিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু শুক্লাফণ্টা ৰাষ্ট্ৰিয় উদ্যানলৈ প্ৰাণী স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে, সংখ্যা বাৰে বাৰে চোৰাং চিকাৰীৰ দ্বাৰা বিপদাপন্ন হৈছেঃ কেৱল ২০০২ চনত, চোৰাং চিকাৰীয়ে‍ ৩৭টা গঁড় হত্যা কৰিছিল যাতে সিহেঁত মূল্যৱান খড়্গ কাটি বিক্ৰী কৰিব পাৰে। ২০১৫ চনলৈকে নেপালৰ চিতৱানত নেপালৰ সৰ্বাধিক এশিঙীয়া গঁড় আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা ৬০৫-৬৪৫ৰ ভিতৰত হ'ব বুলি‍ কৰা হৈছে‍।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chitwannationalpark.gov.np/index.php/highlights/15-rhino-population-up|date=2015|dead-url=31 January 2016}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[মেঠোন|মেঠোন]]বোৰ বছৰৰ বেছিভাগ সময় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখনৰ দক্ষিণে থকা কম সুগম চুৰিয়া পাহাৰত কটায়। কিন্তু বসন্ত কালত যেতিয়া হাবি জ্বলোৱা কমে‍ আৰু সেউজীয়া ঘাঁহবোৰ পুনৰ ডাঙৰ হ'বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে, তেতিয়া চৰিবলৈ আৰু ঘাঁহৰ সন্ধানত ঘাঁহনি আৰু নদী কাষৰীয়া অৰণ্যলৈ নামি আহে। ১৯৯৭ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৬ চনৰ ভিতৰত বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বন্য গৰু প্ৰজাতিটোৰ সংখ্যা চিতৱানত ১৮৮ৰ ৩৬৮টালৈ‍ বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল। তদুপৰি, কাষৰীয়া পাৰ্ছা বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলত ১১২টা বন্য গৰু গণনা কৰা হৈছিল। এই উদ্যানসমূহৰ মাজত জীৱ-জন্তুবোৰে মুক্তভাৱে চলাচল কৰে। অসংখ্য বনৰীয়া গাহৰিৰ উপৰিও, উদ্যানখনত থকা ফুটুকী হৰিণ, [[শৰপহু|শৰপহু]], [[সুগৰী পহু|সুগৰী পহু]] আৰু [[খটীয়া পহু|খটীয়া পহু]]ৰ জাক আছে। চৌশিং আৰু হিমালয়ান চেৰো প্ৰধানকৈ পাহাৰত বাস কৰে। মলুৱা বান্দৰ, গ্ৰে লেংগুৰ, [[বনৰৌ]], ভাৰতীয় কেটেলা পহু, কেইবাটাও প্ৰজাতিৰ উৰণীয়া কেৰ্কেটুৱা, ক'লা-নেপড শহা আৰু বিপন্ন [[খাগৰিকটা শহা|খাগৰিৰটা শহা]] আছে।<ref name="ABC"/> চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানে ২০১৬ চনত কোশী টাপ্পু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল পৰা ১৮টা [[বনৰীয়া ম’হ|বনৰীয়া ম'হ]] লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kandel, R. C.|last2=Poudel, R. C.|last3=Sadaula, A.|last4=Kandel, P.|last5=Gairhe, K. P.|last6=Pokheral, C. P.|last7=Bajracharya, S. B.|last8=Chalise, M. K.|last9=Solanki, G. S.|year=2019|title=Revisiting genetic structure of Wild Buffaloes Bubalus arnee Kerr, 1792 (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal: an assessment for translocation programs|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=15|pages=14942–14954|doi=10.11609/jott.4940.11.15.14942-14954}}</ref> === চৰাই === {{Multiple image|image2=White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis) in Hodal W IMG 6277.jpg|image5=Asian Paradise Flycatche- Male at nest in Himachal I2 IMG 3015.jpg}} বাৰ্ডলাইফ ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল দ্বাৰা উদ্যানখনক এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পক্ষী অঞ্চল (আইবিএ) হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/chitwan-national-park-iba-nepal|title=Chitwan National Park|last=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-18}}</ref> প্ৰতি বছৰে বিশষজ্ঞ চৰাই নিৰীক্ষক আৰু সংৰক্ষণবিদে‍ সমগ্ৰ দেশতে পোৱা চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতিসমূহ জৰীপ কৰে। ২০০৬ চনত তেওঁলোকে চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত ৫৪৩বিধ প্ৰজাতি চৰাই নথিভুক্ত কৰিছিল, যিটো নেপালৰ আন যিকোনো সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলতকৈ বহু বেছি আৰু ইয়াত নেপালৰ বিশ্বব্যাপী সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ প্ৰায় দুই-তৃতীয়াংশ চৰাই আছে‍। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও, ২০০৮ চনৰ বসন্তকালত ২০টা ক'লা-চিনযুক্ত য়ুহিনা, এযোৰা গোল্ডছ ছানবাৰ্ড, এযোৰা [[চন্দনা ভাটৌ]] আৰু এটা স্লেটি-ব্ৰেষ্টেড ৰেলৰ এক অস্বাভাৱিক শীতকালীন পৰ্যটন দেখা গৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giri|first1=T.|last2=Choudhary|first2=H.|year=2008|title=Additional Sightings|journal=Danphe|volume=17|issue=2|page=6}}</ref> বিশেষকৈ উদ্যানখনৰ পলসুৱা ঘাঁহনিবোৰ হৈছে সংকটাপন্ন [[উলূম’ৰা]], [[বৰটোকোলা|বৰটোকোলা]], ধূসৰ-মুকুটযুক্ত প্ৰিনিয়া, [[হয়কলি|হয়কলী]] আৰু কেইবাটাও প্ৰজাতিৰ ঘাঁহনীৰ ঢাপলিকা চৰাইৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান। ২০০৫ চনত তিনিটা ভিন্ন তৃণভূমিত ২০০তকৈ অধিক সৰু ঠুঁটীয়া ঢাপলিকা দেখা গৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baral|first1=H. S.|last2=Chaudhary|first2=D. B.|year=2006|title=Status and Distribution of Slender-billed babbler ''Turdoides longirostris'' in Chitwan National Park, central Nepal|journal=Danphe|volume=15|issue=4|pages=1–6}}</ref> প্ৰায় বিপদাপন্ন [[মণিয়ৰী]] বহু হ্ৰদৰ চাৰিওফালে বাস কৰা প্ৰজননকাৰী চৰাই, তাৰ উপৰিও ইয়াত বগলী, ইটাগুডি়য়া, সাৰেং আৰু মাছৰোকা প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে আছে। এই উদ্যানখন বিশ্বব্যাপী বিপদাপন্ন বৰফুটুকী কুৰুৱা, ময়ূৰ আৰু বনকুকুৰাৰ কেইটামান জ্ঞাত প্ৰজনন স্থানৰ ভিতৰত এটা আৰু এই চৰাইবোৰক খাদ্যৰ বাবে বনাঞ্চলৰ মাটিত বিচৰণ কৰা দেখা যায়৷  {{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap; ">&#x5B; ''[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:উদ্ধৃতিৰ প্ৰয়োজন|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D; </sup> ইয়াত বাস কৰা চৰাইবোৰৰ উপৰিও প্ৰায় ১৬০বিধ পৰিভ্ৰমী প্ৰজাতিৰ চৰাইয়ে শীতকাল কটাবলৈ উত্তৰ অক্ষাংশৰ পৰা শৰৎকালত চিতৱানত উপস্থিত হয়, তাৰে ভিতৰত বৰফুটুকী কুৰুৱা, ইষ্ট ইম্পেৰিয়েল ঈগল আৰু [[কুৰুৱা|কুৰুৱা]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। সাধাৰণতে দেখা পোৱাৰ ভিতৰত আছে [[চাকৈ-চকোৱা|চাকৈ-চকোৱা]] আৰু সৰু ঠুঁটীয়া ডুবাৰু হাঁহ৷ উত্তৰ দিশলৈ যোৱাৰ পথত ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত মাত্ৰ কেইদিনমানৰ বাবে ৰাজহাঁহৰ বৃহৎ জাকবোৰে ইয়াত বিশ্ৰাম কৰে।  {{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap; ">&#x5B; ''[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:উদ্ধৃতিৰ প্ৰয়োজন|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D; </sup> বসন্ত কালত শীতকালীন পৰিভ্ৰমী চৰাইবোৰ যোৱাৰ লগে লগে গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন পৰিভ্ৰমী চৰাইবোৰ দক্ষিণ অক্ষাংশৰ পৰা আহে। বসন্তৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ কথা হয় কুলি চৰাইৰ মাতৰে। ৰঙীন পিট্টা আৰু কেইবাটাও মৌপিয়া চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতি বাৰিষাৰ সময়ত সাধাৰণ প্ৰজনন পৰিভ্ৰমী চৰাই। বহুতো নাচনী চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ ভিতৰত দীঘল নেজৰ [[বাৰীসুন্দৰী|বাৰীসুন্দৰী]]ৰ উৰণৰ দৃশ্য অতি মনোমোহা।  {{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap; ">&#x5B; ''[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:উদ্ধৃতিৰ প্ৰয়োজন|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D; </sup> == সাহিত্য == * Bird Conservation Nepal (2006). ''Birds of Chitwan.'' Checklist of 543 reported species. Published in cooperation with Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and Participatory Conservation Programme II, Kathmandu. * Gurung, K. K., Singh R. (1996). ''Field Guide to the Mammals of the Indian Subcontinent.'' Academic Press, San Diego, {{ISBN|0-12-309350-3}} == সংবাদ মাধ্যমৰ প্ৰচাৰ == উদ্যানখনৰ অনন্য গঁড়ৰ জাকটো দ্য জেফ কৰউইন এক্সপেৰিয়েন্স ছিজন ২, খণ্ড ১১-ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল। == এইবোৰো চাওক == * তেৰাই আৰ্ক ভূ-দৃশ্য * নেপালৰ বন্যপ্ৰাণী * জটায়ু শগুণ ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্ট == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগসমূহ == * ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, নেপালঃ Chitwan National Park আৰ্কাইভ কৰা 2019-07-04 * [http://www.chitwannationalpark.gov.np/ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান] * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/284/ ইউনেস্কো বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ লিংক] * {{Cite web|last=BirdLife International|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/14325|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Chitwan National Park}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091025062143/http://www.vulturerescue.org/page20.html চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত শিয়াল প্ৰজনন কেন্দ্ৰ] [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন শ্ৰেণী II]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] ojni950rwplxuqxrethvumifa6ldzy6 বাস্তৱতা 0 109678 453325 450831 2024-12-10T11:45:59Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{পোখালি}}'''বাস্তৱতা''' হৈছে কল্পনাৰ বিপৰীতে বাস্তৱিক সকলো বস্তুৰ সৰ্বমুঠতা।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/reality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926223327/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/reality|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 26, 2016|title=reality {{!}} Definition of reality in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2017-10-28|archivedate=2019-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608190902/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/reality|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saridakis |first=E. |date=2016 |title=Information, reality, and modern physics |journal=International Studies in the Philosophy of Science |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=327–341 |doi=10.1080/02698595.2017.1331980 |s2cid=126411165}}</ref> লগতে এই শব্দটোৱে অন্তৰ্নিহিত বস্তুৰ অৱস্থা আৰু অস্তিত্বক বুজায়। প্ৰকৃত বাস্তৱ বা অস্তিত্ব বা সত্তাৰ বিষয়ে দাৰ্শনিক প্ৰশ্নসমূহ অন্তৰ্নিহিততাবাদৰ অধীনত বিবেচনা কৰা হয়, যিটো পশ্চিমীয়া দাৰ্শনিকসকলৰ মতে আধ্যাত্মিকতাবিজ্ঞানৰ এটা প্ৰধান শাখা। লগতে অন্তৰ্নিহিত প্ৰশ্নসমূহে দৰ্শন, দৰ্শন, ধৰ্ম, গণিত আৰু যুক্তিৰ বিভিন্ন দিশৰ সৈতে জড়িত। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:দৰ্শন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মনোবিজ্ঞান]] qi0alxlyh7fl25rmf70sddodlww52wp থাই বৌদ্ধ ভাস্কৰ্য্য 0 109685 452918 452263 2024-12-09T13:29:06Z Jyoti Chiring 34123 452918 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: Bodhisattava Avalokiteshvara, Chaiya Art พระอวโลกิเตศวรโพธิสัตว์ ศิลปะไชยา 01.jpg |thumb|right| [[ ব্ৰঞ্জৰ টৰছ চায়াৰ অৱলোকিতেশ্বৰৰ মূৰ্তি,]], 8th century CE Srivijayan art, Chaiya, Surat Thani, Southern Thailand.]] '''থাই বৌদ্ধ ভাস্কৰ্য্য'''({{lang-en|:Thai Buddhist sculpture}});[[থাইলেণ্ড]]ত [[বুদ্ধ]]ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি সাধাৰণতে বুদ্ধৰ ত্ৰিমাত্ৰিক শিল, কাঠ, মাটি বা ধাতুৰ ঢালাই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিক বুজায়। সাধাৰণতে [[বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম]] প্ৰচলন থকা সকলো অঞ্চলতে এনে প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। তথাপি অতীত আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ সময় অনুসৰি আৰু দেশভেদে [[বৌদ্ধ শিল্প]]ৰ এই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ, আকাৰ, সংগঠন আৰু অৱস্থান বহু পৰিমাণে ভিন্ন। দ্বাৰৱতী যুগৰ পৰা আধুনিক যুগলৈকে ক্ৰমান্বৱে এই বিভিন্নতা বোৰ হৈছেঃ ==দ্বাৰৱতী যুগ== [[দ্বাৰৱতী]] যুগত (সপ্তম শতিকাৰ পৰা একাদশ শতিকালৈ) বৰ্তমানৰ [[থাইলেণ্ড]]ক সামৰি লোৱা এই অঞ্চলত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ দুটা ফৈদ চলিছিল, এটা হ’ল [[মহাযান]] আৰু আনটো [[থেৰবাদ]]। এই যুগত নিৰ্মিত প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহে এই শাখাসমূহৰ প্ৰভেদৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। দ্বাৰৱতী যুগৰ বৌদ্ধ কলাৰ মূল আধাৰ আছিল ভাৰতৰ বৌদ্ধ কলাৰ প্ৰভাৱ, বিশেষকৈ [[আমৰাবতী বিদ্যালয়]] আৰু [[গুপ্ত শৈলী]]ৰ। তাৰ লগতে স্থানীয় আৰু [[খ্মেৰ]] কলাৰ প্ৰভাৱো বৌদ্ধ শিল্পত দেখা যায়। এই সময়ৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহত নিম্নলিখিত ধাৰণাসমূহ অন্তর্ভুক্ত আছিলঃ *ভাৰতীয় মুখৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আৰু কোনো [[অৰিয়েল(aureole) নথকা]] [[ত্ৰিভংগ]] (হেলনীয়া) অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধ। সোঁহাতখন মুক্ত, আনহাতে বাওঁহাতখন বুদ্ধৰ পোছাক ৰে সৈতে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। *অমৰাৱতী শৈলীৰ বুদ্ধ ঢিলাকৈ ভাঁজ কৰা ভৰি আৰু পদুম আকৃতিৰ অৰিয়েল। একে-ধৰণৰ ভ্ৰূৰেখা, নাক চেপেটা আৰু ওঁঠ ডাঠ। *বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰাকাৰ মুখ, ভাঁজযুক্ত থুতৰি থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি সাধাৰণতে বিৰল আৰু দৰ্শনীয়। মূৰ্তিৰ পাদদেশত পদ্মফুলৰ ওপৰত সুন্দৰ সূক্ষ্ম খোদিত কাম দেখা যায়, যি [[খ্মেৰ]]কলাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য। ভৰি দুখন সাধাৰণতে সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে ভাঁজ কৰা আৰু বুদ্ধ পদ্মাসনৰ আধাৰত বহি আছে। ==শ্ৰী বিজয়ৰ ছবি== [[শ্ৰী বিজয়ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহ]] [[দক্ষিণ থাইলেণ্ড মালয় উপদ্বীপ]]ত পোৱা যায়। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ পৰা তেৰশ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত এইবোৰৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। সাধাৰণতে ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ [[মহাযান]] বিদ্যালয়ৰ শিক্ষা প্ৰতিফলিত হয়, যিয়ে প্ৰায়ে [[বুদ্ধসত্ত্ব]]ৰ পবিত্ৰ ব্যক্তিত্বৰ পূজাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীবিজয়ন শিল্প ইয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক শৈলী, আদৰ্শ শৰীৰৰ অনুপাত, প্ৰাকৃতিক ভংগীমা, দেহৰ সুন্দৰতা আৰু যঠেষ্ট পৰিমাণৰ অলংকাৰ পিন্ধাৰ বাবে জনা যায়। এই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি সমূহ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ শিল্পৰ সৈতে মিল আছে। শ্ৰী বিজয়ন শিল্পৰ এটা বিখ্যাত উদাহৰণ হ’ল দক্ষিণ থাইলেণ্ডৰ চুৰাট থানীৰ চৈয়া জিলাৰ পৰা অষ্টম শতিকাৰ শ্ৰীবিজয়ন শিল্প বোধসত্ত্ব পদ্মপানী (অৱলোকিতেশ্বৰ)ৰ ব্ৰঞ্জৰ টৰ্চৰ মূৰ্তি। এই মূৰ্তিটোৱে মধ্য জাভা শিল্পৰ প্ৰভাৱ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে [[(শৈলেন্দ্ৰ শিল্প)]] ৷ ১৯০৫ চনত ৰাজকুমাৰ ডামৰং ৰাজনুভবে এই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিটো ৱাট উইয়াং, চাইয়া, চুৰাট থানীৰ পৰা থাইলেণ্ডৰ [[বেংকক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়]]লৈ আঁতৰাই নিয়ে। ==লপবুৰী বুদ্ধমূৰ্ত্তি== লোপবুৰীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একাদশ শতিকাৰ। সাধাৰণতে উত্তৰ-পূব থাইলেণ্ডত পোৱা যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ শিল্পশৈলী মূলতঃ কম্বোডিয়াৰ বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সৈতে মিল আছে। এনে ছবিৰ সাধাৰণতে পদুমৰ পাহিৰ স্তৰৰ আকৃতিত মূৰৰ ওপৰৰ অংশ শঙ্কু আকৃতিৰ থাকে। চুলিবোৰ পোন বা বেকা হ’ব পাৰে। বুদ্ধৰ মুখমণ্ডলত সাধাৰণতে এটি কোমল হাঁহিৰ আভা বিৰাজমান, আনহাতে কাণ দুখন মুখ মণ্ডলৰ বাকী অংশৰ তুলনাত অস্বাভাৱিকভাৱে বৃহৎআকাৰৰ, আৰু কান্ধৰ ওচৰলৈকে ওলমি থাকে। লপবুৰীৰ দ্বিতীয় শৈলী হৈছে [[নাগা সুৰক্ষিত বুদ্ধ]], য'ত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰৰ চাৰিওপিনে [[নাগা]]ৰ মূৰবোৰে (সৰ্পসদৃশ) সুৰক্ষামূলক আকৰ্ষণীয় আৱৰ্ত গঠন কৰে। ==চিয়াং ছায়েন আৰু লানাৰ বুদ্ধমূৰ্ত্তি== [[File:WatPhraKaew-CR-PhraJaoLanThong.jpg|thumb|চিয়াং ছায়েন শৈলীৰ বুদ্ধৰ ছবি |200px|left]]চিয়াং ছায়েন শৈলীৰ বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি দশম শতিকাৰ পৰা তেৰশ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত উত্তৰ থাইলেণ্ডত চিয়াং ছায়েন আৰু লান্নাৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। প্ৰাথমিক প্ৰতিচ্ছবি ভাৰতৰ [[পাল]] শৈলীৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সৈতে মিল আছিল, পদুমৰ কলি বা গোলক আকৃতিৰ, চুলি কেকুৰা, ঘূৰণীয়া মুখ, ওঁঠ সৰু আৰু উন্নত বুকু। এই ধৰণৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ সাধাৰণতে [[মাৰা]] অসুৰ বধ ভঙ্গী (Subduing Mara position)ত উপস্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। বুদ্ধৰ দেহভঙ্গী পদ্মাসনত আছিল, আৰু তেওঁৰ দুয়োটা ভৰিৰ তলুৱা স্পষ্টভাৱে দেখা যায়। পিছলৈ বহুতো চিয়াং ছায়েন আৰু লান্নাৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি স্ফটিক আৰু ৰত্নৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ দুটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি [[পান্না বুদ্ধ]] আৰু [[ফ্ৰা ফুট্থা ছিহিং]] লান্না শৈলীত নিৰ্মিত। ==সুখোথাই যুগৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি == [[File:2013 Phra Buddha Chinnarat 01.jpg|[[ফ্ৰা বুদ্ধ চিন্নৰত]], [[ফিটছানুলোকত ৱাট ফ্ৰা ছি ৰত্না মহত]] in [[সুখোথাই কলা]], Sukhothai Art|thumb|200px]]ফ্ৰা বুদ্ধ চিন্নৰাট, ফিটছানুলোকত ৱাট ফ্ৰা ছি ৰত্না মহত, সুখোথাই কলা [[সুখোথাই যুগ]]ত (চতুৰ্দশ শতিকা) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ পৰা নতুন ধাৰণাৰ প্ৰবাহৰ বাবে থাই বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ শৈলী আমূল পৰাবৰ্ত্তন হৈছিল। বুদ্ধৰ অতিমানৱীয় বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ চিত্ৰিত কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বিশেষ ভংগীমা আৰু মুখ মণ্ডলত মমতা আৰু কৰুণা প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। সুখোথাই যুগত থাই বুদ্ধৰ চাৰিটা আধুনিক ভংগীমাৰ নতুনত্ব অৰ্থাৎ খোজ কঢ়া, থিয় হোৱা, বহা আৰু আশ্ৰয় লোৱাৰ সাক্ষী হৈছিল। ছবিবোৰত প্ৰায়ে শিখাৰ আকৃতিৰ অৰিঅ’ল, মিহিকৈ কুটিল চুলি, সামান্য হাঁহি, বহল কান্ধ আৰু অণ্ডাকৃতিৰ মুখ আছিল। এটা সাধাৰণ ভংগীমাত বশীভুত [[মাৰা]]ক অসুৰ, আৰু সমতল স্থানত উপবিষ্ট থকা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। সুখোথাই যুগৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য ভিন্নতাসমূহ হ'ল [[কামফেংপেট]], ফ্ৰা বুদ্ধ চিন্নৰাট (যেনে ৱাট ফ্ৰা শ্ৰী ৰত্ন মহত ৱোৰামহৱিহানৰ আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত চিন্নৰাট), আৰু [[ৱাট টা কুয়ান ছবি]]ৰ গোট। বেংককৰ বিখ্যাত পৰ্যটনস্থলী [[ৱাট ট্ৰাইমিট]] গোল্ডেন বুদ্ধ সুখোথাই শৈলীত নিৰ্মিত, গতিকে এই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি সেই সময়ৰ হ’ব পাৰে। ==ইউ থং প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি== মধ্য থাইলেণ্ডত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ পৰা পোন্ধৰ শতিকা পৰ্য্য়ন্ত ইউ থং শিল্প শৈলীৰ তিনিটা শ্ৰেণী আছিল। প্ৰথম শৈলী আছিল দ্বাৰৱতী আৰু খ্মেৰ কলাৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। সাধাৰণতে ইহঁতে পদুমৰ কলিৰ অৰিয়েল আৰু খ্মেৰ মুখৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য সজাই তুলিছিল। দ্বিতীয় শৈলীটো লপবুৰীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি দৰেই আছিল। তৃতীয় আৰু শেহতীয়া ইউ থং শৈলীটোৱে সুখোথাই যুগৰ পৰা যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। ==আয়ুথায় যুগ== [[File:Ayutwpananchoeng0506c.jpg|thumb|left|200px|আয়ুথায়াৰ ৱাট ফানান চোয়েঙত বিগ বুদ্ধ]]আয়ুথায়াৰ ৱাট ফানান চোয়েঙত বিগ বুদ্ধ দশম শতিকাৰ পৰা অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত আয়ুথায় প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। এই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি বোৰৰ মুৰত চুলিৰ এটা অনন্য মুকুট থকা আৰু ওঁঠ আৰু চকুৰ ওপৰত সূক্ষ্ম খোদাই কৰা। প্ৰাথমিক আয়ুথায়া প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি শিলত খোদিত কৰা হৈছিল লোপবুৰী যুগৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট আছে। মধ্য আয়ুথায়া প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি সুখোথাই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সৈতে মিল আছিল, আৰু একে ধৰণৰ ভংগীমাত আছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত মূৰ্তিবোৰ প্ৰায়ে ব্ৰঞ্জৰ ৰং কৰা হৈছিল আৰু আকাৰ প্ৰায়ে ডাঙৰ আছিল। আয়ুথায় যুগৰ শেষৰ ফালে প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহত সাধাৰণতে ৰাজকীয় সাজ-পোছাকেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মূৰ্তিসমূহৰ আধাৰত জটিল আৰু সুশোভিত অলংকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। ==আধুনিক থাই বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি == আধুনিক যুগত বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি প্ৰায়ে সুখোথাই আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন যুগৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আধাৰত সৰ্জ্জিত,আৰু প্ৰায়ে অধিক অলংকাৰে বিভুষিত । নতুন উদ্ভাৱনীমূলক চিত্ৰণত বুদ্ধৰ মুখমণ্ডল সাধাৰণতে অধিক বাস্তৱিক আৰু মানুহৰ দৰে হয়। এটা মনোমোহা দীঘলীয়া আলোকময় প্ৰভামণ্ডলৰ মাজত বিৰাজমান। আধুনিক মূৰ্তিসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ সাজ-পোছাক প্ৰায়েই সুন্দৰ ফুলৰ নক্সাৰে অলংকৃত কৰি অধিক আকৰ্ষণীয় কৰি তোলা হয়। [[বুনলেউয়া চুলিলাট]]ৰ কংক্ৰিটৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্য উদ্যান [[(বুদ্ধ পাৰ্ক আৰু চালা কেওকু)]]য়ে বৌদ্ধ বিষয়ৰ সমসাময়িক অতি সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু অগতানুগতিক কলাত্মক ব্যৱহাৰৰ উদাহৰণ দাঙি ধৰিছে। [[ৱাট ৰং খুন]]বা বগা মন্দিৰ বুলি বিখ্যাত আৰু [[সত্যৰ অভয়াৰণ্য]]ও আধুনিক থাই বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰৰ জলন্ত উদাহৰণ । ==লগতে চাওক== থাইলেণ্ড পৰ্টেলৰ পতাকা, আইকন এছিয়া পৰ্টেল' icon ধৰ্ম পৰ্টেল *লাওছ আৰু থাইলেণ্ডত গৌতম বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি *বৌদ্ধ কলা *থাইলেণ্ডত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম *লুয়াং ফ'ৰ ফেট হৈছে (হীৰা) পদুম অৱস্থান বা বজ্ৰাসনত চিত্ৰিত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি *লাও বৌদ্ধ ভাস্কৰ্য্য *থাই শিল্পত বুদ্ধৰ মনোভাৱ (ปางพระพุทธรูป; paang phra phutta roup) *লীলাৰ মনোভাৱ *মাৰাবিজয় মনোভাৱ ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} থাই বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্ত্তি সমূহ(The Thai Buddha Images) ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগসমূহ== *থাই বৌদ্ধ শিল্প আৰু ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ আঠ যুগ *সপ্তাহৰ দিনবোৰৰ বাবে থাই বুদ্ধৰ ছবি [1] o039jtv9n4uzljrhma856dl8g71xyzl 452919 452918 2024-12-09T13:30:57Z Jyoti Chiring 34123 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 452919 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: Bodhisattava Avalokiteshvara, Chaiya Art พระอวโลกิเตศวรโพธิสัตว์ ศิลปะไชยา 01.jpg |thumb|right| [[ ব্ৰঞ্জৰ টৰছ চায়াৰ অৱলোকিতেশ্বৰৰ মূৰ্তি,]], 8th century CE Srivijayan art, Chaiya, Surat Thani, Southern Thailand.]] '''থাই বৌদ্ধ ভাস্কৰ্য্য'''({{lang-en|:Thai Buddhist sculpture}}); [[থাইলেণ্ড]]ত [[বুদ্ধ]]ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি সাধাৰণতে বুদ্ধৰ ত্ৰিমাত্ৰিক শিল, কাঠ, মাটি বা ধাতুৰ ঢালাই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিক বুজায়। সাধাৰণতে [[বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম]] প্ৰচলন থকা সকলো অঞ্চলতে এনে প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। তথাপি অতীত আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ সময় অনুসৰি আৰু দেশভেদে [[বৌদ্ধ শিল্প]]ৰ এই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ, আকাৰ, সংগঠন আৰু অৱস্থান বহু পৰিমাণে ভিন্ন। দ্বাৰৱতী যুগৰ পৰা আধুনিক যুগলৈকে ক্ৰমান্বৱে এই বিভিন্নতা বোৰ হৈছেঃ ==দ্বাৰৱতী যুগ== [[দ্বাৰৱতী]] যুগত (সপ্তম শতিকাৰ পৰা একাদশ শতিকালৈ) বৰ্তমানৰ [[থাইলেণ্ড]]ক সামৰি লোৱা এই অঞ্চলত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ দুটা ফৈদ চলিছিল, এটা হ’ল [[মহাযান]] আৰু আনটো [[থেৰবাদ]]। এই যুগত নিৰ্মিত প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহে এই শাখাসমূহৰ প্ৰভেদৰ পৰিচয় দিছিল। দ্বাৰৱতী যুগৰ বৌদ্ধ কলাৰ মূল আধাৰ আছিল ভাৰতৰ বৌদ্ধ কলাৰ প্ৰভাৱ, বিশেষকৈ [[আমৰাবতী বিদ্যালয়]] আৰু [[গুপ্ত শৈলী]]ৰ। তাৰ লগতে স্থানীয় আৰু [[খ্মেৰ]] কলাৰ প্ৰভাৱো বৌদ্ধ শিল্পত দেখা যায়। এই সময়ৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহত নিম্নলিখিত ধাৰণাসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিলঃ *ভাৰতীয় মুখৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য আৰু কোনো [[অৰিয়েল(aureole) নথকা]] [[ত্ৰিভংগ]] (হেলনীয়া) অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধ। সোঁহাতখন মুক্ত, আনহাতে বাওঁহাতখন বুদ্ধৰ পোছাক ৰে সৈতে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। *অমৰাৱতী শৈলীৰ বুদ্ধ ঢিলাকৈ ভাঁজ কৰা ভৰি আৰু পদুম আকৃতিৰ অৰিয়েল। একে-ধৰণৰ ভ্ৰূৰেখা, নাক চেপেটা আৰু ওঁঠ ডাঠ। *বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰাকাৰ মুখ, ভাঁজযুক্ত থুতৰি থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি সাধাৰণতে বিৰল আৰু দৰ্শনীয়। মূৰ্তিৰ পাদদেশত পদ্মফুলৰ ওপৰত সুন্দৰ সূক্ষ্ম খোদিত কাম দেখা যায়, যি [[খ্মেৰ]]কলাৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য। ভৰি দুখন সাধাৰণতে সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে ভাঁজ কৰা আৰু বুদ্ধ পদ্মাসনৰ আধাৰত বহি আছে। ==শ্ৰী বিজয়ৰ ছবি== [[শ্ৰী বিজয়ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহ]] [[দক্ষিণ থাইলেণ্ড মালয় উপদ্বীপ]]ত পোৱা যায়। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ পৰা তেৰশ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত এইবোৰৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। সাধাৰণতে ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ [[মহাযান]] বিদ্যালয়ৰ শিক্ষা প্ৰতিফলিত হয়, যিয়ে প্ৰায়ে [[বুদ্ধসত্ত্ব]]ৰ পবিত্ৰ ব্যক্তিত্বৰ পূজাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীবিজয়ন শিল্প ইয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক শৈলী, আদৰ্শ শৰীৰৰ অনুপাত, প্ৰাকৃতিক ভংগিমা, দেহৰ সুন্দৰতা আৰু যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণৰ অলংকাৰ পিন্ধাৰ বাবে জনা যায়। এই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি সমূহ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ শিল্পৰ সৈতে মিল আছে। শ্ৰী বিজয়ন শিল্পৰ এটা বিখ্যাত উদাহৰণ হ’ল দক্ষিণ থাইলেণ্ডৰ চুৰাট থানীৰ চৈয়া জিলাৰ পৰা অষ্টম শতিকাৰ শ্ৰীবিজয়ন শিল্প বোধসত্ত্ব পদ্মপানী (অৱলোকিতেশ্বৰ)ৰ ব্ৰঞ্জৰ টৰ্চৰ মূৰ্তি। এই মূৰ্তিটোৱে মধ্য জাভা শিল্পৰ প্ৰভাৱ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে [[(শৈলেন্দ্ৰ শিল্প)]]। ১৯০৫ চনত ৰাজকুমাৰ ডামৰং ৰাজনুভবে এই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিটো ৱাট উইয়াং, চাইয়া, চুৰাট থানীৰ পৰা থাইলেণ্ডৰ [[বেংকক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়]]লৈ আঁতৰাই নিয়ে। ==লপবুৰী বুদ্ধমূৰ্ত্তি== লোপবুৰীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একাদশ শতিকাৰ। সাধাৰণতে উত্তৰ-পূব থাইলেণ্ডত পোৱা যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ শিল্পশৈলী মূলতঃ কম্বোডিয়াৰ বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সৈতে মিল আছে। এনে ছবিৰ সাধাৰণতে পদুমৰ পাহিৰ স্তৰৰ আকৃতিত মূৰৰ ওপৰৰ অংশ শঙ্কু আকৃতিৰ থাকে। চুলিবোৰ পোন বা বেকা হ’ব পাৰে। বুদ্ধৰ মুখমণ্ডলত সাধাৰণতে এটি কোমল হাঁহিৰ আভা বিৰাজমান, আনহাতে কাণ দুখন মুখ মণ্ডলৰ বাকী অংশৰ তুলনাত অস্বাভাৱিকভাৱে বৃহৎআকাৰৰ, আৰু কান্ধৰ ওচৰলৈকে ওলমি থাকে। লপবুৰীৰ দ্বিতীয় শৈলী হৈছে [[নাগা সুৰক্ষিত বুদ্ধ]], য'ত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰৰ চাৰিওপিনে [[নাগা]]ৰ মূৰবোৰে (সৰ্পসদৃশ) সুৰক্ষামূলক আকৰ্ষণীয় আৱৰ্ত গঠন কৰে। ==চিয়াং ছায়েন আৰু লানাৰ বুদ্ধমূৰ্ত্তি== [[File:WatPhraKaew-CR-PhraJaoLanThong.jpg|thumb|চিয়াং ছায়েন শৈলীৰ বুদ্ধৰ ছবি |200px|left]]চিয়াং ছায়েন শৈলীৰ বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি দশম শতিকাৰ পৰা তেৰশ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত উত্তৰ থাইলেণ্ডত চিয়াং ছায়েন আৰু লান্নাৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। প্ৰাথমিক প্ৰতিচ্ছবি ভাৰতৰ [[পাল]] শৈলীৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সৈতে মিল আছিল, পদুমৰ কলি বা গোলক আকৃতিৰ, চুলি কেকুৰা, ঘূৰণীয়া মুখ, ওঁঠ সৰু আৰু উন্নত বুকু। এই ধৰণৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ সাধাৰণতে [[মাৰা]] অসুৰ বধ ভঙ্গী (Subduing Mara position)ত উপস্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। বুদ্ধৰ দেহভঙ্গী পদ্মাসনত আছিল, আৰু তেওঁৰ দুয়োটা ভৰিৰ তলুৱা স্পষ্টভাৱে দেখা যায়। পিছলৈ বহুতো চিয়াং ছায়েন আৰু লান্নাৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি স্ফটিক আৰু ৰত্নৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ দুটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি [[পান্না বুদ্ধ]] আৰু [[ফ্ৰা ফুট্থা ছিহিং]] লান্না শৈলীত নিৰ্মিত। ==সুখোথাই যুগৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি == [[File:2013 Phra Buddha Chinnarat 01.jpg|[[ফ্ৰা বুদ্ধ চিন্নৰত]], [[ফিটছানুলোকত ৱাট ফ্ৰা ছি ৰত্না মহত]] in [[সুখোথাই কলা]], Sukhothai Art|thumb|200px]]ফ্ৰা বুদ্ধ চিন্নৰাট, ফিটছানুলোকত ৱাট ফ্ৰা ছি ৰত্না মহত, সুখোথাই কলা [[সুখোথাই যুগ]]ত (চতুৰ্দশ শতিকা) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ পৰা নতুন ধাৰণাৰ প্ৰবাহৰ বাবে থাই বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ শৈলী আমূল পৰাবৰ্ত্তন হৈছিল। বুদ্ধৰ অতিমানৱীয় বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ চিত্ৰিত কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বিশেষ ভংগিমা আৰু মুখ মণ্ডলত মমতা আৰু কৰুণা প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। সুখোথাই যুগত থাই বুদ্ধৰ চাৰিটা আধুনিক ভংগিমাৰ নতুনত্ব অৰ্থাৎ খোজ কঢ়া, থিয় হোৱা, বহা আৰু আশ্ৰয় লোৱাৰ সাক্ষী হৈছিল। ছবিবোৰত প্ৰায়ে শিখাৰ আকৃতিৰ অৰিঅ’ল, মিহিকৈ কুটিল চুলি, সামান্য হাঁহি, বহল কান্ধ আৰু অণ্ডাকৃতিৰ মুখ আছিল। এটা সাধাৰণ ভংগিমাত বশীভুত [[মাৰা]]ক অসুৰ, আৰু সমতল স্থানত উপবিষ্ট থকা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। সুখোথাই যুগৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য ভিন্নতাসমূহ হ'ল [[কামফেংপেট]], ফ্ৰা বুদ্ধ চিন্নৰাট (যেনে ৱাট ফ্ৰা শ্ৰী ৰত্ন মহত ৱোৰামহৱিহানৰ আটাইতকৈ বিখ্যাত চিন্নৰাট), আৰু [[ৱাটটা কুয়ান ছবি]]ৰ গোট। বেংককৰ বিখ্যাত পৰ্যটনস্থলী [[ৱাট ট্ৰাইমিট]] গোল্ডেন বুদ্ধ সুখোথাই শৈলীত নিৰ্মিত, গতিকে এই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি সেই সময়ৰ হ’ব পাৰে। ==ইউ থং প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি== মধ্য থাইলেণ্ডত দ্বাদশ শতিকাৰ পৰা পোন্ধৰ শতিকা পৰ্য্য়ন্ত ইউ থং শিল্প শৈলীৰ তিনিটা শ্ৰেণী আছিল। প্ৰথম শৈলী আছিল দ্বাৰৱতী আৰু খ্মেৰ কলাৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। সাধাৰণতে ইহঁতে পদুমৰ কলিৰ অৰিয়েল আৰু খ্মেৰ মুখৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য সজাই তুলিছিল। দ্বিতীয় শৈলীটো লপবুৰীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি দৰেই আছিল। তৃতীয় আৰু শেহতীয়া ইউ থং শৈলীটোৱে সুখোথাই যুগৰ পৰা যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। ==আয়ুথায় যুগ== [[File:Ayutwpananchoeng0506c.jpg|thumb|left|200px|আয়ুথায়াৰ ৱাট ফানান চোয়েঙত বিগ বুদ্ধ]]আয়ুথায়াৰ ৱাট ফানান চোয়েঙত বিগ বুদ্ধ দশম শতিকাৰ পৰা অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত আয়ুথায় প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি সৃষ্টি হৈছিল। এই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি বোৰৰ মুৰত চুলিৰ এটা অনন্য মুকুট থকা আৰু ওঁঠ আৰু চকুৰ ওপৰত সূক্ষ্ম খোদাই কৰা। প্ৰাথমিক আয়ুথায়া প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি শিলত খোদিত কৰা হৈছিল লোপবুৰী যুগৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ প্ৰভাৱ যথেষ্ট আছে। মধ্য আয়ুথায়া প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি সুখোথাই প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰ সৈতে মিল আছিল, আৰু একে ধৰণৰ ভংগিমাত আছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত মূৰ্তিবোৰ প্ৰায়ে ব্ৰঞ্জৰ ৰং কৰা হৈছিল আৰু আকাৰ প্ৰায়ে ডাঙৰ আছিল। আয়ুথায় যুগৰ শেষৰ ফালে প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহত সাধাৰণতে ৰাজকীয় সাজ-পোছাকেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু মূৰ্তিসমূহৰ আধাৰত জটিল আৰু সুশোভিত অলংকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। ==আধুনিক থাই বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি == আধুনিক যুগত বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি প্ৰায়ে সুখোথাই আৰু অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন যুগৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আধাৰত সৰ্জ্জিত,আৰু প্ৰায়ে অধিক অলংকাৰে বিভূষিত। নতুন উদ্ভাৱনীমূলক চিত্ৰণত বুদ্ধৰ মুখমণ্ডল সাধাৰণতে অধিক বাস্তৱিক আৰু মানুহৰ দৰে হয়। এটা মনোমোহা দীঘলীয়া আলোকময় প্ৰভামণ্ডলৰ মাজত বিৰাজমান। আধুনিক মূৰ্তিসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ সাজ-পোছাক প্ৰায়েই সুন্দৰ ফুলৰ নক্সাৰে অলংকৃত কৰি অধিক আকৰ্ষণীয় কৰি তোলা হয়। [[বুনলেউয়া চুলিলাট]]ৰ কংক্ৰিটৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্য উদ্যান [[(বুদ্ধ পাৰ্ক আৰু চালা কেওকু)]]য়ে বৌদ্ধ বিষয়ৰ সমসাময়িক অতি সৃষ্টিশীল আৰু অগতানুগতিক কলাত্মক ব্যৱহাৰৰ উদাহৰণ দাঙি ধৰিছে। [[ৱাট ৰং খুন]]বা বগা মন্দিৰ বুলি বিখ্যাত আৰু [[সত্যৰ অভয়াৰণ্য]]ও আধুনিক থাই বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰৰ জ্বলন্ত উদাহৰণ। ==লগতে চাওক== থাইলেণ্ড পৰ্টেলৰ পতাকা, আইকন এছিয়া পৰ্টেল' icon ধৰ্ম পৰ্টেল *লাওছ আৰু থাইলেণ্ডত গৌতম বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি *বৌদ্ধ কলা *থাইলেণ্ডত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম *লুয়াং ফ'ৰ ফেট হৈছে (হীৰা) পদুম অৱস্থান বা বজ্ৰাসনত চিত্ৰিত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি *লাও বৌদ্ধ ভাস্কৰ্য্য *থাই শিল্পত বুদ্ধৰ মনোভাৱ (ปางพระพุทธรูป; paang phra phutta roup) *লীলাৰ মনোভাৱ *মাৰাবিজয় মনোভাৱ ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} থাই বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্ত্তি সমূহ(The Thai Buddha Images) ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগসমূহ== *থাই বৌদ্ধ শিল্প আৰু ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ আঠ যুগ *সপ্তাহৰ দিনবোৰৰ বাবে থাই বুদ্ধৰ ছবি [1] nivufm9um0udhkee5s7t3392c7k8bik নাদিয়া অঞ্জুমান 0 109687 453284 451188 2024-12-10T08:44:35Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''নাদিয়া অঞ্জুমান ({{lang_en| Nadia Anjuman}})'''(জন্ম ২৭ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৮০ – মৃত্যু ৪ নৱেম্বৰ, ২০০৫) [[আফগানিস্তান]]ৰ এগৰাকী [[কবি]] আছিল। ===প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন=== নাদিয়া অঞ্জুমান হেৰাৱীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ১৯৮০ চনত উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম [[আফগানিস্তান]]ৰ [[হেৰাট]]ত। তেওঁ মাক-দেউতাকৰ ছয়টা সন্তানৰ ভিতৰত এগৰাকী আছিল। আফগানিস্তানৰ শেহতীয়া অস্থিৰতাৰ ভৰা ৰাজনৈতিক সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ ডাঙৰ দীঘল হৈছিল। ১৯৯৫ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত তালিবানে হেৰাট দখল কৰে আৰু হেৰাট প্ৰদেশৰ তদানীন্তন ৰাজ্যপাল ইছমাইল খানক উৎখাত কৰে। নতুন তালিবান চৰকাৰ শাসনলৈ অহাৰ লগে লগে, মহিলাসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ স্বাধীনতা কঠোৰভাৱে সংযত কৰি ৰাখিছিল। স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষাৰ দশম বৰ্ষৰ এগৰাকী প্ৰতিভাশালী ছাত্ৰী অঞ্জুমানে এতিয়া শিক্ষাৰ কোনো আশা নথকা ভৱিষ্যতৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল, কিয়নো তালিবানে ছোৱালীৰ বিদ্যালয় বন্ধ কৰি দিছিল আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বাবে ব্যক্তিগত নিৰ্দেশনা নিষিদ্ধ কৰিছিল। ১৯৯৬ চনত অঞ্জুমানে আন স্থানীয় মহিলাসকলৰ সৈতে সমবেত হয় আৰু যুৱতীসকলৰ দ্বাৰা আয়োজিত আৰু হেৰাট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যাপক মুহাম্মাদ নাছেৰ ৰহিয়াবৰ পৰামৰ্শমতে গোল্ডেন নিডল চিলাই স্কুল নামৰ এক ভূগৰ্ভস্থ শৈক্ষিক চক্ৰত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। গোল্ডেন নিডল চিলাই স্কুলৰ সদস্যসকলে সপ্তাহত তিনিবাৰ চিলাই কৰিব লাগে শিকাৰ ছদ্মবেশত একত্ৰিত হ'ব (তালিবান চৰকাৰৰ দ্বাৰা অনুমোদিত এক প্ৰথা), আনহাতে প্ৰকৃততে সভাবোৰ হেৰাট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যাপকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সাহিত্যৰ ওপৰত আলোচনাৰ সৈতে বক্তৃতা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last=Synovitz |first=Ron |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticleprint/2004/03/176a7386-97d6-4f9b-bec7-b403f88633cc.html |title=Afghanistan: Author Awaits Happy Ending To 'Sewing Circles Of Herat' |work=Radio Free Europe |date=March 31, 2004 |access-date=July 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708045554/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticleprint/2004/03/176a7386-97d6-4f9b-bec7-b403f88633cc.html |archive-date=July 8, 2004 |archivedate=July 8, 2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708045554/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticleprint/2004/03/176a7386-97d6-4f9b-bec7-b403f88633cc.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref>এই প্ৰকল্পটো ইমানেই বিপদজনক আছিল; যদি ধৰা পৰে, সম্ভাৱ্য শাস্তি আছিল কাৰাবাস, অত্যাচাৰ আৰু ফাঁচীৰ শাস্তিও। নিজকে সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে, উপস্থিত সকলে তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তানক ভৱনটোৰ বাহিৰত খেলিবলৈ আৰু সতৰ্কিত প্ৰহৰী হিচাপে কাম কৰাইছিল। তে যাতে মহিলাসকলক ধৰ্মীয় আৰক্ষীৰ ওচৰলৈ বিষয়ে সতৰ্ক কৰিব পাৰে, আৰু তাৎক্ষণিকভাৱে শিক্ষাৰ্থীসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ কিতাপ লুকুৱাই ৰাখি বেজী-সূতাৰ কাম কৰিব পাৰে। তালিবানৰ শাসনৰ সময়ত সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰূপে কাৰ্যসূচী এনেদৰে অব্যাহত আছিল। <ref>{{cite news |first=Christina |last=Lamb |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/article163648.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725171737/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/article163648.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 25, 2015 |title=The defiant poets' society |work=The Sunday Times |date=April 26, 2009 |access-date=December 4, 2024 |archivedate=March 4, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035415/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/article163648.ece |deadurl=yes }}</ref>অধ্যাপক ৰহিয়াব লিখনি আৰু সাহিত্যত অঞ্জুমানৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতা হৈছিল। যি সময়ত মহিলাসকলক নিজৰ ঘৰ এৰি যাবলৈ অনুমতি দিয়া হোৱা নাছিল, সেই সময়ত ৰাহিয়াবে ষোল্ল বছৰীয়া অঞ্জুমানক শিক্ষা দান কৰিছিল আৰু তাইক এক স্বকীয় লিখনিশৈলী বিকশিত কৰাত সহায় কৰিছিল। তেওঁ তাইক বহুতো লেখকৰ সৈতে পৰিচয় কৰাই দিছিল আৰু এই লেখকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা তাই প্ৰভাৱিত হৈছিল। যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে হাফিজ শিৰাজী, বিডেল দেহলাভি, ফৰোফ ফাৰোখজাদ আৰু অন্যান্য। ===আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষা জীৱন=== ২০০১ চনত যেতিয়া তালিবান শাসনক উৎখাত কৰা হৈছিল তেতিয়া অঞ্জুমানৰ বয়স আছিল ২১ বছৰ। তালিবানৰ শাসন অন্ত পৰাত আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ এটা মুক্ত পৰিবেশ আৰম্ভ হ'ল । অঞ্জুমানে সাহিত্য অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ হেৰাট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিলে আৰু ২০০২ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। <ref>More details on Nadia Anjuman's story as told by her friends, family, classmates, and teachers can be found in the introduction to the anthology, [https://www.amazon.com/Load-Poems-Like-Guns-Afghanistan/dp/0985981881 ''Load Poems Like Guns: Women's Poetry from Herat, Afghanistan''] edited and translated by Farzana Marie.</ref> সাহিত্যত ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰাৰ সময়ত অঞ্জুমানে "গুল-ই-ডোডি" ("ধোঁৱাৰ ফুল") শীৰ্ষক কবিতাৰ এখন কিতাপ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল আৰু এই কিতাপখন [[আফগানিস্তান]], [[পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[ইৰাণ]]ত জনপ্ৰিয়তা অৰ্জন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। ===বিবাহ আৰু পাছৰ জীৱনকাল=== অঞ্জুমানে ফৰিদ আহমেদ মজিদ নেয়াৰ সৈতে বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । আহমেদ মজিদ নেয়া হেৰাট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা সাহিত্যৰ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু একেখন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়তে পুথিভঁৰালৰ মুৰব্বী হৈছিল। নেয়া আৰু তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালে বিশ্বাস কৰিছিল যে যিহেতু অঞ্জুমান এগৰাকী মহিলা সেয়ে অঞ্জুমানৰ লিখনিৰ খ্যাতি তেওঁলোকৰ বাবে সেয়া কলঙ্ক আছিল। তৎস্বত্ত্বেও অঞ্জুমনে কবিতা লিখি থাকিল। অঞ্জুমান আৰু আহমেদ মজিদ নেয়াৰ এটা পুত্ৰ সন্তান আছিল। ২৫ বছৰীয়া অঞ্জুমানক হত্যা কৰিছিল। ===উল্লেখযোগ্য কৰ্ম=== অঞ্জুমানে ২০০৫ চনত 'গুলে ডুডি' বা 'ধোঁৱাৰ ফুল' শীৰ্ষক কবিতাৰ প্ৰথম খণ্ড প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ২০০৬ চনত 'য়েক চাবাদ ডেলহোৰ' ("চিন্তাৰ প্ৰাচুৰ্য") শীৰ্ষক এটা দ্বিতীয় খণ্ডৰ কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ সাজু হৈছিল য'ত তেওঁৰ বিবাহত তেওঁৰ বিচ্ছিন্নতা আৰু দুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰা কবিতা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। ===মৃত্যু=== ২০০৫ চনৰ ৪ নৱেম্বৰত অঞ্জুমান আৰু তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ মাজত বিবাদ হৈছিল। নেয়াৰ মতে, অঞ্জুমানে বাহিৰলৈ গৈ পৰিয়াল আৰু বন্ধুবৰ্গক লগ কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল, যি ঈদ-আল-ফিটৰৰ সময়ত (পবিত্ৰ ৰমজান মাহৰ অন্তিম দিন) এক সাধাৰণ প্ৰথা। নেয়াই কৈছিল যে তেওঁ অঞ্জুমানক তাইৰ ভনীয়েকক লগ কৰিবলৈ দিব বিচৰা নাছিল। অঞ্জুমানে প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ মাজত কাজিয়া আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। সেই নিশা, নেয়াই অঞ্জুমানক প্ৰহাৰ কৰিছিল যেতিয়ালৈকে তাই অচেতন হোৱা নাছিল। গুৰুতৰভাৱে আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত অঞ্জুমানক তাইৰ মুৰটো কাটি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="TNYT">{{cite news |first=Carlotta|last=Gall |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/08/international/asia/08afghan.html |title=Afghan Poet Dies after Beating by Husband |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 8, 2005 |access-date=September 10, 2015}}</ref>কেইঘণ্টামানৰ পিছত অচেতন অৱস্থাত থকা থকা অঞ্জুমানক নেয়াই ৰিক্সাৰে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ লৈ গৈছিল। কিন্তু চালকজনে পিছত কৰ্তৃপক্ষক কৈছিল যে অঞ্জুমান ইতিমধ্যে মৰি গৈছিল যেতিয়া নেয়াই তাইৰ শৰীৰটো তেওঁৰ ৰিক্মাত ৰাখিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছতে নিছাৰ আহমেদ পাইকাৰ নামৰ এজন জ্যেষ্ঠ আৰক্ষী বিষয়াই কৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ স্বামীয়ে তেওঁক এটা শাৰী অনুসৰণ কৰি প্ৰহাৰ কৰাৰ কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল, কিন্তু তাইক হত্যা কৰাৰ কথা প্ৰকাশ কৰা নাছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে নেয়াই অভিযোগ কৰিছিল যে অঞ্জুমানে বিহপান কৰিছিল আৰু মৃত্যুৰ আগতে এনে কৰাৰ কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="BBC_News">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4412550.stm |title=Afghan poet dies after battering |work=[[BBC News]] |date=November 6, 2005 |access-date=September 10, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqIkQz68_fgC&q=nadia+anjuman&pg=PA2260|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2008: Vols. I and II|isbn=9781437905229|via=Google|last1=Bergner|first1=Jeffrey T.|date=August 2008}}</ref> অঞ্জুমানে জ্ঞান হেৰুওৱাৰ পিছত তেজ বমি কৰিছিল বুলি প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। যিটো পিছত চিকিৎসকসকলে বিশ্বাস কৰিছিল যে মৃত্যুৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভৱ কাৰণ। নেয়াই দাবী কৰিছিল যে অঞ্জুমানে তেওঁলোকৰ কাজিয়াৰ পিছত বিহপান কৰিছিল আৰু বন্ধুবৰ্গক ক'বলৈ কৈছিল যে তাইৰ হৃদৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। নেয়া আৰু তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালে চিকিৎসকসকলক মৰণোত্তৰ পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ বাধা দিছিল। সেয়েহে মৃত্যুৰ প্ৰকৃত কাৰণৰ কোনো নিশ্চিত প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নগ'ল। অঞ্জুমানৰ সম্ভাৱ্য হত্যাৰ বাবে নেয়া আৰু তেওঁৰ মাক দুয়োকে গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ই হত্যাকাণ্ডটোক গৰিহণা দিছিল। ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ মুখপাত্ৰ এড্ৰিয়ান এডৱাৰ্ডছে কৈছিল যে" নাদিয়া অঞ্জুমানৰ মৃত্যু সঁচাকৈয়ে দুখজনক আৰু আফগানিস্তানৰ বাবে এক ডাঙৰ ক্ষতি।... ইয়াৰ তদন্ত কৰা প্ৰয়োজন আৰু যিকোনো ব্যক্তিয়ে দায়বদ্ধ বুলি বিচাৰি পালে আইনৰ সঠিক আদালতত মোকাবিলা কৰিব লাগিব।"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/foreign/08-Nov-2005/afghan-woman-poet-beaten-to-death |title=Afghan woman poet beaten to death |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |location=Lahore, Pakistan |date=November 8, 2005 |access-date=September 10, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223641/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/foreign/08-Nov-2005/afghan-woman-poet-beaten-to-death |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archivedate=March 3, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223641/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/foreign/08-Nov-2005/afghan-woman-poet-beaten-to-death |deadurl=yes }}</ref>নেয়াক অঞ্জুমানক হত্যা কৰাৰ বাবে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ বাবে তেওঁক তেতিয়া কাৰাগাৰত ৰখা হৈছিল। হেৰাটৰ জনজাতীয় জ্যেষ্ঠসকলে অঞ্জুমানৰ অসুস্থ দেউতাকক নেয়াৰ মৃত্যুৰ বাবে ক্ষমা কৰিবলৈ হেঁচা দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল, যাতে নেয়াৰ কাৰাগাৰৰ শাস্তি হ্ৰাস হয়। নেয়া পাঁচ বছৰৰ বাবে কাৰাগাৰত থাকিব বুলি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিয়াৰ লগে লগে অঞ্জুমানৰ দেউতাকে নমনীয় হৈ অঞ্জুমানৰ মৃত্যুক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে আফগান আদালতৰ দ্বাৰা আত্মহত্যা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয় আৰু নেয়াক মাত্ৰ এমাহ পিছত মুক্তি দিয়া হয়। অঞ্জুমানৰ ভায়েকৰ মতে, অঞ্জুমানৰ দেউতাক এই কথা শুনি মনতে আঘাত পাই অলপ পিছতে মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে। <ref>{{cite web |first=Christina |last=Lamb |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/article155801.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195503/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/article155801.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 10, 2014 |title=Woman poet 'slain for her verse' |work=The Sunday Times |date=November 13, 2005 |access-date=December 4, 2024 |archivedate=March 3, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225628/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/article155801.ece |deadurl=yes }}</ref>অঞ্জুমানৰ ছয় মাহৰ পুত্ৰ সন্তান আছিল। এতিয়া সন্তানটি দেউতাক নেয়াৰ জিম্মাত আছে। 'গোলে দুদি' আৰু 'য়েক চাবাদ দেলহোৰে' কবিতা পুথি দুখন প্ৰথমে আফগানিস্তানত প্ৰকাশিত হৈছিল। 'গোলে দুদি' তিনিবাৰ আফগানিস্তানত পুনৰ মুদ্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ৩,০০০ তকৈও অধিক প্ৰতিলিপি বিক্ৰী হৈছে। ===অনুবাদিত কবিতা=== ডায়েনা আৰ্টেৰিয়ান আৰু মেৰিনা ওমৰে নাদিয়া অঞ্জুমানৰ কেইবাটাও কবিতা অনুবাদ কৰিছে। উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ এচিম্পটোট, দ্য ব্ৰুকলিন ৰেল, চাৰ্কুমেঞ্চ, এক্সচেঞ্জ আৰু আন ঠাইত প্ৰকাশিত হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asymptotejournal.com/article.php?cat=Poetry&id=205&curr_index=1|title=from Flower of Smoke|website=asymptotejournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://intranslation.brooklynrail.org/persian-dari/poetry-by-nadia-anjuman|title=Poetry by Nadia Anjuman|website=brooklynrail.org}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://intranslation.brooklynrail.org/persian-dari/poetry-by-nadia-anjuman|title=Poetry by Nadia Anjuman|website=brooklynrail.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://circumferencemag.org/?p=2136|title=Her hands planted the rootless sprig|website=circumferencemag.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exchanges.uiowa.edu/issues/estranged/three-poems-from-dark-flower/|title=Three poems from ''Flower of Smoke''|work=Exchanges Literary Journal|access-date=2024-12-04|archivedate=2021-07-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707083049/https://exchanges.uiowa.edu/issues/estranged/three-poems-from-dark-flower/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]][[শ্ৰেণী:আফগানিস্তানৰ ব্যক্তি]] 9m54nm5ocut1e7z2oi28v241eet13b2 পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা 0 109694 453321 451068 2024-12-10T10:48:47Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{পোখালি}}'''পৰ্তুগীজ''' হ'ল ইউৰোপৰ আইবেৰিয়ান উপদ্বীপৰ পৰা উৎপত্তি হোৱা [[ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয়]] ভাষা পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গত এটা পশ্চিমীয়া ৰোমান ভাষা। ই এংগোলা, [[ব্ৰাজিল]], কেপ ভাৰ্ডে, গিনি-বিচাউ, মোজাম্বিক, পৰ্তুগাল, চাও টমে আৰু প্ৰিন্সিপেৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা।<ref name="CPLP">{{cite web |url=https://www.cplp.org/id-2597.aspx |title=Estados-membros |date=7 February 2017 |website=Community of Portuguese Language Countries |language=pt |trans-title=Member States |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207182400/https://www.cplp.org/id-2597.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> লগতে ইষ্ট টিমৰ, বিষুৱীয় গিনি আৰু মাকাউত ইয়াৰ সহ-ৰাজ্যিক ভাষাৰ মৰ্যাদা আছে। পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষী লোক বা জাতিসমূহক লুচোফোন (lusófono) নামেৰে জনা যায়। ঔপনিৱেশিক কালত সম্প্ৰসাৰণৰ ফলত পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষীসকলৰ সাংস্কৃতিক উপস্থিতিও সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে পোৱা যায়। পৰ্তুগীজ আইবেৰ'-ৰোমাঞ্চ গোটৰ অংশ যিয়ে মধ্যযুগীয় গালিচিয়া ৰাজ্য আৰু পৰ্তুগাল কাউন্টিত ভলগাৰ লেটিনৰ কেইবাটাও উপভাষাৰ পৰা বিকশিত হৈছে আৰু কিছু চেলটিক ধ্বনিবিজ্ঞান ৰাখিছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sites.duke.edu/judeolusitanica/2013/07/21/the-origin-and-formation-of-the-portuguese-language/ |title=The Origin and Formation of The Portuguese Language |website=Judeo-Lusitanica |publisher=Duke University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510110052/https://sites.duke.edu/judeolusitanica/2013/07/21/the-origin-and-formation-of-the-portuguese-language/ |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=15 October 2016 |archivedate=10 May 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510110052/https://sites.duke.edu/judeolusitanica/2013/07/21/the-origin-and-formation-of-the-portuguese-language/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filologia.org.br/vcnlf/anais%20v/civ8_03.htm |title=Breves considerações sobre o legado das línguas célticas |first=João |last=Bittencourt de Oliveira |website=filologia.org.br |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621224925/https://www.filologia.org.br/vcnlf/anais%20v/civ8_03.htm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> প্ৰায় ২৩.৬ কোটি স্থানীয় ভাষী আৰু ২.৭ কোটি দ্বিতীয় ভাষা ভাষীৰ সৈতে পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষাৰ মুঠ ভাষী প্ৰায় ২৬.৩৮ মিলিয়ন। সাধাৰণতে ইয়াক পঞ্চম সৰ্বাধিক কথিত থলুৱা ভাষা হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়,<ref>{{cite book|first=Emmanuel|last=da Silva|chapter=Socioliguistic Tensions in Toronoto|page=129|editor-first=Luiz Paulo|editor-last=Moita-Lopes|title=Global Portuguese: Linguistic Ideologies in Late Modernity|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-31763-304-4}}</ref> স্থানীয় ভাষা কোৱা লোকৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ই বিশ্বৰ তৃতীয় সৰ্বাধিক কথিত ইউৰোপীয় ভাষা।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|title=CIA World Factbook|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|url-status=live}}</ref> ১৯৯৭ চনত এক বিস্তৃত শৈক্ষিক অধ্যয়নত পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষাক বিশ্বৰ ১০টা প্ৰভাৱশালী ভাষাৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে স্থান দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref>Bernard Comrie, Encarta Encyclopedia (1998); George Weber, [http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm "Top Languages: The World's 10 Most Influential Languages"], ''Language Today'' (Vol. 2, December 1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062910/http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm Archived] from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-09-28.</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] hsbr6tiz559vq8z8o91akwblekozypp স্বাহিলী ভাষা 0 109698 453047 451085 2024-12-09T16:59:33Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453047 wikitext text/x-wiki '''স্বাহিলী''' ''(স্থানীয় নাম: কিছৱাহিলি)'' ভাষা মূলতঃ স্বাহিলী জনসাধাৰণে কোৱা বান্টু ভাষা; যি প্ৰধানকৈ [[তাঞ্জানিয়া]], [[কেনিয়া]] আৰু মোজাম্বিকত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite web|last=Mugane|first=John|url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/9780896804890_chapter_01_and_toc.pdf |title=The Story of Swahili|work=Center for International Studies, Ohio University |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> স্থানীয় আৰু দ্বিতীয় ভাষা ভাষী উভয়কে ধৰি স্বাহিলী ভাষীৰ সংখ্যাৰ অনুমান বহু পৰিমাণে ভিন্ন। সাধাৰণতে ৬ কোটিৰ পৰা ১৫ কোটিলৈকে; ইয়াৰ অধিকাংশ স্থানীয়ভাষীয়ে তাঞ্জানিয়াত বাস কৰে। স্বাহিলী ভাষাত অন্যান্য ভাষাৰ পৰা যথেষ্ট সংখ্যক ঋণ শব্দ আছে। মূলতঃ আৰবী; লগতে পৰ্তুগীজ, ইংৰাজী আৰু জাৰ্মান ভাষাৰ পৰাও শব্দৰ আমদানি হৈছে। স্বাহিলী শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৪০% [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰবী]] ঋণ শব্দৰে গঠিত।<ref>{{cite web|last=Mugane|first=John|url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/9780896804890_chapter_01_and_toc.pdf |title=The Story of Swahili|work=Center for International Studies, Ohio University |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> ==স্বাহিলী কবি== *দাদা মাছিটি (প্ৰায় ১৮১০–১৫ জুলাই ১৯১৯), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। *ছাবান বিন ৰবাৰ্ট (১৯০৯–১৯৬২), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ কবি, লেখক আৰু ৰচনাকাৰ। *ইউফ্ৰেজ কেজিলাহাবি (১৯৪৪–২০২০), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ ঔপন্যাসিক, কবি, আৰু পণ্ডিত। *মাথিয়াছ ই ম্নিয়াম্পালা (১৯১৭–১৯৬৯), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ লেখক, উকীল আৰু কবি। *টুমি মোকানে (জন্ম ১৯৮১), দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকাৰ ৰেপাৰ আৰু কবি। *ফাধী মটাংগা (জন্ম ১৯৮১), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ সৃষ্টিশীল লেখক, ফটোগ্ৰাফাৰ, গ্রাফিক ডিজাইনাৰ। *ক্রিষ্টোফাৰ মৱাছিংগা (জন্ম ১৯৬৫), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ লেখক আৰু কবি। *আব্দিলাতিফ আব্দাল্লা (জন্ম ১৯৪৬), কেনিয়াৰ কবি আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক কৰ্মী। [ a ] *মোৱানা কুপোনা (মৃত্যু: প্ৰায় ১৮৬৫), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। *ইব্ৰাহিম হুছেইন (জন্ম ১৯৪৩), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ নাট্যকাৰ আৰু কবি। *হাজী গোৰা হাজী (১৯৩৩–২০২১), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ কবি। *আলামিন মাজৰুই (জন্ম ১৯৪৮), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। [ 88 ] *কিঠাকা ৱা ম্বেৰিয়া (জন্ম ১৯৫৫), কবি। [ ৮৯ ] *আহমেদ শ্বেখ নাভানী (১৯২৭–২০১৭), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] s748cd4a2qpt86npn5kk0dzwoffsx3v 453048 453047 2024-12-09T17:02:22Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* স্বাহিলী কবি */ 453048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''স্বাহিলী''' ''(স্থানীয় নাম: কিছৱাহিলি)'' ভাষা মূলতঃ স্বাহিলী জনসাধাৰণে কোৱা বান্টু ভাষা; যি প্ৰধানকৈ [[তাঞ্জানিয়া]], [[কেনিয়া]] আৰু মোজাম্বিকত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite web|last=Mugane|first=John|url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/9780896804890_chapter_01_and_toc.pdf |title=The Story of Swahili|work=Center for International Studies, Ohio University |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> স্থানীয় আৰু দ্বিতীয় ভাষা ভাষী উভয়কে ধৰি স্বাহিলী ভাষীৰ সংখ্যাৰ অনুমান বহু পৰিমাণে ভিন্ন। সাধাৰণতে ৬ কোটিৰ পৰা ১৫ কোটিলৈকে; ইয়াৰ অধিকাংশ স্থানীয়ভাষীয়ে তাঞ্জানিয়াত বাস কৰে। স্বাহিলী ভাষাত অন্যান্য ভাষাৰ পৰা যথেষ্ট সংখ্যক ঋণ শব্দ আছে। মূলতঃ আৰবী; লগতে পৰ্তুগীজ, ইংৰাজী আৰু জাৰ্মান ভাষাৰ পৰাও শব্দৰ আমদানি হৈছে। স্বাহিলী শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৪০% [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰবী]] ঋণ শব্দৰে গঠিত।<ref>{{cite web|last=Mugane|first=John|url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/9780896804890_chapter_01_and_toc.pdf |title=The Story of Swahili|work=Center for International Studies, Ohio University |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> ==স্বাহিলী কবি== *দাদা মাছিটি (প্ৰায় ১৮১০–১৫ জুলাই ১৯১৯), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। *ছাবান বিন ৰবাৰ্ট (১৯০৯–১৯৬২), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ কবি, লেখক আৰু ৰচনাকাৰ। *ইউফ্ৰেজ কেজিলাহাবি (১৯৪৪–২০২০), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ ঔপন্যাসিক, কবি, আৰু পণ্ডিত। *মাথিয়াছ ই ম্নিয়াম্পালা (১৯১৭–১৯৬৯), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ লেখক, উকীল আৰু কবি। *টুমি মোকানে (জন্ম ১৯৮১), দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকাৰ ৰেপাৰ আৰু কবি। *ফাধী মটাংগা (জন্ম ১৯৮১), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ সৃষ্টিশীল লেখক, ফটোগ্ৰাফাৰ, গ্রাফিক ডিজাইনাৰ। *ক্রিষ্টোফাৰ মৱাছিংগা (জন্ম ১৯৬৫), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ লেখক আৰু কবি। *আব্দিলাতিফ আব্দাল্লা (জন্ম ১৯৪৬), কেনিয়াৰ কবি আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক কৰ্মী। *মোৱানা কুপোনা (মৃত্যু: প্ৰায় ১৮৬৫), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। *ইব্ৰাহিম হুছেইন (জন্ম ১৯৪৩), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ নাট্যকাৰ আৰু কবি। *হাজী গোৰা হাজী (১৯৩৩–২০২১), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ কবি। *আলামিন মাজৰুই (জন্ম ১৯৪৮), কেনিয়াৰ কবি।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alamin Mazrui |url=https://www.poetrytranslation.org/poets/alamin-mazrui |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Poetry Translation Centre}}</ref> *কিঠাকা ৱা ম্বেৰিয়া (জন্ম ১৯৫৫), কবি।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kithaka wa Mberia |url=https://www.poetrytranslation.org/poets/kithaka-wa-mberia |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Poetry Translation Centre}}</ref> *আহমেদ শ্বেখ নাভানী (১৯২৭–২০১৭), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] cexed9l017hdiy2kfgih2auvtnyv5m5 453049 453048 2024-12-09T17:02:59Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''স্বাহিলী''' ''(স্থানীয় নাম: কিছৱাহিলি)'' ভাষা মূলতঃ স্বাহিলী জনসাধাৰণে কোৱা বাণ্টু ভাষা; যি প্ৰধানকৈ [[তাঞ্জানিয়া]], [[কেনিয়া]] আৰু মোজাম্বিকত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite web|last=Mugane|first=John|url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/9780896804890_chapter_01_and_toc.pdf |title=The Story of Swahili|work=Center for International Studies, Ohio University |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> স্থানীয় আৰু দ্বিতীয় ভাষা ভাষী উভয়কে ধৰি স্বাহিলী ভাষীৰ সংখ্যাৰ অনুমান বহু পৰিমাণে ভিন্ন। সাধাৰণতে ৬ কোটিৰ পৰা ১৫ কোটিলৈকে; ইয়াৰ অধিকাংশ স্থানীয়ভাষীয়ে তাঞ্জানিয়াত বাস কৰে। স্বাহিলী ভাষাত অন্যান্য ভাষাৰ পৰা যথেষ্ট সংখ্যক ঋণ শব্দ আছে। মূলতঃ আৰবী; লগতে পৰ্তুগীজ, ইংৰাজী আৰু জাৰ্মান ভাষাৰ পৰাও শব্দৰ আমদানি হৈছে। স্বাহিলী শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৪০% [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰবী]] ঋণ শব্দৰে গঠিত।<ref>{{cite web|last=Mugane|first=John|url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/9780896804890_chapter_01_and_toc.pdf |title=The Story of Swahili|work=Center for International Studies, Ohio University |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> ==স্বাহিলী কবি== *দাদা মাছিটি (প্ৰায় ১৮১০–১৫ জুলাই ১৯১৯), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। *ছাবান বিন ৰবাৰ্ট (১৯০৯–১৯৬২), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ কবি, লেখক আৰু ৰচনাকাৰ। *ইউফ্ৰেজ কেজিলাহাবি (১৯৪৪–২০২০), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ ঔপন্যাসিক, কবি, আৰু পণ্ডিত। *মাথিয়াছ ই ম্নিয়াম্পালা (১৯১৭–১৯৬৯), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ লেখক, উকীল আৰু কবি। *টুমি মোকানে (জন্ম ১৯৮১), দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকাৰ ৰেপাৰ আৰু কবি। *ফাধী মটাংগা (জন্ম ১৯৮১), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ সৃষ্টিশীল লেখক, ফটোগ্ৰাফাৰ, গ্ৰাফিক ডিজাইনাৰ। *ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰ মৱাছিংগা (জন্ম ১৯৬৫), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ লেখক আৰু কবি। *আব্দিলাতিফ আব্দাল্লা (জন্ম ১৯৪৬), কেনিয়াৰ কবি আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক কৰ্মী। *মোৱানা কুপোনা (মৃত্যু: প্ৰায় ১৮৬৫), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। *ইব্ৰাহিম হুছেইন (জন্ম ১৯৪৩), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ নাট্যকাৰ আৰু কবি। *হাজী গোৰা হাজী (১৯৩৩–২০২১), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ কবি। *আলামিন মাজৰুই (জন্ম ১৯৪৮), কেনিয়াৰ কবি।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alamin Mazrui |url=https://www.poetrytranslation.org/poets/alamin-mazrui |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Poetry Translation Centre}}</ref> *কিঠাকা ৱা ম্বেৰিয়া (জন্ম ১৯৫৫), কবি।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kithaka wa Mberia |url=https://www.poetrytranslation.org/poets/kithaka-wa-mberia |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Poetry Translation Centre}}</ref> *আহমেদ শ্বেখ নাভানী (১৯২৭–২০১৭), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] eu5bnx53fz0wvlawkohqwqhnvxbrbf2 453051 453049 2024-12-09T17:08:09Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453051 wikitext text/x-wiki '''স্বাহিলী''' ''(স্থানীয় নাম: কিছৱাহিলি)'' ভাষা মূলতঃ স্বাহিলী জনসাধাৰণে কোৱা বাণ্টু ভাষা; যি প্ৰধানকৈ [[তাঞ্জানিয়া]], [[কেনিয়া]] আৰু মোজাম্বিকত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite web|last=Mugane|first=John|url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/9780896804890_chapter_01_and_toc.pdf |title=The Story of Swahili|work=Center for International Studies, Ohio University |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> স্থানীয় আৰু দ্বিতীয় ভাষা ভাষী উভয়কে ধৰি স্বাহিলী ভাষীৰ সংখ্যাৰ অনুমান বহু পৰিমাণে ভিন্ন। সাধাৰণতে ৬ কোটিৰ পৰা ১৫ কোটিলৈকে; ইয়াৰ অধিকাংশ স্থানীয়ভাষীয়ে তাঞ্জানিয়াত বাস কৰে। স্বাহিলী ভাষাত অন্যান্য ভাষাৰ পৰা যথেষ্ট সংখ্যক ঋণ শব্দ আছে। মূলতঃ আৰবী; লগতে পৰ্তুগীজ, ইংৰাজী আৰু জাৰ্মান ভাষাৰ পৰাও শব্দৰ আমদানি হৈছে। স্বাহিলী শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৪০% [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰবী]] ঋণ শব্দৰে গঠিত।<ref>{{cite web|last=Mugane|first=John|url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/9780896804890_chapter_01_and_toc.pdf |title=The Story of Swahili|work=Center for International Studies, Ohio University |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> ==স্বাহিলী কবি== *দাদা মাছিটি (প্ৰায় ১৮১০–১৫ জুলাই ১৯১৯), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। *ছাবান বিন ৰবাৰ্ট (১৯০৯–১৯৬২), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ কবি, লেখক আৰু ৰচনাকাৰ। *ইউফ্ৰেজ কেজিলাহাবি (১৯৪৪–২০২০), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ ঔপন্যাসিক, কবি, আৰু পণ্ডিত। *মাথিয়াছ ই ম্নিয়াম্পালা (১৯১৭–১৯৬৯), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ লেখক, উকীল আৰু কবি। *টুমি মোকানে (জন্ম ১৯৮১), দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকাৰ ৰেপাৰ আৰু কবি। *ফাধী মটাংগা (জন্ম ১৯৮১), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ সৃষ্টিশীল লেখক, ফটোগ্ৰাফাৰ, গ্ৰাফিক ডিজাইনাৰ। *ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰ মৱাছিংগা (জন্ম ১৯৬৫), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ লেখক আৰু কবি। *আব্দিলাতিফ আব্দাল্লা (জন্ম ১৯৪৬), কেনিয়াৰ কবি আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক কৰ্মী। *মোৱানা কুপোনা (মৃত্যু: প্ৰায় ১৮৬৫), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। *ইব্ৰাহিম হুছেইন (জন্ম ১৯৪৩), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ নাট্যকাৰ আৰু কবি। *হাজী গোৰা হাজী (১৯৩৩–২০২১), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ কবি। *আলামিন মাজৰুই (জন্ম ১৯৪৮), কেনিয়াৰ কবি।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alamin Mazrui |url=https://www.poetrytranslation.org/poets/alamin-mazrui |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Poetry Translation Centre}}</ref> *কিঠাকা ৱা ম্বেৰিয়া (জন্ম ১৯৫৫), কবি।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kithaka wa Mberia |url=https://www.poetrytranslation.org/poets/kithaka-wa-mberia |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Poetry Translation Centre}}</ref> *আহমেদ শ্বেখ নাভানী (১৯২৭–২০১৭), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। ==নমুনা পাঠ== ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] drte2hdufmryr4w686t50vbnxe0kaz5 453052 453051 2024-12-09T17:10:43Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* নমুনা পাঠ */ 453052 wikitext text/x-wiki '''স্বাহিলী''' ''(স্থানীয় নাম: কিছৱাহিলি)'' ভাষা মূলতঃ স্বাহিলী জনসাধাৰণে কোৱা বাণ্টু ভাষা; যি প্ৰধানকৈ [[তাঞ্জানিয়া]], [[কেনিয়া]] আৰু মোজাম্বিকত পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{cite web|last=Mugane|first=John|url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/9780896804890_chapter_01_and_toc.pdf |title=The Story of Swahili|work=Center for International Studies, Ohio University |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> স্থানীয় আৰু দ্বিতীয় ভাষা ভাষী উভয়কে ধৰি স্বাহিলী ভাষীৰ সংখ্যাৰ অনুমান বহু পৰিমাণে ভিন্ন। সাধাৰণতে ৬ কোটিৰ পৰা ১৫ কোটিলৈকে; ইয়াৰ অধিকাংশ স্থানীয়ভাষীয়ে তাঞ্জানিয়াত বাস কৰে। স্বাহিলী ভাষাত অন্যান্য ভাষাৰ পৰা যথেষ্ট সংখ্যক ঋণ শব্দ আছে। মূলতঃ আৰবী; লগতে পৰ্তুগীজ, ইংৰাজী আৰু জাৰ্মান ভাষাৰ পৰাও শব্দৰ আমদানি হৈছে। স্বাহিলী শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৪০% [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰবী]] ঋণ শব্দৰে গঠিত।<ref>{{cite web|last=Mugane|first=John|url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/9780896804890_chapter_01_and_toc.pdf |title=The Story of Swahili|work=Center for International Studies, Ohio University |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> ==স্বাহিলী কবি== *দাদা মাছিটি (প্ৰায় ১৮১০–১৫ জুলাই ১৯১৯), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। *ছাবান বিন ৰবাৰ্ট (১৯০৯–১৯৬২), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ কবি, লেখক আৰু ৰচনাকাৰ। *ইউফ্ৰেজ কেজিলাহাবি (১৯৪৪–২০২০), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ ঔপন্যাসিক, কবি, আৰু পণ্ডিত। *মাথিয়াছ ই ম্নিয়াম্পালা (১৯১৭–১৯৬৯), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ লেখক, উকীল আৰু কবি। *টুমি মোকানে (জন্ম ১৯৮১), দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকাৰ ৰেপাৰ আৰু কবি। *ফাধী মটাংগা (জন্ম ১৯৮১), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ সৃষ্টিশীল লেখক, ফটোগ্ৰাফাৰ, গ্ৰাফিক ডিজাইনাৰ। *ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰ মৱাছিংগা (জন্ম ১৯৬৫), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ লেখক আৰু কবি। *আব্দিলাতিফ আব্দাল্লা (জন্ম ১৯৪৬), কেনিয়াৰ কবি আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক কৰ্মী। *মোৱানা কুপোনা (মৃত্যু: প্ৰায় ১৮৬৫), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। *ইব্ৰাহিম হুছেইন (জন্ম ১৯৪৩), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ নাট্যকাৰ আৰু কবি। *হাজী গোৰা হাজী (১৯৩৩–২০২১), তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ কবি। *আলামিন মাজৰুই (জন্ম ১৯৪৮), কেনিয়াৰ কবি।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alamin Mazrui |url=https://www.poetrytranslation.org/poets/alamin-mazrui |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Poetry Translation Centre}}</ref> *কিঠাকা ৱা ম্বেৰিয়া (জন্ম ১৯৫৫), কবি।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kithaka wa Mberia |url=https://www.poetrytranslation.org/poets/kithaka-wa-mberia |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Poetry Translation Centre}}</ref> *আহমেদ শ্বেখ নাভানী (১৯২৭–২০১৭), কেনিয়াৰ কবি। ==নমুনা পাঠ== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! স্বাহিলী<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Swahili Reading |url=https://mylanguages.org/swahili_reading.php |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=mylanguages.org}}</ref> ! অসমীয়া<ref name=":2" /> |- |'''কিফুংগু চা ২৬''' ১) কিলা মতু আন হাকি যা কুয়েলিমিশ্বা। এলিমু য়াপাছা ইতোলেৱে বুৰে হাছা ইলে ইয়া মাদাৰছা য়া চিনি। এলিমু য়া মাদাৰছা য়া চিনি ইহুধুৰিৱে কোৱা লাজিমা। এলিমু য়া উফুণ্ডি না উস্তাদি ইৱে ৱাজি কোৱা ৱোতে। না এলিমু য়া জু ইৱে ৱাজি কোৱা ৱোতে কোৱা কুটেগেমেয়া ছিফা য়া মটু। ২) এলিমু ইটোলেৱে কোৱা মধুমুনি ইয়া কুয়েণ্ডেলেজা বাৰাবাৰা হালি য়া বিনাদামু, না কোৱা শ্বাবাহা ইয়া কুকুজা হাকি জা বিনাদামু না উহুৰু ৱাকে ৱা আচিলি। এলিমু নি ৱাজিবু ইকুজে হালি য়া কুয়েলেনা, কুভুমিলিয়ানা না য়া উৰাফিকি কাটি যা মতাইফা না কাতি যা ৱাতু ৱা ৰং না দিনী ম্বলি-ম্বালী। কাধলিকা নি ৱাজিবু ইয়েণ্ডেলেজে শ্বুঘুলি জা উমোজা ৱা মাটাইফা জা কুডুমিছা আমনি। ৩) নি হাকি ইয়া ৱাজাজী কুচাগুয়া আইনা ইয়া এলিমু য়া কুফুনজৱা ৱাটোটো ৱাও। |'''অনুচ্ছেদ ২৬''' ১/ শিক্ষাৰ অধিকাৰ প্ৰত্যেকৰে আছে। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু মৌলিক পৰ্যায়ত হ’লেও শিক্ষা বিনামূলীয়া হ’ব। প্ৰাথমিক শিক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক হ’ব। কাৰিকৰী আৰু পেছাদাৰী শিক্ষা সাধাৰণভাৱে উপলব্ধ কৰা হ’ব আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষা সকলোৰে বাবে যোগ্যতাৰ ভিত্তিত সমানে সুলভ হ’ব লাগিব। ২) শিক্ষা মানৱ ব্যক্তিত্বৰ পূৰ্ণ বিকাশ আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ আৰু মৌলিক স্বাধীনতাৰ প্ৰতি সন্মান শক্তিশালী কৰাৰ দিশত নিৰ্দেশিত হ’ব। ই সকলো জাতি, বৰ্ণ বা ধৰ্মীয় গোটৰ মাজত বুজাবুজি, সহনশীলতা আৰু বন্ধুত্বক প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিব আৰু শান্তি বজাই ৰখাৰ বাবে ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ কাৰ্যকলাপক আগুৱাই নিব। ৩) সন্তানক কি ধৰণৰ শিক্ষা দিয়া হব সেইটো বাছি লোৱাৰ পূৰ্ব অধিকাৰ আছে অভিভাৱকৰ। |} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] j1isge00azopnna85ztubwankak4z38 মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘ 0 109699 453277 451880 2024-12-10T07:24:52Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:মালয়েছিয়াৰ জীৱ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox | name = মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘ | image = MalayanTiger.jpg | image_caption = মালয়েছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চিৰিয়াখানাত এটা মালয়েছিয়া বাঘ |domain=Eukaryota |regnum= Animalia |phylum= Chordata |classis= Mammalia |ordo= Carnivora |subordo= Feliformia |familia= Felidae |subfamilia= Pantherinae |genus= Panthera |species= tigris |subspecies= tigris |trinomial= P. t. tigris | status = CR | status_system = [[Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia]] | status_ref =<ref>{{cite book |title=Red List of Mammals For Peninsular Malaysia |date=2017 |author=Perhilitan |place=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia. Version 2.0 |url=http://www.wildlife.gov.my/images/document/penerbitan/lainlain/REDLIST_OL%20(M)_2018%20edited.pdf}}</ref> | range_map = Panthera tigris jacksoni distribution map 2.png | range_map_caption = মালয়েছিয়া বাঘৰ এলেকা }} <!--The wording of the first sentence is the result of the RFC [[Talk:Bengal_tiger#Request_for_comment_on_the_first_sentence_of_articles_about_subpopulations)]]. Do not change it without new consensus. --> '''মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘ''' ({{lang-en|'''Malayan tiger'''}}), ([[বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম]]: ''Panthera tigris jacksoni'') মালয় উপদ্বীপ অঞ্চলত পোৱা বাঘৰ এটা উপপ্ৰজাতি। ২০০৩ চনৰ হিচাপ অনুসৰি বৰ্তমান ৪৯৩ৰ পৰা ১,৪৮০টা প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক বাঘ জীয়াই থকাৰ বাবে ২০০৮ চনত ইয়াক [[ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ইউনিয়ন ফৰ কনজাৰ্ভেচন অৱ নেচাৰ এণ্ড নেচাৰেল ৰিচ'ৰ্ছ|আই ইউ চি এন]] দ্বাৰা সংকটজনকভাৱে বিপন্ন বুলি ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। এই উপপ্ৰজাতিটোৰ মুঠ ২৫০টা পূৰ্ণবয়স্ক বাঘ আছে আৰু ই বিলুপ্তিৰ পথত।<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN |assessors= Kawanishi, K., Lynam, T. |year=2008 |title=Panthera tigris subsp. jacksoni |id=136893 |version=2013.2}}</ref>। এই বাঘ মালয়েছিয়াৰ জাতীয় প্ৰাণী।[[মালয় ভাষা]]ত বাঘক ''হৰিমউ'' '' Harimau'' বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু সংক্ষিপ্ত ৰূপত ''ৰিমউ'' '' Rimau'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=R. J. |year=1901 |title=A Malay-English dictionary |publisher=Kelly & Walsh Limited |location=Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama |url=https://archive.org/stream/aeg2034.0001.001.umich.edu#page/352/mode/2up}}</ref>ইয়াক দক্ষিণ ইণ্ডোচাইনিজ বাঘ বুলিও জনা যায়, উত্তৰ দিশৰ [[ম্যানমাৰ]] আৰু [[থাইলেণ্ড]]ৰ ইণ্ডোচাইনিজ বাঘৰ পৰা ই বংশগতভাৱে পৃথক প্ৰজাতিৰ বাঘ <ref name=Luo04>{{cite journal |author=Luo, S.-J. |author2=Kim, J.-H. |author3=Johnson, W. E. |author4=van der Walt, J. |author5=Martenson, J. |author6=Yuhki, N. |author7=Miquelle, D. G. |author8=Uphyrkina, O. |author9=Goodrich, J. M. |author10=Quigley, H. B. |author11=Tilson, R. |author12=Brady, G. |author13=Martelli, P. |author14=Subramaniam, V. |author15=McDougal, C. |author16=Hean, S. |author17=Huang, S.-Q. |author18=Pan, W. |author19=Karanth, U. K. |author20=Sunquist, M. |author21=Smith, J. L. D. |author22=O'Brien, S. J. |year=2004 |title=Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (''Panthera tigris'') |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=e442 |pmid=15583716 |pmc=534810 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 |doi-access=free}}</ref>। == বৈশিষ্ট্য == [[File:Malay tiger.jpg|thumb|সন্মুখৰ পৰা মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘৰ মূৰ]] মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘ আৰু [[ইণ্ডোচাইনিজ বাঘ]]ৰ মাজত কোনো স্পষ্ট পাৰ্থক্য দেখা পোৱা নাযায়, দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ বাঘৰ তুলনামূলক অধ্যয়নত কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট পাৰ্থক্য বিচাৰি পোৱা নাই।<ref name=mazak06>{{cite journal|last1=Mazák |first1=J. H. |last2=Groves |first2=C. P. |year=2006 |title=A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris) |url=http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=268–287 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313144127/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-13 }}</ref> মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘ [[ঢেঁকীয়াপতীয়া বাঘ]]তকৈ সৰু।১১টা মতা আৰু ৮টা মাইকী বাঘৰ জোখৰ পৰা উলিওৱা এটা মতা বাঘৰ গড় দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৮ ফুট ৬ ইঞ্চি (২৫৯ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ) আৰু বাঘিনীৰ গড় দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৭ ফুট ১০ ইঞ্চি (২৩৯ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ)<ref>{{cite book |author=Locke, A. |year=1956 |title=The tigers of Terengganu |publisher=Museum Press Ltd. |location=London}}</ref>।[[তেৰেংগানু|তেৰেংগানু ৰাজ্য]]ৰ ১৬টা মাইকী বাঘৰ শৰীৰৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১৮০ ছেন্টিমিটাৰৰ পৰা ২৬০ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ আৰু গড় দৈৰ্ঘ্য ২০৩ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ আছিল । ইহঁতৰ উচ্চতা ৫৮ ছেন্টিমিটাৰৰ পৰা ১৯৫ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ আৰু ইহঁতৰ শৰীৰৰ ওজন ২৪ কিলোগ্ৰামৰ পৰা ৮৮ কিলোগ্ৰামৰ ভিতৰত আছিল, আৰু ২১ টা মতা বাঘৰ তথ্যই দেখুৱাইছে যে ইহঁতৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১৯০ ছেন্টিমিটাৰৰ পৰা ২৮০ ছেন্টিমিটাৰৰ ভিতৰত, গড়ে ২৩৯ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ আৰু ইহঁতৰ উচ্চতা ৬১ ছেন্টিমিটাৰ পৰা ১১৪ ছেন্টিমিটাৰৰ ভিতৰত আৰু ইহঁতৰ শৰীৰৰ ওজন ৪৭. ২ কিলোগ্ৰামৰ পৰা ১৯২. ১ কিলোগ্ৰামৰ ভিতৰত আছিল। ===শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন=== ১৭৫৮ চনত '' Felis tigris'' নামটো [[কাৰ্ল লিনিয়াছ| কাৰ্ল লিনিয়াছে]] বাঘৰ [[বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম]] হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে।<ref>{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |chapter=''Felis tigris'' |page=41 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}}</ref>। ১৯৬৮ চনত ভ্ৰাতিচলাভ মাজাকে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ বাঘৰ উপপ্ৰজাতিৰ বাবে ''Panthera tigris corbetti'' নামটো প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰিছিল।<ref name=Mazak1968>{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=V. |year=1968 |title=Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est |journal=Mammalia |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=104−112 |doi=10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104|s2cid=84054536 }}</ref><ref name=Khan1986>{{cite journal |last=Khan |first=M.K.M. |year=1986 |title=Tigers in Malaysia |journal=The Journal of Wildlife and Parks |volume=V |pages=1–23}}</ref>।২০০৪ চনত ''P. t. corbetti'' ৰ জিনীয় বিশ্লেষণৰে মালয়েছিয়া বাঘক ''Panthera tigris jacksoni'' উপপ্ৰজাতি হিচাপে নামাকৰণ কৰে। <ref name=Luo04/> ২০১৭ চনৰ জীৱবিজ্ঞান শ্ৰেণীবিভাজনৰ পুনৰীক্ষণৰ পিছৰে পৰা মালয়েছিয়া বাঘক '' P. t. tigris'' বুলি নামাকৰণ কৰা হয়, কিন্তু ২০১৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত এক জেনেটিক অধ্যয়নে ৩২ টা নমুনাৰ বিশ্লেষণ আগবঢ়াই, আৰু মালয় বাঘ অন্যান্য মূল ভূখণ্ড এছিয়া বাঘৰ নমুনাৰ পৰা পৃথক যেন দেখা গৈছিল।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Y.-C. |first2=X. |last2=Sun |first3=C. |last3=Driscoll |first4=D. G. |last4=Miquelle |first5=X. |last5=Xu |first6=P. |last6=Martelli |first7=O. |last7=Uphyrkina |first8=J. L. D. |last8=Smith |first9=S. J. |last9=O’Brien |first10=S.-J. |last10=Luo |title=Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=23 |year=2018 |pages=3840–3849 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.019 |pmid=30482605|doi-access=free |bibcode=2018CBio...28E3840L }}</ref> ==নামকৰণ== ২০০৪ চনত মালয় উপদ্বীপৰ বাঘৰ জনসংখ্যাক এক সুকীয়া উপপ্ৰজাতি হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয় , তেতিয়া ''মালয়েছিয়ান এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ চিৰিয়াখানা, উদ্যান আৰু একুৰিয়া''ৰ অধ্যক্ষই যুক্তি দিছিল যে ইয়াৰ ভৌগলিক পৰিসৰৰ প্ৰতিফলক হিচাপে নতুন উপ-প্ৰজাতিটোৰ নাম ''Panthera tigris malayensis'' ''পেন্থেৰা টাইগ্ৰিছ মালয়েন্সিছ'' ৰখা উচিত <ref>{{cite news |last=Peng |first=L. Y. |title=Research team: Malayan tiger a new subspecies |newspaper=The Star Online |location=Malacca |date=2004 |access-date=2019-08-10 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2004/11/04/research-team-malayan-tiger-a-new-subspecies#SM2vgF1vy1Amjzrm.99}}</ref>.। সমিল-মিল হিচাপে ই স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ নাম '' মালয়ান বাঘ'' (Malayan tiger) আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম ''জেকচনি'' (jacksoni) লাভ কৰে, যিয়ে বাঘ সংৰক্ষণবিদ [[পিটাৰ জেকচন (সংৰক্ষণবাদী)|পিটাৰ জেকচন]]ক সন্মান জনায়।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O’Brien |first1=S. J. |last2=Luo |first2=S.-J. |last3=Kim |first3=J.-H. |last4=Johnson |first4=W. E. |year=2005 |title=Molecular Genetic Analysis Reveals Six Living Subspecies of Tiger ''Panthera tigris'' |journal=Cat News |volume=42 |pages=6−8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=McMullin, A. |year=2005 |url=http://www.iucn.org/news_homepage/news_by_date/?3487/IUCN-Tiger-Specialist-Peter-Jackson-Earns-His-Stripes |title=IUCN tiger specialist Peter Jackson earns his stripes |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], Gland}}</ref> ==পৰিৱেশ আৰু আচৰণ== [[File:Malayan Tiger Cubs.jpg|thumb|খেলি থকা অবস্থাত দুটা মাইকী পোৱালি বাঘ]] এছিয়ান ক'লা ভালুক আৰু গছ ভালুকৰ দৰে মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘে [[দল-হৰিণা]], [[সুগৰী পহু ]], ভাৰতীয় সুগৰী হৰিণা, নল-গাহৰি, বৰ্ণিয়ান দাড়ি থকা গাহৰি আৰু [[ দেও ছাগলী ]] চিকাৰ কৰে।<ref name=KawanishiSunquist2004>{{cite journal |author1=Kawanishi, K. |author2=Sunquist, M. E. |date=2004 |title=Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=329–344 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.005|bibcode=2004BCons.120..329K }}</ref> ==ভাবুকি== উন্নয়ন প্ৰকল্প আৰু কৃষি কাৰ্য্যৰ বাবে বাসস্থানৰ খণ্ডিতকৰণ এক গুৰুতৰ ভাবুকি।১৯৮৮ চনৰ পৰা ২০১২ চনৰ ভিতৰত মালয়েছিয়া উপদ্বীপত প্ৰায় ১৩,৫০০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক অৰণ্য ভূমি হেৰাই গৈছে । প্ৰায় ৬৪,৮০০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰৰ বৃহৎ পৰিসৰৰ এলেকা ঔদ্যোগিক বাগিচালৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰা হৈছিল, মূলতঃ [[পাম তেল]] উৎপাদনৰ বাবে।ইয়াৰে প্ৰায় ৮,৩০০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ এলেকা বাঘৰ প্ৰধান বাসস্থান আছিল ।.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shevade, V.S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Potapov, P.V. |author3=Harris, N.L. |author4=Loboda, T.V. |year=2017 |title=Expansion of industrial plantations continues to threaten Malayan tiger habitat |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=747 |doi=10.3390/rs9070747 |bibcode=2017RemS....9..747S |doi-access=free |hdl=1903/31503 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>বাঘ থকা প্ৰায় সকলো ৰাষ্ট্ৰতে চোৰাং চিকাৰ বিভিন্ন মাত্ৰাত হোৱা দেখা যায়। মালয়েছিয়াত শেহতীয়া বছৰবোৰত বাঘৰ মাংস আৰু বাঘৰ হাড়ৰ পৰা নিৰ্মিত ঔষধৰ বিভিন্ন ঘৰুৱা গঢ়ি উঠিছে।<ref name=Nowell07>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=K. |year=2007 |url=http://www.felidae.org/KNOWELLPUBL/abc_report.pdf |title=Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating implementation and effectiveness of CITES Recommendations |publisher=[[Traffic (conservation programme)|Traffic International]] |location=[[Cambridge]], UK}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ পৰা ২০১২ চনৰ ভিতৰত মালয়েছিয়াত কমেও ১০০ টা বাঘৰ শৰীৰৰ অংগ জব্দ কৰা হৈছিল। ২০০৮ চনত আৰক্ষীয়ে এখন চিৰিয়াখানাত ১৯টা ফ্ৰ’জেন বাঘৰ পোৱালি উদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল। ২০১২ চনত ২২ টা বাঘৰ ছাল আৰু হাড় জব্দ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shepherd, C. R. S. |author2=Khan, S. |author3=Krishnasamy, K. |year=2013 |title=Largest Tiger seizure ever in Malaysia |journal=Cat News |issue=59 |page=11}}</ref>চীনা পৰম্পৰাগত চিকিৎসাত ব্যৱহৃত বাঘৰ শৰীৰৰ অংগৰ চাহিদাই ভিয়েটনাম, থাইলেণ্ড আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ চোৰাংচিকাৰীকো আকৰ্ষণ কৰে যেন লাগে। ২০১৪ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত চোৰাং চিকাৰ বিৰোধী ইউনিটসমূহে সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১,৪০০ চিকাৰী ফান্দ আঁতৰাই পেলাইছিল।<ref name="FMT 07-2019">{{cite news |work=[[Bernama]] |title=Poachers, limited prey push Malayan tiger to brink of extinction |publisher=[[Free Malaysia Today]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-limited-prey-push-malayan-tiger-to-brink-of-extinction/ |date=2019 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name="TSO 07-2019">{{cite news |last=Yahaya |first=A. M. |title=Poachers and limited prey driving Malayan Tiger to extinction |newspaper=[[The Star Online]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-and-limited-prey-driving-malayan-tiger-to-extinction |date=2019-07-30 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name="NST 08-2019">{{cite news |last=Arif |first=Z. M. |title=Malayan tiger teetering on the brink of extinction; 23 left in Belum-Temenggor Forest Reserve |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |location=[[Gerik]] |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/08/509651/malayan-tiger-teetering-brink-extinction-23-left-belum-temenggor-forest |date=2019-08-03 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> == সাংস্কৃতিক পৰম্পৰা == মালয় বাঘ মালয়েছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰাণী। <ref name="DiPiazza2006">{{cite book |author=DiPiazza, F. |title=Malaysia in Pictures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1Yhov_ejW0C&pg=PA14 |year=2006 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-0-8225-2674-2}}</ref>১৯ শতিকাৰ কাল্পনিক জলদস্যু '' Sandokan'' 'ৰ '' Emilio Salgari'' 'ৰ উপন্যাসৰ নায়কজনক '' মালয়েছিয়াৰ বাঘ'' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{cite book |author=Adami, S. |date=2006 |editor=Marrone, G. |editor2=Puppa, P. |title=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, London |pages=1654–1655 |chapter=Emilio Salgari (1862–1911) |isbn=9781135455309 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1654}}</ref> == সংৰক্ষণ == মালয়েছিয়া বাঘক '''বন্য প্ৰাণী আৰু উদ্ভিদৰ লুপ্তপ্ৰায় প্ৰজাতিসমূহৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক বাণিজ্যৰ নিয়মাৱলী'''ৰ প্ৰথম তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰি ইয়াৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্য নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে। সকলো টাইগাৰ ৰেঞ্জ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আৰু গ্ৰাহক থকা দেশসমূহে ঘৰুৱা বাণিজ্যও নিষিদ্ধ কৰিছে। “মালয়েছিয়ান কনজাৰ্ভেচন এলায়েন্স ফৰ টাইগাৰছ” (MYCAT) হৈছে [[:en:Malaysian Nature Society|মালয়েছিয়ান নেচাৰ ছ'চাইটি]]ৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থাসমূহৰ গোট (MNS), ট্ৰেফিক (সংৰক্ষণ কাৰ্য্যসূচী)দক্ষিণ -পূব এছিয়া, বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ সমিতি-মালয়েছিয়া কাৰ্যসূচী আৰু প্ৰকৃতিৰ বাবে বিশ্বব্যাপী পুঁজি (WWF-মালয়েছিয়া) ।"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/take-action-with-maybank-wild-tiger-run-1.360128|title=Take action with Maybank Wild Tiger Run|last=Shahar|first=F. M.|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025085303/http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/take-action-with-maybank-wild-tiger-run-1.360128|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বন্যপ্ৰাণী আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান বিভাগ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/tigers-our-heritage-1.385035|title=Tigers, our heritage|last=Sundararaj|first=A.|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025083302/http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/tigers-our-heritage-1.385035|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনত তেওঁলোকে বাঘ সম্পৰ্কীয় অপৰাধ, যেনে চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ খবৰ দিবলৈ '' হটলাইন ৰূপায়ণ'' কৰে। <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation|title=Tiger hotline gets good response from public|author=<!-- Staff -->|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=2007|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730025048/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation|archive-date=2017-07-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>চোৰাং চিকাৰক বাধা দিবলৈ তেওঁলোকে '' কেট ৱাক''ৰ আয়োজন কৰে, যিটো বিপদজনক অঞ্চলত তাৰ নাগৰিকে টহল দিয়ে। .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&|title=Nature lovers trail after poachers in bid to deter illegal hunting|last=Heing|first=N.|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315030430/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&|archive-date=2016-03-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> MYCAT ৰ লক্ষ্য বাঘৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰা। <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/09/15/Malayan-tiger-critically-endangered/|title=Malayan tiger now critically endangered, numbering as few as 250|last=Lee|first=P. |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=2014 |access-date=2014-09-18}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহত মালয়েছিয়াৰ কেবিনেট মালয় বাঘৰ অস্তিত্ব নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ নটা সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান কৌশল (২০৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত) আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰে; কৌশলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে টহল বলবৎ কৰা, মালয় বাঘৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক বাসস্থান সংৰক্ষণ আৰু সংৰক্ষণ; বন্যপ্ৰাণী আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান উপদ্বীপ মালয়েছিয়া বিভাগৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণ ইউনিটৰ অধীনত ইয়াৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে এটা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় টাস্ক ফ'ৰ্চ স্থাপন কৰা; ৰয়েল মালয়েছিয়া পুলিচৰ অধীনত বন্যপ্ৰাণী অপৰাধ ব্যুৰো আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্যপ্ৰাণী ফৰেনছিক বিজ্ঞান পৰীক্ষাগাৰক ইয়াৰ ''এক্স চিটু সংৰক্ষণ'', আৰু মালয় বাঘৰ বাসস্থানৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ বাবে সাহস কৰা হৈছিল। আঁচনিসমূহ সক্ষম কৰা হৈছে। চৰকাৰে অন্য দেশৰ চিৰিয়াখানা আৰু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ সৈতেও সহযোগিতা কৰি অন্তঃপ্ৰজননৰ ওপৰত অধিক গৱেষণা কৰে, আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণীত এৰি দিয়াৰ আগতে বাঘক সাময়িকভাৱে ৰখাৰ বাবে এটা মালয় বাঘ সংৰক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। হৰিণ চিকাৰৰ ওপৰত নিষেধাজ্ঞা বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Govt going all out to prevent extinction of Malayan Tiger, Dewan Rakyat told|url=https://www.thesundaily.my/local/govt-going-all-out-to-prevent-extinction-of-malayan-tiger-dewan-rakyat-told-FA8552788|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.thesundaily.my|language=en-MY}}</ref> ==উৎস== {{div col |2}} [[শ্ৰেণী:স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বাঘ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মাংসভোজী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বন্যপ্ৰাণী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মালয়েছিয়াৰ জীৱ]] e8fmuw5zczd5avjx36jk64p66bsvux3 তুৰ্কী ভাষা 0 109701 453270 451132 2024-12-10T07:16:44Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{পোখালি}}{{Infobox language | name = তুৰ্কী (Turkish) | nativename = {{lang|tr|Türkçe}} (noun, adverb) <br/> {{lang|tr|Türk dili}} (noun) | pronunciation = {{lang|tr|Türkçe}} {{IPA|tr|ˈtyɾctʃe||Turkce.ogg}} <br/> {{lang|tr|Türk dili}} {{IPA|tr|ˈtyɾc ˈdili|}} | states = {{Plainlist| * তুৰস্ক (চৰকাৰী) * উত্তৰ চাইপ্ৰাছ (চৰকাৰী) * [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]] (চৰকাৰী) * [[আজাৰবাইজান]] * [[ইৰাক]] * [[ছিৰিয়া]] * [[লেবানন]] * [[ইৰাণ]] * গ্ৰীচ * বুলগেৰিয়া * ৰোমানিয়া * Kosovo * North Macedonia * Bosnia and Herzegovina }} | region = {{Plainlist| * Anatolia * Balkans * চাইপ্ৰাছ * Mesopotamia * Levant * Transcaucasia }} | ethnicity = তুৰ্কী | speakers = [[First language|L1]]: {{sigfig|84.077680|2}} million | date = 2006 | ref = e27 | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|6.017500|2}} million (2019) | speakers_label = Speakers | familycolor = Altaic | fam1 = তুৰ্কী | fam2 = কমন তুৰ্কী | fam3 = Oghuz | fam4 = Western | ancestor = Old Anatolian Turkish | ancestor2 = Ottoman Turkish | stand1 = Istanbul Turkish | dia1 = Cypriot Turkish | dia2 = Iraqi Turkmen | dia3 = Karamanli Turkish | dia4 = Meskhetian Turkish<ref>{{citation|last=Karcı|first=Durmuş|year=2018|title=The Effects of Language Characters and Identity of Meskhetian Turkish in Kazakhstan|journal=Kesit Akademi Dergisi|volume=4|issue=13}}</ref> | dia5 = ৰোমানিয়ান তুৰ্কী | dia6 = ছিৰিয়ান তুৰ্কী<ref>{{cite book |last=Behnstedt |first=Peter |year=2008 |chapter=Syria |title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |editor1-last=Versteegh |editor1-first=Kees |editor2-last=Eid |editor2-first=Mushira |editor3-last=Elgibali |editor3-first=Alaa |editor4-last=Woidich |editor4-first=Manfred |editor5-last=Zaborski |editor5-first=Andrzej |volume=4|page=402|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-14476-7}}</ref> | script = [[লেটিন লিপি]] (Turkish alphabet)<br />Turkish Braille | nation = [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]]<br />Northern Cyprus<br />[[তুৰস্ক]] | minority = Bosnia and Herzegovina<ref>{{citation|year=2010|chapter=Bosnia and Herzegovina|title=The European Charter for Regional Or Minority Languages: Collected Texts|pages=107–108|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|isbn=9789287166715}}</ref> <br/>Croatia<ref>{{citation|year=2012|chapter=The Croatian Language in the European Information Society|title=The Croatian Language in the Digital Age|editor1-last=Rehm|editor1-first=Georg|editor2-last=Uszkoreit|editor2-first=Hans|page=51|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783642308826}}</ref><ref name="Franceschini546">{{cite book|last=Franceschini|first=Rita|chapter=Italy and the Italian-Speaking Regions|editor-last=Fäcke|editor-first=Christiane|title=Manual of Language Acquisition|year=2014|quote=In Croatia, Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Czech, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Macedonian, Polish, Romanian, Romany, Rusyn, Russian, Montenegrin, Slovak, Slovenian, Serbian, Turkish, and Ukrainian are recognized (EACEA 2012, 18, 50s)|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH|isbn=9783110394146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zM_mBQAAQBAJ&q=Croatia+Albanian&pg=PA1|pages=546|access-date=2021-08-25|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123306/https://books.google.com/books?id=zM_mBQAAQBAJ&q=Croatia+Albanian&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}</ref><br/>Greece<ref>{{citation |last1=Trudgill|first1=Peter|last2=Schreier|first2=Daniel|year=2006|chapter=Greece and Cyprus / Griechenland und Zypern|title=Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik|editor-last=Ulrich|editor-first=Ammon|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3110199874|page=1886}}</ref><br/>[[ইৰাক]]{{efn|Turkish language is official in Kirkuk Governorate, Kifri and Tuz Khurmatu districts.<ref name=guclu>{{cite journal|url=https://www.meforum.org/1074/who-owns-kirkuk-the-turkoman-case|title=Who Owns Kirkuk? The Turkoman Case|last=Güçlü|first=Yücel|journal=Middle East Quarterly|year=2007|pages=79–86|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910081912/https://www.meforum.org/1074/who-owns-kirkuk-the-turkoman-case |archive-date=2019-09-10|quote=Article 1 of the declaration stipulated that no law, regulation, or official action could interfere with the rights outlined for the minorities. Michael Scott is the regional manager of Finder Mifflin Scranton. Although Arabic became the official language of Iraq, Kurdish became a corollary official language in Sulaimaniya, and both Kurdish and Turkish became official languages in Kirkuk and Kifri.}}</ref> In addition, it is an official language in the administrative units in which they constitute density of population.}}<ref name=Johanson2021/><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/amp/dunya/turkmenler-turkce-tabelalardan-memnun-1032324 | title=Türkmenler, Türkçe tabelalardan memnun – Son Dakika | date=24 December 2008 | access-date=2019-11-30 | archive-date=2020-07-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709191206/https://www.milliyet.com.tr/amp/dunya/turkmenler-turkce-tabelalardan-memnun-1032324 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of Iraq |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005date=2024-05-15 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br/>Kosovo{{efn|Turkish language is currently official in Gjilan, Mamusha, Mitrovica, Prizren and Vushtrri municipalities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Municipal language compliance in Kosovo|url=https://www.osce.org/kosovo/120010?download=true|publisher=OSCE Minsk Group|quote=Turkish language is currently official in Prizren and Mamuşa/Mamushë/Mamuša municipalities. In 2007 and 2008, the municipalities of Gjilan/Gnjilane, southern Mitrovicë/Mitrovica, Prishtinë/Priština and Vushtrri/Vučitrn also recognized Turkish as a language in official use.|access-date=2019-11-30|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305035807/http://www.osce.org/kosovo/120010?download=true|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref name=Johanson2021>{{citation|author=Johanson, Lars|year=2021|title=Turkic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huk9EAAAQBAJ&q=Turkish+is+the+largest+and+most+vigorous+Turkic+language%2C+spoken+by+over+80+million+people&pg=PT134|quote=Turkish is the largest and most vigorous Turkic language, spoken by over 80 million people, a third of the total number of Turkic-speakers... Turkish is a recognized regional minority language in North Macedonia, Kosovo, Romania, and Iraq.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781009038218|access-date=2021-09-07|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123307/https://books.google.com/books?id=huk9EAAAQBAJ&q=Turkish+is+the+largest+and+most+vigorous+Turkic+language%2C+spoken+by+over+80+million+people&pg=PT134|url-status=live}}</ref><br/>North Macedonia{{efn|Turkish language is currently official in Centar Zupa and Plasnica Municipality<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beinmacedonia.com/languages-spoken-in-macedonia-2/|title=Languages spoken in Macedonia – North Macedonia|url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127001049/http://beinmacedonia.com/languages-spoken-in-macedonia-2/ |archive-date=2022-01-27|quote=Turkish is co-official in Centar Zupa and Plasnica}}</ref>}}<ref name=Johanson2021/><br/>Romania<ref name=Johanson2021/><ref>{{citation|year=2010|chapter=Romania|title=The European Charter for Regional Or Minority Languages: Collected Texts|pages=135–136|publisher=Council of Europe|isbn=9789287166715}}</ref> | iso1 = tr | iso2 = tur | iso3 = tur | lingua = part of 44-AAB-a | map = Map of Turkish Language.svg | mapcaption = {{legend|#004DFF|Countries where Turkish is an official language}} {{legend|#88C4FF|Countries where Turkish is recognised as a minority language}} {{legend|#AFEEEE|Countries where Turkish is recognised as a minority language and co-official in at least one municipality}} | notice = IPA | glotto = nucl1301 | glottorefname = Turkish | agency = Turkish Language Association | image = }} '''তুৰ্কী''' ভাষা হ'ল তুৰ্কী ভাষা পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গত ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত। পৃথিৱীত প্ৰায় ৯ কোটি তুৰ্কী ভাষী লোক আছে। ই [[তুৰস্ক]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা আৰু [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]]ৰ দুটা চৰকাৰী ভাষাৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। সৰ্বাধিক কথিত ভাষাৰ তালিকাত তুৰ্কী ভাষা ১৮ নং স্থানত আছে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] q3p3886jqt4hrrk7juri3zs2192ri7y কংলা দুৰ্গ 0 109706 453141 451545 2024-12-10T01:29:24Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ancient site | name = কংলা দুৰ্গ | alternate_name = * কংলা দুৰ্গ * কংলা প্ৰাসাদ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2 | total_width = 300 | image1 = The sacred idols of God Pakhangba and his divine consort kept inside the Pakhangba Temple in the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg | image2 = The Kangla Gate.JPG | image3 = Front view of two "Hiyang Hiren" watercrafts (boats of the royalties) in the middle and two "Tanna Hee" watercrafts (boats of the commoners) in the sideways, kept inside the "Hijagang" (Boatyard) in the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg | image4 = Temple of God Pakhangba of Sanamahi religion inside the Kangla Fort, Imphal West, Manipur.jpg | image5 = Statue of Maharaja Nara Singh in front of the Western Entrance to the Kangla fort in Imphal.jpg | image6 = Kangla Fort, Manipur, India 3.jpg | image7 = Uttra Sanglen.JPG }} | image_size = | alt = | caption = ওপৰৰ পৰা বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে: ঈশ্বৰৰ পবিত্ৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি [[পাখাংবা]] আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী [[কংলা সনাথং]], [[হিজাগাং]]ৰ ভিতৰৰ পবিত্ৰ [[হিয়াং হীৰেন]], [[পাখাংবা মন্দিৰ, কংলা]], [[মেইডিংগু নৰা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি]], [[ছাংগাই ইউম্ফাম]] আৰু দ্বৈত মূৰ্তি [[কংলা শ]] অজগৰৰ, [[মণিপুৰৰ প্ৰতীক]]। | map = India Manipur location map.svg | map_type = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_size = | mapframe = yes <!-- "yes" to show an interactive map --> | altitude_m = <!-- Enter a number for altitude in meters (m) --> | altitude_ref = | relief = | coordinates = {{coord|24.808|93.940|display=inline,title}} | gbgridref = | map_dot_label = | location = [[ইম্ফল পশ্চিম জিলা]] | region = {{langnf|mni|[[Kangleipak]]|[[Manipur]]}} | type = ৰাজধানী চহৰ (ঐতিহাসিক) | part_of = * [[File:Flag of Manipur.svg|22px]] [[মণিপুৰ ৰাজ্য]] (ঐতিহাসিক) * {{IND}} (present) | length = | width = | area = | volume = | diameter = | circumference = | height = | builder = | material = | built = | abandoned = | epochs = ধ্ৰুপদী প্ৰাচীনতা <!-- actually displays as "Periods" --> | cultures = [[:simple:Meitei culture|মেইটেই সংস্কৃতি]] | dependency_of = | occupants = * [[File:In-29manipur.png|22px]] [[নিংথৌজা বংশ]] * [[File:British Army Logo.svg|22px]] [[ব্ৰিটিছ সেনাবাহিনী]] * [[File:Assam Rifles LOGO.svg|22px]] [[অসম ৰাইফলছ]] ([[ভাৰতীয় সেনা]]) * [[File:Kanglasa.svg|22px]] মণিপুৰ চৰকাৰ | event = [[এংলো মণিপুৰ যুদ্ধ]] | discovered = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = সুৰক্ষিত | ownership = [[File:Kanglasa.svg|22px]] মণিপুৰ চৰকাৰ | management = কংলা দুৰ্গ বৰ্ড | public_access = হয় | other_designation = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | architectural_styles = [[মেইটেই স্থাপত্য]] | architectural_details = | notes = }} কংলা দুৰ্গ ( {{Lang-en|Kangla fort}}) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=H. Surmangol |date=2006 |title=Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary.Kangla |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sharma_query.py?qs=%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5&searchhws=yes# |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Abhijeet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lblDDwAAQBAJ&q=Kangla+Fort+or+Kangla+Palace&pg=PT98 |title=Backpacking North East India: A Curious Journey |date=2017-12-19 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-946556-80-6 |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref> [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[মণিপুৰ]] ৰাজ্যৰ [[ইম্ফল]]ত থকা এটা পুৰণি দুৰ্গযুক্ত ৰাজপ্ৰসাদ।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sajnani |first=Manohar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdMNBxOsvrUC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA226 |title=Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India |date=2001 |publisher= Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-017-2 |pages=226 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=James |first1=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnQxEAAAQBAJ&q=The+Kangla+Fort%2Fthe+Kangla+Palace+is+an+old+palace+at+Imphal+in+Manipur&pg=PA232 |title=India Retold: Dialogues with Independent Documentary Filmmakers in India |last2=Venkatesan |first2=Sathyaraj |date=2021-07-01 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-5269-0 |pages=232 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Col Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxkC9S2jYCkC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA1600 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0706-9 |pages=1600 |language=en}}</ref> পূৰ্বে ইম্ফল নদীৰ পাৰৰ দুয়োকাষে (পশ্চিম আৰু পূব) অৱস্থিত আছিল, এতিয়া ধ্বংসস্তূপ অৱস্থাত কেৱল পশ্চিম দিশতহে ৰৈ গৈছে। পুৰণি মিটেই ভাষাত কংলাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "শুষ্ক ভূমিৰ বিশিষ্ট অংশ।" <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kangla+dry+land&pg=PA415 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=415 |language=en}}</ref> মণিপুৰৰ অতীতৰ মীটেই শাসকসকলৰ পৰম্পৰাগত আসন আছিল ই।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=N. D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cfg6fjTBK1cC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA82 |title=Ecology, Myth, and Mystery: Contemporary Poetry in English from Northeast India |last2=Das |first2=Nigamananda |date=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-742-8 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Binodini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3yPDAAAQBAJ&q=Kangla+Fort%2C+the+seat+of+Manipuri+monarchy&pg=PT203 |title=The Maharaja's Household: A Daughter's Memories of Her Father |date=2015-03-17 |publisher=Zubaan |isbn=978-93-84757-19-9 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Guide map of the Kangla fort of Imphal.jpg|thumb|300px|জনসাধাৰণৰ আগত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কংলাৰ গাইড মেপ]] কংলা ([[ইম্ফল]]) আছিল প্ৰাক-আধুনিক [[মণিপুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰাচীন ৰাজধানী।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=N. D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cfg6fjTBK1cC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA82 |title=Ecology, Myth, and Mystery: Contemporary Poetry in English from Northeast India |last2=Das |first2=Nigamananda |date=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-742-8 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref> কংলা মণিপুৰৰ জনসাধাৰণৰ বাবে এক শ্ৰদ্ধাৰ স্থান, স্বাধীনতাৰ দিনৰ কথা সোঁৱৰাই দিয়ে। মেইটেইসকলৰ বাবে ই এক পবিত্ৰ স্থান।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhar |first=Pannalal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdbAjbRgjdwC&dq=kangla+fort&pg=PA115 |title=Ethnic Unrest in India and Her Neighbours: Also Includes Europe, West Asia, the Balkans and Africa |date=1998 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-818-6 |pages=115 |language=en}}</ref> কংলাক ইউনেস্কোৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হৈছে, যাৰ বাবে ভাৰতীয় সংসদত আলোচনা চলি আছে।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-05 |title=Manipur titular king moves Parliament to declare Kangla Fort as World Heritage Site |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipur-titular-king-moves-parliament-to-declare-kangla-fort-as-world-heritage-site/articleshow/80704014.cms |access-date=2023-02-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kangla as a World Heritage Site |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/6177/kangla-as-a-world-heritage-site |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref> == ইতিহাস== {{Quote box |quote = "প্ৰাচীন মণিপুৰৰ স্থাপত্যৰ ইতিহাসৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যক্তি আছিল নাওফাংবা (৪২৮-৫১৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ), যিয়ে কংলাৰ আধাৰশিলা, "নামথাক সৰোংপুং" এৰাই চলি মণিপুৰীৰ আটাইতকৈ পবিত্ৰ স্থান।" —এল.কুঞ্জেশ্বৰী দেৱী., পৃ. ১০৮ <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sana |first=Raj Kumar Somorjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=kangla+history&pg=PA28 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> |width = 28% |style = min-width: 15em |bgcolor = #FFE0BB |align = right }} কংলা হৈছে নিংথৌজা বংশৰ মেইটেই শাসকসকলৰ (৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ) প্ৰশাসনৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Michaud |first1=Jean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZksDQAAQBAJ&dq=Kangla+Ningthouja+dynasty+33&pg=PA245 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif |last2=Swain |first2=Margaret Byrne |last3=Barkataki-Ruscheweyh |first3=Meenaxi |date=2016-10-14 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-4422-7279-8 |pages=245 |language=en}}</ref> ==উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগত== [[File:A tree of Koubilla (Grevillea robusta) species growing inside the Kangla fort in Imphal, Kangleipak (Manipur).jpg|thumb|200px|কংলাৰ ভিতৰত গজি উঠা কৌবিলা (Grevillea robusta) প্ৰজাতিৰ এজোপা গছ]] কংলাৰ ভিতৰত গজি উঠা কৌবিলা (Grevillea robusta) প্ৰজাতিৰ এজোপা গছ কংলাৰ নাম "লংছ অৱ ইম্ফল" কাৰণ ই প্ৰচুৰ বনাঞ্চল, মণিপুৰ মহানগৰীৰ মাজমজিয়াত বৃহৎ মাত্ৰাত অক্সিজেন প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM leads plantation drive inside Kangla |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/6/26/Imphal-Jun-25-DIPR-Pushing-the-recently-launched-CM-s-Green-Manipur-Mission-forward-Chief-Minister-N-Biren-Singh-today-led-a-mass-tree-plantation-drive-inside-Kangla-Around-700-indigenous-fruit-.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM Leads Mass Tree Plantation Drive at 'Sacred Kangla' |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/manipur-chief-leads-mass-tree-plantation-drive-sacred-kangla-399049-2019-06-26 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM leads plantation drive at Kangla fort; announces indigenous names for gardens - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipur-cm-leads-plantation-drive-at-kangla-fort-announces-indigenous-names-for-gardens/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনকভাৱে যোৱা কেইবছৰমানৰ কিছু উন্নয়নমূলক নিৰ্মাণ কাৰ্য্যৰ বাবে কংলাৰ ভিতৰত কিছু সৰু অথচ উল্লেখযোগ্য বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস সংঘটিত হয়। কংলাৰ ভিতৰত ঔষধি উদ্ভিদ ৰোপণৰ পৰিকল্পনা কাৰ্যকৰী কৰিবলৈ ২০০৯ চনত কংলা ফ’ৰ্ট ব’ৰ্ডে কংলা হাৰ্বেল গাৰ্ডেন স্থাপন কৰিছিল। উদ্ভিদ উদ্যানখনৰ উন্নয়নৰ দায়িত্ব [[যোৰহাট]]ৰ [[উত্তৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চল বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ্যা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] (NEIST) ৰ লেমফেল উপ-শাখাক অৰ্পণ কৰা হয়। <ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |title=Kangla herbal garden in dire straits {{!}} KanglaOnline |date=14 November 2012 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/11/kangla-herbal-garden-in-dire-straits/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |language=en-US |archivedate=2023-03-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308212426/http://kanglaonline.com/2012/11/kangla-herbal-garden-in-dire-straits/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১০ চনত [[মণিপুৰ]] চৰকাৰে ১৩.৪৬ লাখ (২০২৩ চনত ₹৩০ লাখ বা ​​৩৬,০০০ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) বাজেটৰ ভিতৰত ₹৬.১৬ লাখ (২০২৩ চনত ১৪ লাখ বা ​​১৭,০০০ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) NEISTক এই কাম সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ বিত্তীয় সাহায্য আগবঢ়াইছিল। এই বাগিচাখনত প্ৰায় ১৩১টা ভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ, (প্ৰায় ২০টা ঔষধি উদ্ভিদৰ প্ৰজাতিকে ধৰি) ৰোপণ কৰিছিল। কংলা বনৌষধি উদ্যানত লালন-পালন কৰা উল্লেখযোগ্য উদ্ভিদ প্ৰজাতিসমূহৰ ভিতৰত "heigru" (Phyllanthus emblica Linn), "kihori" (Phyllanthus acidus Linn), agar (Aquilaria agallocha Lamp), নিম (Azadirachta indica A Zuss), tera (Mobax malabathricum Linn), singairei (Nyctanthes arbotristis Linn) আৰু লেইহাও (মিচেলিয়া চেম্পাকা লিন)। মণিপুৰ চৰকাৰে উদ্ভিদ উদ্যানৰ উন্নয়নৰ বাবে ৩.৫ একৰ মাটি আবণ্টন দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |title=Kangla herbal garden in dire straits {{!}} KanglaOnline |date=14 November 2012 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/11/kangla-herbal-garden-in-dire-straits/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |language=en-US |archivedate=2023-03-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308212426/http://kanglaonline.com/2012/11/kangla-herbal-garden-in-dire-straits/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১৯ চনৰ জুন মাহত নুৰা হেইকল (‘মহিলাৰ ফলৰ বাগিচা’ / ‘মহিলাৰ বাগিচা’ৰ বাবে মেইটেই)ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰায় ৭০০টা থলুৱা ফলমূলৰ গছৰ পুলি ৰোপণ কৰা হৈছিল, পূৰ্বতে সেউজ মণিপুৰ মিছনৰ উদ্যোগত মণিপুৰ চৰকাৰে কংলাৰ "জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্য উদ্যান" নামেৰে জনাজাত।<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM leads plantation drive inside Kangla |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/6/26/Imphal-Jun-25-DIPR-Pushing-the-recently-launched-CM-s-Green-Manipur-Mission-forward-Chief-Minister-N-Biren-Singh-today-led-a-mass-tree-plantation-drive-inside-Kangla-Around-700-indigenous-fruit-.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM Leads Mass Tree Plantation Drive at 'Sacred Kangla' |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/manipur-chief-leads-mass-tree-plantation-drive-sacred-kangla-399049-2019-06-26 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM leads plantation drive at Kangla fort; announces indigenous names for gardens - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipur-cm-leads-plantation-drive-at-kangla-fort-announces-indigenous-names-for-gardens/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত কংলাৰ ভিতৰত মায়োকফা, আগৰ, উনিংথৌ, চেগুন, চাহুই আৰু চাম্বাকে ধৰি প্ৰায় ১২০টা গছ ৰোপণ কৰে সম্পাদক মণ্ডলী আৰু "দ্য চাংগাই এক্সপ্ৰেছ" (TSE) নামৰ কাকতখনৰ পৰিচালনা দলে দৈনিক মণিপুৰৰ ২০ সংখ্যক প্ৰতিষ্ঠা দিৱসত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=TSE takes up tree plantation drive at Kangla on 20th foundation day: 12th sep19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..120919.sep19 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TSE takes up tree plantation drive at Kangla on 20th foundation day |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/9/12/IMPHAL-Sep-11-As-part-of-the-20th-foundation-day-of-The-Sangai-Express-editorial-and-management-staff-of-the-daily-carried-out-a-tree-plantation-programme-inside-Kangla-today-.amp.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> কংলাৰ দক্ষিণ অংশত অৱস্থিত "এংগেলেই লেইকোল" (পূৰ্বতে কংলাৰ "ৰক গাৰ্ডেন" বুলি জনাজাত) নামৰ আন এখন বাগিচা।<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM leads plantation drive inside Kangla |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/6/26/Imphal-Jun-25-DIPR-Pushing-the-recently-launched-CM-s-Green-Manipur-Mission-forward-Chief-Minister-N-Biren-Singh-today-led-a-mass-tree-plantation-drive-inside-Kangla-Around-700-indigenous-fruit-.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM Leads Mass Tree Plantation Drive at 'Sacred Kangla' |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/manipur-chief-leads-mass-tree-plantation-drive-sacred-kangla-399049-2019-06-26 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-26 |title=Manipur CM leads plantation drive at Kangla fort; announces indigenous names for gardens - Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/manipur-cm-leads-plantation-drive-at-kangla-fort-announces-indigenous-names-for-gardens/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ মে’ মাহত কাংলাৰ ভিতৰত ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ বায়’ৰিচ’ৰ্চ এণ্ড ছাষ্টেনেবল ডেভেলপমেণ্ট (আই বি এছ ডি)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰায় ৫০টা ফলমূলৰ উদ্ভিদ ৰোপণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=50 fruit bearing plants planted inside Kangla Fort in Imphal |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/50-fruit-bearing-plants-planted-inside-kangla-fort-in-imphal |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saplings planted at Kangla Fort |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/5/7/IMPHAL-May-6The-Institute-of-Bioresources-and-Sustainable-Development-IBSD-Imphal-planted-arou.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tree Plantation Programme at Kangla 20220507 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2022.Tree_Plantation_Programme_at_Kangla_20220507 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> [[মণিপুৰ]]ৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী নংথোম্বম বীৰেনৰ নেতৃত্বত কংলা ফ’ৰ্ট ব’ৰ্ডে কংলাৰ ভিতৰত ১০ হাজাৰ ফলমূলৰ গছ ৰোপণৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurumayum |first=William |title=CM leads mass plantation drive at Kangla 10,000 fruit bearing trees will be planted inside Kangla: CM - Imphal Times |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/14818-cm-leads-mass-plantation-drive-at-kangla-10-000-fruit-bearing-trees-will-be-planted-inside-kangla-cm |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.imphaltimes.com |date=25 June 2019 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-06 |title=10 thousand fruit bearing tree saplings to be planted in Kangla Fort complex {{!}} Pothashang News |url=https://www.pothashang.in/2019/06/06/10-thousand-fruit-bearing-tree-saplings-planted-kangla-fort-complex/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=Pothashang |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]] 30t7zo948wvy74bbolme0p3d09f0qcz হিব্ৰু ভাষা 0 109712 453027 451301 2024-12-09T16:09:22Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453027 wikitext text/x-wiki '''হিব্ৰু''' (হিব্ৰু বৰ্ণমালা: עִבְרִית , ʿĪvrīt) ভাষা হ'ল আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গত এটা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম চেমিটিক ভাষা। আধুনিক হিব্ৰু [[ইজৰাইল]] ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ প্ৰধান চৰকাৰী ভাষা। ২০১৩ চনলৈকে বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰায় ৯০ লাখ হিব্ৰু ভাষী আছে। ইয়াৰে ৭০ লাখ লোকে ইয়াক সাৱলীলভাৱে কয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-08-14 |title=Arabic Downgraded in Israel |url=https://www.languagemagazine.com/2018/08/14/arabic-downgraded-in-israel/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Language Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Holmes |first1=Oliver |last2=Balousha |first2=Hazem |date=2018-07-19 |title='One more racist law': reactions as Israel axes Arabic as official language |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/19/one-more-racist-law-reactions-as-israel-axes-arabic-as-official-language |access-date=2024-08-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[File:1 QIsa example of damage col 12-13.jpg|thumb|খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ যিচয়া বাইবেলৰ কিতাপৰ পাণ্ডুলিপি]] [[File:המילה עברית בכתב ובכתב העברי הקדום.jpg|thumb|ইভ্ৰিট ("হিব্ৰু") শব্দটো আধুনিক হিব্ৰু ভাষাত (ওপৰত) আৰু পেলিঅ'-হিব্ৰু বৰ্ণমালাত (তলত) লিখা আছে।]] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] bn7c66kyla0nc5j8bozw7epj0ydykh3 453028 453027 2024-12-09T16:11:58Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* ইতিহাস */ 453028 wikitext text/x-wiki '''হিব্ৰু''' (হিব্ৰু বৰ্ণমালা: עִבְרִית , ʿĪvrīt) ভাষা হ'ল আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গত এটা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম চেমিটিক ভাষা। আধুনিক হিব্ৰু [[ইজৰাইল]] ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ প্ৰধান চৰকাৰী ভাষা। ২০১৩ চনলৈকে বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰায় ৯০ লাখ হিব্ৰু ভাষী আছে। ইয়াৰে ৭০ লাখ লোকে ইয়াক সাৱলীলভাৱে কয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-08-14 |title=Arabic Downgraded in Israel |url=https://www.languagemagazine.com/2018/08/14/arabic-downgraded-in-israel/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Language Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Holmes |first1=Oliver |last2=Balousha |first2=Hazem |date=2018-07-19 |title='One more racist law': reactions as Israel axes Arabic as official language |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/19/one-more-racist-law-reactions-as-israel-axes-arabic-as-official-language |access-date=2024-08-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[File:1 QIsa example of damage col 12-13.jpg|thumb|খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব দ্বিতীয় শতিকাৰ যিচয়া বাইবেলৰ কিতাপৰ পাণ্ডুলিপি]] [[File:המילה עברית בכתב ובכתב העברי הקדום.jpg|thumb|ইভ্ৰিট ("হিব্ৰু") শব্দটো আধুনিক হিব্ৰু ভাষাত (ওপৰত) আৰু পেলিঅ'-হিব্ৰু বৰ্ণমালাত (তলত) লিখা আছে।]] ==ইতিহাস== হিব্ৰু ভাষাৰ ইতিহাস বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ। ২০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আশে-পাশে ই মৌখিক ভাষা হিচাপে মৃত্যুমুখত পৰে। কিন্তু ই আৰু বহু শতিকালৈ লিখিত ভাষা হিচাপে জীয়াই থাকিল। ইয়াৰ সহায়ত ধৰ্ম, আইন, ব্যৱসায়, দৰ্শন আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ বহুতো গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আৰু ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে কথিত ভাষা হিচাপে ইয়াৰ পুনৰ জন্ম হয়। বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা (মূলতঃ ৰাছিয়াৰ পৰা) বৰ্তমানৰ ইজৰাইল (তেতিয়াৰ ব্ৰিটিছ পেলেষ্টাইন) লৈকে ইহুদীসকলে নিজৰ বিভিন্ন মাতৃভাষা যেনে আৰবী, য়িদ্দিছ, ৰাছিয়ান ইত্যাদিৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে আধুনিক হিব্ৰু ভাষা ক’বলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ১৯২২ চনত হিব্ৰু ভাষা ব্ৰিটিছ পেলেষ্টাইনৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষাত পৰিণত হয়। ইজৰাইলত ৫ লাখতকৈ অধিক লোকে হিব্ৰু ভাষা কয়৷ ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন ইহুদী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ কেইবা লাখ লোকে হিব্ৰু ভাষা কয়। বৰ্তমান আৰবীৰ লগতে ইজৰাইলৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা হিব্ৰু ভাষা৷ আৰব খণ্ডৰ বাহিৰে ইজৰাইলৰ সকলো ৰাজহুৱা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত কামতে হিব্ৰু ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। চৰকাৰী বিদ্যালয়ত হিব্ৰু বা আৰবী ভাষাত শিক্ষা দিয়া হয় যদিও আৰবী বিদ্যালয়ত দশম শ্ৰেণীলৈকে হিব্ৰু ভাষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় পৰ্যায়তো হিব্ৰু ভাষা শিক্ষাৰ মাধ্যম। ইজৰাইলৰ বাতৰি কাকত, কিতাপ, ৰেডিঅ’ আৰু টেলিভিছনৰ মূল ভাষা হিব্ৰু। ==পুনৰ্জন্ম== হিব্ৰু ভাষাক আধুনিক কথিত ভাষা হিচাপে পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ আঁৰত ৰাছিয়াত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা ইহুদী আছিল এলিয়েজাৰ বেন য়েহুদা। ১৮৮১ চনত তেওঁ হিব্ৰু ভাষা পুনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰে অট্টোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ অধীনত ব্ৰিটিছ পেলেষ্টাইনত উপস্থিত হয়। বেন য়েহুদাই বিচাৰিছিল যে পেলেষ্টাইনত বাস কৰা ইহুদীসকলে কেৱল হিব্ৰু ভাষা ক’ব। তেওঁ হিব্ৰু ভাষাক সমাজত দেশ-বিদেশৰ সকলো ধৰণৰ কামৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা পূৰণ কৰিব পৰা ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰচাৰ কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছিল। সেইবাবেই তেওঁ ইহুদী ল’ৰা-ছোৱালীক সৰুৰে পৰা হিব্ৰু ভাষা শিকোৱাৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল। এইদৰে হিব্ৰু ভাষা ক্ৰমান্বয়ে পুনৰ জীৱন্ত ভাষাত পৰিণত হ’ল। আজি হিব্ৰু ইজৰাইলৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা৷ ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] 8dwxeqmh0dr0f211agejfqmz4fmzenn ফৰাচী ভাষা 0 109713 453038 451307 2024-12-09T16:42:17Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* ফৰাচী ভাষাৰ বিভিন্নতা */ 453038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{পোখালি}}'''ফৰাচী''' (français) ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় পৰিয়ালৰ এটা ৰোমান ভাষা৷ আন সকলো ৰোমান ভাষাৰ দৰেই ই ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ভলগাৰ লেটিন ভাষাৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ফৰাচী ভাষা ২৭খন দেশৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা, লগতে বিশ্বৰ ভৌগোলিকভাৱে ব্যাপক ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ই [[ফ্ৰান্স]], বেলজিয়াম, [[চুইজাৰলেণ্ড]], মনাকো, ফ্ৰাংকোফোন আফ্ৰিকা, [[কানাডা]] আদি অঞ্চলৰ মুখ্য ভাষা। ফৰাচী ভাষাত প্ৰায় ৩১ কোটি ভাষী আছে বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, ইয়াৰে প্ৰায় ৮ কোটি লোক স্থানীয় ভাষী।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|title=The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=18 April 2022|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150816064811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|url-status=live}}</ref> অ'আইএফৰ মতে, ২০২২ চনৰ হিচাপত বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰায় ৩২.১ কোটি লোকে এই ভাষাটো ক'বলৈ সক্ষম।<ref name="Francophonie">{{Cite web |title=La langue française dans le monde |url=https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317150259/https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> ==ফৰাচী ভাষাৰ বিভিন্নতা== *আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী **উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী *আওষ্টান ফৰাচী *বেলজিয়াম ফৰাচী *কম্বোডিয়ান ফৰাচী *কানাডাৰ ফৰাচী **একাডিয়ান ফৰাচী **নিউফাউণ্ডলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **নিউ ইংলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **অন্টাৰিঅ' ফৰাচী ক্যুবেক ফৰাচী ফ্ৰান্সৰ ফৰাচী গিয়ানিজ ফৰাচী মেৰিডিয়ান ফৰাচী হাইটি ফৰাচী ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী জাৰ্চি আইনী ফৰাচী লাও ফৰাচী লুইজিয়ানা ফৰাচী কেজুন ফৰাচী মিছৌৰী ফৰাচী দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ান ফৰাচী চুইছ ফৰাচী ভিয়েটনামী ফৰাচী পশ্চিম ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] 4275gxt8sqwn81jjiectwrfwiihdfp7 453039 453038 2024-12-09T16:43:47Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{পোখালি}}'''ফৰাচী''' (français) ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় পৰিয়ালৰ এটা ৰোমান ভাষা৷ আন সকলো ৰোমান ভাষাৰ দৰেই ই ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ভলগাৰ লেটিন ভাষাৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ফৰাচী ভাষা ২৭খন দেশৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা, লগতে বিশ্বৰ ভৌগোলিকভাৱে ব্যাপক ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ই [[ফ্ৰান্স]], বেলজিয়াম, [[চুইজাৰলেণ্ড]], মনাকো, ফ্ৰাংকোফোন আফ্ৰিকা, [[কানাডা]] আদি অঞ্চলৰ মুখ্য ভাষা। ফৰাচী ভাষাত প্ৰায় ৩১ কোটি ভাষী আছে বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, ইয়াৰে প্ৰায় ৮ কোটি লোক স্থানীয় ভাষী।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|title=The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=18 April 2022|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150816064811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|url-status=live}}</ref> অ'আইএফৰ মতে, ২০২২ চনৰ হিচাপত বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰায় ৩২.১ কোটি লোকে এই ভাষাটো ক'বলৈ সক্ষম।<ref name="Francophonie">{{Cite web |title=La langue française dans le monde |url=https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317150259/https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> ==ফৰাচী ভাষাৰ বিভিন্নতা== *আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী **উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী *আওষ্টান ফৰাচী *বেলজিয়াম ফৰাচী *কম্বোডিয়ান ফৰাচী *কানাডাৰ ফৰাচী **একাডিয়ান ফৰাচী **নিউফাউণ্ডলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **নিউ ইংলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **অন্টাৰিঅ' ফৰাচী **ক্যুবেক ফৰাচী *ফ্ৰান্সৰ ফৰাচী **গিয়ানিজ ফৰাচী **মেৰিডিয়ান ফৰাচী *হাইটি ফৰাচী *ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী *জাৰ্চি আইনী ফৰাচী *লাও ফৰাচী *লুইজিয়ানা ফৰাচী *কেজুন ফৰাচী *মিছৌৰী ফৰাচী *দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ান ফৰাচী *চুইছ ফৰাচী *ভিয়েটনামী ফৰাচী *পশ্চিম ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] d3bgl4x4wodo0vphogs3ogrxksu2qj7 453040 453039 2024-12-09T16:44:33Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{পোখালি}}'''ফৰাচী''' (français) ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় পৰিয়ালৰ এটা ৰোমান ভাষা৷ আন সকলো ৰোমান ভাষাৰ দৰেই ই ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ভলগাৰ লেটিন ভাষাৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ফৰাচী ভাষা ২৭খন দেশৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা, লগতে বিশ্বৰ ভৌগোলিকভাৱে ব্যাপক ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ই [[ফ্ৰান্স]], বেলজিয়াম, [[চুইজাৰলেণ্ড]], মনাকো, ফ্ৰাংকোফোন আফ্ৰিকা, [[কানাডা]] আদি অঞ্চলৰ মুখ্য ভাষা। ফৰাচী ভাষাত প্ৰায় ৩১ কোটি ভাষী আছে বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, ইয়াৰে প্ৰায় ৮ কোটি লোক স্থানীয় ভাষী।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|title=The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=18 April 2022|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150816064811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|url-status=live}}</ref> অ'আইএফৰ মতে, ২০২২ চনৰ হিচাপত বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰায় ৩২.১ কোটি লোকে এই ভাষাটো ক'বলৈ সক্ষম।<ref name="Francophonie">{{Cite web |title=La langue française dans le monde |url=https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317150259/https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> ==ফৰাচী ভাষাৰ বিভিন্নতা== *আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী **উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী *আওষ্টান ফৰাচী *বেলজিয়াম ফৰাচী *কম্বোডিয়ান ফৰাচী *কানাডাৰ ফৰাচী **একাডিয়ান ফৰাচী **নিউফাউণ্ডলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **নিউ ইংলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **অন্টাৰিঅ' ফৰাচী **ক্যুবেক ফৰাচী *ফ্ৰান্সৰ ফৰাচী **গিয়ানিজ ফৰাচী **মেৰিডিয়ান ফৰাচী *হাইটি ফৰাচী *ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী *জাৰ্চি আইনী ফৰাচী *লাও ফৰাচী *লুইজিয়ানা ফৰাচী **কেজুন ফৰাচী *মিছৌৰী ফৰাচী *দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ান ফৰাচী *চুইছ ফৰাচী *ভিয়েটনামী ফৰাচী *পশ্চিম ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] d3ovib0a7zdvhs9d2g07qanba70675b 453042 453040 2024-12-09T16:45:28Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ফৰাচী''' (français) ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় পৰিয়ালৰ এটা ৰোমান ভাষা৷ আন সকলো ৰোমান ভাষাৰ দৰেই ই ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ভলগাৰ লেটিন ভাষাৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ফৰাচী ভাষা ২৭খন দেশৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা, লগতে বিশ্বৰ ভৌগোলিকভাৱে ব্যাপক ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ই [[ফ্ৰান্স]], বেলজিয়াম, [[চুইজাৰলেণ্ড]], মনাকো, ফ্ৰাংকোফোন আফ্ৰিকা, [[কানাডা]] আদি অঞ্চলৰ মুখ্য ভাষা। ফৰাচী ভাষাত প্ৰায় ৩১ কোটি ভাষী আছে বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, ইয়াৰে প্ৰায় ৮ কোটি লোক স্থানীয় ভাষী।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|title=The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=18 April 2022|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150816064811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|url-status=live}}</ref> অ'আইএফৰ মতে, ২০২২ চনৰ হিচাপত বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰায় ৩২.১ কোটি লোকে এই ভাষাটো ক'বলৈ সক্ষম।<ref name="Francophonie">{{Cite web |title=La langue française dans le monde |url=https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317150259/https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> ==ফৰাচী ভাষাৰ বিভিন্নতা== *আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী **উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী *আওষ্টান ফৰাচী *বেলজিয়াম ফৰাচী *কম্বোডিয়ান ফৰাচী *কানাডাৰ ফৰাচী **একাডিয়ান ফৰাচী **নিউফাউণ্ডলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **নিউ ইংলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **অন্টাৰিঅ' ফৰাচী **ক্যুবেক ফৰাচী *ফ্ৰান্সৰ ফৰাচী **গিয়ানিজ ফৰাচী **মেৰিডিয়ান ফৰাচী *হাইটি ফৰাচী *ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী *জাৰ্চি আইনী ফৰাচী *লাও ফৰাচী *লুইজিয়ানা ফৰাচী **কেজুন ফৰাচী *মিছৌৰী ফৰাচী *দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ান ফৰাচী *চুইছ ফৰাচী *ভিয়েটনামী ফৰাচী *পশ্চিম ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] 9uwz0had4kg1dltsra4cq3u9rpv59t4 453044 453042 2024-12-09T16:46:45Z AjayDas 12623 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 453044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ফৰাচী''' (français) ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় পৰিয়ালৰ এটা ৰোমান ভাষা৷ আন সকলো ৰোমান ভাষাৰ দৰেই ই ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ভলগাৰ লেটিন ভাষাৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ফৰাচী ভাষা ২৭খন দেশৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা, লগতে বিশ্বৰ ভৌগোলিকভাৱে ব্যাপক ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ই [[ফ্ৰান্স]], বেলজিয়াম, [[চুইজাৰলেণ্ড]], মনাকো, ফ্ৰাংকোফোন আফ্ৰিকা, [[কানাডা]] আদি অঞ্চলৰ মুখ্য ভাষা। ফৰাচী ভাষাত প্ৰায় ৩১ কোটি ভাষী আছে বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, ইয়াৰে প্ৰায় ৮ কোটি লোক স্থানীয় ভাষী।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|title=The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=18 April 2022|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150816064811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|url-status=live}}</ref> অ'আইএফৰ মতে, ২০২২ চনৰ হিচাপত বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰায় ৩২.১ কোটি লোকে এই ভাষাটো ক'বলৈ সক্ষম।<ref name="Francophonie">{{Cite web |title=La langue française dans le monde |url=https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317150259/https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> ==ফৰাচী ভাষাৰ বিভিন্নতা== *আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী **উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী *আওষ্টান ফৰাচী *বেলজিয়াম ফৰাচী *কম্বোডিয়ান ফৰাচী *কানাডাৰ ফৰাচী **একাডিয়ান ফৰাচী **নিউফাউণ্ডলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **নিউ ইংলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **অন্টাৰিঅ' ফৰাচী **ক্যুবেক ফৰাচী *ফ্ৰান্সৰ ফৰাচী **গিয়ানিজ ফৰাচী **মেৰিডিয়ান ফৰাচী *হাইটি ফৰাচী *ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী *জাৰ্চি আইনী ফৰাচী *লাও ফৰাচী *লুইজিয়ানা ফৰাচী **কেজুন ফৰাচী *মিছৌৰী ফৰাচী *দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ান ফৰাচী *চুইছ ফৰাচী *ভিয়েটনামী ফৰাচী *পশ্চিম ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] if0xapf2yrv6xs0io88n2k0da9uc9wx 453045 453044 2024-12-09T16:48:39Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ফৰাচী''' (français) ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় পৰিয়ালৰ এটা ৰোমান ভাষা৷ আন সকলো ৰোমান ভাষাৰ দৰেই ই ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ভলগাৰ লেটিন ভাষাৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ফৰাচী ভাষা ২৭খন দেশৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা, লগতে বিশ্বৰ ভৌগোলিকভাৱে ব্যাপক ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ই [[ফ্ৰান্স]], বেলজিয়াম, [[চুইজাৰলেণ্ড]], মনাকো, ফ্ৰাংকোফোন আফ্ৰিকা, [[কানাডা]] আদি অঞ্চলৰ মুখ্য ভাষা। ফৰাচী ভাষাত প্ৰায় ৩১ কোটি ভাষী আছে বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, ইয়াৰে প্ৰায় ৮ কোটি লোক স্থানীয় ভাষী।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|title=The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=18 April 2022|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150816064811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|url-status=live}}</ref> অ'আইএফৰ মতে, ২০২২ চনৰ হিচাপত বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰায় ৩২.১ কোটি লোকে এই ভাষাটো ক'বলৈ সক্ষম।<ref name="Francophonie">{{Cite web |title=La langue française dans le monde |url=https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317150259/https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> ==লিখন ব্যৱস্থা== ===বৰ্ণমালা=== ফৰাচী ভাষা [[লেটিন লিপি]]ৰ ২৬টা আখৰেৰে লিখা হয়, স্বৰবৰ্ণত চাৰিটা ডায়েক্ৰিটিক দেখা যায় (circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis) আৰু cedilla "ç" ত দেখা যায়। দুটা লিগাচাৰ আছে, "œ" আৰু "æ", কিন্তু সমসাময়িক ফৰাচী ভাষাত ইয়াৰ ঠাইত "oe" আৰু "ae" ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়, কাৰণ ফৰাচী ভাষী দেশসমূহত ব্যৱহৃত AZERTY কিবৰ্ড বিন্যাসত লিগাচাৰসমূহ দেখা নাযায়। অৱশ্যে আনুষ্ঠানিক আৰু সাহিত্যিক গ্ৰন্থত এইটো অমান্য। ==ফৰাচী ভাষাৰ বিভিন্নতা== *আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী **উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী *আওষ্টান ফৰাচী *বেলজিয়াম ফৰাচী *কম্বোডিয়ান ফৰাচী *কানাডাৰ ফৰাচী **একাডিয়ান ফৰাচী **নিউফাউণ্ডলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **নিউ ইংলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **অন্টাৰিঅ' ফৰাচী **ক্যুবেক ফৰাচী *ফ্ৰান্সৰ ফৰাচী **গিয়ানিজ ফৰাচী **মেৰিডিয়ান ফৰাচী *হাইটি ফৰাচী *ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী *জাৰ্চি আইনী ফৰাচী *লাও ফৰাচী *লুইজিয়ানা ফৰাচী **কেজুন ফৰাচী *মিছৌৰী ফৰাচী *দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ান ফৰাচী *চুইছ ফৰাচী *ভিয়েটনামী ফৰাচী *পশ্চিম ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] 9j8lcy070derudqi4vy4as3jkevty9v 453046 453045 2024-12-09T16:49:32Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 453046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ফৰাচী''' (français) ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় পৰিয়ালৰ এটা ৰোমান ভাষা৷ আন সকলো ৰোমান ভাষাৰ দৰেই ই ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ভলগাৰ লেটিন ভাষাৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ফৰাচী ভাষা ২৭খন দেশৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষা, লগতে বিশ্বৰ ভৌগোলিকভাৱে ব্যাপক ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ই [[ফ্ৰান্স]], বেলজিয়াম, [[চুইজাৰলেণ্ড]], মনাকো, ফ্ৰাংকোফোন আফ্ৰিকা, [[কানাডা]] আদি অঞ্চলৰ মুখ্য ভাষা। ফৰাচী ভাষাত প্ৰায় ৩১ কোটি ভাষী আছে বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে, ইয়াৰে প্ৰায় ৮ কোটি লোক স্থানীয় ভাষী।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|title=The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=18 April 2022|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150816064811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/|url-status=live}}</ref> অ'আইএফৰ মতে, ২০২২ চনৰ হিচাপত বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰায় ৩২.১ কোটি লোকে এই ভাষাটো ক'বলৈ সক্ষম।<ref name="Francophonie">{{Cite web |title=La langue française dans le monde |url=https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317150259/https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> ==লিখন ব্যৱস্থা== ===বৰ্ণমালা=== ফৰাচী ভাষা [[লেটিন লিপি]]ৰ ২৬টা আখৰেৰে লিখা হয়, স্বৰবৰ্ণত চাৰিটা ডায়েক্ৰিটিক দেখা যায় (circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis) আৰু cedilla "ç" ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। দুটা লিগাচাৰ আছে, "œ" আৰু "æ", কিন্তু সমসাময়িক ফৰাচী ভাষাত ইয়াৰ ঠাইত "oe" আৰু "ae" ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়, কাৰণ ফৰাচী ভাষী দেশসমূহত ব্যৱহৃত AZERTY কিবৰ্ড বিন্যাসত লিগাচাৰসমূহ দেখা নাযায়। অৱশ্যে আনুষ্ঠানিক আৰু সাহিত্যিক গ্ৰন্থত এইটো অমান্য। ==ফৰাচী ভাষাৰ বিভিন্নতা== *আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী **উত্তৰ আফ্ৰিকান ফৰাচী *আওষ্টান ফৰাচী *বেলজিয়াম ফৰাচী *কম্বোডিয়ান ফৰাচী *কানাডাৰ ফৰাচী **একাডিয়ান ফৰাচী **নিউফাউণ্ডলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **নিউ ইংলেণ্ড ফৰাচী **অন্টাৰিঅ' ফৰাচী **ক্যুবেক ফৰাচী *ফ্ৰান্সৰ ফৰাচী **গিয়ানিজ ফৰাচী **মেৰিডিয়ান ফৰাচী *হাইটি ফৰাচী *ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী *জাৰ্চি আইনী ফৰাচী *লাও ফৰাচী *লুইজিয়ানা ফৰাচী **কেজুন ফৰাচী *মিছৌৰী ফৰাচী *দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ান ফৰাচী *চুইছ ফৰাচী *ভিয়েটনামী ফৰাচী *পশ্চিম ভাৰতীয় ফৰাচী ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] 0otb3ad7jm5mh232b3zcn0h3v1v0iz5 খ্মেৰ জনগোষ্ঠী 0 109714 453153 452381 2024-12-10T03:08:03Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Ethnic group native to Cambodia}} {{About|the ethnic group known as the Khmer people and their descendants worldwide|the language|Khmer language|other uses|Khmer (disambiguation)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2021}} {{infobox ethnic group | group = খ্মেৰ জনগোষ্ঠী | native_name = ជនជាតិខ្មែរ | image = File:খ্মেৰ জনগোষ্ঠী.jpg | image_upright = 1 | image_caption = পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ পাৰত খ্মেৰ পুৰুষ মহিলা | pop = {{circa}} 20–22million<ref name="BuddhistPeoples">{{Citation |editor-first=Paul |editor-last=Hattaway |title=Khmer |work=Peoples of the Buddhist World |publisher=William Carey Library |year=2004 |page=133}}</ref> | genealogy = | region1 = {{flagcountry|Cambodia}} | pop1 = 17,638,801 | ref1 = <ref name="Socio-economic Survey 2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/Final%20Report%20of%20Cambodia%20Socio-Economic%20Survey%202021_EN.pdf|title=Report of Socio-Economic Survey 2021|publisher=[[Ministry of Planning (Cambodia)|Ministry of Planning]]|work=National Institute of Statistics|date=December 2022|access-date=9 September 2024|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530105505/https://nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/Final%20Report%20of%20Cambodia%20Socio-Economic%20Survey%202021_EN.pdf}}</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|Vietnam}} | pop2 = [[Khmer Krom|2,320,000]] | ref2 = <ref name="Census2019">{{cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YK6iY-j0AfZTuip28Py2Gmz5P8zw04Rn/view?usp=sharing|title=Report on Results of the 2019 Census|publisher=General Statistics Office of Vietnam|access-date=1 May 2020|language=vi|archive-date=May 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509091125/http://tongdieutradanso.vn/uploads/data/6/files/files/2_%20Bieu%20so%20lieu%20va%20phu%20luc%20(duyet%20gui%20in).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|Thailand}} | pop3 = [[Northern Khmer people|1,146,685]] | ref3 = <ref name=census2019>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Provisional%20Population%20Census%202019_English_FINAL.pdf/|title=General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019|publisher=[[Ministry of Planning (Cambodia)|Ministry of Planning]]|work=National Institute of Statistics|date=June 2019|access-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113151101/http://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Provisional%20Population%20Census%202019_English_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=November 13, 2019|url-status=dead|archivedate=November 13, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113151101/http://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Provisional%20Population%20Census%202019_English_FINAL.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|USA}} | pop4 = [[Cambodian Americans|376,096]] | ref4 = <ref name="AsianPop">{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2022.B02018?q=B02018 |title=ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES, AND WITH ONE OR MORE ASIAN CATEGORIES FOR SELECTED GROUPS |year=2022 |work=[[United States Census Bureau]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce]] |access-date=28 July 2024 }}</ref> | region5 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop5 = [[Cambodians in France|80,000]] | ref5 = <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cambodiadaily.com/features/solidarite-100964/|title=Solidarité|work=[[The Cambodia Daily]]|first=Aria|last=Danaparamita|date=21 November 2015|access-date=19 June 2019|archive-date=June 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620035654/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/features/solidarite-100964/|url-status=dead|archivedate=June 20, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620035654/https://www.cambodiadaily.com/features/solidarite-100964/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop6 = [[Cambodian Australians|45,700]] | ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ERP_COB|title=Estimated Resident Population by Country of Birth, 30 June 1992 to 2016|work=stat.data.abs.gov.au|access-date=April 6, 2017|archive-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311101534/http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ERP_COB|url-status=dead|archivedate=March 11, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311101534/http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ERP_COB|deadurl=yes}}</ref> (2016) | region7 = {{flagcountry|Malaysia}} | pop7 = 30,113 | ref7 = <ref name=census2019/> | region8 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop8 = [[Cambodian Canadians|38,490]] | ref8 = <ref name="Canadacensus2006">{{cite web|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|title=Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada|url=http://census2011.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000|access-date=March 20, 2013|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305092345/http://census2011.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?code=01&csdfilter=5000&data=count&display=all&geo=pr&lang=e&sort=3&startrec=1&table=2|url-status=live}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2013}} | region9 = {{flagcountry|Japan}} | pop9 = [[Cambodians in Japan|25,384]] (2024) | ref9 = <ref name="名前なし-20230316114742">[https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/publications/press/13_00047.html 令和６年６月末現在における在留外国人数について]</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|New Zealand}} | pop10 = 8,601 | ref10 = <ref name="New Zealand census2013">{{cite web|publisher=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand ]]|title=2006 and 2013 Census: Cambodians- Facts and Figures|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/cambodians/3|access-date=December 10, 2009|archive-date=July 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704163316/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/cambodians/3|url-status=live}}</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} | pop11 = [[Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates#Cambodians|7,600]] | region12 = {{flagcountry|Laos}} | pop12 = 7,141 | ref12 = <ref name="Census2015">{{cite web|url=https://lao.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB_0.pdf|title=Results of Population and Housing Census 2015|publisher=Lao Statistics Bureau|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308153132/https://lao.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop13 = 1,035 | ref13 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/ |title=Ausländeranteil in Deutschland bis 2018 |website=De.statista.com |access-date=January 2, 2017 |archive-date=January 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130065833/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} | pop14 = 2,133 | region15 = {{flagcountry|The Netherlands}} | pop15 = 2,000 | region16 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop16 = >1,000 | ref16 = <ref name="BuddhistPeoples"/> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Singapore}} | pop17 = 832 | ref17 = <ref name=census2019/> | region18 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop18 = 772 | ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/?rxid=1efd6c8a-8ac9-47d9-af29-dabd3da04da2|title=Population by country of birth and year|access-date=2021-02-02|archive-date=February 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211033303/http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/?rxid=1efd6c8a-8ac9-47d9-af29-dabd3da04da2|url-status=live}}</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}} | pop19 = 2,172 | ref19 = <ref>{{cite web|access-date=12 April 2023|title=Wachtregister asiel 2012-2021|url=http://www.npdata.be/BuG/469-Migratieachtergrond/|website=npdata.be|archive-date=October 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001034810/http://www.npdata.be/BuG/469-Migratieachtergrond/|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> | rels = Predominantly [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]]; <br />[[Hinduism]] and [[animism]] (historically); minorities [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]] | langs = [[খ্মেৰ ভাষা|খ্মেৰ]] | related = [[Mon people|Mon]], [[Wa people|Wa]], other [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic peoples]]<br /> | native_name_lang = km | flag = | flag_caption = }}'''খ্মেৰ জনগোষ্ঠী'''({{Lang-en|: Khmer people}}) (খ্মেৰ: ជនជាតិខ្មែរ, UNGEGN: Chônchéatĕ Khmêr, ALA-LC: Janajāti Khmaer [cɔn.ciət kʰmae]) কম্বোডিয়াৰ স্থানীয় [[অষ্ট্ৰিয়াটিক জনগোষ্ঠী]]। [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ ১ কোটি ৭০ লাখ জনসংখ্যাৰ ৯৫%তকৈও অধিক খ্মেৰ জনগোষ্ঠী অংশ। তেওঁলোকে খ্মেৰ ভাষা কয়, যিটো [[মন]] আৰু [[ভিয়েটনামী]] ভাষাৰ সমান্তৰালভাৱে এক বৃহত্তৰ [[অষ্ট্ৰিয়াটিক]] ভাষা পৰিয়ালৰ অংশ। খ্মেৰ লোকৰ অধিকাংশই [[থেৰাভাদা বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম]] অনুসৰণ কৰে। [[থাইলেণ্ড]]ৰ কাষৰীয়া অঞ্চল (উত্তৰ খ্মেৰ) আৰু চুবুৰীয়া ভিয়েটনামৰ [[মেকং বদ্বীপ ]]অঞ্চলত (খ্মেৰ ক্ৰম) অধিক সংখ্যক খ্মেৰলোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে ১০ লাখতকৈ অধিক খ্মেৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰীৰ প্ৰধানকৈ [[ফ্ৰান্স]], [[আমেৰিকা]] আৰু [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]]ত বাস কৰে। ==বিতৰণ== [[File:খ্মেৰ লোকৰ বিতৰণৰ মানচিত্ৰ।jpg|thumb|260px|Distribution map of Khmer people.]] খ্মেৰ লোকৰ বিতৰণৰ মানচিত্ৰ। বিশ্বৰ মুঠখ্মেৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ অধিকাংশই অনুমাণিক ৯৫% খ্মেৰ কম্বোডিয়াত বাস কৰে।<ref name="CIACB" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_eth_gro-people-ethnic-groups |title=Ethnic groups statistics - countries compared |publisher=Nationmaster |access-date=2012-09-02 |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907183134/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_eth_gro-people-ethnic-groups |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb&regionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818190717/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb&regionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 18, 2011 |title=Birth Rate |work=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=15 March 2013 |archivedate=October 13, 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013004443/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryName=Cambodia&countryCode=cb&regionCode=eas&rank=57#cb |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ===থাইলেণ্ড, ভিয়েটনাম আৰু লাওছ=== [[থাইলেণ্ড]] আৰু [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ত যথেষ্ট সংখ্য়ক স্থানীয় খ্মেৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ লোকে বাসকৰে। থাইলেণ্ডত মূলতঃ [[চুৰিন]] (ছ’ৰিন), [[বুৰিৰাম]][ (ব’ৰেই ৰোম) আৰু [[চিছাকেট]] (শ্ৰেই ছাকেট) প্ৰদেশত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক খ্মেৰ (খ্মেৰ চুৰিন নামেৰে জনাজাত)লোক বাস কৰে। ভিয়েটনামত [[কাম্পুচিয়া-ক্ৰম ফেডাৰেচ]]ৰ তথ্যমতে প্ৰায় ৭০ লাখ খ্মেৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ লোক বাস কৰে।<ref>[http://www.khmerkrom.org/en/culture.php?articleID=11] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509064048/http://www.khmerkrom.org/en/culture.php?articleID=11|date=May 9, 2006}}</ref> লাওছৰ স্থানীয় খ্মেৰ জনসংখ্যা থাইলেণ্ড আৰু ভিয়েটনামতকৈ কম, সেই সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহ লাওছৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম প্ৰান্তত, থাইলেণ্ড আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ সীমান্তৱৰ্তী অঞ্চলত বাস কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code2/1040.html|title=The Cambodian of Laos|access-date=19 January 2024}}</ref> ===পশ্চিমীয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰ=== [[কম্বোডিয়াৰ গৃহযুদ্ধ]] আৰু [[কম্বোডিয়াৰ গণহত্যা]]ৰ ফলত হোৱা প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ বাবে আমেৰিকা, কানাডা, অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া আৰু ফ্ৰান্সত এক বৃহৎসংখ্যক খ্মেৰ প্ৰব্ৰজনকাৰী লোকে বাস কৰে। ==ইতিহাস== ===খ্মেৰ জনগোষ্ঠী উৎপত্তিৰ=== খ্মেৰ সভ্যতাৰ কিংবদন্তি প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক ছিহানৌকভিলত প্ৰেহ থং আৰু নেয়াং নেকৰ মূৰ্তি। দক্ষিণপূব এচিয়াৰ পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদ [[জৰ্জ ক'ডেছে]]ৰ মতে দশম শতিকাৰ শিলালিপিত পোৱা এটা খ্মেৰ কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি ব্ৰাহ্মণ [[কম্বু স্বয়ম্ভু]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] ("আকাশী অপেশ্বৰী") মেৰাৰ মিলনৰ পৰাই খ্মেৰসকলৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহৰ ফলত খ্মেৰ নামৰ জন্ম হয় আৰু প্ৰাচীন কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[ভাৰ্মান বংশ]] প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হয় বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref>''D'après l'épigraphie cambodgienne du X° siècle, les rois des "Kambuja" prétendaient descendre d'un ancêtre mythique éponyme, le sage ermite Kambu, et de la nymphe céleste Mera, dont le nom a pu être forgé d'après l'appellation ethnique "khmèr"'' (George Coedes). [2]<sup>[''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|permanent dead link]]'']</sup>; See also: ''Indianised States of Southeast Asia'', 1968, p 66, George Coedes.</ref> আজিও খ্মেৰ বিবাহ অনুষ্ঠানত পৰম্পৰাগত নীতি নিয়মৰ পুনৰাবৃত্তি চলি আছে। প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়োৱা এটা অতি জনপ্ৰিয় কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি কম্বোডিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যেতিয়া প্ৰথম [[কাউণ্ডিনিয়া]] (সাধাৰণতে [[প্ৰেহ থং]] বুলি কোৱা হয়) নামৰ এজন ব্যৱসায়ীয়ে ৰাজকুমাৰী [[সোমা]]ক বিয়া কৰাইছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী [[নাগা](Sanskrit: नाग, romanized: Nāga) (নেয়াং নেক)ৰাজকন্যা আছিল॥ কৌন্দিনিয়াই সপোনত দেখা এডাল কাঁড়ৰ পিছে পিছে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ ৰাওনা হয়। তাত তেওঁ''কোক থ্লক'' নামৰ এটা দ্বীপত উপস্থিত হৈছিলগৈ। দ্বীপৰ বাসিন্দা সোমাৰ নগা সৈন্যবাহিনীক জয় কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ৰাজকুমাৰী সোমাৰ প্ৰেমত পৰিছিল। যৌতুক হিচাপে,ৰাজকুমাৰী সোমাৰ পিতৃয়ে দ্বীপটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা পানী শোষণ কৰিছিল, ফলত দ্বীপটো এটা পৰ্বতৰ শিখৰ আৰু পানী তলৰ পৰা উন্নোচিত ভূমিখিনি কম্বোডিয়া হৈ পৰিল। কৌণ্ডিন্যা আৰু সোমা আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ বংশধৰসকল খ্মেৰ নামেৰে পৰিচিত হ’ল আৰু [[ফুনান]], [[চেনলা]] আৰু [[খ্মেৰ সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ শাসক হৈ পৰিল বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miriam T. Stark |date=2006 |title=9 Textualized Places, Pre-Angkorian Khmers and Historicized Archaeology by Miriam T. Stark - Cambodia's Origins and the Khok Thlok Story |url=http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172439/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Stark/pdfs/YoffeePages313332.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |access-date=January 15, 2018 |publisher=University of Hawaii}}</ref> এই পৌৰাণিক কাহিনী টোৱে আৰু এটা কথা ব্যাখ্যা কৰে যে কিয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি খ্মেৰ ৱাট বা মন্দিৰবোৰ সদায় পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু আজিও কিয় পাহাৰবোৰক পবিত্ৰ স্থান হিচাপে শ্ৰদ্ধা কৰা হয়। ===দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত উপস্থিত=== খ্মেৰসকল, [[অষ্ট্ৰিয়া এছিয়াটিক জনগোষ্ঠী]], এই অঞ্চলৰ অন্যতম পুৰণি জনগোষ্ঠী, তেওঁলোকে দক্ষিণ চীনৰ পৰা,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Russell R. |date=December 1987 |title=Cambodia: A Country Study |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/ca/cambodiacountrys00ross/cambodiacountrys00ross.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121235949/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/ca/cambodiacountrys00ross/cambodiacountrys00ross.pdf |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |access-date=22 February 2022 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |page=6}}</ref> সম্ভৱতঃ [[ইউনান]]ৰ পৰা দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ আহিছিল। নাইবা উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰতৰ পৰা প্ৰায় একে সময়তে [[মন]]সকলৰ সৈতে আহিছিল, যিসকলৰ খ্মেৰসকলৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=SarDesai |first=D. R. |date=3 October 2018 |title=Southeast Asia, Student Economy Edition: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=culgDwAAQBAJ&dq=google+books+a+people+closely+related+in+language+and+race+to+the+mons+were+the+khmers&pg=PA11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417054201/https://books.google.com/books?id=culgDwAAQBAJ&dq=google+books+a+people+closely+related+in+language+and+race+to+the+mons+were+the+khmers&pg=PA11 |archive-date=April 17, 2023 |access-date=22 February 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=11 |isbn=9780429961601}}</ref> বেছিভাগ পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদ আৰু ভাষাবিদ, আৰু চীনবিজ্ঞানী আৰু শস্য বিশেষজ্ঞৰ দৰে অন্যান্য বিশেষজ্ঞই বিশ্বাস কৰে যে তেওঁলোকে খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২০০০ চনৰ ভিতৰত (চাৰি হাজাৰ বছৰৰো অধিক পূৰ্বে) কৃষি আৰু বিশেষকৈ ধান খেতিকে জীৱিকা হিচাপে লৈ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ আহিছিল। এই অঞ্চলটো বিশ্বৰ ভিতৰতে [[ব্ৰঞ্জ]]ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা প্ৰথম স্থানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। ৮০২ চনৰ পৰা ছয় দশক ধৰি অধিপত্য বিস্তাৰ কৰা [[খ্মেৰ সাম্ৰাজ্য]] নিৰ্মাতা এই জনগোষ্ঠী টোৱে বৰ্তমান ৰাজনৈতিক, সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক কম্বোডিয়াৰ মূলসুঁতি গঠন কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Xiaoming |last2=Liao |first2=Shiyu |last3=Qi |first3=Xuebin |last4=Liu |first4=Jiewei |last5=Kampuansai |first5=Jatupol |last6=Zhang |first6=Hui |last7=Yang |first7=Zhaohui |last8=Serey |first8=Bun |last9=Tuot |first9=Sovannary |date=2015-10-20 |title=Y-chromosome diversity suggests southern origin and Paleolithic backwave migration of Austro-Asiatic speakers from eastern Asia to the Indian subcontinent OPEN |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=15486 |doi=10.1038/srep15486 |pmc=4611482 |pmid=26482917}}</ref> খ্মেৰসকলে খ্মেৰ বৰ্ণমালা গঢ়ি তুলিছিল, যিয়ে পাছলৈ পিছৰ থাই আৰু লাও বৰ্ণমালাৰ জন্ম দিছিল। পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদ আৰু নৃতাত্ত্বিকসকলে খ্মেৰসকলক ইছান, দক্ষিণ লাওছ, কম্বোডিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ ভিয়েটনামৰ সংলগ্ন অঞ্চলৰ থলুৱা বুলি গণ্য কৰে। অৰ্থাৎ কম্বোডিয়ানসকল ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে মেকং নদীৰ এটা উপনৈৰ ওচৰত বাস কৰা নিম্নভূমিৰ লোক আছিল। ভাৰতীয় সংস্কৃতি, পৰম্পৰা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় পৰিচয় গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ বাবে খ্মেৰসকলক [[ভাৰতীয় সাংস্কৃতিক ক্ষেত্ৰ]]ৰ অংশ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। [[ফুনান যুগত]] (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১ম–ষষ্ঠ শতিকা) খ্মেৰসকলে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম, দেৱৰাজৰ শৈৱ সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদী পূজাৰ ধাৰণা আৰু মহান মন্দিৰটোক প্ৰতীকী [[বিশ্ব পৰ্বত]] হিচাপেও অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰে। পঞ্চম শতিকাত প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বী খ্মেৰ চেনলা ৰাজ্যৰ উত্থান ঘটি পিছলৈ ফুনান ৰাজ্য হয়। চেন্লা যুগত (৫শ–৮শ শতিকাত), খমেৰসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ এটা মন্দিৰৰ শিলালিপিত পৃথিৱীৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন অৱস্থাত পোৱা [[শূন্য]]ৰ উল্লেখ কৰি গৈছিল। ৮০২ চনত পিচৰ পৰা ৰজা [[দ্বিতীয় জয়বৰ্মনে]] স্বাধীন আৰু সংযুক্ত কম্বোডিয়া ঘোষণা কৰাৰ পিছৰে পৰা উচ্চ আৰু নিম্নভূমি কম্বোডিয়াৰ দুয়োখন দেশৰ মাজত আপেক্ষিক শান্তি প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হয়। দ্বিতীয় জয়বৰ্মনে (৮০২-৮৩০)খ্মেৰ শক্তিক পুনৰুজ্জীৱিত কৰি খ্মেৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ভেটি গঢ়ি তুলিছিল,আৰু তিনিখন ৰাজধানী প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল— ইন্দ্ৰপুৰা, হৰিহৰালয় আৰু মহেন্দ্ৰপৰ্বত—যাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক অৱশিষ্টই তেওঁৰ সময়ৰ বহু কথা উন্মোচন কৰে। ==খ্মেৰ সাম্ৰাজ্য (৮০২–১৪৩১)== {{main|খ্মেৰ সাম্ৰাজ্য}} খ্মেৰ ৰাজ্য খ্মেৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যত পৰিণত হয় আৰু কিছুমান বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰকে ধৰি সংস্কৃতিৰ বহু অৱশিষ্ট থকা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সম্পদ বুলি গণ্য কৰা [[আংকোৰ]]ৰ মহান মন্দিৰসমূহ কম্বোডিয়ান সংস্কৃতিৰ স্মৃতিসৌধ হিচাপে থাকি যায়। দ্বিতীয় সূৰ্য্যবৰ্মনৰ (১১১৩–১১৫০) মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সপ্তম জয়বৰ্মনে (১১৮১–১২১৮) নতুন চহৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ নিদিয়ালৈকে কম্বোডিয়া বিশৃংখলতাৰ মাজত সোমাই পৰে। তেওঁ বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মাৱলম্বী আছিল আৰু সেই বাবে কম্বোডিয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মই প্ৰধান ধৰ্ম হৈ পৰিছিল। ৰাষ্ট্ৰধৰ্ম হিচাপে ইয়াক দেৱৰাজ পূজাৰ লগত খাপ খুৱাই লোৱা হৈছিল, পূৰ্বৰ শিৱৰজা বা বিষ্ণুৰাজৰ ঠাইত বুদ্ধ ৰজাক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। সুখোথাই (১২৩৮) আৰু আয়ুথায়া (১৩৫০) টাই ৰাজ্যৰ উত্থানৰ ফলত খ্মেৰসকলৰ সৈতে টাইসকলৰ প্ৰায়ে যুদ্ধ হৈছিল আৰু ১৪৩১ চনত অংকোৰ ধ্বংস হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ধ্বংস হৈছিল বহু সংস্কৃতি আৰু সঙ্গীতজ্ঞও।<ref>Thailand 1969:151, Blanchard 1958:27</ref> ১৪৩২ চনৰ পিছৰ সময়ছোৱাত খেমেৰ জনসাধাৰণে নিজৰ ধন, নথি-পত্ৰ আৰু মানৱ সংস্কৃতিৰ বাহকসকলো দিশৰ পৰা বঞ্চিত হৈ তীব্ৰ অৱনতিৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। ==সংস্কৃতি আৰু সমাজ== খ্মেৰ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ সংস্কৃতি তেওঁলোকৰ সমগ্ৰ ভৌগোলিক পৰিসৰতে প্ৰায় সমানে বৃস্তিত। অঞ্চলটোত বহুতো আঞ্চলিক উপভাষা আছে, আৰু সেই বিভিন্ন উপভাষী সমূহৰ মাজত পাৰস্পৰিকভাৱে বুজাপৰাও আছে।<ref>Huffman, Franklin. 1970. ''Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader {{Cite web |url=http://www.pratyeka.org/csw/hlp-csw.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=October 8, 2015 |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301072724/http://www.pratyeka.org/csw/hlp-csw.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}''. Yale University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]</ref> কেন্দ্ৰীয় সমতলৰ উপভাষা [[মান]]ক ধৰা হয়। বৰ্তমান ফ্‌নম পেনত এক স্বতন্ত্ৰ উপভাষা বিকশিত হৈছে, য’ত ফ্ৰেন্স আৰু ভিয়েটনামী ভাষাৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছে। আন উল্লেখযোগ্য উপভাষাসমূহ হ’ল [[উত্তৰ খমেৰ ]](থাইলেণ্ডৰ খমেৰ সুৰিন), [[খমেৰ ক্ৰম]] (ভিয়েটনামৰ মেকং ডেল্টা), আৰু [[পশ্চিম খমেৰ]] (কাৰ্ডামম পৰ্বতমালা)। আধুনিক খমেৰসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ জাতিগত পৰিচয় ধৰ্মীয় বিশ্বাসৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত কৰে, য’ত তেৰাৱাদ বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজা, প্ৰাণবাদ, আৰু [[শামানবাদ]]ৰ মিশ্ৰণ দেখা যায়।<ref>''Faith Traditions in Cambodia'' {{Cite web |url=http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/conferences/truthjustice/Papers/EtchesonFullPaper.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=August 21, 2006 |archive-date=August 22, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822010040/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/conferences/truthjustice/Papers/EtchesonFullPaper.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=August 22, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822010040/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/conferences/truthjustice/Papers/EtchesonFullPaper.pdf |deadurl=yes }}; pg. 8; accessed August 21, 2006</ref> অধিকাংশ খমেৰলোকে এক অতিপ্ৰাকৃত জগতক বিশ্বাস কৰে, য’ত বিভিন্ন আত্মা আৰু সত্তাৰ অস্তিত্ব ধাৰণা কৰা হয়। এইসকল সত্তাৰ ভিতৰত আছে: খমাওচ (ভৌতিক আত্মা), প্ৰেট (শাস্তি অনুসৰি ৰূপ পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা আত্মা), বিসাচ (অপদেবতা), আৰাক (দুষ্ট আত্মা), নিয়াক তা (ভূমি বা গছত বাস কৰা আত্মা), আৰু মেবা (পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা)। তেওঁ লোকে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এই আত্মা সমূহক যথাৰীতি সন্মান নকৰিলে সিহঁতে মানুহৰ অমঙ্গল কৰিব পাৰে।<ref>[http://anarchak.com/article/40347/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220100847/http://anarchak.com/article/40347|date=February 20, 2020}}</ref> কম্বোডিয়ানসকলৰ অধিকাংশই হয় ধান খেতিয়ক বা মাছমৰীয়া হিচাপে গ্ৰাম্য জীৱন নিৰ্বাহ কৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ গোটেই জীৱন [[ৱাট]] (মন্দিৰ) আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ বিভিন্ন অনুষ্ঠানৰ লগত জড়িত থাকে। কম্বোডিয়ানসকল যেতিয়া অসুস্থ হয় তেতিয়া তেওঁলোকে প্ৰায়েই এজন ক্ৰু খমাই (শ্বেমান/হিলাৰ)ওচৰ চাপে, যিয়ে এই আত্মা সমূহৰ ভিতৰত কোনটো আত্মা ৰোগৰ কাৰক সেইটো নিৰ্ণয় কৰি ক্ষুণ্ণ আত্মাৰ প্ৰায়শ্চিত্ত কৰি ৰোগ নিৰাময় কৰে।<ref name=":0">[http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/ecp/content/cambodians_khmer.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311003416/http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/ecp/content/cambodians_khmer.html|date=March 11, 2007}}</ref> ক্ৰু খমাই বনৌষধি আৰু [[যাদুকৰী টেটু]] প্ৰস্তুত কৰি দুষ্ট আত্মা বা দুৰ্ভাগ্যক দূৰ কৰে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name=":0" /> খ্মেৰ সকলৰ বিশ্বাসসমূহো হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ [[জ্যোতিষ]]ৰ ওপৰত বহু পৰিমাণে নিৰ্ভৰশীল। খ্মেৰ ভাষাত হাও-ৰা (জ্যোতিষী) বা ক্ৰু টিয়ে বুলি কোৱা এজন ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণীকৰা ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা কিছুমান গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কাম কৰাৰ আগতে পৰামৰ্শ লোৱা হয়, যেনে পত্নী বাছনি কৰা, গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ যাত্ৰা বা ব্যৱসায়িক উদ্যোগ আৰম্ভ কৰা, বিয়াৰ তাৰিখ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা আৰু নিৰ্মাণৰ বাবে সঠিক স্থান নিৰ্ধাৰণ আদি। গোটেই বছৰটো কম্বোডিয়ানসকলে বহুতো বন্ধৰ দিন পালন কৰে, বেছিভাগেই ধৰ্মীয় বা আধ্যাত্মিক কাৰ্য্যৰ, ইয়াৰে কিছুমান ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ দিন হিচাপেও পালন কৰা হয়। আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দুটা ৰাজহুৱা অনুষ্ঠান হ'ল ''চোল ছ্নাম'' [[(কম্বোডিয়ান নৱবৰ্ষ)]] আৰু ''পিচুম বেন'' [[("পূৰ্বপুৰুষ দিৱস")]]। কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[বৌদ্ধ পঞ্জিকা]]ত ১২ মাহত ভাগ কৰা হৈছে আৰু পৰম্পৰাগত নতুন বছৰটো [[খাই চায়েট]]ৰ প্ৰথম দিনটোৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয়, যিটো [[পশ্চিমীয়া পঞ্জিকা]]ত এপ্ৰিল মাহৰ প্ৰথম অমাৱস্যাৰ লগত মিল খায়। নৃত্যই খ্মেৰ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ সংস্কৃতিত মুখ্য স্থান দখল কৰে। সপ্তম শতিকাৰ পৰাই,নৃত্যৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায় য'ত ৰজাসকলৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়াৰ অনুষ্ঠানত পৰিবেশন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>[[Khmer people#Brandon1967|Brandon 1967]], p. 20</ref> ২০ শতিকাত অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়াৰ শোভাযাত্ৰাতো নৃত্যশিল্পীৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা যায়, যেনে ৰজা [[ছিছোৱাথ মনিভঙ]]ৰ বাবে কৰা শোভাযাত্ৰাত কৰা নৃত্যপ্ৰদৰ্শন। [[অংকোৰ]] যুগত মন্দিৰত ধৰ্মীয় নৃত্য অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।<ref name=":1">[[Khmer people#Fletcher2001|Fletcher 2001]]</ref> মন্দিৰৰ নৃত্যশিল্পীসকলক অপ্সৰা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল, যিসকলে মনোৰঞ্জক আৰু দেৱতাসকলৰ দূত হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল।<ref>[[Khmer people#Becker1998|Becker 1998]], p. 330</ref> প্ৰাচীন শিলৰ শিলালিপিত মন্দিৰত নিযুক্তি দিয়া আৰু জনসাধাৰণৰ বাবেও ঐশ্বৰিক ৰীতি-নীতি কৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ অপ্সৰা নৃত্যশিল্পীৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে।<ref name=":1" /> ২০০৩ চনত খ্মেৰ শাস্ত্ৰীয় নৃত্যই ''ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য'' (UNESCO World Heritage List)ৰ তালিকাত স্থান লাভ কৰিছিল। খমেৰ, [[থাই]], আৰু [[লাও]] সংস্কৃতিৰ মাজত পৰস্পৰৰ প্ৰভাৱ দেখা যায়। থাই আৰু লাও ভাষাত খমেৰ শব্দ আৰু খমেৰ ভাষাত থাই-লাও শব্দ গৃহীত হৈছে। থাই আৰু লাও বৰ্ণমালা [[খমেৰ লিপি]]ৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal ballet of Cambodia on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/royal-ballet-of-cambodia-00060 |website=ich.unesco.org |publisher=November 07, 2003 |quote=Inscribed in 2008 (3.COM)}}</ref> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কম্বোডিয়া]] ng6v5n6xs8sgf8t9b2maiqe3kdjdjfn জিগমে দৰ্জী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান 0 109715 453217 451363 2024-12-10T05:54:28Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area|name=জিগমে দৰ্জী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান|iucn_category=II|photo=Mo Chu Jigme Dorji NP AJT Johnsingh IMG 1361.JPG|photo_caption=জিগমে দৰ্জী সংৰক্ষিত এলেকাৰ স্থান|map=|map_caption=Location of Jigme Dorji National Park in pink|relief=<!-- location -->|location=[[Gasa District|গাছা]], [[Paro District|পাৰো]], [[Punakha District|পুনাখা]], [[Thimphu District|থিম্ফু]], [[Wangdue Phodrang District|ৱাংডুৱে ফড্ৰাং]], [[Bhutan]]|nearest_city=|nearest_town=|coords_ref=<!-- stats -->|area_km2=৪৩১৬|designation=<!-- dates & info -->|authorized=|visitation_num=|visitation_year=|visitation_ref=|governing_body=|administrator=<!-- website, embedded -->|website=[http://www.bhutantrustfund.bt/parks-of-bhutan পৰিৱেশ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ভূটান ট্ৰাষ্ট ফাণ্ড]|embedded=}} '''জিগমে দৰ্জী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান''' (জে. ডি. এন. পি.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dofps.gov.bt/?page_id=162|title=Dofps|accessdate=1 January 2018|archivedate=29 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229051653/http://www.dofps.gov.bt/?page_id=162}}</ref> ({{lang-en|Jigme Dorji National Park}}) হ'ল [[ভূটান]]ৰ দ্বিতীয় বৃহৎ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান। == ইতিহাস == ১৯৭৪ চনত এই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। ই ৪৩১৬ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ এলেকাত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে। এই এলেকাৰ ভিতৰত ভূটানৰ তিনিওটা জলবায়ু অঞ্চল অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈ আছে আৰু উদ্যানখন ১,৪০০-ৰ পৰা ৭,০০০ মিটাৰতকৈ অধিক উচ্চতালৈকে বিস্তৃত। উদ্যানখনৰ ভিতৰত ১,০০০ পৰিয়ালৰ প্ৰায় ৬,৫০০জন লোক জীৱিকাৰ বাবে‍ কৃষি আৰু পশুপালনৰ লগত জডি়ত। ইয়াক ইউনেস্কোৰ তালিকাত অন্তৰ্ভুক্তিৰ বাবে ভূটানৰ সম্ভাৱ্য নাম তালিকাত এই উদ্যানখনক এক স্থান হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="BTF1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutantrustfund.bt/parks-of-bhutan |title=Parks of Bhutan |work=Bhutan Trust Fund for Environmental Conservation online |publisher=Bhutan Trust Fund |access-date=2011-03-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702041330/http://www.bhutantrustfund.bt/parks-of-bhutan |archive-date=2 July 2011 |archivedate=2011-07-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702041330/http://www.bhutantrustfund.bt/parks-of-bhutan |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="Him2000" /> == অৱস্থান == গাছা জিলাৰ লগতে থিম্ফু জিলা, পাৰো জিলা, পুনাখা, আৰু ৱাংডুৱে ফড্ৰাং জিলাৰ উত্তৰ অঞ্চলসমূহৰ অধিকাংশই ই দখল কৰিছে। == উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণী == উদ্যানখনে ৩৭বিধ জ্ঞাত প্ৰজাতিৰ স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণীৰ লগতে‍ কেইবাটাও বিপন্ন, বিপদাপন্ন বা দুৰ্বল প্ৰজাতি, যেনে ভূটান টাকিন, [[বৰফৰ বাঘ]], গোধাফুটুকী, [[ঢেকীয়াপতীয়া বাঘ]], ভৰাল বা হিমালয়j নীলা ভেড়া, ক'লা কস্তুৰী হৰিণ, হিমালয়ৰ ক'লা ভালুক, [[ৰঙা পাণ্ডা]], উচুৰি ৰাংকুকুৰ আৰু স্পটেড লিনচাং ইয়াত ভাৰতীয় নাহৰফুটুকী বাঘ, হিমালয়ৰ চেৰো, [[শৰপহু|শৰপহু]], [[সুগৰী পহু]], [[গৰাল|হিমালয়ৰ গৰাল]], হিমালয়ৰ মাৰমট, হিমালয়ৰ পিকা আৰু ৩০০তকৈও অধিক প্ৰজাতিৰ চৰাইক উদ্যানখনে‍ আশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছে। ই ভূটানৰ একমাত্ৰ উদ্যান য'ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰাণী (টাকিন), ফুল (নীলা পপি), চৰাই (ৰেভেন) আৰু গছ (চাইপ্ৰেছ) একেলগে বিদ্যমান।<ref name="BTF1"/><ref name="Him2000">{{Cite web|url=http://www.himalaya2000.com/bhutan/wildlife-sanctuaries/jigme-dorji.html|title=Jigme Dorji National Park|work=Himalaya 2000 online|publisher=Bhutan Travel Guide|accessdate=2011-04-02}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.himalaya2000.com/bhutan/wildlife-sanctuaries/jigme-dorji.html "Jigme Dorji National Park"]. ''Himalaya 2000 online''. Bhutan Travel Guide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> [[চিত্ৰ:Bhutan_Takin,_Jigme_Dorji_National_Park.JPG|thumb|ভূটান টাকিন]] == সাংস্কৃতিক স্থানসমূহ == সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক গুৰুত্ব থকা বহুকেইটা স্থান জিগমে দৰ্জী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত আছে। ''মাউণ্ট জোমোলহাৰী'' আৰু ''মাউণ্ট জিচু ড্ৰেক''ক স্থানীয় দেৱতাৰ ঘৰ হিচাপে পূজা কৰা হয়। লিংছি জং আৰু গাছা জং দুৰ্গ ঐতিহাসিক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান। মো ছু, ৱাংডি ছু আৰু পা ছু (পাৰো ছু) নদীৰ উৎস উদ্যানখনত অৱস্থিত হিমবাহ হ্ৰদসমূহত আছে।<ref name="Him2000"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/parks_oct99.pdf|format=PDF|series=Protected Areas Programme|title=Parks|volume=9|number=3|publisher=[[World Commission on Protected Areas|IUCN – The World Conservation Union]]|date=October 1999|access-date=2011-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718070514/http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/parks_oct99.pdf|archivedate=18 July 2011}}</ref> == হিমবাহ == [[চিত্ৰ:Jigme_Dorji_National_Park,_Bhutan.JPG|center|thumb|800x800px|{{Center|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত [[হিমালয়]]ৰ শৃংগ}}]] জিগমে দৰ্জী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানে লুনানা আৰু লয়া গেৱগছকে ধৰি উত্তৰ গাছা জিলাৰ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল সামৰি লৈছে। এই গেৱগছসমূহ ভূটানৰ কিছু উল্লেখযোগ্য আৰু অনিশ্চিত হিমবাহৰ স্থান। এই হিমবাহবোৰ লিপিবদ্ধ ইতিহাসৰ সময়ছোৱাত যথেষ্ট পৰিমাণে গলি‍ গৈছে, যাৰ ফলত মাৰাত্মক আৰু ধ্বংসাত্মক হিমবাহ হ্ৰদৰ গলনৰ ফলত বানপানী সৃষ্টি হৈছে। উদ্যানখনৰ ভিতৰত থকা হিমবাহ আৰু হিমবাহ হ্ৰদসমূহৰ ভিতৰতে মুখ্য হৈছে থৰ্থৰ্মি, লুগিয়ে, আৰু টেৰি কাং।<ref name="Thorthormi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/thorthormi-water-level-brought-down-43-cm/|title=Thorthormi water level brought down 43 cm|first=Sonam|last=Pelden|publisher=Bhutan Observer online|date=3 September 2010|accessdate=2011-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119113517/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/thorthormi-water-level-brought-down-43-cm/|archivedate=19 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="Thorthormi4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/a-major-glof-in-2010/|title=A major GLOF in 2010?|first=Kuenzang C|last=Choden|publisher=Bhutan Observer online|date=21 August 2009|accessdate=2011-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003050442/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/a-major-glof-in-2010/|archivedate=3 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Thorthormi3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/thorthormi-water-level-brought-down/|title=Thorthormi water level brought down|first=Sonam|last=Pelden|publisher=Bhutan Observer online|date=9 October 2009|accessdate=2011-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119201323/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/thorthormi-water-level-brought-down/|archivedate=19 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="Tourism">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tourism.gov.bt/what-to-do/snowman-trek-i-to-sephu.html|title=Snowman Trek I (to Sephu)|publisher=[[Government of Bhutan]]|work=Tourism Council of Bhutan online|date=26 August 2008|accessdate=2011-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425105958/http://www.tourism.gov.bt/what-to-do/snowman-trek-i-to-sephu.html|archivedate=25 April 2011}}</ref> ঋতুয়ে‍ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ লগে লগে, পানীৰ স্তৰ হ্ৰাস কৰিবলৈ উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰত থকা অস্থায়ী শিবিৰৰ শ্ৰমিকসকলে‍ কাম কৰে যাতে নদীৰ নামনিত বানপানীৰ ভাবুকি হ্ৰাস হয়।<ref name="Thorthormi3" /> == এইবোৰো চাওক == * ভূটানৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলসমূহৰ তালিকা * ভূটানৰ হিমবাহসমূহ == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভূটানৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন শ্ৰেণী II]] e6d55kbfx3j7gzz2trc8hej9u4eskuo টিকা ভাণ্ডাৰী 0 109733 453238 451604 2024-12-10T06:34:07Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|নেপালী গায়ক}} {{Infobox artist | image = Tika Bhandari (cropped).jpg | caption = ২০১৭ চনত টিকা ভাণ্ডাৰী | name = টিকা ভাণ্ডাৰী | native_name = टिका भण्डारी | native_name_lang = নেপালী | birth_date = ১৯৬৪ | birth_place = শান্তিনগৰ, ঝাপা | nationality = নেপাল | education = ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানৰ স্নাতকোত্তৰ | awards = ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ স্বৰ্ণ পদক বিজয়ী | website = http://www.tikabhandari.com }} '''টিকা ভাণ্ডাৰী ({{lang_en|Tika Bhandari}})নেপালী: टीका भण्डारी''' এগৰাকী [[নেপাল]]ৰ নেপালী ভাষাৰ [[গীতিকাৰ]] আৰু নেপালী সংগীতৰ [[গায়ক]]। তেওঁ ৫০০ তকৈও অধিক নেপালী আধুনিক গানৰ বাবে সংগীত ৰচনা কৰিছে আৰু মুঠ ২৩টা সংগীত এলবাম মুকলি কৰিছে। তেওঁ 'গোলী চিশাকো'ৰ দৰে গান ৰচনা কৰাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক জনাজাত।<ref>{{Cite web|title = Music Nepal Network|url = http://www.musicnepal.com/albums.php?albumid=1450|website = musicnepal.com|accessdate = 19 September 2015}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা [[ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞান]]ত এম.এ.-ত শীৰ্ষ স্থান পোৱাৰ বাবে ২০০৩ চনত নেপাল বিদ্যা ভূষন লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ৰেডিঅ' নেপালৰ উপ-সঞ্চালক পদত অধিষ্ঠিত।<ref>{{Cite web|title = Radio Nepal: Inclusive Voices of Modern Nepal|url = http://radionepal.gov.np/radionepal/index.php?id=executive-staffs|website = radionepal.gov.np|accessdate = 19 September 2015|archivedate = 23 April 2015|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150423095851/http://radionepal.gov.np/radionepal/index.php?id=executive-staffs|deadurl = yes}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ ১৯ মে' তাৰিখে তেওঁ নিপেশ ঢাকা ৰচিত মেলনচি শিৰোনামেৰে ৩৬৫ জন নেপালী শিল্পীয়ে গীত আৰু সংগীতৰ এটা সমাবেশত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু [[গিনিজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ড]]ত স্থান পাবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-05-29/nepali-house-hold-names-go-for-the-guinness-world-records.html|title=Nepali house-hold names go for the Guinness World Records|website=kathmandupost.ekantipur.com|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref> ===বঁটা আৰু স্বীকৃতি=== টিকা ভাণ্ডাৰীয়ে সংগীতৰ ক্ষেত্ৰলৈ অৰিহণা যোগোৱাৰ বাবে কেইবাটাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান লাভ কৰিছে। চতুৰ্থ সুপ্ৰবাল জনসেৱশ্ৰী, ছিন্নালতা সংগীত পুৰস্কাৰ, নাটিকাজী উৱা সংগীত পুৰস্কাৰ আৰু ১৯৯৯ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত ৰচনা বঁটা ৰেডিঅ' নেপালৰ পৰা লাভ কৰিছে। ===সংগীতৰ বঁটাসমূহ=== # নাৰায়ণ গোপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যুবা সংগীত পুৰস্কাৰ – ২০০৩ #শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত ৰচনা বঁটা, ৰেডিঅ নেপাল – ২০০০ # দহজন যুৱ উৎকৃষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম (টিয়ন) – নেপাল জেচিছ – ২০০২ #শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংগীত ৰচনা কাৰী ৰেডিঅ নেপাল – দেশব্যাপী শিশু গীত প্ৰতিযোগিতা – ১৯৯৮ ===শিক্ষামূলক বঁটা=== #মহেন্দ্ৰ বিদ্যা ভূষণ (বৰ্তমান নেপাল বিদ্যা ভূষান), প্ৰাক্তন ৰজা জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ বীৰ বিক্ৰম শ্বাহ দেৱৰ ৰাজ্যিক পদক – ২০০৩ #বদকাজী মৰিখমান সিং প্ৰধান বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্বৰ্ণ পদক – নেপালৰ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা –২০০৩ #নেপালৰ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা ললিচান্দ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা সোণৰ পদক – ২০০৩ ===এলবামসমূহ=== তেওঁ বিভিন্ন গীতিকাৰ আৰু গায়কৰ সৈতে ২৩ টাতকৈও অধিক বিভিন্ন সংগীতৰ এলবাম আৰু ৪ ডজন মিশ্ৰিত এলবামত কাম কৰিছে। <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.musicnepal.com/albums.php?albumid=1450|title = Music Nepal}}</ref> ===সুৰকাৰ ৰূপে=== # বিভিন্ন শিল্পীৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ভেট – ২০৪৯ বিএছ #গায়ক ৰেখা শৰ্মাৰ সৈতে নাউলি – ২০৬১ বিএছ #গীতিকাৰ যুবাৰাজ পুডেলৰ সৈতে অভিলেখ – ২০৬১ বিএছ #গীতিকাৰ প্ৰকাশ কুইকেলৰ সৈতে গণতাবিয়া – ২০৬৩ বিএছ #হেমানত পৰদেশীৰ সৈতে আধা বাটো- ২০৬৬ বিএছ #সূৰ্য খত্ৰী ঘায়েলৰ সৈতে পালপাল – ২০৭০ বিএছ #মদন, জননেতা মদন ভাণ্ডাৰী (সংগীত ৰচনা) - ২০৭১ বিএছ #গীতিকাৰ জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ গাদালৰ সৈতে পৰদেশ – ২০০৬ এডি #গীতিকাৰ শেখৰ ধুংগেলৰ সৈতে কুনাই দিন – ২০০৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ #গীতিকাৰ ভূপেন্দ্ৰ মহতৰ সৈতে অভিপ্সা – ২০১০ খৃষ্টাব্দ #গীতিকাৰ দীপক জাদিতৰ সৈতে এক অঞ্জুলি মায়া – ২০০৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ #গীতিকাৰ চন্দ্ৰ পাৰ্চাই বিবাশৰ সৈতে পৰিকালপানা – ২০০৭ খৃষ্টাব্দ #গীতিকাৰ মিন বাহাদুৰ থাপাৰ সৈতে ইতিহাছ – ২০১৪ খ্ৰীঃ #গীতিকাৰ ঈশ্বৰ প্ৰবাচীৰ সৈতে মায়াকো সাহাৰ – ২০১৫ খৃষ্টাব্দ #গায়ক নাৰদ দাহাল আৰু তেকেন দাহালৰ সৈতে ৰোজাই – ২০১৫ খ্ৰীপূ টিকা ভাণ্ডাৰী সংগীত সংগ্ৰহৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ – ২০১৫ খৃষ্টাব্দ #দেশ – দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক গীত সংগ্ৰহ – ২০১৫ বিজ্ঞাপন ===নেপালী চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ সংগীত পৰিচালক হিচাপে=== #মাতাল – 2054 বিক্ৰম বৰ্ষ #বিহানী – 2055 বিক্ৰম বৰ্ষ #সাহসী – 2055 বিএছ #গৌলে – 2056 বিএছ #পৰদেশী কাঞ্চা – 2056 বিএছ #জয় – 2056 বিএছ #মজদুৰ – 2057 বিএছ #ভাই – 2057 বিএছ #লক্ষ্মণ ৰেখা – 2057 বিএছ #নতিন্দৰ – 2058 বিএছ #কেজ – 2059 বিএছ #শিশুলৈ মায়া – 2059 বিএছ #জীৱন দন – 2059 বিএছ #হামৰো জিন্দেগী – 2059 বিএছ #বাক্সিছ – 2059 বিএছ ===এজন গায়ক হিচাপে=== #নেপাল যাত্ৰা পেৰোডি – ২০৫৮ বিক্ৰম বৰ্ষ #কুৰ্শী যাত্ৰা পেৰোডি – ২০৫৯ বিক্ৰম বৰ্ষ #স্বৰ সংগীত – ২০১৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ #মদন – ২০১৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ #পেৰোডি ৰিমিক্স – ২০১৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ #বিষাদ –২০১৬ চনৰ ১৯ মে', ৩৬৫জন নেপালী শিল্পীৰ এটা পৰিৱেশগীত, গিনিজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডছ। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ ব্যক্তি]][[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] ibnky46rcxj39ucuj774ssve5al408e পুষ্পা ২: দ্য ৰুল 0 109746 453195 451626 2024-12-10T05:34:43Z 2409:40E3:1006:50CC:B039:BC81:24BA:7F6E /* অভিনয় শিল্পী */ 453195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = পুষ্পা ২: দ্য ৰুল | image = Pushpa 2- The Rule.jpg | caption = ছবিগৃহত মুক্তিৰ পোষ্টাৰ | director = [[সুকুমাৰ]] | producer = {{ubl | নবীন য়েৰ্নেনী | য়ালামঞ্চিলি ৰবি শংকৰ}} | writer = সুকুমাৰ<br>শ্ৰীকান্ত ৱিছা (সংলাপ) | starring = {{ubl|[[অল্লু অৰ্জুন]]|[[ৰশ্মিকা মন্দান্না]]|[[ফাহাধ ফাচিল]]}} | music = দেৱী শ্ৰী প্ৰসাদ | cinematography = মিৰ'স্লাৱ কুবা ব্ৰজেক | editing = নবীন নূলী | studio = {{ubl|মৈত্ৰী মুভি মেকাৰ্ছ|সুকুমাৰ ৰাইটিংছ}} | distributor = | released = {{Film date|2024|12|05|df=yes}} | runtime = ২০০ মিনিট<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 November 2024 |title=Pushpa 2 runtime could give Animal, Kalki 2898 AD a run for their money, Jathara sequence hailed 'the best': Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pushpa-2-the-rule-runtime-could-give-animal-kalki-2898-ad-run-for-their-money-jathara-sequence-hailed-best-allu-arjun-101732773984349.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 November 2024 |title=BREAKING: Pushpa 2 - The Rule is 200 minutes long; CBFC censors 'r***i', two excessively violent scenes |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/breaking-pushpa-2-rule-200-minutes-long-cbfc-censors-ri-two-excessively-violent-scenes/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> | country = ভাৰত | language = তেলেগু | budget = {{INR}}৪০০–৫০০ কোটি<ref name="budget"/><ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 May 2022 |title=Rs 100 crore for Allu Arjun, Rs 200 crore in production cost! Pushpa 2's budget will blow your mind |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-s-pushpa-2-budget-is-bigger-than-the-first-part-the-amount-will-blow-your-mind-1947987-2022-05-11 |work=India Today|date=11 May 2022 }}</ref> }} '''''পুষ্পা ২: দ্য ৰুল''''' ({{lang-en|Pushpa 2: The Rule}}) হৈছে ২০২৪ চনত মুক্তিপ্ৰাপ্ত ভাৰতীয় [[তেলেগু ভাষা]]ৰ এখন একশ্যনধৰ্মী নাট্য চলচ্চিত্ৰ।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-27 |title=Has Allu Arjun surpassed Vijay to become the highest-paid Indian actor with 'Pushpa 2'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/has-allu-arjun-surpassed-vijay-to-become-the-highest-paid-indian-actor-with-pushpa-2/articleshow/114646487.cms |access-date=2024-10-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ছবিখন পৰিচালনা কৰিছে পৰিচালক সুকুমাৰে আৰু সুকুমাৰ ৰাইটিংছৰ উদ্যোগত ছবিখনৰ প্ৰযোজনা কৰিছে মৈত্ৰী মুভি মেকাৰ্ছে। ছবিখনৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে [[অল্লু অৰ্জুন|অল্লু অৰ্জুনে]]। আন অভিনয় শিল্পীসকলৰ ভিতৰত আছে [[ৰশ্মিকা মন্দান্না]], ফাহাধ ফাচিল, জগপতি বাবু, ধনঞ্জয়, ৰাও ৰমেশ, সুনীল আৰু অনসুয়া ভৰদ্বাজ। ই ''পুষ্পা'' চলচ্চিত্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকৰ দ্বিতীয় কিস্তি আৰু ২০২১ চনৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''[[পুষ্পা: দ্য ৰাইজ]]''ৰ ছিকুৱেল। ২০২১ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত মূল চলচ্চিত্ৰখন মুক্তি পোৱাৰ কেইদিনমান আগতে ''পুষ্পা ২'' নামেৰে ছিকুৱেলটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছিল। পিছত, ২০২২ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ''পুষ্পা ২: দ্য ৰুল'' উপশিৰোনামটি ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 August 2022 |title='Pushpa The Rule: Part 2' kicks off with a puja ceremony |url=https://telanganatoday.com/pushpa-the-rule-part-2-kicks-off-with-a-puja-ceremony |work=Telangana Today|date=22 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Pushpa' sequel to go on the floors in April, script altered|date=11 January 2022 |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/pushpa-sequel-to-go-on-the-floors-in-april-script-altered-443943|access-date=19 January 2022|publisher=WION|language=en|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111155119/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/pushpa-sequel-to-go-on-the-floors-in-april-script-altered-443943|url-status=live}}</ref> ছবিখনৰ ১০% ফুটেজ প্ৰথমে মূল ছবিখনৰ সৈতে বেক-টু-বেক শ্বুট কৰা হৈছিল। কিন্তু পৰিচালক সুকুমাৰে কাহিনীটো সলনি কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লয়, যাৰ ফলত ২০২২ চনৰ অক্টোবৰৰ পৰা ছবিখনৰ মূল ফটোগ্ৰাফী আৰম্ভ হয়। চলচ্চিত্ৰখনৰ সংগীত দেৱী শ্ৰী প্ৰসাদৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত। ইয়াৰ চিনেমেট'গ্ৰাফীৰ কাম কৰিছে মিৰ'স্লাৱ কুবা ব্ৰজেকে আৰু সম্পাদনা কৰিছে নবীন নুলিয়ে। ৪০০–৫০০ কোটি টকাৰ বাজেটত নিৰ্মিত, এই ছবিখন আটাইতকৈ ব্যয়বহুল ভাৰতীয় ছবিসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="budget">{{Cite web|url=https://starbyte.in/pushpa-the-rule-part-2-box-office-collection-day-6/|title=Pushpa The Rule – Part 2 Box Office Collection Day 6; Global earnings cross 1100 crores, Allu Arjun’s film is a blast!|website=[[starbyte]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 April 2024 |title=Allu Arjun Increases His Fee To ₹150 Crore Ahead Of Pushpa 2 Release? Heres What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/allu-arjun-increases-his-fee-to-150-crore-ahead-of-pushpa-2-release-heres-what-we-know-8866294.html |work=News18}}</ref> ২০০ মিনিটৰ ৰানটাইমৰ এই ছবিখন এতিয়ালৈকে নিৰ্মিত আটাইতকৈ দীঘলীয়া ভাৰতীয় ছবিসমূহৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzE5MTEyMDI0MDAwNDI=|title=CBFC &#124; Search Film|website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref> ''পুষ্পা ২: দ্য ৰুল'' ২০২৪ চনৰ ৫ ডিচেম্বৰ তাৰিখে, বিশ্বজুৰি ষ্টেণ্ডাৰ্ড, আইমেক্স, ৪ডিএক্স, ডি-বক্স আৰু পিভিআৰ আইচিই ফৰ্মেটত ছবিগৃহত মুক্তি পাইছিল। == কাহিনীভাগ == ৰঙা চন্দনৰ এটা চালান [[জাপান]]ৰ য়োকোহামা বন্দৰত গৈ পায়। য’ত শ্ৰমিকসকলে এটা কণ্টেইনাৰৰ ভিতৰত পুষ্পাক লুকাই থকা দেখি স্তম্ভিত হৈ পৰে। পুষ্পাই তেওঁলোকক আক্ৰমণ কৰে, লোডৰ বাবে ধন দিবলৈ দাবী কৰে। কিন্তু শ্ৰমিকসকলে গুলীয়াই দিয়াত তেওঁ সাগৰত পৰি যায়, যাৰ ফলত ফ্লেছবেকৰ সূচনা হয়। এছ পি ভঁৱৰ সিং শ্বেখাৱতক অপমান কৰাৰ পিছত{{Efn|name=Timeline| ''[[পুষ্পা: দ্য ৰাইজ]]'' (২০২১) ত দেখুওৱা হৈছে}} পুষ্পাই এজন সন্মানীয় চোৰাংচোৱা হিচাপে ক্ষমতালৈ আহে, আনহাতে সিঙে আত্মগোপন কৰে। সিঙে গোপনে শ্ৰমিকৰ বেশ ধৰি এটা বৃহৎ চন্দন কাঠৰ চালান আটক কৰে। ইফালে পুষ্পাই মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী নৰসিংহ ৰেড্ডীক সাক্ষাৎ কৰে যদিও ৰাজনৈতিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ পুষ্পাই তেওঁৰ সৈতে ফটো উঠিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰে। ক্ষুণ্ণ হৈ পুষ্পাই চিধাপ্পাক মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী কৰি চৰকাৰক ওফৰাই দিয়াৰ ভাবুকি দিয়ে, চন্দন কাঠৰ চোৰাং ব্যৱসায়ৰ জৰিয়তে ৫০০ কোটি টকা সংগ্ৰহ কৰে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী কোগাতম বীৰ প্ৰতাপ ৰেড্ডীৰ সৈতে চুক্তিবদ্ধ হয় পুষ্পাই আৰু [[মালদ্বীপ]]ত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ক্ৰেতা হামীদক সাক্ষাৎ কৰি ২০০০ টন চন্দন কাঠ ৫ হাজাৰ কোটি টকাত বিক্ৰী কৰে। কেইবাজনো চোৰাংচোৱাই পুষ্পাৰ ছিণ্ডিকেটত যোগদান কৰে যদিও মংগলম শ্ৰীনু আৰু দক্ষায়ণীয়ে ভঁৱৰৰ সৈতে এই অভিযানত বাধা হৈ থিয় দিয়ে। ভঁৱৰে ছিণ্ডিকেটৰ এজন সদস্যক হত্যা কৰি আনসকলৰ মাজত ভয়ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, যিয়ে পুষ্পাক নিজৰ নেতৃত্ব শ্ৰীনুৰ ওচৰত এৰি দিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়। পুষ্পাই অৱশ্যে নিজৰ কৌশল আৰু উপায় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি [[শ্ৰীলংকা]]ৰ অন্তিম গন্তব্যস্থানলৈকে [[চেন্নাই]]লৈ চোৰাং চন্দন সৰবৰাহ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। পৰিবহণৰ সময়ত ভঁৱৰে ধৰি লয় আৰু সকলোবোৰ ট্ৰাকতে গুলিয়ায়, যাৰ ফলত চালকসকলে পলায়ন কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হয়। সংবাদ মাধ্যমে ভঁৱৰক এই অভিযানৰ বাবে প্ৰশংসা কৰে, কিন্তু শ্ৰীনুৱে উপলব্ধি কৰে যে বোজাটো চন্দনৰ নাছিল বৰঞ্চ চেণ্ড্ৰাৰ আছিল, যাৰ কাঠ ৰঙা চন্দনৰ দৰে যদিও বজাৰ মূল্য নাই। পুষ্পাই প্ৰকৃত বোজাটো ম'হৰ গাড়ী এখনেৰে পৰোক্ষভাৱে ভঁৱৰৰ সহায়তেই চেন্নাইলৈ লৈ গৈছিল। অৱশেষত ভঁৱৰে [[ৰামেশ্বৰম]]লৈ চালানটো ট্ৰেক কৰাৰ অনুমতি লাভ কৰে যদিও ভাৰত-শ্ৰীলংকা সীমান্ত পাৰ হোৱাৰ আগতেই চালানটো ধৰিব নোৱাৰে। ক্ৰোধিত হৈ তেওঁ ষ্ট’ৰেজ ছাইটটো জ্বলাই দিয়ে আৰু জুইত নিজকে হত্যা কৰা যেন লাগে। ইফালে শ্ৰীৱল্লী [[গৰ্ভধাৰণ|গৰ্ভৱতী]] হয় আৰু এই আনন্দতে পুষ্পাই উৎসৱৰ আয়োজন কৰে। কিন্তু উৎসৱৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ ভতিজী কাবেৰীক আক্ৰমণ কৰা আৰু পিছত বীৰা প্ৰতাপ ৰেড্ডীৰ ভতিজা বুগী ৰেড্ডীয়ে অপহৰণ কৰাৰ ফলত শোকাৱহ পৰিস্থিতিৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। পুষ্পাই তাইক উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু বুগী তথা তেওঁৰ দলটোক হত্যা কৰে। এনেতে তেওঁৰ নিজৰ বিচ্ছিন্ন পৰিয়ালৰ সৈতে মিলন ঘটে আৰু কাবেৰীৰ বিয়া হয়। শেষত, বিয়াখনত কোনো এজন ৰহস্যময় ব্যক্তিয়ে বোমা বিস্ফোৰণ কৰে। == অভিনয় শিল্পী == {{refbegin|2}} * [[অল্লু অৰ্জুন]] - পুষ্পা ৰাজ ** মাষ্টৰ ধ্ৰুৱন - তৰুণ পুষ্পা ৰাজ * [[ৰশ্মিকা মন্দান্না]] - শ্ৰীৱল্লী, পুষ্পাৰ পত্নী * ফাহাধ ফাছিল - এছ পি ভঁৱৰ সিং শ্বেখাৱত * জগদীশ প্ৰতাপ বণ্ডাৰী - কেশৱ "মণ্ডেলু", পুষ্পাৰ বন্ধু * জগপতি বাবু - কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী কোগাতম বীৰ প্ৰতাপ ৰেড্ডী * সুনীল - মংগলম শ্ৰীনু * অনসুয়া ভৰদ্বাজ - দক্ষায়নী "দক্ষা", মংগলম শ্ৰীনুৰ পত্নী * ৰাও ৰমেশ - সাংসদ ভূমিৰেড্ডী সিদ্দাপ্পা নাইডু * শানমুখ - জাক্কা ৰেড্ডী * সত্য - জাপানী অনুবাদক * তাৰক পন্নাপ্পা - কোগাটাম বুগ্গী ৰেড্ডী, প্ৰতাপ ৰেডীৰ ভতিজা * অজয় - মল্লেটী মোহন ৰাজ, পুষ্পাৰ মাহীমাকৰ পুতেক * শ্ৰীতেজ - মল্লেটী ধৰম ৰাজ, পুষ্পাৰ মাহীমাকৰ পুতেক * পৱনী কৰণাম - মল্লেটী কাবেৰী, পুষ্পাৰ ভতিজী আৰু মোহনৰ জীয়েক * সৌৰভ সচদেৱ - হামীদ * আদিত্য মেনন - কোগাতম চুব্বা ৰেড্ডী, প্ৰতাপ ৰেড্ডীৰ ভাতৃ আৰু বাগ্গী ৰেড্ডীৰ পিতৃ * মাইম গোপী - চেন্নাই মুৰুগান * ব্ৰহ্মাজী - উপ-পৰিদৰ্শক কুপ্পাৰাজ * আড়ুকালাম নৰেণ - মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী নৰসিংহ ৰেড্ডী * কল্পলতা - পাৰ্বতম্মা, পুষ্পাৰ মাতৃ * দয়ানন্দ ৰেড্ডী - মুনীৰত্নম, শ্ৰীৱল্লীৰ পিতৃ * বিন্দু চন্দ্ৰমৌলি - কাবেৰীৰ মাক আৰু মোহনৰ পত্নী * দিৱি বদথ্যা - মিন্নু উমা দেৱী, এগৰাকী টিভি ৰিপ’ৰ্টাৰ * ধনঞ্জয় - জালি ৰেড্ডী (ক্ষন্তেকীয়া উপস্থিতি) * শ্ৰীলীলা - "কিছিক" শীৰ্ষক গীতটিৰ অতিথি অভিনেত্ৰী {{refend}} == উৎপাদন == === বিকাশ === ২০২১ চনত ''পুষ্পা: দ্য ৰাইজ'' মুক্তিৰ পূৰ্বে ছবিখন দুটা ভাগত মুক্তি পোৱাৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছিল, ছবি নিৰ্মাতাসকলে কৈছিল যে প্ৰথম খণ্ড সেই বছৰতে মুক্তি পাব, আনহাতে পিছৰ অংশটো তাৰ পিছৰ বছৰত (২০২২) মুক্তি পাব।<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2021 |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa to be released in two parts, first part will be out in August 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/allu-arjun-s-pushpa-to-be-released-in-two-parts-announce-makers-101621000200473.html |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126091621/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/allu-arjun-s-pushpa-to-be-released-in-two-parts-announce-makers-101621000200473.html |url-status=live }}</ref> প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত ছিকুৱেলৰ ১০% ফুটেজ প্ৰথম খণ্ডৰ সৈতে বেক-টু-বেক শ্বুট কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সুকুমাৰে ছিকুৱেলৰ কাহিনী সলনি কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছিল যাতে দৰ্শকৰ প্ৰত্যাশা পূৰণ কৰিব পৰা যায় আৰু পূৰ্বৰ ছবিখনৰ ভুলবোৰ শুধৰাব পাৰি।<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2022 |title=Did Sukumar alter the script of 'Pushpa 2' post 'KGF2' Success? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/did-sukumar-alter-the-script-of-pushpa-2-post-kgf2-success/articleshow/91099193.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208181718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/did-sukumar-alter-the-script-of-pushpa-2-post-kgf2-success/articleshow/91099193.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ জুলাই মাহৰ ভিতৰত [[হাইদৰাবাদ]]ত ছবিখনৰ চিত্ৰনাট্যৰ অংশ সম্পূৰ্ণ হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=13 March 2022 |title=Director Sukumar Makes Big Changes in Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2 Script for This Reason? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/director-sukumar-makes-big-changes-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-script-for-this-reason-4870193.html |work=News18}}</ref> ২০২২ চনৰ ২২ আগষ্টত আনুষ্ঠানিক শিৰোনাম ''পুষ্পা ২: দ্য ৰুল'' ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। সেইদিনাই হাইদৰাবাদত ছবিখনৰ অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অন্যান্য কলা-কুশলীৰ উপস্থিতিত উদ্বোধনী মুহুৰৎ পূজা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=21 August 2022 |title=Pushpa The Rule update! Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna's film to go on floor with pooja ceremony on Aug 22 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pushpa-the-rule-update-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-s-film-to-go-on-floor-with-pooja-ceremony-on-aug-22-1990762-2022-08-21 |work=India Today|date=21 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2022 |title=Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna starring 'Pushpa 2' begins shooting, pooja held |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-starring-pushpa-2-begins-shooting-pooja-held/articleshow/93711299.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208181719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-starring-pushpa-2-begins-shooting-pooja-held/articleshow/93711299.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> পৰিচালক সুকুমাৰে ছবিখনৰ চিত্ৰনাট্য লিখাৰ বিপৰীতে ছবিখনৰ সংলাপসমূহ লিখিছিল শ্ৰীকান্ত ভিছাই।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 May 2022 |title=Pushpa 2 will go a notch up, Allu Arjun to have catchy lines; REVEALS dialogue writer Srikanth Vissa-EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/pushpa-2-will-go-notch-allu-arjun-have-catchy-lines-reveals-dialogue-writer-srikanth-vissa-exclusive-1075422 |website=Pinkvilla|date=24 April 2022 }}</ref> সুকুমাৰে ইয়াৰ উপৰিও পূৰ্বৰ অংশটিৰ বেছিভাগ কাৰিকৰী শিল্পীকে ৰাখিছিল। য’ত আছিল চিনেমাট’গ্ৰাফাৰ মিৰ’স্লাৱ কুবা ব্ৰজেক, সম্পাদক কাৰ্তিক শ্ৰীনিবাস আৰু ৰুবেন, কলা পৰিচালক এছ ৰামকৃষ্ণ আৰু মনিকা নিগোত্ৰে আৰু চাউণ্ড ডিজাইনাৰ ৰেছুল পুকুটি আৰু বিজয় কুমাৰ।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 April 2024 |title='Pushpa 2: The Rule': Here's Everything We Know About The Allu Arjun-Starrer Sequel |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/pushpa-2-the-rule-heres-everything-we-know-about-the-allu-arjun-starrer-sequel |website=Outlook|date=8 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=12 April 2024 |title='Pushpa' Sound Designer Resul Pookutty Praises Allu Arjun For His Dedication |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-sound-designer-resul-pookutty-praises-allu-arjun-for-his-dedication/amp_articleshow/109246101.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> দীপালী নূৰ আৰু শীতল শৰ্মাই সাজ-পোছাক ডিজাইনাৰ হিচাপে কাম কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে প্ৰীতি শীল সিঙক চৰিত্ৰ ডিজাইনাৰ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। পিটাৰ হেইন, কেঁচা কাম্ফকদী, ড্ৰেগন প্ৰকাশ আৰু নবাকান্তক ছবিখনৰ ষ্টাণ্ট পৰিচালক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। ছবিখনৰ নৃত্য পৰিচালকসকল হ'ল প্ৰেম ৰক্ষিত, গণেশ আচাৰ্য, বিজয় পোলাকী আৰু শ্ৰষ্ঠী ভাৰ্মা।<ref>{{cite AV media |date=8 April 2024 |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wboGYls1Bns&pp |title=Pushpa 2 The Rule Teaser {{!}} Allu Arjun {{!}} Sukumar {{!}} Rashmika Mandanna {{!}} Fahadh Faasil {{!}} DSP |publisher=[[Mythri Movie Makers]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=8 April 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> === অভিনয় শিল্পী নিৰ্বাচন === প্ৰথম খণ্ডৰ পৰা [[অল্লু অৰ্জুন]], ফাহাধ ফাচিল, [[ৰশ্মিকা মন্দান্না]], ধনঞ্জয়, ৰাও ৰমেশ, সুনীল, অনাসুয়া ভৰদ্বাজ, অজয় ঘোষ আৰু অন্যান্য অভিনয় শিল্পীসকলে নিজ নিজ চৰিত্ৰ পুনৰায় অভিনয় কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ২০২৩ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত জগপতি বাবুক এটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চৰিত্ৰৰ বাবে নিয়োগ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-jagapathi-babu-confirms-entry-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-says-sukumar-gives-me-the-best-characters-1217647 | title=EXCLUSIVE: Jagapathi Babu confirms entry in Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2, says 'Sukumar gives me the best characters' | date=20 April 2023 | website=pinkvilla.com | access-date=2 May 2023 | archive-date=2 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502214521/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-jagapathi-babu-confirms-entry-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-says-sukumar-gives-me-the-best-characters-1217647 | url-status=live}}</ref> আত্মহত্যাৰ গোচৰত অভিযুক্ত জগদীশ প্ৰথাপ বান্দাৰীয়ে জামিন লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত, ২০২৪ চনৰ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী মাহত পুনৰ ছবিখনত যোগদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari released on bail in suicide abetment case, joins the sets of Pushpa 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jagadessh-prathap-bandari-released-on-bail-in-suicide-abetment-case-joins-the-sets-of-pushpa-2-9140956/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত আইটেম নম্বৰ (গীত)ৰ বাবে [[তৃপ্তি ডিমৰি]], [[জাহ্নৱী কাপুৰ]], দিশা পাটানী, [[শ্ৰদ্ধা কাপুৰ]]কে ধৰি বিভিন্ন অভিনেত্ৰীক বিবেচনা কৰা বুলি জল্পনা-কল্পনাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 March 2022 |title=Disha Patani Set to Replace Samantha in Pushpa 2 Item Song After Rejecting Oo Antava? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/disha-patani-set-to-replace-samantha-in-pushpa-2-item-song-after-rejecting-oo-antava-4895405.html |website=News18|date=22 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 May 2024 |title=Janhvi Kapoor Or Tripti Dimri Likely To Feature in Special Song Of Pushpa 2 The Rule |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/janhvi-kapoor-or-tripti-dimri-likely-to-feature-in-special-song-of-pushpa-2-the-rule-article-110451971 |work=Times Now|date=27 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 October 2024 |title=Shraddha Kapoor to join Allu Arjun in special dance number in Pushpa 2: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shraddha-kapoor-allu-arjun-special-dance-number-pushpa-2-2620703-2024-10-21 |work=India Today|date=21 October 2024 }}</ref> অৱশ্যে অভিনেত্ৰী [[শ্ৰীলীলা]]ক পিছলৈ চূড়ান্ত কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 November 2024 |title=Guntur Kaaram actor Sreeleela, Allu Arjun to dance in a Pushpa 2 song: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/guntur-kaaram-actor-sreeleela-allu-arjun-to-dance-in-a-pushpa-2-song-report-2627391-2024-11-03 |work=India Today|date=3 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 November 2024|title=Sreeleela to groove with Allu Arjun in a peppy dance number in Pushpa 2: The Rule: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/sreeleela-groove-allu-arjun-peppy-dance-number-pushpa-2-rule-report/ |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=4 November 2024 }}</ref> পিছলৈ, সৌৰভ সচদেৱ, তাৰক পন্নপ্পা, সত্য আৰু আদিত্য মেনন আদিও ছবিখনৰ অংশ বুলি খবৰ ওলাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 November 2024 |title=Animal fame Saurabh Sachdeva to star in Allu Arjun starrer Pushpa 2? Here's what we know! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/animal-fame-saurabh-sachdeva-star-allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-heres-know/ |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=18 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 November 2024 |title=Meet Kannada actor who is seen with half-shaved head in Pushpa 2 The Rule trailer; was also part of Devara Part 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/kannada-actor-tarak-ponnappa-half-shaved-allu-arjun-pushpa-2-the-rule-trailer-devara-101731916681263.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> === চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণ === ২০২২ চনৰ ৩০ অক্টোবৰত, [[হাইদৰাবাদ]]ত এটি টেষ্ট শ্বুটিঙৰ জৰিয়তে ছবিখনৰ মূল ফটোগ্ৰাফী আৰম্ভ হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2022 |title=Allu Arjun begins shooting for 'Pushpa: The Rule', on-set picture goes viral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-begins-shooting-for-pushpa-the-rule-on-set-picture-goes-viral/articleshow/95180705.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208183307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-begins-shooting-for-pushpa-the-rule-on-set-picture-goes-viral/articleshow/95180705.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 October 2022 |title=Allu Arjun begins shoot of Pushpa 2: The Rule; cinematographer Miroslaw Kuba Brozek shares behind-the-scenes photo |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-begins-shoot-pushpa-2-rule-cinematographer-miroslaw-kuba-brozek-shares-behind-scenes-photo/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=31 October 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031225628/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-begins-shoot-pushpa-2-rule-cinematographer-miroslaw-kuba-brozek-shares-behind-scenes-photo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত [[বিশাখাপট্টনম]]ত এটা একচন ছিকুৱেন্সৰ দৃশ্যগ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 January 2023 |title=Allu Arjun to shoot for an action sequence for Pushpa: The Rule in Vizag; see pic |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-shoot-action-sequence-pushpa-rule-vizag-see-pic/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120170928/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-shoot-action-sequence-pushpa-rule-vizag-see-pic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত [[বেংগালুৰু]]ত কিছু দৃশ্যৰ দৃশ্যগ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 March 2023 |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2 next schedule to be shot in Bengaluru. Fahadh Faasil to be part of it |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-fahadh-faasil-pushpa-2-shoot-bengaluru-2348987-2023-03-20 |website=India Today|date=20 March 2023 }}</ref> পৰিচালক অসন্তুষ্ট হোৱাৰ বাবে ছবিখনৰ শ্বুটিং বন্ধ কৰা বুলি উৰাবাতৰি উলাইছিল যদিও পিছলৈ কিছুদিন পিছত পুনৰ শ্বুটিং আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ বাবে বাতৰিটো ভুৱা বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 April 2023 |title=WHAT! Pushpa 2 Shooting STOPPED, 2023 Release CANCELLED Because Director 'Unsatisfied'? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pushpa-2-allu-arjun-shooting-stopped-2023-release-cancelled-rashmika-mandanna-7454347.html |website=News18|date=3 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=3 April 2023 |title='Pushpa 2' shooting stopped and 2023 release cancelled? Here's everything we know about Allu Arjun's upcoming film |url=https://economictimes.com/news/new-updates/pushpa-2-shooting-stopped-and-2023-release-cancelled-heres-everything-we-know-about-allu-arjuns-upcoming-film/articleshow/99219476.cms |website=The Economic Times|date=3 April 2023 }}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত [[ওড়িশা]]ৰ মালকানগিৰি জিলাত কিছুমান অৰণ্যৰ দৃশ্যৰ শ্বুটিং কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |access-date=10 April 2023 |title=Pushpa-2 team chooses erstwhile Maoists' bastion in Odisha for shooting |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/pushpa-2-team-chooses-erstwhile-maoists-bastion-in-odisha-for-shooting/article66717780.ece/amp/ |website=The Hindu |date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410004253/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/pushpa-2-team-chooses-erstwhile-maoists-bastion-in-odisha-for-shooting/article66717780.ece/amp/ |url-status=live |last1=Barik |first1=Satyasundar }}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত জগপতি বাবুয়েও অভিনয় শিল্পী ৰূপে যোগদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 April 2023 |title=Jagapathi Babu confirms signing Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2, has THIS to say about his role |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jagapathi-babu-confirms-signing-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-2362981-2023-04-21 |website=India Today|date=21 April 2023 }}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ মে’ মাহত ফাহাধ ফাচিলে ছবিখনত যোগদান কৰাৰ বিপৰীতে ২০২৩ চনৰ জুন মাহত ৰশ্মিকাই যোগদান কৰে।<ref>{{cite news |access-date=18 May 2023 |title=Pic: Fahadh Faasil Joins Allu Arjun In 'Pushpa 2: The Rule' For A Thrilling Vengeance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pic-fahadh-faasil-joins-allu-arjun-in-pushpa-2-the-rule-for-a-thrilling-vengeance/articleshow/100325683.cms |website=Times of India |date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518094632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pic-fahadh-faasil-joins-allu-arjun-in-pushpa-2-the-rule-for-a-thrilling-vengeance/articleshow/100325683.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 June 2023 |title=Rashmika Mandanna starts shooting for Pushpa 2; drops a behind-the-scenes picture |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/rashmika-mandanna-starts-shooting-pushpa-2-drops-behind-scenes-picture/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=28 June 2023 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628140146/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/rashmika-mandanna-starts-shooting-pushpa-2-drops-behind-scenes-picture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ ৩ জুনত, বিজয়াৱাড়া–হাইদৰাবাদ এক্সপ্ৰেছৱে’ৰ ওচৰত ছবিখনৰ কলা-কুশলীসকল অহা-যোৱা কৰা বাছ এখনত দুৰ্ঘটনা সংঘটিত হয়।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 June 2023 |title=Allu Arjun starrer Pushpa 2 crew meets with bus accident in Telangana: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-crew-meets-bus-accident-telangana-report/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603125359/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-crew-meets-bus-accident-telangana-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত বিশাখাপট্টনম বন্দৰত ৫০জন ষ্টাণ্টমেনৰ সৈতে এটা একচন ছিকুৱেন্স শ্বুটিং কৰা হৈছিল, য’ত অল্লু অৰ্জুনে ক্ৰেন এটাৰ সহায়ত মাটিৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১০০ ফুট ওপৰত ওলোটাকৈ ওলমি আছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 June 2023 |title=Allu Arjun Shoots Huge Action Scene At Vizag Port, Said To Be The 'Highlight' Of Pushpa 2 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/allu-arjun-shoots-huge-action-scene-at-vizag-port-said-to-be-the-highlight-of-pushpa-2-8218699.html |publisher=News18}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ৰামোজী ফিল্ম চিটিত কিছু দৃশ্যৰ দৃশ্যগ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 August 2023 |title=Allu Arjun kicks off another extensive schedule of Pushpa 2 in Ramoji studios in Hyderabad |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-kicks-off-another-extensive-schedule-pushpa-2-ramoji-studios-hyderabad/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805143531/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-kicks-off-another-extensive-schedule-pushpa-2-ramoji-studios-hyderabad/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 August 2023 |title=Pushpa 2: Allu Arjun Begins Shooting For A Brand New Schedule At Ramoji Film City; Deets Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pushpa-2-allu-arjun-begins-shooting-for-a-brand-new-schedule-at-ramoji-film-city-deets-inside-8518189.html |work=News18}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহত হাইদৰাবাদত পুনৰ চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণ আৰম্ভ হয়।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 November 2023 |title=Allu Arjun and Pushpa director Sukumar start the shoot of sequel in Hyderabad |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-pushpa-director-sukumar-start-shoot-sequel-hyderabad/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=10 November 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110232547/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-pushpa-director-sukumar-start-shoot-sequel-hyderabad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত অভিনেতা অল্লু অৰ্জুন অসুস্থ হোৱা বাবে চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণ পিছুৱাই দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 December 2023 |title=Pushpa The Rule shooting postponed due to Allu Arjun's health; here's what we know |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pushpa-the-rule-shooting-postponed-due-to-allu-arjun-s-health-here-s-what-we-know-101701495682919.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202070848/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pushpa-the-rule-shooting-postponed-due-to-allu-arjun-s-health-here-s-what-we-know-101701495682919.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২৪ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত ৱাইজাগ আৰু যগন্তী মন্দিৰত ছবিখনৰ কিছুমান ছিকুৱেন্সৰ শ্বুটিং কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 March 2024 |title=Massive crowd welcomes Allu Arjun to Vizag for Pushpa 2 shoot |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/massive-crowd-welcomes-allu-arjun-vizag-pushpa-2-shoot/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310121214/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/massive-crowd-welcomes-allu-arjun-vizag-pushpa-2-shoot/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 March 2024 |title=Rashmika Mandanna aka Srivalli shares photo of shooting Pushpa 2: The Rule at Yaganti Temple |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/rashmika-mandanna-aka-srivalli-shares-photo-shooting-pushpa-2-rule-yaganti-temple/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=20 March 2024 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320120541/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/rashmika-mandanna-aka-srivalli-shares-photo-shooting-pushpa-2-rule-yaganti-temple/ |url-status=live }}</ref> পিছত শুনা যায় যে গংগাম্মা যাত্ৰাৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন আৰু যুঁজৰ ছিকুৱেন্সৰ বাবে নিৰ্মাতাসকলে ₹৫০–৬০ কোটি টকা খৰচ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |date=29 February 2024 |title=Pushpa 2: Makers of Allu Arjun Starrer Shoot Mega Song and Fight Sequence, Spend Rs 50 Cr On It |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pushpa-2-makers-of-allu-arjun-starrer-shoot-mega-song-and-fight-sequence-spend-rs-50-cr-on-it-8797491.html |website=News18 |access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 April 2024 |title=Allu Arjun Starrer Pushpa 2 Spends Rs 60 Cr on a 6-Minute Scene; OTT Rights Sold at Rs 100 Cr: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-spends-rs-60-cr-on-a-6-minute-scene-ott-rights-sold-at-rs-100-cr-report-8847691.html |website=News18|date=11 April 2024 }}</ref> ২০২৪ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত হাইদৰাবাদত পানীৰ তলৰ এক বৃহৎ ছিকুৱেন্সৰ দৃশ্যগ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |access-date=30 April 2024 |title=Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa 2: The Rule' Cinematographer Gives A Glimpse Of The Underwater Scenes In The Making! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-the-rule-cinematographer-gives-a-glimpse-of-the-underwater-scenes-in-the-making/amp_articleshow/109718787.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> ২০২৪ চনৰ মে’ মাহত ছবিখনৰ একাধিক এণ্ডিং থাকিব বুলি খবৰ ওলাইছিল আৰু গোপনীয়তা বজাই ৰাখিবলৈ নিৰ্মাতাসকলে ছবিখনৰ চেটত ফোন ব্যৱহাৰত নিষেধাজ্ঞা নীতি বাছি লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 May 2024 |title=Director Sukumar to shoot multiple endings of Pushpa: The Rule, bars phones on set |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/director-sukumar-to-shoot-multiple-endings-of-pushpa-the-rule-bars-phones-on-set-9359118/lite/ |website=The Indian Express|date=29 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 May 2024 |title='Pushpa 2' makers take extreme measures to prevent spoilers |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/southern_cinema/pushpa-2-makers-take-extreme-measures-to-prevent-spoilers-1503305035.html |website=The Statesman|date=29 May 2024 }}</ref> ২০২৪ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত আল্লু অৰ্জুন আৰু সুকুমাৰৰ মাজত বিভাজন আৰু সৃষ্টিশীল মতানৈক্যৰ বাবে ছবিৰ শ্বুটিং পলম হোৱা বুলি খবৰ ওলাইছিল<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 July 2024 |title=All is not well with Allu Arjun and 'Pushpa 2' director Sukumar? Here's the truth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-sukumar-fall-out-pushpa-the-rule-2-postponed-2568484-2024-07-18 |work=India Today|date=18 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=17 July 2024 |title=Is a cold war brewing between Allu Arjun & 'Pushpa' director Sukumar? |url=https://economictimes.com/magazines/panache/is-a-cold-war-brewing-between-allu-arjun-pushpa-director-sukumar/articleshow/111817152.cms |website=The Economic Times|date=17 July 2024 }}</ref> যদিও পিছলৈ হাইদৰাবাদত পুনৰ শ্বুটিং আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ বাবে সেইবোৰ ভুৱা বাতৰি বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |access-date=20 July 2024 |title=Producer Bunny Vasu Quashes Rumours About A Rift Between Allu Arjun And 'Pushpa 2' Director Sukumar: 'They Both Have A Well Established Bond' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/producer-bunny-vasu-quashes-rumours-about-a-rift-between-allu-arjun-and-pushpa-2-director-sukumar-they-both-have-a-well-established-bond/articleshow/111871008.cms |work=Times of India|date=20 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 July 2024 |title=Pushpa 2 Shooting: పుష్ప 2 సినిమా షూటింగ్ మళ్లీ షురూ.. ఎప్పటి నుంచంటే! |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pushpa-2-the-rule-shooting-update-allu-arjun-sukumar-movies-shooting-set-to-resume-121721661456671.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 August 2024 |title=Allu Arjun and Sukumar reassures December 6 release for 'Pushpa 2', Dismiss delay speculations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-and-sukumar-reassures-december-6-release-for-pushpa-2-dismiss-delay-speculations/articleshow/112695365.cms |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ১৯৯০ আৰু ২০০০ দশকৰ [[জাপান]] আৰু [[মালয়েছিয়া]]ক চিত্ৰিত কৰা চেটসমূহ ৰামোজী ফিল্ম চিটিত পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। যদিও [[বেংকক]], মালয়েছিয়া আৰু জাপানৰ আচল স্থানসমূহত শ্বুটিং কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা আছিল কিন্তু বাজেট আৰু সময়ৰ নাটনিৰ বাবে সেয়া সম্ভৱ নহ'ল।<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2024 |title=Throwback: How Pushpa 2 makers created Malaysia and Japan for Allu Arjun in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/throwback-how-pushpa-2-makers-created-malaysia-and-japan-for-allu-arjun-in-hyderabad/articleshow/112027112.cms |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ২০২৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ছবিখনৰ ক্লাইমেক্স শ্বুটিং কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=5 August 2024 |title='Pushpa 2: The Rule': Allu Arjun, Sukumar finally resume shoot amid fallout rumours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pushpa-2-the-rule-allu-arjun-sukumar-finally-resume-shoot-amid-fallout-rumours-2576991-2024-08-05 |work=India Today|date=5 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=5 August 2024 |title='Pushpa 2' Shoot Update! Allu Arjun's starrer films an intense climax action sequence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-2-shoot-update-allu-arjuns-starrer-films-an-intense-climax-action-sequence/articleshow/112282568.cms |website=Times of India|date=5 August 2024 }}</ref> অভিনেত্ৰী শ্ৰীলীলাক লৈ এটা আইটেম নম্বৰ (গীত) ২০২৪ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহত হাইদৰাবাদত চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 November 2024 |title=Sreeleela Begins Shooting Special Song With Allu Arjun For Pushpa 2: The Rule |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/sreeleela-begins-shooting-special-song-with-allu-arjun-for-pushpa-2-the-rule-article-115047970 |work=Times Now|date=7 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=9 November 2024 |title=Sreeleela's leaked picture with Allu Arjun from 'Pushpa 2' sets confirms a dance number |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sreeleelas-leaked-picture-with-allu-arjun-from-pushpa-2-sets-confirms-a-dance-number/articleshow/115095850.cms |work=Times of India|date=9 November 2024 }}</ref> ২০২৪ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰৰ শেষৰ ফালে এটা ৰোমাণ্টিক গীতকে ধৰি ছবিখনৰ গোটেই শ্বুটিং শেষ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 November 2024 |title=Allu Arjun wraps up shooting Pushpa 2: '5 years of Pushpa; what a journey…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/allu-arjun-wraps-up-shooting-pushpa-2-5-years-of-pushpa-what-a-journey-9691924/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 November 2024 |title=Rashmika Mandanna broke down on last day of Pushpa 2 shoot, hints at part 3 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rashmika-mandanna-broke-down-last-day-pushpa-2-shoot-hints-part-3-allu-arjun-sukumar-pushpa-3-2640831-2024-11-27 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 November 2024 |title=Allu Arjun and Rashmika Mandanna wrap Pushpa 2 with last-minute song shoot in Hyderabad |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-wrap-pushpa-2-with-last-minute-song-shoot/5f82159d21572 |work=ottplay.com}}</ref> == মুক্তি == === চিত্ৰগৃহত মুক্তি === ''পুষ্পা: দ্য ৰুল'' ২০২৪ চনৰ ৫ ডিচেম্বৰত ষ্টেণ্ডাৰ্ড, আইমেক্স, ৪ডিএক্স, ডি-বক্স আৰু আইচিই ফৰ্মেটত ছবিগৃহসমূহত মুক্তি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news |access-date=24 October 2024 |title=Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa 2: The Rule' to arrive early; new release date out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-the-rule-to-arrive-early-new-release-date-out/article68790848.ece |work=The Hindu|date=24 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=g3JUbgOHgdw&pp |title=Pushpa 2 The Rule Trailer (Telugu) {{!}} Allu Arjun {{!}} Sukumar {{!}} Rashmika Mandanna {{!}} Fahadh Faasil {{!}} DSP |date=17 November 2024 |last= |publisher=Mythri Movie Makers |time=2:41–2:44 |access-date=17 November 2024 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> মূল [[তেলেগু ভাষা]]ৰ বাহিৰেও ইয়াক [[হিন্দী ভাষা|হিন্দী]], [[তামিল ভাষা|তামিল]], [[কন্নড় ভাষা|কন্নড়]], [[বঙালী ভাষা|বাংলা]] আৰু [[মালয়ালম ভাষা]]ত মুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 October 2024 |title=Pushpa 2 set for grand release in 6 languages across 3,000 overseas locations |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pushpa-2-the-rule-grand-release-in-6-languages-across-3000-overseas-locations-allu-arjun-sukumar-2622608-2024-10-24 |work=India Today|date=24 October 2024 }}</ref> প্ৰথমতে একেদিনাই ছবিখনৰ থ্ৰীডি সংস্কৰণ মুক্তি পোৱাৰ কথা আছিল যদিও ২০২৪ চনৰ ১৩ ডিচেম্বৰলৈ শ্ব’সমূহ পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Pushpa 2 - The Rule's 3D release cancelled for the release week; 3D version to now be available from December 13 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-pushpa-2-rules-3d-release-cancelled-release-week-3d-version-now-available-december-13 |access-date=3 December 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত [[স্বাধীনতা দিৱস (ভাৰত)|স্বাধীনতা দিৱস]]ৰ লগত সংগতি ৰাখি ২০২৪ চনৰ ১৫ আগষ্টত ছবিখন মুক্তি দিয়াৰ কথা নিৰ্মাতাসকলে ঘোষণা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=11 September 2023 |title=Mega Announcement! Pushpa 2 The Rule to arrive on the big screens on August 15 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/mega-announcement-pushpa-2-rule-arrive-big-screens-august-15/ |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=11 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2024 |title=Pushpa 2 release confirmed for August 15th despite speculations |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/southern_cinema/pushpa-2-release-confirmed-for-august-15th-despite-speculations-1503301287.html |website=The Statesman}}</ref> কিন্তু অসমাপ্ত শ্বুটিং আৰু পোষ্ট প্ৰডাকচনৰ বাবে ইয়াক ২০২৪ চনৰ ৬ ডিচেম্বৰলৈ পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয়,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Devansh |date=17 June 2024 |title=Allu Arjun announces Pushpa 2: The Rule is postponed. Here's when it will release now |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/allu-arjun-announces-pushpa-2-the-rule-is-postponed-new-release-date-rashmika-mandanna-101718636507979.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 June 2024 |title=Allu Arjun announces Pushpa 2: The Rule's new release set for December 6, 2024; movie delayed due to impending shoot & post-production |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-announces-pushpa-2-rules-new-release-set-december-6-2024-movie-delayed-due-impending-shoot-post-production/ |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=17 June 2024 }}</ref> তাৰ পিছত এদিন আগতে অৰ্থাৎ ৫ ডিচেম্বৰতে মুক্তি পায়।<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=24 October 2024 |title=Pushpa 2 new release date: Allu Arjun's film now arrives a day early |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pushpa-2-new-release-date-allu-arjun-film-now-arrives-a-day-early-2622511-2024-10-24 |work=India Today|date=24 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 October 2024 |title=New release date of Pushpa 2 is out; makers confident of Allu Arjun film entering Rs 1000 crore club |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/new-release-date-of-pushpa-2-is-out-allu-arjun-rs-1000-crore-club-9636665/ |work=The Indian Express|date=24 October 2024 }}</ref> ''পুষ্পা ২: দ্য ৰুল'' [[বঙালী|বাংলা ভাষা]]ত মুক্তি পোৱা প্ৰথমখন প্যান ইণ্ডিয়ান চলচ্চিত্ৰ।<ref>{{cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=Pushpa 2: The Rule To Become First Telugu Film To Release In Bangla |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/pushpa-2-to-release-in-bangla-article-109150903 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 April 2024 |title=BREAKING: Allu Arjun-starrer Pushpa 2: The Rule is the FIRST Pan-India film to also release in Bengali; makers shoot a massive underwater sequence |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-rule-first-pan-india-film-also-release-bengali-makers-shoot-massive-underwater-sequence/ |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=30 April 2024 }}</ref> === স্ক্ৰীনিং === এই ছবিখন বিশ্বজুৰি ১২ হাজাৰৰো অধিক ছবিগৃহত মুক্তি পায়।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 November 2024 |title=Pushpa 2: The Rule to release in over 12,000 screens worldwide |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/pushpa-2-rule-release-12000-screens-worldwide/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref name="‘Pushpa: The Rule’ casts its net wide, releasing in 12000 screens worldwide">{{cite news |title=‘Pushpa: The Rule’ casts its net wide, releasing in 12000 screens worldwide |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pushpa-the-rule-casts-its-net-wide-releasing-in-12000-screens-worldwide/article68946450.ece |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204150116/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pushpa-the-rule-casts-its-net-wide-releasing-in-12000-screens-worldwide/article68946450.ece |archive-date=4 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> === হোম মিডিয়া === দূৰদৰ্শন চেনেল ''ষ্টাৰ মা''য়ে ছবিখনৰ চেটেলাইট অধিকাৰ লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 April 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Pushpa 2 satellite rights sold to Jayantilal Gada; Big demand for Allu Arjun in TV world |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-pushpa-2-satellite-rights-sold-to-jayantilal-gada-big-demand-for-allu-arjun-in-tv-world-1299604 |website=Pinkvilla|date=26 April 2024}}</ref> [[নেটফ্লিক্স|নেটফ্লিক্সে]] ২৭৫ কোটি টকাত, ছবিখনৰ ডিজিটেল ষ্ট্ৰীমিং ৰাইট অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=15 January 2024 |title=NTR Jr.'s 'Devara,' Prabhas' 'Salaar,' Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa 2' Lead Netflix's 2024 Telugu Slate |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/ntr-jr-devara-prabhas-salaar-allu-arjun-pushpa-2-netflix-telugu-slate-1235871883/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116011645/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/ntr-jr-devara-prabhas-salaar-allu-arjun-pushpa-2-netflix-telugu-slate-1235871883/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=1 September 2024 |title=Allu Arjun starrer 'Pushpa 2' OTT rights reportedly acquired for a whopping cost; find out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-ott-rights-reportedly-acquired-for-a-whopping-cost-find-out/articleshow/112961814.cms |work=Times of India|date=September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 October 2024 |title=Pushpa 2: The Rule digital rights acquired by Netflix for Rs 275 crores |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pushpa-2-rule-digital-rights-acquired-netflix-rs-275-crores |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=22 October 2024 }}</ref> == টোকা == {{Notelist}} == তথ্য উৎস == {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{IMDb title|16539454}} * {{Bollywood Hungama movie|pushpa-2-rule}} [[শ্ৰেণী:২০২৪ বৰ্ষৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:তেলেগু চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] o05waq9bzjmezlgjedigt9mb9r0iexc বৰোবুদুৰ 0 109749 452978 452797 2024-12-09T14:28:49Z AjayDas 12623 /* ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ */ তথ্য যোগ 452978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মবিভংগ=== 7enccjn77cdlnuzqp4smobo4tjwchxa 452989 452978 2024-12-09T14:52:10Z AjayDas 12623 /* ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ */ তথ্য যোগ 452989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== brc2sa6dh5hwhobvavsnlvh4gkt0k7y 452992 452989 2024-12-09T15:03:59Z AjayDas 12623 /* ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ */ তথ্য যোগ 452992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== oiwwzlsr0wrcd78u6bir07if9pva0s6 452997 452992 2024-12-09T15:13:52Z AjayDas 12623 /* ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ */ তথ্য যোগ 452997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ==সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যুহ)=== 0jaxsx1olyns9b6sxh4nmzswvuva6z1 453010 452997 2024-12-09T15:29:35Z AjayDas 12623 /* সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যুহ)= */ তথ্য যোগ 453010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যুহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যুহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যুহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== edf3vknnyjufec4amwy7cbiz8ewryaf 453031 453010 2024-12-09T16:19:32Z AjayDas 12623 /* বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ */ তথ্য যোগ 453031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যুহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যুহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যুহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি]] শিলত খোদিত বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ কাহিনীৰ বাহিৰেও বৰোবুদুৰত বিভিন্ন বুদ্ধৰ বহুতো প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। [[পদ্মাসন]] অৱস্থাত বহি থকা অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ (ৰূপধাতু স্তৰ) আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত (অৰুপাধাতু স্তৰ) বিতৰিত। বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ৰূপধাতু স্তৰৰ নিম্ন স্থান, ৰেলিঙৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে শাৰী শাৰীকৈ সজোৱা আৰু মঞ্চবোৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উচ্চ স্তৰলৈ হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ লগে লগে মূৰ্তিৰ সংখ্যা কমি আহিছে। প্ৰথম ৰেলিঙত ১০৪টা, দ্বিতীয়টোত ১০৪টা, তৃতীয়টোত ৮৮টা, চতুৰ্থটোত ৭২টা আৰু পঞ্চমটোত ৬৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। মুঠতে ৰূপধাতু পৰ্যায়ত ৪৩২টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} অৰুপধাতু স্তৰত (বা তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত) বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ ভিতৰত ৰখা হৈছে। প্ৰথম বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত ৩২টা স্তূপ, দ্বিতীয়টোত ২৪টা আৰু তৃতীয়টোত ১৬টা আছে। আটাইবোৰৰ যোগফল ৭২টা স্তূপ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} [[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়ামত থকা বৰোবুদুৰৰ বুদ্ধৰ শিৰ]] মূল ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত ৩০০টাতকৈও অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত (বেছিভাগেই মূৰবিহীন) আৰু ৪৩টা নোহোৱা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰা সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহে (বেছিভাগেই পশ্চিমীয়া) মূৰসমূহ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল{{sfn|Woodward|1979|p=302}} বা ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰাহকে লুটপাত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bloembergen| Monquil|2022|p=3}} এই বুদ্ধৰ মূৰবোৰৰ কিছুমান এতিয়া বহুতো সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ মিউজিয়াম গুইমেট আৰু [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ দ্য ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়ামত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|BBC|2014}} জাৰ্মানীয়ে ২০১৪ চনত ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পুনৰ সংলগ্ন আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন আগবঢ়াইছে।{{sfn|Muryanto |2014}} প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত সকলো বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একেধৰণৰ যেন লাগে যদিও মুদ্ৰা বা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত ইয়াৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। মুদ্ৰাৰ পাঁচটা গোট আছে: উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু ঊৰ্ধ। এই দিশসমূহে মহাযানৰ মতে পাঁচটা কম্পাছ বিন্দুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ প্ৰথম চাৰি মুদ্ৰা উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম আছে। ইয়াৰে এটা কম্পাছ দিশৰ ফালে থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ সংশ্লিষ্ট মুদ্ৰা আছে। পঞ্চম ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰত বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত থকা ৭২টা স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুদ্ধৰ ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা অছে।{{sfn|De Casparis|1966|pp=547-548}} প্ৰতি মুদ্ৰাই পাঁচগৰাকী ধ্যানী বুদ্ধৰ ভিতৰত এজনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰতীকীতা আছে।{{sfn|Bucknell|Stuart-Fox|1995}} পূবৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰদক্ষিণ (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ)ৰ ক্ৰম অনুসৰণ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ মুদ্ৰাসমূহ হ'ল:{{sfn|Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw|1965|pp=391, 413-416}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;" |- |- ! মূৰ্তি ! মুদ্ৰা ! প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ ! ধ্যানী বুদ্ধ ! দিশ ! মূৰ্তিটোৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|100px]] |''ভূমিস্পৰ্শ মুদ্ৰা'' |পৃথিৱীক সাক্ষী হ'বলৈ আহ্বান |অক্ষোভ্যা |পূব |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পূবৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|100px]] |''বৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |উপকাৰিতা, দান দিয়া |ৰত্নসম্ভৱ |দক্ষিণ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা দক্ষিণৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|100px]] |''ধ্যান মুদ্ৰা'' |একাগ্ৰতা আৰু ধ্যান |অমিতাভ |পশ্চিম |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পশ্চিম ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|100px]] |''অভয় মুদ্ৰা'' |সাহস, নিৰ্ভীকতা |আমোঘসিদ্ধি |উত্তৰ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা উত্তৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|100px]] |''বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা'' |যুক্তি আৰু গুণ |বৈৰোচন বা সমন্তভদ্ৰ |ঊৰ্ধ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' পঞ্চম (সৰ্বোচ্চ) ৰেলিঙৰ স্থানৰ সকলো দিশতে |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|100px]] |''ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |ধৰ্মৰ চকা ঘূৰোৱা (বিধান) |বৈৰোচন |ঊৰ্ধ |''অৰুপাধাতু'' তিনিটা ঘূৰণীয়া মঞ্চত ৭২টা ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপত |} ==সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা== tmx0m0c84l9yxgs3wm1ij3y7ultpxo6 453050 453031 2024-12-09T17:05:56Z AjayDas 12623 /* সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা */ তথ্য যোগ 453050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যুহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যুহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যুহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি]] শিলত খোদিত বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ কাহিনীৰ বাহিৰেও বৰোবুদুৰত বিভিন্ন বুদ্ধৰ বহুতো প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। [[পদ্মাসন]] অৱস্থাত বহি থকা অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ (ৰূপধাতু স্তৰ) আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত (অৰুপাধাতু স্তৰ) বিতৰিত। বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ৰূপধাতু স্তৰৰ নিম্ন স্থান, ৰেলিঙৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে শাৰী শাৰীকৈ সজোৱা আৰু মঞ্চবোৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উচ্চ স্তৰলৈ হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ লগে লগে মূৰ্তিৰ সংখ্যা কমি আহিছে। প্ৰথম ৰেলিঙত ১০৪টা, দ্বিতীয়টোত ১০৪টা, তৃতীয়টোত ৮৮টা, চতুৰ্থটোত ৭২টা আৰু পঞ্চমটোত ৬৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। মুঠতে ৰূপধাতু পৰ্যায়ত ৪৩২টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} অৰুপধাতু স্তৰত (বা তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত) বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ ভিতৰত ৰখা হৈছে। প্ৰথম বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত ৩২টা স্তূপ, দ্বিতীয়টোত ২৪টা আৰু তৃতীয়টোত ১৬টা আছে। আটাইবোৰৰ যোগফল ৭২টা স্তূপ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} [[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়ামত থকা বৰোবুদুৰৰ বুদ্ধৰ শিৰ]] মূল ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত ৩০০টাতকৈও অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত (বেছিভাগেই মূৰবিহীন) আৰু ৪৩টা নোহোৱা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰা সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহে (বেছিভাগেই পশ্চিমীয়া) মূৰসমূহ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল{{sfn|Woodward|1979|p=302}} বা ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰাহকে লুটপাত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bloembergen| Monquil|2022|p=3}} এই বুদ্ধৰ মূৰবোৰৰ কিছুমান এতিয়া বহুতো সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ মিউজিয়াম গুইমেট আৰু [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ দ্য ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়ামত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|BBC|2014}} জাৰ্মানীয়ে ২০১৪ চনত ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পুনৰ সংলগ্ন আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন আগবঢ়াইছে।{{sfn|Muryanto |2014}} প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত সকলো বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একেধৰণৰ যেন লাগে যদিও মুদ্ৰা বা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত ইয়াৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। মুদ্ৰাৰ পাঁচটা গোট আছে: উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু ঊৰ্ধ। এই দিশসমূহে মহাযানৰ মতে পাঁচটা কম্পাছ বিন্দুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ প্ৰথম চাৰি মুদ্ৰা উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম আছে। ইয়াৰে এটা কম্পাছ দিশৰ ফালে থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ সংশ্লিষ্ট মুদ্ৰা আছে। পঞ্চম ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰত বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত থকা ৭২টা স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুদ্ধৰ ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা অছে।{{sfn|De Casparis|1966|pp=547-548}} প্ৰতি মুদ্ৰাই পাঁচগৰাকী ধ্যানী বুদ্ধৰ ভিতৰত এজনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰতীকীতা আছে।{{sfn|Bucknell|Stuart-Fox|1995}} পূবৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰদক্ষিণ (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ)ৰ ক্ৰম অনুসৰণ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ মুদ্ৰাসমূহ হ'ল:{{sfn|Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw|1965|pp=391, 413-416}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;" |- |- ! মূৰ্তি ! মুদ্ৰা ! প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ ! ধ্যানী বুদ্ধ ! দিশ ! মূৰ্তিটোৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|100px]] |''ভূমিস্পৰ্শ মুদ্ৰা'' |পৃথিৱীক সাক্ষী হ'বলৈ আহ্বান |অক্ষোভ্যা |পূব |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পূবৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|100px]] |''বৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |উপকাৰিতা, দান দিয়া |ৰত্নসম্ভৱ |দক্ষিণ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা দক্ষিণৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|100px]] |''ধ্যান মুদ্ৰা'' |একাগ্ৰতা আৰু ধ্যান |অমিতাভ |পশ্চিম |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পশ্চিম ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|100px]] |''অভয় মুদ্ৰা'' |সাহস, নিৰ্ভীকতা |আমোঘসিদ্ধি |উত্তৰ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা উত্তৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|100px]] |''বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা'' |যুক্তি আৰু গুণ |বৈৰোচন বা সমন্তভদ্ৰ |ঊৰ্ধ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' পঞ্চম (সৰ্বোচ্চ) ৰেলিঙৰ স্থানৰ সকলো দিশতে |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|100px]] |''ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |ধৰ্মৰ চকা ঘূৰোৱা (বিধান) |বৈৰোচন |ঊৰ্ধ |''অৰুপাধাতু'' তিনিটা ঘূৰণীয়া মঞ্চত ৭২টা ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপত |} ==সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা== ===ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান=== [[File:Borobudur on Vesak Day 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত বেসক অনুষ্ঠান]] ১৯৭৩ চনত ইউনেস্কোৰ পুঁজিৰে কৰা বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰক পুনৰবাৰ পূজা আৰু তীৰ্থস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। বছৰত এবাৰ মে’ বা জুন মাহত পূৰ্ণিমাৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে জন্ম, মৃত্যু আৰু সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে বুদ্ধ হ’বলৈ পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰা সময়ৰ স্মৃতিত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] (ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান: ৱাইছাক) দিৱস পালন কৰে। ৱাইছাক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্ধৰ দিন{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=856}} আৰু এই অনুষ্ঠানটো মেণ্ডুটৰ পৰা পাৱনলৈ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ বৰোবুদুৰত শেষ কৰি তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Walubi|2002}} বৰোবুদুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদক্ষিণ বা বৰোবুদুৰৰ ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা আৰু গেলেৰীৰ মাজেৰে বৰোবুদুৰৰ মঞ্চত উঠি যোৱা{{sfn|Madyansyah|2023}}, বৰোবুদুৰক আগুৰি ধ্যান কৰা আৰু আকাশত ফানুচ মুকলি কৰা আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।{{sfn|Fitriana|2023}}{{sfn|Sudiarno|2016}} ===পৰ্যটন=== paw2iy0b2y1mlgzpw9346rdw692kco3 453192 453050 2024-12-10T05:18:18Z AjayDas 12623 /* সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা */ তথ্য যোগ 453192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যুহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যুহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যুহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি]] শিলত খোদিত বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ কাহিনীৰ বাহিৰেও বৰোবুদুৰত বিভিন্ন বুদ্ধৰ বহুতো প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। [[পদ্মাসন]] অৱস্থাত বহি থকা অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ (ৰূপধাতু স্তৰ) আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত (অৰুপাধাতু স্তৰ) বিতৰিত। বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ৰূপধাতু স্তৰৰ নিম্ন স্থান, ৰেলিঙৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে শাৰী শাৰীকৈ সজোৱা আৰু মঞ্চবোৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উচ্চ স্তৰলৈ হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ লগে লগে মূৰ্তিৰ সংখ্যা কমি আহিছে। প্ৰথম ৰেলিঙত ১০৪টা, দ্বিতীয়টোত ১০৪টা, তৃতীয়টোত ৮৮টা, চতুৰ্থটোত ৭২টা আৰু পঞ্চমটোত ৬৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। মুঠতে ৰূপধাতু পৰ্যায়ত ৪৩২টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} অৰুপধাতু স্তৰত (বা তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত) বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ ভিতৰত ৰখা হৈছে। প্ৰথম বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত ৩২টা স্তূপ, দ্বিতীয়টোত ২৪টা আৰু তৃতীয়টোত ১৬টা আছে। আটাইবোৰৰ যোগফল ৭২টা স্তূপ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} [[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়ামত থকা বৰোবুদুৰৰ বুদ্ধৰ শিৰ]] মূল ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত ৩০০টাতকৈও অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত (বেছিভাগেই মূৰবিহীন) আৰু ৪৩টা নোহোৱা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰা সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহে (বেছিভাগেই পশ্চিমীয়া) মূৰসমূহ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল{{sfn|Woodward|1979|p=302}} বা ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰাহকে লুটপাত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bloembergen| Monquil|2022|p=3}} এই বুদ্ধৰ মূৰবোৰৰ কিছুমান এতিয়া বহুতো সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ মিউজিয়াম গুইমেট আৰু [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ দ্য ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়ামত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|BBC|2014}} জাৰ্মানীয়ে ২০১৪ চনত ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পুনৰ সংলগ্ন আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন আগবঢ়াইছে।{{sfn|Muryanto |2014}} প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত সকলো বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একেধৰণৰ যেন লাগে যদিও মুদ্ৰা বা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত ইয়াৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। মুদ্ৰাৰ পাঁচটা গোট আছে: উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু ঊৰ্ধ। এই দিশসমূহে মহাযানৰ মতে পাঁচটা কম্পাছ বিন্দুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ প্ৰথম চাৰি মুদ্ৰা উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম আছে। ইয়াৰে এটা কম্পাছ দিশৰ ফালে থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ সংশ্লিষ্ট মুদ্ৰা আছে। পঞ্চম ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰত বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত থকা ৭২টা স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুদ্ধৰ ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা অছে।{{sfn|De Casparis|1966|pp=547-548}} প্ৰতি মুদ্ৰাই পাঁচগৰাকী ধ্যানী বুদ্ধৰ ভিতৰত এজনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰতীকীতা আছে।{{sfn|Bucknell|Stuart-Fox|1995}} পূবৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰদক্ষিণ (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ)ৰ ক্ৰম অনুসৰণ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ মুদ্ৰাসমূহ হ'ল:{{sfn|Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw|1965|pp=391, 413-416}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;" |- |- ! মূৰ্তি ! মুদ্ৰা ! প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ ! ধ্যানী বুদ্ধ ! দিশ ! মূৰ্তিটোৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|100px]] |''ভূমিস্পৰ্শ মুদ্ৰা'' |পৃথিৱীক সাক্ষী হ'বলৈ আহ্বান |অক্ষোভ্যা |পূব |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পূবৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|100px]] |''বৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |উপকাৰিতা, দান দিয়া |ৰত্নসম্ভৱ |দক্ষিণ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা দক্ষিণৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|100px]] |''ধ্যান মুদ্ৰা'' |একাগ্ৰতা আৰু ধ্যান |অমিতাভ |পশ্চিম |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পশ্চিম ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|100px]] |''অভয় মুদ্ৰা'' |সাহস, নিৰ্ভীকতা |আমোঘসিদ্ধি |উত্তৰ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা উত্তৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|100px]] |''বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা'' |যুক্তি আৰু গুণ |বৈৰোচন বা সমন্তভদ্ৰ |ঊৰ্ধ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' পঞ্চম (সৰ্বোচ্চ) ৰেলিঙৰ স্থানৰ সকলো দিশতে |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|100px]] |''ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |ধৰ্মৰ চকা ঘূৰোৱা (বিধান) |বৈৰোচন |ঊৰ্ধ |''অৰুপাধাতু'' তিনিটা ঘূৰণীয়া মঞ্চত ৭২টা ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপত |} ==সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা== ===ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান=== [[File:Borobudur on Vesak Day 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত বেসক অনুষ্ঠান]] ১৯৭৩ চনত ইউনেস্কোৰ পুঁজিৰে কৰা বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰক পুনৰবাৰ পূজা আৰু তীৰ্থস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। বছৰত এবাৰ মে’ বা জুন মাহত পূৰ্ণিমাৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে জন্ম, মৃত্যু আৰু সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে বুদ্ধ হ’বলৈ পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰা সময়ৰ স্মৃতিত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] (ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান: ৱাইছাক) দিৱস পালন কৰে। ৱাইছাক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্ধৰ দিন{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=856}} আৰু এই অনুষ্ঠানটো মেণ্ডুটৰ পৰা পাৱনলৈ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ বৰোবুদুৰত শেষ কৰি তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Walubi|2002}} বৰোবুদুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদক্ষিণ বা বৰোবুদুৰৰ ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা আৰু গেলেৰীৰ মাজেৰে বৰোবুদুৰৰ মঞ্চত উঠি যোৱা{{sfn|Madyansyah|2023}}, বৰোবুদুৰক আগুৰি ধ্যান কৰা আৰু আকাশত ফানুচ মুকলি কৰা আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।{{sfn|Fitriana|2023}}{{sfn|Sudiarno|2016}} ===পৰ্যটন=== ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা একক পৰ্যটনস্থলী। ১৯৭৪ চনত ২ লাখ ৬০ হাজাৰ পৰ্যটকে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো দৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰে ৩৬,০০০ বিদেশী পৰ্যটক আছিল।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ১৯৯০ চনৰ মাজভাগত দেশখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সংকটৰ পূৰ্বে এই সংখ্যা বছৰি ২৫ লাখ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় (৮০% ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটক)।{{Nowrap|2.5 million}} পৰ্যটন উন্নয়নক অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নকৰাৰ বাবে সমালোচনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত মাজে মাজে সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ২০০৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ আশে-পাশে থকা বাসিন্দা আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে কেইবাখনো সভা আৰু প্ৰতিবাদৰ আয়োজন কৰে আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে "জাভা ৱৰ্ল্ড" নামেৰে নামাকৰণ কৰা তিনিমহলীয়া ম'ল কমপ্লেক্স নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শায়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|pp=752–753}} ২০১২ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰক বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ হিচাপে [[গিনিজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডছ|গিনিজ বুক অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডত]] লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হয়।{{Sfn|Antara|2012}} ===সংৰক্ষণ=== [[File:Borobudur monks 1.jpg|thumb|left|বৌদ্ধ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে বৰোবুদুৰৰ শীৰ্ষ মঞ্চত জপ কৰে]] ইউনেস্কোৱে বৰ্তমানৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ অৱস্থাৰ অধীনত তিনিটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট চিন্তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল: (i) দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ দ্বাৰা ভাঙি পেলোৱা; (ii) ঠাইখনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অংশত মাটিৰ খহনীয়া; আৰু (iii) অনুপস্থিত মৌলসমূহৰ বিশ্লেষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} কোমল মাটি, অসংখ্য ভূমিকম্প আৰু প্ৰচণ্ড বৰষুণৰ ফলত গঠনটো অস্থিৰ হৈ পৰে। ভূমিকম্প আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰিহণা যোগোৱা কাৰক। কিয়নো কেৱল শিল তললৈ পৰি তোৰণবোৰ ছিন্নভিন্ন হোৱাই নহয়, ভূমি নিজেই ঢৌৰ দৰে গতি কৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত গঠনটো আৰু অধিক ধ্বংস হ'ব।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} স্তূপৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ বাবে বহু দৰ্শনাৰ্থী আহে আৰু ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় লোক। সকলো স্তৰতে কোনো বস্তু স্পৰ্শ নকৰিবলৈ সতৰ্কবাণী চিন থকা, লাউডস্পীকাৰৰ জৰিয়তে নিয়মীয়াকৈ সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰেৰণ আৰু প্ৰহৰীৰ উপস্থিতি থকাৰ পিছতো ভাস্কৰ্য আৰু মূৰ্তি ভাঙি পেলোৱাটো বৰ্তমান তেনেই সাধাৰণ পৰিঘটনা আৰু মূল সমস্যা। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ অধিক অৱনতি ঘটিছে।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} ===পুনৰ্বাসন=== r6sg2nk0p4sm4laj10u7ubwv7beox37 453211 453192 2024-12-10T05:46:53Z AjayDas 12623 /* সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা */ তথ্য যোগ 453211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যুহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যুহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যুহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি]] শিলত খোদিত বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ কাহিনীৰ বাহিৰেও বৰোবুদুৰত বিভিন্ন বুদ্ধৰ বহুতো প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। [[পদ্মাসন]] অৱস্থাত বহি থকা অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ (ৰূপধাতু স্তৰ) আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত (অৰুপাধাতু স্তৰ) বিতৰিত। বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ৰূপধাতু স্তৰৰ নিম্ন স্থান, ৰেলিঙৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে শাৰী শাৰীকৈ সজোৱা আৰু মঞ্চবোৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উচ্চ স্তৰলৈ হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ লগে লগে মূৰ্তিৰ সংখ্যা কমি আহিছে। প্ৰথম ৰেলিঙত ১০৪টা, দ্বিতীয়টোত ১০৪টা, তৃতীয়টোত ৮৮টা, চতুৰ্থটোত ৭২টা আৰু পঞ্চমটোত ৬৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। মুঠতে ৰূপধাতু পৰ্যায়ত ৪৩২টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} অৰুপধাতু স্তৰত (বা তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত) বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ ভিতৰত ৰখা হৈছে। প্ৰথম বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত ৩২টা স্তূপ, দ্বিতীয়টোত ২৪টা আৰু তৃতীয়টোত ১৬টা আছে। আটাইবোৰৰ যোগফল ৭২টা স্তূপ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} [[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়ামত থকা বৰোবুদুৰৰ বুদ্ধৰ শিৰ]] মূল ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত ৩০০টাতকৈও অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত (বেছিভাগেই মূৰবিহীন) আৰু ৪৩টা নোহোৱা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰা সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহে (বেছিভাগেই পশ্চিমীয়া) মূৰসমূহ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল{{sfn|Woodward|1979|p=302}} বা ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰাহকে লুটপাত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bloembergen| Monquil|2022|p=3}} এই বুদ্ধৰ মূৰবোৰৰ কিছুমান এতিয়া বহুতো সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ মিউজিয়াম গুইমেট আৰু [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ দ্য ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়ামত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|BBC|2014}} জাৰ্মানীয়ে ২০১৪ চনত ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পুনৰ সংলগ্ন আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন আগবঢ়াইছে।{{sfn|Muryanto |2014}} প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত সকলো বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একেধৰণৰ যেন লাগে যদিও মুদ্ৰা বা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত ইয়াৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। মুদ্ৰাৰ পাঁচটা গোট আছে: উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু ঊৰ্ধ। এই দিশসমূহে মহাযানৰ মতে পাঁচটা কম্পাছ বিন্দুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ প্ৰথম চাৰি মুদ্ৰা উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম আছে। ইয়াৰে এটা কম্পাছ দিশৰ ফালে থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ সংশ্লিষ্ট মুদ্ৰা আছে। পঞ্চম ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰত বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত থকা ৭২টা স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুদ্ধৰ ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা অছে।{{sfn|De Casparis|1966|pp=547-548}} প্ৰতি মুদ্ৰাই পাঁচগৰাকী ধ্যানী বুদ্ধৰ ভিতৰত এজনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰতীকীতা আছে।{{sfn|Bucknell|Stuart-Fox|1995}} পূবৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰদক্ষিণ (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ)ৰ ক্ৰম অনুসৰণ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ মুদ্ৰাসমূহ হ'ল:{{sfn|Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw|1965|pp=391, 413-416}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;" |- |- ! মূৰ্তি ! মুদ্ৰা ! প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ ! ধ্যানী বুদ্ধ ! দিশ ! মূৰ্তিটোৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|100px]] |''ভূমিস্পৰ্শ মুদ্ৰা'' |পৃথিৱীক সাক্ষী হ'বলৈ আহ্বান |অক্ষোভ্যা |পূব |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পূবৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|100px]] |''বৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |উপকাৰিতা, দান দিয়া |ৰত্নসম্ভৱ |দক্ষিণ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা দক্ষিণৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|100px]] |''ধ্যান মুদ্ৰা'' |একাগ্ৰতা আৰু ধ্যান |অমিতাভ |পশ্চিম |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পশ্চিম ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|100px]] |''অভয় মুদ্ৰা'' |সাহস, নিৰ্ভীকতা |আমোঘসিদ্ধি |উত্তৰ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা উত্তৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|100px]] |''বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা'' |যুক্তি আৰু গুণ |বৈৰোচন বা সমন্তভদ্ৰ |ঊৰ্ধ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' পঞ্চম (সৰ্বোচ্চ) ৰেলিঙৰ স্থানৰ সকলো দিশতে |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|100px]] |''ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |ধৰ্মৰ চকা ঘূৰোৱা (বিধান) |বৈৰোচন |ঊৰ্ধ |''অৰুপাধাতু'' তিনিটা ঘূৰণীয়া মঞ্চত ৭২টা ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপত |} ==সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা== ===ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান=== [[File:Borobudur on Vesak Day 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত বেসক অনুষ্ঠান]] ১৯৭৩ চনত ইউনেস্কোৰ পুঁজিৰে কৰা বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰক পুনৰবাৰ পূজা আৰু তীৰ্থস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। বছৰত এবাৰ মে’ বা জুন মাহত পূৰ্ণিমাৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে জন্ম, মৃত্যু আৰু সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে বুদ্ধ হ’বলৈ পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰা সময়ৰ স্মৃতিত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] (ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান: ৱাইছাক) দিৱস পালন কৰে। ৱাইছাক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্ধৰ দিন{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=856}} আৰু এই অনুষ্ঠানটো মেণ্ডুটৰ পৰা পাৱনলৈ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ বৰোবুদুৰত শেষ কৰি তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Walubi|2002}} বৰোবুদুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদক্ষিণ বা বৰোবুদুৰৰ ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা আৰু গেলেৰীৰ মাজেৰে বৰোবুদুৰৰ মঞ্চত উঠি যোৱা{{sfn|Madyansyah|2023}}, বৰোবুদুৰক আগুৰি ধ্যান কৰা আৰু আকাশত ফানুচ মুকলি কৰা আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।{{sfn|Fitriana|2023}}{{sfn|Sudiarno|2016}} ===পৰ্যটন=== ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা একক পৰ্যটনস্থলী। ১৯৭৪ চনত ২ লাখ ৬০ হাজাৰ পৰ্যটকে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো দৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰে ৩৬,০০০ বিদেশী পৰ্যটক আছিল।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ১৯৯০ চনৰ মাজভাগত দেশখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সংকটৰ পূৰ্বে এই সংখ্যা বছৰি ২৫ লাখ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় (৮০% ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটক)।{{Nowrap|2.5 million}} পৰ্যটন উন্নয়নক অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নকৰাৰ বাবে সমালোচনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত মাজে মাজে সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ২০০৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ আশে-পাশে থকা বাসিন্দা আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে কেইবাখনো সভা আৰু প্ৰতিবাদৰ আয়োজন কৰে আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে "জাভা ৱৰ্ল্ড" নামেৰে নামাকৰণ কৰা তিনিমহলীয়া ম'ল কমপ্লেক্স নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শায়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|pp=752–753}} ২০১২ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰক বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ হিচাপে [[গিনিজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডছ|গিনিজ বুক অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডত]] লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হয়।{{Sfn|Antara|2012}} ===সংৰক্ষণ=== [[File:Borobudur monks 1.jpg|thumb|left|বৌদ্ধ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে বৰোবুদুৰৰ শীৰ্ষ মঞ্চত জপ কৰে]] ইউনেস্কোৱে বৰ্তমানৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ অৱস্থাৰ অধীনত তিনিটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট চিন্তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল: (i) দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ দ্বাৰা ভাঙি পেলোৱা; (ii) ঠাইখনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অংশত মাটিৰ খহনীয়া; আৰু (iii) অনুপস্থিত মৌলসমূহৰ বিশ্লেষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} কোমল মাটি, অসংখ্য ভূমিকম্প আৰু প্ৰচণ্ড বৰষুণৰ ফলত গঠনটো অস্থিৰ হৈ পৰে। ভূমিকম্প আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰিহণা যোগোৱা কাৰক। কিয়নো কেৱল শিল তললৈ পৰি তোৰণবোৰ ছিন্নভিন্ন হোৱাই নহয়, ভূমি নিজেই ঢৌৰ দৰে গতি কৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত গঠনটো আৰু অধিক ধ্বংস হ'ব।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} স্তূপৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ বাবে বহু দৰ্শনাৰ্থী আহে আৰু ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় লোক। সকলো স্তৰতে কোনো বস্তু স্পৰ্শ নকৰিবলৈ সতৰ্কবাণী চিন থকা, লাউডস্পীকাৰৰ জৰিয়তে নিয়মীয়াকৈ সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰেৰণ আৰু প্ৰহৰীৰ উপস্থিতি থকাৰ পিছতো ভাস্কৰ্য আৰু মূৰ্তি ভাঙি পেলোৱাটো বৰ্তমান তেনেই সাধাৰণ পৰিঘটনা আৰু মূল সমস্যা। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ অধিক অৱনতি ঘটিছে।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} ===পুনৰ্বাসন=== [[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-06.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ চাৰিওফালে অৱস্থিত যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি মাউণ্ট মেৰবাবু (বাওঁফালে) আৰু মাউণ্ট মেৰাপি (সোঁফালে)]] ২০১০ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ আৰু নৱেম্বৰ মাহত মেৰাপি পৰ্বতৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল।মেৰাপিৰ পৰা অহা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ ওপৰত পৰিছিল। ই আগ্নেয়গিৰীৰ মূল গহ্বৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২৮ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৭ মাইল) পশ্চিম-দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে অৱস্থিত। ৩–৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ সময়ত মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ওপৰত ২.৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (১ ইঞ্চি){{sfn|Antara|2010}} ডাঠ ছাইৰ তৰপ এটা পৰি ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ ঢাকি পেলায় আৰু জল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাটো বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে আশংকা কৰে যে এই এচিডিক ছাইয়ে মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ক্ষতি কৰিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=99}} ৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা ৯ নৱেম্বৰলৈ মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয় যাতে ছাইসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পৰা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2010}}{{sfn|Naibaho|2010}} ২০১০ চনত মাউণ্ট মেৰাপিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে হোৱা খৰচৰ অংশ হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৱে ৩০ লাখ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪,০৬৩,৩১৪ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) অনুদান আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2011}} বৰষুণৰ পিছত লেতেৰাৰ ফলত বন্ধ হৈ পৰা নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাক পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ মন্দিৰৰ গঠনটোকে সামৰি লোৱা ৫৫ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক শিলৰ ব্লক ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। নৱেম্বৰ মাহত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সমাপ্ত হয়।{{sfn|Wahyuni|2011}} ২০১২ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত দুজন জাৰ্মান শিল সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞই এই স্থানত দহ দিন কটাই মন্দিৰসমূহ বিশ্লেষণ কৰি আৰু ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী সংৰক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} জুন মাহত জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইউনেস্ক’ক দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে ১ লাখ ৩০ হাজাৰ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ১৭২,৫২৯ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) বৰঙণি আগবঢ়াবলৈ সন্মত হৈছিল। শিল সংৰক্ষণ, অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান, গাঁথনি অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু ৰাসায়নিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকীৰ ছয়জন বিশেষজ্ঞই ২০১৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত ব’ৰ’বুদুৰত এসপ্তাহ কটায়। তাৰ পিছত ছেপ্টেম্বৰ বা অক্টোবৰ মাহত আন এটা ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে উভতি অহাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। এই অভিযানসমূহে জানুৱাৰী মাহৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া সংৰক্ষণ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ আৰম্ভ কৰিব আৰু চৰকাৰী কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু যুৱ সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ সংৰক্ষণ ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে সামৰ্থ্য বিকাশৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2012}} ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত প্ৰায় ২০০ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবে অৱস্থিত পূব জাভাৰ কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত হোৱা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ দ্বাৰা যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱিত হোৱাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকোকে ধৰি যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ বিখ্যাত স্তূপ আৰু মূৰ্তিসমূহ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ শ্ৰমিকসকলে আৱৰি ধৰে। ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটে আৰু যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ দৰে দূৰৰ অঞ্চললৈকে বিস্ফোৰণৰ শব্দ শুনা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2014}} ===নিৰাপত্তাৰ ভাবুকি=== fu3chwigsco5w2bazlo7mxfw4fuh07u 453224 453211 2024-12-10T05:57:34Z AjayDas 12623 /* সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা */ তথ্য যোগ 453224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যুহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যুহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যুহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি]] শিলত খোদিত বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ কাহিনীৰ বাহিৰেও বৰোবুদুৰত বিভিন্ন বুদ্ধৰ বহুতো প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। [[পদ্মাসন]] অৱস্থাত বহি থকা অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ (ৰূপধাতু স্তৰ) আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত (অৰুপাধাতু স্তৰ) বিতৰিত। বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ৰূপধাতু স্তৰৰ নিম্ন স্থান, ৰেলিঙৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে শাৰী শাৰীকৈ সজোৱা আৰু মঞ্চবোৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উচ্চ স্তৰলৈ হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ লগে লগে মূৰ্তিৰ সংখ্যা কমি আহিছে। প্ৰথম ৰেলিঙত ১০৪টা, দ্বিতীয়টোত ১০৪টা, তৃতীয়টোত ৮৮টা, চতুৰ্থটোত ৭২টা আৰু পঞ্চমটোত ৬৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। মুঠতে ৰূপধাতু পৰ্যায়ত ৪৩২টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} অৰুপধাতু স্তৰত (বা তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত) বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ ভিতৰত ৰখা হৈছে। প্ৰথম বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত ৩২টা স্তূপ, দ্বিতীয়টোত ২৪টা আৰু তৃতীয়টোত ১৬টা আছে। আটাইবোৰৰ যোগফল ৭২টা স্তূপ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} [[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়ামত থকা বৰোবুদুৰৰ বুদ্ধৰ শিৰ]] মূল ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত ৩০০টাতকৈও অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত (বেছিভাগেই মূৰবিহীন) আৰু ৪৩টা নোহোৱা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰা সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহে (বেছিভাগেই পশ্চিমীয়া) মূৰসমূহ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল{{sfn|Woodward|1979|p=302}} বা ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰাহকে লুটপাত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bloembergen| Monquil|2022|p=3}} এই বুদ্ধৰ মূৰবোৰৰ কিছুমান এতিয়া বহুতো সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ মিউজিয়াম গুইমেট আৰু [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ দ্য ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়ামত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|BBC|2014}} জাৰ্মানীয়ে ২০১৪ চনত ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পুনৰ সংলগ্ন আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন আগবঢ়াইছে।{{sfn|Muryanto |2014}} প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত সকলো বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একেধৰণৰ যেন লাগে যদিও মুদ্ৰা বা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত ইয়াৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। মুদ্ৰাৰ পাঁচটা গোট আছে: উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু ঊৰ্ধ। এই দিশসমূহে মহাযানৰ মতে পাঁচটা কম্পাছ বিন্দুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ প্ৰথম চাৰি মুদ্ৰা উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম আছে। ইয়াৰে এটা কম্পাছ দিশৰ ফালে থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ সংশ্লিষ্ট মুদ্ৰা আছে। পঞ্চম ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰত বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত থকা ৭২টা স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুদ্ধৰ ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা অছে।{{sfn|De Casparis|1966|pp=547-548}} প্ৰতি মুদ্ৰাই পাঁচগৰাকী ধ্যানী বুদ্ধৰ ভিতৰত এজনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰতীকীতা আছে।{{sfn|Bucknell|Stuart-Fox|1995}} পূবৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰদক্ষিণ (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ)ৰ ক্ৰম অনুসৰণ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ মুদ্ৰাসমূহ হ'ল:{{sfn|Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw|1965|pp=391, 413-416}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;" |- |- ! মূৰ্তি ! মুদ্ৰা ! প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ ! ধ্যানী বুদ্ধ ! দিশ ! মূৰ্তিটোৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|100px]] |''ভূমিস্পৰ্শ মুদ্ৰা'' |পৃথিৱীক সাক্ষী হ'বলৈ আহ্বান |অক্ষোভ্যা |পূব |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পূবৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|100px]] |''বৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |উপকাৰিতা, দান দিয়া |ৰত্নসম্ভৱ |দক্ষিণ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা দক্ষিণৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|100px]] |''ধ্যান মুদ্ৰা'' |একাগ্ৰতা আৰু ধ্যান |অমিতাভ |পশ্চিম |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পশ্চিম ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|100px]] |''অভয় মুদ্ৰা'' |সাহস, নিৰ্ভীকতা |আমোঘসিদ্ধি |উত্তৰ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা উত্তৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|100px]] |''বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা'' |যুক্তি আৰু গুণ |বৈৰোচন বা সমন্তভদ্ৰ |ঊৰ্ধ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' পঞ্চম (সৰ্বোচ্চ) ৰেলিঙৰ স্থানৰ সকলো দিশতে |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|100px]] |''ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |ধৰ্মৰ চকা ঘূৰোৱা (বিধান) |বৈৰোচন |ঊৰ্ধ |''অৰুপাধাতু'' তিনিটা ঘূৰণীয়া মঞ্চত ৭২টা ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপত |} ==সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা== ===ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান=== [[File:Borobudur on Vesak Day 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত বেসক অনুষ্ঠান]] ১৯৭৩ চনত ইউনেস্কোৰ পুঁজিৰে কৰা বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰক পুনৰবাৰ পূজা আৰু তীৰ্থস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। বছৰত এবাৰ মে’ বা জুন মাহত পূৰ্ণিমাৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে জন্ম, মৃত্যু আৰু সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে বুদ্ধ হ’বলৈ পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰা সময়ৰ স্মৃতিত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] (ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান: ৱাইছাক) দিৱস পালন কৰে। ৱাইছাক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্ধৰ দিন{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=856}} আৰু এই অনুষ্ঠানটো মেণ্ডুটৰ পৰা পাৱনলৈ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ বৰোবুদুৰত শেষ কৰি তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Walubi|2002}} বৰোবুদুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদক্ষিণ বা বৰোবুদুৰৰ ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা আৰু গেলেৰীৰ মাজেৰে বৰোবুদুৰৰ মঞ্চত উঠি যোৱা{{sfn|Madyansyah|2023}}, বৰোবুদুৰক আগুৰি ধ্যান কৰা আৰু আকাশত ফানুচ মুকলি কৰা আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।{{sfn|Fitriana|2023}}{{sfn|Sudiarno|2016}} ===পৰ্যটন=== ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা একক পৰ্যটনস্থলী। ১৯৭৪ চনত ২ লাখ ৬০ হাজাৰ পৰ্যটকে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো দৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰে ৩৬,০০০ বিদেশী পৰ্যটক আছিল।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ১৯৯০ চনৰ মাজভাগত দেশখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সংকটৰ পূৰ্বে এই সংখ্যা বছৰি ২৫ লাখ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় (৮০% ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটক)।{{Nowrap|2.5 million}} পৰ্যটন উন্নয়নক অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নকৰাৰ বাবে সমালোচনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত মাজে মাজে সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ২০০৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ আশে-পাশে থকা বাসিন্দা আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে কেইবাখনো সভা আৰু প্ৰতিবাদৰ আয়োজন কৰে আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে "জাভা ৱৰ্ল্ড" নামেৰে নামাকৰণ কৰা তিনিমহলীয়া ম'ল কমপ্লেক্স নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শায়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|pp=752–753}} ২০১২ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰক বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ হিচাপে [[গিনিজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডছ|গিনিজ বুক অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডত]] লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হয়।{{Sfn|Antara|2012}} ===সংৰক্ষণ=== [[File:Borobudur monks 1.jpg|thumb|left|বৌদ্ধ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে বৰোবুদুৰৰ শীৰ্ষ মঞ্চত জপ কৰে]] ইউনেস্কোৱে বৰ্তমানৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ অৱস্থাৰ অধীনত তিনিটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট চিন্তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল: (i) দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ দ্বাৰা ভাঙি পেলোৱা; (ii) ঠাইখনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অংশত মাটিৰ খহনীয়া; আৰু (iii) অনুপস্থিত মৌলসমূহৰ বিশ্লেষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} কোমল মাটি, অসংখ্য ভূমিকম্প আৰু প্ৰচণ্ড বৰষুণৰ ফলত গঠনটো অস্থিৰ হৈ পৰে। ভূমিকম্প আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰিহণা যোগোৱা কাৰক। কিয়নো কেৱল শিল তললৈ পৰি তোৰণবোৰ ছিন্নভিন্ন হোৱাই নহয়, ভূমি নিজেই ঢৌৰ দৰে গতি কৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত গঠনটো আৰু অধিক ধ্বংস হ'ব।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} স্তূপৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ বাবে বহু দৰ্শনাৰ্থী আহে আৰু ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় লোক। সকলো স্তৰতে কোনো বস্তু স্পৰ্শ নকৰিবলৈ সতৰ্কবাণী চিন থকা, লাউডস্পীকাৰৰ জৰিয়তে নিয়মীয়াকৈ সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰেৰণ আৰু প্ৰহৰীৰ উপস্থিতি থকাৰ পিছতো ভাস্কৰ্য আৰু মূৰ্তি ভাঙি পেলোৱাটো বৰ্তমান তেনেই সাধাৰণ পৰিঘটনা আৰু মূল সমস্যা। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ অধিক অৱনতি ঘটিছে।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} ===পুনৰ্বাসন=== [[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-06.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ চাৰিওফালে অৱস্থিত যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি মাউণ্ট মেৰবাবু (বাওঁফালে) আৰু মাউণ্ট মেৰাপি (সোঁফালে)]] ২০১০ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ আৰু নৱেম্বৰ মাহত মেৰাপি পৰ্বতৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল।মেৰাপিৰ পৰা অহা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ ওপৰত পৰিছিল। ই আগ্নেয়গিৰীৰ মূল গহ্বৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২৮ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৭ মাইল) পশ্চিম-দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে অৱস্থিত। ৩–৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ সময়ত মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ওপৰত ২.৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (১ ইঞ্চি){{sfn|Antara|2010}} ডাঠ ছাইৰ তৰপ এটা পৰি ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ ঢাকি পেলায় আৰু জল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাটো বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে আশংকা কৰে যে এই এচিডিক ছাইয়ে মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ক্ষতি কৰিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=99}} ৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা ৯ নৱেম্বৰলৈ মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয় যাতে ছাইসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পৰা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2010}}{{sfn|Naibaho|2010}} ২০১০ চনত মাউণ্ট মেৰাপিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে হোৱা খৰচৰ অংশ হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৱে ৩০ লাখ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪,০৬৩,৩১৪ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) অনুদান আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2011}} বৰষুণৰ পিছত লেতেৰাৰ ফলত বন্ধ হৈ পৰা নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাক পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ মন্দিৰৰ গঠনটোকে সামৰি লোৱা ৫৫ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক শিলৰ ব্লক ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। নৱেম্বৰ মাহত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সমাপ্ত হয়।{{sfn|Wahyuni|2011}} ২০১২ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত দুজন জাৰ্মান শিল সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞই এই স্থানত দহ দিন কটাই মন্দিৰসমূহ বিশ্লেষণ কৰি আৰু ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী সংৰক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} জুন মাহত জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইউনেস্ক’ক দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে ১ লাখ ৩০ হাজাৰ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ১৭২,৫২৯ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) বৰঙণি আগবঢ়াবলৈ সন্মত হৈছিল। শিল সংৰক্ষণ, অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান, গাঁথনি অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু ৰাসায়নিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকীৰ ছয়জন বিশেষজ্ঞই ২০১৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত ব’ৰ’বুদুৰত এসপ্তাহ কটায়। তাৰ পিছত ছেপ্টেম্বৰ বা অক্টোবৰ মাহত আন এটা ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে উভতি অহাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। এই অভিযানসমূহে জানুৱাৰী মাহৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া সংৰক্ষণ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ আৰম্ভ কৰিব আৰু চৰকাৰী কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু যুৱ সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ সংৰক্ষণ ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে সামৰ্থ্য বিকাশৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2012}} ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত প্ৰায় ২০০ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবে অৱস্থিত পূব জাভাৰ কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত হোৱা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ দ্বাৰা যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱিত হোৱাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকোকে ধৰি যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ বিখ্যাত স্তূপ আৰু মূৰ্তিসমূহ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ শ্ৰমিকসকলে আৱৰি ধৰে। ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটে আৰু যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ দৰে দূৰৰ অঞ্চললৈকে বিস্ফোৰণৰ শব্দ শুনা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2014}} ===নিৰাপত্তাৰ ভাবুকি=== [[File:Borobudur Bombing 1985.jpg|thumb|১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ ওপৰৰ মঞ্চৰ কেইবাটাও স্তূপৰ ক্ষতি হয়]] ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত ৯টা বোমাৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ নটা স্তূপ বেয়াকৈ ক্ষতিসাধন হয়।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff|2015|pp=91– 92}}{{sfn|The Miami Herald|1985}} ১৯৯১ চনত এজন অন্ধ মুছলমান প্ৰচাৰক হুছেইন আলী আল হাবছিয়ে ১৯৮০ চনৰ মাজভাগত মন্দিৰ আক্ৰমণকে ধৰি ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে ঘটোৱা বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰ মাষ্টাৰমাইণ্ডৰ বাবে যাৱজ্জীৱন কাৰাদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি লাভ কৰে।{{sfn|Crouch|2002|p=14}} বোমা বিস্ফোৰণ সংঘটিত কৰা ইছলামিক উগ্ৰপন্থী গোটটোৰ আন দুজন সদস্যক ১৯৮৬ চনত প্ৰত্যেককে ২০ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হৈছিল আৰু আন এজন লোকে ১৩ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হয়। ২০০৬ চনৰ ২৭ মে’ তাৰিখে মধ্য জাভাৰ দক্ষিণ উপকূলত ৬.২ প্ৰাবল্যৰ ভূমিকম্প আহে। এই পৰিঘটনাই অঞ্চলটোৰ চাৰিওফালে বিস্তৰ ক্ষতিসাধন কৰে আৰু ওচৰৰ যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু প্ৰম্বানন চহৰত ক্ষয়-ক্ষতি হয় যদিও বৰোবুদুৰ অক্ষত অৱস্থাত থাকে।{{sfn|Berger|2006}} ২০১৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আৰক্ষী আৰু নিৰাপত্তা বাহিনীয়ে আইছিছৰ স্বঘোষিত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান শাখাই ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়াত প্ৰকাশ কৰা ভাবুকিৰ সতৰ্কতামূলক ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নিৰাপত্তা কটকটীয়া কৰিছিল।সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীয়ে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য মূৰ্তি ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বিবৃত্তি জাৰি কৰিছিল।{{sfn|The Straits Times|2014}} নিৰাপত্তা উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত চিচিটিভি মনিটৰ মেৰামতি আৰু বৰ্ধিত নিয়োগ কৰাৰ লগতে মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নৈশ টহল দিয়াৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হয়। জেহাদী গোটটোৱে ইছলামৰ কঠোৰ ব্যাখ্যা অনুসৰণ কৰে আৰু ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ দৰে যিকোনো নৃগোষ্ঠীয় উপস্থাপনক মূৰ্তিপূজা বুলি গৰিহণা দিয়ে। ===বৰ্ধিত দর্শনাৰ্থীৰ সমস্যা=== nve26wy1uc9rqe3zvs19i920eu9ly5w 453235 453224 2024-12-10T06:10:54Z AjayDas 12623 /* সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা */ তথ্য যোগ 453235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যুহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যুহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যুহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি]] শিলত খোদিত বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ কাহিনীৰ বাহিৰেও বৰোবুদুৰত বিভিন্ন বুদ্ধৰ বহুতো প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। [[পদ্মাসন]] অৱস্থাত বহি থকা অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ (ৰূপধাতু স্তৰ) আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত (অৰুপাধাতু স্তৰ) বিতৰিত। বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ৰূপধাতু স্তৰৰ নিম্ন স্থান, ৰেলিঙৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে শাৰী শাৰীকৈ সজোৱা আৰু মঞ্চবোৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উচ্চ স্তৰলৈ হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ লগে লগে মূৰ্তিৰ সংখ্যা কমি আহিছে। প্ৰথম ৰেলিঙত ১০৪টা, দ্বিতীয়টোত ১০৪টা, তৃতীয়টোত ৮৮টা, চতুৰ্থটোত ৭২টা আৰু পঞ্চমটোত ৬৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। মুঠতে ৰূপধাতু পৰ্যায়ত ৪৩২টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} অৰুপধাতু স্তৰত (বা তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত) বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ ভিতৰত ৰখা হৈছে। প্ৰথম বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত ৩২টা স্তূপ, দ্বিতীয়টোত ২৪টা আৰু তৃতীয়টোত ১৬টা আছে। আটাইবোৰৰ যোগফল ৭২টা স্তূপ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} [[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়ামত থকা বৰোবুদুৰৰ বুদ্ধৰ শিৰ]] মূল ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত ৩০০টাতকৈও অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত (বেছিভাগেই মূৰবিহীন) আৰু ৪৩টা নোহোৱা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰা সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহে (বেছিভাগেই পশ্চিমীয়া) মূৰসমূহ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল{{sfn|Woodward|1979|p=302}} বা ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰাহকে লুটপাত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bloembergen| Monquil|2022|p=3}} এই বুদ্ধৰ মূৰবোৰৰ কিছুমান এতিয়া বহুতো সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ মিউজিয়াম গুইমেট আৰু [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ দ্য ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়ামত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|BBC|2014}} জাৰ্মানীয়ে ২০১৪ চনত ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পুনৰ সংলগ্ন আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন আগবঢ়াইছে।{{sfn|Muryanto |2014}} প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত সকলো বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একেধৰণৰ যেন লাগে যদিও মুদ্ৰা বা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত ইয়াৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। মুদ্ৰাৰ পাঁচটা গোট আছে: উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু ঊৰ্ধ। এই দিশসমূহে মহাযানৰ মতে পাঁচটা কম্পাছ বিন্দুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ প্ৰথম চাৰি মুদ্ৰা উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম আছে। ইয়াৰে এটা কম্পাছ দিশৰ ফালে থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ সংশ্লিষ্ট মুদ্ৰা আছে। পঞ্চম ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰত বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত থকা ৭২টা স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুদ্ধৰ ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা অছে।{{sfn|De Casparis|1966|pp=547-548}} প্ৰতি মুদ্ৰাই পাঁচগৰাকী ধ্যানী বুদ্ধৰ ভিতৰত এজনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰতীকীতা আছে।{{sfn|Bucknell|Stuart-Fox|1995}} পূবৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰদক্ষিণ (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ)ৰ ক্ৰম অনুসৰণ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ মুদ্ৰাসমূহ হ'ল:{{sfn|Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw|1965|pp=391, 413-416}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;" |- |- ! মূৰ্তি ! মুদ্ৰা ! প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ ! ধ্যানী বুদ্ধ ! দিশ ! মূৰ্তিটোৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|100px]] |''ভূমিস্পৰ্শ মুদ্ৰা'' |পৃথিৱীক সাক্ষী হ'বলৈ আহ্বান |অক্ষোভ্যা |পূব |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পূবৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|100px]] |''বৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |উপকাৰিতা, দান দিয়া |ৰত্নসম্ভৱ |দক্ষিণ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা দক্ষিণৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|100px]] |''ধ্যান মুদ্ৰা'' |একাগ্ৰতা আৰু ধ্যান |অমিতাভ |পশ্চিম |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পশ্চিম ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|100px]] |''অভয় মুদ্ৰা'' |সাহস, নিৰ্ভীকতা |আমোঘসিদ্ধি |উত্তৰ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা উত্তৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|100px]] |''বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা'' |যুক্তি আৰু গুণ |বৈৰোচন বা সমন্তভদ্ৰ |ঊৰ্ধ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' পঞ্চম (সৰ্বোচ্চ) ৰেলিঙৰ স্থানৰ সকলো দিশতে |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|100px]] |''ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |ধৰ্মৰ চকা ঘূৰোৱা (বিধান) |বৈৰোচন |ঊৰ্ধ |''অৰুপাধাতু'' তিনিটা ঘূৰণীয়া মঞ্চত ৭২টা ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপত |} ==সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা== ===ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান=== [[File:Borobudur on Vesak Day 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত বেসক অনুষ্ঠান]] ১৯৭৩ চনত ইউনেস্কোৰ পুঁজিৰে কৰা বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰক পুনৰবাৰ পূজা আৰু তীৰ্থস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। বছৰত এবাৰ মে’ বা জুন মাহত পূৰ্ণিমাৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে জন্ম, মৃত্যু আৰু সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে বুদ্ধ হ’বলৈ পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰা সময়ৰ স্মৃতিত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] (ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান: ৱাইছাক) দিৱস পালন কৰে। ৱাইছাক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্ধৰ দিন{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=856}} আৰু এই অনুষ্ঠানটো মেণ্ডুটৰ পৰা পাৱনলৈ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ বৰোবুদুৰত শেষ কৰি তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Walubi|2002}} বৰোবুদুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদক্ষিণ বা বৰোবুদুৰৰ ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা আৰু গেলেৰীৰ মাজেৰে বৰোবুদুৰৰ মঞ্চত উঠি যোৱা{{sfn|Madyansyah|2023}}, বৰোবুদুৰক আগুৰি ধ্যান কৰা আৰু আকাশত ফানুচ মুকলি কৰা আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।{{sfn|Fitriana|2023}}{{sfn|Sudiarno|2016}} ===পৰ্যটন=== ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা একক পৰ্যটনস্থলী। ১৯৭৪ চনত ২ লাখ ৬০ হাজাৰ পৰ্যটকে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো দৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰে ৩৬,০০০ বিদেশী পৰ্যটক আছিল।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ১৯৯০ চনৰ মাজভাগত দেশখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সংকটৰ পূৰ্বে এই সংখ্যা বছৰি ২৫ লাখ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় (৮০% ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটক)।{{Nowrap|2.5 million}} পৰ্যটন উন্নয়নক অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নকৰাৰ বাবে সমালোচনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত মাজে মাজে সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ২০০৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ আশে-পাশে থকা বাসিন্দা আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে কেইবাখনো সভা আৰু প্ৰতিবাদৰ আয়োজন কৰে আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে "জাভা ৱৰ্ল্ড" নামেৰে নামাকৰণ কৰা তিনিমহলীয়া ম'ল কমপ্লেক্স নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শায়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|pp=752–753}} ২০১২ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰক বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ হিচাপে [[গিনিজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডছ|গিনিজ বুক অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডত]] লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হয়।{{Sfn|Antara|2012}} ===সংৰক্ষণ=== [[File:Borobudur monks 1.jpg|thumb|left|বৌদ্ধ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে বৰোবুদুৰৰ শীৰ্ষ মঞ্চত জপ কৰে]] ইউনেস্কোৱে বৰ্তমানৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ অৱস্থাৰ অধীনত তিনিটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট চিন্তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল: (i) দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ দ্বাৰা ভাঙি পেলোৱা; (ii) ঠাইখনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অংশত মাটিৰ খহনীয়া; আৰু (iii) অনুপস্থিত মৌলসমূহৰ বিশ্লেষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} কোমল মাটি, অসংখ্য ভূমিকম্প আৰু প্ৰচণ্ড বৰষুণৰ ফলত গঠনটো অস্থিৰ হৈ পৰে। ভূমিকম্প আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰিহণা যোগোৱা কাৰক। কিয়নো কেৱল শিল তললৈ পৰি তোৰণবোৰ ছিন্নভিন্ন হোৱাই নহয়, ভূমি নিজেই ঢৌৰ দৰে গতি কৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত গঠনটো আৰু অধিক ধ্বংস হ'ব।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} স্তূপৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ বাবে বহু দৰ্শনাৰ্থী আহে আৰু ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় লোক। সকলো স্তৰতে কোনো বস্তু স্পৰ্শ নকৰিবলৈ সতৰ্কবাণী চিন থকা, লাউডস্পীকাৰৰ জৰিয়তে নিয়মীয়াকৈ সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰেৰণ আৰু প্ৰহৰীৰ উপস্থিতি থকাৰ পিছতো ভাস্কৰ্য আৰু মূৰ্তি ভাঙি পেলোৱাটো বৰ্তমান তেনেই সাধাৰণ পৰিঘটনা আৰু মূল সমস্যা। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ অধিক অৱনতি ঘটিছে।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} ===পুনৰ্বাসন=== [[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-06.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ চাৰিওফালে অৱস্থিত যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি মাউণ্ট মেৰবাবু (বাওঁফালে) আৰু মাউণ্ট মেৰাপি (সোঁফালে)]] ২০১০ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ আৰু নৱেম্বৰ মাহত মেৰাপি পৰ্বতৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল।মেৰাপিৰ পৰা অহা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ ওপৰত পৰিছিল। ই আগ্নেয়গিৰীৰ মূল গহ্বৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২৮ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৭ মাইল) পশ্চিম-দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে অৱস্থিত। ৩–৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ সময়ত মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ওপৰত ২.৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (১ ইঞ্চি){{sfn|Antara|2010}} ডাঠ ছাইৰ তৰপ এটা পৰি ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ ঢাকি পেলায় আৰু জল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাটো বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে আশংকা কৰে যে এই এচিডিক ছাইয়ে মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ক্ষতি কৰিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=99}} ৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা ৯ নৱেম্বৰলৈ মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয় যাতে ছাইসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পৰা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2010}}{{sfn|Naibaho|2010}} ২০১০ চনত মাউণ্ট মেৰাপিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে হোৱা খৰচৰ অংশ হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৱে ৩০ লাখ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪,০৬৩,৩১৪ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) অনুদান আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2011}} বৰষুণৰ পিছত লেতেৰাৰ ফলত বন্ধ হৈ পৰা নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাক পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ মন্দিৰৰ গঠনটোকে সামৰি লোৱা ৫৫ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক শিলৰ ব্লক ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। নৱেম্বৰ মাহত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সমাপ্ত হয়।{{sfn|Wahyuni|2011}} ২০১২ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত দুজন জাৰ্মান শিল সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞই এই স্থানত দহ দিন কটাই মন্দিৰসমূহ বিশ্লেষণ কৰি আৰু ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী সংৰক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} জুন মাহত জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইউনেস্ক’ক দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে ১ লাখ ৩০ হাজাৰ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ১৭২,৫২৯ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) বৰঙণি আগবঢ়াবলৈ সন্মত হৈছিল। শিল সংৰক্ষণ, অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান, গাঁথনি অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু ৰাসায়নিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকীৰ ছয়জন বিশেষজ্ঞই ২০১৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত ব’ৰ’বুদুৰত এসপ্তাহ কটায়। তাৰ পিছত ছেপ্টেম্বৰ বা অক্টোবৰ মাহত আন এটা ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে উভতি অহাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। এই অভিযানসমূহে জানুৱাৰী মাহৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া সংৰক্ষণ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ আৰম্ভ কৰিব আৰু চৰকাৰী কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু যুৱ সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ সংৰক্ষণ ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে সামৰ্থ্য বিকাশৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2012}} ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত প্ৰায় ২০০ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবে অৱস্থিত পূব জাভাৰ কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত হোৱা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ দ্বাৰা যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱিত হোৱাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকোকে ধৰি যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ বিখ্যাত স্তূপ আৰু মূৰ্তিসমূহ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ শ্ৰমিকসকলে আৱৰি ধৰে। ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটে আৰু যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ দৰে দূৰৰ অঞ্চললৈকে বিস্ফোৰণৰ শব্দ শুনা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2014}} ===নিৰাপত্তাৰ ভাবুকি=== [[File:Borobudur Bombing 1985.jpg|thumb|১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ ওপৰৰ মঞ্চৰ কেইবাটাও স্তূপৰ ক্ষতি হয়]] ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত ৯টা বোমাৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ নটা স্তূপ বেয়াকৈ ক্ষতিসাধন হয়।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff|2015|pp=91– 92}}{{sfn|The Miami Herald|1985}} ১৯৯১ চনত এজন অন্ধ মুছলমান প্ৰচাৰক হুছেইন আলী আল হাবছিয়ে ১৯৮০ চনৰ মাজভাগত মন্দিৰ আক্ৰমণকে ধৰি ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে ঘটোৱা বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰ মাষ্টাৰমাইণ্ডৰ বাবে যাৱজ্জীৱন কাৰাদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি লাভ কৰে।{{sfn|Crouch|2002|p=14}} বোমা বিস্ফোৰণ সংঘটিত কৰা ইছলামিক উগ্ৰপন্থী গোটটোৰ আন দুজন সদস্যক ১৯৮৬ চনত প্ৰত্যেককে ২০ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হৈছিল আৰু আন এজন লোকে ১৩ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হয়। ২০০৬ চনৰ ২৭ মে’ তাৰিখে মধ্য জাভাৰ দক্ষিণ উপকূলত ৬.২ প্ৰাবল্যৰ ভূমিকম্প আহে। এই পৰিঘটনাই অঞ্চলটোৰ চাৰিওফালে বিস্তৰ ক্ষতিসাধন কৰে আৰু ওচৰৰ যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু প্ৰম্বানন চহৰত ক্ষয়-ক্ষতি হয় যদিও বৰোবুদুৰ অক্ষত অৱস্থাত থাকে।{{sfn|Berger|2006}} ২০১৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আৰক্ষী আৰু নিৰাপত্তা বাহিনীয়ে আইছিছৰ স্বঘোষিত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান শাখাই ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়াত প্ৰকাশ কৰা ভাবুকিৰ সতৰ্কতামূলক ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নিৰাপত্তা কটকটীয়া কৰিছিল।সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীয়ে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য মূৰ্তি ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বিবৃত্তি জাৰি কৰিছিল।{{sfn|The Straits Times|2014}} নিৰাপত্তা উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত চিচিটিভি মনিটৰ মেৰামতি আৰু বৰ্ধিত নিয়োগ কৰাৰ লগতে মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নৈশ টহল দিয়াৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হয়। জেহাদী গোটটোৱে ইছলামৰ কঠোৰ ব্যাখ্যা অনুসৰণ কৰে আৰু ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ দৰে যিকোনো নৃগোষ্ঠীয় উপস্থাপনক মূৰ্তিপূজা বুলি গৰিহণা দিয়ে। ===বৰ্ধিত দর্শনাৰ্থীৰ সমস্যা=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bezoekers van de Borobudur TMnr 20027041.jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত পৰ্যটক]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ সৰু চিৰিবোৰত উঠি অহা দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সংখ্যা বেছি হোৱাৰ বাবে চিৰিত তীব্ৰ ক্ষয়-ক্ষতিৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে। শিলৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগৰ খহনীয়া হৈ পৰিছে আৰু পাতল আৰু মসৃণ কৰি তুলিছে। সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰত ২০৩৩টা শিলৰ চিৰিৰ পৃষ্ঠ আছে। এই চিৰি পশ্চিম দিশ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু উত্তৰকে ধৰি চাৰি দিশত বিস্তৃত। ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় ১,০২৮ টা পৃষ্ঠ বা প্ৰায় ৪৯.১৫ শতাংশ গুৰুতৰভাৱে জীৰ্ণ হৈ পৰিছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} চিৰিৰ শিল আৰু অধিক অৱক্ষয়ৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ ২০১৪ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ চিৰিৰ দুটা মূল অংশ – পূব (আৰোহী পথ) আৰু উত্তৰ (অৱতৰণ পথ) ফাল – কাঠৰ গঠনেৰে আবৃত কৰা হয়। কম্বোডিয়াৰ এংকৰ ৱাট আৰু [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ পিৰামিডত একেধৰণৰ পদ্ধতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} ২০১৫ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰই চিৰিবোৰ ৰবৰৰ আৱৰণেৰে ঢাকি ৰখাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Asdhiana |2015}} ধ্বংসপ্ৰৱণতা আৰু গ্ৰেফিটি অংকনৰ বাবে ২০২০ চনত মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদত প্ৰৱেশ সাময়িকভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰা পৰ্যটক গাইডৰ সৈতে দিনটোত এঘণ্টাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক ১২০০ দৰ্শকক মন্দিৰত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছে। দৰ্শনাৰ্থীসকলে ইয়াত বাঁহৰ চেণ্ডেল পিন্ধিব লাগে।{{sfn|Watson |2023}} ষ্টেটেষ্টিক্‌ছ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মতে ২০২১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা ৪২২,৯৩০ৰ পৰা ২০২২ চনত ১৪.৪ লাখলৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে বছৰি ২০ লাখ পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ লক্ষ্য বান্ধি লৈছে।{{sfn|Antara |2023}} ==উত্তৰাধিকাৰ== qcxg1wazgeu9nzu4vd8odkamj2cwrho 453237 453235 2024-12-10T06:33:06Z AjayDas 12623 /* উত্তৰাধিকাৰ */ তথ্য যোগ 453237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যুহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যুহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যুহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি]] শিলত খোদিত বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ কাহিনীৰ বাহিৰেও বৰোবুদুৰত বিভিন্ন বুদ্ধৰ বহুতো প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। [[পদ্মাসন]] অৱস্থাত বহি থকা অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ (ৰূপধাতু স্তৰ) আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত (অৰুপাধাতু স্তৰ) বিতৰিত। বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ৰূপধাতু স্তৰৰ নিম্ন স্থান, ৰেলিঙৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে শাৰী শাৰীকৈ সজোৱা আৰু মঞ্চবোৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উচ্চ স্তৰলৈ হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ লগে লগে মূৰ্তিৰ সংখ্যা কমি আহিছে। প্ৰথম ৰেলিঙত ১০৪টা, দ্বিতীয়টোত ১০৪টা, তৃতীয়টোত ৮৮টা, চতুৰ্থটোত ৭২টা আৰু পঞ্চমটোত ৬৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। মুঠতে ৰূপধাতু পৰ্যায়ত ৪৩২টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} অৰুপধাতু স্তৰত (বা তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত) বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ ভিতৰত ৰখা হৈছে। প্ৰথম বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত ৩২টা স্তূপ, দ্বিতীয়টোত ২৪টা আৰু তৃতীয়টোত ১৬টা আছে। আটাইবোৰৰ যোগফল ৭২টা স্তূপ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} [[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়ামত থকা বৰোবুদুৰৰ বুদ্ধৰ শিৰ]] মূল ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত ৩০০টাতকৈও অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত (বেছিভাগেই মূৰবিহীন) আৰু ৪৩টা নোহোৱা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰা সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহে (বেছিভাগেই পশ্চিমীয়া) মূৰসমূহ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল{{sfn|Woodward|1979|p=302}} বা ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰাহকে লুটপাত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bloembergen| Monquil|2022|p=3}} এই বুদ্ধৰ মূৰবোৰৰ কিছুমান এতিয়া বহুতো সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ মিউজিয়াম গুইমেট আৰু [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ দ্য ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়ামত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|BBC|2014}} জাৰ্মানীয়ে ২০১৪ চনত ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পুনৰ সংলগ্ন আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন আগবঢ়াইছে।{{sfn|Muryanto |2014}} প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত সকলো বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একেধৰণৰ যেন লাগে যদিও মুদ্ৰা বা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত ইয়াৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। মুদ্ৰাৰ পাঁচটা গোট আছে: উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু ঊৰ্ধ। এই দিশসমূহে মহাযানৰ মতে পাঁচটা কম্পাছ বিন্দুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ প্ৰথম চাৰি মুদ্ৰা উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম আছে। ইয়াৰে এটা কম্পাছ দিশৰ ফালে থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ সংশ্লিষ্ট মুদ্ৰা আছে। পঞ্চম ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰত বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত থকা ৭২টা স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুদ্ধৰ ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা অছে।{{sfn|De Casparis|1966|pp=547-548}} প্ৰতি মুদ্ৰাই পাঁচগৰাকী ধ্যানী বুদ্ধৰ ভিতৰত এজনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰতীকীতা আছে।{{sfn|Bucknell|Stuart-Fox|1995}} পূবৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰদক্ষিণ (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ)ৰ ক্ৰম অনুসৰণ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ মুদ্ৰাসমূহ হ'ল:{{sfn|Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw|1965|pp=391, 413-416}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;" |- |- ! মূৰ্তি ! মুদ্ৰা ! প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ ! ধ্যানী বুদ্ধ ! দিশ ! মূৰ্তিটোৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|100px]] |''ভূমিস্পৰ্শ মুদ্ৰা'' |পৃথিৱীক সাক্ষী হ'বলৈ আহ্বান |অক্ষোভ্যা |পূব |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পূবৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|100px]] |''বৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |উপকাৰিতা, দান দিয়া |ৰত্নসম্ভৱ |দক্ষিণ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা দক্ষিণৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|100px]] |''ধ্যান মুদ্ৰা'' |একাগ্ৰতা আৰু ধ্যান |অমিতাভ |পশ্চিম |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পশ্চিম ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|100px]] |''অভয় মুদ্ৰা'' |সাহস, নিৰ্ভীকতা |আমোঘসিদ্ধি |উত্তৰ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা উত্তৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|100px]] |''বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা'' |যুক্তি আৰু গুণ |বৈৰোচন বা সমন্তভদ্ৰ |ঊৰ্ধ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' পঞ্চম (সৰ্বোচ্চ) ৰেলিঙৰ স্থানৰ সকলো দিশতে |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|100px]] |''ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |ধৰ্মৰ চকা ঘূৰোৱা (বিধান) |বৈৰোচন |ঊৰ্ধ |''অৰুপাধাতু'' তিনিটা ঘূৰণীয়া মঞ্চত ৭২টা ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপত |} ==সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা== ===ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান=== [[File:Borobudur on Vesak Day 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত বেসক অনুষ্ঠান]] ১৯৭৩ চনত ইউনেস্কোৰ পুঁজিৰে কৰা বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰক পুনৰবাৰ পূজা আৰু তীৰ্থস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। বছৰত এবাৰ মে’ বা জুন মাহত পূৰ্ণিমাৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে জন্ম, মৃত্যু আৰু সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে বুদ্ধ হ’বলৈ পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰা সময়ৰ স্মৃতিত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] (ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান: ৱাইছাক) দিৱস পালন কৰে। ৱাইছাক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্ধৰ দিন{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=856}} আৰু এই অনুষ্ঠানটো মেণ্ডুটৰ পৰা পাৱনলৈ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ বৰোবুদুৰত শেষ কৰি তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Walubi|2002}} বৰোবুদুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদক্ষিণ বা বৰোবুদুৰৰ ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা আৰু গেলেৰীৰ মাজেৰে বৰোবুদুৰৰ মঞ্চত উঠি যোৱা{{sfn|Madyansyah|2023}}, বৰোবুদুৰক আগুৰি ধ্যান কৰা আৰু আকাশত ফানুচ মুকলি কৰা আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।{{sfn|Fitriana|2023}}{{sfn|Sudiarno|2016}} ===পৰ্যটন=== ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা একক পৰ্যটনস্থলী। ১৯৭৪ চনত ২ লাখ ৬০ হাজাৰ পৰ্যটকে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো দৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰে ৩৬,০০০ বিদেশী পৰ্যটক আছিল।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ১৯৯০ চনৰ মাজভাগত দেশখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সংকটৰ পূৰ্বে এই সংখ্যা বছৰি ২৫ লাখ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় (৮০% ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটক)।{{Nowrap|2.5 million}} পৰ্যটন উন্নয়নক অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নকৰাৰ বাবে সমালোচনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত মাজে মাজে সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ২০০৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ আশে-পাশে থকা বাসিন্দা আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে কেইবাখনো সভা আৰু প্ৰতিবাদৰ আয়োজন কৰে আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে "জাভা ৱৰ্ল্ড" নামেৰে নামাকৰণ কৰা তিনিমহলীয়া ম'ল কমপ্লেক্স নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শায়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|pp=752–753}} ২০১২ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰক বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ হিচাপে [[গিনিজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডছ|গিনিজ বুক অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডত]] লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হয়।{{Sfn|Antara|2012}} ===সংৰক্ষণ=== [[File:Borobudur monks 1.jpg|thumb|left|বৌদ্ধ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে বৰোবুদুৰৰ শীৰ্ষ মঞ্চত জপ কৰে]] ইউনেস্কোৱে বৰ্তমানৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ অৱস্থাৰ অধীনত তিনিটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট চিন্তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল: (i) দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ দ্বাৰা ভাঙি পেলোৱা; (ii) ঠাইখনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অংশত মাটিৰ খহনীয়া; আৰু (iii) অনুপস্থিত মৌলসমূহৰ বিশ্লেষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} কোমল মাটি, অসংখ্য ভূমিকম্প আৰু প্ৰচণ্ড বৰষুণৰ ফলত গঠনটো অস্থিৰ হৈ পৰে। ভূমিকম্প আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰিহণা যোগোৱা কাৰক। কিয়নো কেৱল শিল তললৈ পৰি তোৰণবোৰ ছিন্নভিন্ন হোৱাই নহয়, ভূমি নিজেই ঢৌৰ দৰে গতি কৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত গঠনটো আৰু অধিক ধ্বংস হ'ব।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} স্তূপৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ বাবে বহু দৰ্শনাৰ্থী আহে আৰু ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় লোক। সকলো স্তৰতে কোনো বস্তু স্পৰ্শ নকৰিবলৈ সতৰ্কবাণী চিন থকা, লাউডস্পীকাৰৰ জৰিয়তে নিয়মীয়াকৈ সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰেৰণ আৰু প্ৰহৰীৰ উপস্থিতি থকাৰ পিছতো ভাস্কৰ্য আৰু মূৰ্তি ভাঙি পেলোৱাটো বৰ্তমান তেনেই সাধাৰণ পৰিঘটনা আৰু মূল সমস্যা। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ অধিক অৱনতি ঘটিছে।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} ===পুনৰ্বাসন=== [[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-06.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ চাৰিওফালে অৱস্থিত যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি মাউণ্ট মেৰবাবু (বাওঁফালে) আৰু মাউণ্ট মেৰাপি (সোঁফালে)]] ২০১০ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ আৰু নৱেম্বৰ মাহত মেৰাপি পৰ্বতৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল।মেৰাপিৰ পৰা অহা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ ওপৰত পৰিছিল। ই আগ্নেয়গিৰীৰ মূল গহ্বৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২৮ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৭ মাইল) পশ্চিম-দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে অৱস্থিত। ৩–৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ সময়ত মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ওপৰত ২.৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (১ ইঞ্চি){{sfn|Antara|2010}} ডাঠ ছাইৰ তৰপ এটা পৰি ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ ঢাকি পেলায় আৰু জল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাটো বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে আশংকা কৰে যে এই এচিডিক ছাইয়ে মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ক্ষতি কৰিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=99}} ৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা ৯ নৱেম্বৰলৈ মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয় যাতে ছাইসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পৰা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2010}}{{sfn|Naibaho|2010}} ২০১০ চনত মাউণ্ট মেৰাপিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে হোৱা খৰচৰ অংশ হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৱে ৩০ লাখ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪,০৬৩,৩১৪ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) অনুদান আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2011}} বৰষুণৰ পিছত লেতেৰাৰ ফলত বন্ধ হৈ পৰা নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাক পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ মন্দিৰৰ গঠনটোকে সামৰি লোৱা ৫৫ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক শিলৰ ব্লক ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। নৱেম্বৰ মাহত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সমাপ্ত হয়।{{sfn|Wahyuni|2011}} ২০১২ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত দুজন জাৰ্মান শিল সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞই এই স্থানত দহ দিন কটাই মন্দিৰসমূহ বিশ্লেষণ কৰি আৰু ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী সংৰক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} জুন মাহত জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইউনেস্ক’ক দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে ১ লাখ ৩০ হাজাৰ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ১৭২,৫২৯ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) বৰঙণি আগবঢ়াবলৈ সন্মত হৈছিল। শিল সংৰক্ষণ, অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান, গাঁথনি অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু ৰাসায়নিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকীৰ ছয়জন বিশেষজ্ঞই ২০১৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত ব’ৰ’বুদুৰত এসপ্তাহ কটায়। তাৰ পিছত ছেপ্টেম্বৰ বা অক্টোবৰ মাহত আন এটা ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে উভতি অহাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। এই অভিযানসমূহে জানুৱাৰী মাহৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া সংৰক্ষণ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ আৰম্ভ কৰিব আৰু চৰকাৰী কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু যুৱ সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ সংৰক্ষণ ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে সামৰ্থ্য বিকাশৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2012}} ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত প্ৰায় ২০০ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবে অৱস্থিত পূব জাভাৰ কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত হোৱা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ দ্বাৰা যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱিত হোৱাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকোকে ধৰি যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ বিখ্যাত স্তূপ আৰু মূৰ্তিসমূহ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ শ্ৰমিকসকলে আৱৰি ধৰে। ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটে আৰু যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ দৰে দূৰৰ অঞ্চললৈকে বিস্ফোৰণৰ শব্দ শুনা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2014}} ===নিৰাপত্তাৰ ভাবুকি=== [[File:Borobudur Bombing 1985.jpg|thumb|১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ ওপৰৰ মঞ্চৰ কেইবাটাও স্তূপৰ ক্ষতি হয়]] ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত ৯টা বোমাৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ নটা স্তূপ বেয়াকৈ ক্ষতিসাধন হয়।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff|2015|pp=91– 92}}{{sfn|The Miami Herald|1985}} ১৯৯১ চনত এজন অন্ধ মুছলমান প্ৰচাৰক হুছেইন আলী আল হাবছিয়ে ১৯৮০ চনৰ মাজভাগত মন্দিৰ আক্ৰমণকে ধৰি ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে ঘটোৱা বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰ মাষ্টাৰমাইণ্ডৰ বাবে যাৱজ্জীৱন কাৰাদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি লাভ কৰে।{{sfn|Crouch|2002|p=14}} বোমা বিস্ফোৰণ সংঘটিত কৰা ইছলামিক উগ্ৰপন্থী গোটটোৰ আন দুজন সদস্যক ১৯৮৬ চনত প্ৰত্যেককে ২০ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হৈছিল আৰু আন এজন লোকে ১৩ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হয়। ২০০৬ চনৰ ২৭ মে’ তাৰিখে মধ্য জাভাৰ দক্ষিণ উপকূলত ৬.২ প্ৰাবল্যৰ ভূমিকম্প আহে। এই পৰিঘটনাই অঞ্চলটোৰ চাৰিওফালে বিস্তৰ ক্ষতিসাধন কৰে আৰু ওচৰৰ যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু প্ৰম্বানন চহৰত ক্ষয়-ক্ষতি হয় যদিও বৰোবুদুৰ অক্ষত অৱস্থাত থাকে।{{sfn|Berger|2006}} ২০১৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আৰক্ষী আৰু নিৰাপত্তা বাহিনীয়ে আইছিছৰ স্বঘোষিত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান শাখাই ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়াত প্ৰকাশ কৰা ভাবুকিৰ সতৰ্কতামূলক ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নিৰাপত্তা কটকটীয়া কৰিছিল।সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীয়ে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য মূৰ্তি ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বিবৃত্তি জাৰি কৰিছিল।{{sfn|The Straits Times|2014}} নিৰাপত্তা উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত চিচিটিভি মনিটৰ মেৰামতি আৰু বৰ্ধিত নিয়োগ কৰাৰ লগতে মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নৈশ টহল দিয়াৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হয়। জেহাদী গোটটোৱে ইছলামৰ কঠোৰ ব্যাখ্যা অনুসৰণ কৰে আৰু ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ দৰে যিকোনো নৃগোষ্ঠীয় উপস্থাপনক মূৰ্তিপূজা বুলি গৰিহণা দিয়ে। ===বৰ্ধিত দর্শনাৰ্থীৰ সমস্যা=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bezoekers van de Borobudur TMnr 20027041.jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত পৰ্যটক]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ সৰু চিৰিবোৰত উঠি অহা দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সংখ্যা বেছি হোৱাৰ বাবে চিৰিত তীব্ৰ ক্ষয়-ক্ষতিৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে। শিলৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগৰ খহনীয়া হৈ পৰিছে আৰু পাতল আৰু মসৃণ কৰি তুলিছে। সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰত ২০৩৩টা শিলৰ চিৰিৰ পৃষ্ঠ আছে। এই চিৰি পশ্চিম দিশ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু উত্তৰকে ধৰি চাৰি দিশত বিস্তৃত। ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় ১,০২৮ টা পৃষ্ঠ বা প্ৰায় ৪৯.১৫ শতাংশ গুৰুতৰভাৱে জীৰ্ণ হৈ পৰিছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} চিৰিৰ শিল আৰু অধিক অৱক্ষয়ৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ ২০১৪ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ চিৰিৰ দুটা মূল অংশ – পূব (আৰোহী পথ) আৰু উত্তৰ (অৱতৰণ পথ) ফাল – কাঠৰ গঠনেৰে আবৃত কৰা হয়। কম্বোডিয়াৰ এংকৰ ৱাট আৰু [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ পিৰামিডত একেধৰণৰ পদ্ধতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} ২০১৫ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰই চিৰিবোৰ ৰবৰৰ আৱৰণেৰে ঢাকি ৰখাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Asdhiana |2015}} ধ্বংসপ্ৰৱণতা আৰু গ্ৰেফিটি অংকনৰ বাবে ২০২০ চনত মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদত প্ৰৱেশ সাময়িকভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰা পৰ্যটক গাইডৰ সৈতে দিনটোত এঘণ্টাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক ১২০০ দৰ্শকক মন্দিৰত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছে। দৰ্শনাৰ্থীসকলে ইয়াত বাঁহৰ চেণ্ডেল পিন্ধিব লাগে।{{sfn|Watson |2023}} ষ্টেটেষ্টিক্‌ছ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মতে ২০২১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা ৪২২,৯৩০ৰ পৰা ২০২২ চনত ১৪.৪ লাখলৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে বছৰি ২০ লাখ পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ লক্ষ্য বান্ধি লৈছে।{{sfn|Antara |2023}} ==উত্তৰাধিকাৰ== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM President Soekarno en de Indiase premier Nehru kijken toe hoe Indira Gandhi bloemen in ontvangst neemt tijdens een bezoek aan de Borobudur TMnr 10015646.jpg|thumb|right|১৯৫০ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ ভ্ৰমণ কৰা সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণো আৰু [[ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী]] [[জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু]]]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ নান্দনিক আৰু কাৰিকৰীভাবে উচ্চ জ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক। ই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলৰ বাবে গৌৰৱৰ ভাৱ জগাই তুলি আহিছে। কম্বোডিয়াৰ বাবে এংকৰ ৱাটৰ দৰেই বৰোবুদুৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ অতীতৰ মহানতাৰ সাক্ষ্য দিবলৈ এক শক্তিশালী প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণোয়ে বিদেশী গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তিক এই স্থান দেখুৱাইছিল। চুহাৰ্টো শাসনকালত ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰতীকী আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অৰ্থ উপলব্ধি কৰি ইউনেস্ক’ৰ সহায়ত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে অধ্যৱসায়ীভাৱে এক বৃহৎ প্ৰকল্পত আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বহু সংগ্ৰহালয়ত বৰোবুদুৰৰ স্কেল মডেলৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ আছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰায় এটা বিখ্যাত চিহ্ন হৈ পৰিছে। ৱায়াং পুতলা খেল আৰু গামেলান সংগীতৰ সৈতে গোট খুৱাই ই এটা অস্পষ্ট ধ্ৰুপদী জাভানীজ অতীতত পৰিণত হৈছে।{{sfn|Wood|2011|p=38}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা সংগ্ৰহ কৰা কেইবাটাও প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সামগ্ৰী বা ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু বিদেশৰ কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদৰ ভিতৰত থকা কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ বাহিৰেও কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে: জাকাৰ্টাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম, আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, লণ্ডনৰ ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়াম, বেংককৰ থাই নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামত বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিল্পকৰ্ম আছে। পেৰিছৰ লুভ্ৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, কুৱালালামপুৰৰ মালয়েছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম আৰু নিউ টাইপেইৰ মিউজিয়াম অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰিলিজিয়নছতো বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Museum of World Religions, Taipei}} প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ ধ্ৰুপদী বৌদ্ধ সভ্যতাৰ প্ৰতি এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৱে বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছে। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ আৰু পুনৰ্গঠনক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ চিন বুলি প্ৰশংসা কৰিছে। ১৯৩৪ চনত [[শ্ৰীলংকা]]ৰ পৰা অহা মিছনেৰী সন্ন্যাসী নাৰদ থেৰা দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ যাত্ৰাৰ অংশ হিচাপে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ভ্ৰমণ কৰে। এই সুযোগৰ সহায়ত স্থানীয় কেইজনমান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মগুৰুয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মক পুনৰুজ্জীৱিত কৰিছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনৰ ১০ মাৰ্চত বৰোবুদুৰৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত নাৰদ থেৰাৰ আশীৰ্বাদত [[বোধি বৃক্ষ|বোধি বৃক্ষৰোপণ]] অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত হয় আৰু কিছুমান উপাসকক সন্ন্যাসী হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়।{{sfn|Buddhanet|2002}} বছৰত এবাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু চুবুৰীয়া দেশৰ পৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ বৌদ্ধ লোকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৱাইছাক উদযাপনৰ স্মৃতিত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ভিৰ কৰে।{{sfn|Wonderful Indonesia|2013}} [[File:Coat of arms of Central Java.svg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক]] মধ্য জাভা প্ৰদেশ আৰু মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ প্ৰতীকত বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিচ্ছবি আছে। ই মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে আৰু বহল পৰিসৰত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰো প্ৰতীক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। বৰোবুদুৰৰ নামেৰে কেইবাটাও প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ নামাকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। যেনে বৰোবুদুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, মধ্য জাকাৰ্টাৰ বৰোবুদুৰ হোটেল আৰু বিদেশৰ কেইবাখনো ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্ট ইয়াৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৱে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দুখন উল্লেখযোগ্য পাঁচ তাৰকাযুক্ত হোটেল ওচৰৰ আমানজিঅ’ (য’ৰ পৰা পৰিষ্কাৰ দিনত মন্দিৰটো দেখা যায়) আৰু স্লেমানৰ হায়াট ৰিজেন্সি যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ স্থাপত্য ডিজাইনৰ বাবে অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰিছিল। ৰূপিয়াৰ বেংকনোট আৰু ডাকটিকটত, বহুতো কিতাপ, প্ৰকাশন, তথ্যচিত্ৰ আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটন প্ৰচাৰ সামগ্ৰীত বৰোবুদুৰক দেখা যায়। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ অন্যতম মূল পৰ্যটন আকৰ্ষণ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ, মন্দিৰটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা অঞ্চলটোৰ স্থানীয় অৰ্থনীতি সৃষ্টিৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে যোগাকাৰ্টা চহৰৰ পৰ্যটন খণ্ডটো আংশিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত থকাৰ বাবেই গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। ===শিল্প আৰু সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ=== ১৮৩৬ চনৰ ফিচাৰৰ ড্ৰয়িং ৰুম স্ক্ৰেপ বুকত ডব্লিউ পাৰ্চাৰৰ এখন ছবিৰ খোদিত বৰো ব'ড'ৰত লেটিচিয়া এলিজাবেথ লেণ্ডনে খ্ৰীষ্টান দৃষ্টিকোণৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰক উপস্থাপন কৰিছে।{{sfn|Landon|1836|p=39}} ==লগতে চাওক== * [[এংকৰ ৱাট]] 5ziox67s2n5u1mypn5tfp62p4yu14sp 453239 453237 2024-12-10T06:37:58Z AjayDas 12623 /* লগতে চাওক */ তথ্য যোগ 453239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যুহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যুহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যুহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি]] শিলত খোদিত বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ কাহিনীৰ বাহিৰেও বৰোবুদুৰত বিভিন্ন বুদ্ধৰ বহুতো প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। [[পদ্মাসন]] অৱস্থাত বহি থকা অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ (ৰূপধাতু স্তৰ) আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত (অৰুপাধাতু স্তৰ) বিতৰিত। বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ৰূপধাতু স্তৰৰ নিম্ন স্থান, ৰেলিঙৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে শাৰী শাৰীকৈ সজোৱা আৰু মঞ্চবোৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উচ্চ স্তৰলৈ হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ লগে লগে মূৰ্তিৰ সংখ্যা কমি আহিছে। প্ৰথম ৰেলিঙত ১০৪টা, দ্বিতীয়টোত ১০৪টা, তৃতীয়টোত ৮৮টা, চতুৰ্থটোত ৭২টা আৰু পঞ্চমটোত ৬৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। মুঠতে ৰূপধাতু পৰ্যায়ত ৪৩২টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} অৰুপধাতু স্তৰত (বা তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত) বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ ভিতৰত ৰখা হৈছে। প্ৰথম বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত ৩২টা স্তূপ, দ্বিতীয়টোত ২৪টা আৰু তৃতীয়টোত ১৬টা আছে। আটাইবোৰৰ যোগফল ৭২টা স্তূপ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} [[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়ামত থকা বৰোবুদুৰৰ বুদ্ধৰ শিৰ]] মূল ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত ৩০০টাতকৈও অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত (বেছিভাগেই মূৰবিহীন) আৰু ৪৩টা নোহোৱা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰা সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহে (বেছিভাগেই পশ্চিমীয়া) মূৰসমূহ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল{{sfn|Woodward|1979|p=302}} বা ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰাহকে লুটপাত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bloembergen| Monquil|2022|p=3}} এই বুদ্ধৰ মূৰবোৰৰ কিছুমান এতিয়া বহুতো সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ মিউজিয়াম গুইমেট আৰু [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ দ্য ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়ামত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|BBC|2014}} জাৰ্মানীয়ে ২০১৪ চনত ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পুনৰ সংলগ্ন আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন আগবঢ়াইছে।{{sfn|Muryanto |2014}} প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত সকলো বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একেধৰণৰ যেন লাগে যদিও মুদ্ৰা বা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত ইয়াৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। মুদ্ৰাৰ পাঁচটা গোট আছে: উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু ঊৰ্ধ। এই দিশসমূহে মহাযানৰ মতে পাঁচটা কম্পাছ বিন্দুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ প্ৰথম চাৰি মুদ্ৰা উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম আছে। ইয়াৰে এটা কম্পাছ দিশৰ ফালে থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ সংশ্লিষ্ট মুদ্ৰা আছে। পঞ্চম ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰত বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত থকা ৭২টা স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুদ্ধৰ ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা অছে।{{sfn|De Casparis|1966|pp=547-548}} প্ৰতি মুদ্ৰাই পাঁচগৰাকী ধ্যানী বুদ্ধৰ ভিতৰত এজনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰতীকীতা আছে।{{sfn|Bucknell|Stuart-Fox|1995}} পূবৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰদক্ষিণ (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ)ৰ ক্ৰম অনুসৰণ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ মুদ্ৰাসমূহ হ'ল:{{sfn|Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw|1965|pp=391, 413-416}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;" |- |- ! মূৰ্তি ! মুদ্ৰা ! প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ ! ধ্যানী বুদ্ধ ! দিশ ! মূৰ্তিটোৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|100px]] |''ভূমিস্পৰ্শ মুদ্ৰা'' |পৃথিৱীক সাক্ষী হ'বলৈ আহ্বান |অক্ষোভ্যা |পূব |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পূবৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|100px]] |''বৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |উপকাৰিতা, দান দিয়া |ৰত্নসম্ভৱ |দক্ষিণ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা দক্ষিণৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|100px]] |''ধ্যান মুদ্ৰা'' |একাগ্ৰতা আৰু ধ্যান |অমিতাভ |পশ্চিম |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পশ্চিম ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|100px]] |''অভয় মুদ্ৰা'' |সাহস, নিৰ্ভীকতা |আমোঘসিদ্ধি |উত্তৰ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা উত্তৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|100px]] |''বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা'' |যুক্তি আৰু গুণ |বৈৰোচন বা সমন্তভদ্ৰ |ঊৰ্ধ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' পঞ্চম (সৰ্বোচ্চ) ৰেলিঙৰ স্থানৰ সকলো দিশতে |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|100px]] |''ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |ধৰ্মৰ চকা ঘূৰোৱা (বিধান) |বৈৰোচন |ঊৰ্ধ |''অৰুপাধাতু'' তিনিটা ঘূৰণীয়া মঞ্চত ৭২টা ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপত |} ==সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা== ===ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান=== [[File:Borobudur on Vesak Day 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত বেসক অনুষ্ঠান]] ১৯৭৩ চনত ইউনেস্কোৰ পুঁজিৰে কৰা বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰক পুনৰবাৰ পূজা আৰু তীৰ্থস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। বছৰত এবাৰ মে’ বা জুন মাহত পূৰ্ণিমাৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে জন্ম, মৃত্যু আৰু সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে বুদ্ধ হ’বলৈ পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰা সময়ৰ স্মৃতিত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] (ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান: ৱাইছাক) দিৱস পালন কৰে। ৱাইছাক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্ধৰ দিন{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=856}} আৰু এই অনুষ্ঠানটো মেণ্ডুটৰ পৰা পাৱনলৈ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ বৰোবুদুৰত শেষ কৰি তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Walubi|2002}} বৰোবুদুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদক্ষিণ বা বৰোবুদুৰৰ ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা আৰু গেলেৰীৰ মাজেৰে বৰোবুদুৰৰ মঞ্চত উঠি যোৱা{{sfn|Madyansyah|2023}}, বৰোবুদুৰক আগুৰি ধ্যান কৰা আৰু আকাশত ফানুচ মুকলি কৰা আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।{{sfn|Fitriana|2023}}{{sfn|Sudiarno|2016}} ===পৰ্যটন=== ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা একক পৰ্যটনস্থলী। ১৯৭৪ চনত ২ লাখ ৬০ হাজাৰ পৰ্যটকে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো দৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰে ৩৬,০০০ বিদেশী পৰ্যটক আছিল।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ১৯৯০ চনৰ মাজভাগত দেশখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সংকটৰ পূৰ্বে এই সংখ্যা বছৰি ২৫ লাখ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় (৮০% ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটক)।{{Nowrap|2.5 million}} পৰ্যটন উন্নয়নক অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নকৰাৰ বাবে সমালোচনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত মাজে মাজে সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ২০০৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ আশে-পাশে থকা বাসিন্দা আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে কেইবাখনো সভা আৰু প্ৰতিবাদৰ আয়োজন কৰে আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে "জাভা ৱৰ্ল্ড" নামেৰে নামাকৰণ কৰা তিনিমহলীয়া ম'ল কমপ্লেক্স নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শায়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|pp=752–753}} ২০১২ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰক বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ হিচাপে [[গিনিজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডছ|গিনিজ বুক অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডত]] লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হয়।{{Sfn|Antara|2012}} ===সংৰক্ষণ=== [[File:Borobudur monks 1.jpg|thumb|left|বৌদ্ধ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে বৰোবুদুৰৰ শীৰ্ষ মঞ্চত জপ কৰে]] ইউনেস্কোৱে বৰ্তমানৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ অৱস্থাৰ অধীনত তিনিটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট চিন্তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল: (i) দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ দ্বাৰা ভাঙি পেলোৱা; (ii) ঠাইখনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অংশত মাটিৰ খহনীয়া; আৰু (iii) অনুপস্থিত মৌলসমূহৰ বিশ্লেষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} কোমল মাটি, অসংখ্য ভূমিকম্প আৰু প্ৰচণ্ড বৰষুণৰ ফলত গঠনটো অস্থিৰ হৈ পৰে। ভূমিকম্প আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰিহণা যোগোৱা কাৰক। কিয়নো কেৱল শিল তললৈ পৰি তোৰণবোৰ ছিন্নভিন্ন হোৱাই নহয়, ভূমি নিজেই ঢৌৰ দৰে গতি কৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত গঠনটো আৰু অধিক ধ্বংস হ'ব।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} স্তূপৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ বাবে বহু দৰ্শনাৰ্থী আহে আৰু ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় লোক। সকলো স্তৰতে কোনো বস্তু স্পৰ্শ নকৰিবলৈ সতৰ্কবাণী চিন থকা, লাউডস্পীকাৰৰ জৰিয়তে নিয়মীয়াকৈ সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰেৰণ আৰু প্ৰহৰীৰ উপস্থিতি থকাৰ পিছতো ভাস্কৰ্য আৰু মূৰ্তি ভাঙি পেলোৱাটো বৰ্তমান তেনেই সাধাৰণ পৰিঘটনা আৰু মূল সমস্যা। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ অধিক অৱনতি ঘটিছে।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} ===পুনৰ্বাসন=== [[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-06.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ চাৰিওফালে অৱস্থিত যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি মাউণ্ট মেৰবাবু (বাওঁফালে) আৰু মাউণ্ট মেৰাপি (সোঁফালে)]] ২০১০ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ আৰু নৱেম্বৰ মাহত মেৰাপি পৰ্বতৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল।মেৰাপিৰ পৰা অহা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ ওপৰত পৰিছিল। ই আগ্নেয়গিৰীৰ মূল গহ্বৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২৮ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৭ মাইল) পশ্চিম-দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে অৱস্থিত। ৩–৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ সময়ত মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ওপৰত ২.৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (১ ইঞ্চি){{sfn|Antara|2010}} ডাঠ ছাইৰ তৰপ এটা পৰি ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ ঢাকি পেলায় আৰু জল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাটো বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে আশংকা কৰে যে এই এচিডিক ছাইয়ে মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ক্ষতি কৰিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=99}} ৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা ৯ নৱেম্বৰলৈ মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয় যাতে ছাইসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পৰা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2010}}{{sfn|Naibaho|2010}} ২০১০ চনত মাউণ্ট মেৰাপিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে হোৱা খৰচৰ অংশ হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৱে ৩০ লাখ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪,০৬৩,৩১৪ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) অনুদান আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2011}} বৰষুণৰ পিছত লেতেৰাৰ ফলত বন্ধ হৈ পৰা নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাক পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ মন্দিৰৰ গঠনটোকে সামৰি লোৱা ৫৫ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক শিলৰ ব্লক ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। নৱেম্বৰ মাহত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সমাপ্ত হয়।{{sfn|Wahyuni|2011}} ২০১২ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত দুজন জাৰ্মান শিল সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞই এই স্থানত দহ দিন কটাই মন্দিৰসমূহ বিশ্লেষণ কৰি আৰু ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী সংৰক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} জুন মাহত জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইউনেস্ক’ক দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে ১ লাখ ৩০ হাজাৰ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ১৭২,৫২৯ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) বৰঙণি আগবঢ়াবলৈ সন্মত হৈছিল। শিল সংৰক্ষণ, অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান, গাঁথনি অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু ৰাসায়নিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকীৰ ছয়জন বিশেষজ্ঞই ২০১৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত ব’ৰ’বুদুৰত এসপ্তাহ কটায়। তাৰ পিছত ছেপ্টেম্বৰ বা অক্টোবৰ মাহত আন এটা ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে উভতি অহাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। এই অভিযানসমূহে জানুৱাৰী মাহৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া সংৰক্ষণ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ আৰম্ভ কৰিব আৰু চৰকাৰী কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু যুৱ সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ সংৰক্ষণ ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে সামৰ্থ্য বিকাশৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2012}} ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত প্ৰায় ২০০ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবে অৱস্থিত পূব জাভাৰ কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত হোৱা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ দ্বাৰা যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱিত হোৱাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকোকে ধৰি যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ বিখ্যাত স্তূপ আৰু মূৰ্তিসমূহ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ শ্ৰমিকসকলে আৱৰি ধৰে। ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটে আৰু যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ দৰে দূৰৰ অঞ্চললৈকে বিস্ফোৰণৰ শব্দ শুনা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2014}} ===নিৰাপত্তাৰ ভাবুকি=== [[File:Borobudur Bombing 1985.jpg|thumb|১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ ওপৰৰ মঞ্চৰ কেইবাটাও স্তূপৰ ক্ষতি হয়]] ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত ৯টা বোমাৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ নটা স্তূপ বেয়াকৈ ক্ষতিসাধন হয়।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff|2015|pp=91– 92}}{{sfn|The Miami Herald|1985}} ১৯৯১ চনত এজন অন্ধ মুছলমান প্ৰচাৰক হুছেইন আলী আল হাবছিয়ে ১৯৮০ চনৰ মাজভাগত মন্দিৰ আক্ৰমণকে ধৰি ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে ঘটোৱা বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰ মাষ্টাৰমাইণ্ডৰ বাবে যাৱজ্জীৱন কাৰাদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি লাভ কৰে।{{sfn|Crouch|2002|p=14}} বোমা বিস্ফোৰণ সংঘটিত কৰা ইছলামিক উগ্ৰপন্থী গোটটোৰ আন দুজন সদস্যক ১৯৮৬ চনত প্ৰত্যেককে ২০ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হৈছিল আৰু আন এজন লোকে ১৩ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হয়। ২০০৬ চনৰ ২৭ মে’ তাৰিখে মধ্য জাভাৰ দক্ষিণ উপকূলত ৬.২ প্ৰাবল্যৰ ভূমিকম্প আহে। এই পৰিঘটনাই অঞ্চলটোৰ চাৰিওফালে বিস্তৰ ক্ষতিসাধন কৰে আৰু ওচৰৰ যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু প্ৰম্বানন চহৰত ক্ষয়-ক্ষতি হয় যদিও বৰোবুদুৰ অক্ষত অৱস্থাত থাকে।{{sfn|Berger|2006}} ২০১৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আৰক্ষী আৰু নিৰাপত্তা বাহিনীয়ে আইছিছৰ স্বঘোষিত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান শাখাই ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়াত প্ৰকাশ কৰা ভাবুকিৰ সতৰ্কতামূলক ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নিৰাপত্তা কটকটীয়া কৰিছিল।সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীয়ে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য মূৰ্তি ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বিবৃত্তি জাৰি কৰিছিল।{{sfn|The Straits Times|2014}} নিৰাপত্তা উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত চিচিটিভি মনিটৰ মেৰামতি আৰু বৰ্ধিত নিয়োগ কৰাৰ লগতে মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নৈশ টহল দিয়াৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হয়। জেহাদী গোটটোৱে ইছলামৰ কঠোৰ ব্যাখ্যা অনুসৰণ কৰে আৰু ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ দৰে যিকোনো নৃগোষ্ঠীয় উপস্থাপনক মূৰ্তিপূজা বুলি গৰিহণা দিয়ে। ===বৰ্ধিত দর্শনাৰ্থীৰ সমস্যা=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bezoekers van de Borobudur TMnr 20027041.jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত পৰ্যটক]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ সৰু চিৰিবোৰত উঠি অহা দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সংখ্যা বেছি হোৱাৰ বাবে চিৰিত তীব্ৰ ক্ষয়-ক্ষতিৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে। শিলৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগৰ খহনীয়া হৈ পৰিছে আৰু পাতল আৰু মসৃণ কৰি তুলিছে। সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰত ২০৩৩টা শিলৰ চিৰিৰ পৃষ্ঠ আছে। এই চিৰি পশ্চিম দিশ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু উত্তৰকে ধৰি চাৰি দিশত বিস্তৃত। ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় ১,০২৮ টা পৃষ্ঠ বা প্ৰায় ৪৯.১৫ শতাংশ গুৰুতৰভাৱে জীৰ্ণ হৈ পৰিছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} চিৰিৰ শিল আৰু অধিক অৱক্ষয়ৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ ২০১৪ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ চিৰিৰ দুটা মূল অংশ – পূব (আৰোহী পথ) আৰু উত্তৰ (অৱতৰণ পথ) ফাল – কাঠৰ গঠনেৰে আবৃত কৰা হয়। কম্বোডিয়াৰ এংকৰ ৱাট আৰু [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ পিৰামিডত একেধৰণৰ পদ্ধতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} ২০১৫ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰই চিৰিবোৰ ৰবৰৰ আৱৰণেৰে ঢাকি ৰখাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Asdhiana |2015}} ধ্বংসপ্ৰৱণতা আৰু গ্ৰেফিটি অংকনৰ বাবে ২০২০ চনত মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদত প্ৰৱেশ সাময়িকভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰা পৰ্যটক গাইডৰ সৈতে দিনটোত এঘণ্টাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক ১২০০ দৰ্শকক মন্দিৰত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছে। দৰ্শনাৰ্থীসকলে ইয়াত বাঁহৰ চেণ্ডেল পিন্ধিব লাগে।{{sfn|Watson |2023}} ষ্টেটেষ্টিক্‌ছ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মতে ২০২১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা ৪২২,৯৩০ৰ পৰা ২০২২ চনত ১৪.৪ লাখলৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে বছৰি ২০ লাখ পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ লক্ষ্য বান্ধি লৈছে।{{sfn|Antara |2023}} ==উত্তৰাধিকাৰ== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM President Soekarno en de Indiase premier Nehru kijken toe hoe Indira Gandhi bloemen in ontvangst neemt tijdens een bezoek aan de Borobudur TMnr 10015646.jpg|thumb|right|১৯৫০ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ ভ্ৰমণ কৰা সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণো আৰু [[ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী]] [[জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু]]]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ নান্দনিক আৰু কাৰিকৰীভাবে উচ্চ জ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক। ই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলৰ বাবে গৌৰৱৰ ভাৱ জগাই তুলি আহিছে। কম্বোডিয়াৰ বাবে এংকৰ ৱাটৰ দৰেই বৰোবুদুৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ অতীতৰ মহানতাৰ সাক্ষ্য দিবলৈ এক শক্তিশালী প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণোয়ে বিদেশী গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তিক এই স্থান দেখুৱাইছিল। চুহাৰ্টো শাসনকালত ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰতীকী আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অৰ্থ উপলব্ধি কৰি ইউনেস্ক’ৰ সহায়ত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে অধ্যৱসায়ীভাৱে এক বৃহৎ প্ৰকল্পত আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বহু সংগ্ৰহালয়ত বৰোবুদুৰৰ স্কেল মডেলৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ আছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰায় এটা বিখ্যাত চিহ্ন হৈ পৰিছে। ৱায়াং পুতলা খেল আৰু গামেলান সংগীতৰ সৈতে গোট খুৱাই ই এটা অস্পষ্ট ধ্ৰুপদী জাভানীজ অতীতত পৰিণত হৈছে।{{sfn|Wood|2011|p=38}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা সংগ্ৰহ কৰা কেইবাটাও প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সামগ্ৰী বা ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু বিদেশৰ কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদৰ ভিতৰত থকা কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ বাহিৰেও কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে: জাকাৰ্টাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম, আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, লণ্ডনৰ ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়াম, বেংককৰ থাই নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামত বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিল্পকৰ্ম আছে। পেৰিছৰ লুভ্ৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, কুৱালালামপুৰৰ মালয়েছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম আৰু নিউ টাইপেইৰ মিউজিয়াম অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰিলিজিয়নছতো বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Museum of World Religions, Taipei}} প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ ধ্ৰুপদী বৌদ্ধ সভ্যতাৰ প্ৰতি এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৱে বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছে। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ আৰু পুনৰ্গঠনক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ চিন বুলি প্ৰশংসা কৰিছে। ১৯৩৪ চনত [[শ্ৰীলংকা]]ৰ পৰা অহা মিছনেৰী সন্ন্যাসী নাৰদ থেৰা দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ যাত্ৰাৰ অংশ হিচাপে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ভ্ৰমণ কৰে। এই সুযোগৰ সহায়ত স্থানীয় কেইজনমান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মগুৰুয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মক পুনৰুজ্জীৱিত কৰিছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনৰ ১০ মাৰ্চত বৰোবুদুৰৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত নাৰদ থেৰাৰ আশীৰ্বাদত [[বোধি বৃক্ষ|বোধি বৃক্ষৰোপণ]] অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত হয় আৰু কিছুমান উপাসকক সন্ন্যাসী হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়।{{sfn|Buddhanet|2002}} বছৰত এবাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু চুবুৰীয়া দেশৰ পৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ বৌদ্ধ লোকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৱাইছাক উদযাপনৰ স্মৃতিত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ভিৰ কৰে।{{sfn|Wonderful Indonesia|2013}} [[File:Coat of arms of Central Java.svg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক]] মধ্য জাভা প্ৰদেশ আৰু মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ প্ৰতীকত বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিচ্ছবি আছে। ই মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে আৰু বহল পৰিসৰত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰো প্ৰতীক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। বৰোবুদুৰৰ নামেৰে কেইবাটাও প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ নামাকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। যেনে বৰোবুদুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, মধ্য জাকাৰ্টাৰ বৰোবুদুৰ হোটেল আৰু বিদেশৰ কেইবাখনো ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্ট ইয়াৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৱে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দুখন উল্লেখযোগ্য পাঁচ তাৰকাযুক্ত হোটেল ওচৰৰ আমানজিঅ’ (য’ৰ পৰা পৰিষ্কাৰ দিনত মন্দিৰটো দেখা যায়) আৰু স্লেমানৰ হায়াট ৰিজেন্সি যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ স্থাপত্য ডিজাইনৰ বাবে অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰিছিল। ৰূপিয়াৰ বেংকনোট আৰু ডাকটিকটত, বহুতো কিতাপ, প্ৰকাশন, তথ্যচিত্ৰ আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটন প্ৰচাৰ সামগ্ৰীত বৰোবুদুৰক দেখা যায়। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ অন্যতম মূল পৰ্যটন আকৰ্ষণ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ, মন্দিৰটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা অঞ্চলটোৰ স্থানীয় অৰ্থনীতি সৃষ্টিৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে যোগাকাৰ্টা চহৰৰ পৰ্যটন খণ্ডটো আংশিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত থকাৰ বাবেই গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। ===শিল্প আৰু সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ=== ১৮৩৬ চনৰ ফিচাৰৰ ড্ৰয়িং ৰুম স্ক্ৰেপ বুকত ডব্লিউ পাৰ্চাৰৰ এখন ছবিৰ খোদিত বৰো ব'ড'ৰত লেটিচিয়া এলিজাবেথ লেণ্ডনে খ্ৰীষ্টান দৃষ্টিকোণৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰক উপস্থাপন কৰিছে।{{sfn|Landon|1836|p=39}} ==লগতে চাওক== * [[এংকৰ ৱাট]] ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য উৎস== {{reflist|1=30em}} ==উদ্ধৃত ৰচনাসমূহ== ==Works cited== ===Books=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | title = Hasil Pemugaran dan Temuan Benda Cagar Budaya PJP I | first1 =I.G.N. | last1 =Anom | last2 = Sugiyanti| first2 =Sri | last3 =Hasibuan | first3 = Hadniwati|editor1-last= Ibrahim|editor1-first= Maulana |editor2-last= Samidi | publisher = Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan | year = 1996 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BjXkCgAAQBAJ&q=Punden+Berundak+Cipari&pg=PA87 | language = id}} * {{cite book|title=The Restoration of Borobudur|isbn=92-3-103940-7|date=2005|editor-first=I.G.N.|editor-last=Anom|publisher=[[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]]|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000143333|access-date=December 21, 2023}} * {{cite book|title=Some Architectural Design Principles of Temples in Java: A study through the buildings projection on the reliefs of Borobudur temple|last=Atmadi|first= Parmono|publisher=Gajah Mada University Press|year=1988|isbn=979-420-085-9|location=Yogyakarta}} *{{cite book |last1=Bloembergen |first1=Marieke |last2=Eickhoff |first2=Martijn |editor-last=Falser |editor-first=M |title=Save Borobudur! The Moral Dynamics of Heritage Formation in Indonesia across Orders and Borders, 1930s–1980s. In Cultural Heritage as Civilizing Mission |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-13637-0 |pages=83–119}} *{{cite book |last1=Bloembergen |first1=Marieke |last2=Eickhoff |first2=Martijn |title=The Politics of Heritage in Indonesia A Cultural History |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-61475-7}} * {{cite book|title=The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism|last1=Bucknell |first1=Roderick S. |last2=Stuart-Fox|first2= Martin|name-list-style=amp|publisher= Routledge|location=UK|year=1995|chapter=Chapter 1: Meditation and Symbolism|isbn=0-7007-0234-2}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Buswell |editor-first=Robert E.|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |year=2004 |isbn=0-02-865718-7}} * {{cite book| last =Chemburkar | first = Swati |editor-last=Acri | editor-first= Andrea | year = 2016 | title = Borobudur's Pāla Forebear? A Field Note from Kesariya, Bihar, India. In Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia; Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons | publisher = ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/esoteric-buddhism-in-mediaeval-maritime-asia/A5B46A561DC9C3AB31FEB133BFEE7763 | isbn = 9789814695091|pages= 191–210}} * {{cite book |last1=De Casparis |first1=Johannes Gijsbertu |editor1-last=Malalasekera |editor1-first=G. P. |title=Barabudur, in: Encyclopedia of Buddhism, volume II |date=1966 |publisher=The Government of Ceylon |pages=545–549}} * {{cite book|title=Borobudur. Appearance of a Universe|first=Peter|last=Cirtek |publisher=Monsun Verlag| year=2019|isbn=978-3-940429-09-4|edition=2nd|location=Hamburg}} * {{cite book|title=Borobudur|first=Jacques|last=Dumarçay|publisher=Oxford University Press|others= trans. and ed. by Michael Smithies|year=1986|isbn=0-19-580379-5|edition=1st|location=Singapore}} * {{cite book|title=Borobudur|first=Jacques|last=Dumarçay|publisher=Oxford University Press|others= trans. and ed. by Michael Smithies|year=1991|isbn=0-19-588550-3|edition=2nd|location=Singapore}} * {{cite book|title=Construction Techniques in South and Southeast Asia, A History|first=Jacques|last=Dumarçay|publisher=Brill |others= trans. by Barbara Silverstone, Raphaelle Dedourge| year=2005 |isbn=90-04-14126-X|location=Leiden}} * {{cite conference|chapter=Architecture as Information Space|book-title=8th Int. Conf. on Information Visualization|last1=Ferschin|first1= Peter |last2=Gramelhofer|first2=Andreas |title=Proceedings. Eighth International Conference on Information Visualisation, 2004. IV 2004|name-list-style=amp|doi=10.1109/IV.2004.1320142|pages=181–186|year=2004|publisher=[[IEEE]]|isbn=0-7695-2177-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Fontein |first1=Jan |title=The pilgrimage of Sudhana : a study of Gandavyuha illustrations in China, Japan and Java |date=1967 |publisher=Mouton & Co|isbn=978-3-11-156269-8}} *{{cite book |last1=Fontein |first1=Jan |title=Entering the Dharmadhātu, A Study of the Gandavyūha Reliefs of Borobudur |date=2012 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-22348-6}} * {{cite conference|title=Barabudur: History and Significance of a Buddhist Monument|editor1=Gómez, Luis O. |editor-link1=Luis O. Gómez |editor2=Woodward, Hiram W.|editor-link2=Hiram W. Woodward |publisher=University of California|year=1981|isbn=0-89581-151-0 |location=Berkeley|name-list-style=amp|ref= none}} :* {{cite conference|author-link=Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis|last=De Casparis|first=Johannes Gijsbertu|chapter=The Dual Nature of Barabudur|title=Barabudur: History and Significance of a Buddhist Monument|date=1981}} :*{{cite conference|last=Wayman|first=Alex| author-link=Alex Wayman|title=Reflections on the Theory of Barabudur as a Mandala| book-title=Barabudur History and Significance of a Buddhist Monument|date=1981| pages=139–172}} *{{cite book |last1=Haddon |first1=A. C. |title=The Outriggers of Indonesian Canoes |date=1920 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Ireland and Great Britain |location=London |url=http://www.survivorlibrary.com/library/the_outriggers_of_indonesian_canoes_1920.pdf|oclc=222264503}} *{{cite book | title = Sendratari mahakarya Borobudur | last= Haryono| first= Timbul | publisher = Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-979-9103-33-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I4hFie9yqtEC&q=Punden+Berundak+Borobudur | language = id}} * {{cite book |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Michael |first2=I. Nyoman |last2=Darma Putra |editor1-last=King |editor1-first=Victor T. |chapter=Prambanan and Borobudur: Managing tourism and conservation in Indonesia |title=UNESCO in Southeast Asia World Heritage Sites in Comparative Perspective |pages=258–273 |chapter-url=https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/13841/6/Borobudur%20and%20Prambanan%20Paper.pdf |date=2016 |publisher=NIAS Press |isbn=978-87-7694-667-8 |via=[[Goldsmiths, University of London]]}} * {{cite book| first=Roy E.|last=Jordaan |title=Imagine Buddha in Prambanan: Reconsidering the Buddhist Background of the Loro Jonggrang Temple Complex |year=1993 |publisher=Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Ocenanië, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden| isbn=90-73084-08-3}} * {{cite book|title=Ageless Borobudur: Buddhist mystery in stone, decay and restoration, Mendut and Pawon, folklife in ancient Java |last=Kempers |first=Bernet |publisher=Servire|year=1976 |isbn=90-6077-553-8|location=Wassenaar| oclc=66207713}} * {{cite book |last1=Krom |first1=N.J. |title=Borobudur, Archaeological Description, vol. I |date=1927|oclc =5964215|publisher=Nijhoff |location=The Hague |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.12193/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=31 December 2023}} *{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=2dBbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA98|section=picture|year=1836|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.|oclc=832519854}} * {{cite book|title=Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas|first=John|last=Miksic|author-link=John N. Miksic|publisher=[[Tuttle Publishing]]|year=1990|isbn=0-87773-906-4}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVoZGA2yfywC&q=dvarapala+borobudur+dagi&pg=PA29 |title=Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas |first1=John|last1=Miksic |first2=Marcello |last2=Tranchini |first3=Anita |last3=Tranchini |year=1996 |publisher=Tuttle publishing |isbn=978-0-945971-90-0 |access-date=2 April 2012}} * {{cite book|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula| first=Paul Michel|last=Munoz| publisher=Didier Millet| year=2007| isbn= 978-981-4155-67-0}} *{{cite book |last1=Nagaoka |first1=M |title=Cultural Landscape Management at Borobudur, Indonesia |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-42045-5}} * {{wikicite |ref={{harvid|Raffles|1830}} |reference={{Gutenberg| no= 49843| name=The History of Java, v. 1-2| bullet= none| year=2015| first = Thomas Stamford | last =Raffles| authorlink =Stamford Raffles| origdate=1830| edition= 2nd| publisher= [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]| oclc= 578699780| access-date = December 22, 2023}}}} *{{cite book |last1=Revianur |first1=A. |editor-link=Melani Budianta |editor1-last=Budianta |editor1-first=Melani |editor2-last=Budiman |editor2-first=Manneke |editor3-last=Kusno |editor3-first=Abidin |editor4-last=Moriyama |editor4-first=Mikihiro |title=Forms and types of Borobudur's stupas. In Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World |date=2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-138-62664-5 |pages=577–584}} * {{cite book |first=Raden |last=Soekmono |author-link=Soekmono |year=1976 |title=Chandi Borobudur: A Monument of Mankind |isbn=92-3-101292-4 |location=Paris|publisher=Unesco Press |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0002/000200/020097E.pdf#search=%22soekmono%20chandi%20borobudur%22 |access-date=17 August 2008}} *{{cite book |first=Raden |last=Soekmono |author-link=Soekmono |date=1981 |orig-date=1973 |title=Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 |edition=3rd |publisher=Penerbit Kanisius |location=Yogyakarta |via=[[Yogyakarta State University]] |url=https://staffnew.uny.ac.id/upload/131782844/pendidikan/pengantar-sejarah-kebudayaan-indonesia-2.pdf|access-date=December 21, 2023}} *{{cite book |last=Vaisutis |first=Justine |year=2007 |title=Indonesia |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74104-435-5}} *{{cite book |last1=Voûte |first1=Caesar |last2=Long |first2=Mark |name-list-style=amp |date=2008 |title=Borobudur: Pyramid of the Cosmic Buddha |publisher=D.K. Printworld Ltd |isbn=978-8-12460-403-8 |oclc=229446531 |url=http://www.borobudur.tv/book_promo.htm |access-date=17 August 2008 |via=borobudur.tv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608070829/http://www.borobudur.tv/book_promo.htm |archive-date=8 June 2008 |url-status=dead}} *{{cite book |title=The Borderlands of Southeast Asia |chapter=Chapter 2: Archaeology, National Histories, and National Borders in Southeast Asia |first=Michael |last=Wood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzSjL7vxFpcC |publisher=NDU Press |editor1-last=Clad |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=McDonald |editor2-first=Sean M. |editor3-last=Vaughan |editor3-first=Bruce |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78039-922-5}} {{refend}} ===Journal articles=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/an-ancient-wonder-reduced-to-rubble/2006/05/29/1148754940170.html|title=An ancient wonder reduced to rubble|first=Sebastien|last= Berger|date=30 May 2006|access-date=23 August 2008|publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald}} *{{cite journal |last1=Bloembergen |first1=M. |last2=Monquil |first2=M. |title=A fragmented Provenance Report regarding Four Buddha heads gifted by Artis in the NMVW and the social lives of Borobudur |journal=PPROCE Provenance Reports |date=2022 |volume=36 |url=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/496432798/RAP_PPROCE_ProvenanceReport_36_ArtisBuddhaheads_TM_A_5945until5948_v10_v202203.pdf |publisher=Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen}} *{{cite journal|first=Harold |last=Crouch|author-link=Harold Crouch|journal=Trends in Southeast Asia|title=The Key Determinants of Indonesia's Political Future|url=https://sealionplus.iseas.edu.sg/nodes/view/22630?keywords=|year=2002|issn=0219-3213|volume=7}} *{{cite journal |last1=De Casparis |first1=J.G. |title=Review of The law of cause and effect in ancient Java, by J. 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Planning: Research: Design|last=Voute|first= Caesar |journal=Studies in Conservation|volume=18|issue=3|doi=10.2307/1505654|year=1973|pages=113–130|jstor=1505654}} *{{cite journal| title=Acquisition |journal=Critical Inquiry |first=Hiram W. Jr.|last=Woodward|author-link=Hiram W. 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partnership |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001163/116321Eo.pdf |access-date=17 August 2008}} *{{cite press release|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO|2004}}|publisher=UNESCO|title=UNESCO experts mission to Prambanan and Borobudur Heritage Sites |date=31 August 2004}} *{{cite web|date=2024|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}}|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592| title=Borobudur Temple Compounds| publisher=UNESCO| work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre| access-date=3 January 2024}} *{{cite web |ref={{sfnref|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/jakarta/about-this-office/single-view/news/stone_conservation_workshop_borobudur_central_java_indone/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914132130/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/jakarta/about-this-office/single-view/news/stone_conservation_workshop_borobudur_central_java_indone/ |archive-date=14 September 2017 |title=Stone Conservation Workshop, Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia, 11-12 January 2012 funded by the Federal Republic of Germany|publisher=UNESCO Jakarta |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=8 September 2017}} *{{cite news |last=Wahyuni|first=Sri |date=28 June 2011 |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/28/borobudur-clean-finish-november.html |title=Borobudur clean-up to finish in November |publisher=The Jakarta Post |access-date=28 June 2012}} *{{Cite web|ref={{sfnref|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} |url=http://www.wacananusantara.org/candi-borobudur|title=Candi Borobudur, Bentuk dan Perlambang|publisher=Wacana Nusantara|date=23 September 2015 |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094754/http://www.wacananusantara.org/candi-borobudur/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Walubi|2023}}|date=2023|website=Walubi |title=Borobudur: Candi Berbukit Kebajikan |url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|access-date=December 9, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703070946/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|archive-date=July 3, 2010|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Walubi|2002}}| title=The Meaning of Procession| publisher=Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia)| work=Waisak| url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml| access-date=28 December 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211113440/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml| archive-date=11 February 2009| url-status=dead}} *{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Penny |title=How world's largest Buddhist temple in Indonesia has been reborn |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2708661 |access-date=21 December 2023 |work=Bangkok Post |date=19 December 2023}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Wonderful Indonesia|2013}}|title=Vesak Festival: A Truly Sacred Experience |publisher=Wonderful Indonesia |url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience|date=2013 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504193814/http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience |archive-date=4 May 2015}} {{refend}} p9j04po4sq2suy5u59kc3tjuomjaa8t 453241 453239 2024-12-10T06:44:11Z AjayDas 12623 /* Works cited */ তথ্য যোগ 453241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যুহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যুহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যুহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি]] শিলত খোদিত বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ কাহিনীৰ বাহিৰেও বৰোবুদুৰত বিভিন্ন বুদ্ধৰ বহুতো প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। [[পদ্মাসন]] অৱস্থাত বহি থকা অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ (ৰূপধাতু স্তৰ) আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত (অৰুপাধাতু স্তৰ) বিতৰিত। বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ৰূপধাতু স্তৰৰ নিম্ন স্থান, ৰেলিঙৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে শাৰী শাৰীকৈ সজোৱা আৰু মঞ্চবোৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উচ্চ স্তৰলৈ হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ লগে লগে মূৰ্তিৰ সংখ্যা কমি আহিছে। প্ৰথম ৰেলিঙত ১০৪টা, দ্বিতীয়টোত ১০৪টা, তৃতীয়টোত ৮৮টা, চতুৰ্থটোত ৭২টা আৰু পঞ্চমটোত ৬৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। মুঠতে ৰূপধাতু পৰ্যায়ত ৪৩২টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} অৰুপধাতু স্তৰত (বা তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত) বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ ভিতৰত ৰখা হৈছে। প্ৰথম বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত ৩২টা স্তূপ, দ্বিতীয়টোত ২৪টা আৰু তৃতীয়টোত ১৬টা আছে। আটাইবোৰৰ যোগফল ৭২টা স্তূপ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} [[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়ামত থকা বৰোবুদুৰৰ বুদ্ধৰ শিৰ]] মূল ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত ৩০০টাতকৈও অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত (বেছিভাগেই মূৰবিহীন) আৰু ৪৩টা নোহোৱা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰা সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহে (বেছিভাগেই পশ্চিমীয়া) মূৰসমূহ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল{{sfn|Woodward|1979|p=302}} বা ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰাহকে লুটপাত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bloembergen| Monquil|2022|p=3}} এই বুদ্ধৰ মূৰবোৰৰ কিছুমান এতিয়া বহুতো সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ মিউজিয়াম গুইমেট আৰু [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ দ্য ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়ামত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|BBC|2014}} জাৰ্মানীয়ে ২০১৪ চনত ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পুনৰ সংলগ্ন আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন আগবঢ়াইছে।{{sfn|Muryanto |2014}} প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত সকলো বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একেধৰণৰ যেন লাগে যদিও মুদ্ৰা বা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত ইয়াৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। মুদ্ৰাৰ পাঁচটা গোট আছে: উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু ঊৰ্ধ। এই দিশসমূহে মহাযানৰ মতে পাঁচটা কম্পাছ বিন্দুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ প্ৰথম চাৰি মুদ্ৰা উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম আছে। ইয়াৰে এটা কম্পাছ দিশৰ ফালে থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ সংশ্লিষ্ট মুদ্ৰা আছে। পঞ্চম ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰত বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত থকা ৭২টা স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুদ্ধৰ ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা অছে।{{sfn|De Casparis|1966|pp=547-548}} প্ৰতি মুদ্ৰাই পাঁচগৰাকী ধ্যানী বুদ্ধৰ ভিতৰত এজনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰতীকীতা আছে।{{sfn|Bucknell|Stuart-Fox|1995}} পূবৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰদক্ষিণ (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ)ৰ ক্ৰম অনুসৰণ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ মুদ্ৰাসমূহ হ'ল:{{sfn|Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw|1965|pp=391, 413-416}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;" |- |- ! মূৰ্তি ! মুদ্ৰা ! প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ ! ধ্যানী বুদ্ধ ! দিশ ! মূৰ্তিটোৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|100px]] |''ভূমিস্পৰ্শ মুদ্ৰা'' |পৃথিৱীক সাক্ষী হ'বলৈ আহ্বান |অক্ষোভ্যা |পূব |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পূবৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|100px]] |''বৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |উপকাৰিতা, দান দিয়া |ৰত্নসম্ভৱ |দক্ষিণ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা দক্ষিণৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|100px]] |''ধ্যান মুদ্ৰা'' |একাগ্ৰতা আৰু ধ্যান |অমিতাভ |পশ্চিম |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পশ্চিম ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|100px]] |''অভয় মুদ্ৰা'' |সাহস, নিৰ্ভীকতা |আমোঘসিদ্ধি |উত্তৰ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা উত্তৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|100px]] |''বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা'' |যুক্তি আৰু গুণ |বৈৰোচন বা সমন্তভদ্ৰ |ঊৰ্ধ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' পঞ্চম (সৰ্বোচ্চ) ৰেলিঙৰ স্থানৰ সকলো দিশতে |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|100px]] |''ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |ধৰ্মৰ চকা ঘূৰোৱা (বিধান) |বৈৰোচন |ঊৰ্ধ |''অৰুপাধাতু'' তিনিটা ঘূৰণীয়া মঞ্চত ৭২টা ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপত |} ==সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা== ===ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান=== [[File:Borobudur on Vesak Day 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত বেসক অনুষ্ঠান]] ১৯৭৩ চনত ইউনেস্কোৰ পুঁজিৰে কৰা বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰক পুনৰবাৰ পূজা আৰু তীৰ্থস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। বছৰত এবাৰ মে’ বা জুন মাহত পূৰ্ণিমাৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে জন্ম, মৃত্যু আৰু সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে বুদ্ধ হ’বলৈ পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰা সময়ৰ স্মৃতিত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] (ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান: ৱাইছাক) দিৱস পালন কৰে। ৱাইছাক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্ধৰ দিন{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=856}} আৰু এই অনুষ্ঠানটো মেণ্ডুটৰ পৰা পাৱনলৈ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ বৰোবুদুৰত শেষ কৰি তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Walubi|2002}} বৰোবুদুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদক্ষিণ বা বৰোবুদুৰৰ ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা আৰু গেলেৰীৰ মাজেৰে বৰোবুদুৰৰ মঞ্চত উঠি যোৱা{{sfn|Madyansyah|2023}}, বৰোবুদুৰক আগুৰি ধ্যান কৰা আৰু আকাশত ফানুচ মুকলি কৰা আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।{{sfn|Fitriana|2023}}{{sfn|Sudiarno|2016}} ===পৰ্যটন=== ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা একক পৰ্যটনস্থলী। ১৯৭৪ চনত ২ লাখ ৬০ হাজাৰ পৰ্যটকে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো দৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰে ৩৬,০০০ বিদেশী পৰ্যটক আছিল।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ১৯৯০ চনৰ মাজভাগত দেশখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সংকটৰ পূৰ্বে এই সংখ্যা বছৰি ২৫ লাখ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় (৮০% ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটক)।{{Nowrap|2.5 million}} পৰ্যটন উন্নয়নক অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নকৰাৰ বাবে সমালোচনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত মাজে মাজে সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ২০০৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ আশে-পাশে থকা বাসিন্দা আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে কেইবাখনো সভা আৰু প্ৰতিবাদৰ আয়োজন কৰে আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে "জাভা ৱৰ্ল্ড" নামেৰে নামাকৰণ কৰা তিনিমহলীয়া ম'ল কমপ্লেক্স নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শায়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|pp=752–753}} ২০১২ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰক বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ হিচাপে [[গিনিজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডছ|গিনিজ বুক অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডত]] লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হয়।{{Sfn|Antara|2012}} ===সংৰক্ষণ=== [[File:Borobudur monks 1.jpg|thumb|left|বৌদ্ধ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে বৰোবুদুৰৰ শীৰ্ষ মঞ্চত জপ কৰে]] ইউনেস্কোৱে বৰ্তমানৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ অৱস্থাৰ অধীনত তিনিটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট চিন্তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল: (i) দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ দ্বাৰা ভাঙি পেলোৱা; (ii) ঠাইখনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অংশত মাটিৰ খহনীয়া; আৰু (iii) অনুপস্থিত মৌলসমূহৰ বিশ্লেষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} কোমল মাটি, অসংখ্য ভূমিকম্প আৰু প্ৰচণ্ড বৰষুণৰ ফলত গঠনটো অস্থিৰ হৈ পৰে। ভূমিকম্প আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰিহণা যোগোৱা কাৰক। কিয়নো কেৱল শিল তললৈ পৰি তোৰণবোৰ ছিন্নভিন্ন হোৱাই নহয়, ভূমি নিজেই ঢৌৰ দৰে গতি কৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত গঠনটো আৰু অধিক ধ্বংস হ'ব।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} স্তূপৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ বাবে বহু দৰ্শনাৰ্থী আহে আৰু ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় লোক। সকলো স্তৰতে কোনো বস্তু স্পৰ্শ নকৰিবলৈ সতৰ্কবাণী চিন থকা, লাউডস্পীকাৰৰ জৰিয়তে নিয়মীয়াকৈ সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰেৰণ আৰু প্ৰহৰীৰ উপস্থিতি থকাৰ পিছতো ভাস্কৰ্য আৰু মূৰ্তি ভাঙি পেলোৱাটো বৰ্তমান তেনেই সাধাৰণ পৰিঘটনা আৰু মূল সমস্যা। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ অধিক অৱনতি ঘটিছে।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} ===পুনৰ্বাসন=== [[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-06.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ চাৰিওফালে অৱস্থিত যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি মাউণ্ট মেৰবাবু (বাওঁফালে) আৰু মাউণ্ট মেৰাপি (সোঁফালে)]] ২০১০ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ আৰু নৱেম্বৰ মাহত মেৰাপি পৰ্বতৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল।মেৰাপিৰ পৰা অহা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ ওপৰত পৰিছিল। ই আগ্নেয়গিৰীৰ মূল গহ্বৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২৮ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৭ মাইল) পশ্চিম-দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে অৱস্থিত। ৩–৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ সময়ত মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ওপৰত ২.৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (১ ইঞ্চি){{sfn|Antara|2010}} ডাঠ ছাইৰ তৰপ এটা পৰি ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ ঢাকি পেলায় আৰু জল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাটো বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে আশংকা কৰে যে এই এচিডিক ছাইয়ে মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ক্ষতি কৰিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=99}} ৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা ৯ নৱেম্বৰলৈ মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয় যাতে ছাইসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পৰা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2010}}{{sfn|Naibaho|2010}} ২০১০ চনত মাউণ্ট মেৰাপিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে হোৱা খৰচৰ অংশ হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৱে ৩০ লাখ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪,০৬৩,৩১৪ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) অনুদান আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2011}} বৰষুণৰ পিছত লেতেৰাৰ ফলত বন্ধ হৈ পৰা নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাক পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ মন্দিৰৰ গঠনটোকে সামৰি লোৱা ৫৫ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক শিলৰ ব্লক ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। নৱেম্বৰ মাহত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সমাপ্ত হয়।{{sfn|Wahyuni|2011}} ২০১২ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত দুজন জাৰ্মান শিল সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞই এই স্থানত দহ দিন কটাই মন্দিৰসমূহ বিশ্লেষণ কৰি আৰু ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী সংৰক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} জুন মাহত জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইউনেস্ক’ক দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে ১ লাখ ৩০ হাজাৰ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ১৭২,৫২৯ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) বৰঙণি আগবঢ়াবলৈ সন্মত হৈছিল। শিল সংৰক্ষণ, অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান, গাঁথনি অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু ৰাসায়নিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকীৰ ছয়জন বিশেষজ্ঞই ২০১৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত ব’ৰ’বুদুৰত এসপ্তাহ কটায়। তাৰ পিছত ছেপ্টেম্বৰ বা অক্টোবৰ মাহত আন এটা ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে উভতি অহাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। এই অভিযানসমূহে জানুৱাৰী মাহৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া সংৰক্ষণ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ আৰম্ভ কৰিব আৰু চৰকাৰী কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু যুৱ সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ সংৰক্ষণ ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে সামৰ্থ্য বিকাশৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2012}} ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত প্ৰায় ২০০ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবে অৱস্থিত পূব জাভাৰ কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত হোৱা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ দ্বাৰা যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱিত হোৱাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকোকে ধৰি যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ বিখ্যাত স্তূপ আৰু মূৰ্তিসমূহ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ শ্ৰমিকসকলে আৱৰি ধৰে। ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটে আৰু যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ দৰে দূৰৰ অঞ্চললৈকে বিস্ফোৰণৰ শব্দ শুনা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2014}} ===নিৰাপত্তাৰ ভাবুকি=== [[File:Borobudur Bombing 1985.jpg|thumb|১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ ওপৰৰ মঞ্চৰ কেইবাটাও স্তূপৰ ক্ষতি হয়]] ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত ৯টা বোমাৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ নটা স্তূপ বেয়াকৈ ক্ষতিসাধন হয়।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff|2015|pp=91– 92}}{{sfn|The Miami Herald|1985}} ১৯৯১ চনত এজন অন্ধ মুছলমান প্ৰচাৰক হুছেইন আলী আল হাবছিয়ে ১৯৮০ চনৰ মাজভাগত মন্দিৰ আক্ৰমণকে ধৰি ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে ঘটোৱা বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰ মাষ্টাৰমাইণ্ডৰ বাবে যাৱজ্জীৱন কাৰাদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি লাভ কৰে।{{sfn|Crouch|2002|p=14}} বোমা বিস্ফোৰণ সংঘটিত কৰা ইছলামিক উগ্ৰপন্থী গোটটোৰ আন দুজন সদস্যক ১৯৮৬ চনত প্ৰত্যেককে ২০ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হৈছিল আৰু আন এজন লোকে ১৩ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হয়। ২০০৬ চনৰ ২৭ মে’ তাৰিখে মধ্য জাভাৰ দক্ষিণ উপকূলত ৬.২ প্ৰাবল্যৰ ভূমিকম্প আহে। এই পৰিঘটনাই অঞ্চলটোৰ চাৰিওফালে বিস্তৰ ক্ষতিসাধন কৰে আৰু ওচৰৰ যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু প্ৰম্বানন চহৰত ক্ষয়-ক্ষতি হয় যদিও বৰোবুদুৰ অক্ষত অৱস্থাত থাকে।{{sfn|Berger|2006}} ২০১৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আৰক্ষী আৰু নিৰাপত্তা বাহিনীয়ে আইছিছৰ স্বঘোষিত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান শাখাই ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়াত প্ৰকাশ কৰা ভাবুকিৰ সতৰ্কতামূলক ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নিৰাপত্তা কটকটীয়া কৰিছিল।সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীয়ে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য মূৰ্তি ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বিবৃত্তি জাৰি কৰিছিল।{{sfn|The Straits Times|2014}} নিৰাপত্তা উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত চিচিটিভি মনিটৰ মেৰামতি আৰু বৰ্ধিত নিয়োগ কৰাৰ লগতে মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নৈশ টহল দিয়াৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হয়। জেহাদী গোটটোৱে ইছলামৰ কঠোৰ ব্যাখ্যা অনুসৰণ কৰে আৰু ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ দৰে যিকোনো নৃগোষ্ঠীয় উপস্থাপনক মূৰ্তিপূজা বুলি গৰিহণা দিয়ে। ===বৰ্ধিত দর্শনাৰ্থীৰ সমস্যা=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bezoekers van de Borobudur TMnr 20027041.jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত পৰ্যটক]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ সৰু চিৰিবোৰত উঠি অহা দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সংখ্যা বেছি হোৱাৰ বাবে চিৰিত তীব্ৰ ক্ষয়-ক্ষতিৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে। শিলৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগৰ খহনীয়া হৈ পৰিছে আৰু পাতল আৰু মসৃণ কৰি তুলিছে। সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰত ২০৩৩টা শিলৰ চিৰিৰ পৃষ্ঠ আছে। এই চিৰি পশ্চিম দিশ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু উত্তৰকে ধৰি চাৰি দিশত বিস্তৃত। ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় ১,০২৮ টা পৃষ্ঠ বা প্ৰায় ৪৯.১৫ শতাংশ গুৰুতৰভাৱে জীৰ্ণ হৈ পৰিছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} চিৰিৰ শিল আৰু অধিক অৱক্ষয়ৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ ২০১৪ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ চিৰিৰ দুটা মূল অংশ – পূব (আৰোহী পথ) আৰু উত্তৰ (অৱতৰণ পথ) ফাল – কাঠৰ গঠনেৰে আবৃত কৰা হয়। কম্বোডিয়াৰ এংকৰ ৱাট আৰু [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ পিৰামিডত একেধৰণৰ পদ্ধতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} ২০১৫ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰই চিৰিবোৰ ৰবৰৰ আৱৰণেৰে ঢাকি ৰখাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Asdhiana |2015}} ধ্বংসপ্ৰৱণতা আৰু গ্ৰেফিটি অংকনৰ বাবে ২০২০ চনত মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদত প্ৰৱেশ সাময়িকভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰা পৰ্যটক গাইডৰ সৈতে দিনটোত এঘণ্টাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক ১২০০ দৰ্শকক মন্দিৰত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছে। দৰ্শনাৰ্থীসকলে ইয়াত বাঁহৰ চেণ্ডেল পিন্ধিব লাগে।{{sfn|Watson |2023}} ষ্টেটেষ্টিক্‌ছ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মতে ২০২১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা ৪২২,৯৩০ৰ পৰা ২০২২ চনত ১৪.৪ লাখলৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে বছৰি ২০ লাখ পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ লক্ষ্য বান্ধি লৈছে।{{sfn|Antara |2023}} ==উত্তৰাধিকাৰ== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM President Soekarno en de Indiase premier Nehru kijken toe hoe Indira Gandhi bloemen in ontvangst neemt tijdens een bezoek aan de Borobudur TMnr 10015646.jpg|thumb|right|১৯৫০ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ ভ্ৰমণ কৰা সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণো আৰু [[ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী]] [[জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু]]]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ নান্দনিক আৰু কাৰিকৰীভাবে উচ্চ জ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক। ই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলৰ বাবে গৌৰৱৰ ভাৱ জগাই তুলি আহিছে। কম্বোডিয়াৰ বাবে এংকৰ ৱাটৰ দৰেই বৰোবুদুৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ অতীতৰ মহানতাৰ সাক্ষ্য দিবলৈ এক শক্তিশালী প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণোয়ে বিদেশী গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তিক এই স্থান দেখুৱাইছিল। চুহাৰ্টো শাসনকালত ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰতীকী আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অৰ্থ উপলব্ধি কৰি ইউনেস্ক’ৰ সহায়ত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে অধ্যৱসায়ীভাৱে এক বৃহৎ প্ৰকল্পত আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বহু সংগ্ৰহালয়ত বৰোবুদুৰৰ স্কেল মডেলৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ আছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰায় এটা বিখ্যাত চিহ্ন হৈ পৰিছে। ৱায়াং পুতলা খেল আৰু গামেলান সংগীতৰ সৈতে গোট খুৱাই ই এটা অস্পষ্ট ধ্ৰুপদী জাভানীজ অতীতত পৰিণত হৈছে।{{sfn|Wood|2011|p=38}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা সংগ্ৰহ কৰা কেইবাটাও প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সামগ্ৰী বা ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু বিদেশৰ কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদৰ ভিতৰত থকা কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ বাহিৰেও কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে: জাকাৰ্টাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম, আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, লণ্ডনৰ ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়াম, বেংককৰ থাই নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামত বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিল্পকৰ্ম আছে। পেৰিছৰ লুভ্ৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, কুৱালালামপুৰৰ মালয়েছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম আৰু নিউ টাইপেইৰ মিউজিয়াম অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰিলিজিয়নছতো বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Museum of World Religions, Taipei}} প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ ধ্ৰুপদী বৌদ্ধ সভ্যতাৰ প্ৰতি এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৱে বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছে। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ আৰু পুনৰ্গঠনক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ চিন বুলি প্ৰশংসা কৰিছে। ১৯৩৪ চনত [[শ্ৰীলংকা]]ৰ পৰা অহা মিছনেৰী সন্ন্যাসী নাৰদ থেৰা দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ যাত্ৰাৰ অংশ হিচাপে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ভ্ৰমণ কৰে। এই সুযোগৰ সহায়ত স্থানীয় কেইজনমান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মগুৰুয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মক পুনৰুজ্জীৱিত কৰিছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনৰ ১০ মাৰ্চত বৰোবুদুৰৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত নাৰদ থেৰাৰ আশীৰ্বাদত [[বোধি বৃক্ষ|বোধি বৃক্ষৰোপণ]] অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত হয় আৰু কিছুমান উপাসকক সন্ন্যাসী হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়।{{sfn|Buddhanet|2002}} বছৰত এবাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু চুবুৰীয়া দেশৰ পৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ বৌদ্ধ লোকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৱাইছাক উদযাপনৰ স্মৃতিত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ভিৰ কৰে।{{sfn|Wonderful Indonesia|2013}} [[File:Coat of arms of Central Java.svg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক]] মধ্য জাভা প্ৰদেশ আৰু মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ প্ৰতীকত বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিচ্ছবি আছে। ই মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে আৰু বহল পৰিসৰত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰো প্ৰতীক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। বৰোবুদুৰৰ নামেৰে কেইবাটাও প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ নামাকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। যেনে বৰোবুদুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, মধ্য জাকাৰ্টাৰ বৰোবুদুৰ হোটেল আৰু বিদেশৰ কেইবাখনো ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্ট ইয়াৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৱে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দুখন উল্লেখযোগ্য পাঁচ তাৰকাযুক্ত হোটেল ওচৰৰ আমানজিঅ’ (য’ৰ পৰা পৰিষ্কাৰ দিনত মন্দিৰটো দেখা যায়) আৰু স্লেমানৰ হায়াট ৰিজেন্সি যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ স্থাপত্য ডিজাইনৰ বাবে অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰিছিল। ৰূপিয়াৰ বেংকনোট আৰু ডাকটিকটত, বহুতো কিতাপ, প্ৰকাশন, তথ্যচিত্ৰ আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটন প্ৰচাৰ সামগ্ৰীত বৰোবুদুৰক দেখা যায়। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ অন্যতম মূল পৰ্যটন আকৰ্ষণ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ, মন্দিৰটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা অঞ্চলটোৰ স্থানীয় অৰ্থনীতি সৃষ্টিৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে যোগাকাৰ্টা চহৰৰ পৰ্যটন খণ্ডটো আংশিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত থকাৰ বাবেই গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। ===শিল্প আৰু সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ=== ১৮৩৬ চনৰ ফিচাৰৰ ড্ৰয়িং ৰুম স্ক্ৰেপ বুকত ডব্লিউ পাৰ্চাৰৰ এখন ছবিৰ খোদিত বৰো ব'ড'ৰত লেটিচিয়া এলিজাবেথ লেণ্ডনে খ্ৰীষ্টান দৃষ্টিকোণৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰক উপস্থাপন কৰিছে।{{sfn|Landon|1836|p=39}} ==লগতে চাওক== * [[এংকৰ ৱাট]] ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য উৎস== {{reflist|1=30em}} ==উদ্ধৃত ৰচনাসমূহ== ===গ্ৰন্থৰাজি=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | title = Hasil Pemugaran dan Temuan Benda Cagar Budaya PJP I | first1 =I.G.N. | last1 =Anom | last2 = Sugiyanti| first2 =Sri | 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The Moral Dynamics of Heritage Formation in Indonesia across Orders and Borders, 1930s–1980s. 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In Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia; Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons | publisher = ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/esoteric-buddhism-in-mediaeval-maritime-asia/A5B46A561DC9C3AB31FEB133BFEE7763 | isbn = 9789814695091|pages= 191–210}} * {{cite book |last1=De Casparis |first1=Johannes Gijsbertu |editor1-last=Malalasekera |editor1-first=G. P. |title=Barabudur, in: Encyclopedia of Buddhism, volume II |date=1966 |publisher=The Government of Ceylon |pages=545–549}} * {{cite book|title=Borobudur. 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Nyoman |last2=Darma Putra |editor1-last=King |editor1-first=Victor T. |chapter=Prambanan and Borobudur: Managing tourism and conservation in Indonesia |title=UNESCO in Southeast Asia World Heritage Sites in Comparative Perspective |pages=258–273 |chapter-url=https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/13841/6/Borobudur%20and%20Prambanan%20Paper.pdf |date=2016 |publisher=NIAS Press |isbn=978-87-7694-667-8 |via=Goldsmiths, University of London}} * {{cite book| first=Roy E.|last=Jordaan |title=Imagine Buddha in Prambanan: Reconsidering the Buddhist Background of the Loro Jonggrang Temple Complex |year=1993 |publisher=Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Ocenanië, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden| isbn=90-73084-08-3}} * {{cite book|title=Ageless Borobudur: Buddhist mystery in stone, decay and restoration, Mendut and Pawon, folklife in ancient Java |last=Kempers |first=Bernet |publisher=Servire|year=1976 |isbn=90-6077-553-8|location=Wassenaar| oclc=66207713}} * {{cite book |last1=Krom |first1=N.J. |title=Borobudur, Archaeological Description, vol. I |date=1927|oclc =5964215|publisher=Nijhoff |location=The Hague |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.12193/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=31 December 2023}} *{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=2dBbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA98|section=picture|year=1836|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.|oclc=832519854}} * {{cite book|title=Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas|first=John|last=Miksic|author-link=John N. 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2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703070946/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|archive-date=July 3, 2010|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Walubi|2002}}| title=The Meaning of Procession| publisher=Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia)| work=Waisak| url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml| access-date=28 December 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211113440/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml| archive-date=11 February 2009| url-status=dead}} *{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Penny |title=How world's largest Buddhist temple in Indonesia has been reborn |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2708661 |access-date=21 December 2023 |work=Bangkok Post |date=19 December 2023}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Wonderful Indonesia|2013}}|title=Vesak Festival: A Truly Sacred Experience |publisher=Wonderful Indonesia |url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience|date=2013 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504193814/http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience |archive-date=4 May 2015}} {{refend}} ==অধিক পঢ়ক== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Barabudur, history and significance of a Buddhist monument|last1=Gomez|first1=Luis O.|last2= Woodward |first2=Hiram W. |publisher=Asian Humanities Press|others=presented at the Int. Conf. on Borobudur, University of Michigan, 16–17 May 1974|year=1981|isbn=0-89581-151-0|location=Berkeley|name-list-style=amp}} * {{cite book|title=The Mysteries of Borobudur|author=John Miksic|publisher=Periplus|year=1999|isbn=962-593-198-8|location=Hongkong}} *{{Cite journal|last=Morton III|first=W. Brown|date=January 1983|title=Indonesia Rescues Ancient Borobudur|volume=163|issue=1 |issn=0027-9358 |oclc=643483454|journal=National Geographic (magazine)|pages=126–142}} * {{cite book|title=The symbolism of the stupa|author=Adrian Snodgrass|publisher=Cornell University|others=Southeast Asia Program |year=1985|isbn=0-87727-700-1|location=Ithaca, N.Y.}} * Klokke, Marijke. Borobudur a Mandala? IIAS Yearbook 1995, pp.&nbsp;207. * Levin, Cecelia. "Enshrouded in Dharma and Artha: The Narrative Sequence of Borobudur's First Gallery Wall." In Materializing Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, edited by Klokke Marijke J. and Degroot Véronique, 27-40. SINGAPORE: NUS Press, 2013. Accessed June 17, 2020. {{jstor|j.ctv1qv3kf.7}}. * Sundberg, Jeffrey Roger. "Considerations on the Dating of the Barabuḍur Stūpa." Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 162, no. 1 (2006): 95–132. Accessed June 17, 2020. {{jstor|27868287}}. {{refend}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== 2y138wz35097siusko08ltxcji5yipx 453245 453241 2024-12-10T06:52:42Z AjayDas 12623 /* বাহ্যিক সংযোগ */ তথ্য যোগ 453245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুন্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে।]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।"{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো"।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ"। আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান"। ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষনীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে।' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল।ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০ জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে।]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সাৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিচনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;" |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা !! অৱস্থান !! কাহিনী !! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right;"| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right;"| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যুহ || style="text-align:right;"| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right;" | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right;"| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে।}}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যুহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যুহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যুহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি]] শিলত খোদিত বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ কাহিনীৰ বাহিৰেও বৰোবুদুৰত বিভিন্ন বুদ্ধৰ বহুতো প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। [[পদ্মাসন]] অৱস্থাত বহি থকা অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ (ৰূপধাতু স্তৰ) আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত (অৰুপাধাতু স্তৰ) বিতৰিত। বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ৰূপধাতু স্তৰৰ নিম্ন স্থান, ৰেলিঙৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে শাৰী শাৰীকৈ সজোৱা আৰু মঞ্চবোৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উচ্চ স্তৰলৈ হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ লগে লগে মূৰ্তিৰ সংখ্যা কমি আহিছে। প্ৰথম ৰেলিঙত ১০৪টা, দ্বিতীয়টোত ১০৪টা, তৃতীয়টোত ৮৮টা, চতুৰ্থটোত ৭২টা আৰু পঞ্চমটোত ৬৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। মুঠতে ৰূপধাতু পৰ্যায়ত ৪৩২টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} অৰুপধাতু স্তৰত (বা তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত) বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ ভিতৰত ৰখা হৈছে। প্ৰথম বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত ৩২টা স্তূপ, দ্বিতীয়টোত ২৪টা আৰু তৃতীয়টোত ১৬টা আছে। আটাইবোৰৰ যোগফল ৭২টা স্তূপ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} [[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়ামত থকা বৰোবুদুৰৰ বুদ্ধৰ শিৰ]] মূল ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত ৩০০টাতকৈও অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত (বেছিভাগেই মূৰবিহীন) আৰু ৪৩টা নোহোৱা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰা সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহে (বেছিভাগেই পশ্চিমীয়া) মূৰসমূহ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল{{sfn|Woodward|1979|p=302}} বা ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰাহকে লুটপাত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bloembergen| Monquil|2022|p=3}} এই বুদ্ধৰ মূৰবোৰৰ কিছুমান এতিয়া বহুতো সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ মিউজিয়াম গুইমেট আৰু [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ দ্য ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়ামত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|BBC|2014}} জাৰ্মানীয়ে ২০১৪ চনত ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পুনৰ সংলগ্ন আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন আগবঢ়াইছে।{{sfn|Muryanto |2014}} প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত সকলো বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একেধৰণৰ যেন লাগে যদিও মুদ্ৰা বা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত ইয়াৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। মুদ্ৰাৰ পাঁচটা গোট আছে: উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু ঊৰ্ধ। এই দিশসমূহে মহাযানৰ মতে পাঁচটা কম্পাছ বিন্দুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ প্ৰথম চাৰি মুদ্ৰা উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম আছে। ইয়াৰে এটা কম্পাছ দিশৰ ফালে থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ সংশ্লিষ্ট মুদ্ৰা আছে। পঞ্চম ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰত বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত থকা ৭২টা স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুদ্ধৰ ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা অছে।{{sfn|De Casparis|1966|pp=547-548}} প্ৰতি মুদ্ৰাই পাঁচগৰাকী ধ্যানী বুদ্ধৰ ভিতৰত এজনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰতীকীতা আছে।{{sfn|Bucknell|Stuart-Fox|1995}} পূবৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰদক্ষিণ (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ)ৰ ক্ৰম অনুসৰণ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ মুদ্ৰাসমূহ হ'ল:{{sfn|Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw|1965|pp=391, 413-416}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%;" |- |- ! মূৰ্তি ! মুদ্ৰা ! প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ ! ধ্যানী বুদ্ধ ! দিশ ! মূৰ্তিটোৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|100px]] |''ভূমিস্পৰ্শ মুদ্ৰা'' |পৃথিৱীক সাক্ষী হ'বলৈ আহ্বান |অক্ষোভ্যা |পূব |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পূবৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|100px]] |''বৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |উপকাৰিতা, দান দিয়া |ৰত্নসম্ভৱ |দক্ষিণ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা দক্ষিণৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|100px]] |''ধ্যান মুদ্ৰা'' |একাগ্ৰতা আৰু ধ্যান |অমিতাভ |পশ্চিম |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পশ্চিম ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|100px]] |''অভয় মুদ্ৰা'' |সাহস, নিৰ্ভীকতা |আমোঘসিদ্ধি |উত্তৰ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা উত্তৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|100px]] |''বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা'' |যুক্তি আৰু গুণ |বৈৰোচন বা সমন্তভদ্ৰ |ঊৰ্ধ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' পঞ্চম (সৰ্বোচ্চ) ৰেলিঙৰ স্থানৰ সকলো দিশতে |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|100px]] |''ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |ধৰ্মৰ চকা ঘূৰোৱা (বিধান) |বৈৰোচন |ঊৰ্ধ |''অৰুপাধাতু'' তিনিটা ঘূৰণীয়া মঞ্চত ৭২টা ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপত |} ==সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা== ===ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান=== [[File:Borobudur on Vesak Day 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত বেসক অনুষ্ঠান]] ১৯৭৩ চনত ইউনেস্কোৰ পুঁজিৰে কৰা বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰক পুনৰবাৰ পূজা আৰু তীৰ্থস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। বছৰত এবাৰ মে’ বা জুন মাহত পূৰ্ণিমাৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে জন্ম, মৃত্যু আৰু সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে বুদ্ধ হ’বলৈ পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰা সময়ৰ স্মৃতিত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] (ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান: ৱাইছাক) দিৱস পালন কৰে। ৱাইছাক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্ধৰ দিন{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=856}} আৰু এই অনুষ্ঠানটো মেণ্ডুটৰ পৰা পাৱনলৈ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ বৰোবুদুৰত শেষ কৰি তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Walubi|2002}} বৰোবুদুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদক্ষিণ বা বৰোবুদুৰৰ ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা আৰু গেলেৰীৰ মাজেৰে বৰোবুদুৰৰ মঞ্চত উঠি যোৱা{{sfn|Madyansyah|2023}}, বৰোবুদুৰক আগুৰি ধ্যান কৰা আৰু আকাশত ফানুচ মুকলি কৰা আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।{{sfn|Fitriana|2023}}{{sfn|Sudiarno|2016}} ===পৰ্যটন=== ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা একক পৰ্যটনস্থলী। ১৯৭৪ চনত ২ লাখ ৬০ হাজাৰ পৰ্যটকে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো দৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰে ৩৬,০০০ বিদেশী পৰ্যটক আছিল।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ১৯৯০ চনৰ মাজভাগত দেশখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সংকটৰ পূৰ্বে এই সংখ্যা বছৰি ২৫ লাখ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় (৮০% ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটক)।{{Nowrap|2.5 million}} পৰ্যটন উন্নয়নক অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নকৰাৰ বাবে সমালোচনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত মাজে মাজে সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ২০০৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ আশে-পাশে থকা বাসিন্দা আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে কেইবাখনো সভা আৰু প্ৰতিবাদৰ আয়োজন কৰে আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে "জাভা ৱৰ্ল্ড" নামেৰে নামাকৰণ কৰা তিনিমহলীয়া ম'ল কমপ্লেক্স নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শায়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|pp=752–753}} ২০১২ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰক বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ হিচাপে [[গিনিজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডছ|গিনিজ বুক অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডত]] লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হয়।{{Sfn|Antara|2012}} ===সংৰক্ষণ=== [[File:Borobudur monks 1.jpg|thumb|left|বৌদ্ধ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে বৰোবুদুৰৰ শীৰ্ষ মঞ্চত জপ কৰে]] ইউনেস্কোৱে বৰ্তমানৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ অৱস্থাৰ অধীনত তিনিটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট চিন্তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল: (i) দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ দ্বাৰা ভাঙি পেলোৱা; (ii) ঠাইখনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অংশত মাটিৰ খহনীয়া; আৰু (iii) অনুপস্থিত মৌলসমূহৰ বিশ্লেষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} কোমল মাটি, অসংখ্য ভূমিকম্প আৰু প্ৰচণ্ড বৰষুণৰ ফলত গঠনটো অস্থিৰ হৈ পৰে। ভূমিকম্প আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰিহণা যোগোৱা কাৰক। কিয়নো কেৱল শিল তললৈ পৰি তোৰণবোৰ ছিন্নভিন্ন হোৱাই নহয়, ভূমি নিজেই ঢৌৰ দৰে গতি কৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত গঠনটো আৰু অধিক ধ্বংস হ'ব।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} স্তূপৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ বাবে বহু দৰ্শনাৰ্থী আহে আৰু ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় লোক। সকলো স্তৰতে কোনো বস্তু স্পৰ্শ নকৰিবলৈ সতৰ্কবাণী চিন থকা, লাউডস্পীকাৰৰ জৰিয়তে নিয়মীয়াকৈ সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰেৰণ আৰু প্ৰহৰীৰ উপস্থিতি থকাৰ পিছতো ভাস্কৰ্য আৰু মূৰ্তি ভাঙি পেলোৱাটো বৰ্তমান তেনেই সাধাৰণ পৰিঘটনা আৰু মূল সমস্যা। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ অধিক অৱনতি ঘটিছে।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} ===পুনৰ্বাসন=== [[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-06.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ চাৰিওফালে অৱস্থিত যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি মাউণ্ট মেৰবাবু (বাওঁফালে) আৰু মাউণ্ট মেৰাপি (সোঁফালে)]] ২০১০ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ আৰু নৱেম্বৰ মাহত মেৰাপি পৰ্বতৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল।মেৰাপিৰ পৰা অহা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ ওপৰত পৰিছিল। ই আগ্নেয়গিৰীৰ মূল গহ্বৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২৮ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৭ মাইল) পশ্চিম-দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে অৱস্থিত। ৩–৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ সময়ত মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ওপৰত ২.৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (১ ইঞ্চি){{sfn|Antara|2010}} ডাঠ ছাইৰ তৰপ এটা পৰি ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ ঢাকি পেলায় আৰু জল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাটো বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে আশংকা কৰে যে এই এচিডিক ছাইয়ে মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ক্ষতি কৰিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=99}} ৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা ৯ নৱেম্বৰলৈ মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয় যাতে ছাইসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পৰা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2010}}{{sfn|Naibaho|2010}} ২০১০ চনত মাউণ্ট মেৰাপিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে হোৱা খৰচৰ অংশ হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৱে ৩০ লাখ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪,০৬৩,৩১৪ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) অনুদান আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2011}} বৰষুণৰ পিছত লেতেৰাৰ ফলত বন্ধ হৈ পৰা নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাক পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ মন্দিৰৰ গঠনটোকে সামৰি লোৱা ৫৫ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক শিলৰ ব্লক ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। নৱেম্বৰ মাহত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সমাপ্ত হয়।{{sfn|Wahyuni|2011}} ২০১২ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত দুজন জাৰ্মান শিল সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞই এই স্থানত দহ দিন কটাই মন্দিৰসমূহ বিশ্লেষণ কৰি আৰু ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী সংৰক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} জুন মাহত জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইউনেস্ক’ক দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে ১ লাখ ৩০ হাজাৰ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ১৭২,৫২৯ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) বৰঙণি আগবঢ়াবলৈ সন্মত হৈছিল। শিল সংৰক্ষণ, অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান, গাঁথনি অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু ৰাসায়নিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকীৰ ছয়জন বিশেষজ্ঞই ২০১৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত ব’ৰ’বুদুৰত এসপ্তাহ কটায়। তাৰ পিছত ছেপ্টেম্বৰ বা অক্টোবৰ মাহত আন এটা ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে উভতি অহাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। এই অভিযানসমূহে জানুৱাৰী মাহৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া সংৰক্ষণ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ আৰম্ভ কৰিব আৰু চৰকাৰী কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু যুৱ সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ সংৰক্ষণ ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে সামৰ্থ্য বিকাশৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2012}} ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত প্ৰায় ২০০ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবে অৱস্থিত পূব জাভাৰ কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত হোৱা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ দ্বাৰা যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱিত হোৱাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকোকে ধৰি যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ বিখ্যাত স্তূপ আৰু মূৰ্তিসমূহ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ শ্ৰমিকসকলে আৱৰি ধৰে। ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটে আৰু যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ দৰে দূৰৰ অঞ্চললৈকে বিস্ফোৰণৰ শব্দ শুনা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2014}} ===নিৰাপত্তাৰ ভাবুকি=== [[File:Borobudur Bombing 1985.jpg|thumb|১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ ওপৰৰ মঞ্চৰ কেইবাটাও স্তূপৰ ক্ষতি হয়]] ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত ৯টা বোমাৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ নটা স্তূপ বেয়াকৈ ক্ষতিসাধন হয়।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff|2015|pp=91– 92}}{{sfn|The Miami Herald|1985}} ১৯৯১ চনত এজন অন্ধ মুছলমান প্ৰচাৰক হুছেইন আলী আল হাবছিয়ে ১৯৮০ চনৰ মাজভাগত মন্দিৰ আক্ৰমণকে ধৰি ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে ঘটোৱা বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰ মাষ্টাৰমাইণ্ডৰ বাবে যাৱজ্জীৱন কাৰাদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি লাভ কৰে।{{sfn|Crouch|2002|p=14}} বোমা বিস্ফোৰণ সংঘটিত কৰা ইছলামিক উগ্ৰপন্থী গোটটোৰ আন দুজন সদস্যক ১৯৮৬ চনত প্ৰত্যেককে ২০ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হৈছিল আৰু আন এজন লোকে ১৩ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হয়। ২০০৬ চনৰ ২৭ মে’ তাৰিখে মধ্য জাভাৰ দক্ষিণ উপকূলত ৬.২ প্ৰাবল্যৰ ভূমিকম্প আহে। এই পৰিঘটনাই অঞ্চলটোৰ চাৰিওফালে বিস্তৰ ক্ষতিসাধন কৰে আৰু ওচৰৰ যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু প্ৰম্বানন চহৰত ক্ষয়-ক্ষতি হয় যদিও বৰোবুদুৰ অক্ষত অৱস্থাত থাকে।{{sfn|Berger|2006}} ২০১৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আৰক্ষী আৰু নিৰাপত্তা বাহিনীয়ে আইছিছৰ স্বঘোষিত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান শাখাই ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়াত প্ৰকাশ কৰা ভাবুকিৰ সতৰ্কতামূলক ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নিৰাপত্তা কটকটীয়া কৰিছিল।সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীয়ে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য মূৰ্তি ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বিবৃত্তি জাৰি কৰিছিল।{{sfn|The Straits Times|2014}} নিৰাপত্তা উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত চিচিটিভি মনিটৰ মেৰামতি আৰু বৰ্ধিত নিয়োগ কৰাৰ লগতে মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নৈশ টহল দিয়াৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হয়। জেহাদী গোটটোৱে ইছলামৰ কঠোৰ ব্যাখ্যা অনুসৰণ কৰে আৰু ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ দৰে যিকোনো নৃগোষ্ঠীয় উপস্থাপনক মূৰ্তিপূজা বুলি গৰিহণা দিয়ে। ===বৰ্ধিত দর্শনাৰ্থীৰ সমস্যা=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bezoekers van de Borobudur TMnr 20027041.jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত পৰ্যটক]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ সৰু চিৰিবোৰত উঠি অহা দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সংখ্যা বেছি হোৱাৰ বাবে চিৰিত তীব্ৰ ক্ষয়-ক্ষতিৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে। শিলৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগৰ খহনীয়া হৈ পৰিছে আৰু পাতল আৰু মসৃণ কৰি তুলিছে। সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰত ২০৩৩টা শিলৰ চিৰিৰ পৃষ্ঠ আছে। এই চিৰি পশ্চিম দিশ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু উত্তৰকে ধৰি চাৰি দিশত বিস্তৃত। ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় ১,০২৮ টা পৃষ্ঠ বা প্ৰায় ৪৯.১৫ শতাংশ গুৰুতৰভাৱে জীৰ্ণ হৈ পৰিছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} চিৰিৰ শিল আৰু অধিক অৱক্ষয়ৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ ২০১৪ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ চিৰিৰ দুটা মূল অংশ – পূব (আৰোহী পথ) আৰু উত্তৰ (অৱতৰণ পথ) ফাল – কাঠৰ গঠনেৰে আবৃত কৰা হয়। কম্বোডিয়াৰ এংকৰ ৱাট আৰু [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ পিৰামিডত একেধৰণৰ পদ্ধতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} ২০১৫ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰই চিৰিবোৰ ৰবৰৰ আৱৰণেৰে ঢাকি ৰখাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Asdhiana |2015}} ধ্বংসপ্ৰৱণতা আৰু গ্ৰেফিটি অংকনৰ বাবে ২০২০ চনত মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদত প্ৰৱেশ সাময়িকভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰা পৰ্যটক গাইডৰ সৈতে দিনটোত এঘণ্টাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক ১২০০ দৰ্শকক মন্দিৰত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছে। দৰ্শনাৰ্থীসকলে ইয়াত বাঁহৰ চেণ্ডেল পিন্ধিব লাগে।{{sfn|Watson |2023}} ষ্টেটেষ্টিক্‌ছ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মতে ২০২১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা ৪২২,৯৩০ৰ পৰা ২০২২ চনত ১৪.৪ লাখলৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে বছৰি ২০ লাখ পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ লক্ষ্য বান্ধি লৈছে।{{sfn|Antara |2023}} ==উত্তৰাধিকাৰ== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM President Soekarno en de Indiase premier Nehru kijken toe hoe Indira Gandhi bloemen in ontvangst neemt tijdens een bezoek aan de Borobudur TMnr 10015646.jpg|thumb|right|১৯৫০ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ ভ্ৰমণ কৰা সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণো আৰু [[ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী]] [[জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু]]]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ নান্দনিক আৰু কাৰিকৰীভাবে উচ্চ জ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক। ই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলৰ বাবে গৌৰৱৰ ভাৱ জগাই তুলি আহিছে। কম্বোডিয়াৰ বাবে এংকৰ ৱাটৰ দৰেই বৰোবুদুৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ অতীতৰ মহানতাৰ সাক্ষ্য দিবলৈ এক শক্তিশালী প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণোয়ে বিদেশী গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তিক এই স্থান দেখুৱাইছিল। চুহাৰ্টো শাসনকালত ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰতীকী আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অৰ্থ উপলব্ধি কৰি ইউনেস্ক’ৰ সহায়ত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে অধ্যৱসায়ীভাৱে এক বৃহৎ প্ৰকল্পত আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বহু সংগ্ৰহালয়ত বৰোবুদুৰৰ স্কেল মডেলৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ আছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰায় এটা বিখ্যাত চিহ্ন হৈ পৰিছে। ৱায়াং পুতলা খেল আৰু গামেলান সংগীতৰ সৈতে গোট খুৱাই ই এটা অস্পষ্ট ধ্ৰুপদী জাভানীজ অতীতত পৰিণত হৈছে।{{sfn|Wood|2011|p=38}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা সংগ্ৰহ কৰা কেইবাটাও প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সামগ্ৰী বা ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু বিদেশৰ কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদৰ ভিতৰত থকা কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ বাহিৰেও কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে: জাকাৰ্টাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম, আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, লণ্ডনৰ ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়াম, বেংককৰ থাই নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামত বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিল্পকৰ্ম আছে। পেৰিছৰ লুভ্ৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, কুৱালালামপুৰৰ মালয়েছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম আৰু নিউ টাইপেইৰ মিউজিয়াম অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰিলিজিয়নছতো বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Museum of World Religions, Taipei}} প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ ধ্ৰুপদী বৌদ্ধ সভ্যতাৰ প্ৰতি এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৱে বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছে। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ আৰু পুনৰ্গঠনক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ চিন বুলি প্ৰশংসা কৰিছে। ১৯৩৪ চনত [[শ্ৰীলংকা]]ৰ পৰা অহা মিছনেৰী সন্ন্যাসী নাৰদ থেৰা দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ যাত্ৰাৰ অংশ হিচাপে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ভ্ৰমণ কৰে। এই সুযোগৰ সহায়ত স্থানীয় কেইজনমান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মগুৰুয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মক পুনৰুজ্জীৱিত কৰিছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনৰ ১০ মাৰ্চত বৰোবুদুৰৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত নাৰদ থেৰাৰ আশীৰ্বাদত [[বোধি বৃক্ষ|বোধি বৃক্ষৰোপণ]] অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত হয় আৰু কিছুমান উপাসকক সন্ন্যাসী হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়।{{sfn|Buddhanet|2002}} বছৰত এবাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু চুবুৰীয়া দেশৰ পৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ বৌদ্ধ লোকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৱাইছাক উদযাপনৰ স্মৃতিত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ভিৰ কৰে।{{sfn|Wonderful Indonesia|2013}} [[File:Coat of arms of Central Java.svg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক]] মধ্য জাভা প্ৰদেশ আৰু মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ প্ৰতীকত বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিচ্ছবি আছে। ই মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে আৰু বহল পৰিসৰত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰো প্ৰতীক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। বৰোবুদুৰৰ নামেৰে কেইবাটাও প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ নামাকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। যেনে বৰোবুদুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, মধ্য জাকাৰ্টাৰ বৰোবুদুৰ হোটেল আৰু বিদেশৰ কেইবাখনো ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্ট ইয়াৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৱে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দুখন উল্লেখযোগ্য পাঁচ তাৰকাযুক্ত হোটেল ওচৰৰ আমানজিঅ’ (য’ৰ পৰা পৰিষ্কাৰ দিনত মন্দিৰটো দেখা যায়) আৰু স্লেমানৰ হায়াট ৰিজেন্সি যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ স্থাপত্য ডিজাইনৰ বাবে অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰিছিল। ৰূপিয়াৰ বেংকনোট আৰু ডাকটিকটত, বহুতো কিতাপ, প্ৰকাশন, তথ্যচিত্ৰ আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটন প্ৰচাৰ সামগ্ৰীত বৰোবুদুৰক দেখা যায়। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ অন্যতম মূল পৰ্যটন আকৰ্ষণ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ, মন্দিৰটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা অঞ্চলটোৰ স্থানীয় অৰ্থনীতি সৃষ্টিৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে যোগাকাৰ্টা চহৰৰ পৰ্যটন খণ্ডটো আংশিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত থকাৰ বাবেই গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। ===শিল্প আৰু সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ=== ১৮৩৬ চনৰ ফিচাৰৰ ড্ৰয়িং ৰুম স্ক্ৰেপ বুকত ডব্লিউ পাৰ্চাৰৰ এখন ছবিৰ খোদিত বৰো ব'ড'ৰত লেটিচিয়া এলিজাবেথ লেণ্ডনে খ্ৰীষ্টান দৃষ্টিকোণৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰক উপস্থাপন কৰিছে।{{sfn|Landon|1836|p=39}} ==লগতে চাওক== * [[এংকৰ ৱাট]] ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য উৎস== {{reflist|1=30em}} ==উদ্ধৃত ৰচনাসমূহ== ===গ্ৰন্থৰাজি=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | title = Hasil Pemugaran dan Temuan Benda Cagar Budaya PJP I | first1 =I.G.N. | last1 =Anom | last2 = Sugiyanti| first2 =Sri | last3 =Hasibuan | first3 = Hadniwati|editor1-last= Ibrahim|editor1-first= Maulana |editor2-last= Samidi | publisher = Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan | year = 1996 | url = 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The Moral Dynamics of Heritage Formation in Indonesia across Orders and Borders, 1930s–1980s. 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|website=whc.unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111051221/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/apa/cycle01/section2/592.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012 |pages=1–26 |date=2002 |url-status=dead}} *{{Cite news |last=Sudiarno |first=Tarko |title=Photo: Waisak prayers, processions in pursuit of enlightenment |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/multimedia/2016/05/25/waisak-prayers-processions-in-pursuit-of-enlightenment.html |date=25 May 2016|access-date=2024-03-17 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}} *{{cite web|first=Gary Michael|last=Tartakov|work=Lecture notes for Asian Art and Architecture: Art & Design 382/582|publisher=Iowa State University|title=Lecture 17: Sherman Lee's History of Far Eastern Art (Indonesia and Cambodja) |url=http://www.public.iastate.edu/~tart/arth382/lecture17.html|access-date=17 August 2008| 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111135645/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/borobudur-temple-forced-to-close-while-workers-remove-merapi-ash/405343 |archive-date=11 November 2010}} *{{cite web|date=12 June 2012|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Globe|2012}}|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/germany-supports-safeguarding-of-borobudur/523717 |title=Germany Supports Safeguarding of Borobudur |publisher=The Jakarta Globe |access-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615195445/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/germany-supports-safeguarding-of-borobudur/523717 |archive-date=15 June 2012}} *{{cite news|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Globe|2014}}|title=Borobudur, Other Sites, Closed After Mount Kelud Eruption|date=14 February 2014|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/borobudur-other-sites-closed-after-mount-kelud-eruption/|publisher=The Jakarta Globe|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214143350/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/borobudur-other-sites-closed-after-mount-kelud-eruption/|archive-date=14 February 2014|url-status=dead}} *{{cite news|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Post|2011}}|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/17/borobudur%E2%80%99s-postmerapi-eruption-rehabilitating-may-take-three-years-official.html |title=Borobudur's post-Merapi eruption rehabilitating may take three years: Official |publisher=The Jakarta Post|date=17 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116230820/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/17/borobudur%E2%80%99s-postmerapi-eruption-rehabilitating-may-take-three-years-official.html |archive-date=16 January 2016}} *{{Cite news|date=20 January 2018|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Post|2018}}|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/01/19/ui-archaeology-professor-weighs-in-on-borobudurs-chattra-restoration.html|title=UI archaeology professor weighs in on Borobudur's 'chattra' restoration|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=4 May 2018|language=en}} *{{cite news |last1=The Straits Times |title=Indonesia's police on alert over apparent ISIS terror threat to Borobudur Temple |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesias-police-on-alert-over-apparent-isis-terror-threat-to-borobudur-temple |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=23 August 2014}} *{{cite news|ref={{sfnref|The Miami Herald|1985}}|title=1,100-Year-Old Buddhist Temple Wrecked By Bombs in Indonesia|publisher=The Miami Herald|date=22 January 1985|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB3619008FD4B9F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|access-date=17 August 2008}} *{{cite web|type=programme and meeting document|date=1999|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO|1999}}|publisher=UNESCO|title=Cultural heritage and partnership |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001163/116321Eo.pdf |access-date=17 August 2008}} *{{cite press release|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO|2004}}|publisher=UNESCO|title=UNESCO experts mission to Prambanan and Borobudur Heritage Sites |date=31 August 2004}} *{{cite web|date=2024|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}}|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592| title=Borobudur Temple Compounds| publisher=UNESCO| work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre| access-date=3 January 2024}} *{{cite web |ref={{sfnref|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/jakarta/about-this-office/single-view/news/stone_conservation_workshop_borobudur_central_java_indone/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914132130/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/jakarta/about-this-office/single-view/news/stone_conservation_workshop_borobudur_central_java_indone/ |archive-date=14 September 2017 |title=Stone Conservation Workshop, Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia, 11-12 January 2012 funded by the Federal Republic of Germany|publisher=UNESCO Jakarta |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=8 September 2017}} *{{cite news |last=Wahyuni|first=Sri |date=28 June 2011 |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/28/borobudur-clean-finish-november.html |title=Borobudur clean-up to finish in November |publisher=The Jakarta Post |access-date=28 June 2012}} *{{Cite web|ref={{sfnref|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} |url=http://www.wacananusantara.org/candi-borobudur|title=Candi Borobudur, Bentuk dan Perlambang|publisher=Wacana Nusantara|date=23 September 2015 |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094754/http://www.wacananusantara.org/candi-borobudur/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Walubi|2023}}|date=2023|website=Walubi |title=Borobudur: Candi Berbukit Kebajikan |url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|access-date=December 9, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703070946/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|archive-date=July 3, 2010|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Walubi|2002}}| title=The Meaning of Procession| publisher=Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia)| work=Waisak| url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml| access-date=28 December 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211113440/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml| archive-date=11 February 2009| url-status=dead}} *{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Penny |title=How world's largest Buddhist temple in Indonesia has been reborn |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2708661 |access-date=21 December 2023 |work=Bangkok Post |date=19 December 2023}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Wonderful Indonesia|2013}}|title=Vesak Festival: A Truly Sacred Experience |publisher=Wonderful Indonesia |url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience|date=2013 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504193814/http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience |archive-date=4 May 2015}} {{refend}} ==অধিক পঢ়ক== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Barabudur, history and significance of a Buddhist monument|last1=Gomez|first1=Luis O.|last2= Woodward |first2=Hiram W. |publisher=Asian Humanities Press|others=presented at the Int. Conf. on Borobudur, University of Michigan, 16–17 May 1974|year=1981|isbn=0-89581-151-0|location=Berkeley|name-list-style=amp}} * {{cite book|title=The Mysteries of Borobudur|author=John Miksic|publisher=Periplus|year=1999|isbn=962-593-198-8|location=Hongkong}} *{{Cite journal|last=Morton III|first=W. Brown|date=January 1983|title=Indonesia Rescues Ancient Borobudur|volume=163|issue=1 |issn=0027-9358 |oclc=643483454|journal=National Geographic (magazine)|pages=126–142}} * {{cite book|title=The symbolism of the stupa|author=Adrian Snodgrass|publisher=Cornell University|others=Southeast Asia Program |year=1985|isbn=0-87727-700-1|location=Ithaca, N.Y.}} * Klokke, Marijke. Borobudur a Mandala? IIAS Yearbook 1995, pp.&nbsp;207. * Levin, Cecelia. "Enshrouded in Dharma and Artha: The Narrative Sequence of Borobudur's First Gallery Wall." In Materializing Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, edited by Klokke Marijke J. and Degroot Véronique, 27-40. SINGAPORE: NUS Press, 2013. Accessed June 17, 2020. {{jstor|j.ctv1qv3kf.7}}. * Sundberg, Jeffrey Roger. "Considerations on the Dating of the Barabuḍur Stūpa." Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 162, no. 1 (2006): 95–132. Accessed June 17, 2020. {{jstor|27868287}}. {{refend}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons|Borobudur|বৰোবুদুৰ}} * [http://borobudurpark.com/ বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকো পাৰ্কৰ অফিচিয়েল ছাইট] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txujqGtB_6g বৰবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ চুটি তথ্যচিত্ৰ], ইউনেস্কো আৰু এন এইচ কেৰ * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWAj22H4qWg লাৰ্নিং ফ্ৰম বৰোবুদুৰ তথ্যচিত্ৰ] ইউটিউবত বৰোবুদুৰৰ [[জাতক]], ললিতবিস্তাৰ আৰু গণ্ডব্যুহৰ আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ কাহিনী * [http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/bycountry/indonesia/borobudur/ বড়োবুদুৰৰ বিষয়ে অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ গৱেষণা প্ৰকল্প] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141228053135/http://masterpieces.asemus.museum/borobudur/ বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ বিশ্লেষণ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141106215528/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.org/?id=856%2F গ্লোবেল হেৰিটেজ নেটৱৰ্কত বৰোবুদুৰ] * [https://bimasbuddha.kemenag.go.id/borobudur/360/360/ 360° ভাৰ্চুৱেল ভ্ৰমণ, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ গাইডেন্স মহানিৰ্দেশনা] lk2psocnn96t1jh4z7s8x8s6rzw7fel 453248 453245 2024-12-10T06:54:11Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুণ্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। ]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।" {{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো।" {{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ।" আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান।" ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষণীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে। ' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল। ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে। ]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিছনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right; " |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা!! অৱস্থান!! কাহিনী!! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right; "| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right; "| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right; "| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right; "| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right; "| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right; "| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right; " | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right; "| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। }}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যূহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যূহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যূহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি]] শিলত খোদিত বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ কাহিনীৰ বাহিৰেও বৰোবুদুৰত বিভিন্ন বুদ্ধৰ বহুতো প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। [[পদ্মাসন]] অৱস্থাত বহি থকা অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ (ৰূপধাতু স্তৰ) আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত (অৰুপাধাতু স্তৰ) বিতৰিত। বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ৰূপধাতু স্তৰৰ নিম্ন স্থান, ৰেলিঙৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে শাৰী শাৰীকৈ সজোৱা আৰু মঞ্চবোৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উচ্চ স্তৰলৈ হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ লগে লগে মূৰ্তিৰ সংখ্যা কমি আহিছে। প্ৰথম ৰেলিঙত ১০৪টা, দ্বিতীয়টোত ১০৪টা, তৃতীয়টোত ৮৮টা, চতুৰ্থটোত ৭২টা আৰু পঞ্চমটোত ৬৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। মুঠতে ৰূপধাতু পৰ্যায়ত ৪৩২টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} অৰুপধাতু স্তৰত (বা তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত) বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ ভিতৰত ৰখা হৈছে। প্ৰথম বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত ৩২টা স্তূপ, দ্বিতীয়টোত ২৪টা আৰু তৃতীয়টোত ১৬টা আছে। আটাইবোৰৰ যোগফল ৭২টা স্তূপ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} [[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়ামত থকা বৰোবুদুৰৰ বুদ্ধৰ শিৰ]] মূল ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত ৩০০টাতকৈও অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত (বেছিভাগেই মূৰবিহীন) আৰু ৪৩টা নোহোৱা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰা সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহে (বেছিভাগেই পশ্চিমীয়া) মূৰসমূহ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল{{sfn|Woodward|1979|p=302}} বা ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰাহকে লুটপাত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bloembergen| Monquil|2022|p=3}} এই বুদ্ধৰ মূৰবোৰৰ কিছুমান এতিয়া বহুতো সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ মিউজিয়াম গুইমেট আৰু [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ দ্য ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়ামত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|BBC|2014}} জাৰ্মানীয়ে ২০১৪ চনত ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পুনৰ সংলগ্ন আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন আগবঢ়াইছে।{{sfn|Muryanto |2014}} প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত সকলো বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একেধৰণৰ যেন লাগে যদিও মুদ্ৰা বা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত ইয়াৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। মুদ্ৰাৰ পাঁচটা গোট আছে: উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু ঊৰ্ধ। এই দিশসমূহে মহাযানৰ মতে পাঁচটা কম্পাছ বিন্দুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ প্ৰথম চাৰি মুদ্ৰা উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম আছে। ইয়াৰে এটা কম্পাছ দিশৰ ফালে থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ সংশ্লিষ্ট মুদ্ৰা আছে। পঞ্চম ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰত বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত থকা ৭২টা স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুদ্ধৰ ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা অছে।{{sfn|De Casparis|1966|pp=547-548}} প্ৰতি মুদ্ৰাই পাঁচগৰাকী ধ্যানী বুদ্ধৰ ভিতৰত এজনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰতীকীতা আছে।{{sfn|Bucknell|Stuart-Fox|1995}} পূবৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰদক্ষিণ (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ)ৰ ক্ৰম অনুসৰণ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ মুদ্ৰাসমূহ হ'ল:{{sfn|Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw|1965|pp=391, 413-416}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%; " |- |- ! মূৰ্তি ! মুদ্ৰা ! প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ ! ধ্যানী বুদ্ধ ! দিশ ! মূৰ্তিটোৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|100px]] |''ভূমিস্পৰ্শ মুদ্ৰা'' |পৃথিৱীক সাক্ষী হ'বলৈ আহ্বান |অক্ষোভ্যা |পূব |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পূবৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|100px]] |''বৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |উপকাৰিতা, দান দিয়া |ৰত্নসম্ভৱ |দক্ষিণ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা দক্ষিণৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|100px]] |''ধ্যান মুদ্ৰা'' |একাগ্ৰতা আৰু ধ্যান |অমিতাভ |পশ্চিম |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পশ্চিম ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|100px]] |''অভয় মুদ্ৰা'' |সাহস, নিৰ্ভীকতা |আমোঘসিদ্ধি |উত্তৰ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা উত্তৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|100px]] |''বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা'' |যুক্তি আৰু গুণ |বৈৰোচন বা সমন্তভদ্ৰ |ঊৰ্ধ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' পঞ্চম (সৰ্বোচ্চ) ৰেলিঙৰ স্থানৰ সকলো দিশতে |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|100px]] |''ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |ধৰ্মৰ চকা ঘূৰোৱা (বিধান) |বৈৰোচন |ঊৰ্ধ |''অৰুপাধাতু'' তিনিটা ঘূৰণীয়া মঞ্চত ৭২টা ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপত |} ==সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা== ===ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান=== [[File:Borobudur on Vesak Day 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত বেসক অনুষ্ঠান]] ১৯৭৩ চনত ইউনেস্কোৰ পুঁজিৰে কৰা বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰক পুনৰবাৰ পূজা আৰু তীৰ্থস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। বছৰত এবাৰ মে’ বা জুন মাহত পূৰ্ণিমাৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে জন্ম, মৃত্যু আৰু সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে বুদ্ধ হ’বলৈ পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰা সময়ৰ স্মৃতিত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] (ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান: ৱাইছাক) দিৱস পালন কৰে। ৱাইছাক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্ধৰ দিন{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=856}} আৰু এই অনুষ্ঠানটো মেণ্ডুটৰ পৰা পাৱনলৈ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ বৰোবুদুৰত শেষ কৰি তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Walubi|2002}} বৰোবুদুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদক্ষিণ বা বৰোবুদুৰৰ ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা আৰু গেলেৰীৰ মাজেৰে বৰোবুদুৰৰ মঞ্চত উঠি যোৱা{{sfn|Madyansyah|2023}}, বৰোবুদুৰক আগুৰি ধ্যান কৰা আৰু আকাশত ফানুচ মুকলি কৰা আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।{{sfn|Fitriana|2023}}{{sfn|Sudiarno|2016}} ===পৰ্যটন=== ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা একক পৰ্যটনস্থলী। ১৯৭৪ চনত ২ লাখ ৬০ হাজাৰ পৰ্যটকে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো দৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰে ৩৬,০০০ বিদেশী পৰ্যটক আছিল।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ১৯৯০ চনৰ মাজভাগত দেশখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সংকটৰ পূৰ্বে এই সংখ্যা বছৰি ২৫ লাখ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় (৮০% ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটক)।{{Nowrap|2.5 million}} পৰ্যটন উন্নয়নক অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নকৰাৰ বাবে সমালোচনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত মাজে মাজে সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ২০০৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ আশে-পাশে থকা বাসিন্দা আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে কেইবাখনো সভা আৰু প্ৰতিবাদৰ আয়োজন কৰে আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে "জাভা ৱৰ্ল্ড" নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা তিনিমহলীয়া ম'ল কমপ্লেক্স নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শায়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|pp=752–753}} ২০১২ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰক বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ হিচাপে [[গিনিজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডছ|গিনিজ বুক অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডত]] লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হয়।{{Sfn|Antara|2012}} ===সংৰক্ষণ=== [[File:Borobudur monks 1.jpg|thumb|left|বৌদ্ধ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে বৰোবুদুৰৰ শীৰ্ষ মঞ্চত জপ কৰে]] ইউনেস্কোৱে বৰ্তমানৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ অৱস্থাৰ অধীনত তিনিটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট চিন্তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল: (i) দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ দ্বাৰা ভাঙি পেলোৱা; (ii) ঠাইখনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অংশত মাটিৰ খহনীয়া; আৰু (iii) অনুপস্থিত মৌলসমূহৰ বিশ্লেষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} কোমল মাটি, অসংখ্য ভূমিকম্প আৰু প্ৰচণ্ড বৰষুণৰ ফলত গঠনটো অস্থিৰ হৈ পৰে। ভূমিকম্প আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰিহণা যোগোৱা কাৰক। কিয়নো কেৱল শিল তললৈ পৰি তোৰণবোৰ ছিন্নভিন্ন হোৱাই নহয়, ভূমি নিজেই ঢৌৰ দৰে গতি কৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত গঠনটো আৰু অধিক ধ্বংস হ'ব।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} স্তূপৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ বাবে বহু দৰ্শনাৰ্থী আহে আৰু ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় লোক। সকলো স্তৰতে কোনো বস্তু স্পৰ্শ নকৰিবলৈ সতৰ্কবাণী চিন থকা, লাউডস্পীকাৰৰ জৰিয়তে নিয়মীয়াকৈ সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰেৰণ আৰু প্ৰহৰীৰ উপস্থিতি থকাৰ পিছতো ভাস্কৰ্য আৰু মূৰ্তি ভাঙি পেলোৱাটো বৰ্তমান তেনেই সাধাৰণ পৰিঘটনা আৰু মূল সমস্যা। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ অধিক অৱনতি ঘটিছে।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} ===পুনৰ্বাসন=== [[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-06.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ চাৰিওফালে অৱস্থিত যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি মাউণ্ট মেৰবাবু (বাওঁফালে) আৰু মাউণ্ট মেৰাপি (সোঁফালে)]] ২০১০ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ আৰু নৱেম্বৰ মাহত মেৰাপি পৰ্বতৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল। মেৰাপিৰ পৰা অহা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ ওপৰত পৰিছিল। ই আগ্নেয়গিৰীৰ মূল গহ্বৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২৮ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৭ মাইল) পশ্চিম-দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে অৱস্থিত। ৩–৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ সময়ত মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ওপৰত ২.৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (১ ইঞ্চি){{sfn|Antara|2010}} ডাঠ ছাইৰ তৰপ এটা পৰি ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ ঢাকি পেলায় আৰু জল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাটো বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে আশংকা কৰে যে এই এচিডিক ছাইয়ে মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ক্ষতি কৰিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=99}} ৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা ৯ নৱেম্বৰলৈ মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয় যাতে ছাইসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পৰা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2010}}{{sfn|Naibaho|2010}} ২০১০ চনত মাউণ্ট মেৰাপিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে হোৱা খৰচৰ অংশ হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৱে ৩০ লাখ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪,০৬৩,৩১৪ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) অনুদান আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2011}} বৰষুণৰ পিছত লেতেৰাৰ ফলত বন্ধ হৈ পৰা নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাক পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ মন্দিৰৰ গঠনটোকে সামৰি লোৱা ৫৫ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক শিলৰ ব্লক ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। নৱেম্বৰ মাহত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সমাপ্ত হয়।{{sfn|Wahyuni|2011}} ২০১২ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত দুজন জাৰ্মান শিল সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞই এই স্থানত দহ দিন কটাই মন্দিৰসমূহ বিশ্লেষণ কৰি আৰু ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী সংৰক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} জুন মাহত জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইউনেস্ক’ক দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে ১ লাখ ৩০ হাজাৰ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ১৭২,৫২৯ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) বৰঙণি আগবঢ়াবলৈ সন্মত হৈছিল। শিল সংৰক্ষণ, অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান, গাঁথনি অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু ৰাসায়নিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকীৰ ছয়জন বিশেষজ্ঞই ২০১৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত ব’ৰ’বুদুৰত এসপ্তাহ কটায়। তাৰ পিছত ছেপ্টেম্বৰ বা অক্টোবৰ মাহত আন এটা ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে উভতি অহাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। এই অভিযানসমূহে জানুৱাৰী মাহৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া সংৰক্ষণ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ আৰম্ভ কৰিব আৰু চৰকাৰী কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু যুৱ সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ সংৰক্ষণ ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে সামৰ্থ্য বিকাশৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2012}} ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত প্ৰায় ২০০ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবে অৱস্থিত পূব জাভাৰ কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত হোৱা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ দ্বাৰা যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱিত হোৱাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকোকে ধৰি যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ বিখ্যাত স্তূপ আৰু মূৰ্তিসমূহ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ শ্ৰমিকসকলে আৱৰি ধৰে। ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটে আৰু যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ দৰে দূৰৰ অঞ্চললৈকে বিস্ফোৰণৰ শব্দ শুনা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2014}} ===নিৰাপত্তাৰ ভাবুকি=== [[File:Borobudur Bombing 1985.jpg|thumb|১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ ওপৰৰ মঞ্চৰ কেইবাটাও স্তূপৰ ক্ষতি হয়]] ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত ৯টা বোমাৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ নটা স্তূপ বেয়াকৈ ক্ষতিসাধন হয়।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff|2015|pp=91– 92}}{{sfn|The Miami Herald|1985}} ১৯৯১ চনত এজন অন্ধ মুছলমান প্ৰচাৰক হুছেইন আলী আল হাবছিয়ে ১৯৮০ চনৰ মাজভাগত মন্দিৰ আক্ৰমণকে ধৰি ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে ঘটোৱা বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰ মাষ্টাৰমাইণ্ডৰ বাবে যাৱজ্জীৱন কাৰাদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি লাভ কৰে।{{sfn|Crouch|2002|p=14}} বোমা বিস্ফোৰণ সংঘটিত কৰা ইছলামিক উগ্ৰপন্থী গোটটোৰ আন দুজন সদস্যক ১৯৮৬ চনত প্ৰত্যেককে ২০ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হৈছিল আৰু আন এজন লোকে ১৩ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হয়। ২০০৬ চনৰ ২৭ মে’ তাৰিখে মধ্য জাভাৰ দক্ষিণ উপকূলত ৬.২ প্ৰাবল্যৰ ভূমিকম্প আহে। এই পৰিঘটনাই অঞ্চলটোৰ চাৰিওফালে বিস্তৰ ক্ষতিসাধন কৰে আৰু ওচৰৰ যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু প্ৰম্বানন চহৰত ক্ষয়-ক্ষতি হয় যদিও বৰোবুদুৰ অক্ষত অৱস্থাত থাকে।{{sfn|Berger|2006}} ২০১৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আৰক্ষী আৰু নিৰাপত্তা বাহিনীয়ে আইছিছৰ স্বঘোষিত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান শাখাই ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়াত প্ৰকাশ কৰা ভাবুকিৰ সতৰ্কতামূলক ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নিৰাপত্তা কটকটীয়া কৰিছিল। সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীয়ে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য মূৰ্তি ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বিবৃত্তি জাৰি কৰিছিল।{{sfn|The Straits Times|2014}} নিৰাপত্তা উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত চিচিটিভি মনিটৰ মেৰামতি আৰু বৰ্ধিত নিয়োগ কৰাৰ লগতে মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নৈশ টহল দিয়াৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হয়। জেহাদী গোটটোৱে ইছলামৰ কঠোৰ ব্যাখ্যা অনুসৰণ কৰে আৰু ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ দৰে যিকোনো নৃগোষ্ঠীয় উপস্থাপনক মূৰ্তিপূজা বুলি গৰিহণা দিয়ে। ===বৰ্ধিত দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সমস্যা=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bezoekers van de Borobudur TMnr 20027041.jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত পৰ্যটক]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ সৰু চিৰিবোৰত উঠি অহা দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সংখ্যা বেছি হোৱাৰ বাবে চিৰিত তীব্ৰ ক্ষয়-ক্ষতিৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে। শিলৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগৰ খহনীয়া হৈ পৰিছে আৰু পাতল আৰু মসৃণ কৰি তুলিছে। সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰত ২০৩৩টা শিলৰ চিৰিৰ পৃষ্ঠ আছে। এই চিৰি পশ্চিম দিশ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু উত্তৰকে ধৰি চাৰি দিশত বিস্তৃত। ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় ১,০২৮টা পৃষ্ঠ বা প্ৰায় ৪৯.১৫ শতাংশ গুৰুতৰভাৱে জীৰ্ণ হৈ পৰিছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} চিৰিৰ শিল আৰু অধিক অৱক্ষয়ৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ ২০১৪ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ চিৰিৰ দুটা মূল অংশ – পূব (আৰোহী পথ) আৰু উত্তৰ (অৱতৰণ পথ) ফাল – কাঠৰ গঠনেৰে আবৃত কৰা হয়। কম্বোডিয়াৰ এংকৰ ৱাট আৰু [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ পিৰামিডত একেধৰণৰ পদ্ধতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} ২০১৫ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰই চিৰিবোৰ ৰবৰৰ আৱৰণেৰে ঢাকি ৰখাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Asdhiana |2015}} ধ্বংসপ্ৰৱণতা আৰু গ্ৰেফিটি অংকনৰ বাবে ২০২০ চনত মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদত প্ৰৱেশ সাময়িকভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰা পৰ্যটক গাইডৰ সৈতে দিনটোত এঘণ্টাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক ১২০০ দৰ্শকক মন্দিৰত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছে। দৰ্শনাৰ্থীসকলে ইয়াত বাঁহৰ চেণ্ডেল পিন্ধিব লাগে।{{sfn|Watson |2023}} ষ্টেটেষ্টিক্‌ছ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মতে ২০২১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা ৪২২,৯৩০ৰ পৰা ২০২২ চনত ১৪.৪ লাখলৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে বছৰি ২০ লাখ পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ লক্ষ্য বান্ধি লৈছে।{{sfn|Antara |2023}} ==উত্তৰাধিকাৰ== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM President Soekarno en de Indiase premier Nehru kijken toe hoe Indira Gandhi bloemen in ontvangst neemt tijdens een bezoek aan de Borobudur TMnr 10015646.jpg|thumb|right|১৯৫০ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ ভ্ৰমণ কৰা সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণো আৰু [[ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী]] [[জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু]]]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ নান্দনিক আৰু কাৰিকৰীভাবে উচ্চ জ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক। ই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলৰ বাবে গৌৰৱৰ ভাৱ জগাই তুলি আহিছে। কম্বোডিয়াৰ বাবে এংকৰ ৱাটৰ দৰেই বৰোবুদুৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ অতীতৰ মহানতাৰ সাক্ষ্য দিবলৈ এক শক্তিশালী প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণোয়ে বিদেশী গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তিক এই স্থান দেখুৱাইছিল। চুহাৰ্টো শাসনকালত ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰতীকী আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অৰ্থ উপলব্ধি কৰি ইউনেস্ক’ৰ সহায়ত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে অধ্যৱসায়ীভাৱে এক বৃহৎ প্ৰকল্পত আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বহু সংগ্ৰহালয়ত বৰোবুদুৰৰ স্কেল মডেলৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ আছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰায় এটা বিখ্যাত চিহ্ন হৈ পৰিছে। ৱায়াং পুতলা খেল আৰু গামেলান সংগীতৰ সৈতে গোট খুৱাই ই এটা অস্পষ্ট ধ্ৰুপদী জাভানীজ অতীতত পৰিণত হৈছে।{{sfn|Wood|2011|p=38}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা সংগ্ৰহ কৰা কেইবাটাও প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সামগ্ৰী বা ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু বিদেশৰ কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদৰ ভিতৰত থকা কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ বাহিৰেও কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে: জাকাৰ্টাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম, আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, লণ্ডনৰ ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়াম, বেংককৰ থাই নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামত বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিল্পকৰ্ম আছে। পেৰিছৰ লুভ্ৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, কুৱালালামপুৰৰ মালয়েছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম আৰু নিউ টাইপেইৰ মিউজিয়াম অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰিলিজিয়নছতো বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Museum of World Religions, Taipei}} প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ ধ্ৰুপদী বৌদ্ধ সভ্যতাৰ প্ৰতি এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৱে বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছে। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ আৰু পুনৰ্গঠনক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ চিন বুলি প্ৰশংসা কৰিছে। ১৯৩৪ চনত [[শ্ৰীলংকা]]ৰ পৰা অহা মিছনেৰী সন্ন্যাসী নাৰদ থেৰা দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ যাত্ৰাৰ অংশ হিচাপে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ভ্ৰমণ কৰে। এই সুযোগৰ সহায়ত স্থানীয় কেইজনমান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মগুৰুয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মক পুনৰুজ্জীৱিত কৰিছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনৰ ১০ মাৰ্চত বৰোবুদুৰৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত নাৰদ থেৰাৰ আশীৰ্বাদত [[বোধি বৃক্ষ|বোধি বৃক্ষৰোপণ]] অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত হয় আৰু কিছুমান উপাসকক সন্ন্যাসী হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়।{{sfn|Buddhanet|2002}} বছৰত এবাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু চুবুৰীয়া দেশৰ পৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ বৌদ্ধ লোকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৱাইছাক উদযাপনৰ স্মৃতিত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ভিৰ কৰে।{{sfn|Wonderful Indonesia|2013}} [[File:Coat of arms of Central Java.svg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক]] মধ্য জাভা প্ৰদেশ আৰু মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ প্ৰতীকত বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিচ্ছবি আছে। ই মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে আৰু বহল পৰিসৰত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰো প্ৰতীক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। বৰোবুদুৰৰ নামেৰে কেইবাটাও প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। যেনে বৰোবুদুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, মধ্য জাকাৰ্টাৰ বৰোবুদুৰ হোটেল আৰু বিদেশৰ কেইবাখনো ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্ট ইয়াৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৱে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দুখন উল্লেখযোগ্য পাঁচ তাৰকাযুক্ত হোটেল ওচৰৰ আমানজিঅ’ (য’ৰ পৰা পৰিষ্কাৰ দিনত মন্দিৰটো দেখা যায়) আৰু স্লেমানৰ হায়াট ৰিজেন্সি যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ স্থাপত্য ডিজাইনৰ বাবে অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰিছিল। ৰূপিয়াৰ বেংকনোট আৰু ডাকটিকটত, বহুতো কিতাপ, প্ৰকাশন, তথ্যচিত্ৰ আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটন প্ৰচাৰ সামগ্ৰীত বৰোবুদুৰক দেখা যায়। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ অন্যতম মূল পৰ্যটন আকৰ্ষণ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ, মন্দিৰটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা অঞ্চলটোৰ স্থানীয় অৰ্থনীতি সৃষ্টিৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে যোগাকাৰ্টা চহৰৰ পৰ্যটন খণ্ডটো আংশিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত থকাৰ বাবেই গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। ===শিল্প আৰু সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ=== ১৮৩৬ চনৰ ফিচাৰৰ ড্ৰয়িং ৰুম স্ক্ৰেপ বুকত ডব্লিউ পাৰ্চাৰৰ এখন ছবিৰ খোদিত বৰো ব'ড'ৰত লেটিচিয়া এলিজাবেথ লেণ্ডনে খ্ৰীষ্টান দৃষ্টিকোণৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰক উপস্থাপন কৰিছে।{{sfn|Landon|1836|p=39}} ==লগতে চাওক== * [[এংকৰ ৱাট]] ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য উৎস== {{reflist|1=30em}} ==উদ্ধৃত ৰচনাসমূহ== ===গ্ৰন্থৰাজি=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | title = Hasil Pemugaran dan Temuan Benda Cagar Budaya PJP I | first1 =I.G.N. | last1 =Anom | last2 = Sugiyanti| first2 =Sri | last3 =Hasibuan | first3 = Hadniwati|editor1-last= Ibrahim|editor1-first= Maulana |editor2-last= Samidi | publisher = Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan | year = 1996 | url = 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The Moral Dynamics of Heritage Formation in Indonesia across Orders and Borders, 1930s–1980s. 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111135645/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/borobudur-temple-forced-to-close-while-workers-remove-merapi-ash/405343 |archive-date=11 November 2010}} *{{cite web|date=12 June 2012|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Globe|2012}}|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/germany-supports-safeguarding-of-borobudur/523717 |title=Germany Supports Safeguarding of Borobudur |publisher=The Jakarta Globe |access-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615195445/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/germany-supports-safeguarding-of-borobudur/523717 |archive-date=15 June 2012}} *{{cite news|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Globe|2014}}|title=Borobudur, Other Sites, Closed After Mount Kelud Eruption|date=14 February 2014|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/borobudur-other-sites-closed-after-mount-kelud-eruption/|publisher=The Jakarta Globe|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214143350/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/borobudur-other-sites-closed-after-mount-kelud-eruption/|archive-date=14 February 2014|url-status=dead}} *{{cite news|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Post|2011}}|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/17/borobudur%E2%80%99s-postmerapi-eruption-rehabilitating-may-take-three-years-official.html |title=Borobudur's post-Merapi eruption rehabilitating may take three years: Official |publisher=The Jakarta Post|date=17 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116230820/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/17/borobudur%E2%80%99s-postmerapi-eruption-rehabilitating-may-take-three-years-official.html |archive-date=16 January 2016}} *{{Cite news|date=20 January 2018|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Post|2018}}|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/01/19/ui-archaeology-professor-weighs-in-on-borobudurs-chattra-restoration.html|title=UI archaeology professor weighs in on Borobudur's 'chattra' restoration|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=4 May 2018|language=en}} *{{cite news |last1=The Straits Times |title=Indonesia's police on alert over apparent ISIS terror threat to Borobudur Temple |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesias-police-on-alert-over-apparent-isis-terror-threat-to-borobudur-temple |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=23 August 2014}} *{{cite news|ref={{sfnref|The Miami Herald|1985}}|title=1,100-Year-Old Buddhist Temple Wrecked By Bombs in Indonesia|publisher=The Miami Herald|date=22 January 1985|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB3619008FD4B9F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|access-date=17 August 2008}} *{{cite web|type=programme and meeting document|date=1999|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO|1999}}|publisher=UNESCO|title=Cultural heritage and partnership |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001163/116321Eo.pdf |access-date=17 August 2008}} *{{cite press release|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO|2004}}|publisher=UNESCO|title=UNESCO experts mission to Prambanan and Borobudur Heritage Sites |date=31 August 2004}} *{{cite web|date=2024|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}}|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592| title=Borobudur Temple Compounds| publisher=UNESCO| work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre| access-date=3 January 2024}} *{{cite web |ref={{sfnref|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/jakarta/about-this-office/single-view/news/stone_conservation_workshop_borobudur_central_java_indone/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914132130/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/jakarta/about-this-office/single-view/news/stone_conservation_workshop_borobudur_central_java_indone/ |archive-date=14 September 2017 |title=Stone Conservation Workshop, Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia, 11-12 January 2012 funded by the Federal Republic of Germany|publisher=UNESCO Jakarta |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=8 September 2017}} *{{cite news |last=Wahyuni|first=Sri |date=28 June 2011 |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/28/borobudur-clean-finish-november.html |title=Borobudur clean-up to finish in November |publisher=The Jakarta Post |access-date=28 June 2012}} *{{Cite web|ref={{sfnref|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} |url=http://www.wacananusantara.org/candi-borobudur|title=Candi Borobudur, Bentuk dan Perlambang|publisher=Wacana Nusantara|date=23 September 2015 |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094754/http://www.wacananusantara.org/candi-borobudur/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Walubi|2023}}|date=2023|website=Walubi |title=Borobudur: Candi Berbukit Kebajikan |url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|access-date=December 9, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703070946/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|archive-date=July 3, 2010|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Walubi|2002}}| title=The Meaning of Procession| publisher=Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia)| work=Waisak| url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml| access-date=28 December 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211113440/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml| archive-date=11 February 2009| url-status=dead}} *{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Penny |title=How world's largest Buddhist temple in Indonesia has been reborn |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2708661 |access-date=21 December 2023 |work=Bangkok Post |date=19 December 2023}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Wonderful Indonesia|2013}}|title=Vesak Festival: A Truly Sacred Experience |publisher=Wonderful Indonesia |url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience|date=2013 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504193814/http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience |archive-date=4 May 2015}} {{refend}} ==অধিক পঢ়ক== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Barabudur, history and significance of a Buddhist monument|last1=Gomez|first1=Luis O.|last2= Woodward |first2=Hiram W. |publisher=Asian Humanities Press|others=presented at the Int. Conf. on Borobudur, University of Michigan, 16–17 May 1974|year=1981|isbn=0-89581-151-0|location=Berkeley|name-list-style=amp}} * {{cite book|title=The Mysteries of Borobudur|author=John Miksic|publisher=Periplus|year=1999|isbn=962-593-198-8|location=Hongkong}} *{{Cite journal|last=Morton III|first=W. Brown|date=January 1983|title=Indonesia Rescues Ancient Borobudur|volume=163|issue=1 |issn=0027-9358 |oclc=643483454|journal=National Geographic (magazine)|pages=126–142}} * {{cite book|title=The symbolism of the stupa|author=Adrian Snodgrass|publisher=Cornell University|others=Southeast Asia Program |year=1985|isbn=0-87727-700-1|location=Ithaca, N.Y.}} * Klokke, Marijke. Borobudur a Mandala? IIAS Yearbook 1995, pp.&nbsp; 207. * Levin, Cecelia. "Enshrouded in Dharma and Artha: The Narrative Sequence of Borobudur's First Gallery Wall." In Materializing Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, edited by Klokke Marijke J. and Degroot Véronique, 27-40. SINGAPORE: NUS Press, 2013. Accessed June 17, 2020. {{jstor|j.ctv1qv3kf.7}}. * Sundberg, Jeffrey Roger. "Considerations on the Dating of the Barabuḍur Stūpa." Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 162, no. 1 (2006): 95–132. Accessed June 17, 2020. {{jstor|27868287}}. {{refend}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons|Borobudur|বৰোবুদুৰ}} * [http://borobudurpark.com/ বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকো পাৰ্কৰ অফিচিয়েল ছাইট] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txujqGtB_6g বৰবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ চুটি তথ্যচিত্ৰ], ইউনেস্কো আৰু এন এইচ কেৰ * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWAj22H4qWg লাৰ্নিং ফ্ৰম বৰোবুদুৰ তথ্যচিত্ৰ] ইউটিউবত বৰোবুদুৰৰ [[জাতক]], ললিতবিস্তাৰ আৰু গণ্ডব্যূহৰ আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ কাহিনী * [http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/bycountry/indonesia/borobudur/ বড়োবুদুৰৰ বিষয়ে অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ গৱেষণা প্ৰকল্প] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141228053135/http://masterpieces.asemus.museum/borobudur/ বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ বিশ্লেষণ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141106215528/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.org/?id=856%2F গ্লোবেল হেৰিটেজ নেটৱৰ্কত বৰোবুদুৰ] * [https://bimasbuddha.kemenag.go.id/borobudur/360/360/ 360° ভাৰ্চুৱেল ভ্ৰমণ, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ গাইডেন্স মহানিৰ্দেশনা] ofohd2wvi9b6n4wytudpy55h8lcwlow 453250 453248 2024-12-10T06:56:25Z AjayDas 12623 +[[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ সংস্কৃতি]]; +[[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]; +[[শ্ৰেণী:বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ]]; +[[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত [শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত। | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' হৈছে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুণ্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। ]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।" {{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো।" {{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ।" আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান।" ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষণীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে। ' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল। ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে। ]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিছনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right; " |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা!! অৱস্থান!! কাহিনী!! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right; "| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right; "| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right; "| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right; "| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right; "| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right; "| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right; " | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right; "| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। }}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যূহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যূহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যূহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি]] শিলত খোদিত বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ কাহিনীৰ বাহিৰেও বৰোবুদুৰত বিভিন্ন বুদ্ধৰ বহুতো প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। [[পদ্মাসন]] অৱস্থাত বহি থকা অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ (ৰূপধাতু স্তৰ) আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত (অৰুপাধাতু স্তৰ) বিতৰিত। বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ৰূপধাতু স্তৰৰ নিম্ন স্থান, ৰেলিঙৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে শাৰী শাৰীকৈ সজোৱা আৰু মঞ্চবোৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উচ্চ স্তৰলৈ হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ লগে লগে মূৰ্তিৰ সংখ্যা কমি আহিছে। প্ৰথম ৰেলিঙত ১০৪টা, দ্বিতীয়টোত ১০৪টা, তৃতীয়টোত ৮৮টা, চতুৰ্থটোত ৭২টা আৰু পঞ্চমটোত ৬৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। মুঠতে ৰূপধাতু পৰ্যায়ত ৪৩২টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} অৰুপধাতু স্তৰত (বা তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত) বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ ভিতৰত ৰখা হৈছে। প্ৰথম বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত ৩২টা স্তূপ, দ্বিতীয়টোত ২৪টা আৰু তৃতীয়টোত ১৬টা আছে। আটাইবোৰৰ যোগফল ৭২টা স্তূপ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} [[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়ামত থকা বৰোবুদুৰৰ বুদ্ধৰ শিৰ]] মূল ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত ৩০০টাতকৈও অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত (বেছিভাগেই মূৰবিহীন) আৰু ৪৩টা নোহোৱা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰা সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহে (বেছিভাগেই পশ্চিমীয়া) মূৰসমূহ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল{{sfn|Woodward|1979|p=302}} বা ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰাহকে লুটপাত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bloembergen| Monquil|2022|p=3}} এই বুদ্ধৰ মূৰবোৰৰ কিছুমান এতিয়া বহুতো সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ মিউজিয়াম গুইমেট আৰু [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ দ্য ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়ামত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|BBC|2014}} জাৰ্মানীয়ে ২০১৪ চনত ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পুনৰ সংলগ্ন আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন আগবঢ়াইছে।{{sfn|Muryanto |2014}} প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত সকলো বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একেধৰণৰ যেন লাগে যদিও মুদ্ৰা বা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত ইয়াৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। মুদ্ৰাৰ পাঁচটা গোট আছে: উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু ঊৰ্ধ। এই দিশসমূহে মহাযানৰ মতে পাঁচটা কম্পাছ বিন্দুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ প্ৰথম চাৰি মুদ্ৰা উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম আছে। ইয়াৰে এটা কম্পাছ দিশৰ ফালে থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ সংশ্লিষ্ট মুদ্ৰা আছে। পঞ্চম ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰত বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত থকা ৭২টা স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুদ্ধৰ ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা অছে।{{sfn|De Casparis|1966|pp=547-548}} প্ৰতি মুদ্ৰাই পাঁচগৰাকী ধ্যানী বুদ্ধৰ ভিতৰত এজনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰতীকীতা আছে।{{sfn|Bucknell|Stuart-Fox|1995}} পূবৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰদক্ষিণ (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ)ৰ ক্ৰম অনুসৰণ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ মুদ্ৰাসমূহ হ'ল:{{sfn|Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw|1965|pp=391, 413-416}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%; " |- |- ! মূৰ্তি ! মুদ্ৰা ! প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ ! ধ্যানী বুদ্ধ ! দিশ ! মূৰ্তিটোৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|100px]] |''ভূমিস্পৰ্শ মুদ্ৰা'' |পৃথিৱীক সাক্ষী হ'বলৈ আহ্বান |অক্ষোভ্যা |পূব |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পূবৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|100px]] |''বৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |উপকাৰিতা, দান দিয়া |ৰত্নসম্ভৱ |দক্ষিণ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা দক্ষিণৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|100px]] |''ধ্যান মুদ্ৰা'' |একাগ্ৰতা আৰু ধ্যান |অমিতাভ |পশ্চিম |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পশ্চিম ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|100px]] |''অভয় মুদ্ৰা'' |সাহস, নিৰ্ভীকতা |আমোঘসিদ্ধি |উত্তৰ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা উত্তৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|100px]] |''বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা'' |যুক্তি আৰু গুণ |বৈৰোচন বা সমন্তভদ্ৰ |ঊৰ্ধ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' পঞ্চম (সৰ্বোচ্চ) ৰেলিঙৰ স্থানৰ সকলো দিশতে |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|100px]] |''ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |ধৰ্মৰ চকা ঘূৰোৱা (বিধান) |বৈৰোচন |ঊৰ্ধ |''অৰুপাধাতু'' তিনিটা ঘূৰণীয়া মঞ্চত ৭২টা ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপত |} ==সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা== ===ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান=== [[File:Borobudur on Vesak Day 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত বেসক অনুষ্ঠান]] ১৯৭৩ চনত ইউনেস্কোৰ পুঁজিৰে কৰা বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰক পুনৰবাৰ পূজা আৰু তীৰ্থস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। বছৰত এবাৰ মে’ বা জুন মাহত পূৰ্ণিমাৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে জন্ম, মৃত্যু আৰু সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে বুদ্ধ হ’বলৈ পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰা সময়ৰ স্মৃতিত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] (ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান: ৱাইছাক) দিৱস পালন কৰে। ৱাইছাক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্ধৰ দিন{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=856}} আৰু এই অনুষ্ঠানটো মেণ্ডুটৰ পৰা পাৱনলৈ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ বৰোবুদুৰত শেষ কৰি তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Walubi|2002}} বৰোবুদুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদক্ষিণ বা বৰোবুদুৰৰ ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা আৰু গেলেৰীৰ মাজেৰে বৰোবুদুৰৰ মঞ্চত উঠি যোৱা{{sfn|Madyansyah|2023}}, বৰোবুদুৰক আগুৰি ধ্যান কৰা আৰু আকাশত ফানুচ মুকলি কৰা আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।{{sfn|Fitriana|2023}}{{sfn|Sudiarno|2016}} ===পৰ্যটন=== ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা একক পৰ্যটনস্থলী। ১৯৭৪ চনত ২ লাখ ৬০ হাজাৰ পৰ্যটকে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো দৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰে ৩৬,০০০ বিদেশী পৰ্যটক আছিল।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ১৯৯০ চনৰ মাজভাগত দেশখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সংকটৰ পূৰ্বে এই সংখ্যা বছৰি ২৫ লাখ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় (৮০% ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটক)।{{Nowrap|2.5 million}} পৰ্যটন উন্নয়নক অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নকৰাৰ বাবে সমালোচনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত মাজে মাজে সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ২০০৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ আশে-পাশে থকা বাসিন্দা আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে কেইবাখনো সভা আৰু প্ৰতিবাদৰ আয়োজন কৰে আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে "জাভা ৱৰ্ল্ড" নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা তিনিমহলীয়া ম'ল কমপ্লেক্স নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শায়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|pp=752–753}} ২০১২ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰক বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ হিচাপে [[গিনিজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডছ|গিনিজ বুক অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডত]] লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হয়।{{Sfn|Antara|2012}} ===সংৰক্ষণ=== [[File:Borobudur monks 1.jpg|thumb|left|বৌদ্ধ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে বৰোবুদুৰৰ শীৰ্ষ মঞ্চত জপ কৰে]] ইউনেস্কোৱে বৰ্তমানৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ অৱস্থাৰ অধীনত তিনিটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট চিন্তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল: (i) দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ দ্বাৰা ভাঙি পেলোৱা; (ii) ঠাইখনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অংশত মাটিৰ খহনীয়া; আৰু (iii) অনুপস্থিত মৌলসমূহৰ বিশ্লেষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} কোমল মাটি, অসংখ্য ভূমিকম্প আৰু প্ৰচণ্ড বৰষুণৰ ফলত গঠনটো অস্থিৰ হৈ পৰে। ভূমিকম্প আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰিহণা যোগোৱা কাৰক। কিয়নো কেৱল শিল তললৈ পৰি তোৰণবোৰ ছিন্নভিন্ন হোৱাই নহয়, ভূমি নিজেই ঢৌৰ দৰে গতি কৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত গঠনটো আৰু অধিক ধ্বংস হ'ব।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} স্তূপৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ বাবে বহু দৰ্শনাৰ্থী আহে আৰু ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় লোক। সকলো স্তৰতে কোনো বস্তু স্পৰ্শ নকৰিবলৈ সতৰ্কবাণী চিন থকা, লাউডস্পীকাৰৰ জৰিয়তে নিয়মীয়াকৈ সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰেৰণ আৰু প্ৰহৰীৰ উপস্থিতি থকাৰ পিছতো ভাস্কৰ্য আৰু মূৰ্তি ভাঙি পেলোৱাটো বৰ্তমান তেনেই সাধাৰণ পৰিঘটনা আৰু মূল সমস্যা। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ অধিক অৱনতি ঘটিছে।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} ===পুনৰ্বাসন=== [[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-06.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ চাৰিওফালে অৱস্থিত যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি মাউণ্ট মেৰবাবু (বাওঁফালে) আৰু মাউণ্ট মেৰাপি (সোঁফালে)]] ২০১০ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ আৰু নৱেম্বৰ মাহত মেৰাপি পৰ্বতৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল। মেৰাপিৰ পৰা অহা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ ওপৰত পৰিছিল। ই আগ্নেয়গিৰীৰ মূল গহ্বৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২৮ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৭ মাইল) পশ্চিম-দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে অৱস্থিত। ৩–৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ সময়ত মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ওপৰত ২.৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (১ ইঞ্চি){{sfn|Antara|2010}} ডাঠ ছাইৰ তৰপ এটা পৰি ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ ঢাকি পেলায় আৰু জল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাটো বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে আশংকা কৰে যে এই এচিডিক ছাইয়ে মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ক্ষতি কৰিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=99}} ৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা ৯ নৱেম্বৰলৈ মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয় যাতে ছাইসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পৰা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2010}}{{sfn|Naibaho|2010}} ২০১০ চনত মাউণ্ট মেৰাপিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে হোৱা খৰচৰ অংশ হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৱে ৩০ লাখ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪,০৬৩,৩১৪ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) অনুদান আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2011}} বৰষুণৰ পিছত লেতেৰাৰ ফলত বন্ধ হৈ পৰা নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাক পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ মন্দিৰৰ গঠনটোকে সামৰি লোৱা ৫৫ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক শিলৰ ব্লক ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। নৱেম্বৰ মাহত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সমাপ্ত হয়।{{sfn|Wahyuni|2011}} ২০১২ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত দুজন জাৰ্মান শিল সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞই এই স্থানত দহ দিন কটাই মন্দিৰসমূহ বিশ্লেষণ কৰি আৰু ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী সংৰক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} জুন মাহত জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইউনেস্ক’ক দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে ১ লাখ ৩০ হাজাৰ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ১৭২,৫২৯ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) বৰঙণি আগবঢ়াবলৈ সন্মত হৈছিল। শিল সংৰক্ষণ, অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান, গাঁথনি অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু ৰাসায়নিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকীৰ ছয়জন বিশেষজ্ঞই ২০১৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত ব’ৰ’বুদুৰত এসপ্তাহ কটায়। তাৰ পিছত ছেপ্টেম্বৰ বা অক্টোবৰ মাহত আন এটা ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে উভতি অহাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। এই অভিযানসমূহে জানুৱাৰী মাহৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া সংৰক্ষণ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ আৰম্ভ কৰিব আৰু চৰকাৰী কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু যুৱ সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ সংৰক্ষণ ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে সামৰ্থ্য বিকাশৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2012}} ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত প্ৰায় ২০০ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবে অৱস্থিত পূব জাভাৰ কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত হোৱা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ দ্বাৰা যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱিত হোৱাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকোকে ধৰি যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ বিখ্যাত স্তূপ আৰু মূৰ্তিসমূহ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ শ্ৰমিকসকলে আৱৰি ধৰে। ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটে আৰু যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ দৰে দূৰৰ অঞ্চললৈকে বিস্ফোৰণৰ শব্দ শুনা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2014}} ===নিৰাপত্তাৰ ভাবুকি=== [[File:Borobudur Bombing 1985.jpg|thumb|১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ ওপৰৰ মঞ্চৰ কেইবাটাও স্তূপৰ ক্ষতি হয়]] ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত ৯টা বোমাৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ নটা স্তূপ বেয়াকৈ ক্ষতিসাধন হয়।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff|2015|pp=91– 92}}{{sfn|The Miami Herald|1985}} ১৯৯১ চনত এজন অন্ধ মুছলমান প্ৰচাৰক হুছেইন আলী আল হাবছিয়ে ১৯৮০ চনৰ মাজভাগত মন্দিৰ আক্ৰমণকে ধৰি ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে ঘটোৱা বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰ মাষ্টাৰমাইণ্ডৰ বাবে যাৱজ্জীৱন কাৰাদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি লাভ কৰে।{{sfn|Crouch|2002|p=14}} বোমা বিস্ফোৰণ সংঘটিত কৰা ইছলামিক উগ্ৰপন্থী গোটটোৰ আন দুজন সদস্যক ১৯৮৬ চনত প্ৰত্যেককে ২০ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হৈছিল আৰু আন এজন লোকে ১৩ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হয়। ২০০৬ চনৰ ২৭ মে’ তাৰিখে মধ্য জাভাৰ দক্ষিণ উপকূলত ৬.২ প্ৰাবল্যৰ ভূমিকম্প আহে। এই পৰিঘটনাই অঞ্চলটোৰ চাৰিওফালে বিস্তৰ ক্ষতিসাধন কৰে আৰু ওচৰৰ যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু প্ৰম্বানন চহৰত ক্ষয়-ক্ষতি হয় যদিও বৰোবুদুৰ অক্ষত অৱস্থাত থাকে।{{sfn|Berger|2006}} ২০১৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আৰক্ষী আৰু নিৰাপত্তা বাহিনীয়ে আইছিছৰ স্বঘোষিত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান শাখাই ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়াত প্ৰকাশ কৰা ভাবুকিৰ সতৰ্কতামূলক ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নিৰাপত্তা কটকটীয়া কৰিছিল। সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীয়ে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য মূৰ্তি ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বিবৃত্তি জাৰি কৰিছিল।{{sfn|The Straits Times|2014}} নিৰাপত্তা উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত চিচিটিভি মনিটৰ মেৰামতি আৰু বৰ্ধিত নিয়োগ কৰাৰ লগতে মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নৈশ টহল দিয়াৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হয়। জেহাদী গোটটোৱে ইছলামৰ কঠোৰ ব্যাখ্যা অনুসৰণ কৰে আৰু ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ দৰে যিকোনো নৃগোষ্ঠীয় উপস্থাপনক মূৰ্তিপূজা বুলি গৰিহণা দিয়ে। ===বৰ্ধিত দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সমস্যা=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bezoekers van de Borobudur TMnr 20027041.jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত পৰ্যটক]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ সৰু চিৰিবোৰত উঠি অহা দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সংখ্যা বেছি হোৱাৰ বাবে চিৰিত তীব্ৰ ক্ষয়-ক্ষতিৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে। শিলৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগৰ খহনীয়া হৈ পৰিছে আৰু পাতল আৰু মসৃণ কৰি তুলিছে। সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰত ২০৩৩টা শিলৰ চিৰিৰ পৃষ্ঠ আছে। এই চিৰি পশ্চিম দিশ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু উত্তৰকে ধৰি চাৰি দিশত বিস্তৃত। ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় ১,০২৮টা পৃষ্ঠ বা প্ৰায় ৪৯.১৫ শতাংশ গুৰুতৰভাৱে জীৰ্ণ হৈ পৰিছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} চিৰিৰ শিল আৰু অধিক অৱক্ষয়ৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ ২০১৪ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ চিৰিৰ দুটা মূল অংশ – পূব (আৰোহী পথ) আৰু উত্তৰ (অৱতৰণ পথ) ফাল – কাঠৰ গঠনেৰে আবৃত কৰা হয়। কম্বোডিয়াৰ এংকৰ ৱাট আৰু [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ পিৰামিডত একেধৰণৰ পদ্ধতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} ২০১৫ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰই চিৰিবোৰ ৰবৰৰ আৱৰণেৰে ঢাকি ৰখাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Asdhiana |2015}} ধ্বংসপ্ৰৱণতা আৰু গ্ৰেফিটি অংকনৰ বাবে ২০২০ চনত মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদত প্ৰৱেশ সাময়িকভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰা পৰ্যটক গাইডৰ সৈতে দিনটোত এঘণ্টাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক ১২০০ দৰ্শকক মন্দিৰত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছে। দৰ্শনাৰ্থীসকলে ইয়াত বাঁহৰ চেণ্ডেল পিন্ধিব লাগে।{{sfn|Watson |2023}} ষ্টেটেষ্টিক্‌ছ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মতে ২০২১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা ৪২২,৯৩০ৰ পৰা ২০২২ চনত ১৪.৪ লাখলৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে বছৰি ২০ লাখ পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ লক্ষ্য বান্ধি লৈছে।{{sfn|Antara |2023}} ==উত্তৰাধিকাৰ== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM President Soekarno en de Indiase premier Nehru kijken toe hoe Indira Gandhi bloemen in ontvangst neemt tijdens een bezoek aan de Borobudur TMnr 10015646.jpg|thumb|right|১৯৫০ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ ভ্ৰমণ কৰা সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণো আৰু [[ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী]] [[জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু]]]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ নান্দনিক আৰু কাৰিকৰীভাবে উচ্চ জ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক। ই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলৰ বাবে গৌৰৱৰ ভাৱ জগাই তুলি আহিছে। কম্বোডিয়াৰ বাবে এংকৰ ৱাটৰ দৰেই বৰোবুদুৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ অতীতৰ মহানতাৰ সাক্ষ্য দিবলৈ এক শক্তিশালী প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণোয়ে বিদেশী গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তিক এই স্থান দেখুৱাইছিল। চুহাৰ্টো শাসনকালত ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰতীকী আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অৰ্থ উপলব্ধি কৰি ইউনেস্ক’ৰ সহায়ত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে অধ্যৱসায়ীভাৱে এক বৃহৎ প্ৰকল্পত আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বহু সংগ্ৰহালয়ত বৰোবুদুৰৰ স্কেল মডেলৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ আছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰায় এটা বিখ্যাত চিহ্ন হৈ পৰিছে। ৱায়াং পুতলা খেল আৰু গামেলান সংগীতৰ সৈতে গোট খুৱাই ই এটা অস্পষ্ট ধ্ৰুপদী জাভানীজ অতীতত পৰিণত হৈছে।{{sfn|Wood|2011|p=38}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা সংগ্ৰহ কৰা কেইবাটাও প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সামগ্ৰী বা ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু বিদেশৰ কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদৰ ভিতৰত থকা কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ বাহিৰেও কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে: জাকাৰ্টাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম, আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, লণ্ডনৰ ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়াম, বেংককৰ থাই নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামত বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিল্পকৰ্ম আছে। পেৰিছৰ লুভ্ৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, কুৱালালামপুৰৰ মালয়েছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম আৰু নিউ টাইপেইৰ মিউজিয়াম অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰিলিজিয়নছতো বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Museum of World Religions, Taipei}} প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ ধ্ৰুপদী বৌদ্ধ সভ্যতাৰ প্ৰতি এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৱে বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছে। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ আৰু পুনৰ্গঠনক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ চিন বুলি প্ৰশংসা কৰিছে। ১৯৩৪ চনত [[শ্ৰীলংকা]]ৰ পৰা অহা মিছনেৰী সন্ন্যাসী নাৰদ থেৰা দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ যাত্ৰাৰ অংশ হিচাপে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ভ্ৰমণ কৰে। এই সুযোগৰ সহায়ত স্থানীয় কেইজনমান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মগুৰুয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মক পুনৰুজ্জীৱিত কৰিছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনৰ ১০ মাৰ্চত বৰোবুদুৰৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত নাৰদ থেৰাৰ আশীৰ্বাদত [[বোধি বৃক্ষ|বোধি বৃক্ষৰোপণ]] অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত হয় আৰু কিছুমান উপাসকক সন্ন্যাসী হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়।{{sfn|Buddhanet|2002}} বছৰত এবাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু চুবুৰীয়া দেশৰ পৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ বৌদ্ধ লোকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৱাইছাক উদযাপনৰ স্মৃতিত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ভিৰ কৰে।{{sfn|Wonderful Indonesia|2013}} [[File:Coat of arms of Central Java.svg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক]] মধ্য জাভা প্ৰদেশ আৰু মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ প্ৰতীকত বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিচ্ছবি আছে। ই মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে আৰু বহল পৰিসৰত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰো প্ৰতীক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। বৰোবুদুৰৰ নামেৰে কেইবাটাও প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। যেনে বৰোবুদুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, মধ্য জাকাৰ্টাৰ বৰোবুদুৰ হোটেল আৰু বিদেশৰ কেইবাখনো ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্ট ইয়াৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৱে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দুখন উল্লেখযোগ্য পাঁচ তাৰকাযুক্ত হোটেল ওচৰৰ আমানজিঅ’ (য’ৰ পৰা পৰিষ্কাৰ দিনত মন্দিৰটো দেখা যায়) আৰু স্লেমানৰ হায়াট ৰিজেন্সি যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ স্থাপত্য ডিজাইনৰ বাবে অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰিছিল। ৰূপিয়াৰ বেংকনোট আৰু ডাকটিকটত, বহুতো কিতাপ, প্ৰকাশন, তথ্যচিত্ৰ আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটন প্ৰচাৰ সামগ্ৰীত বৰোবুদুৰক দেখা যায়। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ অন্যতম মূল পৰ্যটন আকৰ্ষণ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ, মন্দিৰটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা অঞ্চলটোৰ স্থানীয় অৰ্থনীতি সৃষ্টিৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে যোগাকাৰ্টা চহৰৰ পৰ্যটন খণ্ডটো আংশিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত থকাৰ বাবেই গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। ===শিল্প আৰু সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ=== ১৮৩৬ চনৰ ফিচাৰৰ ড্ৰয়িং ৰুম স্ক্ৰেপ বুকত ডব্লিউ পাৰ্চাৰৰ এখন ছবিৰ খোদিত বৰো ব'ড'ৰত লেটিচিয়া এলিজাবেথ লেণ্ডনে খ্ৰীষ্টান দৃষ্টিকোণৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰক উপস্থাপন কৰিছে।{{sfn|Landon|1836|p=39}} ==লগতে চাওক== * [[এংকৰ ৱাট]] ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য উৎস== {{reflist|1=30em}} ==উদ্ধৃত ৰচনাসমূহ== ===গ্ৰন্থৰাজি=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | title = Hasil Pemugaran dan Temuan Benda Cagar Budaya PJP I | first1 =I.G.N. | last1 =Anom | last2 = Sugiyanti| first2 =Sri | last3 =Hasibuan | first3 = Hadniwati|editor1-last= Ibrahim|editor1-first= Maulana |editor2-last= Samidi | publisher = Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan | year = 1996 | url = 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The Moral Dynamics of Heritage Formation in Indonesia across Orders and Borders, 1930s–1980s. 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111135645/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/borobudur-temple-forced-to-close-while-workers-remove-merapi-ash/405343 |archive-date=11 November 2010}} *{{cite web|date=12 June 2012|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Globe|2012}}|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/germany-supports-safeguarding-of-borobudur/523717 |title=Germany Supports Safeguarding of Borobudur |publisher=The Jakarta Globe |access-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615195445/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/germany-supports-safeguarding-of-borobudur/523717 |archive-date=15 June 2012}} *{{cite news|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Globe|2014}}|title=Borobudur, Other Sites, Closed After Mount Kelud Eruption|date=14 February 2014|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/borobudur-other-sites-closed-after-mount-kelud-eruption/|publisher=The Jakarta Globe|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214143350/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/borobudur-other-sites-closed-after-mount-kelud-eruption/|archive-date=14 February 2014|url-status=dead}} *{{cite news|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Post|2011}}|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/17/borobudur%E2%80%99s-postmerapi-eruption-rehabilitating-may-take-three-years-official.html |title=Borobudur's post-Merapi eruption rehabilitating may take three years: Official |publisher=The Jakarta Post|date=17 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116230820/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/17/borobudur%E2%80%99s-postmerapi-eruption-rehabilitating-may-take-three-years-official.html |archive-date=16 January 2016}} *{{Cite news|date=20 January 2018|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Post|2018}}|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/01/19/ui-archaeology-professor-weighs-in-on-borobudurs-chattra-restoration.html|title=UI archaeology professor weighs in on Borobudur's 'chattra' restoration|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=4 May 2018|language=en}} *{{cite news |last1=The Straits Times |title=Indonesia's police on alert over apparent ISIS terror threat to Borobudur Temple |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesias-police-on-alert-over-apparent-isis-terror-threat-to-borobudur-temple |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=23 August 2014}} *{{cite news|ref={{sfnref|The Miami Herald|1985}}|title=1,100-Year-Old Buddhist Temple Wrecked By Bombs in Indonesia|publisher=The Miami Herald|date=22 January 1985|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB3619008FD4B9F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|access-date=17 August 2008}} *{{cite web|type=programme and meeting document|date=1999|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO|1999}}|publisher=UNESCO|title=Cultural heritage and partnership |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001163/116321Eo.pdf |access-date=17 August 2008}} *{{cite press release|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO|2004}}|publisher=UNESCO|title=UNESCO experts mission to Prambanan and Borobudur Heritage Sites |date=31 August 2004}} *{{cite web|date=2024|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}}|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592| title=Borobudur Temple Compounds| publisher=UNESCO| work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre| access-date=3 January 2024}} *{{cite web |ref={{sfnref|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/jakarta/about-this-office/single-view/news/stone_conservation_workshop_borobudur_central_java_indone/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914132130/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/jakarta/about-this-office/single-view/news/stone_conservation_workshop_borobudur_central_java_indone/ |archive-date=14 September 2017 |title=Stone Conservation Workshop, Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia, 11-12 January 2012 funded by the Federal Republic of Germany|publisher=UNESCO Jakarta |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=8 September 2017}} *{{cite news |last=Wahyuni|first=Sri |date=28 June 2011 |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/28/borobudur-clean-finish-november.html |title=Borobudur clean-up to finish in November |publisher=The Jakarta Post |access-date=28 June 2012}} *{{Cite web|ref={{sfnref|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} |url=http://www.wacananusantara.org/candi-borobudur|title=Candi Borobudur, Bentuk dan Perlambang|publisher=Wacana Nusantara|date=23 September 2015 |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094754/http://www.wacananusantara.org/candi-borobudur/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Walubi|2023}}|date=2023|website=Walubi |title=Borobudur: Candi Berbukit Kebajikan |url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|access-date=December 9, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703070946/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|archive-date=July 3, 2010|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Walubi|2002}}| title=The Meaning of Procession| publisher=Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia)| work=Waisak| url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml| access-date=28 December 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211113440/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml| archive-date=11 February 2009| url-status=dead}} *{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Penny |title=How world's largest Buddhist temple in Indonesia has been reborn |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2708661 |access-date=21 December 2023 |work=Bangkok Post |date=19 December 2023}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Wonderful Indonesia|2013}}|title=Vesak Festival: A Truly Sacred Experience |publisher=Wonderful Indonesia |url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience|date=2013 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504193814/http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience |archive-date=4 May 2015}} {{refend}} ==অধিক পঢ়ক== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Barabudur, history and significance of a Buddhist monument|last1=Gomez|first1=Luis O.|last2= Woodward |first2=Hiram W. |publisher=Asian Humanities Press|others=presented at the Int. Conf. on Borobudur, University of Michigan, 16–17 May 1974|year=1981|isbn=0-89581-151-0|location=Berkeley|name-list-style=amp}} * {{cite book|title=The Mysteries of Borobudur|author=John Miksic|publisher=Periplus|year=1999|isbn=962-593-198-8|location=Hongkong}} *{{Cite journal|last=Morton III|first=W. Brown|date=January 1983|title=Indonesia Rescues Ancient Borobudur|volume=163|issue=1 |issn=0027-9358 |oclc=643483454|journal=National Geographic (magazine)|pages=126–142}} * {{cite book|title=The symbolism of the stupa|author=Adrian Snodgrass|publisher=Cornell University|others=Southeast Asia Program |year=1985|isbn=0-87727-700-1|location=Ithaca, N.Y.}} * Klokke, Marijke. Borobudur a Mandala? IIAS Yearbook 1995, pp.&nbsp; 207. * Levin, Cecelia. "Enshrouded in Dharma and Artha: The Narrative Sequence of Borobudur's First Gallery Wall." In Materializing Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, edited by Klokke Marijke J. and Degroot Véronique, 27-40. SINGAPORE: NUS Press, 2013. Accessed June 17, 2020. {{jstor|j.ctv1qv3kf.7}}. * Sundberg, Jeffrey Roger. "Considerations on the Dating of the Barabuḍur Stūpa." Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 162, no. 1 (2006): 95–132. Accessed June 17, 2020. {{jstor|27868287}}. {{refend}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons|Borobudur|বৰোবুদুৰ}} * [http://borobudurpark.com/ বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকো পাৰ্কৰ অফিচিয়েল ছাইট] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txujqGtB_6g বৰবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ চুটি তথ্যচিত্ৰ], ইউনেস্কো আৰু এন এইচ কেৰ * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWAj22H4qWg লাৰ্নিং ফ্ৰম বৰোবুদুৰ তথ্যচিত্ৰ] ইউটিউবত বৰোবুদুৰৰ [[জাতক]], ললিতবিস্তাৰ আৰু গণ্ডব্যূহৰ আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ কাহিনী * [http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/bycountry/indonesia/borobudur/ বড়োবুদুৰৰ বিষয়ে অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ গৱেষণা প্ৰকল্প] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141228053135/http://masterpieces.asemus.museum/borobudur/ বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ বিশ্লেষণ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141106215528/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.org/?id=856%2F গ্লোবেল হেৰিটেজ নেটৱৰ্কত বৰোবুদুৰ] * [https://bimasbuddha.kemenag.go.id/borobudur/360/360/ 360° ভাৰ্চুৱেল ভ্ৰমণ, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ গাইডেন্স মহানিৰ্দেশনা] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]] apvdztbix9ivwrc5ieezmse0zoi6510 453274 453250 2024-12-10T07:20:14Z AjayDas 12623 শুধৰণি 453274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox historic site | name = বৰোবুদুৰ | image = Pradaksina.jpg | caption = বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা অৱস্থাত বৌদ্ধ ভিক্ষু | locmapin = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}} | location = মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সি, কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | built = মূলতঃ নৱম শতিকাত শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত | restored = ১৯১১, ১৯৮৩ | restored_by = থিওড'ৰ ভান এৰ্প | architect =গুণধৰ্ম | designation1 = WHS | designation1_type = সাংস্কৃতিক | designation1_criteria = i, ii, vi | designation1_date =১৯৯১ <small>(পঞ্চদশ অধিবেশন)</small> | designation1_partof =বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592] | designation1_free1name = অঞ্চল | designation1_free1value = দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া | website = {{URL|https://borobudurpark.com/}}, <br />{{URL|https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bkborobudur}} }} '''বৰোবুদুৰ''' বা '''বাৰাবুদুৰ''' ({{lang-en|Borobudur}}) [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভা অঞ্চলৰ মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ মাগেলাং চহৰ আৰু মুণ্টিলান চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত নৱম শতিকাৰ এক মহাযান বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ। ধূসৰ ৰঙৰ এণ্ডেচাইটৰ দৰে শিলেৰে নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰটো ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ নটা এটাৰ ওপৰত এটাকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা মঞ্চৰে গঠিত। ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজ আছে। গোটেই মন্দিৰ ২৬৭২টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ লগতে আৰু ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিৰে সজাই তোলা হৈছে। কেন্দ্ৰীয় গম্বুজটোৰ চাৰিওফালে ৭২টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তি আছে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকটো মূৰ্তি ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত বহি থকা ৰূপত আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ এক বিস্তৃত ব্যৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দেৱাল আৰু স্তম্ভসমূহত ১৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম বিস্তৃত সংগ্ৰহ আছে। শৈলেন্দ্ৰ বংশৰ ৰাজত্বকালত নিৰ্মিত এই মন্দিৰৰ ডিজাইন জাভানীজ বৌদ্ধ স্থাপত্য অনুসৰণ কৰে। এই শৈলী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ থলুৱা পূৰ্বপুৰুষ পূজাৰ পৰম্পৰা আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ নিৰ্বাণ লাভৰ ধাৰণাৰ সন্মিলনত সৃষ্টি হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো বুদ্ধ মন্দিৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাৰ স্থান। প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে অষ্টম শতিকাত বৰোবুদুৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাত জাভাত হিন্দু ৰাজ্যৰ অৱনতি আৰু জাভাসকলে [[ইছলাম ধৰ্ম]] গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৮১৪ চনত তদানীন্তন জাভাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ শাসক ছাৰ থমাছ ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে ইয়াৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে গম পায়। তেওঁক স্থানীয় ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলে ইয়াৰ অৱস্থানৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=192}} তাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰক কেইবাটাও পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ জৰিয়তে সংৰক্ষণ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৮৩ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ দ্বাৰা সৰ্ববৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ইউনেস্কোৰ [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ{{sfn|Guinness|2014}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থান ম্যানমাৰৰ বাগান আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ [[এংকৰ ৱাট]]ৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অন্যতম উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক স্থান হিচাপে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] পালন কৰে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ।{{sfn|Hitchcock|Darma Putra|2016|p=263}} ==ব্যুৎপত্তি== [[File:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমৰ পৰা চালে কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ। কৰংটেঙা আৰু ত্ৰি তেপুছান শিলালিপিত এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ কথা উল্লেখ আছে। ]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত প্ৰাচীন মন্দিৰবোৰক কেণ্ডি বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদৰে স্থানীয় লোকসকলে "বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ"ক কেণ্ডি বৰোবুদুৰ বুলি কয়। কেণ্ডি শব্দটোৱে প্ৰাচীন গঠনসমূহ যেনে প্ৰৱেশ তোৰণ, স্নানাগাৰ আদিকো বুজায়। বৰোবুদুৰ নামৰ উৎপত্তি স্থানীয় ভাষাৰ "বৰো" অৰ্থাৎ ডাঙৰ বা মহান আৰু "বুদুৰ" অৰ্থাৎ বুদ্ধৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} ডাচ পণ্ডিত জে এল ম'য়েন্সে কয় যে দৰবাৰৰ কবি ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চাই ১৩৬৫ চনত "বুদুৰ"ত থকা পবিত্ৰ অঞ্চলৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Moens|1951|pp=12, 64}} ষ্টেমফোৰ্ড ৰেফেলেছে "বোৰো বডো"ৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিছে আৰু ১৮১৭ চনত লিখা জাভান ইতিহাসৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত এই মন্দিৰৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।{{sfn|Raffles|1830|p=31}}{{sfn|Revianur|2018|p=577}} এটা পাদটিকাত ৰেফেলেছে কৈছে, "বোৰো হৈছে জিলাখনৰ নাম, আৰু ব'ডোৰ অৰ্থ প্ৰাচীন।" {{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} বেছিভাগ কেণ্ডিৰ নাম ওচৰৰ গাঁৱৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। জাভা ভাষাৰ নীতি-নিয়ম অনুসৰণ কৰা হ'লে ওচৰৰ ব'ৰে গাঁওখনৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল, তেন্তে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ নাম "বুদুৰবৰো" ৰখা উচিত আছিল। ছ'কমোনোৱে কয় যে ৰেফেলেছে ভাবিছিল যে বুদুৰ আধুনিক জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ বুডা ("প্ৰাচীন")ৰ সৈতে মিল থাকিব পাৰে—অৰ্থাৎ "প্ৰাচীন বড়ো।" {{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} তেওঁ এইটোও মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে এই নামটো বৰোৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হ'ব পাৰে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "মহান" বা "সন্মানীয়" আৰু বুদ্ধৰ বাবে বুদুৰ। কিন্তু আন এজন পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে এই নামটোৰ দ্বিতীয় উপাদান (বুদুৰ) জাভানী শব্দ ভুধৰা ("পৰ্বত")ৰ পৰা আহিছে বুলি কয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1981|pp=70, 83}} ডাচ প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদ এ.জে. বাৰ্নেট কেম্পাৰ্ছে কৈছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ হৈছে [[সংস্কৃত]]ৰ বিহাৰ বুদ্ধ উহ নামেৰে লিখা বিয়াৰা বেদুহুৰৰ এটা বিকৃত সৰলীকৃত স্থানীয় জাভানী উচ্চাৰণ। বুদ্ধ-উহৰ শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ হ'ব পাৰে "বুদ্ধৰ চহৰ।" আনহাতে আন এটা সম্ভাৱ্য শব্দ বেদুহুৰ সম্ভৱতঃ পুৰণি জাভা ভাষাৰ শব্দ। এই শব্দ ধুহুৰ বা লুহুৰৰ (উচ্চ) পৰা নিৰ্মিত বালি শব্দভাণ্ডাৰত বৰ্তমানেও প্ৰচলিত আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উচ্চ স্থান।" ইয়াৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল ওখ ঠাইত বা পাহাৰত অৱস্থিত বুদ্ধৰ বিহাৰ।{{sfn|Indonesian Embassy in The Hague|2012}} এটা পবিত্ৰ বৌদ্ধ ভৱন নিৰ্মাণ আৰু উদ্বোধনৰ কথা—সম্ভৱতঃ বৰোবুদুৰৰ উল্লেখ—দুটা শিলালিপিত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। এই দুয়োটা শিলালিপি টেমাংগুং ৰিজেন্সিৰ কেডুত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কৰংটেঙাৰ শিলালিপিত সমৰতুংগৰ কন্যা প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনীয়ে উদ্বোধন কৰা জিনালয় (সাংসাৰিক কামনাক জয় কৰি জ্ঞান লাভ কৰাসকলৰ ৰাজ্য) নামৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ ভৱনৰ উল্লেখ আছে। ৮৪২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ত্ৰি টেপুচন শিলালিপিৰ কথা ছিমাত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে, যি ভূমি কহুলুন্নান (প্ৰমোধৱৰ্ধনী)-এ ভূমিসম্ভাৰ নামৰ কামুলানৰ পুঁজি আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰদান কৰা (কৰমুক্ত) মাটি।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=46}} কামুলান মুল শব্দৰ পৰা আহিছে, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "উৎপত্তিস্থল", পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলক সন্মান জনোৱাৰ বাবে সম্ভৱতঃ শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকলৰ এটা পবিত্ৰ অট্টালিকা। জোহানেছ গিজবাৰ্টাছ ডি কাস্পাৰিছে মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে বোধিসত্ত্বত্বৰ দহটা পৰ্যায়ৰ পিছত সংযুক্ত গুণৰ পৰ্বতৰ বাবে সংস্কৃত ভূমি সম্ভাৰ ভূধৰা বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল নাম।{{sfn|Walubi|2023}} ==অৱস্থিতি== ===তিনি মন্দিৰ=== [[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন, আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ সৰলৰেখাৰ ব্যৱস্থা]] যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ (২৫ মাইল) উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমে আৰু চুৰাকাৰ্টাৰ পৰা ৮৬ কিলোমিটাৰ (৫৩ মাইল) পশ্চিমে বৰোবুদুৰ যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি, চুণ্ডোৰো-ছাম্বিং আৰু মেৰবাবু-মেৰাপি আৰু দুখন নদী প্ৰগো আৰু এলোৰ মাজৰ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Troll|Deegan|Jolis|Budd|2015}} স্থানীয় লোককথা অনুসৰি কেডু সমভূমি নামেৰে জনাজাত এই অঞ্চলটো জাভাৰ "পবিত্ৰ" স্থান আৰু ইয়াৰ উচ্চ কৃষি উৰ্বৰতাৰ বাবে ইয়াক "জাভাৰ বাগিচা" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=1}} ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে এই অঞ্চলৰ তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ বৰোবুদুৰ, পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুট সৰলৰেখাৰ কাষেৰে অৱস্থিত।{{sfn|Krom|1927|p=15}} তিনিওটা মন্দিৰৰ মাজত এটা ৰীতি-নীতিৰ সম্পৰ্ক নিশ্চয় আছিল যদিও সঠিক ৰীতি-নীতিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ বিষয়ে জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Moens|1951|p=2}} ===প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ অনুমান=== ২০ শতিকাত মন্দিৰৰ চাৰিওফালৰ এটা হ্ৰদৰ অস্তিত্বৰ বিষয়ে জল্পনা-কল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল আৰু এই ধাৰণাটো অন্বেষণ কৰি থকাৰ সময়তে বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} বা কেতিয়াও মন্দিৰটোক আগুৰি থকা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} ১৯৩১ চনত হ্ৰদৰ অনুমানটো আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ সময়ত ডাচ চিত্ৰশিল্পী ডব্লিউ.অ.জে. নিউৱেনকেম্পে ভাবিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰে বৰ্তমানৰ কেডু সমভূমিৰ এটা হ্ৰদত ওপঙি থকা [[পদুম ফুল]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=3}} ২০০৪ চনত আন কিছুমানে দাবী কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰক শুকান প্ৰাচীন হ্ৰদৰ বুকুৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} ১৯৭৪ আৰু ১৯৭৭ চনত খননৰ নমুনা পৰীক্ষা কৰি গণপতি থানিকাইমনিয়ে কোনো পৰাগ বা বিজাণু বিচাৰি নাপালে যিয়ে জল পৰিৱেশৰ স্থানীয় গছ-গছনিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। ১৯৭৭ চনত জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই এই তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু ১৯৮৩ চনত থানিকাইমনিও একে তথ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|pp=248–249}} ১৯৮৫–৮৬ চনত ছিজাৰ ভ’টে আৰু জে.জে. ন'ছিনে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন কৰি ঠাৱৰ কৰিছিল যে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সময়ত ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে কোনো হ্ৰদ নাছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=249}} ==ইতিহাস== ===নিৰ্মাণ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Temperaschilderij voorstellende de Borobudur als bedevaartsoord TMnr 75-2.jpg|thumb|right| জি. বি. হুইজেৰৰ এখন ছবি (প্ৰায় ১৯১৬–১৯১৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ দৃশ্য]] হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰুসকলে প্ৰজন্ম ধৰি জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণক আকৰ্ষণ কৰি আহিছিল। এই বিষয়ে স্থপতিবিদ আৰু লেখক জেক ডুমাৰ্চেই প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত উল্লেখ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=1–2}} ইয়াৰ পিছতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰ আৰু সঞ্জয় বংশৰ প্ৰভাৱ পৰিল। ডুমাৰ্চেই কয় যে ডি কাস্পাৰিছে এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হৈছিল যে সঞ্জয় আৰু শৈলেন্দ্ৰ ৰাজবংশয়ে ডেৰ শতিকাৰ বাবে মধ্য জাভাত ক্ষমতা ভোগ কৰিছিল আৰু ডি কাস্পাৰিছে ৭৩২ চনৰ পৰা ৮৮২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উত্তৰাধিকাৰীত্বৰ সন্ধান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=2}} এই সময়ছোৱাত কেডু সমভূমিৰ আশে-পাশে থকা সমভূমি আৰু পাহাৰত বহুতো হিন্দু আৰু বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। হিন্দু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ প্ৰায় একে সময়ছোৱাতে বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ৭৩২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰজা সঞ্জয় বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ (৬.২ মাইল) পূবে ৱুকিৰ পাহাৰত শিৱলিংগৰ সমাহাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1977|pp=92–93}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণ বা উদ্দেশ্যপ্ৰণোদিত উদ্দেশ্যৰ কোনো তথ্য জনা নাযায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ গুপ্ত ৰূপত থকা ভৰিৰ খোদিত চিহ্ন আৰু অষ্টম আৰু নৱম শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰাজকীয় চনদত সাধাৰণতে ব্যৱহৃত শিলালিপিসমূহৰ তুলনা কৰি নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা অনুমান কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} মন্দিৰৰ মাজেৰে ভাৰতীয় স্থাপত্য প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ তুলনা আৰু ক্ষমতাত কোন আছিল সেই কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিলে ডুমাৰ্চেইয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়সীমা প্ৰায় পাঁচটা পৰ্যায়ত নিৰ্ণয় কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|pp=4, 52}} শৈলেন্দ্ৰয়ে ৭৮০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰাৰ পিছত দ্বিতীয় আৰু তিনিটা পৰ্যায় ৭৯২ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকৰ অৱনতিৰ সময়ত এক অলক্ষণীয় চতুৰ্থ পৰ্যায়লৈকে ৮২৪ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দলৈ অব্যাহত আছিল।{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}} সঞ্জয়ে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পঞ্চম পৰ্যায় ৮৩৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1991|p=4}}{{efn|Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD.{{sfn|Miksic|1990|pp=25, 46}} Munoz says the Sailendra king Samaratungga completed Borobudur in 825 AD.{{sfn|Munoz|2007|pp=143-144}}}} সেই সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰকে ধৰি বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল কাৰণ সঞ্জয়ৰ তাৎক্ষণিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰকাই পাংকৰণে বৌদ্ধ অনুগামীসকলক এনে মন্দিৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ অনুমতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|p=41}} দৰাচলতে পাংকৰণে নিজৰ সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ কালাছান গাঁওখন বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ক দান কৰিছিল। ৭৭৯ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ কালাছান চনদত এয়া লিখা আছে।{{sfn|Van der Meulen|1979|pp=40-41}}ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছুমান পুৰাতত্ত্ববিদে বিশ্বাস কৰিছে যে জাভাত ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কে কেতিয়াও গুৰুতৰ সংঘাত হোৱা নাছিল কাৰণ হিন্দু ৰজাই বৌদ্ধ কীৰ্তিচিহ্ন স্থাপনৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰাটো সম্ভৱ আছিল বা বৌদ্ধ ৰজাৰ বাবেও একেধৰণৰ কাম কৰা নিদৰ্শন আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} ৮৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাতুবাকা মালভূমিত হোৱা যুদ্ধৰ বহু পিছত হৈছিল আৰু ই আছিল এক ৰাজনৈতিক যুদ্ধ।{{sfn|Hall|1956|p=354}} প্ৰম্বাননত শৈলেন্দ্ৰৰ জড়িততা শান্তিপূৰ্ণ সহাৱস্থানত আছিল।{{sfn|Jordaan|1993|p=21}} ===পৰিত্যাগ=== [[File:Borobudur 2008.JPG|thumb|left|বৰোবুদুৰ স্তূপ]] বৰোবুদুৰ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই আৰু জংঘলৰ বৃদ্ধিৰ তৰপৰ তলত শতিকাজুৰি লুকাই আছিল। ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগ কৰাৰ আঁৰৰ তথ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সক্ৰিয় ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কেতিয়া বন্ধ হ’ল সেয়া জনা নাযায়। ৯২৮ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ পৰা ১০০৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ মাজৰ কোনোবা এক সময়ত ৰজা ম্পু ছিণ্ডোকে ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী পূব জাভা অঞ্চললৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰ পৰিত্যাগত প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল নে নাই সেয়া নিশ্চিত নহয়, কিন্তু কেইবাটাও সূত্ৰই ইয়াক পৰিত্যাগৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্ভাৱ্য সময় বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfn|Murwanto|Gunnell|Suharsono|Sutikno|2004}} কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উল্লেখ অস্পষ্টভাৱে ১৩৬৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত মাজাপাহিত যুগত লিখিত ম্পু প্ৰপাঞ্চৰ নাৰাক্ৰেতাগামত "বুদুৰৰ বিহাৰ" বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} ৰেডেন ছ'কমোনোৱে মন্দিৰ পৰিত্যাগ কৰা ধাৰণাটোৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছে যে এয়া ১৫ শতিকাত জাভাৰ জনসাধাৰণে ইছলাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পিছত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} তেওঁ লগতে উল্লেখ কৰে যে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে পাহৰণিৰ গৰ্ভত নোসোমাই লোকগল্পসমূহৰ যোগেদি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে দুৰ্ভাগ্য আৰু দুৰ্দশাৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্ধবিশ্বাসৰ বিশ্বাসলৈ পৰিণত হৈছিল। বাবাদ তানাহ জাৱী (বা জাভাৰ ইতিহাস)ৰ মতে ১৭০৯ চনত মাতাৰামৰ ৰজাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিদ্ৰোহ কৰা এজন বিদ্ৰোহীৰ বাবে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো আছিল এক মাৰাত্মক কাৰক। বিদ্ৰোহীজনক পৰাস্ত কৰি মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি দিয়া হয়। বাবাদ মাতাৰামত (বা মাতাৰাম ৰাজ্যৰ ইতিহাস) এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো ১৭৫৭ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টা চুলতান ৰাজ্যৰ যুৱৰাজৰ দুৰ্ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে জড়িত আছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=4–5}} স্মৃতিসৌধটো চাবলৈ নিষেধাজ্ঞা আৰোপ কৰা সত্ত্বেও ৰাজকুমাৰে "'পিঞ্জৰাত বন্দী হোৱা সৈনিকজনৰ (অৰ্থাৎ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তুপৰ এটাত থকা মূৰ্তিটো)ৰ প্ৰতি ইমানেই কৰুণা কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ নিজৰ 'দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক বন্ধুজনক চাবলৈ আহিব নোৱাৰিলে। ' ৰাজপ্ৰসাদলৈ উভতি অহাৰ লগে লগে ৰাজকুমাৰজন অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু এদিন পিছত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} ===পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|১৯ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপ, মূল স্তূপৰ ওপৰত কাঠৰ ডেক স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ]] জাভা ১৮১১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮১৬ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰশাসনৰ অধীনত আছিল। ব্ৰিটেইনৰ প্ৰতিনিধি আৰু গৱৰ্ণৰ জেনেৰেল ষ্টেমফৰ্ড ৰেফেলছে জাভাৰ ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰতি অতি আগ্ৰহী আছিল। তেওঁ জাভাৰ প্ৰাচীন সামগ্ৰী সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ জাভাদ্বীপ ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত স্থানীয় বাসিন্দাসকলৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগৰ জৰিয়তে টোকা লিখিছিল।{{sfn|British Museum|2023}} ১৮১৪ চনত চেমাৰাংলৈ পৰিদৰ্শন ভ্ৰমণৰ সময়ত তেওঁক বুমিচেগোৰো গাঁৱৰ ওচৰৰ জংঘলৰ গভীৰত থকা এটা বৃহৎ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নৰ বিষয়ে জনোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} তেওঁ হাৰ্মান কৰ্নেলিয়াছ নামৰ এজন ডাচ অভিযন্তাক পঠিয়াইছিল যিয়ে অন্যান্য প্ৰাচীন অন্বেষণৰ লগতে ১৮০৬–০৭ চনত চেউ কমপ্লেক্স উন্মোচন কৰিছিল। দুমাহত কৰ্ণেলিয়াছ আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০০জন লোকে গছ কাটি গছ-গছনি জ্বলাই মাটি খান্দি কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো উন্মোচন কৰিলে। ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আশংকাৰ বাবে তেওঁ সকলো অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। কৰ্ণেলিয়াছে বিভিন্ন অংকনৰ সৈতে নিজৰ তথ্য ৰেফেলছক জনাইছিল। যদিও ৰেফেলেছে তেওঁৰ কিতাপখনত এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কথা মাত্ৰ কেইটামান বাক্যতহে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল আৰু নিজেই সেই স্থানলৈ যোৱা নাছিল, তথাপিও তেওঁক এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হৈছে। পিছলৈ তেওঁ ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টিগোচৰ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} কেডু অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দা ক্ৰীষ্টিয়ান লোডেৱিক হাৰ্টমেনে কৰ্ণেলিয়াছৰ কাম অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল আৰু ১৮৩৫ চনত অৱশেষত গোটেই কমপ্লেক্সটো উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল। বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আগ্ৰহ চৰকাৰীতকৈ ব্যক্তিগত আছিল। হাৰ্টমেনে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ কোনো প্ৰতিবেদন লিখা নাছিল। বিশেষকৈ মূল স্তুপটোত বুদ্ধৰ বৃহৎ মূৰ্তিটো আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা কাহিনী তেওঁ প্ৰতিবেদনত উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৪২ চনত হাৰ্টমেনে মূল গম্বুজটোৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে যদিও তেওঁ কি আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে সেয়া অজ্ঞাত আৰু মূল স্তূপ ৰিক্ত অৱস্থাত থাকিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=5–6}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে ডাচ অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিষয়া ফ্ৰান্স কেৰেল উইলচেনক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো অধ্যয়ন কৰি শ শ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ ছবি আঁকিছিল। ১৮৫৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ জান ফ্ৰেডেৰিক গেৰিট ব্ৰুমাণ্ডকো নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল। চৰকাৰে ব্ৰুমুণ্ডৰ অধ্যয়নৰ আধাৰত উইলচেনৰ অংকনৰ পৰিপূৰক হিচাপে এটা প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যদিও ব্ৰুমুণ্ডে সহযোগ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত চৰকাৰে আন এজন পণ্ডিত কনৰাডাছ লিমেন্সক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁ ব্ৰুমাণ্ড আৰু উইলচেনৰ উৎসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। ১৮৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ বিশদ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰথম মনোগ্ৰাফ প্ৰকাশ পায় আৰু তাৰ এবছৰৰ পিছত ইয়াৰ ফৰাচী অনুবাদ প্ৰকাশ পায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} ১৮৭২ চনত ডাচ-ফ্লেমিছ খোদিতকাৰী ইছিড'ৰ ভান কিন্সবাৰ্গেনে এই স্মৃতিসৌধৰ প্ৰথম ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} [[File:Terrace on the temple of Borobudur 1913.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ মন্দিৰৰ ছাদ, ১৯১৩]] ১৮৮২ চনত সাংস্কৃতিক সামগ্ৰীৰ মুখ্য পৰিদৰ্শকে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ অস্থিৰ অৱস্থাৰ বাবে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত কৰাৰ লগে লগে বৰোবুদুৰক সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বিভাজিত কৰাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} ফলত চৰকাৰে বাটাভিয়ান ছ’চাইটি অৱ আৰ্টছ এণ্ড চাইন্সেছৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহৰ কিউৰেটৰ উইলেম পিটাৰ গ্ৰ’নেভেল্ডক এই স্থানৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ তদন্ত কৰিবলৈ আৰু কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ প্ৰকৃত অৱস্থাৰ মূল্যায়ন কৰিবলৈ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত এই আশংকাসমূহ অযুক্তিকৰ বুলি ধৰা পৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক অক্ষত অৱস্থাত ৰখাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}} বৰোবুদুৰক স্মৃতিৰ উৎস হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ কিছু অংশ লুটপাত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=193}} কিছুমানে আনকি ঔপনিৱেশিক-চৰকাৰৰ সন্মতি লৈও ইয়াৰ লুটপাত কৰিছিল। ১৮৯৬ চনত [[থাইলেণ্ড|চিয়ামৰ]] ৰজা চুলালংকৰ্ণে জাভা ভ্ৰমণ কৰি অনুৰোধ কৰিছিল আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা লোৱা আঠ গাড়ী ভৰ্তি ভাস্কৰ্য্য ঘৰলৈ নিবলৈ অনুমতি লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ কেইবাটাও ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেলৰ পৰা লোৱা ত্ৰিশটা টুকুৰা, পাঁচটা বুদ্ধৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি, দুটা সিংহ, এটা [[গাৰ্গয়্‌ল]], খট-খটি আৰু প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা কেইবাটাও কলাৰ ডিজাইন, আৰু এটা অভিভাৱক মূৰ্তি ([[দ্বাৰপাল]]) তেওঁ নিজৰ লগত লৈ যায়। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইবাটাও, বিশেষকৈ সিংহ, দ্বাৰপাল, কাল, [[মকৰ]] আৰু বিশাল জলস্তম্ভ এতিয়া [[বেংকক]]ৰ দ্য নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামৰ জাভা আৰ্ট ৰুমত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Miksic|Tranchini|Tranchini|1996|p=29}} ===পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|right|১৯১১ চনত ভ্যান এৰ্পৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ। ''ছত্ৰ'' শিখৰ এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছে। ]] [[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|অসমাপ্ত বুদ্ধ (আগফালে) আৰু মূল স্তুপৰ ''ছত্ৰ'' (পিছফালে), কৰ্মৱীভংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়]] [[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|right|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাৰ জলস্তম্ভ]] [[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|কংক্ৰিট আৰু [[পলিভিনাইল ক্লৰাইড|পিভিচি]] পাইপে নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা উন্নত কৰাৰ ব্যৱস্থা (১৯৭৩)]] ১৮৮৫ চনত যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সমিতিৰ অধ্যক্ষ ডাচ অভিযন্তা জান উইলেম আইজেৰমেনে আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে যে মন্দিৰৰ তলত লুকাই থকা অৱস্থাত এক ভিত্তি আছে। এই ঘটনাৰ বাবে বৰোবুদুৰে সকলোৰে দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=47}}১৮৯০–১৮৯১ চনত তোলা ফটোত লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ ওপৰত ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ দেখা যায় আৰু তাৰ পিছত আৱৰণবোৰ সলনি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} এই আৱিষ্কাৰৰ ফলত ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ চৰকাৰে এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯০০ চনত সুৰক্ষাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিবলৈ তিনিজনীয়া আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয় আৰু ১৯০২ চনত আয়োগে তিনিদফীয়া প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} প্ৰথমতে, বেদীৰ চুকসমূহ পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰি কাষৰীয়া অংশবোৰ বিপন্ন কৰা শিলবোৰ আঁতৰাই প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডবোৰ শক্তিশালী কৰি আৰু কেইবাটাও স্থান, তোৰণ, স্তূপ আৰু মূল গম্বুজ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি মূল গঠন ভাঙি পৰাৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিব পৰা যাব। দ্বিতীয়তে যত্নৰ সৈতে মজিয়া আৰু জলস্তম্ভ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰি পানীৰ নিষ্কাশন উন্নত কৰিব লাগিব। তৃতীয়তে, সকলো ঢিলা শিল আঁতৰাই পেলাই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰথম বেলুষ্ট্ৰেডলৈকে পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু বিকৃত শিল আঁতৰাই মূল গম্বুজটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিব লাগিব।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৫ চনত এই প্ৰস্তাৱত অনুমোদন জনোৱা হয় আৰু সেই সময়ত মুঠ খৰচ প্ৰায় ৪৮,৮০০ ডাচ গিল্ডাৰ (২০২২ চনত ƒ১,৩৯২,২৭৯ ৰ সমতুল্য) বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=48}} ১৯০৭ চনত ডাচ সেনা অভিযন্তা থিয়ড'ৰ ভান এৰ্পৰ নেতৃত্বত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ আৰম্ভ হয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰথম সাত মাহত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা মাটিখিনি খনন কৰি হেৰাই যোৱা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ আৰু পেনেল শিল বিচাৰি উলিওৱা হৈছিল। ভ্যান এৰ্পে ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু স্তূপ ভাঙি পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। বাটত ভ্যান এৰ্পে কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কৰিব পৰা আৰু অধিক কাম আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিলে। ১৯০৮ চনত তেওঁ আন এটা প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰে আৰু সেয়া ৩৪,৬০০ গিল্ডাৰৰ অতিৰিক্ত বাজেটৰ সৈতে অনুমোদিত হয় (২০২২ চনত ƒ৮৭৫,১৭৬ ৰ সমতুল্য)।{{sfn|Vogel |1913|p=421-422}} ১৯১১ চনত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সম্পূৰ্ণ হয় আৰু প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুৰণি গৌৰৱ ঘূৰাই অনা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Anom|2005|p=49}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে মূল স্তুপৰ ওপৰত থকা ছত্ৰ (তিনি স্তৰৰ) শিখৰটো সযতনে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু পিছলৈ তেওঁ শিখৰটো পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণত পৰ্যাপ্ত পৰিমাণৰ মৌলিক শিল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ছত্ৰখন ভাঙি পেলায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিখৰটোৰ মূল ডিজাইন প্ৰকৃততে অজ্ঞাত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰ দিশত অৱস্থিত কৰ্মৱীভাংগা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত এতিয়া ভাঙি পেলোৱা ছত্ৰটো সংৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। সীমিত বাজেটৰ বাবে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম মূলতঃ ভাস্কৰ্য্যসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ভ্যান এৰ্পে পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যা সমাধান কৰিব পৰা নাছিল। পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰতে গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালবোৰ তললৈ নামি আহিল আৰু ৰিলিফবোৰত নতুন ফাট আৰু অৱক্ষয়ৰ লক্ষণ দেখা গ'ল।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ভ্যান এৰ্পে কংক্ৰিট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল য’ৰ পৰা ক্ষাৰকীয় লৱণ আৰু কেলচিয়াম হাইড্ৰ’ক্সাইড নিগৰি হৈ বাকী নিৰ্মাণৰ অংশলৈ পৰিবহণ কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত কিছু সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যাৰ বাবে আৰু অধিক পুংখানুপুংখ সংস্কাৰৰ জৰুৰী প্ৰয়োজন হৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই সৰু সৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সম্পূৰ্ণ সুৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পৰ্যাপ্ত নাছিল। [[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] আৰু ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৪৯ চনলৈকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয় বিপ্লৱৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বতৰ আৰু পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ সমস্যাৰ বাবে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৰু অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ ফলত মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ মাটিৰ ভৰ প্ৰসাৰিত হৈ শিলৰ গঠনটো ঠেলি দি দেৱালবোৰ হেলনীয়া হৈ পৰে। ১৯৫০ চনৰ ভিতৰত বৰোবুদুৰৰ কিছুমান অংশ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ আগতীয়া বিপদৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য কীৰ্তিচিহ্নসমূহৰ বতৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সমস্যা প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ উপায়ৰ বিষয়ে [[ইউনেস্ক’]]ৰ পৰা পৰামৰ্শ বিচাৰিছিল। ১৯৬৮ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ তেতিয়াৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী ছ'কেমনোৱে তেওঁৰ "ব'ৰ'বুদুৰ বচাওক" অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পৰ আয়োজন কৰা হয়।{{sfn|PBS}} ১৯৬০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোক সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ বাবে বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ অনুৰোধ জনাইছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে এক গুৰু পৰিকল্পনা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰকল্পটো সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ দিয়া স্বেচ্ছামূলক অৱদান সম্পৰ্কীয় এখন চুক্তিৰ জৰিয়তে (পেৰিছ, ২৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৭৩) [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[বেলজিয়াম]], [[চাইপ্ৰাছ]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]] আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]য়ে পুনৰুদ্ধাৰত অৰিহণা যোগাবলৈ সন্মত হয়।{{sfn|United Nations|1980|pp=12414-12422}} ইয়াৰ পিছত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰ আৰু ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৭৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮২ চনৰ ভিতৰত এক বৃহৎ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ প্ৰকল্পত স্মৃতিসৌধটোৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম হাতত লয়।{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}} ১৯৭৫ চনত মূল পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম আৰম্ভ হয়। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত ১০ লাখৰো অধিক শিল ভাঙি আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু এটা বিশাল জিগ-চ' পাজলৰ টুকুৰাৰ দৰে আঁতৰাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাতে পৃথকে পৃথকে চিনাক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, তালিকাভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰি, পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পাৰি আৰু সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে শোধন কৰিব পাৰি। বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিলবোৰক আক্ৰমণ কৰা অণুজীৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজিবলৈ নতুন পদ্ধতিকে ধৰি নতুন সংৰক্ষণ কৌশলৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ হৈ পৰিছিল।{{sfn|PBS}} পুনৰ সংযোগ কৰা মূল সামগ্ৰী (এনাষ্টাইল'ছিছ পদ্ধতি) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি গঠনটো যিমান পাৰি পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰা হৈছিল। কেৱল গাঁথনিগত অখণ্ডতা নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ কিছুমান হেৰাই যোৱা শিলৰ ঠাইত নতুন এণ্ডেচাইট শিলৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। এই কাৰ্যৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰৰ মূল ভেটিটো সুস্থিৰ কৰা হ’ল আৰু ১৪৬০টা পেনেলৰ সকলোবোৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হ’ল। পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কামত পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ ভাঙি পেলোৱাৰ লগতে স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানীৰ নলা স্থাপন কৰি পানী নিষ্কাশনৰ উন্নতি সাধন কৰা হৈছিল। অভেদ্য আৰু ফিল্টাৰ দুয়োটা স্তৰ যোগ কৰা হৈছিল। এই বিশাল প্ৰকল্পটোৰ বাবে প্ৰায় ৬০০ লোক জড়িত হৈ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে মুঠ ৬,৯০১,২৪৩ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪৭,৩৬৭,১৫২ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) খৰচ হৈছিল।{{sfn|UNESCO|1999|p=7}} সংস্কাৰ সমাপ্ত হোৱাৰ পিছত ইউনেস্কোৱে ১৯৯১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰক [[বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ইয়াক সাংস্কৃতিক মাপকাঠীৰ অধীনত (i) "মানৱ সৃষ্টিশীল প্ৰতিভাৰ এক শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কৃতি প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা", (ii) "মানৱীয় মূল্যবোধৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আদান-প্ৰদান, সময়ৰ ভিতৰত বা বিশ্বৰ কোনো সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চলৰ ভিতৰত, বৰ্ষৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত স্থাপত্য বা প্ৰযুক্তি, স্মৃতিসৌধ, নগৰ-পৰিকল্পনা বা লেণ্ডস্কেপ ডিজাইন", আৰু (vi) "পৰিঘটনা বা জীৱন্ত পৰম্পৰাৰ সৈতে প্ৰত্যক্ষ বা স্পষ্টভাৱে জড়িত হোৱা, ধাৰণা, বা সৈতে বিশ্বাসসমূহ, অসাধাৰণ সৰ্বজনীন তাৎপৰ্য্যৰ কলাত্মক আৰু সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সৈতে" শ্ৰেণীত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}} ২০১৭ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰৰ মূল স্তূপৰ যস্থিৰ ওপৰত ছত্ৰ পুনৰ সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ধাৰণাটো পুনৰ চৰ্চা কৰা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এজন বিশেষজ্ঞই কয় যে ছাতিৰ আকৃতিৰ শিখৰটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এক সম্যক অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰয়োজন। ২০১৮ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছত্ৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ এতিয়াও আৰম্ভ হোৱা নাই।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2018}} ==স্থাপত্য== পুনৰ্নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত বৰোবুদুৰত কৰা প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক খননৰ পৰা অনুমান কৰিব পাৰি যে হিন্দু ধৰ্ম{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=10}} বা প্ৰাক-ভাৰতীয় ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামীসকলে ইতিমধ্যে বৌদ্ধসকলে এই ঠাইখন নিজৰ কৰি লোৱাৰ আগতেই বৰোবুদুৰৰ পাহাৰত এটা বৃহৎ গঠন স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ভেটিসমূহ কোনো হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ গঠনৰ দৰে নহয়, আৰু সেয়েহে, প্ৰাৰম্ভিক গঠনক হিন্দু বা বৌদ্ধতকৈ অধিক থলুৱা জাভানীজ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Miksic|1990|p=46}} ===ৰূপাঙ্কণ=== [[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|upright|left|[[মণ্ডল]] অকৃতিকৰ বৰোবুদুৰৰ গাঁথনি]] বৰোবুদুৰক একক বৃহৎ স্তূপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ওপৰৰ পৰা চালে ই এটা বিশাল তান্ত্ৰিক বৌদ্ধ [[মণ্ডল]]ৰ ৰূপ লয়। এই গঠনে একেলগে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞান আৰু মনৰ প্ৰকৃতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।{{sfn|Wayman|1981|pp=139-172}} কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ইয়াক মণ্ডল বুলি ধাৰণাটো নাকচ কৰে কাৰণ তেওঁলোকৰ মতে শৈলেন্দ্ৰসকল তান্ত্ৰিক বা বজ্ৰযান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ অনুগামী আছিল বুলি কোনো প্ৰমাণ পোৱা নাযায়। তদুপৰি বৰোবুদুৰত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা বুদ্ধসকল পঞ্চতথাগত হয় নে নহয় তাৰ পৰিচয় পোৱা নাযায়। ইয়াৰ মূল ভেটিটো এটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালে প্ৰায় ১১৮ মিটাৰ (৩৮৭ ফুট)। ইয়াত নটা মঞ্চ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে তলৰ ছটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ আৰু ওপৰৰ তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ।{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত এটা ডাঙৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্তূপক আগুৰি থকা বাসত্তৰটা সৰু সৰু স্তূপ আছে। প্ৰতিটো স্তূপসমূহ ঘণ্টা আকৃতিৰ আৰু অসংখ্য সজ্জাগত খোলাৰে বিন্ধাযুক্ত। বিন্ধা ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি বহি থকা ৰূপত নিৰ্মিত। বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনে খটিখটিযুক্ত বা ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ ৰূপ লয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1981|p=87}} ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰাগঐতিহাসিক অষ্ট্ৰ'নেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিয়ে চিছ'লকৰ ওচৰৰ পাংগুয়াংগান স্থানত{{sfn|Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat|2012}} আৰু কুনিংগানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰিত আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা ধৰণে পুণ্ডেন বেৰুণ্ডক নামৰ কেইবাটাও মাটিৰ টিলা আৰু শিলৰ ষ্টেপ পিৰামিডৰ গঠন নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Anom|Sugiyanti| Hasibuan |1996|p=87}} পাহাৰ আৰু ওখ ঠাইবোৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ আত্মা বা হিয়াংৰ বাসস্থান বুলি স্থানীয় বিশ্বাসৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি শিলৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Haryono|2011|p=14}} [[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ আকাশী দৃশ্যত ষ্টেপ পিৰামিড আৰু মণ্ডল পৰিকল্পনা]] কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ তিনিটা বিভাজনে বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তিনিটা "ক্ষেত্ৰ"ৰ প্ৰতীক ক্ৰমে - কামধাতু (কামনা জগত), ৰূপধাতু (ৰূপৰ জগত), আৰু শেষত অৰুপধাতুক (নিৰাকাৰ জগত) প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সাধাৰণ জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাই নিজৰ জীৱনটো নিম্নতম স্তৰত অৰ্থাৎ কামনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত কটায়। যিসকলে অবিৰত অস্তিত্বৰ সকলো আকাংক্ষা শেষ কৰি পেলাইছে, তেওঁলোকে কামনাৰ জগতখন এৰি কেৱল ৰূপৰ স্তৰত জগতখনত বাস কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ৰূপবোৰ দেখে কিন্তু তাৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত নহয়। শেষত, পূৰ্ণ বুদ্ধসকলে আনকি ৰূপৰ ঊৰ্ধলৈ গৈ বাস্তৱক ইয়াৰ বিশুদ্ধতম, অতি মৌলিক স্তৰত, নিৰ্বাণৰ নিৰাকাৰ সাগৰত অনুভৱ কৰে।{{sfn|Tartakov}} য'ত জ্ঞানপ্ৰাপ্ত সাধক আৰু লৌকিক ৰূপৰ প্ৰতি আকৃষ্ট নহয়, সেই চক্ৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি শূন্যতাৰ ধাৰণা, সম্পূৰ্ণ শূন্যতা বা আত্মাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ সৈতে মিল খায়। কামধাতুক ভিত্তি, ৰূপধাতুক পাঁচ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰ (দেহ) আৰু অৰুপধাতুক তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চ আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ বৃহৎ স্তূপেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়। তিনিওটা পৰ্যায়ৰ মাজত থকা স্থাপত্যৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ৰূপৰ পাৰ্থক্য আছে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰূপধাতুৰ বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ আৰু বিশদ সজ্জাসমূহ অৰুপধাতুৰ সাধাৰণ বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত নোহোৱা হৈ যায় যাতে ৰূপৰ জগতখন—য'ত পুৰুষ এতিয়াও ৰূপ আৰু নামৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ আছে—নিৰাকাৰৰ জগতখনলৈ সলনি হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=17}} বৰোবুদুৰত মণ্ডলীয় পূজা খোজকাঢ়ি তীৰ্থযাত্ৰাত কৰা হয়। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক ওপৰৰ মঞ্চলৈ উঠি যোৱা চিৰি আৰু কৰিডৰৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত হয়। প্ৰতিখন মঞ্চই জ্ঞানলাভৰ এটা পৰ্যায়ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলক পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা পথটো বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Ferschin|Gramelhofer|2004|pp=181–186}} ১৮৮৫ চনত ভুলবশতঃ ভিত্তিৰ তলত এটা লুকাই থকা গঠন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} এই অংশটোত অসংখ্য ভাস্কৰ্য আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ১৬০ টাত কামনাৰ জগতখনৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বাকী থকা ভাস্কৰ্যবোৰ হৈছে চুটি শিলালিপি থকা পেনেল যিয়ে খোদিত কৰিবলগীয়া দৃশ্যসমূহৰ চিত্ৰণ ভাস্কৰ্য্যশিল্পীসকলক নিৰ্দেশনা প্ৰদান কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} ইয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো এটা বেদীৰ দ্বাৰা লুকুৱাই ৰখা হৈছিল যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য এতিয়াও ৰহস্যৰ আৱৰ্তত। প্ৰথমে ভবা হৈছিল যে স্মৃতিসৌধটো পাহাৰৰ ভিতৰলৈ বিপৰ্যয়জনকভাৱে সোমাই যোৱাটো ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰকৃত ভিত্তিটো লুকুকাই ৰখা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} স্থাপত্য আৰু নগৰ পৰিকল্পনা সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰন্থ বাস্তু শাস্ত্ৰৰ মতে, মূল লুকাই থকা ভৰিখনৰ ডিজাইন ভুল হোৱাৰ বাবেই এই বেদী যোগ কৰা হৈছিল বুলি আন এটা তত্ত্ব আছে।{{sfn|Kompas|2000}} বিশদ আৰু নিখুঁত ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে এই বেদী নান্দনিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় বিবেচনাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ====কেশৰীয়া স্থানৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্য==== বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু [[বিহাৰ]]ৰ কেশৰীয়া স্তূপৰ মাজত ডিজাইনৰ যথেষ্ট সাদৃশ্য আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডৰ অংশবোৰৰ সন্মুখত মণ্ডল আৰু বুদ্ধৰ আকৃতি আছে। দুয়োটা স্থানতে বৌদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিৰে ভৰি থকা পাহাৰৰ দৰে মণ্ডল গঠন আছে। ইয়াৰ পৰা [[পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] আৰু শ্ৰীবিজয় সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ মাজত বিদ্যমান ৰীতি-নীতি সম্বলিত গ্ৰন্থ আৰু ধাৰণাসমূহৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ ইংগিত পোৱা যায়।{{sfn|Chemburkar|2016|pp=191-210}} ===সংৰচনাৰ গঠন=== [[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|left|ভিত্তি, শৰীৰ আৰু শীৰ্ষৰ উচ্চতাৰ অনুপাত ৪:৬:৯]] চুবুৰীয়া শিলৰ কুৱেৰী ​​বা প্ৰগো নদীৰ বিছনাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৫,০০০ ঘনমিটাৰ (৭২,০০০ ঘন গজ) এণ্ডেচাইট শিলেৰে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|2005|p=60}} শিলসমূহৰ আকাৰ অনুসৰি কাটি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইলৈ লৈ যোৱা হৈছিল আৰু কোনো চিমেণ্ট নোহোৱাকৈ ৰখা হৈছিল। শিলৰ মাজত সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰিবলৈ গাঁঠি, ইনডেণ্টেচন আৰু ড’ভটেইল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। স্তূপ, বেদীস্থান আৰু খিলানযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ চাল কৰ্বেলিং পদ্ধতিৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। অট্টালিকাটো সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ পিছত স্থানীয়ভাৱে ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=28}} এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোত পানী বৈ যোৱাৰ বাবে ভাল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বানপানী ৰোধ কৰিবলৈ চুকসমূহত ১০০টা জলস্তম্ভ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল আৰু প্ৰতিটোতে এটা দৈত্য বা মকৰৰ আকৃতিৰ একক খোদিত গাৰ্গোইল থাকে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=14}}{{sfn|Dumarçay|1986|p=32}} এই উদ্দেশ্যে নিৰ্মিত অন্যান্য গঠনৰ সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে পৃথক। বৰোবুদুৰ সমতল পৃষ্ঠত নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে প্ৰাকৃতিক পাহাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। কিন্তু নিৰ্মাণ কৌশল জাভাৰ অন্যান্য মন্দিৰৰ দৰে একে। আন মন্দিৰত দেখা পোৱা ভিতৰৰ ঠাইবোৰৰ অবিহনে আৰু পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতিৰ দৰে সাধাৰণ ডিজাইনৰ সৈতে বৰোবুদুৰে প্ৰথমে মন্দিৰৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে স্তুপ হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বেছি বুলি ভবা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} এটা স্তূপ বুদ্ধৰ বাবে মন্দিৰ হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হৈছে। বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ ভক্তি প্ৰতীক হিচাপেহে সাধাৰণতে স্তূপ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। আনহাতে মন্দিৰ এটাক পূজাঘৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ ডিজাইনৰ নিখুঁত জটিলতাই বুজাইছে যে বৰোবুদুৰ আচলতে এটা মন্দিৰ। এই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সৰ স্থপতি গুণধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুত কমেইহে জনা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} তেওঁৰ নাম লিখিত শিলালিপিৰ পৰা নহয় বৰং জাভাৰ লোককথাসমূহত হে পোৱা গৈছে। {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | background color = <!-- box background --> | total_width = 300 | caption_align = left | image1 = Lens Flare at Borobudur Stairs Kala Arches.JPG | alt1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = কালৰ তোৰণৰ মাজেৰে দেখা চিৰি। | image2 = Borobudur mural.jpg | alt2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = কৰিডৰৰ দেৱালৰ ভাস্কৰ্য }} নিৰ্মাণৰ সময়ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা জোখৰ মূল একক আছিল তাল। ইয়াৰ সংজ্ঞা হ’ল মানুহৰ মুখৰ কপালৰ চুলিৰ ৰেখাৰ পৰা খুঁতুৰিলৈকে দৈৰ্ঘ্য বা বুঢ়া আঙুলিৰ আগৰ পৰা মধ্যমা আঙুলিৰ আগৰ দূৰত্ব যেতিয়া দুয়োটা আঙুলি থাকে সৰ্বোচ্চ দূৰত্বত বিস্তৃত হৈ থাকে।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}এইদৰে এই একক এজন ব্যক্তিৰ পৰা আনজন ব্যক্তিলৈ আপেক্ষিক। কিন্তু স্মৃতিসৌধটো সঠিক জোখ-মাখত নিৰ্মিত। ১৯৭৭ চনত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ চাৰিওফালে প্ৰায়ে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাতৰ তথ্য পোৱা গৈছিল। স্থপতিবিদজনে এই সূত্ৰটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰৰ ডিজাইনত ফ্ৰেক্টল আৰু স্ব-সদৃশ জ্যামিতিৰ সঠিক মাত্ৰা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Atmadi|1988}}{{sfn|Situngkir|2010|pp=1–9}} এই অনুপাত ওচৰৰ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ পাৱন আৰু মেণ্ডুটৰ ডিজাইনতো পোৱা যায়। প্ৰত্নতত্ত্ববিদসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে যে ৪:৬:৯ অনুপাত আৰু তালৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰ, জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান আৰু ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ তাৎপৰ্য আছে। এনে অনুপাত [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ [[এংকোৰ ৱাট]]ৰ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} মূল গঠনটোক তিনিটা উপাদানত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ভিত্তি, দেহ আৰু শীৰ্ষ।{{sfn|Voûte|Long|2008}} ভিত্তিৰ আকাৰ ১২৩ মিটাৰ × ১২৩ মিটাৰ (৪০৪ ফুট × ৪০৪ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ বেৰ ৪ মিটাৰ (১৩ ফুট)।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} শৰীৰটো পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে উচ্চতা কমি অহা ধৰণৰ। প্ৰথম ছাদখনৰ ভিত্তিৰ প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (২৩ ফুট) পিছলৈ ৰখা হৈছে। পৰৱৰ্তী প্ৰতিটো ছাদ ২ মিটাৰ (৬.৬ ফুট) পিছুৱাই দিয়া হয় আৰু প্ৰতিটো পৰ্যায়তে এটা সৰু কৰিডৰ এৰি দিয়া হৈছে। ওপৰৰ অংশটো তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চৰে গঠিত আৰু প্ৰতিটো মঞ্চই ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ এটা শাৰীক ধৰি ৰাখে। এই মঞ্চসমূহ সমকেন্দ্ৰিক বৃত্তত সজোৱা হয়। কেন্দ্ৰত এটা মূল গম্বুজ আছে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰ অংশ মাটিৰ পৰা ৩৫ মিটাৰ (১১৫ ফুট) উচ্চতাত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু। চাৰিওফালৰ প্ৰতিটোৰ মাজত চিৰিৰে ওপৰলৈ যাব পাৰি। কেইবাটাও খোলাযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশপথৰ পৰা ৩২টা সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি দেখা যায়। প্ৰৱেশপথৰ ওপৰত কালৰ মূৰ খোদিত কৰা হৈছে আৰু প্ৰতিটো ফালৰ পৰা মকৰ ওলাই থকা ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=38}} এই কাল-মকৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্য সাধাৰণতে জাভাৰ মন্দিৰৰ দুৱাৰত পোৱা যায়। মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো পূব দিশত। এয়া প্ৰথম আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ স্থান। পাহাৰৰ ঢালত থকা চিৰিবোৰেও কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোক নিম্নভূমিৰ সমভূমিৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰে। ==ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|left|upright|বৰোবুদুৰৰ দেৱালত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ অৱস্থান]] বৰোবুদুৰক এনেদৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যে ই বিভিন্ন স্তৰৰ ছাদ উন্মোচন কৰে। ইয়াত জটিল স্থাপত্যৰ সৈতে বহু ভাস্কৰ্যৰ সহায়ত অতিশয় অলংকৃত ছাদৰ পৰা অৰুপধাতু বৃত্তাকাৰ ছাদৰ সাধাৰণ ছাদলৈ অগ্ৰসৰ হয়।{{sfn|Buddhist Travel|2008}} প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ছাদৰ দেৱাল বহু আলংকাৰিক ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰে সজোৱা। এই শিল্পকৰ্মসমূহ বৌদ্ধ জগতৰ উত্তম শিল্পকৰ্মৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।{{sfn|De Casparis|1992|p=149}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ অষ্টম শতিকাৰ প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ বহুতো দৃশ্য চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|pp=233–279}}{{sfn|Zin|2014|p=287}} দৰবাৰী ৰাজপ্ৰসাদৰ জীৱনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি অৰণ্যত সন্ন্যাসী, গাঁৱৰ সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ জীৱনলৈকে ইয়াত দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মন্দিৰ, বজাৰ, বিভিন্ন উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰাণীজগতৰ লগতে থলুৱা ভাষাৰ স্থাপত্যও চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াত চিত্ৰিত মানুহবোৰ হৈছে ৰজা, ৰাণী, ৰাজকুমাৰ, সম্ভ্ৰান্ত, দৰবাৰী, সৈনিক, চাকৰ, সাধাৰণ মানুহ, পুৰোহিত আৰু সন্ন্যাসীৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি। ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সত্তা যেনে অসুৰ, দেৱতা, বোধিসত্ত্ব, [[কিন্নৰ]], [[গন্ধৰ্ব]] আৰু [[অপ্সৰা]] আদিও অংকন কৰা হৈছিল। বেদীৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত চিত্ৰিত ছবিসমূহ ইতিহাসবিদসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে কিছুমান বিশেষ বিষয়ৰ গৱেষণাৰ উল্লেখ হিচাপে কৌতুলহৰ বিষয় যেনে স্থাপত্য, অস্ত্ৰ-শস্ত্ৰ, অৰ্থনীতি, ফেশ্বন, আৰু লগতে অষ্টম শতিকাৰ সামুদ্ৰিক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰিবহণৰ পদ্ধতিৰ অধ্যয়ন। অষ্টম শতিকাৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ ডাবল আউটৰিগাৰ জাহাজৰ অন্যতম বিখ্যাত ৰেণ্ডাৰ হৈছে বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজ।{{sfn|Haddon|1920|pp=101–104}} ২০০৪ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰা আফ্ৰিকালৈ যোৱা বৰোবুদুৰ জাহাজৰ প্ৰকৃত আকাৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ বৰ্তমানে বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা কেইশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত সমুদ্ৰ ৰক্ষা সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|The Borobudur Ship Expedition|2003}} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right; " |+আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ বিতৰণ{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} |- ! শাখা!! অৱস্থান!! কাহিনী!! পেনেলৰ সংখ্যা |- | লুকাই থকা বেদী || দেৱাল || কৰ্মবিভংগ || style="text-align:right; "| ১৬০ |- | rowspan="4" | প্ৰথম গেলেৰী | rowspan="2" | মুখ্য দেৱাল | ললিতবিস্তাৰ || style="text-align:right; "| ১২০ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right; "| ১২০ |- | rowspan="2" | ৰেলিং | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right; "| ৩৭২ |- | জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right; "| ১২৪ |- | rowspan="2" | দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰী | ৰেলিং || জাতক/অৱদান || style="text-align:right; "| ১০০ |- | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ১২৮ |- | rowspan="2" | তৃতীয় গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ৮৮ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ৮৮ |- | rowspan="2" | চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰী | মুখ্য দেৱাল || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ৮৪ |- | ৰেলিং || গণ্ডব্যূহ || style="text-align:right; "| ৭২ |- style="text-align:right; " | colspan="3"| মুঠ || style="text-align:right; "| ১,৪৬০ |} বৰোবুদুৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬৭০টা একক ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। তাৰে ১,৪৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক আৰু ১,২১২টা সজ্জাগত পেনেল। এই ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ মুখাৱয়ব আৰু ৰেলিংসমূহ আবৰি আছে। মুঠ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগ ২,৫০০ বৰ্গমিটাৰ (২৭,০০০ বৰ্গফুট) আৰু ইহঁত লুকাই থকা অংশ (কামধাতু) আৰু পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰত (ৰূপধাতু) বিতৰণ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশ আৰু কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৰ প্ৰথম চাৰিটা গেলেৰীৰ চাৰিওফালে ৩,০০০ মিটাৰ (৯,৮০০ ফুট) দৈৰ্ঘ্যৰ ১১টা শৃংখলাত আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ সজাই তোলা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত ১৬০টা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম ছশৃংখলা আছে আৰু বাকী ১০টা শৃংখলা পূবৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰৰ চিৰিৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে আৰম্ভ কৰি চাৰিটা গেলেৰীত সমগ্ৰ দেৱাল আৰু ৰেলিঙত বিতৰিত কৰা হৈছে। দেৱালত থকা আখ্যানমূলক পেনেলবোৰ সোঁফালৰ পৰা বাওঁফালে পঢ়া হয়, আনহাতে ৰেলিঙত থকা পেনেলবোৰ বাওঁফালৰ পৰা সোঁফালে পঢ়া হয়। এই পদ্ধতি প্ৰদক্ষিণৰ সৈতে মিলাই লোৱা হৈছে। সাধৰণতে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত গতি কৰি মন্দিৰক সোঁফালে ৰাখি কৰা প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} লুকাই থকা অংশত কৰ্মনীতিৰ কাম-কাজ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ দেৱালত দুটা ওপৰে ওপৰে মিলা শৃংখলাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য আছে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো ১২০টা পেনেলৰে গঠিত। ওপৰৰ অংশত বুদ্ধৰ জীৱনী দেখুওৱা হৈছে আনহাতে দেৱালৰ তলৰ অংশ আৰু লগতে প্ৰথম আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীত থকা ৰেলিংবোৰে বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কাহিনী দৰ্শোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} বাকী পেনেলবোৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত সুধনাই নিজৰ অনুসন্ধানৰ বিষয়ে অধিক বিচৰণ কৰাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত আৰু তেওঁৰ প্ৰকৃত জ্ঞানলাভৰ দ্বাৰা সমাপ্ত এয়া সমাপ্ত হয়। ===কৰ্মৰ নীতি (কৰ্মবিভংগ)=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right|বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ওপৰত কৰ্মবিভংগ সূত্ৰৰ এটা আখ্যান চিত্ৰিত কৰা দৃশ্য{{efn|সোঁফালে কাছ আৰু মাছক হত্যা আৰু ৰন্ধা পাপপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে। বাওঁফালে জীৱ-জন্তু হত্যা কৰি জীৱিকা নিৰ্বাহ কৰাসকলক নৰকত অত্যাচাৰ কৰা, জীৱন্তে ৰান্ধি, কাটি বা জ্বলি থকা ঘৰত পেলাই দিয়া শাস্তি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। }}]] ১৬০টা লুকাই থকা অংশৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহে এটা অবিৰত কাহিনী গঠন নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰতিটো পেনেলে কাৰণ আৰু প্ৰভাৱৰ এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ চিত্ৰণ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} ইয়াত কথাৰ মহলা মৰাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যালৈকে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰা কাৰ্যকলাপৰ চিত্ৰণ আছে। তাৰ লগতে সংশ্লিষ্ট শাস্তিকো চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও প্ৰশংসনীয় কাম-কাজ যেনে দান-বৰঙণি আৰু তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰৱৰ্তী পুৰস্কাৰ আদিও চিত্ৰিত কৰা আছে। নৰকৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু স্বৰ্গৰ সুখৰ চিত্ৰও দেখুওৱা হৈছে। দৈনন্দিন জীৱনৰ দৃশ্য, সংসাৰ (জন্ম-মৃত্যুৰ অন্তহীন চক্ৰ)ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ পেনোৰামাৰে সম্পূৰ্ণ। লুকাই থকা অংশ উন্মোচন কৰিবলৈ বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ আচ্ছাদন বেদী ভাঙি পেলোৱা হৈছিল আৰু ১৮৯০ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৯১ চনৰ ভিতৰত কেচিজান চেপাছে ইয়াৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহৰ ফটো তুলিছিল।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=3}} এই ফটোসমূহেই মন্দিৰৰ পৰা মাত্ৰ কেইবাশ মিটাৰ উত্তৰে অৱস্থিত বৰোবুদুৰ সংগ্ৰহালয় (কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff |2020|p=250}} পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ সময়ত এই বেদীৰ আৱৰণখন পুনৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ই কৰ্মবিভংগৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহক আবৰি ৰাখিছিল। বৰ্তমান সময়ত কেৱল লুকাই থকা অংশখিনিৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব কোণটোহে উন্মোচিত আৰু দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে মুকলি।{{sfn|Santiko|2016|p=130}} ===ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ আৰু বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ কাহিনী (ললিতবিস্তাৰ)=== [[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|ঘোঁৰাগাড়ীত উঠি ৰাজকুমাৰ [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতম]]ক জন্ম দিবলৈ [[লুম্বিনী]]লৈ যোৱা [[মায়া (বুদ্ধদেৱৰ মাতৃ)|ৰাণী মায়া]]]] এই কাহিনীটো বুদ্ধৰ তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু [[সাৰনাথ]]ৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনিৰ সৈতে শেষ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ জন্ম কপিলবস্তুৰ ৰজা শুদ্ধোধন আৰু ৰাণী মায়াৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থৰ ৰূপত দেখা গৈছে। বুদ্ধৰ জন্মৰ ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পূৰ্বে ২৭টা পেনেল আছে। ইয়াত বোধিসত্ত্বৰ চূড়ান্ত অৱতাৰক আদৰিবলৈ আকাশ আৰু পৃথিৱীত বিভিন্ন প্ৰস্তুতি দেখুওৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} তুষিত স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা অৱতৰণ কৰাৰ আগতে বোধিসত্ত্বই তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধ মৈত্ৰেয়ক নিজৰ মুকুট অৰ্পণ কৰিছিল। ছটা দাঁত থকা বগা হাতীৰ আকৃতিত তেওঁ পৃথিৱীলৈ নামি আহি ৰাণী মায়াৰ সোঁ গৰ্ভলৈ সোমাই যায়। ৰাণী মায়াৰ এই ঘটনাৰ সপোন আছিল। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছিল যে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হয় সাৰ্বভৌম বা বুদ্ধ হ’ব। [[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে তপস্বী হ’বলৈ চুড়াকৰণ কৰা মুহূৰ্ত]] ৰাণী মায়াই সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ সময় বুলি অনুভৱ কৰাৰ সময়তে কপিলাবস্তুৰ ওচৰৰ লুম্বিনীলৈ যায়। তেখেতে সোঁহাতেৰে এটা ডাল ধৰি [[শাল গছ]]ৰ তলত থিয় হৈ কাষৰ পৰা ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ সন্তান জন্ম দিয়ে। পেনেলবোৰৰত কাহিনীটো সাৰনাথৰ হৰিণ উদ্যানত দিয়া ধৰ্মধ্বনিলৈকে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। বুদ্ধয়ে পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম ধৰ্মধ্বনি সাৰনাথত প্ৰদান কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Kempers|1976|p=92-102}} ===বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বজন্মৰ কাহিনী (জাতক) আৰু অন্যান্য কিংবদন্তি লোক (অৱদান)=== [[জাতক]] হৈছে বুদ্ধ ৰাজকুমাৰ সিদ্ধাৰ্থ হিচাপে জন্ম লোৱাৰ আগৰ কাহিনী।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} এই কাহিনীসমূহত বুদ্ধৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱনৰ কথা, মানুহ আৰু প্ৰাণী উভয় ৰূপত কোৱা কাহিনীৰ সমাহাৰ দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। ভৱিষ্যত বুদ্ধয়ে ৰজা, বহিষ্কৃত, দেৱতা, হাতী হিচাপে দেখা অৱতৰিত হ'ব পাৰে। কিন্তু, যি ৰূপতেই নহওক কিয়, তেওঁ কিছুমান গুণ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। এই কাহিনীবোৰ জাতকৰ মূল।{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2011}} অৱদান সাহিত্যৰ সৈতে জাতকৰ সৈতে মিল আছে যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল ব্যক্তিত্ব নিজেই বোধিসত্ত্ব নহয়। অৱদানত সন্তৰ কৰ্মৰ কাৰণ আন কিংবদন্তি ব্যক্তিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=36}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহত জাতক আৰু অৱদানৰ বিষয়ে একেটা শৃংখলাত ৰখা হৈছে। দেৱালৰ প্ৰথম গেলেৰীৰ প্ৰথম বিশটা তলৰ পেনেলত সুধনকুমাৰৱদন বা সুধনৰ সজকৰ্মৰ চিত্ৰ অংকন কৰা হৈছে। ৰেলিঙৰ ওপৰত থকা একেখন গেলেৰীতে থকা প্ৰথম ১৩৫টা ওপৰৰ পেনেল জাতকমালাৰ ৩৪টা কিংবদন্তিৰ বাবে নিবেদিত।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} বাকী ২৩৭টা পেনেলত অন্য উৎসৰ কাহিনী চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। লগতে দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ তলৰ শৃংখলা আৰু পেনেলত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। কিছুমান জাতক যেনে ৰজা শিবি ([[ৰাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ)ৰ কাহিনী দুবাৰকৈ চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। ===সুধনৰ পৰম সত্যৰ সন্ধান (গণ্ডব্যূহ)=== [[File:Borobudur - Gandavyuha - 071 Level 2, North Wall (8601009103).jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ উত্তৰ দেৱালৰ পৰা গণ্ডব্যূহ কাহিনীৰ এটা ভাস্কৰ্য]] গণ্ডব্যূহ হৈছে অৱতংসক সূত্ৰৰ অন্তিম অধ্যায়ত সুধনই সৰ্বোচ্চ পৰমজ্ঞানৰ সন্ধানত অক্লান্ত বিচৰণ সম্পৰ্কে কাহিনী। এই কাহিনীৰ চিত্ৰণ বৰোবুদুৰৰ তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ আৰু দ্বিতীয় গেলেৰীৰ আধা অংশও সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে। ইয়াত মুঠ ৪৬০টা ভাস্কৰ্যৰ পেনেল আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} এই কাহিনীটোৰ প্ৰধান ব্যক্তিত্ব এজন ধনী ব্যৱসায়ীৰ পুত্ৰ যুৱক সুধন। তেওঁক ১৬ নং পেনেলত চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। পূৰ্বৰ ১৫টা পেনেলে শ্ৰাৱস্তীৰ জেটবন বাগিচাত শাক্যমুনি বুদ্ধৰ সমাধিৰ সময়ত হোৱা অলৌকিকতাৰ কাহিনীৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা গঠন কৰে।{{sfn|Fontein|2012|p=17-25}} সুধনক মঞ্জুশ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধু আৰু গুৰু সন্ন্যাসী মেগাশ্ৰীক লগ কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}} যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত থকাৰ লগে লগে সুধনে ৫৩ গৰাকী শিক্ষকক যেনে সুপ্ৰতিষ্ঠিত, চিকিৎসক মেঘা (জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), মুক্তক, সন্ন্যাসী সাৰধ্বজ, মহিলা সাধাৰণ অনুগামী আশা (পৰম জ্ঞানৰ আত্মা), ভীস্মোত্তৰনিৰ্ঘোষ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জয়োস্ময়ত্ন, ৰাজকুমাৰী মৈত্ৰায়নী, সন্ন্যাসী সুদৰ্শন, ইন্দ্ৰযেশ্বৰ নামৰ ল’ৰা এজন, উপাসিকা প্ৰভুত, ৰত্নচূড়, ৰজা অনল, দেৱতা [[শিৱ]] মহাদেৱ, ৰাণী মায়া, বোধিসত্ত্ব মৈত্ৰেয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ মঞ্জুশ্ৰীক লগ পায়। প্ৰতিজন আধ্যাত্মিক বন্ধুৱে সুধনাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট শিক্ষা, জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা দিয়ে।{{sfn|Fontein|1967|p=6}}তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন তৃতীয় গেলেৰীত দেখুওৱা হৈছে। মঞ্জুশ্ৰীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে সাক্ষাৎ কৰি সুধনে চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীত চিত্ৰিত বোধিসত্ত্ব সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ বাসগৃহলৈ যায়। চতুৰ্থ গেলেৰীৰ সমগ্ৰ ধাৰাবাহিকখন সমন্তভদ্ৰৰ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত। অৱশেষত সুধনে পৰম জ্ঞান আৰু চূড়ান্ত সত্যৰ কৃতিত্ব লাভৰ সৈতে আখ্যান পেনেলসমূহৰ অন্ত পৰে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|p=35}} ==বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ== [[File:Borobudur-perfect-buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি]] শিলত খোদিত বৌদ্ধ ব্ৰহ্মাণ্ডবিজ্ঞানৰ কাহিনীৰ বাহিৰেও বৰোবুদুৰত বিভিন্ন বুদ্ধৰ বহুতো প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি আছে। [[পদ্মাসন]] অৱস্থাত বহি থকা অৱস্থাত বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিসমূহ পাঁচটা বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ মঞ্চ (ৰূপধাতু স্তৰ) আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত (অৰুপাধাতু স্তৰ) বিতৰিত। বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ৰূপধাতু স্তৰৰ নিম্ন স্থান, ৰেলিঙৰ বাহিৰৰ ফালে শাৰী শাৰীকৈ সজোৱা আৰু মঞ্চবোৰ ক্ৰমান্বয়ে উচ্চ স্তৰলৈ হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ লগে লগে মূৰ্তিৰ সংখ্যা কমি আহিছে। প্ৰথম ৰেলিঙত ১০৪টা, দ্বিতীয়টোত ১০৪টা, তৃতীয়টোত ৮৮টা, চতুৰ্থটোত ৭২টা আৰু পঞ্চমটোত ৬৪টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে। মুঠতে ৰূপধাতু পৰ্যায়ত ৪৩২টা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} অৰুপধাতু স্তৰত (বা তিনিটা বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত) বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰ ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপৰ ভিতৰত ৰখা হৈছে। প্ৰথম বৃত্তাকাৰ মঞ্চত ৩২টা স্তূপ, দ্বিতীয়টোত ২৪টা আৰু তৃতীয়টোত ১৬টা আছে। আটাইবোৰৰ যোগফল ৭২টা স্তূপ হয়।{{sfn|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} [[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়ামত থকা বৰোবুদুৰৰ বুদ্ধৰ শিৰ]] মূল ৫০৪টা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিৰ ভিতৰত ৩০০টাতকৈও অধিক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত (বেছিভাগেই মূৰবিহীন) আৰু ৪৩টা নোহোৱা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰা সংগ্ৰহালয়সমূহে (বেছিভাগেই পশ্চিমীয়া) মূৰসমূহ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল{{sfn|Woodward|1979|p=302}} বা ব্যক্তিগত সংগ্ৰাহকে লুটপাত কৰিছিল।{{sfn|Bloembergen| Monquil|2022|p=3}} এই বুদ্ধৰ মূৰবোৰৰ কিছুমান এতিয়া বহুতো সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, [[পেৰিছ]]ৰ মিউজিয়াম গুইমেট আৰু [[লণ্ডন]]ৰ দ্য ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়ামত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে।{{sfn|BBC|2014}} জাৰ্মানীয়ে ২০১৪ চনত ইয়াৰ সংগ্ৰহ ঘূৰাই দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পুনৰ সংলগ্ন আৰু বৰোবুদুৰৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে ধন আগবঢ়াইছে।{{sfn|Muryanto |2014}} প্ৰথম দৃষ্টিত সকলো বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি একেধৰণৰ যেন লাগে যদিও মুদ্ৰা বা হাতৰ অৱস্থানত ইয়াৰ মাজত এক সূক্ষ্ম পাৰ্থক্য দেখা যায়। মুদ্ৰাৰ পাঁচটা গোট আছে: উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু ঊৰ্ধ। এই দিশসমূহে মহাযানৰ মতে পাঁচটা কম্পাছ বিন্দুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰথম চাৰিটা ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ প্ৰথম চাৰি মুদ্ৰা উত্তৰ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু পশ্চিম আছে। ইয়াৰে এটা কম্পাছ দিশৰ ফালে থকা বুদ্ধ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ সংশ্লিষ্ট মুদ্ৰা আছে। পঞ্চম ৰেলিঙত থকা বুদ্ধৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰত বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা আৰু ওপৰৰ মঞ্চত থকা ৭২টা স্তুপৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুদ্ধৰ ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা অছে।{{sfn|De Casparis|1966|pp=547-548}} প্ৰতি মুদ্ৰাই পাঁচগৰাকী ধ্যানী বুদ্ধৰ ভিতৰত এজনক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে আৰু প্ৰত্যেকৰে নিজস্ব প্ৰতীকীতা আছে।{{sfn|Bucknell|Stuart-Fox|1995}} পূবৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰদক্ষিণ (ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ)ৰ ক্ৰম অনুসৰণ কৰি বৰোবুদুৰ বুদ্ধ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিসমূহৰ মুদ্ৰাসমূহ হ'ল:{{sfn|Van Lohuizen-de Leeuw|1965|pp=391, 413-416}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%; " |- |- ! মূৰ্তি ! মুদ্ৰা ! প্ৰতীকী অৰ্থ ! ধ্যানী বুদ্ধ ! দিশ ! মূৰ্তিটোৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|100px]] |''ভূমিস্পৰ্শ মুদ্ৰা'' |পৃথিৱীক সাক্ষী হ'বলৈ আহ্বান |অক্ষোভ্যা |পূব |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পূবৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|100px]] |''বৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |উপকাৰিতা, দান দিয়া |ৰত্নসম্ভৱ |দক্ষিণ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা দক্ষিণৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|100px]] |''ধ্যান মুদ্ৰা'' |একাগ্ৰতা আৰু ধ্যান |অমিতাভ |পশ্চিম |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা পশ্চিম ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|100px]] |''অভয় মুদ্ৰা'' |সাহস, নিৰ্ভীকতা |আমোঘসিদ্ধি |উত্তৰ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' প্ৰথম চাৰিটা উত্তৰ ৰেলিঙৰ স্থান |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|100px]] |''বিতৰ্ক মুদ্ৰা'' |যুক্তি আৰু গুণ |বৈৰোচন বা সমন্তভদ্ৰ |ঊৰ্ধ |''ৰূপাধাতু'' পঞ্চম (সৰ্বোচ্চ) ৰেলিঙৰ স্থানৰ সকলো দিশতে |- |[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|100px]] |''ধৰ্মচক্ৰ মুদ্ৰা'' |ধৰ্মৰ চকা ঘূৰোৱা (বিধান) |বৈৰোচন |ঊৰ্ধ |''অৰুপাধাতু'' তিনিটা ঘূৰণীয়া মঞ্চত ৭২টা ছিদ্ৰযুক্ত স্তূপত |} ==সমসাময়িক পৰিঘটনা== ===ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান=== [[File:Borobudur on Vesak Day 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত বেসক অনুষ্ঠান]] ১৯৭৩ চনত ইউনেস্কোৰ পুঁজিৰে কৰা বৃহৎ সংস্কাৰৰ পিছত{{sfn|Voute|1973|pp=113–130}} বৰোবুদুৰক পুনৰবাৰ পূজা আৰু তীৰ্থস্থান হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰা হয়। বছৰত এবাৰ মে’ বা জুন মাহত পূৰ্ণিমাৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে জন্ম, মৃত্যু আৰু সিদ্ধাৰ্থ গৌতমে বুদ্ধ হ’বলৈ পৰমজ্ঞান লাভ কৰা সময়ৰ স্মৃতিত [[বুদ্ধ পূৰ্ণিমা|বেসক দিৱস]] (ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান: ৱাইছাক) দিৱস পালন কৰে। ৱাইছাক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্ধৰ দিন{{sfn|Vaisutis|2007|p=856}} আৰু এই অনুষ্ঠানটো মেণ্ডুটৰ পৰা পাৱনলৈ খোজ কাঢ়ি গৈ বৰোবুদুৰত শেষ কৰি তিনিটা বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি কৰা হয়।{{sfn|Walubi|2002}} বৰোবুদুৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা অনুষ্ঠানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদক্ষিণ বা বৰোবুদুৰৰ ঘড়ীৰ কাঁটাৰ দিশত প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰা আৰু গেলেৰীৰ মাজেৰে বৰোবুদুৰৰ মঞ্চত উঠি যোৱা{{sfn|Madyansyah|2023}}, বৰোবুদুৰক আগুৰি ধ্যান কৰা আৰু আকাশত ফানুচ মুকলি কৰা আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।{{sfn|Fitriana|2023}}{{sfn|Sudiarno|2016}} ===পৰ্যটন=== ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শন কৰা একক পৰ্যটনস্থলী। ১৯৭৪ চনত ২ লাখ ৬০ হাজাৰ পৰ্যটকে এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো দৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰে ৩৬,০০০ বিদেশী পৰ্যটক আছিল।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ১৯৯০ চনৰ মাজভাগত দেশখনৰ অৰ্থনৈতিক সংকটৰ পূৰ্বে এই সংখ্যা বছৰি ২৫ লাখ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় (৮০% ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটক)।{{Nowrap|2.5 million}} পৰ্যটন উন্নয়নক অৱশ্যে স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত নকৰাৰ বাবে সমালোচনা কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ফলত মাজে মাজে সংঘাতৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|p=739}} ২০০৩ চনত বৰোবুদুৰৰ আশে-পাশে থকা বাসিন্দা আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ ব্যৱসায়ীসকলে কেইবাখনো সভা আৰু প্ৰতিবাদৰ আয়োজন কৰে আৰু প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে "জাভা ৱৰ্ল্ড" নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা তিনিমহলীয়া ম'ল কমপ্লেক্স নিৰ্মাণৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে আপত্তি দৰ্শায়।{{sfn|Hampton|2005|pp=752–753}} ২০১২ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰক বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ হিচাপে [[গিনিজ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডছ|গিনিজ বুক অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰেকৰ্ডত]] লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হয়।{{Sfn|Antara|2012}} ===সংৰক্ষণ=== [[File:Borobudur monks 1.jpg|thumb|left|বৌদ্ধ সন্ন্যাসীসকলে বৰোবুদুৰৰ শীৰ্ষ মঞ্চত জপ কৰে]] ইউনেস্কোৱে বৰ্তমানৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ অৱস্থাৰ অধীনত তিনিটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট চিন্তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰ চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল: (i) দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ দ্বাৰা ভাঙি পেলোৱা; (ii) ঠাইখনৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব অংশত মাটিৰ খহনীয়া; আৰু (iii) অনুপস্থিত মৌলসমূহৰ বিশ্লেষণ আৰু পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} কোমল মাটি, অসংখ্য ভূমিকম্প আৰু প্ৰচণ্ড বৰষুণৰ ফলত গঠনটো অস্থিৰ হৈ পৰে। ভূমিকম্প আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৰিহণা যোগোৱা কাৰক। কিয়নো কেৱল শিল তললৈ পৰি তোৰণবোৰ ছিন্নভিন্ন হোৱাই নহয়, ভূমি নিজেই ঢৌৰ দৰে গতি কৰিব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত গঠনটো আৰু অধিক ধ্বংস হ'ব।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} স্তূপৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ বাবে বহু দৰ্শনাৰ্থী আহে আৰু ইয়াৰে অধিকাংশই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় লোক। সকলো স্তৰতে কোনো বস্তু স্পৰ্শ নকৰিবলৈ সতৰ্কবাণী চিন থকা, লাউডস্পীকাৰৰ জৰিয়তে নিয়মীয়াকৈ সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰেৰণ আৰু প্ৰহৰীৰ উপস্থিতি থকাৰ পিছতো ভাস্কৰ্য আৰু মূৰ্তি ভাঙি পেলোৱাটো বৰ্তমান তেনেই সাধাৰণ পৰিঘটনা আৰু মূল সমস্যা। ইয়াৰ ফলত ইয়াৰ অধিক অৱনতি ঘটিছে।{{sfn|Republic of Indonesia|2002|pp=1-26}} ===পুনৰ্বাসন=== [[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-06.jpg|thumb|বৰোবুদুৰৰ চাৰিওফালে অৱস্থিত যমজ আগ্নেয়গিৰি মাউণ্ট মেৰবাবু (বাওঁফালে) আৰু মাউণ্ট মেৰাপি (সোঁফালে)]] ২০১০ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ আৰু নৱেম্বৰ মাহত মেৰাপি পৰ্বতৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰত যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছিল। মেৰাপিৰ পৰা অহা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাই মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটোৰ ওপৰত পৰিছিল। ই আগ্নেয়গিৰীৰ মূল গহ্বৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২৮ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৭ মাইল) পশ্চিম-দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে অৱস্থিত। ৩–৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ সময়ত মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ওপৰত ২.৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (১ ইঞ্চি){{sfn|Antara|2010}} ডাঠ ছাইৰ তৰপ এটা পৰি ভাস্কৰ্যসমূহ ঢাকি পেলায় আৰু জল নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাটো বন্ধ হৈ পৰে। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে আশংকা কৰে যে এই এচিডিক ছাইয়ে মন্দিৰৰ মূৰ্তিবোৰৰ ক্ষতি কৰিব পাৰে।{{sfn|Nagaoka|2016|p=99}} ৫ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা ৯ নৱেম্বৰলৈ মন্দিৰ কমপ্লেক্সটো বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয় যাতে ছাইসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰিব পৰা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2010}}{{sfn|Naibaho|2010}} ২০১০ চনত মাউণ্ট মেৰাপিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে হোৱা খৰচৰ অংশ হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৱে ৩০ লাখ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ৪,০৬৩,৩১৪ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) অনুদান আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Post|2011}} বৰষুণৰ পিছত লেতেৰাৰ ফলত বন্ধ হৈ পৰা নিষ্কাশন ব্যৱস্থাক পুনৰুদ্ধাৰ কৰিবলৈ মন্দিৰৰ গঠনটোকে সামৰি লোৱা ৫৫ হাজাৰতকৈ অধিক শিলৰ ব্লক ভাঙি পেলোৱা হয়। নৱেম্বৰ মাহত পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ কাম সমাপ্ত হয়।{{sfn|Wahyuni|2011}} ২০১২ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত দুজন জাৰ্মান শিল সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞই এই স্থানত দহ দিন কটাই মন্দিৰসমূহ বিশ্লেষণ কৰি আৰু ইয়াৰ দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী সংৰক্ষণ নিশ্চিত কৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} জুন মাহত জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইউনেস্ক’ক দ্বিতীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ পুনৰ্বাসনৰ বাবে ১ লাখ ৩০ হাজাৰ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ (২০২৩ চনত ১৭২,৫২৯ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ সমতুল্য) বৰঙণি আগবঢ়াবলৈ সন্মত হৈছিল। শিল সংৰক্ষণ, অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান, গাঁথনি অভিযান্ত্ৰিক আৰু ৰাসায়নিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকীৰ ছয়জন বিশেষজ্ঞই ২০১৮ চনৰ জুন মাহত ব’ৰ’বুদুৰত এসপ্তাহ কটায়। তাৰ পিছত ছেপ্টেম্বৰ বা অক্টোবৰ মাহত আন এটা ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে উভতি অহাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। এই অভিযানসমূহে জানুৱাৰী মাহৰ প্ৰতিবেদনত পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া সংৰক্ষণ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ আৰম্ভ কৰিব আৰু চৰকাৰী কৰ্মচাৰী আৰু যুৱ সংৰক্ষণ বিশেষজ্ঞসকলৰ সংৰক্ষণ ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে সামৰ্থ্য বিকাশৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব বুলি আশা কৰা হয়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2012}} ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত প্ৰায় ২০০ কিলোমিটাৰ পূবে অৱস্থিত পূব জাভাৰ কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত হোৱা আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ দ্বাৰা যথেষ্ট প্ৰভাৱিত হোৱাৰ পিছত বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকোকে ধৰি যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলীসমূহ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে বন্ধ কৰি দিয়া হয়। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ বিখ্যাত স্তূপ আৰু মূৰ্তিসমূহ আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ ছাইৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ শ্ৰমিকসকলে আৱৰি ধৰে। ২০১৪ চনৰ ১৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত কেলুড আগ্নেয়গিৰিৰ বিস্ফোৰণ ঘটে আৰু যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ দৰে দূৰৰ অঞ্চললৈকে বিস্ফোৰণৰ শব্দ শুনা যায়।{{sfn|The Jakarta Globe|2014}} ===নিৰাপত্তাৰ ভাবুকি=== [[File:Borobudur Bombing 1985.jpg|thumb|১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদী আক্ৰমণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ ওপৰৰ মঞ্চৰ কেইবাটাও স্তূপৰ ক্ষতি হয়]] ১৯৮৫ চনৰ ২১ জানুৱাৰীত ৯টা বোমাৰ বিস্ফোৰণৰ ফলত বৰোবুদুৰৰ নটা স্তূপ বেয়াকৈ ক্ষতিসাধন হয়।{{sfn|Bloembergen|Eickhoff|2015|pp=91– 92}}{{sfn|The Miami Herald|1985}} ১৯৯১ চনত এজন অন্ধ মুছলমান প্ৰচাৰক হুছেইন আলী আল হাবছিয়ে ১৯৮০ চনৰ মাজভাগত মন্দিৰ আক্ৰমণকে ধৰি ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে ঘটোৱা বোমা বিস্ফোৰণৰ মাষ্টাৰমাইণ্ডৰ বাবে যাৱজ্জীৱন কাৰাদণ্ডৰ শাস্তি লাভ কৰে।{{sfn|Crouch|2002|p=14}} বোমা বিস্ফোৰণ সংঘটিত কৰা ইছলামিক উগ্ৰপন্থী গোটটোৰ আন দুজন সদস্যক ১৯৮৬ চনত প্ৰত্যেককে ২০ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হৈছিল আৰু আন এজন লোকে ১৩ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড বিহা হয়। ২০০৬ চনৰ ২৭ মে’ তাৰিখে মধ্য জাভাৰ দক্ষিণ উপকূলত ৬.২ প্ৰাবল্যৰ ভূমিকম্প আহে। এই পৰিঘটনাই অঞ্চলটোৰ চাৰিওফালে বিস্তৰ ক্ষতিসাধন কৰে আৰু ওচৰৰ যোগাকাৰ্টা আৰু প্ৰম্বানন চহৰত ক্ষয়-ক্ষতি হয় যদিও বৰোবুদুৰ অক্ষত অৱস্থাত থাকে।{{sfn|Berger|2006}} ২০১৪ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ আৰক্ষী আৰু নিৰাপত্তা বাহিনীয়ে আইছিছৰ স্বঘোষিত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান শাখাই ছ’চিয়েল মিডিয়াত প্ৰকাশ কৰা ভাবুকিৰ সতৰ্কতামূলক ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নিৰাপত্তা কটকটীয়া কৰিছিল। সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীয়ে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু অন্যান্য মূৰ্তি ধ্বংস কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বিবৃত্তি জাৰি কৰিছিল।{{sfn|The Straits Times|2014}} নিৰাপত্তা উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত চিচিটিভি মনিটৰ মেৰামতি আৰু বৰ্ধিত নিয়োগ কৰাৰ লগতে মন্দিৰ চৌহদ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে নৈশ টহল দিয়াৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হয়। জেহাদী গোটটোৱে ইছলামৰ কঠোৰ ব্যাখ্যা অনুসৰণ কৰে আৰু ভাস্কৰ্য্যৰ দৰে যিকোনো নৃগোষ্ঠীয় উপস্থাপনক মূৰ্তিপূজা বুলি গৰিহণা দিয়ে। ===বৰ্ধিত দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সমস্যা=== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bezoekers van de Borobudur TMnr 20027041.jpg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰত পৰ্যটক]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ সৰু চিৰিবোৰত উঠি অহা দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সংখ্যা বেছি হোৱাৰ বাবে চিৰিত তীব্ৰ ক্ষয়-ক্ষতিৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে। শিলৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগৰ খহনীয়া হৈ পৰিছে আৰু পাতল আৰু মসৃণ কৰি তুলিছে। সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰত ২০৩৩টা শিলৰ চিৰিৰ পৃষ্ঠ আছে। এই চিৰি পশ্চিম দিশ, পূব, দক্ষিণ আৰু উত্তৰকে ধৰি চাৰি দিশত বিস্তৃত। ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় ১,০২৮টা পৃষ্ঠ বা প্ৰায় ৪৯.১৫ শতাংশ গুৰুতৰভাৱে জীৰ্ণ হৈ পৰিছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} চিৰিৰ শিল আৰু অধিক অৱক্ষয়ৰ পৰা হাত সাৰিবলৈ ২০১৪ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰ চিৰিৰ দুটা মূল অংশ – পূব (আৰোহী পথ) আৰু উত্তৰ (অৱতৰণ পথ) ফাল – কাঠৰ গঠনেৰে আবৃত কৰা হয়। কম্বোডিয়াৰ এংকৰ ৱাট আৰু [[ইজিপ্ত]]ৰ পিৰামিডত একেধৰণৰ পদ্ধতি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Fitriana|2014}} ২০১৫ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ সংৰক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰই চিৰিবোৰ ৰবৰৰ আৱৰণেৰে ঢাকি ৰখাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।{{sfn|Asdhiana |2015}} ধ্বংসপ্ৰৱণতা আৰু গ্ৰেফিটি অংকনৰ বাবে ২০২০ চনত মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদত প্ৰৱেশ সাময়িকভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ পৰিছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰা পৰ্যটক গাইডৰ সৈতে দিনটোত এঘণ্টাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক ১২০০ দৰ্শকক মন্দিৰত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হৈছে। দৰ্শনাৰ্থীসকলে ইয়াত বাঁহৰ চেণ্ডেল পিন্ধিব লাগে।{{sfn|Watson |2023}} ষ্টেটেষ্টিক্‌ছ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ মতে ২০২১ চনত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ঘৰুৱা পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা ৪২২,৯৩০ৰ পৰা ২০২২ চনত ১৪.৪ লাখলৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে বছৰি ২০ লাখ পৰ্যটকৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ লক্ষ্য বান্ধি লৈছে।{{sfn|Antara |2023}} ==উত্তৰাধিকাৰ== [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM President Soekarno en de Indiase premier Nehru kijken toe hoe Indira Gandhi bloemen in ontvangst neemt tijdens een bezoek aan de Borobudur TMnr 10015646.jpg|thumb|right|১৯৫০ চনৰ জুন মাহত বৰোবুদুৰ ভ্ৰমণ কৰা সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণো আৰু [[ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী]] [[জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু]]]] বৰোবুদুৰৰ নান্দনিক আৰু কাৰিকৰীভাবে উচ্চ জ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতীক। ই ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ানসকলৰ বাবে গৌৰৱৰ ভাৱ জগাই তুলি আহিছে। কম্বোডিয়াৰ বাবে এংকৰ ৱাটৰ দৰেই বৰোবুদুৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বাবে ইয়াৰ অতীতৰ মহানতাৰ সাক্ষ্য দিবলৈ এক শক্তিশালী প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণোয়ে বিদেশী গণ্যমান্য ব্যক্তিক এই স্থান দেখুৱাইছিল। চুহাৰ্টো শাসনকালত ইয়াৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰতীকী আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অৰ্থ উপলব্ধি কৰি ইউনেস্ক’ৰ সহায়ত কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটো পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ বাবে অধ্যৱসায়ীভাৱে এক বৃহৎ প্ৰকল্পত আৰম্ভ কৰা হৈছিল। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বহু সংগ্ৰহালয়ত বৰোবুদুৰৰ স্কেল মডেলৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ আছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটো প্ৰায় এটা বিখ্যাত চিহ্ন হৈ পৰিছে। ৱায়াং পুতলা খেল আৰু গামেলান সংগীতৰ সৈতে গোট খুৱাই ই এটা অস্পষ্ট ধ্ৰুপদী জাভানীজ অতীতত পৰিণত হৈছে।{{sfn|Wood|2011|p=38}} বৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা সংগ্ৰহ কৰা কেইবাটাও প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক সামগ্ৰী বা ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু বিদেশৰ কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে। বৰোবুদুৰ মন্দিৰৰ চৌহদৰ ভিতৰত থকা কৰ্মবিভংগ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ বাহিৰেও কিছুমান সংগ্ৰহালয় যেনে: জাকাৰ্টাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম, আমষ্টাৰডামৰ ট্ৰপেনমিউজিয়াম, লণ্ডনৰ ব্ৰিটিছ মিউজিয়াম, বেংককৰ থাই নেচনেল মিউজিয়ামত বৰোবুদুৰৰ শিল্পকৰ্ম আছে। পেৰিছৰ লুভ্ৰ সংগ্ৰহালয়, কুৱালালামপুৰৰ মালয়েছিয়ান নেচনেল মিউজিয়াম আৰু নিউ টাইপেইৰ মিউজিয়াম অৱ ৱৰ্ল্ড ৰিলিজিয়নছতো বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিৰূপ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছে।{{sfn|Museum of World Religions, Taipei}} প্ৰাচীন জাভাৰ ধ্ৰুপদী বৌদ্ধ সভ্যতাৰ প্ৰতি এই কীৰ্তিচিহ্নটোৱে বিশ্বৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছে। বৰোবুদুৰৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ আৰু পুনৰ্গঠনক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধসকলে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ চিন বুলি প্ৰশংসা কৰিছে। ১৯৩৪ চনত [[শ্ৰীলংকা]]ৰ পৰা অহা মিছনেৰী সন্ন্যাসী নাৰদ থেৰা দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ যাত্ৰাৰ অংশ হিচাপে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ভ্ৰমণ কৰে। এই সুযোগৰ সহায়ত স্থানীয় কেইজনমান বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মগুৰুয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্মক পুনৰুজ্জীৱিত কৰিছিল। ১৯৩৪ চনৰ ১০ মাৰ্চত বৰোবুদুৰৰ দক্ষিণ-পূব দিশত নাৰদ থেৰাৰ আশীৰ্বাদত [[বোধি বৃক্ষ|বোধি বৃক্ষৰোপণ]] অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত হয় আৰু কিছুমান উপাসকক সন্ন্যাসী হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়।{{sfn|Buddhanet|2002}} বছৰত এবাৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু চুবুৰীয়া দেশৰ পৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ বৌদ্ধ লোকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৱাইছাক উদযাপনৰ স্মৃতিত বৰোবুদুৰলৈ ভিৰ কৰে।{{sfn|Wonderful Indonesia|2013}} [[File:Coat of arms of Central Java.svg|thumb|upright|বৰোবুদুৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক]] মধ্য জাভা প্ৰদেশ আৰু মাগেলাং ৰিজেন্সিৰ প্ৰতীকত বৰোবুদুৰৰ প্ৰতিচ্ছবি আছে। ই মধ্য জাভাৰ প্ৰতীক হৈ পৰিছে আৰু বহল পৰিসৰত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰো প্ৰতীক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। বৰোবুদুৰৰ নামেৰে কেইবাটাও প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। যেনে বৰোবুদুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, মধ্য জাকাৰ্টাৰ বৰোবুদুৰ হোটেল আৰু বিদেশৰ কেইবাখনো ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্ট ইয়াৰ নামেৰে ৰখা হৈছে। এই স্মৃতিসৌধটোৱে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ দুখন উল্লেখযোগ্য পাঁচ তাৰকাযুক্ত হোটেল ওচৰৰ আমানজিঅ’ (য’ৰ পৰা পৰিষ্কাৰ দিনত মন্দিৰটো দেখা যায়) আৰু স্লেমানৰ হায়াট ৰিজেন্সি যোগাকাৰ্টাৰ স্থাপত্য ডিজাইনৰ বাবে অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰিছিল। ৰূপিয়াৰ বেংকনোট আৰু ডাকটিকটত, বহুতো কিতাপ, প্ৰকাশন, তথ্যচিত্ৰ আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটন প্ৰচাৰ সামগ্ৰীত বৰোবুদুৰক দেখা যায়। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ অন্যতম মূল পৰ্যটন আকৰ্ষণ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে এই স্মৃতিসৌধ, মন্দিৰটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা অঞ্চলটোৰ স্থানীয় অৰ্থনীতি সৃষ্টিৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয়। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে যোগাকাৰ্টা চহৰৰ পৰ্যটন খণ্ডটো আংশিকভাৱে বৰোবুদুৰ আৰু প্ৰম্বানন মন্দিৰৰ ওচৰত থকাৰ বাবেই গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে। ===শিল্প আৰু সাহিত্যত উল্লেখ=== ১৮৩৬ চনৰ ফিচাৰৰ ড্ৰয়িং ৰুম স্ক্ৰেপ বুকত ডব্লিউ পাৰ্চাৰৰ এখন ছবিৰ খোদিত বৰো ব'ড'ৰত লেটিচিয়া এলিজাবেথ লেণ্ডনে খ্ৰীষ্টান দৃষ্টিকোণৰ পৰা বৰোবুদুৰক উপস্থাপন কৰিছে।{{sfn|Landon|1836|p=39}} ==লগতে চাওক== * [[এংকৰ ৱাট]] ==টোকা== {{notelist}} ==তথ্য উৎস== {{reflist|1=30em}} ==উদ্ধৃত ৰচনাসমূহ== ===গ্ৰন্থৰাজি=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book | title = Hasil Pemugaran dan Temuan Benda Cagar Budaya PJP I | first1 =I.G.N. | last1 =Anom | last2 = Sugiyanti| first2 =Sri | last3 =Hasibuan | first3 = Hadniwati|editor1-last= Ibrahim|editor1-first= Maulana |editor2-last= Samidi | publisher = Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan | year = 1996 | url = 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The Moral Dynamics of Heritage Formation in Indonesia across Orders and Borders, 1930s–1980s. 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2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214143350/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/borobudur-other-sites-closed-after-mount-kelud-eruption/|archive-date=14 February 2014|url-status=dead}} *{{cite news|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Post|2011}}|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/17/borobudur%E2%80%99s-postmerapi-eruption-rehabilitating-may-take-three-years-official.html |title=Borobudur's post-Merapi eruption rehabilitating may take three years: Official |publisher=The Jakarta Post|date=17 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116230820/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/17/borobudur%E2%80%99s-postmerapi-eruption-rehabilitating-may-take-three-years-official.html |archive-date=16 January 2016}} *{{Cite news|date=20 January 2018|ref={{sfnref|The Jakarta Post|2018}}|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/01/19/ui-archaeology-professor-weighs-in-on-borobudurs-chattra-restoration.html|title=UI archaeology professor weighs in on Borobudur's 'chattra' restoration|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=4 May 2018|language=en}} *{{cite news |last1=The Straits Times |title=Indonesia's police on alert over apparent ISIS terror threat to Borobudur Temple |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesias-police-on-alert-over-apparent-isis-terror-threat-to-borobudur-temple |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=23 August 2014}} *{{cite news|ref={{sfnref|The Miami Herald|1985}}|title=1,100-Year-Old Buddhist Temple Wrecked By Bombs in Indonesia|publisher=The Miami Herald|date=22 January 1985|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB3619008FD4B9F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|access-date=17 August 2008}} *{{cite web|type=programme and meeting document|date=1999|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO|1999}}|publisher=UNESCO|title=Cultural heritage and partnership |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001163/116321Eo.pdf |access-date=17 August 2008}} *{{cite press release|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO|2004}}|publisher=UNESCO|title=UNESCO experts mission to Prambanan and Borobudur Heritage Sites |date=31 August 2004}} *{{cite web|date=2024|ref={{sfnref|UNESCO World Heritage Centre|2024}}|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592| title=Borobudur Temple Compounds| publisher=UNESCO| work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre| access-date=3 January 2024}} *{{cite web |ref={{sfnref|UNESCO Jakarta|2012}} |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/jakarta/about-this-office/single-view/news/stone_conservation_workshop_borobudur_central_java_indone/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914132130/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/jakarta/about-this-office/single-view/news/stone_conservation_workshop_borobudur_central_java_indone/ |archive-date=14 September 2017 |title=Stone Conservation Workshop, Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia, 11-12 January 2012 funded by the Federal Republic of Germany|publisher=UNESCO Jakarta |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=8 September 2017}} *{{cite news |last=Wahyuni|first=Sri |date=28 June 2011 |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/28/borobudur-clean-finish-november.html |title=Borobudur clean-up to finish in November |publisher=The Jakarta Post |access-date=28 June 2012}} *{{Cite web|ref={{sfnref|Wacana Nusantara|2015}} |url=http://www.wacananusantara.org/candi-borobudur|title=Candi Borobudur, Bentuk dan Perlambang|publisher=Wacana Nusantara|date=23 September 2015 |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094754/http://www.wacananusantara.org/candi-borobudur/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Walubi|2023}}|date=2023|website=Walubi |title=Borobudur: Candi Berbukit Kebajikan |url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|access-date=December 9, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703070946/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|archive-date=July 3, 2010|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Walubi|2002}}| title=The Meaning of Procession| publisher=Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia)| work=Waisak| url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml| access-date=28 December 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211113440/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak/waisak_emakna_prosesi.shtml| archive-date=11 February 2009| url-status=dead}} *{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Penny |title=How world's largest Buddhist temple in Indonesia has been reborn |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2708661 |access-date=21 December 2023 |work=Bangkok Post |date=19 December 2023}} *{{cite web|ref={{sfnref|Wonderful Indonesia|2013}}|title=Vesak Festival: A Truly Sacred Experience |publisher=Wonderful Indonesia |url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience|date=2013 |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504193814/http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience |archive-date=4 May 2015}} {{refend}} ==অধিক পঢ়ক== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Barabudur, history and significance of a Buddhist monument|last1=Gomez|first1=Luis O.|last2= Woodward |first2=Hiram W. |publisher=Asian Humanities Press|others=presented at the Int. Conf. on Borobudur, University of Michigan, 16–17 May 1974|year=1981|isbn=0-89581-151-0|location=Berkeley|name-list-style=amp}} * {{cite book|title=The Mysteries of Borobudur|author=John Miksic|publisher=Periplus|year=1999|isbn=962-593-198-8|location=Hongkong}} *{{Cite journal|last=Morton III|first=W. Brown|date=January 1983|title=Indonesia Rescues Ancient Borobudur|volume=163|issue=1 |issn=0027-9358 |oclc=643483454|journal=National Geographic (magazine)|pages=126–142}} * {{cite book|title=The symbolism of the stupa|author=Adrian Snodgrass|publisher=Cornell University|others=Southeast Asia Program |year=1985|isbn=0-87727-700-1|location=Ithaca, N.Y.}} * Klokke, Marijke. Borobudur a Mandala? IIAS Yearbook 1995, pp.&nbsp; 207. * Levin, Cecelia. "Enshrouded in Dharma and Artha: The Narrative Sequence of Borobudur's First Gallery Wall." In Materializing Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, edited by Klokke Marijke J. and Degroot Véronique, 27-40. SINGAPORE: NUS Press, 2013. Accessed June 17, 2020. {{jstor|j.ctv1qv3kf.7}}. * Sundberg, Jeffrey Roger. "Considerations on the Dating of the Barabuḍur Stūpa." Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 162, no. 1 (2006): 95–132. Accessed June 17, 2020. {{jstor|27868287}}. {{refend}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{Commons|Borobudur|বৰোবুদুৰ}} * [http://borobudurpark.com/ বৰোবুদুৰ, প্ৰম্বানন আৰু ৰাটু বকো পাৰ্কৰ অফিচিয়েল ছাইট] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txujqGtB_6g বৰবুদুৰ মন্দিৰ চৌহদৰ চুটি তথ্যচিত্ৰ], ইউনেস্কো আৰু এন এইচ কেৰ * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWAj22H4qWg লাৰ্নিং ফ্ৰম বৰোবুদুৰ তথ্যচিত্ৰ] ইউটিউবত বৰোবুদুৰৰ [[জাতক]], ললিতবিস্তাৰ আৰু গণ্ডব্যূহৰ আখ্যানমূলক ভাস্কৰ্যৰ কাহিনী * [http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/bycountry/indonesia/borobudur/ বড়োবুদুৰৰ বিষয়ে অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ গৱেষণা প্ৰকল্প] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141228053135/http://masterpieces.asemus.museum/borobudur/ বৰোবুদুৰৰ লুকাই থকা ভিত্তিৰ বিশ্লেষণ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141106215528/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.org/?id=856%2F গ্লোবেল হেৰিটেজ নেটৱৰ্কত বৰোবুদুৰ] * [https://bimasbuddha.kemenag.go.id/borobudur/360/360/ 360° ভাৰ্চুৱেল ভ্ৰমণ, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৌদ্ধ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ গাইডেন্স মহানিৰ্দেশনা] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ সংস্কৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বৌদ্ধ মন্দিৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]] 9ja9advoy63gk42tkevvlqpqrf5dkvb প্ৰ'টন 0 109767 453285 452807 2024-12-10T09:03:42Z Priyankush Deka 13491 453285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Subatomic particle with positive charge}} {{pp-move}} {{Infobox particle | bgcolour = | classification = বেৰিয়ন | name = প্ৰ'টন | image = [[File:Quark structure proton.svg|256px]] | caption = প্ৰ'টন গঠন কৰা কোৱাৰ্কসমূহ। প্ৰতিটো কোৱাৰ্কৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ৰংবোৰ যাদৃচ্ছিক, কিন্তু এই তিনিওটা ৰং থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক। কোৱাৰ্কসমূহৰ মাজত গ্লুৱন কণাৰ মধ্যস্থতাত আন্তঃক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি হয় আৰু এই আন্তঃক্ৰিয়াই তিনিওটা কোৱাৰ্কক একেলগে বান্ধি ৰাখি প্ৰ'টন গঠন কৰে। | num_types = | composition = ২টা আপ কোৱাৰ্ক (u), এটা ডাউন কোৱাৰ্ক (d) | statistics = ফাৰ্মিয়নিক | group = হেড্ৰন | generation = | interaction = [[মহাকৰ্ষণ]], বিদ্যুৎচুম্বকীয় বল, দুৰ্বল আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া, সবল আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া | antiparticle = এণ্টিপ্ৰ'টন | theorized = উইলিয়াম প্ৰাউট (১৮১৫) | discovered = ইউজেন গোল্ডষ্টেইনে ১৮৮৬ চনত H+ হিচাপে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। আৰ্নেষ্ট ৰাদাৰফোৰ্ডে আন নিউক্লিয়াছত চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল (আৰু নামকৰণ কৰিছিল) (১৯১৭–১৯২০)। | symbol = {{SubatomicParticle|Proton}}, {{SubatomicParticle|Proton+}}, {{SubatomicParticle|Nucleon+}}, {{chem|1|1|H|+}} | mass = {{physconst|mp}}<br />{{physconst|mp_Da}}<br />{{physconst|mpc2_MeV|unit={{val|ul=MeV/c2}}}} | mean_lifetime = > {{val|3.6|e=29|u=years}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=The SNO+ Collaboration|last2=Anderson|first2=M.|last3=Andringa|first3=S.|last4=Arushanova|first4=E.|last5=Asahi|first5=S.|last6=Askins|first6=M.|last7=Auty|first7=D. J.|last8=Back|first8=A. R.|last9=Barnard|first9=Z.|last10=Barros|first10=N.|last11=Bartlett|first11=D.|date=2019-02-20|title=Search for invisible le modes of nucleon decay in water with the SNO+ detector|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.032008|journal=Physical Review D|volume=99|issue=3|pages=032008|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.99.032008|arxiv=1812.05552 |bibcode=2019PhRvD..99c2008A |s2cid=96457175 }}</ref> (stable) | electric_charge = +১ e | charge_radius = {{val|0.8414|(19)|u=[[Femtometre|fm]]}}<ref name="CODATA2018" /> | electric_dipole_moment = < {{val|2.1|e=-25|u=''e''⋅cm}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sahoo|first=B. K.|date=2017-01-17|title=Improved limits on the hadronic and semihadronic $CP$ violating parameters and role of a dark force carrier in the electric dipole moment of $^{199}\mathrm{Hg}$|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.013002|journal=Physical Review D|volume=95|issue=1|pages=013002|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.95.013002|arxiv=1612.09371 |s2cid=119344894 }}</ref> | electric_polarizability = ০.০০১১২ ঘন ফেমট'মিটাৰ | magnetic_moment = {{physconst|mup}}<br />{{physconst|mup/muB|after=&nbsp; [[Bohr magneton|''μ''<sub>B</sub>]]}}<br />{{physconst|mup/muN|after=&nbsp; [[Nuclear magneton|''μ''<sub>N</sub>]]}} | spin = {{sfrac|১|২}}&nbsp; [[reduced Planck constant|''ħ'']] | isospin = {{sfrac|১|২}} | parity = +১ | condensed_symmetries = ''[[Isospin|I]]''(''[[Total angular momentum|J]]''<sup>''[[Parity (physics)|P]]''</sup>) = {{sfrac|১|২}}({{sfrac|১|২}}<sup>+</sup>) }} '''প্ৰ'টন''' হৈছে এটা সুস্থিৰ উপপাৰমাণৱিক কণা (চিহ্ন- {{SubatomicParticle|Proton}}, H<sup>+</sup>, বা <sup>1</sup>H<sup>+</sup>) যাৰ ধনাত্মক বৈদ্যুতিক আধান +১ e (মৌলিক আধান)। ইয়াৰ [[ভৰ]] [[নিউট্ৰন|নিউট্ৰনৰ]] ভৰৰ তুলনাত সামান্য কম আৰু [[ইলেকট্ৰন|ইলেকট্ৰনৰ]] ভৰৰ প্ৰায় ১৮৩৬ গুণ (প্ৰ’টন-ইলেকট্ৰন ভৰৰ অনুপাত)। প্ৰ'টন আৰু নিউট্ৰন, উভয়ৰে ভৰ প্ৰায় এক পাৰমাণৱিক ভৰ একক। পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছৰ অভ্যন্তৰত থকা বাবে এই দুয়োটা কণাক যৌথভাৱে নিউক্লিয়ন বুলি কোৱা হয়। প্ৰতিটো পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছত এটা বা ততোধিক প্ৰ'টন উপস্থিত থাকে। ইহঁতে স্থিৰবৈদ্যুতিক কেন্দ্ৰীয় বলৰ জৰিয়তে পৰমাণু এটাৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনবোৰক বান্ধি ৰাখে। নিউক্লিয়াছত থকা প্ৰ'টনৰ সংখ্যা এটা মৌলৰ সংজ্ঞায়িত ধৰ্ম, আৰু ইয়াক পাৰমাণিৱক সংখ্যা বুলি কোৱা হয় (Z চিহ্নৰে সূচায়)। যিহেতু প্ৰতিটো মৌলক ইয়াৰ নিউক্লিয়াছত থকা প্ৰ’টনৰ সংখ্যাৰ দ্বাৰা চিনাক্ত কৰা হয়, গতিকে প্ৰতিটো মৌলৰ নিজস্ব পাৰমাণৱিক সংখ্যা থাকে, যিয়ে পাৰমাণৱিক ইলেকট্ৰনৰ সংখ্যা আৰু ফলস্বৰূপে মৌলটোৰ ৰাসায়নিক বৈশিষ্ট্য নিৰ্ণয় কৰে। ==বিৱৰণ== প্ৰ’টনবোৰ -১/২⁠ স্পিনযুক্ত ফাৰ্মিয়ন। তিনিটা যোজ্য কোৱাৰ্কেৰে গঠিত বাবে ইয়াক বেৰিয়ন (হেড্ৰনৰ এটা উপভাগ) বুলি কোৱা হয়। প্ৰ'টনৰ দুটা আপ (u) কোৱাৰ্ক আৰু এটা ডাউন কোৱাৰ্কক (d) সবল নিউক্লীয় বলে একেলগে বান্ধি ৰাখে, আৰু এইক্ষেত্ৰত গ্লুৱন নামৰ কণাটোৱে বিনিময় কণা হিচাপে কাম কৰে। আধুনিক দৃষ্টিভংগীত প্ৰ'টনবোৰ যোজ্য কোৱাৰ্ক (আপ, আপ, ডাউন), গ্লুৱন আৰু সমুদ্ৰ কোৱাৰ্কৰ ক্ষণস্থায়ী যোৰেৰে গঠিত। প্ৰ’টনৰ ধনাত্মক আধান বিতৰণ থাকে, যিটো ইয়াৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ঘাতীয়ভাৱে কমি যায়। ইয়াৰ বৰ্গমূলীয় গড় বৰ্গ (root mean square) আধান ব্যাসাৰ্ধ প্ৰায় ০.৮ ফেমট'মিটাৰ। প্ৰ'টন আৰু নিউট্ৰন - দুয়োটা নিউক্লিয়ন, অৰ্থাৎ পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছৰ অংশ। দুয়োবিধ কণিকা সবল নিউক্লীয় বলৰ দ্বাৰা একেলগে বান্ধ খাই পাৰমাণৱিক নিউক্লিয়াছ গঠন কৰে। হাইড্ৰ'জেন পৰমাণুৰ আটাইতকৈ সাধাৰণ সমস্থানিকৰ নিউক্লিয়াছটো (ৰাসায়নিক চিহ্ন "H") এটা মাত্ৰ প্ৰ'টনেৰে গঠিত। গধুৰ হাইড্ৰ'জেন সমস্থানিক ডিউটেৰিয়াম আৰু ট্ৰিটিয়ামৰ নিউক্লিয়াছত এটা প্ৰ'টনৰ সৈতে ক্ৰমে এটা আৰু দুটা নিউট্ৰন বান্ধ খাই থাকে। বাকী সকলো ধৰণৰ পাৰমাণৱিক নিউক্লিয়াছ দুটা বা তাতকৈ অধিক প্ৰ’টন আৰু বিভিন্ন সংখ্যক নিউট্ৰনেৰে গঠিত। ==উৎস== প্ৰতিটো পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছত এটা বা ততোধিক প্ৰ’টন বান্ধোনত আৱদ্ধ হৈ থাকে। মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনবোৰ এনে কিছুমান পৰিস্থিতিত প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে পোৱা যায় য’ত শক্তি বা উষ্ণতা অতি বেছি হোৱা বাবে প্ৰ'টনবোৰ ইলেকট্ৰনৰ পৰা পৃথক হৈ পৰে, কাৰণ প্ৰ'টন আৰু ইলেকট্ৰনৰ মাজত সাধাৰণতে এক আকৰ্ষণ থাকে।  প্লাজমাত উষ্ণতা অতি বেছি বাবে প্ৰ'টন ইলেকট্ৰনৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হ'ব নোৱাৰে আৰু এইবোৰ মুক্ত অৱস্থাত পোৱা যায়।<ref name=Ebeling2021>{{cite journal |title=Equation of state of hydrogen, helium, and solar plasmas |first=W. |last=Ebeling |first2=H. |last2=Reinholz |first3=G. |last3=Röpke |date=2021 |journal=Contributions to Plasma Physics |doi=10.1002/ctpp.202100085}}</ref> মহাজাগতিক ৰশ্মিৰ ৯০% উপাদানেই উচ্চ শক্তি আৰু বেগৰ মুক্ত প্ৰ'টন, যিবোৰ আন্তঃনক্ষত্ৰীয় মাধ্যমৰ মাজেৰে চৌদিশে বিয়পি পৰে।<ref name=goddard-2012>{{cite web|title=What are cosmic rays?|publisher=NASA|department=Goddard Space Flight Center|url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/cosmic_rays.html|access-date=31 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028154200/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/cosmic_rays.html|archive-date=28 October 2012}}{{cite web|title=mirror copy, also archived|url=http://certificate.ulo.ucl.ac.uk/modules/year_one/NASA_GSFC/goddard/imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/cosmic_rays.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080140/http://certificate.ulo.ucl.ac.uk/modules/year_one/NASA_GSFC/goddard/imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/cosmic_rays.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}} </ref> কিছুমান বিৰল তেজস্ক্ৰিয় ক্ষয়ত পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছৰ পৰা পোনপটীয়াকৈ মুক্ত প্ৰ'টন নিৰ্গত হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-010-0708-5 |title=Nuclei Far from Stability and Astrophysics |publisher=Springer Netherlands |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7923-6937-0 |editor-last=Poenaru |editor-first=Dorin N. |location= Dordrecht |pages=79–81 |language=English |doi=10.1007/978-94-010-0708-5 |editor-last2=Rebel |editor-first2=Heinigerd |editor-last3=Wentz |editor-first3=Jürgen}}</ref> মুক্ত নিউট্ৰনৰ তেজস্ক্ৰিয় ক্ষয়ৰ ফলতো প্ৰ'টনৰো সৃষ্টি হয় (ইলেকট্ৰন আৰু এণ্টিনিউট্ৰিন'ৰ সৈতে), যিবোৰ অস্থিৰ।<ref name=Gonzalez-2021>{{Cite journal|last1=UCNτ Collaboration|last2=Gonzalez|first2=F. M.|last3=Fries|first3=E. M.|last4=Cude-Woods|first4=C.|last5=Bailey|first5=T.|last6=Blatnik|first6=M.|last7=Broussard|first7=L. J.|last8=Callahan|first8=N. B.|last9=Choi|first9=J. H.|last10=Clayton|first10=S. M.|last11=Currie|first11=S. A.|date=2021-10-13|title=Improved Neutron Lifetime Measurement with UCNτ|url=https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10304438|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=127|issue=16|page=162501|arxiv=2106.10375|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.162501|pmid=34723594|bibcode=2021PhRvL.127p2501G|s2cid=235490073|access-date=2024-04-01|archive-date=2024-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401134040/https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10304438|url-status=live}}</ref> ==সুস্থিৰতা== মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ কেতিয়াও স্বতঃস্ফূৰ্ত ক্ষয় হোৱা দেখা নাযায়। সেয়ে [[মানক আৰ্হি]] অনুসৰি প্ৰ'টনক সুস্থিৰ কণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। কিন্তু কণা পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানৰ কিছুমান গ্ৰেণ্ড ইউনিফাইড তত্ত্বই (GUT) ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণী কৰে যে ১০<sup>৩১</sup> আৰু ১০<sup>৩৬</sup> বছৰৰ মাজৰ জীৱনকাল এটাৰ সৈতে প্ৰ'টনৰ ক্ষয় হ’ব লাগে। পৰীক্ষামূলক অনুসন্ধানত স্বীকাৰ্য হিচাপে লোৱা বিভিন্ন ক্ষয় উৎপাদকৰ বাবে প্ৰ’টনৰ গড় আয়ুসৰ ওপৰত নিম্ন সীমা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Bucella1989" /><ref name="Lee1995" /><ref name="Kamioka" /> জাপানৰ ছুপাৰ-কামিঅ’কাণ্ডে সংসূচকত কৰা পৰীক্ষাত এটা এন্টিমিৱন আৰু এটা নিৰপেক্ষ পায়নলৈ ক্ষয়ৰ বাবে প্ৰ’টনৰ গড় জীৱনকালৰ নিম্ন সীমা দিয়া হৈছিল ৬.৬ × ১০<sup>৩৩</sup> বছৰ, আৰু পজিট্ৰন আৰু নিৰপেক্ষ পায়নলৈ ক্ষয়ৰ বাবে নিম্ন সীমা দিয়া হৈছিল ৮.২ × ১০<sup>৩৩</sup>  বছৰ। কানাডাৰ ছাডবেৰী নিউট্ৰিন' নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰত কৰা আন এটা পৰীক্ষাত অক্সিজেন-১৬ৰ পৰা প্ৰ'টনৰ ক্ষয়ৰ ফলত হোৱা অৱশিষ্ট নিউক্লিয়াছত গামা ৰশ্মিৰ সন্ধান কৰা হৈছিল। এই পৰীক্ষাটো যিকোনো পদাৰ্থলৈ হোৱা ক্ষয় ধৰা পেলাবলৈ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু প্ৰ'টনৰ জীৱনকালৰ নিম্ন সীমা পাইছিল ২.১ × ১০<sup>২৯</sup>  বছৰ। কিন্তু ইলেকট্ৰন জব্দকৰণ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ জৰিয়তে (ইয়াক পৰাবৰ্তনীয় বিটা ক্ষয় বুলিও কোৱা হয়) প্ৰ’টন নিউট্ৰনলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হোৱা বুলি জনা যায়। মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ বাবে এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়া স্বতঃস্ফূৰ্তভাৱে নহয়, কিন্তু শক্তি যোগান ধৰিলে এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটো হ'ব পাৰে। সমীকৰণটো হ’ল: : {{SubatomicParticle|Proton+}} + {{SubatomicParticle|Electron}} → {{SubatomicParticle|Neutron}} + {{SubatomicParticle|Electron neutrino}} প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটো পৰাবৰ্তনীয়; নিউট্ৰনে বিটা ক্ষয়ৰ জৰিয়তে পুনৰ প্ৰ'টনলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হ'ব পাৰে, যিটো তেজস্ক্রিয় ক্ষয়ৰ এটা সাধাৰণ ৰূপ। আচলতে এটা মুক্ত নিউট্ৰন এইদৰে ক্ষয় হয়, যাৰ গড় জীৱনকাল প্ৰায় ১৫ মিনিট। বিটা প্লাছ ক্ষয়ৰ (β+ ক্ষয়) জৰিয়তেও প্ৰ'টন নিউট্ৰনলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হ’ব পাৰে। ==সাধাৰণ পদাৰ্থৰ সৈতে মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া== যদিও বিপৰীত আধানযুক্ত ইলেকট্ৰনৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰ'টনৰ আসক্তি থাকে, এইটো তুলনামূলকভাৱে কম শক্তিৰ আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া আৰু সেয়েহে মুক্ত প্ৰ'টনে ইলেকট্ৰনৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত আৰু বান্ধ খাবলৈ পৰ্যাপ্ত [[বেগ]] (আৰু [[গতিশক্তি][) হেৰুৱাব লাগিব। উচ্চ শক্তিৰ প্ৰ'টনে সাধাৰণ পদাৰ্থ অতিক্ৰম কৰোতে পাৰমাণৱিক নিউক্লিয়াছৰ সৈতে সংঘৰ্ষৰ ফলত আৰু পৰমাণুৰ আয়নীকৰণৰ ফলত (ইলেক্ট্ৰন আঁতৰাই) শক্তি হেৰুৱাই গৈ থাকে যেতিয়ালৈকে ইহঁতৰ গতি পৰমাণুৰ ইলেকট্ৰন ডাৱৰে ধৰি ৰাখিব পৰাকৈ যথেষ্ট লেহেমীয়া নহয়। কিন্তু ইলেকট্ৰনৰ সৈতে এনেদৰে বান্ধি ৰখা প্ৰ’টনৰ চৰিত্ৰ সলনি নহয়, আৰু ই প্ৰ’টন হৈয়েই থাকে। সাধাৰণ পদাৰ্থসমূহত (যেনে পৰমাণুৰ ইলেকট্ৰন) উপস্থিত থকা যিকোনো ইলেকট্ৰনৰ প্ৰতি কম শক্তিসম্পন্ন মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ আকৰ্ষণৰ ফলত মুক্ত প্ৰ’টন ৰৈ যায় আৰু পৰমাণুৰ সৈতে নতুন ৰাসায়নিক বান্ধনি গঠন হয়। এনে বান্ধনি যিকোনো যথেষ্ট "ঠাণ্ডা" উষ্ণতাত (অৰ্থাৎ সূৰ্য্যৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ উষ্ণতাৰ সৈতে তুলনাযোগ্য) আৰু যিকোনো ধৰণৰ পৰমাণুৰ সৈতে ঘটে। এইদৰে যিকোনো ধৰণৰ সাধাৰণ (অ-প্লাজমা) পদাৰ্থৰ সৈতে হোৱা আন্তঃক্ৰিয়াত নিম্নবেগী মুক্ত প্ৰ’টন মুক্ত হৈ নাথাকে, বৰঞ্চ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহা যিকোনো পৰমাণু বা অণুৰ ইলেকট্ৰনৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত হয়, যাৰ ফলত প্ৰ’টন আৰু অণু একত্ৰিত হয়। তেতিয়া এনে অণুবোৰক "প্ৰ'টনযুক্ত" (protonated) বুলি কোৱা হয় , আৰু ৰাসায়নিকভাৱে ইহঁত কেৱল হাইড্ৰ'জেনৰ যৌগ, প্ৰায়ে ধনাত্মক আধানযুক্ত। ফলত প্ৰায়ে ইহঁত ব্ৰনষ্টেড এচিড হৈ পৰে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, [[পানী|পানীত]] পানীৰ অণুৱে ধৰি লোৱা এটা প্ৰ'টন হাইড্ৰ'নিয়াম হৈ পৰে, যিটো জলীয় কেটায়ন H 3 O + হিচাপে পৰিচিত। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মৌলিক কণা]] 3bluzjirtx07iik290rygqt5vw0iqar 453287 453285 2024-12-10T09:05:55Z Priyankush Deka 13491 /* সাধাৰণ পদাৰ্থৰ সৈতে মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া */ 453287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Subatomic particle with positive charge}} {{pp-move}} {{Infobox particle | bgcolour = | classification = বেৰিয়ন | name = প্ৰ'টন | image = [[File:Quark structure proton.svg|256px]] | caption = প্ৰ'টন গঠন কৰা কোৱাৰ্কসমূহ। প্ৰতিটো কোৱাৰ্কৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ৰংবোৰ যাদৃচ্ছিক, কিন্তু এই তিনিওটা ৰং থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক। কোৱাৰ্কসমূহৰ মাজত গ্লুৱন কণাৰ মধ্যস্থতাত আন্তঃক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি হয় আৰু এই আন্তঃক্ৰিয়াই তিনিওটা কোৱাৰ্কক একেলগে বান্ধি ৰাখি প্ৰ'টন গঠন কৰে। | num_types = | composition = ২টা আপ কোৱাৰ্ক (u), এটা ডাউন কোৱাৰ্ক (d) | statistics = ফাৰ্মিয়নিক | group = হেড্ৰন | generation = | interaction = [[মহাকৰ্ষণ]], বিদ্যুৎচুম্বকীয় বল, দুৰ্বল আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া, সবল আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া | antiparticle = এণ্টিপ্ৰ'টন | theorized = উইলিয়াম প্ৰাউট (১৮১৫) | discovered = ইউজেন গোল্ডষ্টেইনে ১৮৮৬ চনত H+ হিচাপে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। আৰ্নেষ্ট ৰাদাৰফোৰ্ডে আন নিউক্লিয়াছত চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল (আৰু নামকৰণ কৰিছিল) (১৯১৭–১৯২০)। | symbol = {{SubatomicParticle|Proton}}, {{SubatomicParticle|Proton+}}, {{SubatomicParticle|Nucleon+}}, {{chem|1|1|H|+}} | mass = {{physconst|mp}}<br />{{physconst|mp_Da}}<br />{{physconst|mpc2_MeV|unit={{val|ul=MeV/c2}}}} | mean_lifetime = > {{val|3.6|e=29|u=years}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=The SNO+ Collaboration|last2=Anderson|first2=M.|last3=Andringa|first3=S.|last4=Arushanova|first4=E.|last5=Asahi|first5=S.|last6=Askins|first6=M.|last7=Auty|first7=D. J.|last8=Back|first8=A. R.|last9=Barnard|first9=Z.|last10=Barros|first10=N.|last11=Bartlett|first11=D.|date=2019-02-20|title=Search for invisible le modes of nucleon decay in water with the SNO+ detector|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.032008|journal=Physical Review D|volume=99|issue=3|pages=032008|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.99.032008|arxiv=1812.05552 |bibcode=2019PhRvD..99c2008A |s2cid=96457175 }}</ref> (stable) | electric_charge = +১ e | charge_radius = {{val|0.8414|(19)|u=[[Femtometre|fm]]}}<ref name="CODATA2018" /> | electric_dipole_moment = < {{val|2.1|e=-25|u=''e''⋅cm}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sahoo|first=B. K.|date=2017-01-17|title=Improved limits on the hadronic and semihadronic $CP$ violating parameters and role of a dark force carrier in the electric dipole moment of $^{199}\mathrm{Hg}$|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.013002|journal=Physical Review D|volume=95|issue=1|pages=013002|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.95.013002|arxiv=1612.09371 |s2cid=119344894 }}</ref> | electric_polarizability = ০.০০১১২ ঘন ফেমট'মিটাৰ | magnetic_moment = {{physconst|mup}}<br />{{physconst|mup/muB|after=&nbsp; [[Bohr magneton|''μ''<sub>B</sub>]]}}<br />{{physconst|mup/muN|after=&nbsp; [[Nuclear magneton|''μ''<sub>N</sub>]]}} | spin = {{sfrac|১|২}}&nbsp; [[reduced Planck constant|''ħ'']] | isospin = {{sfrac|১|২}} | parity = +১ | condensed_symmetries = ''[[Isospin|I]]''(''[[Total angular momentum|J]]''<sup>''[[Parity (physics)|P]]''</sup>) = {{sfrac|১|২}}({{sfrac|১|২}}<sup>+</sup>) }} '''প্ৰ'টন''' হৈছে এটা সুস্থিৰ উপপাৰমাণৱিক কণা (চিহ্ন- {{SubatomicParticle|Proton}}, H<sup>+</sup>, বা <sup>1</sup>H<sup>+</sup>) যাৰ ধনাত্মক বৈদ্যুতিক আধান +১ e (মৌলিক আধান)। ইয়াৰ [[ভৰ]] [[নিউট্ৰন|নিউট্ৰনৰ]] ভৰৰ তুলনাত সামান্য কম আৰু [[ইলেকট্ৰন|ইলেকট্ৰনৰ]] ভৰৰ প্ৰায় ১৮৩৬ গুণ (প্ৰ’টন-ইলেকট্ৰন ভৰৰ অনুপাত)। প্ৰ'টন আৰু নিউট্ৰন, উভয়ৰে ভৰ প্ৰায় এক পাৰমাণৱিক ভৰ একক। পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছৰ অভ্যন্তৰত থকা বাবে এই দুয়োটা কণাক যৌথভাৱে নিউক্লিয়ন বুলি কোৱা হয়। প্ৰতিটো পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছত এটা বা ততোধিক প্ৰ'টন উপস্থিত থাকে। ইহঁতে স্থিৰবৈদ্যুতিক কেন্দ্ৰীয় বলৰ জৰিয়তে পৰমাণু এটাৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনবোৰক বান্ধি ৰাখে। নিউক্লিয়াছত থকা প্ৰ'টনৰ সংখ্যা এটা মৌলৰ সংজ্ঞায়িত ধৰ্ম, আৰু ইয়াক পাৰমাণিৱক সংখ্যা বুলি কোৱা হয় (Z চিহ্নৰে সূচায়)। যিহেতু প্ৰতিটো মৌলক ইয়াৰ নিউক্লিয়াছত থকা প্ৰ’টনৰ সংখ্যাৰ দ্বাৰা চিনাক্ত কৰা হয়, গতিকে প্ৰতিটো মৌলৰ নিজস্ব পাৰমাণৱিক সংখ্যা থাকে, যিয়ে পাৰমাণৱিক ইলেকট্ৰনৰ সংখ্যা আৰু ফলস্বৰূপে মৌলটোৰ ৰাসায়নিক বৈশিষ্ট্য নিৰ্ণয় কৰে। ==বিৱৰণ== প্ৰ’টনবোৰ -১/২⁠ স্পিনযুক্ত ফাৰ্মিয়ন। তিনিটা যোজ্য কোৱাৰ্কেৰে গঠিত বাবে ইয়াক বেৰিয়ন (হেড্ৰনৰ এটা উপভাগ) বুলি কোৱা হয়। প্ৰ'টনৰ দুটা আপ (u) কোৱাৰ্ক আৰু এটা ডাউন কোৱাৰ্কক (d) সবল নিউক্লীয় বলে একেলগে বান্ধি ৰাখে, আৰু এইক্ষেত্ৰত গ্লুৱন নামৰ কণাটোৱে বিনিময় কণা হিচাপে কাম কৰে। আধুনিক দৃষ্টিভংগীত প্ৰ'টনবোৰ যোজ্য কোৱাৰ্ক (আপ, আপ, ডাউন), গ্লুৱন আৰু সমুদ্ৰ কোৱাৰ্কৰ ক্ষণস্থায়ী যোৰেৰে গঠিত। প্ৰ’টনৰ ধনাত্মক আধান বিতৰণ থাকে, যিটো ইয়াৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ঘাতীয়ভাৱে কমি যায়। ইয়াৰ বৰ্গমূলীয় গড় বৰ্গ (root mean square) আধান ব্যাসাৰ্ধ প্ৰায় ০.৮ ফেমট'মিটাৰ। প্ৰ'টন আৰু নিউট্ৰন - দুয়োটা নিউক্লিয়ন, অৰ্থাৎ পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছৰ অংশ। দুয়োবিধ কণিকা সবল নিউক্লীয় বলৰ দ্বাৰা একেলগে বান্ধ খাই পাৰমাণৱিক নিউক্লিয়াছ গঠন কৰে। হাইড্ৰ'জেন পৰমাণুৰ আটাইতকৈ সাধাৰণ সমস্থানিকৰ নিউক্লিয়াছটো (ৰাসায়নিক চিহ্ন "H") এটা মাত্ৰ প্ৰ'টনেৰে গঠিত। গধুৰ হাইড্ৰ'জেন সমস্থানিক ডিউটেৰিয়াম আৰু ট্ৰিটিয়ামৰ নিউক্লিয়াছত এটা প্ৰ'টনৰ সৈতে ক্ৰমে এটা আৰু দুটা নিউট্ৰন বান্ধ খাই থাকে। বাকী সকলো ধৰণৰ পাৰমাণৱিক নিউক্লিয়াছ দুটা বা তাতকৈ অধিক প্ৰ’টন আৰু বিভিন্ন সংখ্যক নিউট্ৰনেৰে গঠিত। ==উৎস== প্ৰতিটো পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছত এটা বা ততোধিক প্ৰ’টন বান্ধোনত আৱদ্ধ হৈ থাকে। মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনবোৰ এনে কিছুমান পৰিস্থিতিত প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে পোৱা যায় য’ত শক্তি বা উষ্ণতা অতি বেছি হোৱা বাবে প্ৰ'টনবোৰ ইলেকট্ৰনৰ পৰা পৃথক হৈ পৰে, কাৰণ প্ৰ'টন আৰু ইলেকট্ৰনৰ মাজত সাধাৰণতে এক আকৰ্ষণ থাকে।  প্লাজমাত উষ্ণতা অতি বেছি বাবে প্ৰ'টন ইলেকট্ৰনৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হ'ব নোৱাৰে আৰু এইবোৰ মুক্ত অৱস্থাত পোৱা যায়।<ref name=Ebeling2021>{{cite journal |title=Equation of state of hydrogen, helium, and solar plasmas |first=W. |last=Ebeling |first2=H. |last2=Reinholz |first3=G. |last3=Röpke |date=2021 |journal=Contributions to Plasma Physics |doi=10.1002/ctpp.202100085}}</ref> মহাজাগতিক ৰশ্মিৰ ৯০% উপাদানেই উচ্চ শক্তি আৰু বেগৰ মুক্ত প্ৰ'টন, যিবোৰ আন্তঃনক্ষত্ৰীয় মাধ্যমৰ মাজেৰে চৌদিশে বিয়পি পৰে।<ref name=goddard-2012>{{cite web|title=What are cosmic rays?|publisher=NASA|department=Goddard Space Flight Center|url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/cosmic_rays.html|access-date=31 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028154200/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/cosmic_rays.html|archive-date=28 October 2012}}{{cite web|title=mirror copy, also archived|url=http://certificate.ulo.ucl.ac.uk/modules/year_one/NASA_GSFC/goddard/imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/cosmic_rays.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080140/http://certificate.ulo.ucl.ac.uk/modules/year_one/NASA_GSFC/goddard/imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/cosmic_rays.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}} </ref> কিছুমান বিৰল তেজস্ক্ৰিয় ক্ষয়ত পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছৰ পৰা পোনপটীয়াকৈ মুক্ত প্ৰ'টন নিৰ্গত হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-010-0708-5 |title=Nuclei Far from Stability and Astrophysics |publisher=Springer Netherlands |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7923-6937-0 |editor-last=Poenaru |editor-first=Dorin N. |location= Dordrecht |pages=79–81 |language=English |doi=10.1007/978-94-010-0708-5 |editor-last2=Rebel |editor-first2=Heinigerd |editor-last3=Wentz |editor-first3=Jürgen}}</ref> মুক্ত নিউট্ৰনৰ তেজস্ক্ৰিয় ক্ষয়ৰ ফলতো প্ৰ'টনৰো সৃষ্টি হয় (ইলেকট্ৰন আৰু এণ্টিনিউট্ৰিন'ৰ সৈতে), যিবোৰ অস্থিৰ।<ref name=Gonzalez-2021>{{Cite journal|last1=UCNτ Collaboration|last2=Gonzalez|first2=F. M.|last3=Fries|first3=E. M.|last4=Cude-Woods|first4=C.|last5=Bailey|first5=T.|last6=Blatnik|first6=M.|last7=Broussard|first7=L. J.|last8=Callahan|first8=N. B.|last9=Choi|first9=J. H.|last10=Clayton|first10=S. M.|last11=Currie|first11=S. A.|date=2021-10-13|title=Improved Neutron Lifetime Measurement with UCNτ|url=https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10304438|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=127|issue=16|page=162501|arxiv=2106.10375|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.162501|pmid=34723594|bibcode=2021PhRvL.127p2501G|s2cid=235490073|access-date=2024-04-01|archive-date=2024-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401134040/https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10304438|url-status=live}}</ref> ==সুস্থিৰতা== মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ কেতিয়াও স্বতঃস্ফূৰ্ত ক্ষয় হোৱা দেখা নাযায়। সেয়ে [[মানক আৰ্হি]] অনুসৰি প্ৰ'টনক সুস্থিৰ কণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। কিন্তু কণা পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানৰ কিছুমান গ্ৰেণ্ড ইউনিফাইড তত্ত্বই (GUT) ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণী কৰে যে ১০<sup>৩১</sup> আৰু ১০<sup>৩৬</sup> বছৰৰ মাজৰ জীৱনকাল এটাৰ সৈতে প্ৰ'টনৰ ক্ষয় হ’ব লাগে। পৰীক্ষামূলক অনুসন্ধানত স্বীকাৰ্য হিচাপে লোৱা বিভিন্ন ক্ষয় উৎপাদকৰ বাবে প্ৰ’টনৰ গড় আয়ুসৰ ওপৰত নিম্ন সীমা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Bucella1989" /><ref name="Lee1995" /><ref name="Kamioka" /> জাপানৰ ছুপাৰ-কামিঅ’কাণ্ডে সংসূচকত কৰা পৰীক্ষাত এটা এন্টিমিৱন আৰু এটা নিৰপেক্ষ পায়নলৈ ক্ষয়ৰ বাবে প্ৰ’টনৰ গড় জীৱনকালৰ নিম্ন সীমা দিয়া হৈছিল ৬.৬ × ১০<sup>৩৩</sup> বছৰ, আৰু পজিট্ৰন আৰু নিৰপেক্ষ পায়নলৈ ক্ষয়ৰ বাবে নিম্ন সীমা দিয়া হৈছিল ৮.২ × ১০<sup>৩৩</sup>  বছৰ। কানাডাৰ ছাডবেৰী নিউট্ৰিন' নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰত কৰা আন এটা পৰীক্ষাত অক্সিজেন-১৬ৰ পৰা প্ৰ'টনৰ ক্ষয়ৰ ফলত হোৱা অৱশিষ্ট নিউক্লিয়াছত গামা ৰশ্মিৰ সন্ধান কৰা হৈছিল। এই পৰীক্ষাটো যিকোনো পদাৰ্থলৈ হোৱা ক্ষয় ধৰা পেলাবলৈ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু প্ৰ'টনৰ জীৱনকালৰ নিম্ন সীমা পাইছিল ২.১ × ১০<sup>২৯</sup>  বছৰ। কিন্তু ইলেকট্ৰন জব্দকৰণ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ জৰিয়তে (ইয়াক পৰাবৰ্তনীয় বিটা ক্ষয় বুলিও কোৱা হয়) প্ৰ’টন নিউট্ৰনলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হোৱা বুলি জনা যায়। মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ বাবে এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়া স্বতঃস্ফূৰ্তভাৱে নহয়, কিন্তু শক্তি যোগান ধৰিলে এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটো হ'ব পাৰে। সমীকৰণটো হ’ল: : {{SubatomicParticle|Proton+}} + {{SubatomicParticle|Electron}} → {{SubatomicParticle|Neutron}} + {{SubatomicParticle|Electron neutrino}} প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটো পৰাবৰ্তনীয়; নিউট্ৰনে বিটা ক্ষয়ৰ জৰিয়তে পুনৰ প্ৰ'টনলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হ'ব পাৰে, যিটো তেজস্ক্রিয় ক্ষয়ৰ এটা সাধাৰণ ৰূপ। আচলতে এটা মুক্ত নিউট্ৰন এইদৰে ক্ষয় হয়, যাৰ গড় জীৱনকাল প্ৰায় ১৫ মিনিট। বিটা প্লাছ ক্ষয়ৰ (β+ ক্ষয়) জৰিয়তেও প্ৰ'টন নিউট্ৰনলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হ’ব পাৰে। ==সাধাৰণ পদাৰ্থৰ সৈতে মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া== যদিও বিপৰীত আধানযুক্ত ইলেকট্ৰনৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰ'টনৰ আসক্তি থাকে, এইটো তুলনামূলকভাৱে কম শক্তিৰ আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া আৰু সেয়েহে মুক্ত প্ৰ'টনে ইলেকট্ৰনৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত আৰু বান্ধ খাবলৈ পৰ্যাপ্ত [[বেগ]] (আৰু [[গতিশক্তি]]) হেৰুৱাব লাগিব। উচ্চ শক্তিৰ প্ৰ'টনে সাধাৰণ পদাৰ্থ অতিক্ৰম কৰোতে পাৰমাণৱিক নিউক্লিয়াছৰ সৈতে সংঘৰ্ষৰ ফলত আৰু পৰমাণুৰ আয়নীকৰণৰ ফলত (ইলেকট্ৰন আঁতৰাই) শক্তি হেৰুৱাই গৈ থাকে যেতিয়ালৈকে ইহঁতৰ গতি পৰমাণুৰ ইলেকট্ৰন ডাৱৰে ধৰি ৰাখিব পৰাকৈ যথেষ্ট লেহেমীয়া নহয়। কিন্তু ইলেকট্ৰনৰ সৈতে এনেদৰে বান্ধি ৰখা প্ৰ’টনৰ চৰিত্ৰ সলনি নহয়, আৰু ই প্ৰ’টন হৈয়েই থাকে। সাধাৰণ পদাৰ্থসমূহত (যেনে পৰমাণুৰ ইলেকট্ৰন) উপস্থিত থকা যিকোনো ইলেকট্ৰনৰ প্ৰতি কম শক্তিসম্পন্ন মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ আকৰ্ষণৰ ফলত মুক্ত প্ৰ’টন ৰৈ যায় আৰু পৰমাণুৰ সৈতে নতুন ৰাসায়নিক বান্ধনি গঠন হয়। এনে বান্ধনি যিকোনো যথেষ্ট "ঠাণ্ডা" উষ্ণতাত (অৰ্থাৎ সূৰ্য্যৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ উষ্ণতাৰ সৈতে তুলনাযোগ্য) আৰু যিকোনো ধৰণৰ পৰমাণুৰ সৈতে ঘটে। এইদৰে যিকোনো ধৰণৰ সাধাৰণ (অ-প্লাজমা) পদাৰ্থৰ সৈতে হোৱা আন্তঃক্ৰিয়াত নিম্নবেগী মুক্ত প্ৰ’টন মুক্ত হৈ নাথাকে, বৰঞ্চ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহা যিকোনো পৰমাণু বা অণুৰ ইলেকট্ৰনৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত হয়, যাৰ ফলত প্ৰ’টন আৰু অণু একত্ৰিত হয়। তেতিয়া এনে অণুবোৰক "প্ৰ'টনযুক্ত" (protonated) বুলি কোৱা হয় , আৰু ৰাসায়নিকভাৱে ইহঁত কেৱল হাইড্ৰ'জেনৰ যৌগ, প্ৰায়ে ধনাত্মক আধানযুক্ত। ফলত প্ৰায়ে ইহঁত ব্ৰনষ্টেড এচিড হৈ পৰে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, [[পানী|পানীত]] পানীৰ অণুৱে ধৰি লোৱা এটা প্ৰ'টন হাইড্ৰ'নিয়াম হৈ পৰে, যিটো জলীয় কেটায়ন {{H3O+}} হিচাপে পৰিচিত। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মৌলিক কণা]] ol45anu2wl2pgxp29drrnex8m2jhzkf 453288 453287 2024-12-10T09:07:15Z Priyankush Deka 13491 /* সাধাৰণ পদাৰ্থৰ সৈতে মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া */ 453288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Subatomic particle with positive charge}} {{pp-move}} {{Infobox particle | bgcolour = | classification = বেৰিয়ন | name = প্ৰ'টন | image = [[File:Quark structure proton.svg|256px]] | caption = প্ৰ'টন গঠন কৰা কোৱাৰ্কসমূহ। প্ৰতিটো কোৱাৰ্কৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ৰংবোৰ যাদৃচ্ছিক, কিন্তু এই তিনিওটা ৰং থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক। কোৱাৰ্কসমূহৰ মাজত গ্লুৱন কণাৰ মধ্যস্থতাত আন্তঃক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি হয় আৰু এই আন্তঃক্ৰিয়াই তিনিওটা কোৱাৰ্কক একেলগে বান্ধি ৰাখি প্ৰ'টন গঠন কৰে। | num_types = | composition = ২টা আপ কোৱাৰ্ক (u), এটা ডাউন কোৱাৰ্ক (d) | statistics = ফাৰ্মিয়নিক | group = হেড্ৰন | generation = | interaction = [[মহাকৰ্ষণ]], বিদ্যুৎচুম্বকীয় বল, দুৰ্বল আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া, সবল আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া | antiparticle = এণ্টিপ্ৰ'টন | theorized = উইলিয়াম প্ৰাউট (১৮১৫) | discovered = ইউজেন গোল্ডষ্টেইনে ১৮৮৬ চনত H+ হিচাপে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। আৰ্নেষ্ট ৰাদাৰফোৰ্ডে আন নিউক্লিয়াছত চিনাক্ত কৰিছিল (আৰু নামকৰণ কৰিছিল) (১৯১৭–১৯২০)। | symbol = {{SubatomicParticle|Proton}}, {{SubatomicParticle|Proton+}}, {{SubatomicParticle|Nucleon+}}, {{chem|1|1|H|+}} | mass = {{physconst|mp}}<br />{{physconst|mp_Da}}<br />{{physconst|mpc2_MeV|unit={{val|ul=MeV/c2}}}} | mean_lifetime = > {{val|3.6|e=29|u=years}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=The SNO+ Collaboration|last2=Anderson|first2=M.|last3=Andringa|first3=S.|last4=Arushanova|first4=E.|last5=Asahi|first5=S.|last6=Askins|first6=M.|last7=Auty|first7=D. J.|last8=Back|first8=A. R.|last9=Barnard|first9=Z.|last10=Barros|first10=N.|last11=Bartlett|first11=D.|date=2019-02-20|title=Search for invisible le modes of nucleon decay in water with the SNO+ detector|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.032008|journal=Physical Review D|volume=99|issue=3|pages=032008|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.99.032008|arxiv=1812.05552 |bibcode=2019PhRvD..99c2008A |s2cid=96457175 }}</ref> (stable) | electric_charge = +১ e | charge_radius = {{val|0.8414|(19)|u=[[Femtometre|fm]]}}<ref name="CODATA2018" /> | electric_dipole_moment = < {{val|2.1|e=-25|u=''e''⋅cm}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sahoo|first=B. K.|date=2017-01-17|title=Improved limits on the hadronic and semihadronic $CP$ violating parameters and role of a dark force carrier in the electric dipole moment of $^{199}\mathrm{Hg}$|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.013002|journal=Physical Review D|volume=95|issue=1|pages=013002|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.95.013002|arxiv=1612.09371 |s2cid=119344894 }}</ref> | electric_polarizability = ০.০০১১২ ঘন ফেমট'মিটাৰ | magnetic_moment = {{physconst|mup}}<br />{{physconst|mup/muB|after=&nbsp; [[Bohr magneton|''μ''<sub>B</sub>]]}}<br />{{physconst|mup/muN|after=&nbsp; [[Nuclear magneton|''μ''<sub>N</sub>]]}} | spin = {{sfrac|১|২}}&nbsp; [[reduced Planck constant|''ħ'']] | isospin = {{sfrac|১|২}} | parity = +১ | condensed_symmetries = ''[[Isospin|I]]''(''[[Total angular momentum|J]]''<sup>''[[Parity (physics)|P]]''</sup>) = {{sfrac|১|২}}({{sfrac|১|২}}<sup>+</sup>) }} '''প্ৰ'টন''' হৈছে এটা সুস্থিৰ উপপাৰমাণৱিক কণা (চিহ্ন- {{SubatomicParticle|Proton}}, H<sup>+</sup>, বা <sup>1</sup>H<sup>+</sup>) যাৰ ধনাত্মক বৈদ্যুতিক আধান +১ e (মৌলিক আধান)। ইয়াৰ [[ভৰ]] [[নিউট্ৰন|নিউট্ৰনৰ]] ভৰৰ তুলনাত সামান্য কম আৰু [[ইলেকট্ৰন|ইলেকট্ৰনৰ]] ভৰৰ প্ৰায় ১৮৩৬ গুণ (প্ৰ’টন-ইলেকট্ৰন ভৰৰ অনুপাত)। প্ৰ'টন আৰু নিউট্ৰন, উভয়ৰে ভৰ প্ৰায় এক পাৰমাণৱিক ভৰ একক। পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছৰ অভ্যন্তৰত থকা বাবে এই দুয়োটা কণাক যৌথভাৱে নিউক্লিয়ন বুলি কোৱা হয়। প্ৰতিটো পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছত এটা বা ততোধিক প্ৰ'টন উপস্থিত থাকে। ইহঁতে স্থিৰবৈদ্যুতিক কেন্দ্ৰীয় বলৰ জৰিয়তে পৰমাণু এটাৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনবোৰক বান্ধি ৰাখে। নিউক্লিয়াছত থকা প্ৰ'টনৰ সংখ্যা এটা মৌলৰ সংজ্ঞায়িত ধৰ্ম, আৰু ইয়াক পাৰমাণিৱক সংখ্যা বুলি কোৱা হয় (Z চিহ্নৰে সূচায়)। যিহেতু প্ৰতিটো মৌলক ইয়াৰ নিউক্লিয়াছত থকা প্ৰ’টনৰ সংখ্যাৰ দ্বাৰা চিনাক্ত কৰা হয়, গতিকে প্ৰতিটো মৌলৰ নিজস্ব পাৰমাণৱিক সংখ্যা থাকে, যিয়ে পাৰমাণৱিক ইলেকট্ৰনৰ সংখ্যা আৰু ফলস্বৰূপে মৌলটোৰ ৰাসায়নিক বৈশিষ্ট্য নিৰ্ণয় কৰে। ==বিৱৰণ== প্ৰ’টনবোৰ -১/২⁠ স্পিনযুক্ত ফাৰ্মিয়ন। তিনিটা যোজ্য কোৱাৰ্কেৰে গঠিত বাবে ইয়াক বেৰিয়ন (হেড্ৰনৰ এটা উপভাগ) বুলি কোৱা হয়। প্ৰ'টনৰ দুটা আপ (u) কোৱাৰ্ক আৰু এটা ডাউন কোৱাৰ্কক (d) সবল নিউক্লীয় বলে একেলগে বান্ধি ৰাখে, আৰু এইক্ষেত্ৰত গ্লুৱন নামৰ কণাটোৱে বিনিময় কণা হিচাপে কাম কৰে। আধুনিক দৃষ্টিভংগীত প্ৰ'টনবোৰ যোজ্য কোৱাৰ্ক (আপ, আপ, ডাউন), গ্লুৱন আৰু সমুদ্ৰ কোৱাৰ্কৰ ক্ষণস্থায়ী যোৰেৰে গঠিত। প্ৰ’টনৰ ধনাত্মক আধান বিতৰণ থাকে, যিটো ইয়াৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ঘাতীয়ভাৱে কমি যায়। ইয়াৰ বৰ্গমূলীয় গড় বৰ্গ (root mean square) আধান ব্যাসাৰ্ধ প্ৰায় ০.৮ ফেমট'মিটাৰ। প্ৰ'টন আৰু নিউট্ৰন - দুয়োটা নিউক্লিয়ন, অৰ্থাৎ পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছৰ অংশ। দুয়োবিধ কণিকা সবল নিউক্লীয় বলৰ দ্বাৰা একেলগে বান্ধ খাই পাৰমাণৱিক নিউক্লিয়াছ গঠন কৰে। হাইড্ৰ'জেন পৰমাণুৰ আটাইতকৈ সাধাৰণ সমস্থানিকৰ নিউক্লিয়াছটো (ৰাসায়নিক চিহ্ন "H") এটা মাত্ৰ প্ৰ'টনেৰে গঠিত। গধুৰ হাইড্ৰ'জেন সমস্থানিক ডিউটেৰিয়াম আৰু ট্ৰিটিয়ামৰ নিউক্লিয়াছত এটা প্ৰ'টনৰ সৈতে ক্ৰমে এটা আৰু দুটা নিউট্ৰন বান্ধ খাই থাকে। বাকী সকলো ধৰণৰ পাৰমাণৱিক নিউক্লিয়াছ দুটা বা তাতকৈ অধিক প্ৰ’টন আৰু বিভিন্ন সংখ্যক নিউট্ৰনেৰে গঠিত। ==উৎস== প্ৰতিটো পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছত এটা বা ততোধিক প্ৰ’টন বান্ধোনত আৱদ্ধ হৈ থাকে। মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনবোৰ এনে কিছুমান পৰিস্থিতিত প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে পোৱা যায় য’ত শক্তি বা উষ্ণতা অতি বেছি হোৱা বাবে প্ৰ'টনবোৰ ইলেকট্ৰনৰ পৰা পৃথক হৈ পৰে, কাৰণ প্ৰ'টন আৰু ইলেকট্ৰনৰ মাজত সাধাৰণতে এক আকৰ্ষণ থাকে।  প্লাজমাত উষ্ণতা অতি বেছি বাবে প্ৰ'টন ইলেকট্ৰনৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত হ'ব নোৱাৰে আৰু এইবোৰ মুক্ত অৱস্থাত পোৱা যায়।<ref name=Ebeling2021>{{cite journal |title=Equation of state of hydrogen, helium, and solar plasmas |first=W. |last=Ebeling |first2=H. |last2=Reinholz |first3=G. |last3=Röpke |date=2021 |journal=Contributions to Plasma Physics |doi=10.1002/ctpp.202100085}}</ref> মহাজাগতিক ৰশ্মিৰ ৯০% উপাদানেই উচ্চ শক্তি আৰু বেগৰ মুক্ত প্ৰ'টন, যিবোৰ আন্তঃনক্ষত্ৰীয় মাধ্যমৰ মাজেৰে চৌদিশে বিয়পি পৰে।<ref name=goddard-2012>{{cite web|title=What are cosmic rays?|publisher=NASA|department=Goddard Space Flight Center|url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/cosmic_rays.html|access-date=31 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028154200/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/cosmic_rays.html|archive-date=28 October 2012}}{{cite web|title=mirror copy, also archived|url=http://certificate.ulo.ucl.ac.uk/modules/year_one/NASA_GSFC/goddard/imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/cosmic_rays.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080140/http://certificate.ulo.ucl.ac.uk/modules/year_one/NASA_GSFC/goddard/imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/cosmic_rays.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}} </ref> কিছুমান বিৰল তেজস্ক্ৰিয় ক্ষয়ত পৰমাণুৰ নিউক্লিয়াছৰ পৰা পোনপটীয়াকৈ মুক্ত প্ৰ'টন নিৰ্গত হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-010-0708-5 |title=Nuclei Far from Stability and Astrophysics |publisher=Springer Netherlands |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7923-6937-0 |editor-last=Poenaru |editor-first=Dorin N. |location= Dordrecht |pages=79–81 |language=English |doi=10.1007/978-94-010-0708-5 |editor-last2=Rebel |editor-first2=Heinigerd |editor-last3=Wentz |editor-first3=Jürgen}}</ref> মুক্ত নিউট্ৰনৰ তেজস্ক্ৰিয় ক্ষয়ৰ ফলতো প্ৰ'টনৰো সৃষ্টি হয় (ইলেকট্ৰন আৰু এণ্টিনিউট্ৰিন'ৰ সৈতে), যিবোৰ অস্থিৰ।<ref name=Gonzalez-2021>{{Cite journal|last1=UCNτ Collaboration|last2=Gonzalez|first2=F. M.|last3=Fries|first3=E. M.|last4=Cude-Woods|first4=C.|last5=Bailey|first5=T.|last6=Blatnik|first6=M.|last7=Broussard|first7=L. J.|last8=Callahan|first8=N. B.|last9=Choi|first9=J. H.|last10=Clayton|first10=S. M.|last11=Currie|first11=S. A.|date=2021-10-13|title=Improved Neutron Lifetime Measurement with UCNτ|url=https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10304438|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=127|issue=16|page=162501|arxiv=2106.10375|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.162501|pmid=34723594|bibcode=2021PhRvL.127p2501G|s2cid=235490073|access-date=2024-04-01|archive-date=2024-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401134040/https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10304438|url-status=live}}</ref> ==সুস্থিৰতা== মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ কেতিয়াও স্বতঃস্ফূৰ্ত ক্ষয় হোৱা দেখা নাযায়। সেয়ে [[মানক আৰ্হি]] অনুসৰি প্ৰ'টনক সুস্থিৰ কণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। কিন্তু কণা পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানৰ কিছুমান গ্ৰেণ্ড ইউনিফাইড তত্ত্বই (GUT) ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণী কৰে যে ১০<sup>৩১</sup> আৰু ১০<sup>৩৬</sup> বছৰৰ মাজৰ জীৱনকাল এটাৰ সৈতে প্ৰ'টনৰ ক্ষয় হ’ব লাগে। পৰীক্ষামূলক অনুসন্ধানত স্বীকাৰ্য হিচাপে লোৱা বিভিন্ন ক্ষয় উৎপাদকৰ বাবে প্ৰ’টনৰ গড় আয়ুসৰ ওপৰত নিম্ন সীমা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Bucella1989" /><ref name="Lee1995" /><ref name="Kamioka" /> জাপানৰ ছুপাৰ-কামিঅ’কাণ্ডে সংসূচকত কৰা পৰীক্ষাত এটা এন্টিমিৱন আৰু এটা নিৰপেক্ষ পায়নলৈ ক্ষয়ৰ বাবে প্ৰ’টনৰ গড় জীৱনকালৰ নিম্ন সীমা দিয়া হৈছিল ৬.৬ × ১০<sup>৩৩</sup> বছৰ, আৰু পজিট্ৰন আৰু নিৰপেক্ষ পায়নলৈ ক্ষয়ৰ বাবে নিম্ন সীমা দিয়া হৈছিল ৮.২ × ১০<sup>৩৩</sup>  বছৰ। কানাডাৰ ছাডবেৰী নিউট্ৰিন' নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰত কৰা আন এটা পৰীক্ষাত অক্সিজেন-১৬ৰ পৰা প্ৰ'টনৰ ক্ষয়ৰ ফলত হোৱা অৱশিষ্ট নিউক্লিয়াছত গামা ৰশ্মিৰ সন্ধান কৰা হৈছিল। এই পৰীক্ষাটো যিকোনো পদাৰ্থলৈ হোৱা ক্ষয় ধৰা পেলাবলৈ পৰিকল্পনা কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু প্ৰ'টনৰ জীৱনকালৰ নিম্ন সীমা পাইছিল ২.১ × ১০<sup>২৯</sup>  বছৰ। কিন্তু ইলেকট্ৰন জব্দকৰণ প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ জৰিয়তে (ইয়াক পৰাবৰ্তনীয় বিটা ক্ষয় বুলিও কোৱা হয়) প্ৰ’টন নিউট্ৰনলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হোৱা বুলি জনা যায়। মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ বাবে এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়া স্বতঃস্ফূৰ্তভাৱে নহয়, কিন্তু শক্তি যোগান ধৰিলে এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটো হ'ব পাৰে। সমীকৰণটো হ’ল: : {{SubatomicParticle|Proton+}} + {{SubatomicParticle|Electron}} → {{SubatomicParticle|Neutron}} + {{SubatomicParticle|Electron neutrino}} প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটো পৰাবৰ্তনীয়; নিউট্ৰনে বিটা ক্ষয়ৰ জৰিয়তে পুনৰ প্ৰ'টনলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত হ'ব পাৰে, যিটো তেজস্ক্রিয় ক্ষয়ৰ এটা সাধাৰণ ৰূপ। আচলতে এটা মুক্ত নিউট্ৰন এইদৰে ক্ষয় হয়, যাৰ গড় জীৱনকাল প্ৰায় ১৫ মিনিট। বিটা প্লাছ ক্ষয়ৰ (β+ ক্ষয়) জৰিয়তেও প্ৰ'টন নিউট্ৰনলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ হ’ব পাৰে। ==সাধাৰণ পদাৰ্থৰ সৈতে মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া== যদিও বিপৰীত আধানযুক্ত ইলেকট্ৰনৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰ'টনৰ আসক্তি থাকে, এইটো তুলনামূলকভাৱে কম শক্তিৰ আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া আৰু সেয়েহে মুক্ত প্ৰ'টনে ইলেকট্ৰনৰ সৈতে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে জড়িত আৰু বান্ধ খাবলৈ পৰ্যাপ্ত [[বেগ]] (আৰু [[গতিশক্তি]]) হেৰুৱাব লাগিব। উচ্চ শক্তিৰ প্ৰ'টনে সাধাৰণ পদাৰ্থ অতিক্ৰম কৰোতে পাৰমাণৱিক নিউক্লিয়াছৰ সৈতে সংঘৰ্ষৰ ফলত আৰু পৰমাণুৰ আয়নীকৰণৰ ফলত (ইলেকট্ৰন আঁতৰাই) শক্তি হেৰুৱাই গৈ থাকে যেতিয়ালৈকে ইহঁতৰ গতি পৰমাণুৰ ইলেকট্ৰন ডাৱৰে ধৰি ৰাখিব পৰাকৈ যথেষ্ট লেহেমীয়া নহয়। কিন্তু ইলেকট্ৰনৰ সৈতে এনেদৰে বান্ধি ৰখা প্ৰ’টনৰ চৰিত্ৰ সলনি নহয়, আৰু ই প্ৰ’টন হৈয়েই থাকে। সাধাৰণ পদাৰ্থসমূহত (যেনে পৰমাণুৰ ইলেকট্ৰন) উপস্থিত থকা যিকোনো ইলেকট্ৰনৰ প্ৰতি কম শক্তিসম্পন্ন মুক্ত প্ৰ’টনৰ আকৰ্ষণৰ ফলত মুক্ত প্ৰ’টন ৰৈ যায় আৰু পৰমাণুৰ সৈতে নতুন ৰাসায়নিক বান্ধনি গঠন হয়। এনে বান্ধনি যিকোনো যথেষ্ট "ঠাণ্ডা" উষ্ণতাত (অৰ্থাৎ সূৰ্য্যৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ উষ্ণতাৰ সৈতে তুলনাযোগ্য) আৰু যিকোনো ধৰণৰ পৰমাণুৰ সৈতে ঘটে। এইদৰে যিকোনো ধৰণৰ সাধাৰণ (অ-প্লাজমা) পদাৰ্থৰ সৈতে হোৱা আন্তঃক্ৰিয়াত নিম্নবেগী মুক্ত প্ৰ’টন মুক্ত হৈ নাথাকে, বৰঞ্চ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহা যিকোনো পৰমাণু বা অণুৰ ইলেকট্ৰনৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত হয়, যাৰ ফলত প্ৰ’টন আৰু অণু একত্ৰিত হয়। তেতিয়া এনে অণুবোৰক "প্ৰ'টনযুক্ত" (protonated) বুলি কোৱা হয় , আৰু ৰাসায়নিকভাৱে ইহঁত কেৱল হাইড্ৰ'জেনৰ যৌগ, প্ৰায়ে ধনাত্মক আধানযুক্ত। ফলত প্ৰায়ে ইহঁত ব্ৰনষ্টেড এচিড হৈ পৰে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, [[পানী|পানীত]] পানীৰ অণুৱে ধৰি লোৱা এটা প্ৰ'টন হাইড্ৰ'নিয়াম হৈ পৰে, যিটো জলীয় কেটায়ন H3O+ হিচাপে পৰিচিত। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মৌলিক কণা]] 7u734z1l4a726afl37janm4yzwte2p3 অজয় কুমাৰ ৰায় 0 109769 453175 452068 2024-12-10T04:06:04Z Rakesh Modak 42466 453175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = অজয় কুমাৰ ৰায় | name = Ajoy Kumar Ray | occupation = ৰাজনীতিবিদ | known_for = | spouse = চুমকী সাহা |party = [[ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী]] }} '''অজয় কুমাৰ ৰায়''' (জন্ম ১৯৮৭) এজন ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ। তেওঁ [[অসম]]ৰ [[চিৰাং জিলা]]ৰ ''বিজনী বিধানসভা সমষ্টি''ৰ বিধায়ক। তেওঁ ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰি [[২০২১ চনৰ অসম বিধানসভাৰ নিৰ্বাচন]] জয়ী হৈছিল। <ref>{{Cite news |title=Bijni Assembly Election Results 2021 - Bijni Vidhan Sabha Election Results'' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/bijni-assam-election-result-2021 |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=[[Times Now]] |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-03 |title=Assam Assembly election 2021: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/assam-assembly-election-2021-full-list-of-winners/2243611/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |language=en }}</ref> == প্ৰাথমিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == ৰায়দেৱে অসমৰ চিৰাং জিলাৰ বিজনী মহকুমা অন্তৰ্গত ফুলকুমাৰী গাঁৱত বাস কৰে। তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ নাম হৰমোহন ৰায়। চুমকী সাহা সৈতে বিবাহ পাশত আবদ্ধ হৈছে।<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-04-03 |title=Ajoy Kumar Ray from Bijni: Early Life, Controversy & Political Career |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase3/ajoy-kumar-ray-from-bijni-early-life-controversy-political-career-532026 |access-date=2024-10-29 |newspaper=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)]] |location=Assam |language=en }}</ref>তেওঁ ২০১২ চনত গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এখন কলেজৰ পৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ajoy Kumar Ray(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BIJNI(BIJNI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Assam2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=914 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ২০২১ চনৰ অসম বিধানসভাৰ নিৰ্বাচনত ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰি বিজনী বিধান সভা সমষ্টিৰ পৰা ৰায় জয়লাভ কৰে। তেওঁ ৪৫,৭৩৩টা ভোট লাভ কৰি নিকটতম প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বী বডোলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্টৰ কমল সিং নাৰ্জাৰীক ১০০৩টা ভোটৰ ব্যৱধানত পৰাস্ত কৰে। <ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2021-05-02 |title=Assam Assembly election results: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assam-assembly-polls-2021/story/assam-assembly-election-results-full-list-of-winners-1798072-2021-05-02 |access-date=2024-10-29 |magazine=[[India Today]] |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-03 |title=Assam election results 2021: Here's the list of winners |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/assam-election-results-2021-heres-the-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=[[North East Live]] |language=en-US }}</ref>২০১৬ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত ''ভাৰতীয় গণ পৰিষদ''ৰ টিকটত বিজনী আসনত প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা কৰিছিল যদিও ১,৬৭৮টা ভোটৰ সংকীৰ্ণ ব্যৱধানত নাৰ্জাৰীৰ হাতত পৰাস্ত হৈছিল। পিছত তেওঁ বিজেপিলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হৈ ২০২১ চনৰ নিৰ্বাচনত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref name=":0" /> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 4ekpil9prrh9iv5ejuej09b1pdqwzlb 453176 453175 2024-12-10T04:07:26Z Rakesh Modak 42466 453176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = অজয় কুমাৰ ৰায় | name = Ajoy Kumar Ray | occupation = ৰাজনীতিবিদ | known_for = | spouse = চুমকী সাহা |party = [[ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী]] }} '''অজয় কুমাৰ ৰায়''' (জন্ম ১৯৮৭) এজন ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ। তেওঁ [[অসম]]ৰ [[চিৰাং জিলা]]ৰ ''বিজনী বিধানসভা সমষ্টি''ৰ বিধায়ক। তেওঁ ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰি ''২০২১ চনৰ অসম বিধানসভাৰ নিৰ্বাচন'' জয়ী হৈছিল। <ref>{{Cite news |title=Bijni Assembly Election Results 2021 - Bijni Vidhan Sabha Election Results'' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/bijni-assam-election-result-2021 |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=[[Times Now]] |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-03 |title=Assam Assembly election 2021: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/assam-assembly-election-2021-full-list-of-winners/2243611/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |language=en }}</ref> == প্ৰাথমিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == ৰায়দেৱে অসমৰ চিৰাং জিলাৰ বিজনী মহকুমা অন্তৰ্গত ফুলকুমাৰী গাঁৱত বাস কৰে। তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ নাম হৰমোহন ৰায়। চুমকী সাহা সৈতে বিবাহ পাশত আবদ্ধ হৈছে।<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-04-03 |title=Ajoy Kumar Ray from Bijni: Early Life, Controversy & Political Career |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase3/ajoy-kumar-ray-from-bijni-early-life-controversy-political-career-532026 |access-date=2024-10-29 |newspaper=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)]] |location=Assam |language=en }}</ref>তেওঁ ২০১২ চনত গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এখন কলেজৰ পৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ajoy Kumar Ray(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BIJNI(BIJNI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Assam2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=914 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ২০২১ চনৰ অসম বিধানসভাৰ নিৰ্বাচনত ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰি বিজনী বিধান সভা সমষ্টিৰ পৰা ৰায় জয়লাভ কৰে। তেওঁ ৪৫,৭৩৩টা ভোট লাভ কৰি নিকটতম প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বী বডোলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্টৰ কমল সিং নাৰ্জাৰীক ১০০৩টা ভোটৰ ব্যৱধানত পৰাস্ত কৰে। <ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2021-05-02 |title=Assam Assembly election results: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assam-assembly-polls-2021/story/assam-assembly-election-results-full-list-of-winners-1798072-2021-05-02 |access-date=2024-10-29 |magazine=[[India Today]] |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-03 |title=Assam election results 2021: Here's the list of winners |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/assam-election-results-2021-heres-the-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=[[North East Live]] |language=en-US }}</ref>২০১৬ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত ''ভাৰতীয় গণ পৰিষদ''ৰ টিকটত বিজনী আসনত প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা কৰিছিল যদিও ১,৬৭৮টা ভোটৰ সংকীৰ্ণ ব্যৱধানত নাৰ্জাৰীৰ হাতত পৰাস্ত হৈছিল। পিছত তেওঁ বিজেপিলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হৈ ২০২১ চনৰ নিৰ্বাচনত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref name=":0" /> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 0kc3mdjczsbclbjdyg9k0nx28owwq7f 453177 453176 2024-12-10T04:08:20Z Rakesh Modak 42466 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ajoy Kumar Ray | name = অজয় কুমাৰ ৰায় | occupation = ৰাজনীতিবিদ | known_for = | spouse = চুমকী সাহা |party = [[ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী]] }} '''অজয় কুমাৰ ৰায়''' (জন্ম ১৯৮৭) এজন ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ। তেওঁ [[অসম]]ৰ [[চিৰাং জিলা]]ৰ ''বিজনী বিধানসভা সমষ্টি''ৰ বিধায়ক। তেওঁ ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰি ''২০২১ চনৰ অসম বিধানসভাৰ নিৰ্বাচন'' জয়ী হৈছিল। <ref>{{Cite news |title=Bijni Assembly Election Results 2021 - Bijni Vidhan Sabha Election Results'' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/bijni-assam-election-result-2021 |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=[[Times Now]] |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-03 |title=Assam Assembly election 2021: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/assam-assembly-election-2021-full-list-of-winners/2243611/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |language=en }}</ref> == প্ৰাথমিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == ৰায়দেৱে অসমৰ চিৰাং জিলাৰ বিজনী মহকুমা অন্তৰ্গত ফুলকুমাৰী গাঁৱত বাস কৰে। তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ নাম হৰমোহন ৰায়। চুমকী সাহা সৈতে বিবাহ পাশত আবদ্ধ হৈছে।<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2021-04-03 |title=Ajoy Kumar Ray from Bijni: Early Life, Controversy & Political Career |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase3/ajoy-kumar-ray-from-bijni-early-life-controversy-political-career-532026 |access-date=2024-10-29 |newspaper=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)]] |location=Assam |language=en }}</ref>তেওঁ ২০১২ চনত গুৱাহাটী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এখন কলেজৰ পৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ajoy Kumar Ray(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BIJNI(BIJNI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Assam2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=914 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ২০২১ চনৰ অসম বিধানসভাৰ নিৰ্বাচনত ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰি বিজনী বিধান সভা সমষ্টিৰ পৰা ৰায় জয়লাভ কৰে। তেওঁ ৪৫,৭৩৩টা ভোট লাভ কৰি নিকটতম প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বী বডোলেণ্ড পিপলছ ফ্ৰণ্টৰ কমল সিং নাৰ্জাৰীক ১০০৩টা ভোটৰ ব্যৱধানত পৰাস্ত কৰে। <ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2021-05-02 |title=Assam Assembly election results: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assam-assembly-polls-2021/story/assam-assembly-election-results-full-list-of-winners-1798072-2021-05-02 |access-date=2024-10-29 |magazine=[[India Today]] |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-03 |title=Assam election results 2021: Here's the list of winners |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/assam-election-results-2021-heres-the-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2024-10-29 |work=[[North East Live]] |language=en-US }}</ref>২০১৬ অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত ''ভাৰতীয় গণ পৰিষদ''ৰ টিকটত বিজনী আসনত প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা কৰিছিল যদিও ১,৬৭৮টা ভোটৰ সংকীৰ্ণ ব্যৱধানত নাৰ্জাৰীৰ হাতত পৰাস্ত হৈছিল। পিছত তেওঁ বিজেপিলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হৈ ২০২১ চনৰ নিৰ্বাচনত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref name=":0" /> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== r9m9orv9iye8yq8xi5vyj7bygb9zkfq শিবো মিশ্ৰ 0 109778 453166 452290 2024-12-10T04:01:07Z Rakesh Modak 42466 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = শিবো মিশ্ৰ | caption = | image = | birth_date = ২৬ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৬৯ | birth_place = লামডিং | residence = | death_date = | death_place = | office1 = বিধায়ক | constituency1 = লামডিং বিধানসভা সমষ্টি | term_start1 = ২০১৬ | term_end1 = Incumbent | predecessor1 = স্বপন কৰ | successor1 = | party = [[ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী]] | other party = | spouse = শ্ৰীমতী মীৰা মিশ্ৰ | children = ২ | website = | profession = ৰাজনীতিবিদ | relations = | date = | | year = | | source = http://www.assamassembly.gov.in/sibu-misra.html }} '''শিবো মিশ্ৰ''' এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ। তেওঁ ২০১৬ আৰু ২০২১ চনত অসম বিধাসভা নিৰ্বাচনত ৯২ নং লামডিং বিধান সভা সমষ্টিৰ পৰা অসম বিধানসভালৈ নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bjp.org/en/media-resources/press-releases/list-of-bjp-candidates-for-ensuing-general-elections-to-the-legislative-assembly-2016-of-assam-and-west-bengal-under-the-presidentship-of-shri-amit-shah |title=List of BJP Candidates for ensuing General Elections |access-date=15 November 2016 |archive-date=18 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618210341/http://www.bjp.org/en/media-resources/press-releases/list-of-bjp-candidates-for-ensuing-general-elections-to-the-legislative-assembly-2016-of-assam-and-west-bengal-under-the-presidentship-of-shri-amit-shah |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar1116%2Fat051 |title=BJP list of 88 candidates |access-date=15 November 2016 |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025235305/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar1116%2Fat051 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep1316%2Fstate055 |title=CM asks Hojai admin to expedite development |access-date=15 November 2016 |archive-date=15 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115193607/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep1316%2Fstate055 |url-status=dead }}</ref>শিবো মিশ্ৰ অসমৰ লামডিং বিধানসভা সমষ্টিৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট সমাজকৰ্মী। তেওঁ বিজেপি ৰাজনৈতিক দল পৰা বিধায়ক নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== adlx11cdy2ietxfv89p6pfs04v5qz9w শিলাদিত্য দেৱ 0 109784 453085 452500 2024-12-09T19:07:06Z Rakesh Modak 42466 453085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = শীলাদিত্য দেৱ | birth_name = | caption = | image = | birth_date = | birth_place = [[গুৱাহাটী]] | residence = জোৰাপুখুৰী, হোজাই | death_date = | death_place = | office1 = বিধায়ক | constituency1 = হোজাই বিধানসভা | term_start1 = ২০১৬ | term_end1 = ২০২১ | predecessor1 = অৰ্ধেন্দু কুমাৰ দে | successor1 = ৰামকৃষ্ণ ঘোষ | party = ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় পাৰ্টি | other party = | website = | profession = ৰাজনীতিবিদ | spouse = শ্ৰাবনী দেৱ | parents = সুবুদ চন্দ্ৰ দেৱ (পিতৃ) | relations = | date = | year = | source = http://www.assamassembly.gov.in/shiladitya-dev.html }} '''শিলাদিত্য দেৱ''' এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ। তেওঁ ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টি ৰাজনৈতিক দলৰ সদস্য। তেওঁ ২০১৬ চনত অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত হোজাই বিধানসভা সমষ্টিৰ পৰা নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল।<ref>[http://www.sentinelassam.com/cachar/story.php?sec=2&subsec=12&id=288753&dtP=2016-11-21&ppr=1 Nectar of Independence for all, poison for Bengalis? – Atin Das]{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/assam2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=772 My Neta]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160524093951/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-01-29/news/70177978_1_vision-document-sarbananda-sonowal-positive-agenda BJP gearing up for Assam polls with development agenda, CM candidate and vision document]</ref>7 }}</ref> ==জন্ম আৰু শিক্ষা== ==কেৰিয়াৰ== ==বিতৰ্ক== ৩ এপ্ৰিল তাৰিখে দেৱে ''অল ইণ্ডিয়া ইউনাইটেড ডেম’ক্ৰেটিক ফ্ৰণ্ট'' আৰু ''ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ''ৰ বিধায়কসকলৰ সহায়ত হোজাই ''পৌৰ ব’ৰ্ড'' গঠন কৰি দলটোক অৱজ্ঞা কৰাৰ বাবে অসম বিজেপি দলয়ে কাৰণ দেখুৱাবলৈ জাননী জাৰি কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-bjp-mla-served-show-cause/articleshow/57989569.cms|title=Show-cause: Assam BJP MLA served show-cause &#124; Guwahati News - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 April 201 ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== q3uqncfs3w11ybsgxr3np383xslg8eb 453086 453085 2024-12-09T19:08:31Z Rakesh Modak 42466 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = শীলাদিত্য দেৱ | birth_name = | caption = | image = | birth_date = | birth_place = [[গুৱাহাটী]] | residence = জোৰাপুখুৰী, হোজাই | death_date = | death_place = | office1 = বিধায়ক | constituency1 = হোজাই বিধানসভা | term_start1 = ২০১৬ | term_end1 = ২০২১ | predecessor1 = অৰ্ধেন্দু কুমাৰ দে | successor1 = ৰামকৃষ্ণ ঘোষ | party = ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় পাৰ্টি | other party = | website = | profession = ৰাজনীতিবিদ | spouse = শ্ৰাবনী দেৱ | parents = সুবুদ চন্দ্ৰ দেৱ (পিতৃ) | relations = | date = | year = | source = http://www.assamassembly.gov.in/shiladitya-dev.html }} '''শিলাদিত্য দেৱ''' এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ। তেওঁ ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টি ৰাজনৈতিক দলৰ সদস্য। তেওঁ ২০১৬ চনত অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত হোজাই বিধানসভা সমষ্টিৰ পৰা নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল।<ref>[http://www.sentinelassam.com/cachar/story.php?sec=2&subsec=12&id=288753&dtP=2016-11-21&ppr=1 Nectar of Independence for all, poison for Bengalis? – Atin Das]{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/assam2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=772 My Neta]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160524093951/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-01-29/news/70177978_1_vision-document-sarbananda-sonowal-positive-agenda BJP gearing up for Assam polls with development agenda, CM candidate and vision document]</ref> ==জন্ম আৰু শিক্ষা== ==কেৰিয়াৰ== ==বিতৰ্ক== ৩ এপ্ৰিল তাৰিখে দেৱে ''অল ইণ্ডিয়া ইউনাইটেড ডেম’ক্ৰেটিক ফ্ৰণ্ট'' আৰু ''ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ''ৰ বিধায়কসকলৰ সহায়ত হোজাই ''পৌৰ ব’ৰ্ড'' গঠন কৰি দলটোক অৱজ্ঞা কৰাৰ বাবে অসম বিজেপি দলয়ে কাৰণ দেখুৱাবলৈ জাননী জাৰি কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-bjp-mla-served-show-cause/articleshow/57989569.cms|title=Show-cause: Assam BJP MLA served show-cause &#124; Guwahati News - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 April 2017 }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== nv4rv35ejgqnivdaxs7yx7hwhliducz 453087 453086 2024-12-09T19:09:30Z Rakesh Modak 42466 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = শীলাদিত্য দেৱ | birth_name = | caption = | image = | birth_date = | birth_place = [[গুৱাহাটী]] | residence = জোৰাপুখুৰী, হোজাই | death_date = | death_place = | office1 = বিধায়ক | constituency1 = হোজাই বিধানসভা | term_start1 = ২০১৬ | term_end1 = ২০২১ | predecessor1 = অৰ্ধেন্দু কুমাৰ দে | successor1 = ৰামকৃষ্ণ ঘোষ | party = ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় পাৰ্টি | other party = | website = | profession = ৰাজনীতিবিদ | spouse = শ্ৰাবনী দেৱ | parents = সুবুদ চন্দ্ৰ দেৱ (পিতৃ) | relations = | date = | year = | source = http://www.assamassembly.gov.in/shiladitya-dev.html }} '''শিলাদিত্য দেৱ''' এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ। তেওঁ ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টি ৰাজনৈতিক দলৰ সদস্য। তেওঁ ২০১৬ চনত অসম বিধানসভা নিৰ্বাচনত হোজাই বিধানসভা সমষ্টিৰ পৰা নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল।<ref>[http://www.sentinelassam.com/cachar/story.php?sec=2&subsec=12&id=288753&dtP=2016-11-21&ppr=1 Nectar of Independence for all, poison for Bengalis? – Atin Das]{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/assam2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=772 My Neta]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160524093951/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-01-29/news/70177978_1_vision-document-sarbananda-sonowal-positive-agenda BJP gearing up for Assam polls with development agenda, CM candidate and vision document]</ref> ==জন্ম আৰু শিক্ষা== ==কেৰিয়াৰ== ==বিতৰ্ক== ৩ এপ্ৰিল তাৰিখে দেৱে ''অল ইণ্ডিয়া ইউনাইটেড ডেম’ক্ৰেটিক ফ্ৰণ্ট'' আৰু ''ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ''ৰ বিধায়কসকলৰ সহায়ত হোজাই ''পৌৰ ব’ৰ্ড'' গঠন কৰি দলটোক অৱজ্ঞা কৰাৰ বাবে অসম বিজেপি দলে কাৰণ দেখুৱাবলৈ জাননী জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-bjp-mla-served-show-cause/articleshow/57989569.cms|title=Show-cause: Assam BJP MLA served show-cause &#124; Guwahati News - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 April 2017 }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== gczr3as19k75tfet0jy9jyoqctyafjo ওছামু দাজাই 0 109787 453240 452762 2024-12-10T06:39:16Z নিপন নিয়ৰ শেনছোৱা 40137 453240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ওছামু দাজাই | native_name = {{nobold|太宰 治}} | native_name_lang = ja | image = Osamu Dazai.jpg | caption = ১৯৪৮ চনত ওছামু দাজাই | birth_name = শ্বোজি চুচিমা | birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1909|6|19}} | birth_place = কানাগী, আনৰী, জাপান সম্ৰাজ্য | death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1948|6|13|1909|6|19}} | death_place = টকিঅ', এলাইড বাহিনীৰ অধিকৃত জাপান | death_cause =টমি য়ামাজাকীৰ সৈতে পানীত ডুবি আত্মহত্যা | education = হিৰোছাকি উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়<br>টকিঅ' ইম্পেৰিয়েল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় | occupation = ঔপন্যাসিক, চুটি গল্প লিখক | movement = আই-নভেল, বুৰাইহা | notable_works = {{ubl|''দা ছেটিং চান'|''ন লংগাৰ হিউমেন''|''অতগী যোশী''|"ৰাণ, মেল'ছ!" }} }} '''শ্বোজি চুচিমা''' ({{lang-en|Shoji Tsushima}}) ছদ্মনামেৰে পৰিচিত '''ওছামু দাজাই এগৰাকী''' প্ৰখ্যাত জাপানী ঔপন্যাসিক আৰু লেখক। তেওঁৰ কেইবাখনো জনপ্ৰিয় গ্ৰন্থ যেনে দ্য চেটিং ছান (斜陽, Shayō) আৰু ন' লংগাৰ হিউমেন (人間失格, নিংগেন শ্বিকাকু)ক আধুনিক যুগৰ মহাকাব্য (Classic) বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref>"Many of Japan's most interesting creative writers cite 'No Longer Human' by Osamu Dazai as their favourite book or one that had a huge influence on them". ''Red Circle Authors''. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2021.</ref> তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱিত লেখকসকলৰ ভিতৰত যুৰ্নোছ্যুকে আকুটাগাৱা, মুৰাছাকি শ্বিকিবু আৰু ফ্যোডৰ দস্তয়েভস্কি অন্যতম। তেওঁৰ শেষৰখন গ্ৰন্থ ন’ লংগাৰ হিউমেন জাপানৰ বাহিৰত তেওঁৰ আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় গ্ৰন্থ। তেওঁ আন এটা ছদ্মনাম শ্বোনপেই কুৰোকি (黒木 舜平) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ইল্যুঁজন অৱ দ্য ক্লিফছ (断崖の錯覚, ডাংগাই নো ছাক্কাকু) নামৰ উপন্যাসখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। == প্ৰাথমিক জীৱন == ১৯০৯ চনৰ ১৯ ​​জুনত আওমোৰি প্ৰিফেকচাৰৰ টোহোকুৰ উত্তৰ প্ৰান্তত অৱস্থিত কানাগীত এজন ধনী মাটিৰ মালিক<ref>Lyons, Phyllis I. (1985). ''The saga of Dazai Osamu: a critical study with translations''. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. pp. 8, 21. ISBN <bdi>0804711976</bdi>. OCLC 11210872.</ref> আৰু ৰাজনীতিবিদ<ref>"Dazai Osamu | Japanese author | Britannica". ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 2022-12-07.</ref>ৰ অষ্টমটো জীৱিত সন্তান শ্বোজি চুছিমাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ এঘাৰটা সন্তানৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ আছিল দশম সন্তান। জীৱনৰ প্ৰথম সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁলোকৰ বিশাল, নতুনকৈ সমাপ্ত হোৱা চুছিমা অট্টালিকাটোত পৰিয়ালৰ প্ৰায় ত্ৰিশজন সদস্য আছিল। <ref>O'Brien, James A. (1975). ''Dazai Osamu''. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 18. ISBN <bdi>0805726640</bdi>.</ref> চুচিমা পৰিয়ালটো আছিল পূৰ্বৰ কৃষক মূলৰ, দাজাইৰ প্ৰাক্তন পিতৃ-মাতৃয়ে পৰিয়ালটোৰ ধন-সম্পত্তি ধনদাতা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তুলিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰই ধন আৰু অধিক বৃদ্ধি কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ ক্ষমতা দ্ৰুতগতিত বৃদ্ধি পায় আৰু কিছু সময়ৰ পিছত সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটোত অতিশয় সন্মানীয় হৈ পৰে।<ref>Lyons 1985, pp. 21–22.</ref> ডাজাইৰ পিতৃ জেন'ইমন আছিল মাটছুকি পৰিয়ালৰ সৰু পুত্ৰ, যাৰ "অতি 'সামন্তবাদী' পৰম্পৰা"ৰ বাবে ডাঙৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু উত্তৰাধিকাৰীৰ বাহিৰে আন পুত্ৰৰ বাবে কোনো কাম নাছিল। ফলত জেন'ইমনক চুচিমা পৰিয়ালত ডাঙৰ ছোৱালী টানেক বিয়া কৰাবলৈ দত্তক লোৱা হয়। প্ৰিফেকচাৰৰ চাৰিজন ধনী মাটিৰ মালিকৰ ভিতৰত এজন হিচাপে তেওঁৰ পদবীৰ বাবে তেওঁ ৰাজনীতিত জড়িত হৈ পৰে আৰু তেওঁক হাউছ অৱ পিয়ৰ্ছৰ সদস্যপদৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া হয়।<ref>Lyons 1985, pp. 21–22.</ref> ইয়াৰ ফলত দজাইৰ প্ৰাথমিক শৈশৱৰ বেছিভাগ সময়তে দেউতাক অনুপস্থিত আছিল; মাতৃ টানে অসুস্থ হোৱাৰ বাবে,<ref>O'Brien 1975.</ref> দাজাইক বেছিভাগেই পৰিয়ালৰ চাকৰ আৰু তেওঁৰ পেহীয়েক কিয়েই ডাঙৰ-দীঘল কৰিছিল।<ref>Lyons 1985, pp. 21, 53, 57–58.</ref> == শিক্ষা আৰু সাহিত্যৰ আৰম্ভণি == ১৯১৬ চনত দজাইয়ে কানাগী প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ত শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰে। ১৯২৩ চনৰ ৪ মাৰ্চত তেওঁৰ পিতৃ জেন'ইমনৰ হাওঁফাওঁৰ কৰ্কট ৰোগত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>野原, 一夫 (1998). ''太宰治生涯と文学'' (in Japanese). 筑摩書房. p. 36. ISBN <bdi>4480033971</bdi>. OCLC 676259180.</ref> এমাহৰ পিছত এপ্ৰিল মাহত দাজাই আওমোৰি জুনিয়ৰ হাইস্কুলত পঢ়ে,<ref>Lyons 1985, p. 389.</ref> আৰু তাৰ পিছত ১৯২৭ চনত হিৰোছাকি উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰস্তুতি বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়ে।<ref>"Osamu Dazai". ''City of Hirosaki'' (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-12-05.</ref> তেওঁ এডো সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰতি আগ্ৰহ উপজিছিল আৰু বুনৰাকুত ব্যৱহৃত জপ কৰা আখ্যানৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰ ''গিদায়ু'' অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref>Lyons 1985, p. 26.</ref> ১৯২৮ চনৰ আশে-পাশে দাজাইয়ে ছাত্ৰ প্ৰকাশনৰ ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পাদনা কৰে আৰু নিজৰ কিছুমান ৰচনাৰে অৱদান আগবঢ়ায়। বন্ধু-বান্ধৱীৰ সৈতে ছাইবো বুংগেই (কোষ সাহিত্য) নামৰ এখন আলোচনীও প্ৰকাশ কৰে আৰু তাৰ পিছত কলেজখনৰ কাকতখনৰ কৰ্মচাৰী হয়।<ref>Lyons 1985, pp. 28–29.</ref> ডাজাইৰ লেখাৰ সফলতা স্তব্ধ হৈ পৰে যেতিয়া তেওঁৰ '''আনুগামী''' লেখক ৰ্যুনোছুকে আকুটাগাৱাই ১৯২৭ চনত ৩৫ বছৰ বয়সত আত্মহত্যা কৰে। দাজাইয়ে পঢ়া-শুনাত মন নিদিয়া হ'ল আৰু দৰমহাৰ সৰহভাগেই কাপোৰ, মদ আৰু বেশ্যাৰ বাবে খৰচ কৰিলে। সেই সময়ত চৰকাৰে যথেষ্ট দমন কৰা মাৰ্ক্সবাদৰ সৈতেও তেওঁ জড়িত হৈ পৰিল। ১৯২৯ চনৰ ১০ ডিচেম্বৰৰ নিশা দাজাইয়ে প্ৰথম আত্মহত্যাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে যদিও বাচি যায় আৰু পিছৰ বছৰত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। ১৯৩০ চনত ডাজাইয়ে টকিঅ’ ইম্পেৰিয়েল ইউনিভাৰ্চিটিৰ ফৰাচী সাহিত্য বিভাগত নামভৰ্তি কৰে আৰু কেইদিনমান পাছতে পুনৰ অধ্যয়ন বন্ধ কৰে। অক্টোবৰ মাহত তেওঁ হাটছুয়ো ওয়ামা [জা] নামৰ এজন নৰ্তকীক লৈ পলাই যায় আৰু পৰিয়ালে তেওঁক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে পৰিত্যাগ কৰে। টকিঅ’ ইম্পেৰিয়েল ইউনিভাৰ্চিটিৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ হোৱাৰ ৯ দিনৰ পাছত ডাজাইয়ে কামাকুৰাৰ বিলৰ পৰা আন এগৰাকী মহিলা ১৯ বছৰীয়া বাৰৰ পৰিচাৰিকা শ্বিমেকো টানাবে [জা]ৰ সৈতে পানীত জঁপিয়াই আত্মহত্যাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। তানাবেৰ মৃত্যু হয় যদিও দাজাই জীয়াই থাকে, মাছমৰীয়াৰ নাৱেৰে উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু তানাবেৰ মৃত্যুৰ সহযোগী হিচাপে অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা হয়। ঘটনাত স্তম্ভিত হৈ দজাইৰ পৰিয়ালে হস্তক্ষেপ কৰি আৰক্ষীৰ তদন্ত বন্ধ কৰে। তেওঁৰ ভাট্টা পুনৰ ঘূৰাই দিয়া হ’ল, আৰু যিকোনো অভিযোগৰ পৰা তেওঁক মুকলি কৰি দিয়া হ’ল। ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত ডাজাই ইকাৰিগাচেকিত সুস্থ হৈ উঠে আৰু তাতেই হাটছুয়োক বিয়া কৰায়।<ref>Thacker, Eugene (2016-03-26). "Black Illumination: the disqualified life of Osamu Dazai". ''The Japan Times''. Retrieved 2024-08-08.</ref> == বাওঁপন্থী আন্দোলন == ১৯২৯ চনত হিৰোছাকি হাইস্কুলৰ অধ্যক্ষৰ বিৰোদ্ধে ৰাজহুৱা ধনৰ অপব্যৱহাৰৰ অভিযোগ উঠে, তেতিয়া সমাজ বিজ্ঞান অধ্যয়ন গোটৰ নেতা উয়েডা শ্বিগেহিকো (ইছিগামি গেনিচিৰো)ৰ নেতৃত্বত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে পাঁচ দিনীয়া ধৰ্মঘট কৰে, যাৰ ফলত অধ্যক্ষই পদত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হয়। ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কোনো অনুশাসনমূলক ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ নকৰা কথাটোৱে দাজাইক অনুপ্ৰাণিত কৰে। দাজাই ধৰ্মঘটত প্ৰায়েই অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰা নাছিল যদিও সেই সময়ত প্ৰচলিত সৰ্বহাৰা সাহিত্যৰ অনুকৰণত তেওঁ ''ছাত্ৰ গোট'' নামৰ উপন্যাস এখনত ঘটনাটোৰ সাৰাংশ দাঙি ধৰি উয়েদাক পঢ়ি শুনাইছিল। দাজাইৰ বাওঁপন্থী কাৰ্যকলাপৰ প্ৰতি সতৰ্ক আছিল চুচিমা পৰিয়াল। পিছৰ বছৰৰ ১৬ জানুৱাৰীত বিশেষ উচ্চ আৰক্ষীয়ে ছেইগেন তানাকাৰ সশস্ত্ৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ কৰ্মী হিচাপে কাম কৰা হিৰোকো ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ছ’চিয়েল ষ্টাডিজৰ আন ৯জন ছাত্ৰক গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰে। কলেজত থাকোঁতে ডাজাইয়ে কৰ্মী আইজো কুডোক লগ পায়, আৰু জাপানী কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিলৈ মাহিলী ১০ য়েন আৰ্থিক বৰঙণি আগবঢ়ায়। হাটছুয়ো ওয়ামাৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁক পৰিয়ালৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ কাৰণ আছিল ৰাজনীতিবিদ বুঞ্জীৰ সৈতে অবৈধ কাৰ্যকলাপৰ সম্পৰ্ক ৰোধ কৰা।<ref>Inose, Naoki; 猪瀬直樹 (2001). ''Pikaresuku : Dazai Osamu den = Picaresque''. 猪瀬直樹 (Shohan ed.). Tōkyō: Shōgakkan. ISBN <bdi>4-09-394166-1</bdi>. OCLC 47158889.</ref> বিয়াৰ পিছত দজাইক নিজৰ সহযোগিতাৰ কথা লুকুৱাবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হৈছিল আৰু বাৰে বাৰে আন্দোলন কৰিছিল। ১৯৩২ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত বুঞ্জীয়ে তেওঁক বিচাৰি উলিয়াইছিল, আৰু তেওঁক আওমোৰী থানাত আত্মসমৰ্পণ কৰাইছিল। ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত ডাজাইয়ে আওমোৰি অভিযুক্ত কাৰ্যালয়ত বাওঁপন্থী কাৰ্যকলাপৰ পৰা সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে আঁতৰি যোৱাৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰে আৰু ছীল কৰে।<ref>Nohara, Kazuo; 野原一夫 (1998). ''Dazai Osamu, shōgai to bungaku''. Tōkyō: Chikuma Shobō. ISBN <bdi>4-480-03397-1</bdi>. OCLC 41370809.</ref> == সাহিত্যিক জীৱনৰ আৰম্ভণি == দজাই নিজৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি পালন কৰি অলপ থিতাপি ল’লে। তেওঁ প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত লেখক মাছুজী ইবুছেৰ সহায় লাভ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়, যাৰ সংযোগে তেওঁৰ ৰচনাসমূহ প্ৰকাশ কৰাত আৰু সুনাম প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাত সহায় কৰে। পিছৰ কেইটামান বছৰ দাজাইৰ বাবে উৎপাদনশীল আছিল। জ্বৰৰ গতিৰে লিখি তেওঁ ১৯৩৩ চনত "ৰেছা" ("列車", "ট্ৰেইন") নামৰ চুটিগল্পত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে "ওছামু দাজাই" কলমৰ নাম ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। এই গল্পটোৱেই আছিল তেওঁৰ আই-উপন্যাসৰ প্ৰথম পৰীক্ষা যিটো পিছলৈ তেওঁৰ ট্ৰেডমাৰ্ক হৈ পৰিছিল। ১৯৩৫ চনত দাজাইৰ মনত স্পষ্ট হ’বলৈ ধৰিলে যে তেওঁ স্নাতক নহ’ব। টকিঅ’ৰ এখন বাতৰি কাকততো চাকৰি লাভ কৰাত ব্যৰ্থ হয়। দাজাইয়ে বিশ্বৰ পৰা বিদায় লোৱাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে নিৰ্মিত দ্য ফাইনেল ইয়াৰ্ছ (বেনেন) শেষ কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৩৫ চনৰ ১৯ ​​মাৰ্চত নিজকে ফাঁচী দিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল, পুনৰ বিফল হৈছিল। তিনি সপ্তাহ নৌহওঁতেই দজাইৰ তীব্ৰ এপেণ্ডিচাইটিছ ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হয়। হস্পিতালতে তেওঁ মৰ্ফিন ভিত্তিক বিষনাশক ঔষধ পাভিনালৰ প্ৰতি আসক্ত হৈ পৰে। এবছৰ ধৰি এই নিচাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ দিয়াৰ পিছত ১৯৩৬ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত তেওঁক মানসিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানলৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়,[18] এটা কোঠাত আবদ্ধ কৰি ৰখা হয় আৰু ঠাণ্ডা টাৰ্কি এৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হয়। এমাহৰো অধিক সময় ধৰি চলিছিল এই চিকিৎসা। এই সময়ছোৱাত ডাজাইৰ পত্নী হাটছুয়োৱে তেওঁৰ প্ৰিয় বন্ধু জেনশ্বিৰো কোডাটেৰ সৈতে ব্যভিচাৰ কৰে।[citation needed] এই কথা অৱশেষত পোহৰলৈ আহে আৰু ডাজাইয়ে পত্নীৰ সৈতে শ্বিনজু কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। দুয়োজনে টোপনিৰ বড়ি খাইছিল যদিও দুয়োৰে কোনোৰে মৃত্যু হোৱা নাছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত অলপ সময়ৰ পিছতে ডাজাইয়ে হাটছুয়োক বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ কৰে। তেওঁ সোনকালে পুনৰ বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয়, এইবাৰ মিচিকো ইছিহাৰা (石原美知子) নামৰ এগৰাকী মধ্যবিদ্যালয়ৰ শিক্ষকৰ সৈতে। তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰথম কন্যা ছ’নোকো (園子)ৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ১৯৪১ চনৰ জুন মাহত। যোৱা বছৰৰ আগৰ বছৰটোত মোক পৰিয়ালৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৰাতিটোৰ ভিতৰতে দৰিদ্ৰতালৈ হ্ৰাস পাইছিলোঁ, বিভিন্ন ঠাইৰ বাবে সহায় ভিক্ষা কৰি ৰাস্তাত ঘূৰি ফুৰিবলৈ এৰি দিয়া হৈছিলোঁ, এদিনৰ পৰা আনদিনালৈকে জীয়াই থাকিবলৈ কষ্টেৰে সক্ষম হৈছিলোঁ, আৰু ঠিক যেতিয়াই আৰম্ভ কৰিছিলোঁ তেতিয়াই ভাবিলোঁ হয়তো মোৰ লেখাৰে নিজকে পোহপাল দিব পাৰিম, মই এটা গুৰুতৰ ৰোগ লৈ নামি আহিলোঁ। আনৰ মমতাৰ বাবেই বোকাময় সাগৰৰ কাষৰ চিবাৰ ফুনাবাছিত সৰু ঘৰ এটা ভাড়া কৰি তাতেই অকলে গৰমৰ দিনটো কটালোঁ, সুস্থ হৈ উঠিলোঁ। যদিও প্ৰতিটো নিশাই মোৰ চোলাটোক আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থত ঘামত তিতি যোৱা এটা ৰোগৰ সৈতে যুঁজিছিলো, তথাপিও মোৰ কামত আগবাঢ়ি যোৱাৰ বাহিৰে আন উপায় নাছিল। প্ৰতিদিনে ৰাতিপুৱা খোৱা ঠাণ্ডা আধা পিণ্ট গাখীৰটোৱেই মোক জীৱনৰ আনন্দৰ এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট অদ্ভুত অনুভৱ দিছিল; 'মোৰ মানসিক যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু ক্লান্তি ইমানেই আছিল যে বাগিচাৰ এটা চুকত ফুলি থকা অলিয়েণ্ডাৰবোৰ মোৰ বাবে কেৱল শিখাৰ জিভা টিপি থকা যেন লাগিছিল... — ছিস্কেপ উইথ ফিগাৰছ ইন গোল্ড (১৯৩৯), ওছামু ডাজাই, অনুবাদ। ৰালফ এফ মেককাৰ্থী (১৯৯২)[19] ১৯৩০ আৰু ১৯৪০ চনত দাজাইয়ে আত্মজীৱনীমূলক প্ৰকৃতিৰ কেইবাখনো সূক্ষ্ম উপন্যাস আৰু চুটিগল্প ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম কাহিনী গ্যোফুকুকি (魚服記, "ৰূপান্তৰ", ১৯৩৩) আত্মহত্যাৰ সৈতে জড়িত এক ভয়ানক কল্পনা। এই সময়ছোৱাত লিখা আন গল্পসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ড'কে ন' হানা (道化の花, "বাফৌনেৰীৰ ফুল", ১৯৩৫), গ্যাকো (逆行, "লোজিং গ্ৰাউণ্ড", ১৯৩৫), কিয়গেন ন' কামি (狂言の神, "ফাৰ্চৰ ঈশ্বৰ।" ", ১৯৩৬), কিয়োকো নো হাৰু নামৰ এখন পত্ৰ উপন্যাস (虚構の春, False Spring, 1936) আৰু ১৯৩৬ চনত তেওঁৰ সংকলন Bannen (Declining Years বা The Final Years) ত প্ৰকাশিত যিবোৰত তেওঁৰ ব্যক্তিগত বিচ্ছিন্নতাৰ অনুভূতি আৰু তেওঁৰ অশ্লীলতাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। == যুদ্ধকালীন বছৰ == ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত জাপানে আমেৰিকাক আক্ৰমণ কৰি প্ৰশান্ত মহাসাগৰীয় যুদ্ধখন দীঘলীয়া হৈছিল বুকুৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সমস্যাৰ বাবে ডাজাইৰ যক্ষ্মা ৰোগ ধৰা পৰাত তেওঁক ৰেহাই দিয়া হৈছিল। চেঞ্চৰসকলে দজাইৰ অফবিট কামক গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ অধিক অনিচ্ছুক হৈ পৰিছিল যদিও তেওঁ অকলেই যথেষ্টখিনি আগবঢ়াই নিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল, এই সময়ছোৱাত এই ধৰণৰ সামগ্ৰী গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হোৱা অতি কম সংখ্যক লেখকৰ ভিতৰত এজন হৈয়েই আছিল। যুদ্ধৰ সময়ত দাজাইয়ে প্ৰকাশ কৰা কেইবাটাও গল্প আছিল ''ইহাৰা চাইকাকু''ৰ (১৬৪২–১৬৯৩) গল্পৰ পুনৰ কথন। তেওঁৰ যুদ্ধকালীন ৰচনাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছিল ''উডাইজিন ছানেটোমো'' (右大臣実朝, "মিনিষ্টাৰ অৱ দ্য ৰাইট ছানেটোমো", ১৯৪৩), চুগাৰু (১৯৪৪), পাণ্ডোৰা নো হাকো (パンドラの匣, পাণ্ডোৰাৰ বাকচ, ১৯৪৫–৪৬), আৰু অটোগিজোছি (お伽草紙, Fairy Tales, 1945) য'ত তেওঁ "জীৱন্ততা আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তা"ৰ সৈতে কেইবাটাও পুৰণি জাপানী সাধুকথাৰ পুনৰ কথন। টকিঅ'ত আমেৰিকাৰ বোমা বিস্ফোৰণত ডাজাইৰ ঘৰ দুবাৰ জ্বলি যায় যদিও তেওঁৰ পৰিয়াল কোনো ক্ষতি নোহোৱাকৈ পলায়ন কৰে আৰু ১৯৪৪ চনত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা মাছাকি (正樹) নামৰ এজন পুত্ৰ লাভ কৰে। তেওঁ ১৯৮৭ চনৰ মে মাহত তৃতীয় সন্তান কন্যা সাটোকো (里子)ক লাভ কৰে যি পিছলৈ Yuko Tsushima ছদ্মনামেৰে এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত লেখিকা হৈ পৰে। == যুদ্ধৰ পিছৰ পেচা == যুদ্ধৰ পিছৰ সময়ছোৱাত দাজাই জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ শিখৰত উপনীত হয়। তেওঁ যুদ্ধোত্তৰ টকিঅ'ৰ এক বিচ্ছিন্ন জীৱনক ভিয়ন ন' চুমা (ヴィヨンの妻, "ভিলনৰ পত্নী", ১৯৪৭)ত চিত্ৰিত কৰিছিল, য'ত তেওঁক পৰিত্যাগ কৰা এজন কবিৰ পত্নী আৰু কষ্টৰ মাজেৰে জীয়াই চেষ্টা অব্যাহত ৰখাৰ কষ্টকৰ জীৱনৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪৬ চনত ওছামু দাজাইয়ে কুনো নো নেনকান (বিষৰ আলমানাক) নামৰ এটা বিতৰ্কিত সাহিত্যিক গ্ৰন্থ মুকলি কৰে, যিটো দাজাইৰ নিজেই ৰাজনৈতিক স্মৃতিগ্ৰন্থ। ইয়াত দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত পৰাস্ত হোৱাৰ তৎক্ষণাত পৰিণতিৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে, আৰু দেশখনৰ পৰাজয়ৰ পিছত জাপানী মানুহে কেনে অনুভৱ কৰিছিল সেই বিষয়ে সন্নিবিষ্ট কৰা হৈছে। ডাজাইয়ে সেই সময়ৰ জাপানী সম্ৰাট ''সম্ৰাট হিৰোহিটো'' আৰু তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ''আকিহিটো''ৰ প্ৰতি নিজৰ আনুগত্য পুনৰ দৃঢ় কৰে। ডাজাই তেওঁৰ গোটেই কেৰিয়াৰত এজন পৰিচিত কমিউনিষ্ট আছিল, আৰু এই আলমানাক অৱ পেইনৰ জৰিয়তেও তেওঁৰ বিশ্বাস প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৪ ডিচেম্বৰত ডাজাই আৰু লেখকৰ এটা দলে ইউকিঅ' মিছিমাই ৰেষ্টুৰেণ্ট এখনত ৰাতিৰ আহাৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>Sato & Inose 2012, p. 163.</ref> পিছৰজনে স্মৰণ কৰিছিল যে সেই উপলক্ষে তেওঁ দজাইৰ প্ৰতি থকা অপছন্দৰ কথা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। পিছলৈ মিছিমাৰ এক বক্তব্য অনুসৰি:<ref>Sato & Inose 2012, p. 162.</ref> ''<nowiki>''দজাইৰ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতি মই যি বিতৃষ্ণা পুঁহি ৰাখিছো সেয়া কোনোবা নহয় কোনোবা প্ৰকাৰে অতি উগ্ৰ। প্ৰথমতে তেওঁৰ মুখখন মোৰ অপছন্দ। দ্বিতীয়তে, নগৰীয়া কৌশলৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ গাঁৱলীয়া পছন্দ মোৰ অপছন্দ। তৃতীয়তে, তেওঁৰ বাবে উপযুক্ত নোহোৱা চৰিত্ৰবোৰ তেওঁ অভিনয় কৰাটো মোৰ অপছন্দ। ''</nowiki>'' <ref>Sato & Inose 2012, p. 163.</ref> ৰাতিৰ আহাৰ গ্ৰহণৰ আন অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলে মনত পেলাব পৰা নাছিল যে মিছিমাই বৰ্ণনা কৰা ধৰণে কিছুমান পৰিঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে নে নাই। তেওঁলোকে ৰিপ'ৰ্ট কৰিছিল যে তেওঁ দাজাইৰ "ক্লাউনিং" ভাল নাপায় আৰু মিছিমাই প্ৰশংসা কৰা লেখক ওগাই মৰিৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাদ আছিল। <ref>Sato & Inose 2012, pp. 163–164.</ref> ইয়াৰ সমান্তৰালভাৱে ডাজাইয়ে জুগোনেকান (পোন্ধৰ বছৰৰ বাবে) আন এটা আত্মজীৱনীমূলক টুকুৰাও লিখিছিল। এইটোৱে আলমানাক অৱ পেইনৰ লগতে ডাজাইৰ যুদ্ধোত্তৰ কল্পকাহিনীৰ বিবেচনাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা হিচাপে কাম কৰিব পাৰে। <ref>Wolfe, Alan Stephen (2014-07-14). ''Suicidal Narrative in Modern Japan: The Case of Dazai Osamu''. Princeton University Press. ISBN <bdi>978-1-4008-6100-2</bdi>.</ref> ১৯৪৭ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত যুদ্ধৰ পিছত জাপানী আভিজাত্যৰ অৱনতিৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা ডাজাইৰ বিখ্যাত গ্ৰন্থ শ্বায়ো (দ্য চেটিং ছান, অনুবাদ ১৯৫৬) প্ৰকাশ পায়, যিয়ে ইতিমধ্যে জনপ্ৰিয় লেখকজনক চেলিব্ৰিটি হিচাপে আগুৱাই লৈ যায়। এই ৰচনাখন ১৯৪১ চনত প্ৰথম লগ পোৱা ডাজাইৰ ৰচনাৰ প্ৰশংসক ''শ্বিজুকো ওটা'' (太田静子)ৰ ডায়েৰীৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৭ চনত তেওঁলোকৰ এগৰাকী কন্যা হাৰুকো (治子) জন্ম দিছিল। প্ৰচুৰ মদ্যপায়ী দাজাই Alcoholic হৈ পৰিছিল<ref>Sakanishi, Shio. "Publishing Trend." ''Japan Quarterly'' 2.3 (1955): 384. ''"Dazai, a Bohemian and an alcoholic"''</ref> আৰু তেওঁৰ স্বাস্থ্যৰ দ্ৰুত অৱনতি ঘটিছিল। এই সময়তে তেওঁ টমি ইয়ামাজাকি (山崎富栄) নামৰ এগৰাকী সৌন্দৰ্য্যবিদ আৰু যুদ্ধ বিধৱাক লগ পায়, যিয়ে বিয়াৰ মাত্ৰ দহ দিনৰ পিছতে স্বামীক হেৰুৱাইছিল। ডাজাইয়ে ক্ষন্তেকতে পত্নী আৰু সন্তানক পৰিত্যাগ কৰি টমীৰ লগত থাকিবলৈ লয়। ডাজাইয়ে তেওঁৰ উপন্যাস ন’ লংগাৰ হিউমেন (人間失格 নিংগেন শ্বিকাকু, ১৯৪৮) লিখিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে হট-স্প্ৰিং ৰিজ’ৰ্ট আটামিত। টমিৰ সৈতে তেওঁ ওমিয়ালৈ গুচি যায় আৰু মে’ মাহৰ মাজভাগলৈকে তাতেই থাকি উপন্যাসখন শেষ কৰে। অৰ্ধ-আত্মজীৱনী, ইয়াত এজন যুৱক, আত্মধ্বংসী ব্যক্তিয়ে নিজকে মানৱ জাতিৰ পৰা অযোগ্য বুলি ভবাৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>"The Disqualified Life of Osamu Dazai" by Eugene Thacker, Japan Times, 26 Mar. 2016.</ref> জাপানী সাহিত্যৰ অন্যতম ক্লাছিক গ্ৰন্থ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা এই গ্ৰন্থখন কেইবাটাও বিদেশী ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। ১৯৪৮ চনৰ বসন্ত কালত দাজাইয়ে আছাহি শ্বিম্বুনত ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে নিৰ্মাণ হ’বলগীয়া এখন উপন্যাসৰ কাম কৰিছিল, যাৰ নাম আছিল ''গুডবাই'', কিন্তু সেয়া তেওঁ শেষ কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। == মৃত্যু == ১৯৪৮ চনৰ ১৩ জুনত ডাজাই আৰু টমীয়ে তেওঁৰ ঘৰৰ ওচৰৰ বৰষুণেৰে ফুলি উঠা ''টামাগাৱা খাল''ত ডুবি আত্মহত্যা কৰে। ছয় দিনৰ পিছত, ১৯ জুনতহে তেওঁলোকৰ মৃতদেহ আৱিষ্কাৰ হ'ল। সেই দিনটো আছিল তেওঁৰ ৩৯ সংখ্যক জন্মদিন! তেওঁৰ কবৰ টকিঅ’ৰ মিটাকাৰ জেনৰিন-জীৰ মন্দিৰত। সেই সময়ত এই কাণ্ডক লৈ বহু চৰ্চা চলিছিল, টমীৰ বলপূৰ্বক আত্মহত্যাৰ তত্ত্বৰ সৈতে। যুৱক চুচিমা পৰিয়ালটোক সঘনাই অহা-যোৱা কৰা কিমোনো ব্যৱসায়ী কেইকিচি নাকাহাটাক মিটাকা থানাৰ এজন গোয়েন্দাই পানীৰ প্ৰৱেশৰ দৃশ্য দেখুৱাইছিল। তেওঁ অনুমান কৰিছিল যে "দাজাইক মৰিবলৈ কোৱা হৈছিল, আৰু তেওঁ কেৱল মান্তি হৈছিল, কিন্তু মৃত্যুৰ ঠিক আগতেই তেওঁ হঠাতে জীৱনৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষণ অনুভৱ কৰিছিল।" <ref>山内祥史 (1998). ''太宰治に出会った日 : 珠玉のエッセイ集''. Yumani Shobō. OCLC 680437760.</ref> == সাহিত্যকৰ্ম == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+সাহিত্য ! জাপানী শিৰোনাম ! ইংৰাজী শিৰোনাম ! প্ৰকাশৰৰ চন ! অনুবাদক |- |ア、秋 [A, Aki] |A. Autumn |১৯৩৯ | |- |愛と美について [Ai to bi ni tsuite] |About Love and Beauty |১৯৩৯ | |- |老ハイデルベルヒ [Alt-Heidelberg] |Alt-Heidelberg |১৯৪০ | |- |雨の玉川心中 [Ame no Tamagawa shinjū] |Rain at Tamagawa - Double Suicide | | |- |兄たち [Anitachi] |My Older Brothers |১৯৪০ |McCarthy; O'Brien |- |青森 [Aomori] |Aomori |১৯৪১ | |- |或る忠告 [Aru chūkoku] |Advice |১৯৪২ | |- |朝 [Asa] |Morning |১৯৪৭ |Brudnoy & Yumi |- |あさましきもの [Asamashiki mono] |Something Regrettable |১৯৩৭ | |- |新しい形の個人主義 [Atarashii katachi no kojin shugi] |A New Form of Individualism |১৯৪০ | |- |「晩年」と「女生徒」 ["Bannen" to "Joseito"] |"The Last Years" and "Schoolgirl" |১৯৪৮ | |- |「晩年」に就いて ["Bannen" ni tsuite] |About „The Final Years“ |১৯৩৬ | |- |美男子と煙草 [Bidanshi to tabako] |Handsome Devils and Cigarettes |১৯৪৮ |McCarthy |- |美少女 [Bishōjo] |A Little Beauty |১৯৩৯ |McCarthy |- |眉山 [Bizan] |Bizan |১৯৪৮ | |- |チャンス [Chansu] |Chance |১৯৪৬ | |- |父 [Chichi] |The Father |১৯৪৭ |Brudnoy & Yumi |- |小さいアルバム [Chiisai arubamu] |The Little Album |১৯৪২ | |- |畜犬談 —伊馬鵜平君に与える— [Chikukendan - Ima Uhei-kun ni ataeru -] |Canis familiaris |১৯৩৯ |McCarthy |- |竹青 [Chikusei] |Blue Bamboo |১৯৪৫ | |- |地球図 [Chikyūzu] |Chikyūzu (or World’s Map) |১৯৩৫ | |- |千代女 [Chiyojo] |Chiyojo |১৯৪১ |Dunlop |- |地図 [Chizu] |The Map |১৯২৫ | |- |大恩は語らず [Daion wa katarazu] |A great favour is not expressed |১৯৫৪ | |- |断崖の錯覚 [Dangai no sakkaku] |Illusion of the cliffs |১৯৩৪ | |- |檀君の近業について [Dan-kun no kingyō ni tsuite] |About the latest works by Dan-kun |১৯৩৭ | |- |男女同権 [Danjo dōken] |Gender Equality |১৯৪৬ | |- |誰 [Dare] |Who |১৯৪১ | |- |誰も知らぬ [Dare mo shiranu] |Nobody Knows |১৯৪০ | |- |ダス・ゲマイネ [Dasu Gemaine] |Das Gemeine |১৯৩৫ |O'Brien |- |デカダン抗議 [Dekadan kōgi] |Decadent protest |১৯৩৯ | |- |貪婪禍 [Donranka] |The scourge of greed |১৯৪০ | |- |道化の華 [Dōke no hana] |The Flowers of Buffoonery |১৯৩৫ | |- |炎天汗談 [Enten kandan] |Bottomless Hell |১৯৪২ | |- |フォスフォレッスセンス [Fosuforessensu] |The Pitiable Mosquitoes |১৯৪৭ | |- |富嶽百景 [Fugaku hyakkei] |One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji |১৯৩৯ |McCarthy |- |富士に就いて [Fuji ni tsuite] |About Mount Fuji |১৯৩৮ | |- |服装に就いて [Fukusō ni tsuite] |About Clothing |১৯৪১ |O'Brien |- |不審庵 [Fushin'an] |Doubtful Retreat |১৯৪৩ | |- |冬の花火 [Fuyu no hanabi] |Winter Fireworks |১৯৪৬ | |- |玩具 [Gangu] |Toys |১৯৩৫ |O'Brien |- |芸術ぎらい [Geijutsu girai] |Dislike of Art |১৯৪৪ | |- |義務 [Gimu] |Duty |১৯৪০ | |- |五所川原 [Goshogawara] |Goshogawara |১৯৪১ | |- |グッド・バイ [Guddo Bai] |Goodbye |১৯৪৮ |Marshall |- |逆行 [Gyakkō] |Losing Ground |১৯৩৫ | |- |魚服記 [Gyofukuki] |Metamorphosis |১৯৩৩ |O'Brien |- |魚服記に就て [Gyofukuki ni tsuite] |About the Story of Fish and Clothing |১৯৩৩ | |- |葉 [Ha] |Leaves |১৯৩৪ |Gangloff |- |母 [Haha] |Mother |১৯৪৭ |Brudnoy & Yumi |- |八十八夜 [Hachijūhachiya] |The 88th Day |১৯৩৯ | |- |恥 [Haji] |Shame |১৯৪২ |Dunlop |- |薄明 [Hakumei] |Early Light |১৯৪৬ |McCarthy |- |花火 [Hanabi] |Fireworks |১৯২৯ | |- |花吹雪 [Hanafubuki] |Falling Blossoms |১৯৪৪ | |- |犯人 [Hannin] |The Criminal |১৯৪৮ | |- |春 [Haru] |Spring |১৯৮০ | |- |春の枯葉 [Haru no kareha] |Dry Leaves in Spring |১৯৪৬ | |- |春の盗賊 [Haru no tōzoku] |A Burglar in Spring |১৯৪০ | |- |春夫と旅行できなかつた話 [Haruo to ryokō dekinakatsuta hanashi] |The Story of How I Couldn't Travel with Haruo | | |- |走ラヌ名馬 [Hashiranu meiba] |The Unrunning Thoroughbred |১৯৮০ | |- |走れメロス [Hashire Merosu] |Run, Melos! |১৯৪০ |McCarthy; O'Brien |- |葉桜と魔笛 [Hazakura to mateki] |Cherry Blossoms and the Magic Flute |১৯৩৯ | |- |碧眼托鉢 [Hekigan takuhatsu] |The Blue-eyed Pilgrim |১৯৩৬ | |- |返事 [Henji] |Reply |১৯৮০ | |- |皮膚と心 [Hifu to kokoro] |Skin and Heart |১৯৩৯ | |- |火の鳥 [Hi no tori] |The Phoenix |১৯৮০ | |- |一つの約束 [Hitotsu no yakusoku] |One Promise |১৯৪৪ | |- |一問一答 [Ichimon ittō] |Questions and Answers |১৯৪২ | |- |陰火 [Inka] |Inka (Will-o'-the-Wisp) |১৯৩৬ | |- |田舎者 [Inakamono] |The Country Bumpkin |১৯৮০ | |- |一歩前進二歩退却 [Ippo zenshin nippo taikyaku] |One Step Forward, Two Steps Back |১৯৩৮ | |- |弱者の糧 [Jakusha no kate] |Food for the Weak |১৯৮০ | |- |人物に就いて [Jinbutsu ni tsuite] |About Characters |১৯৩৬ | |- |自作を語る [Jisaku wo kataru] |Talking About My Work |১৯৮০ | |- |自信の無さ [Jishin no nasa] |Lack of Confidence |১৯৪০ | |- |女類 [Jorui] |Women |১৯৪৮ | |- |女生徒 [Joseito] |Schoolgirl |১৯৩৯ |Powell |- |十五年間 [Jūgonenkan] |For Fifteen Years |১৯৪৬ | |- |十二月八日 [Jūnigatsu yōka] |December 8th |১৯৪২ | |- |純真 [Junshin] |Innocence |১৯৪২ | |- |貨幣 [Kahei] |Currency |১৯৪৬ |O'Brien |- |佳日 [Kajitsu] |Happy Day |১৯৪৪ | |- |駈込み訴え [Kakekomi uttae] |Heed My Plea |১৯৪০ |O'Brien |- |かくめい [Kakumei] |Revolution |১৯৪৮ | |- |鴎 [Kamome] |Seagull |১৯৪০ | |- |【関連作品】([Kanren sakuhin]) |অন্যান্য কৰ্ম | | |- |彼は昔の彼ならず [Kare wa mukashi no kare narazu] |He Is Not the Man He Used to Be |১৯৩৪ | |- |花燭 [Kashoku] |Wedding Torches |১৯৪০ | |- |かすかな声 [Kasukana koe] |A Faint Voice |১৯৪০ | |- |家庭の幸福 [Katei no kōfuku] |Domestic Happiness |১৯৩৯ | |- |川端康成へ [Kawabata Yasunari e] |To Yasunari Kawabata |১৯৩৫ | |- |革財布 [kawa saifu] |Leather Wallet | | |- |風の便り [Kaze no tayori] |News on the Wind |১৯৪১ | |- |喝采 [Kessai] |Applause |১৯৩৬ | |- |帰去来 [Kikyorai] |Going Home |১৯৪৩ |Lyons |- |金錢の話 [Kinsen no hanashi] |A Story About Money |১৯৪৩ | |- |禁酒の心 [Kinshu no kokoro] |The Heart of a Teetotaler |১৯৪৩ | |- |きりぎりす [Kirigirisu] |Cricket |১৯৪০ | |- |校長三代 [Kōchō sandai] |Three Generations of Principals |১৯৩৯ | |- |乞食学生 [kojiki gakusei] |The Beggar Student |১৯৪০ |Sam Bett |- |心の王者 [Kokoro no ōja] |The King of the Heart |১৯৪০ | |- |故郷 [Kokyō] |Homecoming |১৯৪৩ |O'Brien |- |このごろ [Kono goro] |Lately |১৯৪০ | |- |困惑の弁 [Konwaku no ben] |A Plea of Confusion | | |- |古典風 [Kotenfū] |In Classical Style |১৯৪০ | |- |古典竜頭蛇尾 [Koten ryūtō dabi] |Classical Dragon Head and Snake Tail |১৯৩৬ | |- |九月十月十一月 [Kugatsu jūgatsu jūichigatsu] |September, October, November |১৯৩৮ | |- |國技館 (くにわざかん) [Kuni-waza-kann] |National Sumo Arena |১৯৪০ | |- |苦悩の年鑑 [Kunō no nenkan] |Almanac of Pain |১৯৪৬ |Lyons |- |黒石の人たち [Kuroishi no hitotachi] |The People of Kuroishi | | |- |狂言の神 [Kyōgen no kami] |The God of Farce |১৯৩৬ | |- |虚構の春 [Kyokō no haru] |False Spring |১৯৩৬ | |- |饗応夫人 [Kyōō fujin] |The Hospitable Lady |১৯৪৮ | |- |郷愁 [Kyōshū] |Nostalgia | | |- |満願 [Mangan] |Complete Satisfaction |১৯৩৮ |Brudnoy & Kazuko; McCarthy |- |待つ [Matsu] |Waiting |১৯৪২ |Brudnoy & Kazuko; Turvill; O'Brien |- |女神 [Megami] |The Goddess |১৯৪৭ | |- |めくら草紙 [Mekura zōshi] |The Blind Scroll |১৯৩৬ | |- |メリイクリスマス [Merii Kurisumasu] |Merry Christmas |১৯৪৭ |McCarthy |- |雌に就いて [Mesu ni tsuite] |Female |১৯৪৭ |McCarthy |- |未帰還の友に [Mikikan no tomo ni] |To an Unreturned Friend |১৯৪৪ | |- |みみずく通信 [Mimizuku tsūshin] |The Owl Newspaper |১৯৪১ | |- |男女川と羽左衛門 [Minanogawa to Uzaemon] |The River and Uzaemon |১৯৩৫ | |- |盲人独笑 [Mōjin Dokushō] |The Blind Man's Laughter | | |- |文盲自嘲 [Monmō jichō] |The Illiterate's Laughter | | |- |悶悶日記 [Monmon nikki] |Tormented Diary | | |- |もの思う葦 [Monoomouashi] |A Thinking Reed | | |- |無題 [Mudai] |Untitled | | |- |無趣味 [Mushumi] |Lack of Interest | | |- |二十世紀旗手 [Nijūseiki kishu] |A Standard-bearer of the Twentieth Century |1937 | |- |「人間キリスト記」その他 ["Ningen kirisuto ki" sonota] |"Reports on Christ" and Others |1940 | |- |人間失格 [Ningen Shikkaku] |No Longer Human |1948 |Gibeau; Keene |- |庭 [Niwa] |The Garden |1946 |McCarthy |- |如是我聞 [Nyoze Gamon] |Thus Have I Heard |1948 | |- |女人訓戒 [Nyonin kunkai] |Advice for Women | | |- |女人創造 [Nyonin sōzō] |Woman's Creation | | |- |織田君の死 [Oda kun no shi] |The Death of Oda-kun | | |- |緒方氏を殺した者 [Ogata shi wo koroshita mono] |The Murderer of Mr. Ogata |1937 | |- |黄金風景 [Ōgon fūkei] |Golden Landscape |1941 |Dunlop; McCarthy |- |思ひ出 [Omohide] |Memories |1933 |Dunlop; Lyons; O'Brien |- |同じ星 [Onaji hoshi] |The Same Star | | |- |女の決闘 [Onna no ketto] |Women's Duel |1940 | |- |おさん [Osan] |Osan |1947 |O'Brien |- |おしゃれ童子 [Oshare doji] |The Stylish Child |1939 | |- |黄村先生言行録 [Ōson sensei genkōroku] |Mr. Oson's Records |1943 | |- |桜桃 [Ōtō] |Cherries |1948 |McCarthy |- |お伽草紙 [Otogizōshi] |Fairy Tales |1945 |O'Brien |- |音に就いて [oto ni tsuite] |About Sound |1942 | |- |親という二字 [Oya to iu niji] |The Word "Parents" | | |- |パウロの混乱 [Pauro no konran] |Paul's Confusion | | |- |パンドラの匣 [Pandora no hako] |Pandora's Box |1945 | |- |懶惰の歌留多 [Randanokaruta] |The Lazy Game of Cards |1939 | |- |ラロシフコー [Raroshifukō] |La Rochefoucauld |1935 | |- |令嬢アユ [Reijō Ayu] |Miss Ayu |1934 | |- |列車 [Ressha] |The Train |1933 |McCarthy |- |リイズ [Riizu] |Liz |1940 | |- |六月十九日 [Rokugatsu jūkunichi] |June 19th |1946 | |- |ロマネスク [Romanesuku] |Romance |1934 | |- |ろまん燈籠 [Romantōrō] |The Romantic Lantern |1947 | |- |律子と貞子 [Ritsuko to Sadako] |Ritsuko and Sadako |1942 | |- |佐渡 [Sado] |Sado |1941 | |- |砂子屋 [Sagoya] |The Sandman |1941 | |- |最後の太閤 [saigo no taikō] |The Last Taikō |1945 | |- |酒ぎらい [sake girai] |The Teetotaler |1935 | |- |酒の追憶 [sake no tsuioku] |Memories of Alcohol |1940 | |- |作家の手帖 [Sakka no techō] |The Writer's Notebook |1946 | |- |作家の像 [sakka no zō] |The Writer's Portrait |1943 | |- |三月三十日 [sangatsu san jū nichi] |March 30th |1943 | |- |散華 [Sange] |Fallen Flowers |1945 |Swann |- |猿ヶ島 [Sarugashima] |The Monkey Island |1935 |O'Brien |- |猿面冠者 [Sarumen kanja] |The Monkey-faced Man |1942 | |- |正義と微笑 [Seigi to bisho] |Righteousness and Smiles |1942 | |- |清貧譚 [seihin tan] |The Story of Poverty |1936 | |- |政治家と家庭 [Seijika to katei] |The Politician and the Family |1943 | |- |世界的 [Sekai-teki] |Worldly |1935 | |- |惜別 [Sekibetsu] |Regretful Parting |1945 | |- |赤心 [sekishin] |Sincerity |1941 | |- |先生三人 [Sensei sannin] |Three Teachers |1939 | |- |斜陽 [Shayō] |The Setting Sun |1947 |Keene |- |思案の敗北 [shian no haiboku] |The Defeat of Deliberation |1936 | |- |新ハムレット [Shinhamuretto] |New Hamlet |1941 | |- |新樹の言葉 [Shinjunokotoba] |Words of the New Trees |1943 | |- |新郎 [Shinro] |The Groom |1943 | |- |新釈諸国噺 [Shinshakushokokubanashi] |New Interpretation of Country Stories |1945 |O'Brien |- |親友交歓 [Shin'yūkōkan] |The Courtesy Call |1943 | |- |失敗園 [Shippaien] |The Garden of Failure |১৯৪২ | |- |知らない人 [Shiranai hito] |Unknown Person |১৯৪১ | |- |【シリーズ好評既刊】([Shirīzu kōhyō kikan]) |Successful Series |১৯৪১ | |- |私信 [Shishin] |Private Letter |১৯৪০ | |- |市井喧争 [Shisei kenso] |People's Disputes |১৯৪২ | |- |正直ノオト [Shōjiki nōto] |Honest Notes |১৯৩৮ | |- |諸君の位置 [Shokun no ichi] |Your Positions |১৯৪০ | |- |食通 [Shokutsu] |Gourmet |১৯৪২ | |- |小志 [Shōshi] |Small Ambitions |১৯৩৯ | |- |小照 [Shōshō] |Little Light |১৯৪২ | |- |小説の面白さ [Shōsetsunoomoshirosa] |The Fun of the Novel |১৯৪০ | |- |秋風記 [Shūfūki] |Autumn Wind Story |১৯৪২ | |- |春昼 [Shunchū] |Spring Day |১৯৪০ | |- |創作余談 [sōsaku yodan] |Creation Side Notes |১৯৩৬ | |- |創生記 [sōseiki] |Creation Story |১৯৪৬ | |- |水仙 [Suisen] |Daffodils |১৯৪২ | |- |雀 [Suzume] |Sparrows |১৯৪৬ | |- |雀こ [Suzume ko] |Little Sparrow |১৯৪৬ | |- |多頭蛇哲学 [Ta atama hebi tetsugaku] |Philosophy of the Multi-headed Snake |১৯৩৪ | |- |田中君に就いて [Tanaka-kun ni tsuite] |About Mr. Tanaka |১৯৩৭ | |- |たずねびと [Tazune bito] |Seeker |১৯৪৬ | |- |天狗 [Tengu] |Tengu |১৯৪৬ | |- |鉄面皮 [Tetsumenpi] |Thick-skinned |১৯৩৬ | |- |答案落第 [tōan rakudai] |Examination Failure |১৯৩৭ | |- |トカトントン [Tokatonton] |The Sound of Hammering |১৯৪৭ |O'Brien |- |東京だより [Tōkyōda yori] |News from Tokyo |১৯৪১ | |- |東京八景 [Tōkyō Hakkei] |Eight Views of Tokyo |১৯৪১ |Lyons; McCarthy; O'Brien |- |燈籠 [Tōrō] |Lantern |১৯৩৭ | |- |當選の日 [Tōsen no hi] |Election Day |১৯৩৫ | |- |徒党について [Totōnitsuite] |About Factions |১৯৪৪ | |- |津軽 [Tsugaru] |Tsugaru |১৯৪৪ |Marshall; Westerhoven |- |津輕地方とチエホフ [Tsugaru chihō to chiehofu] |Tsugaru Region and Chekhov |১৯৩৮ | |- |姥捨 [Ubasute] |Putting Granny Out to Die |১৯৩৮ |O'Brien |- |右大臣実朝 [Udaijinsanetomo] |Sanetomo, Minister of the Right |১৯৪৩ | |- |鬱屈禍 [ukkutsuka] |The Hidden Curse |১৯৪০ | |- |海 [Umi] |The Sea |১৯৪১ | |- |嘘 [Uso] |Lie |১৯৪১ | |- |やんぬる哉 [Yan'nurukana] |Unbearable |১৯৩৭ | |- |ヴィヨンの妻 [Viyon no tsuma] |Villon's Wife |১৯৪৭ |McCarthy |- |容貌 [Yobo] |Appearance |১৯৩৬ | |- |横綱 [Yokozuna] |Grand Champion |১৯৪০ | |- |雪の夜の話 [Yuki no yo no hanashi] |Story of a Snowy Night |১৯৩৬ |Swann |- |わが愛好する言葉 [Waga aikō suru kotoba] |Words I Love |১৯৩৬ | |- |わが半生を語る [Wagahanseiwokataru] |My Half-Life |১৯৩৭ | |- |渡り鳥 [Wataridori] |Migratory Birds |১৯৩৬ | |- |私の著作集 [Watashinochosakushū] |My Collected Works |১৯৪৪ | |- |座興に非ず [zakyō ni hizu] |Not Just for Fun |১৯৩৬ | |- |俗天使 [Zoku tenshi] |The Common Angel |১৯৪৭ | |- |善蔵を思う [Zenzō wo omou] |Thinking of Zenzō |১৯৪৬ | |} == তথ্য উৎস == {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জাপানৰ সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জাপানৰ ব্যক্তি]] 9rta4kxsy4xw7m2xahjyqft8mheqe0y নেপালৰ ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য 0 109883 452920 452874 2024-12-09T13:33:02Z Naruna Baruah 40600 452920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = Aishwarya | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = Queen Aishwarya in 1972 | coronation = 24 February 1975 | full name = Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|Queen consort of Nepal]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|King Birendra]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|Rana]]; by birth<br />[[Shah dynasty|Shah]]; by marriage | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lazimpat Durbar]], [[Kathmandu]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[Dipendra of Nepal]]<br />[[Princess Shruti of Nepal]]<br />[[Prince Nirajan of Nepal]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। 2gtz7syvn76fa90wna79jgn9hhzviq0 452921 452920 2024-12-09T13:37:10Z Naruna Baruah 40600 452921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = Aishwarya | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|Queen consort of Nepal]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|King Birendra]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|Rana]]; by birth<br />[[Shah dynasty|Shah]]; by marriage | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ,কাঠমাণ্ডু, নেপাল ৰাজ্য | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[Dipendra of Nepal]]<br />[[Princess Shruti of Nepal]]<br />[[Prince Nirajan of Nepal]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। 6g6z2s8pchbr0s9p9fn4tawq30hh08a 452928 452921 2024-12-09T13:48:30Z Naruna Baruah 40600 452928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = Aishwarya | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|Queen consort of Nepal]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|King Birendra]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[Dipendra of Nepal]]<br />[[Princess Shruti of Nepal]]<br />[[Prince Nirajan of Nepal]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। 5v7vqhp6unxaem4aezpyfc82ei2z8v4 452937 452928 2024-12-09T13:53:40Z Naruna Baruah 40600 452937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। 8eu957mt7dc4se3j6r2myn9juia5b2w 452941 452937 2024-12-09T13:55:11Z Naruna Baruah 40600 452941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] nl7c2t3ghwmaqxxq9iwo13w7hck8mtg 452947 452941 2024-12-09T13:58:55Z Naruna Baruah 40600 452947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু 1967 চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] gdpxrtp62aqn5gxgq9cfyuufdkkz7p3 452949 452947 2024-12-09T13:59:27Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* শিক্ষা */ 452949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] nx1yer9sx0bm03vhlp02fxql5vpnzbu 452961 452949 2024-12-09T14:10:04Z Naruna Baruah 40600 452961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুই ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] oz874b5e37yh5fvx6qim84hzi65jtp0 452964 452961 2024-12-09T14:11:17Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি */ 452964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] hoaopo0gdvvoo7peznzu5hxdshd3djb 453020 452964 2024-12-09T15:46:41Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি */ 453020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্স আছিল । ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] jpgvyba1rngswsexfs1u49g0p11c5t5 453022 453020 2024-12-09T15:48:12Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি */ 453022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] f6ahe1qktlys3wh4rndlel8tblv2lap 453025 453022 2024-12-09T16:06:55Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি */ 453025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|Crown Princess Aishwarya in 1970]] ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] n96p1zscm7ds99h27eaknl8k0hf1y18 453026 453025 2024-12-09T16:08:33Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি */ 453026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] h40aqr9ckamayhzijwwgq07cieqmikj 453032 453026 2024-12-09T16:23:06Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি */ 453032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 46k7vdacdxjq6tyg23jj9k1ruwfwrcn 453033 453032 2024-12-09T16:24:58Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি */ 453033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 1z934c9iw15f226blwou657i2sscg0m 453034 453033 2024-12-09T16:27:06Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি */ 453034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] p6xezyzq385jfz76ojbmead2v1hworb 453037 453034 2024-12-09T16:41:54Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* শিক্ষা */ 453037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ নেপালৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 4443t45w5rlsnz9r45d25juz82i7m3g 453092 453037 2024-12-09T23:26:30Z Naruna Baruah 40600 453092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ ভাৰতৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু নেপালৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 9pnqblboy51vd70z3xd32evvp57h4pl 453093 453092 2024-12-09T23:27:21Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* শিক্ষা */ 453093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] nodxxk14008x9uhq5szixfo4w9v2zt8 453094 453093 2024-12-09T23:33:01Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি */ 453094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] ggla9cc9k5mficl71pi9k6azeyjc4mf 453095 453094 2024-12-09T23:34:31Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* নেপালৰ ৰাণী */ 453095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 03f1bpcu5j840za1n08dzkm6n5shfwv 453096 453095 2024-12-09T23:39:52Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* নেপালৰ ৰাণী */ 453096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল । তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 3cnekg5qr577tm9nyi9d9bgurao2gyr 453097 453096 2024-12-09T23:45:43Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* নেপালৰ ৰাণী */ 453097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল । তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] qtufz5z42ienmiz1mjgoc7nqgbvurqw 453098 453097 2024-12-09T23:47:19Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* নেপালৰ ৰাণী */ 453098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল । তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] ilwzipvuo3zh2pi2v116t28wge52l1x 453099 453098 2024-12-09T23:54:54Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* নেপালৰ ৰাণী */ 453099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল । তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক কবিতা লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে । তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত গীতিকাৰ‌ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] cqsx483lehw1mobj78xlm2si3rhcean 453100 453099 2024-12-10T00:05:29Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* সাহিত্য কৰ্ম */ 453100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল । তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক কবিতা লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে । তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত গীতিকাৰ‌ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] nw2cnkcc6g5tger9rl5zd9rnhtioywh 453101 453100 2024-12-10T00:07:17Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* সাহিত্য কৰ্ম */ 453101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেন্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল।তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল । তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল । [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল । জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল । তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে । তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 564lvc6mzn4opkdo0od2x1esnwg1t72 453102 453101 2024-12-10T00:08:19Z Naruna Baruah 40600 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] bfcz9f7zosshowxv4bf8tqpzdnwtw2l 453103 453102 2024-12-10T00:17:16Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* হত্যা */ 453103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] jxqdf09e80f5s348emwqtrhbwxa3n68 453104 453103 2024-12-10T00:20:42Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান */ 453104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== '''নেপাল ৰাজ্য''' #কলাৰ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মহেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সদস্য #মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ অনাৰ # মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা বেনিভেলেণ্ট ৰুলাৰ #মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণ বহু #ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ইনভেষ্টিটাৰ মেডেল (২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫) #ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ স্মাৰক ৰূপালী জয়ন্তী পদক (৩১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৭) ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] ko4u8q1v5dpwxnkc5w8sfjkcksb1i8j 453105 453104 2024-12-10T00:23:22Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান */ 453105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== '''নেপাল ৰাজ্য''' #কলাৰ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মহেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সদস্য<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyranos.ch/zzshah.jpg|title=Cyranos|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref> #মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ অনাৰ # মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা বেনিভেলেণ্ট ৰুলাৰ #মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণ বহু #ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ইনভেষ্টিটাৰ মেডেল (২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫) #ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ স্মাৰক ৰূপালী জয়ন্তী পদক (৩১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৭) ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] ebs9kyhd0xhugjez8lhca0xwu7tvs4o 453106 453105 2024-12-10T00:25:40Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান */ 453106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== '''নেপাল ৰাজ্য''' #কলাৰ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মহেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সদস্য<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyranos.ch/zzshah.jpg|title=Cyranos|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref> #মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ অনাৰ<ref>[https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/6c/87/72/6c8772247750f50378b302d4c5c34f5d.jpg Image] pinimg.com</ref><ref>[http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/153971e4c1e3430d9fc5dbaca4ac92db/nepals-king-birendra-2nd-r-and-queen-aishwarya-r-decorate-crown-prince-gywwpm.jpg Image] l7.alamy.com</ref> # মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা বেনিভেলেণ্ট ৰুলাৰ #মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণ বহু #ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ইনভেষ্টিটাৰ মেডেল (২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫) #ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ স্মাৰক ৰূপালী জয়ন্তী পদক (৩১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৭) ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] izlue01whszm7fdcnxhfi1ybi3hty48 453108 453106 2024-12-10T00:29:36Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান */ 453108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== '''নেপাল ৰাজ্য''' #কলাৰ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মহেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সদস্য<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyranos.ch/zzshah.jpg|title=Cyranos|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref> #মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ অনাৰ<ref>[https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/6c/87/72/6c8772247750f50378b302d4c5c34f5d.jpg Image] pinimg.com</ref><ref>[http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/153971e4c1e3430d9fc5dbaca4ac92db/nepals-king-birendra-2nd-r-and-queen-aishwarya-r-decorate-crown-prince-gywwpm.jpg Image] l7.alamy.com</ref> # মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা বেনিভেলেণ্ট ৰুলাৰ #মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণ বহু #ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ইনভেষ্টিটাৰ মেডেল (২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫) #[[File:King Birendra Silver Jubilee Medal (1997).png|70px]] ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ স্মাৰক ৰূপালী জয়ন্তী পদক (৩১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৭) ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] bc3edqpe6c8mfy4d6wf4rbe67cd2hnb 453110 453108 2024-12-10T00:32:02Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান */ 453110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== '''নেপাল ৰাজ্য''' #কলাৰ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মহেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সদস্য<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyranos.ch/zzshah.jpg|title=Cyranos|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref> #[[File:Nepal Pratap Bhaskara.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ অনাৰ<ref>[https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/6c/87/72/6c8772247750f50378b302d4c5c34f5d.jpg Image] pinimg.com</ref><ref>[http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/153971e4c1e3430d9fc5dbaca4ac92db/nepals-king-birendra-2nd-r-and-queen-aishwarya-r-decorate-crown-prince-gywwpm.jpg Image] l7.alamy.com</ref> # মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা বেনিভেলেণ্ট ৰুলাৰ #মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণ বহু #ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ইনভেষ্টিটাৰ মেডেল (২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫) #[[File:King Birendra Silver Jubilee Medal (1997).png|70px]] ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ স্মাৰক ৰূপালী জয়ন্তী পদক (৩১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৭) ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] adkh6xrz9ydlz5w9tb7e48lxndy5teg 453111 453110 2024-12-10T00:33:15Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান */ 453111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== '''নেপাল ৰাজ্য''' #কলাৰ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মহেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সদস্য<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyranos.ch/zzshah.jpg|title=Cyranos|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref> #[[File:Nepal Pratap Bhaskara.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ অনাৰ<ref>[https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/6c/87/72/6c8772247750f50378b302d4c5c34f5d.jpg Image] pinimg.com</ref><ref>[http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/153971e4c1e3430d9fc5dbaca4ac92db/nepals-king-birendra-2nd-r-and-queen-aishwarya-r-decorate-crown-prince-gywwpm.jpg Image] l7.alamy.com</ref> # [[File:Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (Nepal) - ribbon.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা বেনিভেলেণ্ট ৰুলাৰ #মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণ বহু #ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ইনভেষ্টিটাৰ মেডেল (২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫) #[[File:King Birendra Silver Jubilee Medal (1997).png|70px]] ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ স্মাৰক ৰূপালী জয়ন্তী পদক (৩১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৭) ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] kldjb9pa5qu5dcadr6a6p0bwotjxhv2 453112 453111 2024-12-10T00:35:02Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান */ 453112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== '''নেপাল ৰাজ্য''' #কলাৰ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মহেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সদস্য<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyranos.ch/zzshah.jpg|title=Cyranos|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref> #[[File:Nepal Pratap Bhaskara.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ অনাৰ<ref>[https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/6c/87/72/6c8772247750f50378b302d4c5c34f5d.jpg Image] pinimg.com</ref><ref>[http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/153971e4c1e3430d9fc5dbaca4ac92db/nepals-king-birendra-2nd-r-and-queen-aishwarya-r-decorate-crown-prince-gywwpm.jpg Image] l7.alamy.com</ref> # [[File:Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (Nepal) - ribbon.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা বেনিভেলেণ্ট ৰুলাৰ #[[File:Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu.svg|70px]]মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণ বহু #ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ইনভেষ্টিটাৰ মেডেল (২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫) #[[File:King Birendra Silver Jubilee Medal (1997).png|70px]] ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ স্মাৰক ৰূপালী জয়ন্তী পদক (৩১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৭) ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] a2saglso7rf34y7ptzo8jgguwwqfsus 453113 453112 2024-12-10T00:36:36Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান */ 453113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== '''নেপাল ৰাজ্য''' #কলাৰ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মহেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সদস্য<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyranos.ch/zzshah.jpg|title=Cyranos|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref> #[[File:Nepal Pratap Bhaskara.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ অনাৰ<ref>[https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/6c/87/72/6c8772247750f50378b302d4c5c34f5d.jpg Image] pinimg.com</ref><ref>[http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/153971e4c1e3430d9fc5dbaca4ac92db/nepals-king-birendra-2nd-r-and-queen-aishwarya-r-decorate-crown-prince-gywwpm.jpg Image] l7.alamy.com</ref> # [[File:Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (Nepal) - ribbon.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা বেনিভেলেণ্ট ৰুলাৰ #[[File:Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu.svg|70px]]মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণ বহু #[[File:King Birendra Investiture Medal 1975.png|70px]]ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ইনভেষ্টিটাৰ মেডেল (২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫) #[[File:King Birendra Silver Jubilee Medal (1997).png|70px]] ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ স্মাৰক ৰূপালী জয়ন্তী পদক (৩১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৭) ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] ajs38z2l6hclmeo55x14xwyu9ou6efz 453116 453113 2024-12-10T00:40:47Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান */ 453116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== '''নেপাল ৰাজ্য''' #কলাৰ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মহেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সদস্য<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyranos.ch/zzshah.jpg|title=Cyranos|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref> #[[File:Nepal Pratap Bhaskara.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ অনাৰ<ref>[https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/6c/87/72/6c8772247750f50378b302d4c5c34f5d.jpg Image] pinimg.com</ref><ref>[http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/153971e4c1e3430d9fc5dbaca4ac92db/nepals-king-birendra-2nd-r-and-queen-aishwarya-r-decorate-crown-prince-gywwpm.jpg Image] l7.alamy.com</ref> # [[File:Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (Nepal) - ribbon.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা বেনিভেলেণ্ট ৰুলাৰ<ref>{{cite web|first=Anwar|last=Hussein|url=http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/queen-elizabeth-ii-wearing-a-diamond-and-pearl-tiara-and-the-jubilee-picture-id509761460|title=Queen Elizabeth II, wearing a diamond and pearl tiara and the jubilee necklace|website=[[Getty Images]]|place=Katmandu, Nepal|date=February 17, 1986|access-date=December 19, 2023|archive-date=7 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107165305/http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/queen-elizabeth-ii-wearing-a-diamond-and-pearl-tiara-and-the-jubilee-picture-id509761460|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://c7.alamy.com/comp/BTNK7X/-BTNK7X.jpg Image] c7.alamy.com</ref> #[[File:Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu.svg|70px]]মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণ বহু #[[File:King Birendra Investiture Medal 1975.png|70px]]ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ইনভেষ্টিটাৰ মেডেল (২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫) #[[File:King Birendra Silver Jubilee Medal (1997).png|70px]] ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ স্মাৰক ৰূপালী জয়ন্তী পদক (৩১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৭) ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] fgmfpv5ba9pe09hfw6bucya475hv5ox 453118 453116 2024-12-10T00:52:09Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান */ 453118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== '''নেপাল ৰাজ্য''' #কলাৰ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মহেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সদস্য<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyranos.ch/zzshah.jpg|title=Cyranos|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref> #[[File:Nepal Pratap Bhaskara.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ অনাৰ<ref>[https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/6c/87/72/6c8772247750f50378b302d4c5c34f5d.jpg Image] pinimg.com</ref><ref>[http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/153971e4c1e3430d9fc5dbaca4ac92db/nepals-king-birendra-2nd-r-and-queen-aishwarya-r-decorate-crown-prince-gywwpm.jpg Image] l7.alamy.com</ref> # [[File:Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (Nepal) - ribbon.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা বেনিভেলেণ্ট ৰুলাৰ<ref>{{cite web|first=Anwar|last=Hussein|url=http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/queen-elizabeth-ii-wearing-a-diamond-and-pearl-tiara-and-the-jubilee-picture-id509761460|title=Queen Elizabeth II, wearing a diamond and pearl tiara and the jubilee necklace|website=[[Getty Images]]|place=Katmandu, Nepal|date=February 17, 1986|access-date=December 19, 2023|archive-date=7 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107165305/http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/queen-elizabeth-ii-wearing-a-diamond-and-pearl-tiara-and-the-jubilee-picture-id509761460|url-status=dead}}</ef><ref>[http://c7.alamy.com/comp/BTNK7X/-BTNK7X.jpg Image] c7.alamy.com</ref> #[[File:Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu.svg|70px]]মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণ বহু #[[File:King Birendra Investiture Medal 1975.png|70px]]ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ইনভেষ্টিটাৰ মেডেল (২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫) #[[File:King Birendra Silver Jubilee Medal (1997).png|70px]] ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ স্মাৰক ৰূপালী জয়ন্তী পদক (৩১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৭) ===বিদেশী সন্মান=== * ডেনমাৰ্ক: ডেম গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ডেনব্ৰোগ * ইজিপ্ট: গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ভাৰ্চুচ (ইজিপ্ত)গুণাগুণৰ ক্ৰম, বিশেষ শ্ৰেণী * ফিনলেণ্ড: গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দ্য হোৱাইট ৰোজ অফ ফিনলেণ্ড|অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দ্য হোৱাইট ৰোজ * ফ্ৰান্স: গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দ্য নেচনেল অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মেৰিট (ফ্ৰান্স)অৰ্ডাৰ অফ নেচনেল মেৰিট<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambafrance-np.org/Bilateral-relations,651|title=Bilateral relations|website=La France au Népal|access-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018050841/http://www.ambafrance-np.org/Bilateral-relations,651|archive-date=18 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] e9oj6h38u7eajc2jxjjl2tylw2533vt 453120 453118 2024-12-10T01:09:40Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* হত্যা */ 453120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। <ref>https://royalwatcherblog.com/2021/06/01/queen-aishwarya-of-nepal/</ref>এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== '''নেপাল ৰাজ্য''' #কলাৰ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মহেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সদস্য<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyranos.ch/zzshah.jpg|title=Cyranos|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref> #[[File:Nepal Pratap Bhaskara.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ অনাৰ<ref>[https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/6c/87/72/6c8772247750f50378b302d4c5c34f5d.jpg Image] pinimg.com</ref><ref>[http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/153971e4c1e3430d9fc5dbaca4ac92db/nepals-king-birendra-2nd-r-and-queen-aishwarya-r-decorate-crown-prince-gywwpm.jpg Image] l7.alamy.com</ref> # [[File:Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (Nepal) - ribbon.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা বেনিভেলেণ্ট ৰুলাৰ<ref>{{cite web|first=Anwar|last=Hussein|url=http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/queen-elizabeth-ii-wearing-a-diamond-and-pearl-tiara-and-the-jubilee-picture-id509761460|title=Queen Elizabeth II, wearing a diamond and pearl tiara and the jubilee necklace|website=[[Getty Images]]|place=Katmandu, Nepal|date=February 17, 1986|access-date=December 19, 2023|archive-date=7 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107165305/http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/queen-elizabeth-ii-wearing-a-diamond-and-pearl-tiara-and-the-jubilee-picture-id509761460|url-status=dead}}</ef><ref>[http://c7.alamy.com/comp/BTNK7X/-BTNK7X.jpg Image] c7.alamy.com</ref> #[[File:Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu.svg|70px]]মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণ বহু #[[File:King Birendra Investiture Medal 1975.png|70px]]ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ইনভেষ্টিটাৰ মেডেল (২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫) #[[File:King Birendra Silver Jubilee Medal (1997).png|70px]] ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ স্মাৰক ৰূপালী জয়ন্তী পদক (৩১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৭) ===বিদেশী সন্মান=== * ডেনমাৰ্ক: ডেম গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ডেনব্ৰোগ * ইজিপ্ট: গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ভাৰ্চুচ (ইজিপ্ত)গুণাগুণৰ ক্ৰম, বিশেষ শ্ৰেণী * ফিনলেণ্ড: গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দ্য হোৱাইট ৰোজ অফ ফিনলেণ্ড|অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দ্য হোৱাইট ৰোজ * ফ্ৰান্স: গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দ্য নেচনেল অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মেৰিট (ফ্ৰান্স)অৰ্ডাৰ অফ নেচনেল মেৰিট<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambafrance-np.org/Bilateral-relations,651|title=Bilateral relations|website=La France au Népal|access-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018050841/http://www.ambafrance-np.org/Bilateral-relations,651|archive-date=18 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] rl4bmyihpd55qq7i6qozhfs3ecbk47d 453193 453120 2024-12-10T05:26:47Z Naruna Baruah 40600 /* বিদেশী সন্মান */ 453193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। <ref>https://royalwatcherblog.com/2021/06/01/queen-aishwarya-of-nepal/</ref>এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== '''নেপাল ৰাজ্য''' #কলাৰ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মহেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সদস্য<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyranos.ch/zzshah.jpg|title=Cyranos|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref> #[[File:Nepal Pratap Bhaskara.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ অনাৰ<ref>[https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/6c/87/72/6c8772247750f50378b302d4c5c34f5d.jpg Image] pinimg.com</ref><ref>[http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/153971e4c1e3430d9fc5dbaca4ac92db/nepals-king-birendra-2nd-r-and-queen-aishwarya-r-decorate-crown-prince-gywwpm.jpg Image] l7.alamy.com</ref> # [[File:Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (Nepal) - ribbon.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা বেনিভেলেণ্ট ৰুলাৰ<ref>{{cite web|first=Anwar|last=Hussein|url=http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/queen-elizabeth-ii-wearing-a-diamond-and-pearl-tiara-and-the-jubilee-picture-id509761460|title=Queen Elizabeth II, wearing a diamond and pearl tiara and the jubilee necklace|website=[[Getty Images]]|place=Katmandu, Nepal|date=February 17, 1986|access-date=December 19, 2023|archive-date=7 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107165305/http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/queen-elizabeth-ii-wearing-a-diamond-and-pearl-tiara-and-the-jubilee-picture-id509761460|url-status=dead}}</ef><ref>[http://c7.alamy.com/comp/BTNK7X/-BTNK7X.jpg Image] c7.alamy.com</ref> #[[File:Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu.svg|70px]]মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণ বহু #[[File:King Birendra Investiture Medal 1975.png|70px]]ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ইনভেষ্টিটাৰ মেডেল (২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫) #[[File:King Birendra Silver Jubilee Medal (1997).png|70px]] ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ স্মাৰক ৰূপালী জয়ন্তী পদক (৩১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৭) ===বিদেশী সন্মান=== * '''ডেনমাৰ্ক''': ডেম গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ডেনব্ৰোগ *''' ইজিপ্ট''': গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ভাৰ্চুচ (ইজিপ্ত)গুণাগুণৰ ক্ৰম, বিশেষ শ্ৰেণী * '''ফিনলেণ্ড''': গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দ্য হোৱাইট ৰোজ অফ ফিনলেণ্ড|অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দ্য হোৱাইট ৰোজ * '''ফ্ৰান্স''': গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দ্য নেচনেল অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মেৰিট (ফ্ৰান্স)অৰ্ডাৰ অফ নেচনেল মেৰিট<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambafrance-np.org/Bilateral-relations,651|title=Bilateral relations|website=La France au Népal|access-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018050841/http://www.ambafrance-np.org/Bilateral-relations,651|archive-date=18 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] f2poqqfiqv56dozqjlzooo0h5nwtatf 453295 453193 2024-12-10T09:12:56Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Queen of Nepal from 1972 to 2001}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = ঐশ্বৰ্য | image = Aishwarya 1972.jpg | caption = ১৯৭২ চনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য | coronation = ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫ | full name = ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | succession = [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী]] | reign = ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৩১ জানুৱাৰী – ২০০১ ৰ ১ জুন | spouse = {{marriage|[[Birendra of Nepal|ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ]]|1970}} | house = [[Rana dynasty|ৰাণা]]; জন্মগতভাৱে<br />[[Shah dynasty|শ্বাহ]]; বিবাহ সূত্ৰে | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|11|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰ]],[[কাঠমাণ্ডু]], [[নেপাল ৰাজ্য]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Narayanhiti Palace|Narayanhiti Royal Palace]], Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal {{Infobox person | embed = yes | death_cause = [[Nepalese royal massacre|Assassination]] (gunshot wounds)}} | father = জেনেৰেল চেণ্টাৰ চামছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা | mother = শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ | issue = [[নেপালৰ দীপেন্দ্ৰ]]<br />[[ নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতি ]]<br />[[নেপালৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন]] | religion = হিন্দু }} '''ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ ({{lang_en|Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah}}) (নেপালী: ऐश्वर्य राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी शाह)''' (জন্ম, ৭ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৪৯ –মৃত্যু, ১ জুন ২০০১) ১৯৭২ চনৰ পৰা ২০০১ চনলৈ [[নেপাল]]ৰ ৰাণী আছিল। তেওঁক বঢ়া মহাৰাণী (बडामहारानी) বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ পত্নী আৰু ৰজা দীপেন্দ্ৰ, ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিৰ মাতৃ আছিল। [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ লাজিম্পাটৰ লাজিম্পাট দৰবাৰত স্বৰ্গীয় জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহৰ তিনিগৰাকী কন্যাৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁ জ্যেষ্ঠ আছিল। তেওঁৰ সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বাবেও বিখ্যাত আছিল। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ কেশবিন্যাস আৰু পোছাকৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। ===শিক্ষা=== তেওঁ [[ভাৰত]]ৰ কুৰ্চিয়াঙৰ ছেইণ্ট হেলেন কনভেণ্ট আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ জাৱালাখেলৰ ছেইণ্ট মেৰীত স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৬৩ চনত কান্তি ঈশ্বৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা এছ.এল.চি. উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈছিল। তেওঁ ত্ৰিভুৱন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়-অনুমোদিত বিদ্যালয়, পদ্মকন্যা মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৭ চনত কলা বিদ্যাত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm</ref> ===পৰিয়ালৰ পটভূমি=== ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণা পৰিয়ালৰ আছিল যিয়ে ১০৪ বছৰ ধৰি নেপাল শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ জেনেৰেল কেন্দ্ৰ শুমশ্বৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা (১৯২১-১৯৮২) আৰু তেওঁৰ পত্নী শ্ৰী ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী শ্বাহ (১৯২৬-২০০৫)ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কন্যা আছিল। তাইৰ দুজন ভাতৃ আছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ নাম আছিল সুৰজ শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু উদয় শুমছেৰ জং বাহাদুৰ ৰাণা আৰু দুগৰাকী ভগ্নী আছিল। দুই ভগ্নীৰ নাম আছিল ক্ৰমে ৰাণী কোমল ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ আৰু ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেমশ্য ৰাজ্য লক্ষ্মী দেৱী শ্বাহ। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত সৰু ভগ্নী কোমল নেপালৰ ৰাণী সহধৰ্মিনী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ পৰিয়ালটো ১৯৫০ ৰ দশকলৈকে নেপালৰ কাৰ্যকৰী শাসক আছিল। ১৯৭০ চনত তেওঁ বীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায়। বীৰেন্দ্ৰ তেতিয়া নেপালৰ সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰ আছিল। [[File:Aishwarya 1970.jpg|thumb|১৯৭০ চনত ক্ৰাউন প্ৰিন্সেছ ঐশ্বৰ্য]] ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ কনিষ্ঠ ভগ্নী প্ৰেক্ষাইও শ্বাহ ৰাজবংশত বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হৈছিল। জ্ঞানেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ ভাতৃ ৰাজকুমাৰ ধীৰেন্দ্ৰক বিয়া কৰায় আৰু তেওঁ প্ৰাসাদৰ গণহত্যাত নিহত হৈছিল। ১৯৮০ ৰ দশকত তেওঁলোকৰ বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|title= Genealogy|archivedate=13 Apr 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194756/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~royalty/nepal/i53.html#I53|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>২০০১ চনৰ ১২ নৱেম্বৰত হেলিকপ্টাৰ দুৰ্ঘটনাত ৰাজকুমাৰী প্ৰেক্ষা নিহত হৈছিল। ===নেপালৰ ৰাণী=== ১৯৭২ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ মৃত্যুহোৱাৰ পিছত বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ৰজা আৰু তেওঁৰ সহধৰ্মিনী ঐশ্বৰ্য ৰাণী হয়। ঐশ্বৰ্য উদ্যমী, স্পষ্টবাদী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য আৰু বুদ্ধিমত্তাৰ মগজুৰ এগৰাকী মহিলা আছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1309622/King-Birendra-of-Nepal.html|title=King Birendra of Nepal|date=3 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> তেওঁ বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ আয়োজন কৰিছিল। ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যই তেওঁৰ স্বামীক তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰতিটো দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত সমৰ্থন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এগৰাকী দূৰদৰ্শী মহিলা আছিল যি দেশ আৰু দেশৰ নাগৰিকৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা বুজিব পাৰিছিল। দেশৰ মানুহে তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ সমৰ্থনক তেওঁৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে লৈছিল। কিন্তু সময়ৰ লগে লগে ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ ওপৰত আধিপত্য হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু তেওঁক তেওঁৰ স্বামীৰ বাবে এক যত্নশীল সঙ্গী হিচাপে দেখা গৈছিল। সময়ৰ লগে লগে তেওঁৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm|title=Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen|date=5 June 2001|access-date=21 April 2018|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ===সাহিত্য কৰ্ম=== তেওঁ সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰতিও আগ্ৰহী আছিল আৰু চাদানী শ্বাহ নামেৰে ছদ্মনামত 'আফনাই আকাশ আফনাই পাৰিবেশ' শীৰ্ষক সংগ্ৰহ কৰা গ্ৰন্থত ডজনৰো অধিক [[কবিতা]] লিখিছিল। এই সংকলনটি নেপালী [[সাহিত্য]]ৰ প্ৰবীণ সমালোচকসকলৰ দ্বাৰা চাদানী শ্বাহৰ লিখনিৰ ওপৰত সমালোচনাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছে। তেওঁ এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত [[গীতিকাৰ‌]]ও আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ গানবোৰ ৰেডিঅ নেপাল আৰু নেপাল টেলিভিছনৰ দ্বাৰা সঘনাই সম্প্ৰচাৰিত হৈছিল। ===হত্যা=== ২০০১ চনৰ ১ জুনত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যক তেওঁৰ স্বামী ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে তাইৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ নিৰাজন আৰু তেওঁৰ ছোৱালী ৰাজকুমাৰী শ্ৰুতিক নেপালৰ ৰাজপ্ৰাসাদৰ ভিতৰতে গুলীয়াই হত্যা কৰা হৈছিল। <ref>https://royalwatcherblog.com/2021/06/01/queen-aishwarya-of-nepal/</ref>এইটো ব্যাপকভাৱে বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে হত্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল দেৱযানী ৰাণাৰ সৈতে সিংহাসনৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী ৰাজকুমাৰৰ লগত বিবাহৰ তীব্ৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা বাবে। বন্দুকৰ গুলীৰ আঘাতত ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্যৰ মুখখন ইমানবেয়াকৈ বিকৃত হৈ পৰিছিল যে, বহুলভাৱে উপস্থিত থকা ৰাজ্যিক অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া শোভাযাত্ৰাৰ বাবে, ইয়াক তেওঁৰ সদৃশতা থকা পোৰ্চেলিনৰ মুখাৰে ঢাকি ৰখা হৈছিল। ===সন্মান আৰু বঁটা=== ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মান=== '''নেপাল ৰাজ্য''' #কলাৰ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মহেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সদস্য<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cyranos.ch/zzshah.jpg|title=Cyranos|access-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref> #[[File:Nepal Pratap Bhaskara.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ অনাৰ<ref>[https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/6c/87/72/6c8772247750f50378b302d4c5c34f5d.jpg Image] pinimg.com</ref><ref>[http://l7.alamy.com/zooms/153971e4c1e3430d9fc5dbaca4ac92db/nepals-king-birendra-2nd-r-and-queen-aishwarya-r-decorate-crown-prince-gywwpm.jpg Image] l7.alamy.com</ref> # [[File:Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (Nepal) - ribbon.svg|70px]] মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা বেনিভেলেণ্ট ৰুলাৰ<ref>{{cite web|first=Anwar|last=Hussein|url=http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/queen-elizabeth-ii-wearing-a-diamond-and-pearl-tiara-and-the-jubilee-picture-id509761460|title=Queen Elizabeth II, wearing a diamond and pearl tiara and the jubilee necklace|website=[[Getty Images]]|place=Katmandu, Nepal|date=February 17, 1986|access-date=December 19, 2023|archive-date=7 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107165305/http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/queen-elizabeth-ii-wearing-a-diamond-and-pearl-tiara-and-the-jubilee-picture-id509761460|url-status=dead|archivedate=7 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107165305/http://media.gettyimages.com/photos/queen-elizabeth-ii-wearing-a-diamond-and-pearl-tiara-and-the-jubilee-picture-id509761460|deadurl=yes}}</ef><ref>[http://c7.alamy.com/comp/BTNK7X/-BTNK7X.jpg Image] c7.alamy.com</ref> #[[File:Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu.svg|70px]]মেম্বাৰ গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণ বহু #[[File:King Birendra Investiture Medal 1975.png|70px]]ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰ ইনভেষ্টিটাৰ মেডেল (২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৭৫) #[[File:King Birendra Silver Jubilee Medal (1997).png|70px]] ৰজা বীৰেন্দ্ৰৰ স্মাৰক ৰূপালী জয়ন্তী পদক (৩১ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯৭) ===বিদেশী সন্মান=== * '''ডেনমাৰ্ক''': ডেম গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ডেনব্ৰোগ *''' ইজিপ্ট''': গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দা ভাৰ্চুচ (ইজিপ্ত)গুণাগুণৰ ক্ৰম, বিশেষ শ্ৰেণী * '''ফিনলেণ্ড''': গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দা অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দ্য হোৱাইট ৰোজ অফ ফিনলেণ্ড|অৰ্ডাৰ অফ দ্য হোৱাইট ৰোজ * '''ফ্ৰান্স''': গ্ৰেণ্ড ক্ৰছ অফ দ্য নেচনেল অৰ্ডাৰ অফ মেৰিট (ফ্ৰান্স)অৰ্ডাৰ অফ নেচনেল মেৰিট<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambafrance-np.org/Bilateral-relations,651|title=Bilateral relations|website=La France au Népal|access-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018050841/http://www.ambafrance-np.org/Bilateral-relations,651|archive-date=18 October 2015|url-status=dead|archivedate=18 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018050841/http://www.ambafrance-np.org/Bilateral-relations,651|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] p6mrjnhupeoawqhzynrsh1ijvt5j11f ডুৰিয়ান 0 109886 453258 452715 2024-12-10T07:00:52Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 453258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ডুৰিয়ান (/ˈdʊəriən/, /ˈdjʊəriən/)'''<ref>"durian". ''Lexico UK English Dictionary''. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021.</ref> এবিধ উচ্চ গন্ধযুক্ত সুস্বাদু ফল। [[চিত্ৰ:07302jfBlack ants eating Durians in the Philippinesfvf 06.jpg|thumb|ডুৰিয়ান ফল]] অসমত পোৱা কঁঠালৰ প্ৰজাতিৰে এবিধ ফল হ’ল ডুৰিয়ান। খাব পৰা মঙহশাল অংশটো পাবলৈ ডুৰিয়ান ফলটো কাটি বাকলি গুচাই ল’ব লগে। ই হৈছে ‘ডুৰিয়া’ প্ৰজাতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত কেইবাটাও গছৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ খাব পৰা ফল। এইবিধ ফলৰ ৩০ টা স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰজাতি আছে, ইয়াৰে কমেও নটাত খাব পৰা ফল উৎপন্ন হয়।<ref>Morton, J.F. (1987). "Durian". ''Fruits of Warm Climates''. Florida Flair Books; republished in New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University. ISBN <bdi>978-0-9610184-1-2</bdi>. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2004.</ref><ref>"Hail the king of fruit – 10 types of durians from Malaysia". ''The Straits Times''. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</ref> ‘বৰ্নিও’ আৰু ‘সুমাট্ৰা’ৰ স্থানীয় ‘ডুৰিয়া জিবেথিনাছ’ [[:en:Durio_zibethinus|(''Durio zibethinus)'']] হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বজাৰত উপলব্ধ একমাত্ৰ প্ৰজাতি। ১৯৮৭ চনলৈকে থাইলেণ্ডত ইয়াৰ ৩০০ৰো অধিক আৰু মালয়েছিয়াত ১০০ টাতকৈও অধিক নামকৰণ কৰা জাত আছে। ডুৰিয়ানক কিছুমান অঞ্চলত "ফলৰ ৰজা" বুলি জনা যায় ।<ref>"Hail the king of fruit – 10 types of durians from Malaysia". ''The Straits Times''. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</ref><ref name=":0">Heaton, Donald D. (2006). ''A Consumers Guide on World Fruit''. BookSurge Publishing. pp. 54–56. ISBN <bdi>978-1-4196-3955-5</bdi>.</ref> বৃহৎ আকাৰ, প্ৰবল গোন্ধ আৰু কাঁইটেৰে আবৃত ছালৰ বাবে ডুৰিয়ান অন্য ফলতকৈ পৃথক। ফলটো ৩০ চে.মি. (১২ ইঞ্চি) দীঘল আৰু ১৫ চে.মি. (৬ ইঞ্চি) ব্যাসৰ হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওজন সাধাৰণতে ১ৰ পৰা ৩ কিলোগ্ৰাম (২ৰ পৰা ৭ পাউণ্ড) হয়। প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ আকৃতি দীঘলীয়াৰ পৰা ঘূৰণীয়া, খোলাৰ ৰং সেউজীয়াৰ পৰা বাদামী আৰু মাংস শেঁতা হালধীয়াৰ পৰা ৰঙালৈকে হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমানে ডুৰিয়ানক সুগন্ধি সুখদায়ক মিঠা বুলি গণ্য কৰে, আনহাতে কিছুমানে সুগন্ধিটোক আগুৰি ধৰা আৰু অপ্ৰীতিকৰ বুলি বিবেচনা কৰে। গোন্ধটোৱে গভীৰ প্ৰশংসাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি তীব্ৰ বিতৃষ্ণালৈকে প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। কেইবাদিনো ধৰি থাকিব পৰা ইয়াৰ প্ৰবল গোন্ধৰ অটলতাই দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ কিছুমান হোটেল আৰু ৰাজহুৱা পৰিবহণ সেৱা যেনে ছিংগাপুৰ আৰু বেংককত এই ফল নিষিদ্ধ কৰিছে। ডুৰিয়ান পকিলে বিভিন্ন ধৰণেৰে খাব পাৰি, আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ খাদ্যত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ মিঠা ডেজাৰ্ট আৰু টেঙা খাদ্যৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। গুটিবোৰ সিজাই খাব পাৰি। == ব্যুৎপত্তিবিজ্ঞান == 'ডুৰিয়ান' নামটো ‘মালয়’ ভাষাৰ ডুৰি (কাঁইট) শব্দৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে কাৰণ ইয়াৰ ছালৰ অসংখ্য কাঁইটীয়া কাঁইট থাকে।<ref name=":0" /> অক্সফৰ্ড ইংৰাজী অভিধানৰ মতে, বিকল্প বানান ডুৰিয়ান প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ১৫৮৮ চনত স্পেনিছ অভিযাত্ৰী জুয়ান গনজালেজ ডি মেণ্ডোজাই The Histry of the Greeat and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof ৰ অনুবাদত।[5] আন আন ঐতিহাসিক ভিন্ন বানানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ডুৰ'য়েন, ডুৰ'য়েন, ডুৰিয়ান আৰু ড'ৰিয়ান আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।[5] টাইপ প্ৰজাতিৰ নাম D. zibethinus ইটালীৰ zibetto, (the civet) ৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>"Durian". National Library Board, Singapore. Retrieved 11 November 2024.</ref> == বিৱৰণ == ডুৰিয়ান গছবোৰ ডাঙৰ, প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ২৫–৫০ মিটাৰ (৮০–১৬৫ ফুট) উচ্চতালৈকে বৃদ্ধি পায়। পাতবোৰ চিৰসেউজ, উপবৃত্তাকাৰৰ পৰা দীঘলীয়া আৰু ১০–১৮ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (৪–৭ ইঞ্চি) দীঘল। ফুলবোৰ একেলগে তিনিটাৰ পৰা ত্ৰিশটা থুপত ডাঙৰ ডালত আৰু পোনে পোনে ডালত উৎপন্ন হয়, প্ৰতিটো ফুলৰ এটা ফুলৰ গুটি আৰু পাঁচটা (কচিৎহে চাৰি বা ছয়টা) পাহি থাকে। ডুৰিয়ান গছৰ ফুল আৰু ফলৰ সময় বছৰি এটা বা দুটা হয় যদিও প্ৰজাতি, জাত আৰু স্থানীয় অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সময় বেলেগ বেলেগ হয়। সাধাৰণ ডুৰিয়ান গছ এজোপা চাৰি-পাঁচ বছৰৰ পাছত ফল দিব পাৰে। ডুৰিয়ান ফল যিকোনো ডালৰ পৰা ওলমি থাকিব পাৰে, আৰু ফুল ফুলাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় তিনি মাহৰ পিছত পূৰ্ণবয়স্ক ফল হয়। ফলৰ দীঘল ৩০ চে.মি. (১২ ইঞ্চি) আৰু ব্যাস ১৫ চে.মি. প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ আকৃতি দীঘলীয়াৰ পৰা ঘূৰণীয়া, খোলাৰ ৰং সেউজীয়াৰ পৰা বাদামী আৰু মাংস শেঁতা হালধীয়াৰ পৰা ৰঙালৈকে। <ref>Brown 1997, pp. 22–33.</ref> ডুৰিঅ'ৰ ত্ৰিশটা প্ৰজাতিৰ ভিতৰত নটা প্ৰজাতিয়ে খাব পৰা ফল উৎপন্ন কৰে।<ref>O'Gara, E.; Guest, D. I.; Hassan, N. M. (2004). "Botany and Production of Durian (''Durio zibethinus'') in Southeast Asia" (PDF). In Drenth, A.; Guest, D. I. (eds.). ''Diversity and management of'' Phytophthora ''in Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph No. 114''. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. pp. 180–186. ISBN <bdi>978-1-86320-405-7</bdi>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</ref> ডি. জিবেথিনাছ হৈছে একমাত্ৰ প্ৰজাতি যিটো ব্যৱসায়িকভাৱে বৃহৎ পৰিসৰত খেতি কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থানীয় অঞ্চলৰ বাহিৰত উপলব্ধ। <ref>Teh, Bin Tean; Lim, Kevin; Yong, Chern Han; et al. (November 2017). "The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus)". ''Nature Genetics''. '''49''' (11): 1633–1641. doi:10.1038/ng.3972. <nowiki>PMID 28991254</nowiki>. S2CID 9804756.</ref> যিহেতু এই প্ৰজাতিটো মুক্ত নিষেচন হয়, গতিকে ই ফলৰ ৰং আৰু গন্ধ, মাংস আৰু বীজৰ আকাৰ, গছৰ ফেন’লজীৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত যথেষ্ট বৈচিত্ৰ্য দেখুৱায়। প্ৰজাতিৰ নামত জিবেথিনাছে ভাৰতীয় চিভেট, ভিভেৰা জিবেথাক বুজায়। লিনিয়াছে দিয়া এই নামটোৱে চিভেটবোৰে ডুৰিয়ানক ইমানেই ভাল পোৱাৰ কথা বুজায় যে ফলটোক ফান্দত পেলাবলৈ লোভনীয় সামগ্ৰী হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল নে ডুৰিয়ানৰ চিভেটৰ দৰে গোন্ধ পোৱাৰ কথা সেই বিষয়ে মতানৈক্য আছে।<ref>Brown 1997, p. 2 See also pp. 5–6 on whether Linnaeus or Murray is the correct authority for the binomial name.</ref> ডুৰিয়ান ফুল ডাঙৰ আৰু পাখিযুক্ত, প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে ৰস থাকে আৰু গধুৰ, টেঙা, মাখনৰ দৰে গোন্ধ দিয়ে। এই বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ ফুলৰ ৰস আৰু চুপহী খোৱা কিছুমান বিশেষ প্ৰজাতিৰ বাদুলিৰ দ্বাৰা পৰাগযোগ হয়। == জাত == শতিকাজুৰি দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত উদ্ভিদজাত ক্ল’নৰ দ্বাৰা বংশবৃদ্ধি কৰা অসংখ্য ডুৰিয়ান জাতৰ জন্ম হৈছে। আগতে ইয়াৰ খেতি কৰা হৈছিল, মিশ্ৰিত ফলাফলৰ সৈতে, উচ্চমানৰ ফল দিয়া গছৰ বীজৰ পৰা, কিন্তু এতিয়া ইয়াক লেয়াৰিং, মাৰ্কোটিং বা অধিক সাধাৰণভাৱে, কলি, ভেনিয়াৰ, ৱেজ, হুইপ আৰু ইউ-গ্ৰাফ্টিংকে ধৰি গ্ৰাফ্টিং কৰি ইয়াৰ পুলিৰ ওপৰত বংশবৃদ্ধি কৰা হয় যাদৃচ্ছিকভাৱে নিৰ্বাচিত ৰুটষ্টক। ফলৰ আকৃতিৰ তাৰতম্য, যেনে কাঁইটৰ আকৃতিৰ দ্বাৰা বিভিন্ন জাতক কিছু পৰিমাণে পৃথক কৰিব পাৰি। <ref>Brown 1997, pp. 77–81</ref> === '''মালয়েছিয়াৰ জাত''' === মালয়েছিয়াৰ কৃষি আৰু কৃষিভিত্তিক উদ্যোগ মন্ত্ৰালয়ে ১৯৩৪ চনৰ পৰা পঞ্জীয়নভুক্ত জাতৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে, য'ত প্ৰতিটো জাতক এটা সাধাৰণ নাম আৰু "D" ৰে আৰম্ভ হোৱা ক'ড নম্বৰ দিয়া হৈছে। এই সংহিতাসমূহ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ মাজেৰে ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়; ২০২১ চনৰ হিচাপত ২০০ৰো অধিক পঞ্জীয়নভুক্ত জাত আছিল। <ref>"Varieties Registered For National Crop List". ''pvpbkkt.doa.gov.my''. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> বাৰ্ষিক মালয়েছিয়ান কৃষি, উদ্যান শস্য, আৰু কৃষি পৰ্যটন প্ৰদৰ্শনীত অনুষ্ঠিত প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ জৰিয়তে বহুতো উচ্চমানৰ জাত চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। মালয়েছিয়াৰ ১৩টা সাধাৰণ জাতৰ ৰং, গঠন, গন্ধ, সোৱাদ, উচ্চ উৎপাদন আৰু বিভিন্ন ৰোগৰ প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা অনুকূল গুণ আছে।<ref name=":1">''Mengenali Variety Durian Popular di Malaysia'' (PDF). Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</ref> আশীৰ দশকত পাহাঙৰ ৰাউবৰ টান লাই ফুক নামৰ এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে কেলান্টানৰ গুয়া মুছাঙত ডুৰিয়ান গছত উজুটি খাইছিল। তেওঁ গ্ৰাফ্টিংৰ বাবে ৰাউবলৈ এটা ডাল ঘূৰাই আনিলে। ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তিস্থলৰ নামেৰে এই জাতটোৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই জাতটোৰ মাংস উজ্জ্বল হালধীয়া আৰু ই D24 ৰ অধিক শক্তিশালী বা বৰ্ধিত সংস্কৰণৰ দৰে।<ref name=":2">"How to Identify Musang King and D24". Year of the durian. 16 February 2013. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.</ref> ছিংগাপুৰ আৰু ভিয়েটনামত ই পছন্দৰ জাত।<ref name=":2" /> মালয়েছিয়াৰ আন জনপ্ৰিয় জাতসমূহৰ ভিতৰত "টেক্কা", ভিতৰৰ কাণ্ডত এটা সুকীয়া হালধীয়া ৰঙৰ গুৰি থাকে; "D168" (IOI), যি ঘূৰণীয়া, মধ্যমীয়া আকাৰৰ, সেউজীয়া আৰু হালধীয়া বাহিৰৰ ছাল, আৰু সহজে আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা মাংস যি মধ্যমীয়া-ডাঠ, কঠিন, হালধীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু মিঠা; <ref>Van Dyk, Mel (28 June 2019). "Durian mas hajah hasmah". ''The Independent Insight''. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</ref> আৰু "ৰেড প্ৰ'ন" (উডাং মেৰাহ, ডি১৭৫), পাহাং আৰু জোহৰ ৰাজ্যত পোৱা যায়।[22][23] ইয়াৰ ফল মধ্যমীয়া আকাৰৰ, অণ্ডাকাৰ, বাদামী সেউজীয়া, চুটি কাঁইটযুক্ত। মাংস ডাঠ, কঠিন নহয়, হালধীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ সোৱাদ মিঠা।<ref name=":1" /> === '''ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান জাত''' === ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত ১০০ৰো অধিক প্ৰজাতিৰ ডুৰিয়ান আছে। আটাইতকৈ বেছি খেতি কৰা প্ৰজাতিটো হৈছে ডি. জিবেথিনাছ। <ref name=":3">Ruwaida, Ismi Puji; Supriyadi; Parjanto (2009). "Variability analysis of Sukun durian plant (Durio zibethinus) based on RAPD marker". ''Nusantara Bioscience''. '''1''' (2). Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</ref> উল্লেখযোগ্য জাতসমূহ হ'ল সুকুন (মধ্য জাভা), চিটোকং (বেটাৱী), ছিজাপাং (বেটাৱী), ছিমাছ (বোগ'ৰ), সুনান (জেপাৰা), ছি ডোডোল আৰু ছি হিজাউ (দক্ষিণ কালিমন্তান),<ref name=":3" /> আৰু পেট্ৰুক (মধ্য জাভা)।<ref name=":3" /> === থাই জাত === থাইলেণ্ডত মন থং হৈছে ব্যৱসায়িকভাৱে আটাইতকৈ চাহিদা থকা জাত । ইয়াৰ ডাঠ, সম্পূৰ্ণ শৰীৰৰ ক্ৰীমযুক্ত আৰু মৃদু মিঠা সোৱাদৰ মাংসৰ বাবে মধ্যমীয়া গোন্ধ আৰু সৰু বীজ, আনহাতে চানী ফাইট’ফ্থ’ৰা পালমিভ’ৰাৰ সংক্ৰমণৰ প্ৰতি আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰতিৰোধী। কান ইয়াওৰ চাহিদা কম, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ ব্যৱসায় ভাল কাৰণ ই মিঠা আৰু গন্ধহীন। থাইলেণ্ডৰ জাতসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্তমান পাঁচটা বৃহৎ ব্যৱসায়িক খেতি চলি আছে: চানী, মন থং, কান ইয়াও, ৰুৱাং আৰু ক্ৰাডুম। <ref>"Durian Exporting Strategy, National Durian Database (กลยุทธการส่งออกทุเรียน)" (in Thai). Department of Agriculture, Thailand. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2010.</ref> ২০০৭ চনলৈকে থাই চৰকাৰৰ বিজ্ঞানী ছংপল ছমশ্ৰীয়ে নব্বৈটাতকৈও অধিক জাতৰ ডুৰিয়ান সংকৰণ কৰি চান্টাবুৰী নং ১ নামৰ এটা জাত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল, যিটো বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ গন্ধ নথকা এটা জাত। <ref>Fuller, Thomas (8 April 2007). "Fans Sour on Sweeter Version of Asia's Smelliest Fruit". ''The New York Times''. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</ref> আন এটা হাইব্ৰিড, চান্টাবুৰী নং ৩, ফল ছিঙি লোৱাৰ প্ৰায় তিনিদিন পিছত এই দুৰ্গন্ধ বিকশিত কৰে, যিয়ে গন্ধহীন পৰিবহণ সক্ষম কৰে যদিও তিতা গন্ধ পছন্দ কৰা গ্ৰাহকক সন্তুষ্ট কৰে।[27] ২০১২ চনৰ ২২ মে’ত থাইলেণ্ডৰ আন দুটা জাতৰ লং লেপ্লাই আৰু লিন লাপ্লে, উত্তৰাদিত প্ৰদেশৰ গৱৰ্ণৰ যোথিন চামুটখিৰীয়ে জনসাধাৰণৰ সন্মুখত উপস্থাপন কৰে য’ৰ পৰা এই জাতসমূহ স্থানীয়ভাৱে বিকশিত কৰা হৈছিল, আনহাতে তেওঁ লাপ্লাই জিলাৰ বাৰ্ষিক ডুৰিয়ান মেলা, আৰু প্ৰত্যেককে দিয়া নাম জাত। <ref>"Odourless durians to hit the market". ''The Nation''. 23 May 2012. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.</ref> == খেতি আৰু ব্যৱসায় == ২০১৮ চনত থাইলেণ্ডে প্ৰতি বছৰে প্ৰায় ৭ লাখ টন ডুৰিয়ান উৎপাদন কৰে, ইয়াৰে ৪ লাখ টন মূল চীন আৰু হংকঙলৈ ৰপ্তানি কৰা হয়। <ref>Svasti, Pichaya; Jariyasombat, Peerawat (22 April 2018). "Made in Thailand". ''Bangkok Post''. No. Brunch. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</ref> থাইলেণ্ডৰ চান্টাবুৰীত প্ৰতি বছৰে মে’ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিতে বিশ্ব ডুৰিয়ান উৎসৱ অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। এই একক প্ৰদেশখনেই থাইলেণ্ডৰ ডুৰিয়ান উৎপাদনৰ আধা অংশৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ। ফিলিপাইনছৰ ডাভাও অঞ্চলত এই ফলৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ উৎপাদন হয় আৰু দেশখনৰ মুঠ উৎপাদনৰ ৬০% উৎপাদন হয়। <ref>Mellejor, Lilian (30 July 2018). "Davao City remains top producer of durian fruit". ''Philippine News Agency''. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</ref> ব্ৰুনাইত গ্ৰাহকে ডি.গ্ৰেভিঅ’লেন্স, ডি.কুটেজেন্সিছ আৰু ডি. এই প্ৰজাতিবোৰে জিনীয়ভাৱে বৈচিত্ৰময় শস্যৰ উৎস গঠন কৰে। <ref>Osman, M. B.; Mohamed, Z. A.; Idris, S.; Aman, R. (1995). ''Tropical fruit production and genetic resources in Southeast Asia: Identifying the priority fruit species'' (PDF). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). ISBN <bdi>978-92-9043-249-4</bdi>. OCLC 723476105. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2017.</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াত ডুৰিয়ান আৰু ১৯৭৫ চনত ক্ল'নেল সামগ্ৰীৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা হয়। ২০১৯ চনত আমদানি কৰা সতেজ ডুৰিয়ানৰ মূল্য চীনলৈ আমদানি কৰা সকলো সতেজ ফলৰ ভিতৰত সৰ্বাধিক হৈ পৰে, যিটো পূৰ্বতে চেৰী আছিল। ২০২১ চনত চীনে সেই বছৰত থাইলেণ্ডৰ সতেজ ডুৰিয়ান ৰপ্তানিৰ ৯০ শতাংশ মূল্যৰ কমেও ৩.৪ বিলিয়ন মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ ক্ৰয় কৰে।<ref>"Durian Was Most Popular Imported Fruit in China Last Year With Imports of USD4.2 Billion". ''www.yicaiglobal.com''. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</ref> ২০২২ চনত ফিলিপাইনছ আৰু ভিয়েটনামে চীনলৈ সতেজ ডুৰিয়ান ৰপ্তানিৰ অনুমতি লাভ কৰাৰ সময়ত চীনৰ সামগ্ৰিক আমদানি ৪ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় আৰু ২০২৩ চনত ১৪ লাখ টন আমদানি কৰাৰ সময়ত ৬.৭ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায়। ডুৰিয়ান ধন-সম্পত্তিৰ ইংগিত দিয়া ষ্টেটাছ চিম্বল হৈ পৰিছে। থাইলেণ্ডৰ পৰা অহা ডুৰিয়ানৰ খুচুৰা মূল্য প্ৰায় ১৫০ য়েন (২০ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ), আনহাতে অধিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত মুছাং কিং জাতৰ খুচুৰা মূল্য প্ৰায় ৫০০ য়েন আৰু ই জন্মদিন বা বিয়াৰ উপহাৰ হ’ব পাৰে। ৰপ্তানিকাৰকসকলৰ বাবে সম্ভাৱ্য মূল্যই চীনক বাণিজ্যিক আলোচনাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ডুৰিয়ানক লাভৱান কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিছে।[35] দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰা চীনলৈ ডুৰিয়ানৰ সমগ্ৰ ৰপ্তানি ২০১৭ চনত ৫৫ কোটি মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ পৰা ২০২৩ চনত ৬.৭ বিলিয়ন মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায়।[38] চীনে এই ফলৰ সৰ্বাধিক আমদানি কৰিছিল থাইলেণ্ডৰ পৰা, তাৰ পিছতে আছে মালয়েছিয়া আৰু ভিয়েটনাম।<ref>Fuller, Thomas; Bhaskar, Gabriela (16 June 2024). "China's Lust for Durian Is Creating Fortunes in Southeast Asia". ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</ref> ডুৰিয়ান তুলনামূলকভাৱে ব্যয়বহুল ফল কাৰণ ইয়াৰ সংৰক্ষণ সময় কম। <ref>Rodrigues, Sueli; Silva, Ebenezer de Oliveira; De Brito, Edy Sousa (5 January 2018). ''Exotic Fruits Reference Guide''. Academic Press. p. 169. ISBN <bdi>978-0-12-803153-7</bdi>. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</ref> প্ৰতিটো ফল ভালদৰে মেৰিয়াই সংৰক্ষণ সময় প্ৰায় ৪ৰ পৰা ৫ সপ্তাহলৈ বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পাৰি। == সোৱাদ আৰু গন্ধ == ==== ইতিহাস ==== [[চিত্ৰ:4SeasonsDurians22102009-02 (4034657521).jpg|thumb|পকা ডুৰিয়ান ফল]] ১৮৫৬ চনত লিখা ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰকৃতিবিদ আলফ্ৰেড ৰাছেল ৱালেছে এই ফলৰ স্থায়িত্ব আৰু সোৱাদক "বৰ্ণনীয় নহয়। আলমণ্ডৰ সৈতে অতি সোৱাদযুক্ত চহকী কাষ্টাৰ্ডে ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোত্তম সাধাৰণ ধাৰণা দিয়ে, কিন্তু মাজে মাজে সোৱাদৰ ঢৌৱে ক্ৰীম-চীজ, পিঁয়াজৰ কথা মনত পেলায়।" -চচ, শ্বেৰী-ৱাইন, আৰু অন্যান্য অসঙ্গতিপূৰ্ণ খাদ্য তাৰ পিছত এটা চহকী পাল্পত আঠাযুক্ত মসৃণতা যিটো আন একোৱেই নাথাকে, কিন্তু যিয়ে ইয়াৰ সুস্বাদুতা বৃদ্ধি কৰে।" তেওঁ এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হয় যে ই "অভিজ্ঞতা কৰিবলৈ পূবলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰাৰ যোগ্য নতুন অনুভূতি প্ৰদান কৰে। যিহেতু ইয়াৰ অতি সুন্দৰ সোৱাদৰ খাদ্য উৎপাদন কৰাটো অতুলনীয়।" <ref><ref name="Wallace">{{cite web|last=Wallace|first=Alfred Russel|title=On the Bamboo and Durian of Borneo|year=1856|url=http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S027.htm|access-date=2008-11-20|author-link=Alfred Russel Wallace|archive-date=2008-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006070444/http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S027.htm|url-status=live|archivedate=2008-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006070444/http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S027.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref></ref> ৱালেছে নিজকে প্ৰথমতে ইয়াক চেষ্টা কৰিবলৈ অনিচ্ছুক বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল কাৰণ কিন্তু বোৰ্নিওত এটা খাই "দুৱাৰৰ বাহিৰত, মই লগে লগে নিশ্চিত ডুৰিয়ান খোৱা মানুহ হৈ পৰিলোঁ"।[45] তেওঁ আন এজন লেখকৰ উদ্ধৃতি দি এইদৰে উল্লেখ কৰিছে: "অভ্যস্ত নোহোৱাসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰথমতে পচি যোৱা পিঁয়াজৰ দৰে গোন্ধ ওলোৱা যেন লাগে, কিন্তু সোৱাদ লোৱাৰ লগে লগে তেওঁলোকে ইয়াক আন সকলো খাদ্যতকৈ বেছি পছন্দ কৰে। থলুৱা লোকসকলে ইয়াক সন্মানজনক উপাধি দিয়ে, উচ্চতা কৰে, আৰু তাৰ ওপৰত পদ বনাওক।<nowiki><ref>Wallace, Alfred Russel (1886). </nowiki>''The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utang and the bird of paradise''. London: Macmillan & Co. pp. 74–75. Retrieved 4 June 2010. <nowiki></ref></nowiki> ঔপন্যাসিক এন্থনী বাৰ্জেছে লিখিছে যে ডুৰিয়ান খোৱাটো "লেভেটৰীত মিঠা ৰাস্পবেৰী ব্লাংকেঞ্জ খোৱাৰ দৰেই"। <ref>Burgess, Anthony (1993) [1956]. ''The Long Day Wanes: A Malayan Trilogy''. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 68. ISBN <bdi>978-0-393-30943-0</bdi>. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2020.</ref> ভ্ৰমণ আৰু খাদ্যৰ লেখক ৰিচাৰ্ড ষ্টাৰলিঙে কৈছে যে "ইয়াৰ দুৰ্গন্ধক গাহৰিৰ মল, টাৰ্পেন্টাইন আৰু পিঁয়াজ বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰাটো ভাল, জিমৰ মোজাৰে সজাই তোলা।"[47] চিভেট, নলা-নৰ্দমা, বাসি বমি, স্কাংক স্প্ৰে'ৰ সৈতে আন তুলনা কৰা হৈছে আৰু অস্ত্ৰোপচাৰৰ শ্বাব ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল।[42] এনে বৰ্ণনাই গন্ধৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনশীলতাক প্ৰতিফলিত কৰিব পাৰে।[48] বিভিন্ন প্ৰজাতি আৰু জাতৰ সুগন্ধি লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে ভিন্ন হয়; উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰঙা ডুৰিয়ান (D. dulcis) ৰ গভীৰ কেৰামেল সোৱাদ আৰু টাৰ্পেন্টাইনৰ গোন্ধ থাকে আনহাতে ৰঙা মাংসৰ ডুৰিয়ান (D. graveolens) য়ে পোৰা আলমণ্ডৰ সুগন্ধি নিৰ্গত কৰে।[2] এই ফলৰ প্ৰবল গোন্ধৰ বাবে ইয়াক ছিংগাপুৰ[49] আৰু বেংককত ৰাজহুৱা পৰিবহণ ব্যৱস্থাৰ পৰা নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে।[50] ==== জৈৱৰাসায়নিক ভিত্তি ==== ডুৰিয়ানৰ এটাৰ ৰাসায়নিক বিশ্লেষণে ইংগিত দিয়ে যে ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় ৪৬,০০০ ক'ডিং আৰু নন-ক'ডিং জিন আছে, ইয়াৰে মিথিঅ'নিন গামা-লাইজেজ নামৰ এটা শ্ৰেণী – যিয়ে অৰ্গেন'ছালফাৰ যৌগসমূহৰ দুৰ্গন্ধ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে – এই সুকীয়া গন্ধৰ বাবে প্ৰধানকৈ দায়ী হ'ব পাৰে।[51] ডুৰিয়ানৰ সোৱাদ আৰু সুগন্ধিৰ কাৰণ হৈছে ইয়াত থকা শ শ ফাইটোকেমিকেলৰ যাৰ ভিতৰত ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন থাইঅলৰ সৈতে বিভিন্ন অস্বাভাৱিক যৌগ, যেনে এষ্টাৰ, কিটন, এলক'হল (প্ৰাথমিকভাৱে ইথানল), আৰু অৰ্গেন'ছালফাৰ যৌগ আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।[48][52] কেইবাটাও জাতৰ অধ্যয়নত এষ্টাৰৰ ভিতৰত ইথাইল ২-মিথাইলবুটান'ৱেটৰ পৰিমাণ সৰ্বাধিক আছিল।[48] চেনিৰ পৰিমাণ, প্ৰধানকৈ চুক্ৰ'জ, বিভিন্ন ডুৰিয়ান জাতৰ মাজত ৮–২০% ৰ পৰিসৰ থাকে।[48] ডুৰিয়ানৰ মাংসত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ পলিফেনল, বিশেষকৈ মাইৰিচেটিন আৰু বিভিন্ন কেৰটিন'ইড থাকে, য'ত বিটা-কেৰটিনৰ প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণো থাকে।[48] ২০১৯ চনত ইথানথাইঅল আৰু ইয়াৰ ডেৰাইভেটিভসমূহ এই দুৰ্গন্ধৰ উৎস হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। কিন্তু উদ্ভিদটোৱে ইথেনথাইঅল উৎপাদন কৰা জৈৱৰাসায়নিক পথটো অস্পষ্ট হৈয়েই আছিল।[53] দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সঘনাই ডুৰিয়ানৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহা লোকসকলে ইয়াৰ কিট’ন আৰু এষ্টাৰৰ মিঠাৰ দৰে গোন্ধক পচি যোৱা বা পুট্ৰেচিন দুৰ্গন্ধৰ পৰা সহজেই পৃথক কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয় যিবোৰ অস্বাভাৱিক এমাইন আৰু ফেটি এচিডৰ পৰা হয়। কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে এই গোন্ধবোৰৰ পাৰ্থক্য কৰিব নোৱাৰে আৰু এই ফলটোক বিষাক্ত বুলি বিবেচনা কৰে, আনহাতে কিছুমানে ইয়াক সুখদায়ক আৰু আকৰ্ষণীয় বুলি বিবেচনা কৰে।[2][42][43] এই প্ৰচণ্ড গোন্ধ আধা মাইল দূৰত জীৱ-জন্তুৱে ধৰা পেলাব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত সিহঁত প্ৰলোভিত হয়। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও কাছ, নিগনি হৰিণ, গাহৰি, সূৰ্য্য ভালুক, অৰেংগুটান, হাতী, আনকি মাংসভোজী বাঘ আদি বিভিন্ন প্ৰাণীৰ বাবে এই ফল অতি ৰুচিকৰ।[54][55] এই প্ৰাণীবোৰৰ কিছুমানে ফল খাই বীজটো মল সৈতে দূৰ কৰবাত নিস্কাষণ কৰাৰ বাবে ইয়াত বিস্তাৰ হয়।[56] ফলবোৰৰ কাঁইটীয়া, সাজসজ্জিত আৱৰণে সৰু জীৱ-জন্তুবোৰক নিৰুৎসাহিত কৰে। [57] ==== পকা আৰু নিৰ্বাচন ==== ফলবিজ্ঞানী লাৰ'ছ গেষ্ট্ৰ'নমিকৰ মতে ডুৰিয়ান ফলৰ খোলাটো ফাটিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিলেই ই খাবলৈ সাজু হৈ উঠে। [58] কিন্তু দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অঞ্চলভেদে আৰু প্ৰজাতি অনুসৰি উপভোগ কৰিবলগীয়া পকোৱাৰ ধৰণ বেলেগ বেলেগ। কিছুমান প্ৰজাতি ইমানেই ওখ হয় যে মাটিত পৰিলেহে সংগ্ৰহ কৰিব পাৰি, আনহাতে ডি.জিবেথিনাছৰ বেছিভাগ জাতেই প্ৰায় সদায় গছৰ পৰা কাটি বিক্ৰীৰ বাবে অপেক্ষা কৰি পকিবলৈ দিয়া হয়। দক্ষিণ থাইলেণ্ডৰ কিছুমান মানুহে তেওঁলোকৰ ডুৰিয়ান তুলনামূলকভাৱে সৰু হোৱাটো পছন্দ কৰে, যেতিয়া খোলাৰ ভিতৰৰ ফলৰ থুপবোৰ এতিয়াও দেখিবলৈ বেয়া আৰু সোৱাদত মৃদু। উত্তৰ থাইলেণ্ডৰ কিছুমান লোকৰ বাবে ফলটো কোমল আৰু সুগন্ধি হোৱাটো পছন্দ কৰা হয়। মালয়েছিয়া আৰু ছিংগাপুৰত বেছিভাগ গ্ৰাহকে ফলটো যিমান পাৰি পকা আৰু সুগন্ধিযুক্ত হোৱাটো পছন্দ কৰে আৰু আনকি ইতিমধ্যে খোলা ফাটি যোৱাৰ পিছতো ফলটোক পকিবলৈ দিয়াৰ আশংকাও কৰিব পাৰে। এই অৱস্থাত মাংস প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে ক্ৰীমযুক্ত আৰু সামান্য মদ্যপান কৰা হয়।[42] গ্ৰাহকৰ মাজত পকি থকাৰ সম্পৰ্কে বিভিন্ন পছন্দৰ বাবে "ভাল" ডুৰিয়ান বাছি লোৱাৰ বিষয়ে সাধাৰণ বক্তব্য জাৰি কৰাটো কঠিন হৈ পৰে। গছৰ পৰা সৰি পৰা ডুৰিয়ান দুদিনৰ পৰা চাৰিদিনলৈকে পকি থাকে, কিন্তু পাঁচ বা ছয় দিনৰ পিছত বেছিভাগেই ইয়াক অতি পকা আৰু অস্বাদু বুলি গণ্য কৰিব।[2] সকলো একেই, কিছুমান থাইয়ে এনে অতি পকা ফল কল চেনিৰ সৈতে ৰান্ধে, যাৰ ফলত ডুৰিয়ান (বা থুৰিয়ান) গুয়ান নামৰ মিঠাইৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।[59] == ব্যৱহাৰ == থাইলেণ্ডত ডুৰিয়ানক মিঠা আঠাযুক্ত চাউলৰ সৈতে সতেজভাৱে খোৱা হয় আৰু বজাৰত ডুৰিয়ান পেষ্টৰ ব্লক বিক্ৰী কৰা হয় যদিও পেষ্টৰ বেছিভাগেই কুমলীয়া ডালিমৰ সৈতে মিহলি কৰা হয়।[2] ফিলিপাইনছৰ বাহিৰে পকা ডুৰিয়ান শাক হিচাপে ৰন্ধা হয়, য’ত সকলো ব্যৱহাৰ টেঙা নহয়, মিঠা। মালয়েছিয়ানসকলে ডুৰিয়ানৰ পৰা চেনি আৰু নিমখযুক্ত দুয়োটা সংৰক্ষিত দ্ৰব্য তৈয়াৰ কৰে। ডুৰিয়ানক নিমখ, পিয়াঁজ আৰু ভিনেগাৰৰ সৈতে কুটিলে ইয়াক ব’ডাৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। মালয়েছিয়াৰ কেলান্টানত সতেজ ডুৰিয়ান বা টেম্পোয়াকক পিয়াঁজ আৰু মৰিচাৰ টুকুৰা, চূণৰ ৰস আৰু বুডু (কিম্বন কৰা এঞ্চোভি চচ)ৰ সৈতে মিহলাই চাউল ভিত্তিক খাদ্যৰ সৈতে মচলা হিচাপে খোৱা হয়। চেষ্টনাটৰ সমান আকাৰৰ গুটিবোৰ সিজোৱা, পোৰা বা নাৰিকল তেলত ভাজি খাব পাৰি, তাৰ টেক্সচাৰ টাৰো বা ৰঙালাওৰ দৰে, কিন্তু আঠাযুক্ত। জাভাত গুটিবোৰ পাতলকৈ কাটি চেনি দি মিঠাই হিচাপে সিজোৱা হয়। চাইক্ল'প্ৰ'পিন ফেটি এচিডৰ বাবে অৰন্ধা বীজ বিষাক্ত হ'ব পাৰে।[60] ডুৰিয়ান ফল বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ মিঠা খাব পৰা খাদ্য যেনে পৰম্পৰাগত মালয় মিঠাই, আইচ কাকাং, ড'ডল, লেম্পুক,[61] গোলাপ বিস্কুট, আইচক্ৰীম, মিল্কশ্বেক, মুনকেক, ইউল লগ আৰু কেপচুচিনোৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। এছ ডুৰিয়ান (ডুৰিয়ান আইচক্ৰীম) ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জনপ্ৰিয় ডেজাৰ্ট, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চহৰসমূহত বিশেষকৈ জাভাত ৰাস্তাৰ কাষৰ ষ্টলত বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়। পুলুট ডুৰিয়ান বা কেটান ডুৰিয়ান হৈছে নাৰিকল গাখীৰৰ সৈতে ভাপত দিয়া আঠাযুক্ত চাউল আৰু পকা ডুৰিয়ানৰ সৈতে পৰিবেশন কৰা। ছাবাহত ৰঙা ডুৰিয়ানক পিঁয়াজ আৰু মৰিচাৰ সৈতে ভাজি পাৰ্শ্ব খাদ্য হিচাপে পৰিবেশন কৰা হয়।[62] ৰঙা মাংসৰ ডুৰিয়ান পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে মিঠা পানীৰ মাছৰ পৰা তৈয়াৰী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান চূপ ছাউৰত যোগ কৰা হয়।[4] ইকান ব্ৰেংকেছ টেম্পোয়াক হৈছে ডুৰিয়ান ভিত্তিক চচত ৰন্ধা মাছ, যিটো সুমাট্ৰাত পৰম্পৰাগত।[63] == পুষ্টি == কেঁচা ডুৰিয়ান ৬৫% পানী, ২৭% কাৰ্বহাইড্ৰেট (৪% খাদ্য আঁহকে ধৰি), ৫% চৰ্বি আৰু ১% প্ৰটিনেৰে গঠিত। ১০০ গ্ৰামত কেঁচা বা সতেজ ফ্ৰ’জেন ডুৰিয়ানে দৈনিক মূল্যৰ (ডিভি) ৩৩% থাইয়ামিন আৰু অন্যান্য বি ভিটামিন, ভিটামিন চি আৰু খাদ্যৰ খনিজ মেংগানিজৰ মধ্যমীয়া পৰিমাণ (১৫–২৪% ডিভি, টেবুল) প্ৰদান কৰে। মালয়েছিয়া, থাইলেণ্ড আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন জাতৰ কাৰ্বহাইড্ৰেটৰ পৰিমাণ ১৬ৰ পৰা ২৯%, চৰ্বিৰ পৰিমাণ ২–৫%, প্ৰটিনৰ পৰিমাণ ২–৪%, আৰু খাদ্যত আঁহৰ পৰিমাণ ১–৪% আৰু কেলৰিৰ মূল্যৰ ভিন্নতা থাকে প্ৰতি ১০০ গ্ৰামত ৮৪ৰ পৰা ১৮৫ কিলোকেলৰিলৈকে।[48] ডুৰিয়ান মাংসত থকা ফেটি এচিডত বিশেষকৈ অলিক এচিড আৰু পালমিটিক এচিড থাকে।[48] == উৎপত্তি আৰু ইতিহাস == ডুৰিয়ানৰ উৎপত্তি বোৰ্নিও আৰু সুমাট্ৰা অঞ্চলত বুলি ভবা হয়, মালয় উপদ্বীপত বন্য গছ আৰু ভাৰতৰ পৰা নিউ গিনিলৈকে বহল অঞ্চলত সাধাৰণতে ফলৰ বাগিচা খেতি কৰা হয়।[2] চাৰিশ বছৰৰ আগতে বৰ্তমানৰ ম্যানমাৰত ইয়াৰ ব্যৱসায় কৰা হৈছিল আৰু বিশেষকৈ থাইলেণ্ড আৰু দক্ষিণ ভিয়েটনামত ইয়াৰ সক্ৰিয় খেতি কৰা হৈছিল।[2] ইউৰোপীয়সকলে ডুৰিয়ানৰ বিষয়ে আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে ১৫ শতিকাত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যোৱা নিকোলো ডি' কন্টিৰ ৰেকৰ্ড।[66] লেটিন ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে য'ত পজিঅ' ব্ৰাচিঅ'লিনিয়ে ডি কন্টিৰ ভ্ৰমণ লিপিবদ্ধ কৰিছিল: "তেওঁলোকৰ [সুমাট্ৰাৰ মানুহে] এটা সেউজীয়া ফল আছে যিটো তেওঁলোকে ডুৰিয়ান বুলি কয়, তৰমুজৰ দৰে ডাঙৰ। ভিতৰত দীঘলীয়া কমলাৰ দৰে পাঁচটা বস্তু আছে, আৰু ডাঠ মাখনৰ দৰে, যাৰ সৈতে।" [67] পৰ্তুগীজ চিকিৎসক গাৰ্চিয়া ডি অৰ্টাই ক'ল'কিঅ'ছ ড'ছত ডুৰিয়ানৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল ১৭৪১ চনত জাৰ্মান উদ্ভিদবিদ জৰ্জ এবাৰহাৰ্ড ৰামফিয়াছৰ হাৰ্বেৰিয়াম এম্বোইনেন্স প্ৰকাশ পায়, য'ত এশ বছৰতকৈও অধিক সময়ৰ ডুৰিয়ানৰ আটাইতকৈ বিশদ আৰু সঠিক বিৱৰণ পোৱা যায়। ডুৰিঅ' প্ৰজাতিটোৰ এটা জটিল শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন আছে যিয়ে ৰামফিয়াছে সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পিছৰে পৰা বহু প্ৰজাতিৰ বিয়োগ আৰু যোগ কৰা দেখা গৈছে।[9] ইয়াৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ত ডুৰিয়ান আৰু ছ'ৰচপ (Annona muricata)ৰ মাজত কিছু বিভ্ৰান্তিৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল, কাৰণ এই দুয়োটা প্ৰজাতিৰ কাঁইটীয়া সেউজীয়া ফল আছিল।[68] ছ'ৰচপৰ মালয় নাম ডুৰিয়ান বেলাণ্ডা, অৰ্থাৎ ডাচ ডুৰিয়ান।[69] ১৮ শতিকাত জোহান এণ্টন ৱেইনমেনে ডুৰিয়ানক কেষ্টেনিয়াৰ অন্তৰ্গত বুলি গণ্য কৰিছিল কাৰণ ইয়াৰ ফল ঘোঁৰাৰ চেষ্টনাটৰ সৈতে মিল আছিল।[68] ষোড়শ শতিকাত পৰ্তুগীজসকলে চিলনত ডি.জিবেথিনাছক প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে আৰু পিছত বহুবাৰ পুনৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে। ইয়াক আমেৰিকাত ৰোপণ কৰা হৈছে যদিও উদ্ভিদ উদ্যানত সীমাবদ্ধ। প্ৰথম পুলিবোৰ ৰয়েল বটানিক গাৰ্ডেন, কিউৰ পৰা ১৮৮৪ চনত ডমিনিকাৰ অগাষ্ট চেণ্ট-আৰ'মানলৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰা হৈছিল।[70] দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত ডুৰিয়ানৰ খেতি গাঁও পৰ্যায়ত শতিকাজুৰি চলি আহিছে, সম্ভৱতঃ ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা আৰু ব্যৱসায়িকভাৱে ২০ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা।[2][71] মাই ট্ৰপিক আইলত অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ লেখক আৰু প্ৰকৃতিবিদ এডমাণ্ড জেমছ বেনফিল্ডে কয় যে কেনেকৈ ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছিংগাপুৰৰ এজন বন্ধুৱে তেওঁক ডুৰিয়ানৰ বীজ পঠিয়াইছিল, যিটো তেওঁ কুইন্সলেণ্ডৰ উত্তৰ উপকূলৰ ওচৰৰ গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় দ্বীপত ৰোপণ কৰি যত্ন লৈছিল।[72] ] ১৯৪৯ চনত ব্ৰিটিছ উদ্ভিদবিদ ই.জে.এইচ.কৰ্ণাৰে দ্য ডুৰিয়ান থিয়ৰী বা আধুনিক গছৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰা হৈছিল যে এণ্ড'জুকোৰী (জীৱ-জন্তুক পেটত বীজ পৰিবহণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰলোভন) বীজ বিয়পোৱাৰ আন যিকোনো পদ্ধতিৰ আগতেই উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল আৰু ডুৰিঅ' প্ৰজাতিৰ আদিম পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলেই সেই বিক্ষিপ্তকৰণ পদ্ধতিৰ আদিম অনুশীলনকাৰী আছিল, বিশেষকৈ ৰঙা ডুৰিয়ান (D. dulcis) ফুল ফুলাৰ আদিম ফলৰ উদাহৰণ দাঙি ধৰিছে। কিন্তু ডুৰিঅ'নিয়া আৰু ইয়াৰ ভগ্নী ট্যাক্সাসমূহ যি জনগোষ্ঠীত পৰে, ডুৰিঅ'নিয়াৰ অধিক শেহতীয়া পৰিসীমাত মাংসল এৰিল আৰু কাঁইটীয়া ফল ক্লেডৰ ভিতৰত উৎপন্ন হয়। কিছুমান বংশৰ এই চৰিত্ৰবোৰ থাকে যদিও আন কিছুমানৰ নাথাকে। শেহতীয়া আণৱিক প্ৰমাণ (যিটোৰ ওপৰত ডুৰিঅ'নিয়াৰ শেহতীয়া, সুসমৰ্থিত পৰিসীমা ভিত্তি হৈছে) সেয়েহে কৰ্ণাৰৰ ডুৰিয়ান তত্ত্বক খণ্ডন কৰে।[15] ১৯৯০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰা এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ চাউথইষ্ট এছিয়ান নেচনছ (আছিয়ান) অঞ্চলত ডুৰিয়ানৰ ঘৰুৱা আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চাহিদা যথেষ্ট বৃদ্ধি পাইছে।[73] ২০২০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনত ডুৰিয়ানৰ উন্মাদনাৰ ফলত এই ফলৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্য বহু পৰিমাণে বৃদ্ধি পায়।[74] == সংস্কৃতি আৰু লোকচিকিৎসা == ==== সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰভাৱ ==== স্থানীয় এটা সাধাৰণ বিশ্বাস হ'ল যে কফি[42] বা মদ্যপানৰ সৈতে খালে ডুৰিয়ান ক্ষতিকাৰক।[75] পিছৰ বিশ্বাসটো অন্ততঃ ১৮ শতিকাৰ পৰাই হ’ব পাৰে যেতিয়া ৰামফিয়াছে কৈছিল যে ডুৰিয়ান খোৱাৰ পিছত মদ খাব নালাগে কাৰণ ইয়াৰ ফলত বদহজম আৰু মুখৰ দুৰ্গন্ধ হ’ব। ১৯২৯ চনত জে ডি জিমলেটে তেওঁৰ মালয় পইজনছ এণ্ড চাৰ্ম কিউৰছত লিখিছিল যে ডুৰিয়ান ফল ব্ৰেণ্ডীৰ সৈতে খাব নালাগে। ১৯৮১ চনত জে আৰ ক্ৰফ্টে তেওঁৰ Bombacaceae: In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea ত লিখিছিল যে ডুৰিয়ান খোৱাৰ পিছত অতি সোনকালে মদ্যপান কৰাৰ পিছত "ৰোগজনিত অনুভৱ" প্ৰায়ে হয়। এই বিশ্বাসৰ বৈধতাৰ ওপৰত কেইবাটাও চিকিৎসা অনুসন্ধান বিভিন্ন সিদ্ধান্তৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছে,[75] যদিও চুকুবা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ এক অধ্যয়নত দেখা গৈছে যে ফলটোৰ উচ্চ চালফাৰৰ পৰিমাণে এলডিহাইড ডিহাইড্ৰ'জেনেজৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপত বাধা দিয়ে, যাৰ ফলত ক্লিয়াৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষমতা ৭০ শতাংশ হ্ৰাস পায় শৰীৰৰ পৰা বিষাক্ত পদাৰ্থ।[76] ==== লোক চিকিৎসা ==== মালয়েছিয়াত আগতে পাত আৰু শিপাৰ কাপ এন্টিপাইৰেটিক হিচাপে প্ৰেছক্ৰিপচন কৰা হৈছিল। জ্বৰ ৰোগীৰ মূৰত পাতৰ ৰস প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়।[2] জ্বৰৰ প্ৰতিকাৰ হিচাপে ডুৰিয়ানৰ ঔষধি ব্যৱহাৰৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্পূৰ্ণ বৰ্ণনা হৈছে ১৯৩০ চনত বাৰ্কিল আৰু হেনিফে সংগ্ৰহ কৰা মালয় প্ৰেছক্ৰিপচন।ইয়াত পাঠকক ডুৰিয়া জিবেথিনাছ, নেফেলিয়াম লংগানাৰ শিপাৰ সৈতে হিবিস্কাছ ৰোজা-চিনেন্সিছৰ শিপা উতলাবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হৈছে , Nephelium mutabile আৰু Artocarpus integrifolius, আৰু কাজ বা পান কৰে ইয়াক পাউল্টিচ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক।[86] দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাসৰ লগতে পৰম্পৰাগত চীনা খাদ্য চিকিৎসাই ডুৰিয়ান ফলক অত্যধিক ঘামচি ওলোৱাৰ বাবে উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি কৰা গুণ বুলি গণ্য কৰে।[87] ইয়াক প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ পৰম্পৰাগত পদ্ধতি হ'ল ফলৰ খালী খোলাত পানী ঢালি ফলৰ গুটি খোৱাৰ পিছত পান কৰা।[42] ইয়াৰ বিকল্প পদ্ধতি হ’ল ডুৰিয়ানক আমলখিৰ লগত খোৱা, যিটো শীতল গুণ আছে বুলি ধৰা হয়। গৰ্ভৱতী মহিলা বা উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ থকা লোকক পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে ডুৰিয়ান গ্ৰহণ নকৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হয়।[27][88] জাভানিসকলে ডুৰিয়ানৰ কামোদ্দীপক গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে বা তাৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছত কি সেৱন কৰিব পাৰি বা নহ'ব পাৰে তাৰ ওপৰত এক নিয়ম আৰোপ কৰে।[42] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত ডুৰিয়ান জাতুহ ছাৰুং নাইক নামৰ এটা কথা, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "ডুৰিয়ান সৰি পৰে আৰু চেৰং ওপৰলৈ আহে" এই বিশ্বাসক বুজায়।[89] এই ফলৰ কল্পিত লেচাৰ গুণৰ বিৰুদ্ধে সতৰ্কবাণী অতি সোনকালেই পশ্চিমলৈ বিয়পি পৰিল – ছুইডেনবৰ্গৰ দাৰ্শনিক হাৰ্মান ভেটাৰলিঙে ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ডুৰিয়ানৰ তথাকথিত "ই কামোদ্দীপক গুণ"ৰ বিষয়ে মন্তব্য কৰিছিল।[90] == পৰিৱেশৰ প্ৰভাৱ == চীনত ডুৰিয়ানৰ উচ্চ চাহিদাৰ বাবে মালয়েছিয়াত ক্ষুদ্ৰ ডুৰিয়ান বাগিচাৰ পৰা বৃহৎ পৰিসৰৰ ডুৰিয়ান নিৰ্ভৰ ঔদ্যোগ গঢ়ি উঠিছে। বৃহৎ ডুৰিয়ান বাগিচাৰ বাবে ঠাই সৃষ্টি কৰিবলৈ বনাঞ্চলসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত তেলপালৰ খেতিৰ ফলত সৃষ্টি হোৱা বৰ্তমানৰ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ সমস্যা আৰু অধিক ভয়াৱহ হৈ পৰে।[91] ডুৰিয়ান গছৰ পৰাগযোগ কৰা সৰু উৰন্ত শিয়াল আৰু মালয় বাঘ আদি প্ৰাণী প্ৰজাতিৰ বাসস্থানৰ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ ফলত বিপন্ন হৈ পৰিছে।[91][92] গুৱা মুছাং জিলাত ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰে ওৰাং আছলিৰ থলুৱা ভূমিকে ধৰি ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ বৰ্গফুট (১০,০০০ একৰ) বনাঞ্চলক ডুৰিয়ান বাগিচালৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিবলৈ অনুমোদন জনায়।[93] মালয়েছিয়া আৰু থাইলেণ্ডত ক্ৰমে মুছাং কিং আৰু মণ্টং জাতৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱৰ বাবে উচ্চমানৰ জাতৰ মূল্যত ডুৰিয়ানৰ জিনীয় বৈচিত্ৰ্য হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ চিন্তাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে।[91] ২০২২ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কালিমন্টানত ডুৰিয়ান প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত কৰা এক অধ্যয়নত কম জিনীয় বৈচিত্ৰ্য পোৱা গৈছে ।[94] ইয়াৰ উপৰিও এই প্ৰধান সংকৰ জাতবোৰ কীট-পতংগ আৰু ভেঁকুৰৰ ৰোগৰ প্ৰতি অধিক সহজলভ্য, যাৰ বাবে গছক দুৰ্বল কৰিব পৰা কীটনাশক আৰু ভেঁকুৰনাশক ব্যৱহাৰৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়।[91] fsqtj1rq1qar0o71g1ndb5ovbhjgaax 453286 453258 2024-12-10T09:04:32Z নিপন নিয়ৰ শেনছোৱা 40137 453286 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ডুৰিয়ান (/ˈdʊəriən/, /ˈdjʊəriən/)'''<ref>"durian". ''Lexico UK English Dictionary''. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021.</ref> এবিধ উচ্চ গন্ধযুক্ত সুস্বাদু ফল। [[চিত্ৰ:07302jfBlack ants eating Durians in the Philippinesfvf 06.jpg|thumb|ডুৰিয়ান ফল]] অসমত পোৱা কঁঠালৰ প্ৰজাতিৰে এবিধ ফল হ’ল ডুৰিয়ান। খাব পৰা মঙহশাল অংশটো পাবলৈ ডুৰিয়ান ফলটো কাটি বাকলি গুচাই ল’ব লগে। ই হৈছে ‘ডুৰিয়া’ প্ৰজাতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত কেইবাটাও গছৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ খাব পৰা ফল। এইবিধ ফলৰ ৩০ টা স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰজাতি আছে, ইয়াৰে কমেও নটাত খাব পৰা ফল উৎপন্ন হয়।<ref name=":4">Morton, J.F. (1987). "Durian". ''Fruits of Warm Climates''. Florida Flair Books; republished in New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University. ISBN <bdi>978-0-9610184-1-2</bdi>. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2004.</ref><ref>"Hail the king of fruit – 10 types of durians from Malaysia". ''The Straits Times''. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</ref> ‘বৰ্নিও’ আৰু ‘সুমাট্ৰা’ৰ স্থানীয় ‘ডুৰিয়া জিবেথিনাছ’ [[:en:Durio_zibethinus|(''Durio zibethinus)'']] হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বজাৰত উপলব্ধ একমাত্ৰ প্ৰজাতি। ১৯৮৭ চনলৈকে থাইলেণ্ডত ইয়াৰ ৩০০ৰো অধিক আৰু মালয়েছিয়াত ১০০ টাতকৈও অধিক নামকৰণ কৰা জাত আছে। ডুৰিয়ানক কিছুমান অঞ্চলত "ফলৰ ৰজা" বুলি জনা যায় ।<ref>"Hail the king of fruit – 10 types of durians from Malaysia". ''The Straits Times''. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</ref><ref name=":0">Heaton, Donald D. (2006). ''A Consumers Guide on World Fruit''. BookSurge Publishing. pp. 54–56. ISBN <bdi>978-1-4196-3955-5</bdi>.</ref> বৃহৎ আকাৰ, প্ৰবল গোন্ধ আৰু কাঁইটেৰে আবৃত ছালৰ বাবে ডুৰিয়ান অন্য ফলতকৈ পৃথক। ফলটো ৩০ চে.মি. (১২ ইঞ্চি) দীঘল আৰু ১৫ চে.মি. (৬ ইঞ্চি) ব্যাসৰ হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওজন সাধাৰণতে ১ৰ পৰা ৩ কিলোগ্ৰাম (২ৰ পৰা ৭ পাউণ্ড) হয়। প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ আকৃতি দীঘলীয়াৰ পৰা ঘূৰণীয়া, খোলাৰ ৰং সেউজীয়াৰ পৰা বাদামী আৰু মাংস শেঁতা হালধীয়াৰ পৰা ৰঙালৈকে হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমানে ডুৰিয়ানক সুগন্ধি সুখদায়ক মিঠা বুলি গণ্য কৰে, আনহাতে কিছুমানে সুগন্ধিটোক আগুৰি ধৰা আৰু অপ্ৰীতিকৰ বুলি বিবেচনা কৰে। গোন্ধটোৱে গভীৰ প্ৰশংসাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি তীব্ৰ বিতৃষ্ণালৈকে প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। কেইবাদিনো ধৰি থাকিব পৰা ইয়াৰ প্ৰবল গোন্ধৰ অটলতাই দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ কিছুমান হোটেল আৰু ৰাজহুৱা পৰিবহণ সেৱা যেনে ছিংগাপুৰ আৰু বেংককত এই ফল নিষিদ্ধ কৰিছে। ডুৰিয়ান পকিলে বিভিন্ন ধৰণেৰে খাব পাৰি, আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ খাদ্যত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ মিঠা ডেজাৰ্ট আৰু টেঙা খাদ্যৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। গুটিবোৰ সিজাই খাব পাৰি। == ব্যুৎপত্তিবিজ্ঞান == 'ডুৰিয়ান' নামটো ‘মালয়’ ভাষাৰ ডুৰি (কাঁইট) শব্দৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে কাৰণ ইয়াৰ ছালৰ অসংখ্য কাঁইটীয়া কাঁইট থাকে।<ref name=":0" /> অক্সফৰ্ড ইংৰাজী অভিধানৰ মতে, বিকল্প বানান ডুৰিয়ান প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ১৫৮৮ চনত স্পেনিছ অভিযাত্ৰী জুয়ান গনজালেজ ডি মেণ্ডোজাই The Histry of the Greeat and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof ৰ অনুবাদত।[5] আন আন ঐতিহাসিক ভিন্ন বানানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ডুৰ'য়েন, ডুৰ'য়েন, ডুৰিয়ান আৰু ড'ৰিয়ান আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।[5] টাইপ প্ৰজাতিৰ নাম D. zibethinus ইটালীৰ zibetto, (the civet) ৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>"Durian". National Library Board, Singapore. Retrieved 11 November 2024.</ref> == বিৱৰণ == ডুৰিয়ান গছবোৰ ডাঙৰ, প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ২৫–৫০ মিটাৰ (৮০–১৬৫ ফুট) উচ্চতালৈকে বৃদ্ধি পায়। পাতবোৰ চিৰসেউজ, উপবৃত্তাকাৰৰ পৰা দীঘলীয়া আৰু ১০–১৮ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (৪–৭ ইঞ্চি) দীঘল। ফুলবোৰ একেলগে তিনিটাৰ পৰা ত্ৰিশটা থুপত ডাঙৰ ডালত আৰু পোনে পোনে ডালত উৎপন্ন হয়, প্ৰতিটো ফুলৰ এটা ফুলৰ গুটি আৰু পাঁচটা (কচিৎহে চাৰি বা ছয়টা) পাহি থাকে। ডুৰিয়ান গছৰ ফুল আৰু ফলৰ সময় বছৰি এটা বা দুটা হয় যদিও প্ৰজাতি, জাত আৰু স্থানীয় অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সময় বেলেগ বেলেগ হয়। সাধাৰণ ডুৰিয়ান গছ এজোপা চাৰি-পাঁচ বছৰৰ পাছত ফল দিব পাৰে। ডুৰিয়ান ফল যিকোনো ডালৰ পৰা ওলমি থাকিব পাৰে, আৰু ফুল ফুলাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় তিনি মাহৰ পিছত পূৰ্ণবয়স্ক ফল হয়। ফলৰ দীঘল ৩০ চে.মি. (১২ ইঞ্চি) আৰু ব্যাস ১৫ চে.মি. প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ আকৃতি দীঘলীয়াৰ পৰা ঘূৰণীয়া, খোলাৰ ৰং সেউজীয়াৰ পৰা বাদামী আৰু মাংস শেঁতা হালধীয়াৰ পৰা ৰঙালৈকে। <ref>Brown 1997, pp. 22–33.</ref> ডুৰিঅ'ৰ ত্ৰিশটা প্ৰজাতিৰ ভিতৰত নটা প্ৰজাতিয়ে খাব পৰা ফল উৎপন্ন কৰে।<ref>O'Gara, E.; Guest, D. I.; Hassan, N. M. (2004). "Botany and Production of Durian (''Durio zibethinus'') in Southeast Asia" (PDF). In Drenth, A.; Guest, D. I. (eds.). ''Diversity and management of'' Phytophthora ''in Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph No. 114''. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. pp. 180–186. ISBN <bdi>978-1-86320-405-7</bdi>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</ref> ডি. জিবেথিনাছ হৈছে একমাত্ৰ প্ৰজাতি যিটো ব্যৱসায়িকভাৱে বৃহৎ পৰিসৰত খেতি কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থানীয় অঞ্চলৰ বাহিৰত উপলব্ধ। <ref>Teh, Bin Tean; Lim, Kevin; Yong, Chern Han; et al. (November 2017). "The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus)". ''Nature Genetics''. '''49''' (11): 1633–1641. doi:10.1038/ng.3972. <nowiki>PMID 28991254</nowiki>. S2CID 9804756.</ref> যিহেতু এই প্ৰজাতিটো মুক্ত নিষেচন হয়, গতিকে ই ফলৰ ৰং আৰু গন্ধ, মাংস আৰু বীজৰ আকাৰ, গছৰ ফেন’লজীৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত যথেষ্ট বৈচিত্ৰ্য দেখুৱায়। প্ৰজাতিৰ নামত জিবেথিনাছে ভাৰতীয় চিভেট, ভিভেৰা জিবেথাক বুজায়। লিনিয়াছে দিয়া এই নামটোৱে চিভেটবোৰে ডুৰিয়ানক ইমানেই ভাল পোৱাৰ কথা বুজায় যে ফলটোক ফান্দত পেলাবলৈ লোভনীয় সামগ্ৰী হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল নে ডুৰিয়ানৰ চিভেটৰ দৰে গোন্ধ পোৱাৰ কথা সেই বিষয়ে মতানৈক্য আছে।<ref>Brown 1997, p. 2 See also pp. 5–6 on whether Linnaeus or Murray is the correct authority for the binomial name.</ref> ডুৰিয়ান ফুল ডাঙৰ আৰু পাখিযুক্ত, প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে ৰস থাকে আৰু গধুৰ, টেঙা, মাখনৰ দৰে গোন্ধ দিয়ে। এই বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ ফুলৰ ৰস আৰু চুপহী খোৱা কিছুমান বিশেষ প্ৰজাতিৰ বাদুলিৰ দ্বাৰা পৰাগযোগ হয়। == জাত == শতিকাজুৰি দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত উদ্ভিদজাত ক্ল’নৰ দ্বাৰা বংশবৃদ্ধি কৰা অসংখ্য ডুৰিয়ান জাতৰ জন্ম হৈছে। আগতে ইয়াৰ খেতি কৰা হৈছিল, মিশ্ৰিত ফলাফলৰ সৈতে, উচ্চমানৰ ফল দিয়া গছৰ বীজৰ পৰা, কিন্তু এতিয়া ইয়াক লেয়াৰিং, মাৰ্কোটিং বা অধিক সাধাৰণভাৱে, কলি, ভেনিয়াৰ, ৱেজ, হুইপ আৰু ইউ-গ্ৰাফ্টিংকে ধৰি গ্ৰাফ্টিং কৰি ইয়াৰ পুলিৰ ওপৰত বংশবৃদ্ধি কৰা হয় যাদৃচ্ছিকভাৱে নিৰ্বাচিত ৰুটষ্টক। ফলৰ আকৃতিৰ তাৰতম্য, যেনে কাঁইটৰ আকৃতিৰ দ্বাৰা বিভিন্ন জাতক কিছু পৰিমাণে পৃথক কৰিব পাৰি। <ref>Brown 1997, pp. 77–81</ref> === '''মালয়েছিয়াৰ জাত''' === মালয়েছিয়াৰ কৃষি আৰু কৃষিভিত্তিক উদ্যোগ মন্ত্ৰালয়ে ১৯৩৪ চনৰ পৰা পঞ্জীয়নভুক্ত জাতৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে, য'ত প্ৰতিটো জাতক এটা সাধাৰণ নাম আৰু "D" ৰে আৰম্ভ হোৱা ক'ড নম্বৰ দিয়া হৈছে। এই সংহিতাসমূহ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ মাজেৰে ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়; ২০২১ চনৰ হিচাপত ২০০ৰো অধিক পঞ্জীয়নভুক্ত জাত আছিল। <ref>"Varieties Registered For National Crop List". ''pvpbkkt.doa.gov.my''. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> বাৰ্ষিক মালয়েছিয়ান কৃষি, উদ্যান শস্য, আৰু কৃষি পৰ্যটন প্ৰদৰ্শনীত অনুষ্ঠিত প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ জৰিয়তে বহুতো উচ্চমানৰ জাত চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। মালয়েছিয়াৰ ১৩টা সাধাৰণ জাতৰ ৰং, গঠন, গন্ধ, সোৱাদ, উচ্চ উৎপাদন আৰু বিভিন্ন ৰোগৰ প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা অনুকূল গুণ আছে।<ref name=":1">''Mengenali Variety Durian Popular di Malaysia'' (PDF). Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</ref> আশীৰ দশকত পাহাঙৰ ৰাউবৰ টান লাই ফুক নামৰ এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে কেলান্টানৰ গুয়া মুছাঙত ডুৰিয়ান গছত উজুটি খাইছিল। তেওঁ গ্ৰাফ্টিংৰ বাবে ৰাউবলৈ এটা ডাল ঘূৰাই আনিলে। ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তিস্থলৰ নামেৰে এই জাতটোৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই জাতটোৰ মাংস উজ্জ্বল হালধীয়া আৰু ই D24 ৰ অধিক শক্তিশালী বা বৰ্ধিত সংস্কৰণৰ দৰে।<ref name=":2">"How to Identify Musang King and D24". Year of the durian. 16 February 2013. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.</ref> ছিংগাপুৰ আৰু ভিয়েটনামত ই পছন্দৰ জাত।<ref name=":2" /> মালয়েছিয়াৰ আন জনপ্ৰিয় জাতসমূহৰ ভিতৰত "টেক্কা", ভিতৰৰ কাণ্ডত এটা সুকীয়া হালধীয়া ৰঙৰ গুৰি থাকে; "D168" (IOI), যি ঘূৰণীয়া, মধ্যমীয়া আকাৰৰ, সেউজীয়া আৰু হালধীয়া বাহিৰৰ ছাল, আৰু সহজে আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা মাংস যি মধ্যমীয়া-ডাঠ, কঠিন, হালধীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু মিঠা; <ref>Van Dyk, Mel (28 June 2019). "Durian mas hajah hasmah". ''The Independent Insight''. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</ref> আৰু "ৰেড প্ৰ'ন" (উডাং মেৰাহ, ডি১৭৫), পাহাং আৰু জোহৰ ৰাজ্যত পোৱা যায়।[22][23] ইয়াৰ ফল মধ্যমীয়া আকাৰৰ, অণ্ডাকাৰ, বাদামী সেউজীয়া, চুটি কাঁইটযুক্ত। মাংস ডাঠ, কঠিন নহয়, হালধীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ সোৱাদ মিঠা।<ref name=":1" /> === '''ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান জাত''' === ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত ১০০ৰো অধিক প্ৰজাতিৰ ডুৰিয়ান আছে। আটাইতকৈ বেছি খেতি কৰা প্ৰজাতিটো হৈছে ডি. জিবেথিনাছ। <ref name=":3">Ruwaida, Ismi Puji; Supriyadi; Parjanto (2009). "Variability analysis of Sukun durian plant (Durio zibethinus) based on RAPD marker". ''Nusantara Bioscience''. '''1''' (2). Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</ref> উল্লেখযোগ্য জাতসমূহ হ'ল সুকুন (মধ্য জাভা), চিটোকং (বেটাৱী), ছিজাপাং (বেটাৱী), ছিমাছ (বোগ'ৰ), সুনান (জেপাৰা), ছি ডোডোল আৰু ছি হিজাউ (দক্ষিণ কালিমন্তান),<ref name=":3" /> আৰু পেট্ৰুক (মধ্য জাভা)।<ref name=":3" /> === থাই জাত === থাইলেণ্ডত মন থং হৈছে ব্যৱসায়িকভাৱে আটাইতকৈ চাহিদা থকা জাত । ইয়াৰ ডাঠ, সম্পূৰ্ণ শৰীৰৰ ক্ৰীমযুক্ত আৰু মৃদু মিঠা সোৱাদৰ মাংসৰ বাবে মধ্যমীয়া গোন্ধ আৰু সৰু বীজ, আনহাতে চানী ফাইট’ফ্থ’ৰা পালমিভ’ৰাৰ সংক্ৰমণৰ প্ৰতি আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰতিৰোধী। কান ইয়াওৰ চাহিদা কম, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ ব্যৱসায় ভাল কাৰণ ই মিঠা আৰু গন্ধহীন। থাইলেণ্ডৰ জাতসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্তমান পাঁচটা বৃহৎ ব্যৱসায়িক খেতি চলি আছে: চানী, মন থং, কান ইয়াও, ৰুৱাং আৰু ক্ৰাডুম। <ref>"Durian Exporting Strategy, National Durian Database (กลยุทธการส่งออกทุเรียน)" (in Thai). Department of Agriculture, Thailand. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2010.</ref> ২০০৭ চনলৈকে থাই চৰকাৰৰ বিজ্ঞানী ছংপল ছমশ্ৰীয়ে নব্বৈটাতকৈও অধিক জাতৰ ডুৰিয়ান সংকৰণ কৰি চান্টাবুৰী নং ১ নামৰ এটা জাত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল, যিটো বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ গন্ধ নথকা এটা জাত। <ref>Fuller, Thomas (8 April 2007). "Fans Sour on Sweeter Version of Asia's Smelliest Fruit". ''The New York Times''. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</ref> আন এটা হাইব্ৰিড, চান্টাবুৰী নং ৩, ফল ছিঙি লোৱাৰ প্ৰায় তিনিদিন পিছত এই দুৰ্গন্ধ বিকশিত কৰে, যিয়ে গন্ধহীন পৰিবহণ সক্ষম কৰে যদিও তিতা গন্ধ পছন্দ কৰা গ্ৰাহকক সন্তুষ্ট কৰে।[27] ২০১২ চনৰ ২২ মে’ত থাইলেণ্ডৰ আন দুটা জাতৰ লং লেপ্লাই আৰু লিন লাপ্লে, উত্তৰাদিত প্ৰদেশৰ গৱৰ্ণৰ যোথিন চামুটখিৰীয়ে জনসাধাৰণৰ সন্মুখত উপস্থাপন কৰে য’ৰ পৰা এই জাতসমূহ স্থানীয়ভাৱে বিকশিত কৰা হৈছিল, আনহাতে তেওঁ লাপ্লাই জিলাৰ বাৰ্ষিক ডুৰিয়ান মেলা, আৰু প্ৰত্যেককে দিয়া নাম জাত। <ref>"Odourless durians to hit the market". ''The Nation''. 23 May 2012. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.</ref> == খেতি আৰু ব্যৱসায় == ২০১৮ চনত থাইলেণ্ডে প্ৰতি বছৰে প্ৰায় ৭ লাখ টন ডুৰিয়ান উৎপাদন কৰে, ইয়াৰে ৪ লাখ টন মূল চীন আৰু হংকঙলৈ ৰপ্তানি কৰা হয়। <ref>Svasti, Pichaya; Jariyasombat, Peerawat (22 April 2018). "Made in Thailand". ''Bangkok Post''. No. Brunch. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</ref> থাইলেণ্ডৰ চান্টাবুৰীত প্ৰতি বছৰে মে’ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিতে বিশ্ব ডুৰিয়ান উৎসৱ অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। এই একক প্ৰদেশখনেই থাইলেণ্ডৰ ডুৰিয়ান উৎপাদনৰ আধা অংশৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ। ফিলিপাইনছৰ ডাভাও অঞ্চলত এই ফলৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ উৎপাদন হয় আৰু দেশখনৰ মুঠ উৎপাদনৰ ৬০% উৎপাদন হয়। <ref>Mellejor, Lilian (30 July 2018). "Davao City remains top producer of durian fruit". ''Philippine News Agency''. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</ref> ব্ৰুনাইত গ্ৰাহকে ডি.গ্ৰেভিঅ’লেন্স, ডি.কুটেজেন্সিছ আৰু ডি. এই প্ৰজাতিবোৰে জিনীয়ভাৱে বৈচিত্ৰময় শস্যৰ উৎস গঠন কৰে। <ref>Osman, M. B.; Mohamed, Z. A.; Idris, S.; Aman, R. (1995). ''Tropical fruit production and genetic resources in Southeast Asia: Identifying the priority fruit species'' (PDF). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). ISBN <bdi>978-92-9043-249-4</bdi>. OCLC 723476105. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2017.</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াত ডুৰিয়ান আৰু ১৯৭৫ চনত ক্ল'নেল সামগ্ৰীৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা হয়। ২০১৯ চনত আমদানি কৰা সতেজ ডুৰিয়ানৰ মূল্য চীনলৈ আমদানি কৰা সকলো সতেজ ফলৰ ভিতৰত সৰ্বাধিক হৈ পৰে, যিটো পূৰ্বতে চেৰী আছিল। ২০২১ চনত চীনে সেই বছৰত থাইলেণ্ডৰ সতেজ ডুৰিয়ান ৰপ্তানিৰ ৯০ শতাংশ মূল্যৰ কমেও ৩.৪ বিলিয়ন মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ ক্ৰয় কৰে।<ref>"Durian Was Most Popular Imported Fruit in China Last Year With Imports of USD4.2 Billion". ''www.yicaiglobal.com''. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</ref> ২০২২ চনত ফিলিপাইনছ আৰু ভিয়েটনামে চীনলৈ সতেজ ডুৰিয়ান ৰপ্তানিৰ অনুমতি লাভ কৰাৰ সময়ত চীনৰ সামগ্ৰিক আমদানি ৪ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় আৰু ২০২৩ চনত ১৪ লাখ টন আমদানি কৰাৰ সময়ত ৬.৭ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায়। ডুৰিয়ান ধন-সম্পত্তিৰ ইংগিত দিয়া ষ্টেটাছ চিম্বল হৈ পৰিছে। থাইলেণ্ডৰ পৰা অহা ডুৰিয়ানৰ খুচুৰা মূল্য প্ৰায় ১৫০ য়েন (২০ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ), আনহাতে অধিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত মুছাং কিং জাতৰ খুচুৰা মূল্য প্ৰায় ৫০০ য়েন আৰু ই জন্মদিন বা বিয়াৰ উপহাৰ হ’ব পাৰে। ৰপ্তানিকাৰকসকলৰ বাবে সম্ভাৱ্য মূল্যই চীনক বাণিজ্যিক আলোচনাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ডুৰিয়ানক লাভৱান কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিছে।[35] দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰা চীনলৈ ডুৰিয়ানৰ সমগ্ৰ ৰপ্তানি ২০১৭ চনত ৫৫ কোটি মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ পৰা ২০২৩ চনত ৬.৭ বিলিয়ন মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায়।[38] চীনে এই ফলৰ সৰ্বাধিক আমদানি কৰিছিল থাইলেণ্ডৰ পৰা, তাৰ পিছতে আছে মালয়েছিয়া আৰু ভিয়েটনাম।<ref name=":5">Fuller, Thomas; Bhaskar, Gabriela (16 June 2024). "China's Lust for Durian Is Creating Fortunes in Southeast Asia". ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</ref> ডুৰিয়ান তুলনামূলকভাৱে ব্যয়বহুল ফল কাৰণ ইয়াৰ সংৰক্ষণ সময় কম। <ref>Rodrigues, Sueli; Silva, Ebenezer de Oliveira; De Brito, Edy Sousa (5 January 2018). ''Exotic Fruits Reference Guide''. Academic Press. p. 169. ISBN <bdi>978-0-12-803153-7</bdi>. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</ref> প্ৰতিটো ফল ভালদৰে মেৰিয়াই সংৰক্ষণ সময় প্ৰায় ৪ৰ পৰা ৫ সপ্তাহলৈ বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পাৰি। == সোৱাদ আৰু গন্ধ == ==== ইতিহাস ==== [[চিত্ৰ:4SeasonsDurians22102009-02 (4034657521).jpg|thumb|পকা ডুৰিয়ান ফল]] ১৮৫৬ চনত লিখা ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰকৃতিবিদ আলফ্ৰেড ৰাছেল ৱালেছে এই ফলৰ স্থায়িত্ব আৰু সোৱাদক "বৰ্ণনীয় নহয়। আলমণ্ডৰ সৈতে অতি সোৱাদযুক্ত চহকী কাষ্টাৰ্ডে ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোত্তম সাধাৰণ ধাৰণা দিয়ে, কিন্তু মাজে মাজে সোৱাদৰ ঢৌৱে ক্ৰীম-চীজ, পিঁয়াজৰ কথা মনত পেলায়।" -চচ, শ্বেৰী-ৱাইন, আৰু অন্যান্য অসঙ্গতিপূৰ্ণ খাদ্য তাৰ পিছত এটা চহকী পাল্পত আঠাযুক্ত মসৃণতা যিটো আন একোৱেই নাথাকে, কিন্তু যিয়ে ইয়াৰ সুস্বাদুতা বৃদ্ধি কৰে।" তেওঁ এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হয় যে ই "অভিজ্ঞতা কৰিবলৈ পূবলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰাৰ যোগ্য নতুন অনুভূতি প্ৰদান কৰে। যিহেতু ইয়াৰ অতি সুন্দৰ সোৱাদৰ খাদ্য উৎপাদন কৰাটো অতুলনীয়।" <ref name=":6"><nowiki><ref name="Wallace"></nowiki>{{cite web|last=Wallace|first=Alfred Russel|title=On the Bamboo and Durian of Borneo|year=1856|url=http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S027.htm|access-date=2008-11-20|author-link=Alfred Russel Wallace|archive-date=2008-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006070444/http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S027.htm|url-status=live|archivedate=2008-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006070444/http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S027.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref></ref> ৱালেছে নিজকে প্ৰথমতে ইয়াক চেষ্টা কৰিবলৈ অনিচ্ছুক বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল কাৰণ কিন্তু বোৰ্নিওত এটা খাই "দুৱাৰৰ বাহিৰত, মই লগে লগে নিশ্চিত ডুৰিয়ান খোৱা মানুহ হৈ পৰিলোঁ"।[45] তেওঁ আন এজন লেখকৰ উদ্ধৃতি দি এইদৰে উল্লেখ কৰিছে: "অভ্যস্ত নোহোৱাসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰথমতে পচি যোৱা পিঁয়াজৰ দৰে গোন্ধ ওলোৱা যেন লাগে, কিন্তু সোৱাদ লোৱাৰ লগে লগে তেওঁলোকে ইয়াক আন সকলো খাদ্যতকৈ বেছি পছন্দ কৰে। থলুৱা লোকসকলে ইয়াক সন্মানজনক উপাধি দিয়ে, উচ্চতা কৰে, আৰু তাৰ ওপৰত পদ বনাওক।<nowiki><ref>Wallace, Alfred Russel (1886). </nowiki>''The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utang and the bird of paradise''. London: Macmillan & Co. pp. 74–75. Retrieved 4 June 2010. <nowiki></ref></nowiki> ঔপন্যাসিক এন্থনী বাৰ্জেছে লিখিছে যে ডুৰিয়ান খোৱাটো "লেভেটৰীত মিঠা ৰাস্পবেৰী ব্লাংকেঞ্জ খোৱাৰ দৰেই"। <ref>Burgess, Anthony (1993) [1956]. ''The Long Day Wanes: A Malayan Trilogy''. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 68. ISBN <bdi>978-0-393-30943-0</bdi>. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2020.</ref> ভ্ৰমণ আৰু খাদ্যৰ লেখক ৰিচাৰ্ড ষ্টাৰলিঙে কৈছে যে "ইয়াৰ দুৰ্গন্ধক গাহৰিৰ মল, টাৰ্পেন্টাইন আৰু পিঁয়াজ বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰাটো ভাল, জিমৰ মোজাৰে সজাই তোলা।"<ref>Winokur, Jon, ed. (2003). ''The Traveling Curmudgeon: Irreverent Notes, Quotes, and Anecdotes on Dismal Destinations, Excess Baggage, the Full Upright Position, and Other Reasons Not to Go There''. Sasquatch Books. p. 102. ISBN <bdi>978-1-57061-389-0</bdi>.</ref> চিভেট, নলা-নৰ্দমা, বাসি বমি, স্কাংক স্প্ৰে'ৰ সৈতে আন তুলনা কৰা হৈছে আৰু অস্ত্ৰোপচাৰৰ শ্বাব ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। এনে বৰ্ণনাই গন্ধৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনশীলতাক প্ৰতিফলিত কৰিব পাৰে। বিভিন্ন প্ৰজাতি আৰু জাতৰ সুগন্ধি লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে ভিন্ন হয়; উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰঙা ডুৰিয়ান (D. dulcis) ৰ গভীৰ কেৰামেল সোৱাদ আৰু টাৰ্পেন্টাইনৰ গোন্ধ থাকে আনহাতে ৰঙা মাংসৰ ডুৰিয়ান (D. graveolens) য়ে পোৰা আলমণ্ডৰ সুগন্ধি নিৰ্গত কৰে।<ref name=":4" /> এই ফলৰ প্ৰবল গোন্ধৰ বাবে ইয়াক ছিংগাপুৰ[49] আৰু বেংককত ৰাজহুৱা পৰিবহণ ব্যৱস্থাৰ পৰা নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>'World's smelliest fruit' now banned from Bangkok buses". ''The Star''. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2024.</ref> ==== জৈৱৰাসায়নিক ভিত্তি ==== ডুৰিয়ানৰ এটাৰ ৰাসায়নিক বিশ্লেষণে ইংগিত দিয়ে যে ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় ৪৬,০০০ ক'ডিং আৰু নন-ক'ডিং জিন আছে, ইয়াৰে মিথিঅ'নিন গামা-লাইজেজ নামৰ এটা শ্ৰেণী – যিয়ে অৰ্গেন'ছালফাৰ যৌগসমূহৰ দুৰ্গন্ধ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে – এই সুকীয়া গন্ধৰ বাবে প্ৰধানকৈ দায়ী হ'ব পাৰে। <ref>Teh, Bin Tean; Lim, Kevin; Yong, Chern Han; Ng, Cedric Chuan Young; Rao, Sushma Ramesh; Rajasegaran, Vikneswari; Lim, Weng Khong; Ong, Choon Kiat; Chan, Ki; Cheng, Vincent Kin Yuen; Soh, Poh Sheng; Swarup, Sanjay; Rozen, Steven G.; Nagarajan, Niranjan; Tan, Patrick (9 October 2017). "The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus)". ''Nature Genetics''. '''49''' (11): 1633–1641. doi:10.1038/ng.3972. <nowiki>PMID 28991254</nowiki>. S2CID 9804756.</ref> ডুৰিয়ানৰ সোৱাদ আৰু সুগন্ধিৰ কাৰণ হৈছে ইয়াত থকা শ শ ফাইটোকেমিকেলৰ যাৰ ভিতৰত ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন থাইঅলৰ সৈতে বিভিন্ন অস্বাভাৱিক যৌগ, যেনে এষ্টাৰ, কিটন, এলক'হল (প্ৰাথমিকভাৱে ইথানল), আৰু অৰ্গেন'ছালফাৰ যৌগ আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name=":5" /> কেইবাটাও জাতৰ অধ্যয়নত এষ্টাৰৰ ভিতৰত ইথাইল ২-মিথাইলবুটান'ৱেটৰ পৰিমাণ সৰ্বাধিক আছিল।<ref>Aziz, Nur A.; Jalil, Abbe M. (13 March 2019). "Bioactive compounds, nutritional value, and potential health benefits of indigenous durian (''Durio zibethinus'' Murr.): A review". ''Foods''. '''8''' (3): E96. doi:10.3390/foods8030096. PMC 6463093. <nowiki>PMID 30871187</nowiki>.</ref> চেনিৰ পৰিমাণ, প্ৰধানকৈ চুক্ৰ'জ, বিভিন্ন ডুৰিয়ান জাতৰ মাজত ৮–২০% ৰ পৰিসৰ থাকে। ডুৰিয়ানৰ মাংসত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ পলিফেনল, বিশেষকৈ মাইৰিচেটিন আৰু বিভিন্ন কেৰটিন'ইড থাকে, য'ত বিটা-কেৰটিনৰ প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণো থাকে। ২০১৯ চনত ইথানথাইঅল আৰু ইয়াৰ ডেৰাইভেটিভসমূহ এই দুৰ্গন্ধৰ উৎস হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। কিন্তু উদ্ভিদটোৱে ইথেনথাইঅল উৎপাদন কৰা জৈৱৰাসায়নিক পথটো অস্পষ্ট হৈয়েই আছিল। <ref>Fischer, Nadine S.; Steinhaus, Martin (11 December 2019). "Identification of an Important Odorant Precursor in Durian: First Evidence of Ethionine in Plants". ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry''. '''68''' (38): 10397–10402. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07065. <nowiki>PMID 31825619</nowiki>. S2CID 209329891.</ref> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সঘনাই ডুৰিয়ানৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহা লোকসকলে ইয়াৰ কিট’ন আৰু এষ্টাৰৰ মিঠাৰ দৰে গোন্ধক পচি যোৱা বা পুট্ৰেচিন দুৰ্গন্ধৰ পৰা সহজেই পৃথক কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয় যিবোৰ অস্বাভাৱিক এমাইন আৰু ফেটি এচিডৰ পৰা হয়। কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে এই গোন্ধবোৰৰ পাৰ্থক্য কৰিব নোৱাৰে আৰু এই ফলটোক বিষাক্ত বুলি বিবেচনা কৰে, আনহাতে কিছুমানে ইয়াক সুখদায়ক আৰু আকৰ্ষণীয় বুলি বিবেচনা কৰে। <ref name=":6" /> এই প্ৰচণ্ড গোন্ধ আধা মাইল দূৰত জীৱ-জন্তুৱে ধৰা পেলাব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত সিহঁত প্ৰলোভিত হয়। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও কাছ, নিগনি হৰিণ, গাহৰি, সূৰ্য্য ভালুক, অৰেংগুটান, হাতী, আনকি মাংসভোজী বাঘ আদি বিভিন্ন প্ৰাণীৰ বাবে এই ফল অতি ৰুচিকৰ। এই প্ৰাণীবোৰৰ কিছুমানে ফল খাই বীজটো মল সৈতে দূৰ কৰবাত নিস্কাষণ কৰাৰ বাবে ইয়াত বিস্তাৰ হয়। <ref>Marinelli, Janet, ed. (1998). ''Brooklyn Botanic Garden Gardener's Desk Reference''. Henry Holt and Co. p. 691. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8050-5095-0</bdi>.</ref> ফলবোৰৰ কাঁইটীয়া, সাজসজ্জিত আৱৰণে সৰু জীৱ-জন্তুবোৰক নিৰুৎসাহিত কৰে। <ref>McGee, Harold (2004). ''On Food and Cooking'' (Revised ed.). Scribner. p. 379. ISBN <bdi>978-0-684-80001-1</bdi>.</ref> ==== পকা আৰু নিৰ্বাচন ==== ফলবিজ্ঞানী লাৰ'ছ গেষ্ট্ৰ'নমিকৰ মতে ডুৰিয়ান ফলৰ খোলাটো ফাটিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিলেই ই খাবলৈ সাজু হৈ উঠে। কিন্তু দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অঞ্চলভেদে আৰু প্ৰজাতি অনুসৰি উপভোগ কৰিবলগীয়া পকোৱাৰ ধৰণ বেলেগ বেলেগ। কিছুমান প্ৰজাতি ইমানেই ওখ হয় যে মাটিত পৰিলেহে সংগ্ৰহ কৰিব পাৰি, আনহাতে ডি.জিবেথিনাছৰ বেছিভাগ জাতেই প্ৰায় সদায় গছৰ পৰা কাটি বিক্ৰীৰ বাবে অপেক্ষা কৰি পকিবলৈ দিয়া হয়। দক্ষিণ থাইলেণ্ডৰ কিছুমান মানুহে তেওঁলোকৰ ডুৰিয়ান তুলনামূলকভাৱে সৰু হোৱাটো পছন্দ কৰে, যেতিয়া খোলাৰ ভিতৰৰ ফলৰ থুপবোৰ এতিয়াও দেখিবলৈ বেয়া আৰু সোৱাদত মৃদু। উত্তৰ থাইলেণ্ডৰ কিছুমান লোকৰ বাবে ফলটো কোমল আৰু সুগন্ধি হোৱাটো পছন্দ কৰা হয়। মালয়েছিয়া আৰু ছিংগাপুৰত বেছিভাগ গ্ৰাহকে ফলটো যিমান পাৰি পকা আৰু সুগন্ধিযুক্ত হোৱাটো পছন্দ কৰে আৰু আনকি ইতিমধ্যে খোলা ফাটি যোৱাৰ পিছতো ফলটোক পকিবলৈ দিয়াৰ আশংকাও কৰিব পাৰে। এই অৱস্থাত মাংস প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে ক্ৰীমযুক্ত আৰু সামান্য মদ্যপান কৰা হয়। <ref>Davidson, Alan (1999). ''The Oxford Companion to Food''. Oxford University Press. p. 263. ISBN <bdi>978-0-19-211579-9</bdi>.</ref> গ্ৰাহকৰ মাজত পকি থকাৰ সম্পৰ্কে বিভিন্ন পছন্দৰ বাবে "ভাল" ডুৰিয়ান বাছি লোৱাৰ বিষয়ে সাধাৰণ বক্তব্য জাৰি কৰাটো কঠিন হৈ পৰে। গছৰ পৰা সৰি পৰা ডুৰিয়ান দুদিনৰ পৰা চাৰিদিনলৈকে পকি থাকে, কিন্তু পাঁচ বা ছয় দিনৰ পিছত বেছিভাগেই ইয়াক অতি পকা আৰু অস্বাদু বুলি গণ্য কৰিব।<ref name=":6" /> সকলো একেই, কিছুমান থাইয়ে এনে অতি পকা ফল কল চেনিৰ সৈতে ৰান্ধে, যাৰ ফলত ডুৰিয়ান (বা থুৰিয়ান) গুয়ান নামৰ মিঠাইৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref>'''^''' Brown 1997, pp. 56–59</ref> == ব্যৱহাৰ == থাইলেণ্ডত ডুৰিয়ানক মিঠা আঠাযুক্ত চাউলৰ সৈতে সতেজভাৱে খোৱা হয় আৰু বজাৰত ডুৰিয়ান পেষ্টৰ ব্লক বিক্ৰী কৰা হয় যদিও পেষ্টৰ বেছিভাগেই কুমলীয়া ডালিমৰ সৈতে মিহলি কৰা হয়। ফিলিপাইনছৰ বাহিৰে পকা ডুৰিয়ান শাক হিচাপে ৰন্ধা হয়, য’ত সকলো ব্যৱহাৰ টেঙা নহয়, মিঠা। মালয়েছিয়ানসকলে ডুৰিয়ানৰ পৰা চেনি আৰু নিমখযুক্ত দুয়োটা সংৰক্ষিত দ্ৰব্য তৈয়াৰ কৰে। ডুৰিয়ানক নিমখ, পিয়াঁজ আৰু ভিনেগাৰৰ সৈতে কুটিলে ইয়াক ব’ডাৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। মালয়েছিয়াৰ কেলান্টানত সতেজ ডুৰিয়ান বা টেম্পোয়াকক পিয়াঁজ আৰু মৰিচাৰ টুকুৰা, চূণৰ ৰস আৰু বুডু (কিম্বন কৰা এঞ্চোভি চচ)ৰ সৈতে মিহলাই চাউল ভিত্তিক খাদ্যৰ সৈতে মচলা হিচাপে খোৱা হয়। চেষ্টনাটৰ সমান আকাৰৰ গুটিবোৰ সিজোৱা, পোৰা বা নাৰিকল তেলত ভাজি খাব পাৰি, তাৰ টেক্সচাৰ টাৰো বা ৰঙালাওৰ দৰে, কিন্তু আঠাযুক্ত। জাভাত গুটিবোৰ পাতলকৈ কাটি চেনি দি মিঠাই হিচাপে সিজোৱা হয়। চাইক্ল'প্ৰ'পিন ফেটি এচিডৰ বাবে অৰন্ধা বীজ বিষাক্ত হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>Brown 1997, pp. 56–59</ref> ডুৰিয়ান ফল বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ মিঠা খাব পৰা খাদ্য যেনে পৰম্পৰাগত মালয় মিঠাই, আইচ কাকাং, ড'ডল, লেম্পুক, গোলাপ বিস্কুট, আইচক্ৰীম, মিল্কশ্বেক, মুনকেক, ইউল লগ আৰু কেপচুচিনোৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। এছ ডুৰিয়ান (ডুৰিয়ান আইচক্ৰীম) ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জনপ্ৰিয় ডেজাৰ্ট, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চহৰসমূহত বিশেষকৈ জাভাত ৰাস্তাৰ কাষৰ ষ্টলত বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়। পুলুট ডুৰিয়ান বা কেটান ডুৰিয়ান হৈছে নাৰিকল গাখীৰৰ সৈতে ভাপত দিয়া আঠাযুক্ত চাউল আৰু পকা ডুৰিয়ানৰ সৈতে পৰিবেশন কৰা। ছাবাহত ৰঙা ডুৰিয়ানক পিঁয়াজ আৰু মৰিচাৰ সৈতে ভাজি পাৰ্শ্ব খাদ্য হিচাপে পৰিবেশন কৰা হয়। <ref>Traditional Cuisine". Sabah Tourism Promotion Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</ref> ৰঙা মাংসৰ ডুৰিয়ান পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে মিঠা পানীৰ মাছৰ পৰা তৈয়াৰী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান চূপ ছাউৰত যোগ কৰা হয়। ইকান ব্ৰেংকেছ টেম্পোয়াক হৈছে ডুৰিয়ান ভিত্তিক চচত ৰন্ধা মাছ, যিটো সুমাট্ৰাত পৰম্পৰাগত। <ref>Vaisutis, Justine; Bedford, Neal; Elliott, Mark; Ray, Nick; Berkmoes, Ryan Ver (2007). ''Indonesia (Lonely Planet Travel Guides)''. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 83. ISBN <bdi>978-1-74104-435-5</bdi>.</ref> == পুষ্টি == কেঁচা ডুৰিয়ান ৬৫% পানী, ২৭% কাৰ্বহাইড্ৰেট (৪% খাদ্য আঁহকে ধৰি), ৫% চৰ্বি আৰু ১% প্ৰটিনেৰে গঠিত। ১০০ গ্ৰামত কেঁচা বা সতেজ ফ্ৰ’জেন ডুৰিয়ানে দৈনিক মূল্যৰ (ডিভি) ৩৩% থাইয়ামিন আৰু অন্যান্য বি ভিটামিন, ভিটামিন চি আৰু খাদ্যৰ খনিজ মেংগানিজৰ মধ্যমীয়া পৰিমাণ (১৫–২৪% ডিভি, টেবুল) প্ৰদান কৰে। মালয়েছিয়া, থাইলেণ্ড আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন জাতৰ কাৰ্বহাইড্ৰেটৰ পৰিমাণ ১৬ৰ পৰা ২৯%, চৰ্বিৰ পৰিমাণ ২–৫%, প্ৰটিনৰ পৰিমাণ ২–৪%, আৰু খাদ্যত আঁহৰ পৰিমাণ ১–৪% আৰু কেলৰিৰ মূল্যৰ ভিন্নতা থাকে প্ৰতি ১০০ গ্ৰামত ৮৪ৰ পৰা ১৮৫ কিলোকেলৰিলৈকে। ডুৰিয়ান মাংসত থকা ফেটি এচিডত বিশেষকৈ অলিক এচিড আৰু পালমিটিক এচিড থাকে। <ref name="Aziz" /> == উৎপত্তি আৰু ইতিহাস == ডুৰিয়ানৰ উৎপত্তি বোৰ্নিও আৰু সুমাট্ৰা অঞ্চলত বুলি ভবা হয়, মালয় উপদ্বীপত বন্য গছ আৰু ভাৰতৰ পৰা নিউ গিনিলৈকে বহল অঞ্চলত সাধাৰণতে ফলৰ বাগিচা খেতি কৰা হয়। চাৰিশ বছৰৰ আগতে বৰ্তমানৰ ম্যানমাৰত ইয়াৰ ব্যৱসায় কৰা হৈছিল আৰু বিশেষকৈ থাইলেণ্ড আৰু দক্ষিণ ভিয়েটনামত ইয়াৰ সক্ৰিয় খেতি কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name=":4" /> ইউৰোপীয়সকলে ডুৰিয়ানৰ বিষয়ে আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে ১৫ শতিকাত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যোৱা নিকোলো ডি' কন্টিৰ ৰেকৰ্ড। <ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1997|p=3}}</ref> লেটিন ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে য'ত পজিঅ' ব্ৰাচিঅ'লিনিয়ে ডি কন্টিৰ ভ্ৰমণ লিপিবদ্ধ কৰিছিল: "তেওঁলোকৰ [সুমাট্ৰাৰ মানুহে] এটা সেউজীয়া ফল আছে যিটো তেওঁলোকে ডুৰিয়ান বুলি কয়, তৰমুজৰ দৰে ডাঙৰ। ভিতৰত দীঘলীয়া কমলাৰ দৰে পাঁচটা বস্তু আছে, আৰু ডাঠ মাখনৰ দৰে"<ref name="Morton" /> পৰ্তুগীজ চিকিৎসক গাৰ্চিয়া ডি অৰ্টাই ক'ল'কিঅ'ছ ড'ছত ডুৰিয়ানৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল ১৭৪১ চনত জাৰ্মান উদ্ভিদবিদ জৰ্জ এবাৰহাৰ্ড ৰামফিয়াছৰ হাৰ্বেৰিয়াম এম্বোইনেন্স প্ৰকাশ পায়, য'ত এশ বছৰতকৈও অধিক সময়ৰ ডুৰিয়ানৰ আটাইতকৈ বিশদ আৰু সঠিক বিৱৰণ পোৱা যায়। ডুৰিঅ' প্ৰজাতিটোৰ এটা জটিল শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন আছে যিয়ে ৰামফিয়াছে সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পিছৰে পৰা বহু প্ৰজাতিৰ বিয়োগ আৰু যোগ কৰা দেখা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ত ডুৰিয়ান আৰু ছ'ৰচপ (Annona muricata)ৰ মাজত কিছু বিভ্ৰান্তিৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল, কাৰণ এই দুয়োটা প্ৰজাতিৰ কাঁইটীয়া সেউজীয়া ফল আছিল। ছ'ৰচপৰ মালয় নাম ডুৰিয়ান বেলাণ্ডা, অৰ্থাৎ ডাচ ডুৰিয়ান।[69] ১৮ শতিকাত জোহান এণ্টন ৱেইনমেনে ডুৰিয়ানক কেষ্টেনিয়াৰ অন্তৰ্গত বুলি গণ্য কৰিছিল কাৰণ ইয়াৰ ফল ঘোঁৰাৰ চেষ্টনাটৰ সৈতে মিল আছিল। <ref>Yule, Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1996) [1886]. "Durian, Dorian". ''Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo–Indian Dictionary''. Wordsworth Editions. p. 332. ISBN <bdi>978-1853263637</bdi>. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2015.</ref> ষোড়শ শতিকাত পৰ্তুগীজসকলে চিলনত ডি.জিবেথিনাছক প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে আৰু পিছত বহুবাৰ পুনৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে। ইয়াক আমেৰিকাত ৰোপণ কৰা হৈছে যদিও উদ্ভিদ উদ্যানত সীমাবদ্ধ। প্ৰথম পুলিবোৰ ৰয়েল বটানিক গাৰ্ডেন, কিউৰ পৰা ১৮৮৪ চনত ডমিনিকাৰ অগাষ্ট চেণ্ট-আৰ'মানলৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত ডুৰিয়ানৰ খেতি গাঁও পৰ্যায়ত শতিকাজুৰি চলি আহিছে, সম্ভৱতঃ ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা আৰু ব্যৱসায়িকভাৱে ২০ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা। মাই ট্ৰপিক আইলত অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ লেখক আৰু প্ৰকৃতিবিদ এডমাণ্ড জেমছ বেনফিল্ডে কয় যে কেনেকৈ ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছিংগাপুৰৰ এজন বন্ধুৱে তেওঁক ডুৰিয়ানৰ বীজ পঠিয়াইছিল, যিটো তেওঁ কুইন্সলেণ্ডৰ উত্তৰ উপকূলৰ ওচৰৰ গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় দ্বীপত ৰোপণ কৰি যত্ন লৈছিল। <ref>Banfield, E. J. (1911). ''My Tropic Isle''. T. Fisher Unwin. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনত ব্ৰিটিছ উদ্ভিদবিদ ই.জে.এইচ.কৰ্ণাৰে দ্য ডুৰিয়ান থিয়ৰী বা আধুনিক গছৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰা হৈছিল যে এণ্ড'জুকোৰী (জীৱ-জন্তুক পেটত বীজ পৰিবহণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰলোভন) বীজ বিয়পোৱাৰ আন যিকোনো পদ্ধতিৰ আগতেই উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল আৰু ডুৰিঅ' প্ৰজাতিৰ আদিম পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলেই সেই বিক্ষিপ্তকৰণ পদ্ধতিৰ আদিম অনুশীলনকাৰী আছিল, বিশেষকৈ ৰঙা ডুৰিয়ান (D. dulcis) ফুল ফুলাৰ আদিম ফলৰ উদাহৰণ দাঙি ধৰিছে। কিন্তু ডুৰিঅ'নিয়া আৰু ইয়াৰ ভগ্নী ট্যাক্সাসমূহ যি জনগোষ্ঠীত পৰে, ডুৰিঅ'নিয়াৰ অধিক শেহতীয়া পৰিসীমাত মাংসল এৰিল আৰু কাঁইটীয়া ফল ক্লেডৰ ভিতৰত উৎপন্ন হয়। কিছুমান বংশৰ এই চৰিত্ৰবোৰ থাকে যদিও আন কিছুমানৰ নাথাকে। শেহতীয়া আণৱিক প্ৰমাণ (যিটোৰ ওপৰত ডুৰিঅ'নিয়াৰ শেহতীয়া, সুসমৰ্থিত পৰিসীমা ভিত্তি হৈছে) সেয়েহে কৰ্ণাৰৰ ডুৰিয়ান তত্ত্বক খণ্ডন কৰে। ১৯৯০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰা এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ চাউথইষ্ট এছিয়ান নেচনছ (আছিয়ান) অঞ্চলত ডুৰিয়ানৰ ঘৰুৱা আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চাহিদা যথেষ্ট বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। ২০২০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনত ডুৰিয়ানৰ উন্মাদনাৰ ফলত এই ফলৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্য বহু পৰিমাণে বৃদ্ধি পায়।<ref>Shan, Lee Ying (13 September 2023). "Demand for the world's smelliest fruit has soared 400%, fueled by China's 'craze'". ''cnbc.com''. CNBC. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু লোকচিকিৎসা == ==== সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰভাৱ ==== স্থানীয় এটা সাধাৰণ বিশ্বাস হ'ল যে কফি বা মদ্যপানৰ সৈতে খালে ডুৰিয়ান ক্ষতিকাৰক। <ref>Brown 1997, p. 51.</ref> পিছৰ বিশ্বাসটো অন্ততঃ ১৮ শতিকাৰ পৰাই হ’ব পাৰে যেতিয়া ৰামফিয়াছে কৈছিল যে ডুৰিয়ান খোৱাৰ পিছত মদ খাব নালাগে কাৰণ ইয়াৰ ফলত বদহজম আৰু মুখৰ দুৰ্গন্ধ হ’ব। ১৯২৯ চনত জে ডি জিমলেটে তেওঁৰ মালয় পইজনছ এণ্ড চাৰ্ম কিউৰছত লিখিছিল যে ডুৰিয়ান ফল ব্ৰেণ্ডীৰ সৈতে খাব নালাগে। ১৯৮১ চনত জে আৰ ক্ৰফ্টে তেওঁৰ Bombacaceae: In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea ত লিখিছিল যে ডুৰিয়ান খোৱাৰ পিছত অতি সোনকালে মদ্যপান কৰাৰ পিছত "নিচা ধৰাৰ ভাৱ" প্ৰায়ে হয়। এই বিশ্বাসৰ বৈধতাৰ ওপৰত কেইবাটাও চিকিৎসা অনুসন্ধান বিভিন্ন সিদ্ধান্তৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছে, <ref>Brown 1997, p. 51.</ref> যদিও চুকুবা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ এক অধ্যয়নত দেখা গৈছে যে ফলটোৰ উচ্চ চালফাৰৰ পৰিমাণে এলডিহাইড ডিহাইড্ৰ'জেনেজৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপত বাধা দিয়ে, যাৰ ফলত ক্লিয়াৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষমতা ৭০ শতাংশ হ্ৰাস পায় শৰীৰৰ পৰা বিষাক্ত পদাৰ্থ। <ref>"Durians and booze: worse than a stinking hangover". ''New Scientist''. 16 September 2009. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.</ref> ==== লোক চিকিৎসা ==== মালয়েছিয়াত আগতে পাত আৰু শিপাৰ কাপ এন্টিপাইৰেটিক হিচাপে প্ৰেছক্ৰিপচন কৰা হৈছিল। জ্বৰ ৰোগীৰ মূৰত পাতৰ ৰস প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়। <ref name=":4" /> জ্বৰৰ প্ৰতিকাৰ হিচাপে ডুৰিয়ানৰ ঔষধি ব্যৱহাৰৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্পূৰ্ণ বৰ্ণনা হৈছে ১৯৩০ চনত বাৰ্কিল আৰু হেনিফে সংগ্ৰহ কৰা মালয় প্ৰেছক্ৰিপচন।ইয়াত পাঠকক ডুৰিয়া জিবেথিনাছ, নেফেলিয়াম লংগানাৰ শিপাৰ সৈতে হিবিস্কাছ ৰোজা-চিনেন্সিছৰ শিপা উতলাবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হৈছে , Nephelium mutabile আৰু Artocarpus integrifolius, আৰু কাজ বা পান কৰে ইয়াক পাউল্টিচ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। <ref>Burkill, I. H.; Haniff, M. (1930). "Malay village medicine, prescriptions collected". ''Gardens Bulletin Straits Settlements'' (6): 176–177.</ref> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাসৰ লগতে পৰম্পৰাগত চীনা খাদ্য চিকিৎসাই ডুৰিয়ান ফলক অত্যধিক ঘামচি ওলোৱাৰ বাবে উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি কৰা গুণ বুলি গণ্য কৰে। ইয়াক প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ পৰম্পৰাগত পদ্ধতি হ'ল ফলৰ খালী খোলাত পানী ঢালি ফলৰ গুটি খোৱাৰ পিছত পান কৰা।<ref>Huang, Kee C. (1998). ''The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs'' (Second ed.). CRC Press. p. 2. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8493-1665-4</bdi>.</ref> ইয়াৰ বিকল্প পদ্ধতি হ’ল ডুৰিয়ানক আমলখিৰ লগত খোৱা, যিটো শীতল গুণ আছে বুলি ধৰা হয়। গৰ্ভৱতী মহিলা বা উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ থকা লোকক পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে ডুৰিয়ান গ্ৰহণ নকৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হয়। <ref>McElroy, Anne; Townsend, Patricia K. (2003). ''Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective''. Westview Press. p. 253. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8133-3821-7</bdi>.</ref> জাভানিসকলে ডুৰিয়ানৰ কামোদ্দীপক গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে বা তাৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছত কি সেৱন কৰিব পাৰি বা নহ'ব পাৰে তাৰ ওপৰত এক নিয়ম আৰোপ কৰে। <ref>Huang, Kee C. (1998). ''The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs'' (Second ed.). CRC Press. p. 2. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8493-1665-4</bdi>.</ref> ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত ডুৰিয়ান জাতুহ ছাৰুং নাইক নামৰ এটা কথা, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "ডুৰিয়ান সৰি পৰে আৰু চেৰং ওপৰলৈ আহে" এই বিশ্বাসক বুজায়। <ref>Stevens, Alan M. (2000). Schmidgall-Tellings, A. (ed.). ''A Comprehensive Indonesian–English Dictionary''. Ohio University Press. p. 255. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8214-1584-9</bdi>.</ref> এই ফলৰ কল্পিত লেচাৰ গুণৰ বিৰুদ্ধে সতৰ্কবাণী অতি সোনকালেই পশ্চিমলৈ বিয়পি পৰিল – ছুইডেনবৰ্গৰ দাৰ্শনিক হাৰ্মান ভেটাৰলিঙে ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ডুৰিয়ানৰ তথাকথিত "ই কামোদ্দীপক গুণ"ৰ বিষয়ে মন্তব্য কৰিছিল।<ref>Vetterling, Herman (2003) [1923]. ''Illuminate of Gorlitz or Jakob Bohme's Life and Philosophy, Part 3''. Kessinger Publishing. p. 1380. ISBN <bdi>978-0-7661-4788-1</bdi>.</ref> == পৰিৱেশৰ প্ৰভাৱ == চীনত ডুৰিয়ানৰ উচ্চ চাহিদাৰ বাবে মালয়েছিয়াত ক্ষুদ্ৰ ডুৰিয়ান বাগিচাৰ পৰা বৃহৎ পৰিসৰৰ ডুৰিয়ান নিৰ্ভৰ ঔদ্যোগ গঢ়ি উঠিছে। বৃহৎ ডুৰিয়ান বাগিচাৰ বাবে ঠাই সৃষ্টি কৰিবলৈ বনাঞ্চলসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত তেলপালৰ খেতিৰ ফলত সৃষ্টি হোৱা বৰ্তমানৰ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ সমস্যা আৰু অধিক ভয়াৱহ হৈ পৰে। <ref name="Airriess">{{cite journal|last=Airriess|first=Christopher|year=2020|title=Trade, Tourism and the Environment in Asia's Durian Boom|url=http://www.focusongeography.org/publications/articles/durian/index.html|journal=Focus on Geography|volume=63|publisher=[[American Geographical Society]]|doi=10.21690/foge/2020.63.6f|s2cid=243637781}}</ref>ডুৰিয়ান গছৰ পৰাগযোগ কৰা সৰু উৰন্ত শিয়াল আৰু মালয় বাঘ আদি প্ৰাণী প্ৰজাতিৰ বাসস্থানৰ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ ফলত বিপন্ন হৈ পৰিছে। গুৱা মুছাং জিলাত ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰে ওৰাং আছলিৰ থলুৱা ভূমিকে ধৰি ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ বৰ্গফুট (১০,০০০ একৰ) বনাঞ্চলক ডুৰিয়ান বাগিচালৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিবলৈ অনুমোদন জনায়।<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Serina|year=2020|title=Malaysia and the Pursuit of Sustainability|journal=Southeast Asian Affairs|volume=2020|pages=214–215|jstor=26938892}}</ref> মালয়েছিয়া আৰু থাইলেণ্ডত ক্ৰমে মুছাং কিং আৰু মণ্টং জাতৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱৰ বাবে উচ্চমানৰ জাতৰ মূল্যত ডুৰিয়ানৰ জিনীয় বৈচিত্ৰ্য হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ চিন্তাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে। ২০২২ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কালিমন্টানত ডুৰিয়ান প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত কৰা এক অধ্যয়নত কম জিনীয় বৈচিত্ৰ্য পোৱা গৈছে । ইয়াৰ উপৰিও এই প্ৰধান সংকৰ জাতবোৰ কীট-পতংগ আৰু ভেঁকুৰৰ ৰোগৰ প্ৰতি অধিক সহজলভ্য, যাৰ বাবে গছক দুৰ্বল কৰিব পৰা কীটনাশক আৰু ভেঁকুৰনাশক ব্যৱহাৰৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mursyidin|first1=Dindin Hidayatul|last2=Makruf|first2=Muhammad Irfan|last3=Badruzsaufari|last4=Noor|first4=Aidi|display-authors=3|year=2022|title=Molecular diversity of exotic durian (''Durio'' spp.) germplasm: a case study of Kalimantan, Indonesia|journal=Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology|volume=20|issue=1|page=39|doi=10.1186/s43141-022-00321-8|pmid=35230532|pmc=8888783|doi-access=free}}</ref> == তথ্য সূত্ৰ == dhtt3y2w76jhe43r9372txg4o44gj25 453300 453286 2024-12-10T09:18:51Z নিপন নিয়ৰ শেনছোৱা 40137 /* ইতিহাস */ 453300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ডুৰিয়ান (/ˈdʊəriən/, /ˈdjʊəriən/)'''<ref>"durian". ''Lexico UK English Dictionary''. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021.</ref> এবিধ উচ্চ গন্ধযুক্ত সুস্বাদু ফল। [[চিত্ৰ:07302jfBlack ants eating Durians in the Philippinesfvf 06.jpg|thumb|ডুৰিয়ান ফল]] অসমত পোৱা কঁঠালৰ প্ৰজাতিৰে এবিধ ফল হ’ল ডুৰিয়ান। খাব পৰা মঙহশাল অংশটো পাবলৈ ডুৰিয়ান ফলটো কাটি বাকলি গুচাই ল’ব লগে। ই হৈছে ‘ডুৰিয়া’ প্ৰজাতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত কেইবাটাও গছৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ খাব পৰা ফল। এইবিধ ফলৰ ৩০ টা স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত প্ৰজাতি আছে, ইয়াৰে কমেও নটাত খাব পৰা ফল উৎপন্ন হয়।<ref name=":4">Morton, J.F. (1987). "Durian". ''Fruits of Warm Climates''. Florida Flair Books; republished in New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University. ISBN <bdi>978-0-9610184-1-2</bdi>. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2004.</ref><ref>"Hail the king of fruit – 10 types of durians from Malaysia". ''The Straits Times''. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</ref> ‘বৰ্নিও’ আৰু ‘সুমাট্ৰা’ৰ স্থানীয় ‘ডুৰিয়া জিবেথিনাছ’ [[:en:Durio_zibethinus|(''Durio zibethinus)'']] হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বজাৰত উপলব্ধ একমাত্ৰ প্ৰজাতি। ১৯৮৭ চনলৈকে থাইলেণ্ডত ইয়াৰ ৩০০ৰো অধিক আৰু মালয়েছিয়াত ১০০ টাতকৈও অধিক নামকৰণ কৰা জাত আছে। ডুৰিয়ানক কিছুমান অঞ্চলত "ফলৰ ৰজা" বুলি জনা যায় ।<ref>"Hail the king of fruit – 10 types of durians from Malaysia". ''The Straits Times''. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</ref><ref name=":0">Heaton, Donald D. (2006). ''A Consumers Guide on World Fruit''. BookSurge Publishing. pp. 54–56. ISBN <bdi>978-1-4196-3955-5</bdi>.</ref> বৃহৎ আকাৰ, প্ৰবল গোন্ধ আৰু কাঁইটেৰে আবৃত ছালৰ বাবে ডুৰিয়ান অন্য ফলতকৈ পৃথক। ফলটো ৩০ চে.মি. (১২ ইঞ্চি) দীঘল আৰু ১৫ চে.মি. (৬ ইঞ্চি) ব্যাসৰ হ’ব পাৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওজন সাধাৰণতে ১ৰ পৰা ৩ কিলোগ্ৰাম (২ৰ পৰা ৭ পাউণ্ড) হয়। প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ আকৃতি দীঘলীয়াৰ পৰা ঘূৰণীয়া, খোলাৰ ৰং সেউজীয়াৰ পৰা বাদামী আৰু মাংস শেঁতা হালধীয়াৰ পৰা ৰঙালৈকে হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমানে ডুৰিয়ানক সুগন্ধি সুখদায়ক মিঠা বুলি গণ্য কৰে, আনহাতে কিছুমানে সুগন্ধিটোক আগুৰি ধৰা আৰু অপ্ৰীতিকৰ বুলি বিবেচনা কৰে। গোন্ধটোৱে গভীৰ প্ৰশংসাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি তীব্ৰ বিতৃষ্ণালৈকে প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। কেইবাদিনো ধৰি থাকিব পৰা ইয়াৰ প্ৰবল গোন্ধৰ অটলতাই দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ কিছুমান হোটেল আৰু ৰাজহুৱা পৰিবহণ সেৱা যেনে ছিংগাপুৰ আৰু বেংককত এই ফল নিষিদ্ধ কৰিছে। ডুৰিয়ান পকিলে বিভিন্ন ধৰণেৰে খাব পাৰি, আৰু ইয়াক দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ খাদ্যত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ মিঠা ডেজাৰ্ট আৰু টেঙা খাদ্যৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। গুটিবোৰ সিজাই খাব পাৰি। == ব্যুৎপত্তিবিজ্ঞান == 'ডুৰিয়ান' নামটো ‘মালয়’ ভাষাৰ ডুৰি (কাঁইট) শব্দৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে কাৰণ ইয়াৰ ছালৰ অসংখ্য কাঁইটীয়া কাঁইট থাকে।<ref name=":0" /> অক্সফৰ্ড ইংৰাজী অভিধানৰ মতে, বিকল্প বানান ডুৰিয়ান প্ৰথম ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল ১৫৮৮ চনত স্পেনিছ অভিযাত্ৰী জুয়ান গনজালেজ ডি মেণ্ডোজাই The Histry of the Greeat and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof ৰ অনুবাদত।[5] আন আন ঐতিহাসিক ভিন্ন বানানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ডুৰ'য়েন, ডুৰ'য়েন, ডুৰিয়ান আৰু ড'ৰিয়ান আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।[5] টাইপ প্ৰজাতিৰ নাম D. zibethinus ইটালীৰ zibetto, (the civet) ৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>"Durian". National Library Board, Singapore. Retrieved 11 November 2024.</ref> == বিৱৰণ == ডুৰিয়ান গছবোৰ ডাঙৰ, প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ২৫–৫০ মিটাৰ (৮০–১৬৫ ফুট) উচ্চতালৈকে বৃদ্ধি পায়। পাতবোৰ চিৰসেউজ, উপবৃত্তাকাৰৰ পৰা দীঘলীয়া আৰু ১০–১৮ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (৪–৭ ইঞ্চি) দীঘল। ফুলবোৰ একেলগে তিনিটাৰ পৰা ত্ৰিশটা থুপত ডাঙৰ ডালত আৰু পোনে পোনে ডালত উৎপন্ন হয়, প্ৰতিটো ফুলৰ এটা ফুলৰ গুটি আৰু পাঁচটা (কচিৎহে চাৰি বা ছয়টা) পাহি থাকে। ডুৰিয়ান গছৰ ফুল আৰু ফলৰ সময় বছৰি এটা বা দুটা হয় যদিও প্ৰজাতি, জাত আৰু স্থানীয় অঞ্চলৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি সময় বেলেগ বেলেগ হয়। সাধাৰণ ডুৰিয়ান গছ এজোপা চাৰি-পাঁচ বছৰৰ পাছত ফল দিব পাৰে। ডুৰিয়ান ফল যিকোনো ডালৰ পৰা ওলমি থাকিব পাৰে, আৰু ফুল ফুলাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় তিনি মাহৰ পিছত পূৰ্ণবয়স্ক ফল হয়। ফলৰ দীঘল ৩০ চে.মি. (১২ ইঞ্চি) আৰু ব্যাস ১৫ চে.মি. প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ আকৃতি দীঘলীয়াৰ পৰা ঘূৰণীয়া, খোলাৰ ৰং সেউজীয়াৰ পৰা বাদামী আৰু মাংস শেঁতা হালধীয়াৰ পৰা ৰঙালৈকে। <ref>Brown 1997, pp. 22–33.</ref> ডুৰিঅ'ৰ ত্ৰিশটা প্ৰজাতিৰ ভিতৰত নটা প্ৰজাতিয়ে খাব পৰা ফল উৎপন্ন কৰে।<ref>O'Gara, E.; Guest, D. I.; Hassan, N. M. (2004). "Botany and Production of Durian (''Durio zibethinus'') in Southeast Asia" (PDF). In Drenth, A.; Guest, D. I. (eds.). ''Diversity and management of'' Phytophthora ''in Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph No. 114''. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. pp. 180–186. ISBN <bdi>978-1-86320-405-7</bdi>. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</ref> ডি. জিবেথিনাছ হৈছে একমাত্ৰ প্ৰজাতি যিটো ব্যৱসায়িকভাৱে বৃহৎ পৰিসৰত খেতি কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ স্থানীয় অঞ্চলৰ বাহিৰত উপলব্ধ। <ref>Teh, Bin Tean; Lim, Kevin; Yong, Chern Han; et al. (November 2017). "The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus)". ''Nature Genetics''. '''49''' (11): 1633–1641. doi:10.1038/ng.3972. <nowiki>PMID 28991254</nowiki>. S2CID 9804756.</ref> যিহেতু এই প্ৰজাতিটো মুক্ত নিষেচন হয়, গতিকে ই ফলৰ ৰং আৰু গন্ধ, মাংস আৰু বীজৰ আকাৰ, গছৰ ফেন’লজীৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত যথেষ্ট বৈচিত্ৰ্য দেখুৱায়। প্ৰজাতিৰ নামত জিবেথিনাছে ভাৰতীয় চিভেট, ভিভেৰা জিবেথাক বুজায়। লিনিয়াছে দিয়া এই নামটোৱে চিভেটবোৰে ডুৰিয়ানক ইমানেই ভাল পোৱাৰ কথা বুজায় যে ফলটোক ফান্দত পেলাবলৈ লোভনীয় সামগ্ৰী হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল নে ডুৰিয়ানৰ চিভেটৰ দৰে গোন্ধ পোৱাৰ কথা সেই বিষয়ে মতানৈক্য আছে।<ref>Brown 1997, p. 2 See also pp. 5–6 on whether Linnaeus or Murray is the correct authority for the binomial name.</ref> ডুৰিয়ান ফুল ডাঙৰ আৰু পাখিযুক্ত, প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে ৰস থাকে আৰু গধুৰ, টেঙা, মাখনৰ দৰে গোন্ধ দিয়ে। এই বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ ফুলৰ ৰস আৰু চুপহী খোৱা কিছুমান বিশেষ প্ৰজাতিৰ বাদুলিৰ দ্বাৰা পৰাগযোগ হয়। == জাত == শতিকাজুৰি দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত উদ্ভিদজাত ক্ল’নৰ দ্বাৰা বংশবৃদ্ধি কৰা অসংখ্য ডুৰিয়ান জাতৰ জন্ম হৈছে। আগতে ইয়াৰ খেতি কৰা হৈছিল, মিশ্ৰিত ফলাফলৰ সৈতে, উচ্চমানৰ ফল দিয়া গছৰ বীজৰ পৰা, কিন্তু এতিয়া ইয়াক লেয়াৰিং, মাৰ্কোটিং বা অধিক সাধাৰণভাৱে, কলি, ভেনিয়াৰ, ৱেজ, হুইপ আৰু ইউ-গ্ৰাফ্টিংকে ধৰি গ্ৰাফ্টিং কৰি ইয়াৰ পুলিৰ ওপৰত বংশবৃদ্ধি কৰা হয় যাদৃচ্ছিকভাৱে নিৰ্বাচিত ৰুটষ্টক। ফলৰ আকৃতিৰ তাৰতম্য, যেনে কাঁইটৰ আকৃতিৰ দ্বাৰা বিভিন্ন জাতক কিছু পৰিমাণে পৃথক কৰিব পাৰি। <ref>Brown 1997, pp. 77–81</ref> === '''মালয়েছিয়াৰ জাত''' === মালয়েছিয়াৰ কৃষি আৰু কৃষিভিত্তিক উদ্যোগ মন্ত্ৰালয়ে ১৯৩৪ চনৰ পৰা পঞ্জীয়নভুক্ত জাতৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে, য'ত প্ৰতিটো জাতক এটা সাধাৰণ নাম আৰু "D" ৰে আৰম্ভ হোৱা ক'ড নম্বৰ দিয়া হৈছে। এই সংহিতাসমূহ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ মাজেৰে ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়; ২০২১ চনৰ হিচাপত ২০০ৰো অধিক পঞ্জীয়নভুক্ত জাত আছিল। <ref>"Varieties Registered For National Crop List". ''pvpbkkt.doa.gov.my''. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.</ref> বাৰ্ষিক মালয়েছিয়ান কৃষি, উদ্যান শস্য, আৰু কৃষি পৰ্যটন প্ৰদৰ্শনীত অনুষ্ঠিত প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ জৰিয়তে বহুতো উচ্চমানৰ জাত চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে। মালয়েছিয়াৰ ১৩টা সাধাৰণ জাতৰ ৰং, গঠন, গন্ধ, সোৱাদ, উচ্চ উৎপাদন আৰু বিভিন্ন ৰোগৰ প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা অনুকূল গুণ আছে।<ref name=":1">''Mengenali Variety Durian Popular di Malaysia'' (PDF). Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</ref> আশীৰ দশকত পাহাঙৰ ৰাউবৰ টান লাই ফুক নামৰ এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে কেলান্টানৰ গুয়া মুছাঙত ডুৰিয়ান গছত উজুটি খাইছিল। তেওঁ গ্ৰাফ্টিংৰ বাবে ৰাউবলৈ এটা ডাল ঘূৰাই আনিলে। ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তিস্থলৰ নামেৰে এই জাতটোৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। এই জাতটোৰ মাংস উজ্জ্বল হালধীয়া আৰু ই D24 ৰ অধিক শক্তিশালী বা বৰ্ধিত সংস্কৰণৰ দৰে।<ref name=":2">"How to Identify Musang King and D24". Year of the durian. 16 February 2013. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.</ref> ছিংগাপুৰ আৰু ভিয়েটনামত ই পছন্দৰ জাত।<ref name=":2" /> মালয়েছিয়াৰ আন জনপ্ৰিয় জাতসমূহৰ ভিতৰত "টেক্কা", ভিতৰৰ কাণ্ডত এটা সুকীয়া হালধীয়া ৰঙৰ গুৰি থাকে; "D168" (IOI), যি ঘূৰণীয়া, মধ্যমীয়া আকাৰৰ, সেউজীয়া আৰু হালধীয়া বাহিৰৰ ছাল, আৰু সহজে আঁতৰাই পেলোৱা মাংস যি মধ্যমীয়া-ডাঠ, কঠিন, হালধীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু মিঠা; <ref>Van Dyk, Mel (28 June 2019). "Durian mas hajah hasmah". ''The Independent Insight''. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</ref> আৰু "ৰেড প্ৰ'ন" (উডাং মেৰাহ, ডি১৭৫), পাহাং আৰু জোহৰ ৰাজ্যত পোৱা যায়।[22][23] ইয়াৰ ফল মধ্যমীয়া আকাৰৰ, অণ্ডাকাৰ, বাদামী সেউজীয়া, চুটি কাঁইটযুক্ত। মাংস ডাঠ, কঠিন নহয়, হালধীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ সোৱাদ মিঠা।<ref name=":1" /> === '''ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান জাত''' === ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত ১০০ৰো অধিক প্ৰজাতিৰ ডুৰিয়ান আছে। আটাইতকৈ বেছি খেতি কৰা প্ৰজাতিটো হৈছে ডি. জিবেথিনাছ। <ref name=":3">Ruwaida, Ismi Puji; Supriyadi; Parjanto (2009). "Variability analysis of Sukun durian plant (Durio zibethinus) based on RAPD marker". ''Nusantara Bioscience''. '''1''' (2). Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</ref> উল্লেখযোগ্য জাতসমূহ হ'ল সুকুন (মধ্য জাভা), চিটোকং (বেটাৱী), ছিজাপাং (বেটাৱী), ছিমাছ (বোগ'ৰ), সুনান (জেপাৰা), ছি ডোডোল আৰু ছি হিজাউ (দক্ষিণ কালিমন্তান),<ref name=":3" /> আৰু পেট্ৰুক (মধ্য জাভা)।<ref name=":3" /> === থাই জাত === থাইলেণ্ডত মন থং হৈছে ব্যৱসায়িকভাৱে আটাইতকৈ চাহিদা থকা জাত । ইয়াৰ ডাঠ, সম্পূৰ্ণ শৰীৰৰ ক্ৰীমযুক্ত আৰু মৃদু মিঠা সোৱাদৰ মাংসৰ বাবে মধ্যমীয়া গোন্ধ আৰু সৰু বীজ, আনহাতে চানী ফাইট’ফ্থ’ৰা পালমিভ’ৰাৰ সংক্ৰমণৰ প্ৰতি আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰতিৰোধী। কান ইয়াওৰ চাহিদা কম, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ ব্যৱসায় ভাল কাৰণ ই মিঠা আৰু গন্ধহীন। থাইলেণ্ডৰ জাতসমূহৰ ভিতৰত বৰ্তমান পাঁচটা বৃহৎ ব্যৱসায়িক খেতি চলি আছে: চানী, মন থং, কান ইয়াও, ৰুৱাং আৰু ক্ৰাডুম। <ref>"Durian Exporting Strategy, National Durian Database (กลยุทธการส่งออกทุเรียน)" (in Thai). Department of Agriculture, Thailand. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2010.</ref> ২০০৭ চনলৈকে থাই চৰকাৰৰ বিজ্ঞানী ছংপল ছমশ্ৰীয়ে নব্বৈটাতকৈও অধিক জাতৰ ডুৰিয়ান সংকৰণ কৰি চান্টাবুৰী নং ১ নামৰ এটা জাত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল, যিটো বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ গন্ধ নথকা এটা জাত। <ref>Fuller, Thomas (8 April 2007). "Fans Sour on Sweeter Version of Asia's Smelliest Fruit". ''The New York Times''. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</ref> আন এটা হাইব্ৰিড, চান্টাবুৰী নং ৩, ফল ছিঙি লোৱাৰ প্ৰায় তিনিদিন পিছত এই দুৰ্গন্ধ বিকশিত কৰে, যিয়ে গন্ধহীন পৰিবহণ সক্ষম কৰে যদিও তিতা গন্ধ পছন্দ কৰা গ্ৰাহকক সন্তুষ্ট কৰে। ২০১২ চনৰ ২২ মে’ত থাইলেণ্ডৰ আন দুটা জাতৰ লং লেপ্লাই আৰু লিন লাপ্লে, উত্তৰাদিত প্ৰদেশৰ গৱৰ্ণৰ যোথিন চামুটখিৰীয়ে জনসাধাৰণৰ সন্মুখত উপস্থাপন কৰে য’ৰ পৰা এই জাতসমূহ স্থানীয়ভাৱে বিকশিত কৰা হৈছিল, আনহাতে তেওঁ লাপ্লাই জিলাৰ বাৰ্ষিক ডুৰিয়ান মেলা, আৰু প্ৰত্যেককে দিয়া নাম জাত। <ref>"Odourless durians to hit the market". ''The Nation''. 23 May 2012. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.</ref> == খেতি আৰু ব্যৱসায় == ২০১৮ চনত থাইলেণ্ডে প্ৰতি বছৰে প্ৰায় ৭ লাখ টন ডুৰিয়ান উৎপাদন কৰে, ইয়াৰে ৪ লাখ টন মূল চীন আৰু হংকঙলৈ ৰপ্তানি কৰা হয়। <ref>Svasti, Pichaya; Jariyasombat, Peerawat (22 April 2018). "Made in Thailand". ''Bangkok Post''. No. Brunch. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</ref> থাইলেণ্ডৰ চান্টাবুৰীত প্ৰতি বছৰে মে’ মাহৰ আৰম্ভণিতে বিশ্ব ডুৰিয়ান উৎসৱ অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। এই একক প্ৰদেশখনেই থাইলেণ্ডৰ ডুৰিয়ান উৎপাদনৰ আধা অংশৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ। ফিলিপাইনছৰ ডাভাও অঞ্চলত এই ফলৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ উৎপাদন হয় আৰু দেশখনৰ মুঠ উৎপাদনৰ ৬০% উৎপাদন হয়। <ref>Mellejor, Lilian (30 July 2018). "Davao City remains top producer of durian fruit". ''Philippine News Agency''. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</ref> ব্ৰুনাইত গ্ৰাহকে ডি.গ্ৰেভিঅ’লেন্স, ডি.কুটেজেন্সিছ আৰু ডি. এই প্ৰজাতিবোৰে জিনীয়ভাৱে বৈচিত্ৰময় শস্যৰ উৎস গঠন কৰে। <ref>Osman, M. B.; Mohamed, Z. A.; Idris, S.; Aman, R. (1995). ''Tropical fruit production and genetic resources in Southeast Asia: Identifying the priority fruit species'' (PDF). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). ISBN <bdi>978-92-9043-249-4</bdi>. OCLC 723476105. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2017.</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াত ডুৰিয়ান আৰু ১৯৭৫ চনত ক্ল'নেল সামগ্ৰীৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা হয়। ২০১৯ চনত আমদানি কৰা সতেজ ডুৰিয়ানৰ মূল্য চীনলৈ আমদানি কৰা সকলো সতেজ ফলৰ ভিতৰত সৰ্বাধিক হৈ পৰে, যিটো পূৰ্বতে চেৰী আছিল। ২০২১ চনত চীনে সেই বছৰত থাইলেণ্ডৰ সতেজ ডুৰিয়ান ৰপ্তানিৰ ৯০ শতাংশ মূল্যৰ কমেও ৩.৪ বিলিয়ন মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ ক্ৰয় কৰে।<ref>"Durian Was Most Popular Imported Fruit in China Last Year With Imports of USD4.2 Billion". ''www.yicaiglobal.com''. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</ref> ২০২২ চনত ফিলিপাইনছ আৰু ভিয়েটনামে চীনলৈ সতেজ ডুৰিয়ান ৰপ্তানিৰ অনুমতি লাভ কৰাৰ সময়ত চীনৰ সামগ্ৰিক আমদানি ৪ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায় আৰু ২০২৩ চনত ১৪ লাখ টন আমদানি কৰাৰ সময়ত ৬.৭ বিলিয়ন ডলাৰলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায়। ডুৰিয়ান ধন-সম্পত্তিৰ ইংগিত দিয়া ষ্টেটাছ চিম্বল হৈ পৰিছে। থাইলেণ্ডৰ পৰা অহা ডুৰিয়ানৰ খুচুৰা মূল্য প্ৰায় ১৫০ য়েন (২০ মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰ), আনহাতে অধিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত মুছাং কিং জাতৰ খুচুৰা মূল্য প্ৰায় ৫০০ য়েন আৰু ই জন্মদিন বা বিয়াৰ উপহাৰ হ’ব পাৰে। ৰপ্তানিকাৰকসকলৰ বাবে সম্ভাৱ্য মূল্যই চীনক বাণিজ্যিক আলোচনাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ডুৰিয়ানক লাভৱান কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিছে। দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰা চীনলৈ ডুৰিয়ানৰ সমগ্ৰ ৰপ্তানি ২০১৭ চনত ৫৫ কোটি মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰৰ পৰা ২০২৩ চনত ৬.৭ বিলিয়ন মাৰ্কিন ডলাৰলৈ বৃদ্ধি পায়। চীনে এই ফলৰ সৰ্বাধিক আমদানি কৰিছিল থাইলেণ্ডৰ পৰা, তাৰ পিছতে আছে মালয়েছিয়া আৰু ভিয়েটনাম।<ref name=":5">Fuller, Thomas; Bhaskar, Gabriela (16 June 2024). "China's Lust for Durian Is Creating Fortunes in Southeast Asia". ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</ref> ডুৰিয়ান তুলনামূলকভাৱে ব্যয়বহুল ফল কাৰণ ইয়াৰ সংৰক্ষণ সময় কম। <ref>Rodrigues, Sueli; Silva, Ebenezer de Oliveira; De Brito, Edy Sousa (5 January 2018). ''Exotic Fruits Reference Guide''. Academic Press. p. 169. ISBN <bdi>978-0-12-803153-7</bdi>. Retrieved 20 April 2022.</ref> প্ৰতিটো ফল ভালদৰে মেৰিয়াই সংৰক্ষণ সময় প্ৰায় ৪ৰ পৰা ৫ সপ্তাহলৈ বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পাৰি। == সোৱাদ আৰু গন্ধ == ==== ইতিহাস ==== [[চিত্ৰ:4SeasonsDurians22102009-02 (4034657521).jpg|thumb|পকা ডুৰিয়ান ফল]] ১৮৫৬ চনত লিখা ব্ৰিটিছ প্ৰকৃতিবিদ আলফ্ৰেড ৰাছেল ৱালেছে এই ফলৰ স্থায়িত্ব আৰু সোৱাদক "বৰ্ণনীয় নহয়। আলমণ্ডৰ সৈতে অতি সোৱাদযুক্ত চহকী কাষ্টাৰ্ডে ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোত্তম সাধাৰণ ধাৰণা দিয়ে, কিন্তু মাজে মাজে সোৱাদৰ ঢৌৱে ক্ৰীম-চীজ, পিঁয়াজৰ কথা মনত পেলায়।" -চচ, শ্বেৰী-ৱাইন, আৰু অন্যান্য অসঙ্গতিপূৰ্ণ খাদ্য তাৰ পিছত এটা চহকী পাল্পত আঠাযুক্ত মসৃণতা যিটো আন একোৱেই নাথাকে, কিন্তু যিয়ে ইয়াৰ সুস্বাদুতা বৃদ্ধি কৰে।" তেওঁ এই সিদ্ধান্তত উপনীত হয় যে ই "অভিজ্ঞতা কৰিবলৈ পূবলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰাৰ যোগ্য নতুন অনুভূতি প্ৰদান কৰে। যিহেতু ইয়াৰ অতি সুন্দৰ সোৱাদৰ খাদ্য উৎপাদন কৰাটো অতুলনীয়।" <ref name=":6"><nowiki><ref name="Wallace"></nowiki>{{cite web|last=Wallace|first=Alfred Russel|title=On the Bamboo and Durian of Borneo|year=1856|url=http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S027.htm|access-date=2008-11-20|author-link=Alfred Russel Wallace|archive-date=2008-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006070444/http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S027.htm|url-status=live|archivedate=2008-10-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006070444/http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S027.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ৱালেছে নিজকে প্ৰথমতে ইয়াক চেষ্টা কৰিবলৈ অনিচ্ছুক বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল কাৰণ কিন্তু বোৰ্নিওত এটা খাই "দুৱাৰৰ বাহিৰত, মই লগে লগে নিশ্চিত ডুৰিয়ান খোৱা মানুহ হৈ পৰিলোঁ"। তেওঁ আন এজন লেখকৰ উদ্ধৃতি দি এইদৰে উল্লেখ কৰিছে: "অভ্যস্ত নোহোৱাসকলৰ বাবে প্ৰথমতে পচি যোৱা পিঁয়াজৰ দৰে গোন্ধ ওলোৱা যেন লাগে, কিন্তু সোৱাদ লোৱাৰ লগে লগে তেওঁলোকে ইয়াক আন সকলো খাদ্যতকৈ বেছি পছন্দ কৰে। থলুৱা লোকসকলে ইয়াক সন্মানজনক উপাধি দিয়ে, উচ্চতা কৰে, আৰু তাৰ ওপৰত পদ বনাওক। <ref>Wallace, Alfred Russel (1886). ''The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utang and the bird of paradise''. London: Macmillan & Co. pp. 74–75. Retrieved 4 June 2010.</ref> ঔপন্যাসিক এন্থনী বাৰ্জেছে লিখিছে যে ডুৰিয়ান খোৱাটো "লেভেটৰীত মিঠা ৰাস্পবেৰী ব্লাংকেঞ্জ খোৱাৰ দৰেই"। <ref>Burgess, Anthony (1993) [1956]. ''The Long Day Wanes: A Malayan Trilogy''. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 68. ISBN <bdi>978-0-393-30943-0</bdi>. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2020.</ref> ভ্ৰমণ আৰু খাদ্যৰ লেখক ৰিচাৰ্ড ষ্টাৰলিঙে কৈছে যে "ইয়াৰ দুৰ্গন্ধক গাহৰিৰ মল, টাৰ্পেন্টাইন আৰু পিঁয়াজ বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰাটো ভাল, জিমৰ মোজাৰে সজাই তোলা।"<ref>Winokur, Jon, ed. (2003). ''The Traveling Curmudgeon: Irreverent Notes, Quotes, and Anecdotes on Dismal Destinations, Excess Baggage, the Full Upright Position, and Other Reasons Not to Go There''. Sasquatch Books. p. 102. ISBN <bdi>978-1-57061-389-0</bdi>.</ref> চিভেট, নলা-নৰ্দমা, বাসি বমি, স্কাংক স্প্ৰে'ৰ সৈতে আন তুলনা কৰা হৈছে আৰু অস্ত্ৰোপচাৰৰ শ্বাব ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। এনে বৰ্ণনাই গন্ধৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনশীলতাক প্ৰতিফলিত কৰিব পাৰে। বিভিন্ন প্ৰজাতি আৰু জাতৰ সুগন্ধি লক্ষণীয়ভাৱে ভিন্ন হয়; উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ৰঙা ডুৰিয়ান (D. dulcis) ৰ গভীৰ কেৰামেল সোৱাদ আৰু টাৰ্পেন্টাইনৰ গোন্ধ থাকে আনহাতে ৰঙা মাংসৰ ডুৰিয়ান (D. graveolens) য়ে পোৰা আলমণ্ডৰ সুগন্ধি নিৰ্গত কৰে।<ref name=":4" /> এই ফলৰ প্ৰবল গোন্ধৰ বাবে ইয়াক ছিংগাপুৰ[49] আৰু বেংককত ৰাজহুৱা পৰিবহণ ব্যৱস্থাৰ পৰা নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>'World's smelliest fruit' now banned from Bangkok buses". ''The Star''. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2024.</ref> ==== জৈৱৰাসায়নিক ভিত্তি ==== ডুৰিয়ানৰ এটাৰ ৰাসায়নিক বিশ্লেষণে ইংগিত দিয়ে যে ইয়াৰ প্ৰায় ৪৬,০০০ ক'ডিং আৰু নন-ক'ডিং জিন আছে, ইয়াৰে মিথিঅ'নিন গামা-লাইজেজ নামৰ এটা শ্ৰেণী – যিয়ে অৰ্গেন'ছালফাৰ যৌগসমূহৰ দুৰ্গন্ধ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে – এই সুকীয়া গন্ধৰ বাবে প্ৰধানকৈ দায়ী হ'ব পাৰে। <ref>Teh, Bin Tean; Lim, Kevin; Yong, Chern Han; Ng, Cedric Chuan Young; Rao, Sushma Ramesh; Rajasegaran, Vikneswari; Lim, Weng Khong; Ong, Choon Kiat; Chan, Ki; Cheng, Vincent Kin Yuen; Soh, Poh Sheng; Swarup, Sanjay; Rozen, Steven G.; Nagarajan, Niranjan; Tan, Patrick (9 October 2017). "The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus)". ''Nature Genetics''. '''49''' (11): 1633–1641. doi:10.1038/ng.3972. <nowiki>PMID 28991254</nowiki>. S2CID 9804756.</ref> ডুৰিয়ানৰ সোৱাদ আৰু সুগন্ধিৰ কাৰণ হৈছে ইয়াত থকা শ শ ফাইটোকেমিকেলৰ যাৰ ভিতৰত ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন থাইঅলৰ সৈতে বিভিন্ন অস্বাভাৱিক যৌগ, যেনে এষ্টাৰ, কিটন, এলক'হল (প্ৰাথমিকভাৱে ইথানল), আৰু অৰ্গেন'ছালফাৰ যৌগ আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name=":5" /> কেইবাটাও জাতৰ অধ্যয়নত এষ্টাৰৰ ভিতৰত ইথাইল ২-মিথাইলবুটান'ৱেটৰ পৰিমাণ সৰ্বাধিক আছিল।<ref>Aziz, Nur A.; Jalil, Abbe M. (13 March 2019). "Bioactive compounds, nutritional value, and potential health benefits of indigenous durian (''Durio zibethinus'' Murr.): A review". ''Foods''. '''8''' (3): E96. doi:10.3390/foods8030096. PMC 6463093. <nowiki>PMID 30871187</nowiki>.</ref> চেনিৰ পৰিমাণ, প্ৰধানকৈ চুক্ৰ'জ, বিভিন্ন ডুৰিয়ান জাতৰ মাজত ৮–২০% ৰ পৰিসৰ থাকে। ডুৰিয়ানৰ মাংসত বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ পলিফেনল, বিশেষকৈ মাইৰিচেটিন আৰু বিভিন্ন কেৰটিন'ইড থাকে, য'ত বিটা-কেৰটিনৰ প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণো থাকে। ২০১৯ চনত ইথানথাইঅল আৰু ইয়াৰ ডেৰাইভেটিভসমূহ এই দুৰ্গন্ধৰ উৎস হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। কিন্তু উদ্ভিদটোৱে ইথেনথাইঅল উৎপাদন কৰা জৈৱৰাসায়নিক পথটো অস্পষ্ট হৈয়েই আছিল। <ref>Fischer, Nadine S.; Steinhaus, Martin (11 December 2019). "Identification of an Important Odorant Precursor in Durian: First Evidence of Ethionine in Plants". ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry''. '''68''' (38): 10397–10402. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07065. <nowiki>PMID 31825619</nowiki>. S2CID 209329891.</ref> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ সঘনাই ডুৰিয়ানৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ অহা লোকসকলে ইয়াৰ কিট’ন আৰু এষ্টাৰৰ মিঠাৰ দৰে গোন্ধক পচি যোৱা বা পুট্ৰেচিন দুৰ্গন্ধৰ পৰা সহজেই পৃথক কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয় যিবোৰ অস্বাভাৱিক এমাইন আৰু ফেটি এচিডৰ পৰা হয়। কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে এই গোন্ধবোৰৰ পাৰ্থক্য কৰিব নোৱাৰে আৰু এই ফলটোক বিষাক্ত বুলি বিবেচনা কৰে, আনহাতে কিছুমানে ইয়াক সুখদায়ক আৰু আকৰ্ষণীয় বুলি বিবেচনা কৰে। <ref name=":6" /> এই প্ৰচণ্ড গোন্ধ আধা মাইল দূৰত জীৱ-জন্তুৱে ধৰা পেলাব পাৰে, যাৰ ফলত সিহঁত প্ৰলোভিত হয়। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও কাছ, নিগনি হৰিণ, গাহৰি, সূৰ্য্য ভালুক, অৰেংগুটান, হাতী, আনকি মাংসভোজী বাঘ আদি বিভিন্ন প্ৰাণীৰ বাবে এই ফল অতি ৰুচিকৰ। এই প্ৰাণীবোৰৰ কিছুমানে ফল খাই বীজটো মল সৈতে দূৰ কৰবাত নিস্কাষণ কৰাৰ বাবে ইয়াত বিস্তাৰ হয়। <ref>Marinelli, Janet, ed. (1998). ''Brooklyn Botanic Garden Gardener's Desk Reference''. Henry Holt and Co. p. 691. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8050-5095-0</bdi>.</ref> ফলবোৰৰ কাঁইটীয়া, সাজসজ্জিত আৱৰণে সৰু জীৱ-জন্তুবোৰক নিৰুৎসাহিত কৰে। <ref>McGee, Harold (2004). ''On Food and Cooking'' (Revised ed.). Scribner. p. 379. ISBN <bdi>978-0-684-80001-1</bdi>.</ref> ==== পকা আৰু নিৰ্বাচন ==== ফলবিজ্ঞানী লাৰ'ছ গেষ্ট্ৰ'নমিকৰ মতে ডুৰিয়ান ফলৰ খোলাটো ফাটিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিলেই ই খাবলৈ সাজু হৈ উঠে। কিন্তু দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ অঞ্চলভেদে আৰু প্ৰজাতি অনুসৰি উপভোগ কৰিবলগীয়া পকোৱাৰ ধৰণ বেলেগ বেলেগ। কিছুমান প্ৰজাতি ইমানেই ওখ হয় যে মাটিত পৰিলেহে সংগ্ৰহ কৰিব পাৰি, আনহাতে ডি.জিবেথিনাছৰ বেছিভাগ জাতেই প্ৰায় সদায় গছৰ পৰা কাটি বিক্ৰীৰ বাবে অপেক্ষা কৰি পকিবলৈ দিয়া হয়। দক্ষিণ থাইলেণ্ডৰ কিছুমান মানুহে তেওঁলোকৰ ডুৰিয়ান তুলনামূলকভাৱে সৰু হোৱাটো পছন্দ কৰে, যেতিয়া খোলাৰ ভিতৰৰ ফলৰ থুপবোৰ এতিয়াও দেখিবলৈ বেয়া আৰু সোৱাদত মৃদু। উত্তৰ থাইলেণ্ডৰ কিছুমান লোকৰ বাবে ফলটো কোমল আৰু সুগন্ধি হোৱাটো পছন্দ কৰা হয়। মালয়েছিয়া আৰু ছিংগাপুৰত বেছিভাগ গ্ৰাহকে ফলটো যিমান পাৰি পকা আৰু সুগন্ধিযুক্ত হোৱাটো পছন্দ কৰে আৰু আনকি ইতিমধ্যে খোলা ফাটি যোৱাৰ পিছতো ফলটোক পকিবলৈ দিয়াৰ আশংকাও কৰিব পাৰে। এই অৱস্থাত মাংস প্ৰচুৰ পৰিমাণে ক্ৰীমযুক্ত আৰু সামান্য মদ্যপান কৰা হয়। <ref>Davidson, Alan (1999). ''The Oxford Companion to Food''. Oxford University Press. p. 263. ISBN <bdi>978-0-19-211579-9</bdi>.</ref> গ্ৰাহকৰ মাজত পকি থকাৰ সম্পৰ্কে বিভিন্ন পছন্দৰ বাবে "ভাল" ডুৰিয়ান বাছি লোৱাৰ বিষয়ে সাধাৰণ বক্তব্য জাৰি কৰাটো কঠিন হৈ পৰে। গছৰ পৰা সৰি পৰা ডুৰিয়ান দুদিনৰ পৰা চাৰিদিনলৈকে পকি থাকে, কিন্তু পাঁচ বা ছয় দিনৰ পিছত বেছিভাগেই ইয়াক অতি পকা আৰু অস্বাদু বুলি গণ্য কৰিব।<ref name=":6" /> সকলো একেই, কিছুমান থাইয়ে এনে অতি পকা ফল কল চেনিৰ সৈতে ৰান্ধে, যাৰ ফলত ডুৰিয়ান (বা থুৰিয়ান) গুয়ান নামৰ মিঠাইৰ সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref>'''^''' Brown 1997, pp. 56–59</ref> == ব্যৱহাৰ == থাইলেণ্ডত ডুৰিয়ানক মিঠা আঠাযুক্ত চাউলৰ সৈতে সতেজভাৱে খোৱা হয় আৰু বজাৰত ডুৰিয়ান পেষ্টৰ ব্লক বিক্ৰী কৰা হয় যদিও পেষ্টৰ বেছিভাগেই কুমলীয়া ডালিমৰ সৈতে মিহলি কৰা হয়। ফিলিপাইনছৰ বাহিৰে পকা ডুৰিয়ান শাক হিচাপে ৰন্ধা হয়, য’ত সকলো ব্যৱহাৰ টেঙা নহয়, মিঠা। মালয়েছিয়ানসকলে ডুৰিয়ানৰ পৰা চেনি আৰু নিমখযুক্ত দুয়োটা সংৰক্ষিত দ্ৰব্য তৈয়াৰ কৰে। ডুৰিয়ানক নিমখ, পিয়াঁজ আৰু ভিনেগাৰৰ সৈতে কুটিলে ইয়াক ব’ডাৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। মালয়েছিয়াৰ কেলান্টানত সতেজ ডুৰিয়ান বা টেম্পোয়াকক পিয়াঁজ আৰু মৰিচাৰ টুকুৰা, চূণৰ ৰস আৰু বুডু (কিম্বন কৰা এঞ্চোভি চচ)ৰ সৈতে মিহলাই চাউল ভিত্তিক খাদ্যৰ সৈতে মচলা হিচাপে খোৱা হয়। চেষ্টনাটৰ সমান আকাৰৰ গুটিবোৰ সিজোৱা, পোৰা বা নাৰিকল তেলত ভাজি খাব পাৰি, তাৰ টেক্সচাৰ টাৰো বা ৰঙালাওৰ দৰে, কিন্তু আঠাযুক্ত। জাভাত গুটিবোৰ পাতলকৈ কাটি চেনি দি মিঠাই হিচাপে সিজোৱা হয়। চাইক্ল'প্ৰ'পিন ফেটি এচিডৰ বাবে অৰন্ধা বীজ বিষাক্ত হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>Brown 1997, pp. 56–59</ref> ডুৰিয়ান ফল বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ মিঠা খাব পৰা খাদ্য যেনে পৰম্পৰাগত মালয় মিঠাই, আইচ কাকাং, ড'ডল, লেম্পুক, গোলাপ বিস্কুট, আইচক্ৰীম, মিল্কশ্বেক, মুনকেক, ইউল লগ আৰু কেপচুচিনোৰ সোৱাদ দিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। এছ ডুৰিয়ান (ডুৰিয়ান আইচক্ৰীম) ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জনপ্ৰিয় ডেজাৰ্ট, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ চহৰসমূহত বিশেষকৈ জাভাত ৰাস্তাৰ কাষৰ ষ্টলত বিক্ৰী কৰা হয়। পুলুট ডুৰিয়ান বা কেটান ডুৰিয়ান হৈছে নাৰিকল গাখীৰৰ সৈতে ভাপত দিয়া আঠাযুক্ত চাউল আৰু পকা ডুৰিয়ানৰ সৈতে পৰিবেশন কৰা। ছাবাহত ৰঙা ডুৰিয়ানক পিঁয়াজ আৰু মৰিচাৰ সৈতে ভাজি পাৰ্শ্ব খাদ্য হিচাপে পৰিবেশন কৰা হয়। <ref>Traditional Cuisine". Sabah Tourism Promotion Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</ref> ৰঙা মাংসৰ ডুৰিয়ান পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে মিঠা পানীৰ মাছৰ পৰা তৈয়াৰী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান চূপ ছাউৰত যোগ কৰা হয়। ইকান ব্ৰেংকেছ টেম্পোয়াক হৈছে ডুৰিয়ান ভিত্তিক চচত ৰন্ধা মাছ, যিটো সুমাট্ৰাত পৰম্পৰাগত। <ref>Vaisutis, Justine; Bedford, Neal; Elliott, Mark; Ray, Nick; Berkmoes, Ryan Ver (2007). ''Indonesia (Lonely Planet Travel Guides)''. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 83. ISBN <bdi>978-1-74104-435-5</bdi>.</ref> == পুষ্টি == কেঁচা ডুৰিয়ান ৬৫% পানী, ২৭% কাৰ্বহাইড্ৰেট (৪% খাদ্য আঁহকে ধৰি), ৫% চৰ্বি আৰু ১% প্ৰটিনেৰে গঠিত। ১০০ গ্ৰামত কেঁচা বা সতেজ ফ্ৰ’জেন ডুৰিয়ানে দৈনিক মূল্যৰ (ডিভি) ৩৩% থাইয়ামিন আৰু অন্যান্য বি ভিটামিন, ভিটামিন চি আৰু খাদ্যৰ খনিজ মেংগানিজৰ মধ্যমীয়া পৰিমাণ (১৫–২৪% ডিভি, টেবুল) প্ৰদান কৰে। মালয়েছিয়া, থাইলেণ্ড আৰু ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন জাতৰ কাৰ্বহাইড্ৰেটৰ পৰিমাণ ১৬ৰ পৰা ২৯%, চৰ্বিৰ পৰিমাণ ২–৫%, প্ৰটিনৰ পৰিমাণ ২–৪%, আৰু খাদ্যত আঁহৰ পৰিমাণ ১–৪% আৰু কেলৰিৰ মূল্যৰ ভিন্নতা থাকে প্ৰতি ১০০ গ্ৰামত ৮৪ৰ পৰা ১৮৫ কিলোকেলৰিলৈকে। ডুৰিয়ান মাংসত থকা ফেটি এচিডত বিশেষকৈ অলিক এচিড আৰু পালমিটিক এচিড থাকে। <ref name="Aziz" /> == উৎপত্তি আৰু ইতিহাস == ডুৰিয়ানৰ উৎপত্তি বোৰ্নিও আৰু সুমাট্ৰা অঞ্চলত বুলি ভবা হয়, মালয় উপদ্বীপত বন্য গছ আৰু ভাৰতৰ পৰা নিউ গিনিলৈকে বহল অঞ্চলত সাধাৰণতে ফলৰ বাগিচা খেতি কৰা হয়। চাৰিশ বছৰৰ আগতে বৰ্তমানৰ ম্যানমাৰত ইয়াৰ ব্যৱসায় কৰা হৈছিল আৰু বিশেষকৈ থাইলেণ্ড আৰু দক্ষিণ ভিয়েটনামত ইয়াৰ সক্ৰিয় খেতি কৰা হৈছিল। <ref name=":4" /> ইউৰোপীয়সকলে ডুৰিয়ানৰ বিষয়ে আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাচীন উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে ১৫ শতিকাত দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়ালৈ যোৱা নিকোলো ডি' কন্টিৰ ৰেকৰ্ড। <ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1997|p=3}}</ref> লেটিন ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে য'ত পজিঅ' ব্ৰাচিঅ'লিনিয়ে ডি কন্টিৰ ভ্ৰমণ লিপিবদ্ধ কৰিছিল: "তেওঁলোকৰ [সুমাট্ৰাৰ মানুহে] এটা সেউজীয়া ফল আছে যিটো তেওঁলোকে ডুৰিয়ান বুলি কয়, তৰমুজৰ দৰে ডাঙৰ। ভিতৰত দীঘলীয়া কমলাৰ দৰে পাঁচটা বস্তু আছে, আৰু ডাঠ মাখনৰ দৰে"<ref name="Morton" /> পৰ্তুগীজ চিকিৎসক গাৰ্চিয়া ডি অৰ্টাই ক'ল'কিঅ'ছ ড'ছত ডুৰিয়ানৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল ১৭৪১ চনত জাৰ্মান উদ্ভিদবিদ জৰ্জ এবাৰহাৰ্ড ৰামফিয়াছৰ হাৰ্বেৰিয়াম এম্বোইনেন্স প্ৰকাশ পায়, য'ত এশ বছৰতকৈও অধিক সময়ৰ ডুৰিয়ানৰ আটাইতকৈ বিশদ আৰু সঠিক বিৱৰণ পোৱা যায়। ডুৰিঅ' প্ৰজাতিটোৰ এটা জটিল শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন আছে যিয়ে ৰামফিয়াছে সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পিছৰে পৰা বহু প্ৰজাতিৰ বিয়োগ আৰু যোগ কৰা দেখা গৈছে। ইয়াৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ত ডুৰিয়ান আৰু ছ'ৰচপ (Annona muricata)ৰ মাজত কিছু বিভ্ৰান্তিৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল, কাৰণ এই দুয়োটা প্ৰজাতিৰ কাঁইটীয়া সেউজীয়া ফল আছিল। ছ'ৰচপৰ মালয় নাম ডুৰিয়ান বেলাণ্ডা, অৰ্থাৎ ডাচ ডুৰিয়ান।[69] ১৮ শতিকাত জোহান এণ্টন ৱেইনমেনে ডুৰিয়ানক কেষ্টেনিয়াৰ অন্তৰ্গত বুলি গণ্য কৰিছিল কাৰণ ইয়াৰ ফল ঘোঁৰাৰ চেষ্টনাটৰ সৈতে মিল আছিল। <ref>Yule, Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1996) [1886]. "Durian, Dorian". ''Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo–Indian Dictionary''. Wordsworth Editions. p. 332. ISBN <bdi>978-1853263637</bdi>. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2015.</ref> ষোড়শ শতিকাত পৰ্তুগীজসকলে চিলনত ডি.জিবেথিনাছক প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে আৰু পিছত বহুবাৰ পুনৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে। ইয়াক আমেৰিকাত ৰোপণ কৰা হৈছে যদিও উদ্ভিদ উদ্যানত সীমাবদ্ধ। প্ৰথম পুলিবোৰ ৰয়েল বটানিক গাৰ্ডেন, কিউৰ পৰা ১৮৮৪ চনত ডমিনিকাৰ অগাষ্ট চেণ্ট-আৰ'মানলৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰা হৈছিল। দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত ডুৰিয়ানৰ খেতি গাঁও পৰ্যায়ত শতিকাজুৰি চলি আহিছে, সম্ভৱতঃ ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা আৰু ব্যৱসায়িকভাৱে ২০ শতিকাৰ মাজভাগৰ পৰা। মাই ট্ৰপিক আইলত অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ লেখক আৰু প্ৰকৃতিবিদ এডমাণ্ড জেমছ বেনফিল্ডে কয় যে কেনেকৈ ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ছিংগাপুৰৰ এজন বন্ধুৱে তেওঁক ডুৰিয়ানৰ বীজ পঠিয়াইছিল, যিটো তেওঁ কুইন্সলেণ্ডৰ উত্তৰ উপকূলৰ ওচৰৰ গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় দ্বীপত ৰোপণ কৰি যত্ন লৈছিল। <ref>Banfield, E. J. (1911). ''My Tropic Isle''. T. Fisher Unwin. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনত ব্ৰিটিছ উদ্ভিদবিদ ই.জে.এইচ.কৰ্ণাৰে দ্য ডুৰিয়ান থিয়ৰী বা আধুনিক গছৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰস্তাৱ কৰা হৈছিল যে এণ্ড'জুকোৰী (জীৱ-জন্তুক পেটত বীজ পৰিবহণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰলোভন) বীজ বিয়পোৱাৰ আন যিকোনো পদ্ধতিৰ আগতেই উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল আৰু ডুৰিঅ' প্ৰজাতিৰ আদিম পূৰ্বপুৰুষসকলেই সেই বিক্ষিপ্তকৰণ পদ্ধতিৰ আদিম অনুশীলনকাৰী আছিল, বিশেষকৈ ৰঙা ডুৰিয়ান (D. dulcis) ফুল ফুলাৰ আদিম ফলৰ উদাহৰণ দাঙি ধৰিছে। কিন্তু ডুৰিঅ'নিয়া আৰু ইয়াৰ ভগ্নী ট্যাক্সাসমূহ যি জনগোষ্ঠীত পৰে, ডুৰিঅ'নিয়াৰ অধিক শেহতীয়া পৰিসীমাত মাংসল এৰিল আৰু কাঁইটীয়া ফল ক্লেডৰ ভিতৰত উৎপন্ন হয়। কিছুমান বংশৰ এই চৰিত্ৰবোৰ থাকে যদিও আন কিছুমানৰ নাথাকে। শেহতীয়া আণৱিক প্ৰমাণ (যিটোৰ ওপৰত ডুৰিঅ'নিয়াৰ শেহতীয়া, সুসমৰ্থিত পৰিসীমা ভিত্তি হৈছে) সেয়েহে কৰ্ণাৰৰ ডুৰিয়ান তত্ত্বক খণ্ডন কৰে। ১৯৯০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰা এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ চাউথইষ্ট এছিয়ান নেচনছ (আছিয়ান) অঞ্চলত ডুৰিয়ানৰ ঘৰুৱা আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চাহিদা যথেষ্ট বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। ২০২০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনত ডুৰিয়ানৰ উন্মাদনাৰ ফলত এই ফলৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বাণিজ্য বহু পৰিমাণে বৃদ্ধি পায়।<ref>Shan, Lee Ying (13 September 2023). "Demand for the world's smelliest fruit has soared 400%, fueled by China's 'craze'". ''cnbc.com''. CNBC. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু লোকচিকিৎসা == ==== সাংস্কৃতিক প্ৰভাৱ ==== স্থানীয় এটা সাধাৰণ বিশ্বাস হ'ল যে কফি বা মদ্যপানৰ সৈতে খালে ডুৰিয়ান ক্ষতিকাৰক। <ref>Brown 1997, p. 51.</ref> পিছৰ বিশ্বাসটো অন্ততঃ ১৮ শতিকাৰ পৰাই হ’ব পাৰে যেতিয়া ৰামফিয়াছে কৈছিল যে ডুৰিয়ান খোৱাৰ পিছত মদ খাব নালাগে কাৰণ ইয়াৰ ফলত বদহজম আৰু মুখৰ দুৰ্গন্ধ হ’ব। ১৯২৯ চনত জে ডি জিমলেটে তেওঁৰ মালয় পইজনছ এণ্ড চাৰ্ম কিউৰছত লিখিছিল যে ডুৰিয়ান ফল ব্ৰেণ্ডীৰ সৈতে খাব নালাগে। ১৯৮১ চনত জে আৰ ক্ৰফ্টে তেওঁৰ Bombacaceae: In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea ত লিখিছিল যে ডুৰিয়ান খোৱাৰ পিছত অতি সোনকালে মদ্যপান কৰাৰ পিছত "নিচা ধৰাৰ ভাৱ" প্ৰায়ে হয়। এই বিশ্বাসৰ বৈধতাৰ ওপৰত কেইবাটাও চিকিৎসা অনুসন্ধান বিভিন্ন সিদ্ধান্তৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছে, <ref>Brown 1997, p. 51.</ref> যদিও চুকুবা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ এক অধ্যয়নত দেখা গৈছে যে ফলটোৰ উচ্চ চালফাৰৰ পৰিমাণে এলডিহাইড ডিহাইড্ৰ'জেনেজৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপত বাধা দিয়ে, যাৰ ফলত ক্লিয়াৰ কৰাৰ ক্ষমতা ৭০ শতাংশ হ্ৰাস পায় শৰীৰৰ পৰা বিষাক্ত পদাৰ্থ। <ref>"Durians and booze: worse than a stinking hangover". ''New Scientist''. 16 September 2009. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.</ref> ==== লোক চিকিৎসা ==== মালয়েছিয়াত আগতে পাত আৰু শিপাৰ কাপ এন্টিপাইৰেটিক হিচাপে প্ৰেছক্ৰিপচন কৰা হৈছিল। জ্বৰ ৰোগীৰ মূৰত পাতৰ ৰস প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়। <ref name=":4" /> জ্বৰৰ প্ৰতিকাৰ হিচাপে ডুৰিয়ানৰ ঔষধি ব্যৱহাৰৰ আটাইতকৈ সম্পূৰ্ণ বৰ্ণনা হৈছে ১৯৩০ চনত বাৰ্কিল আৰু হেনিফে সংগ্ৰহ কৰা মালয় প্ৰেছক্ৰিপচন।ইয়াত পাঠকক ডুৰিয়া জিবেথিনাছ, নেফেলিয়াম লংগানাৰ শিপাৰ সৈতে হিবিস্কাছ ৰোজা-চিনেন্সিছৰ শিপা উতলাবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হৈছে , Nephelium mutabile আৰু Artocarpus integrifolius, আৰু কাজ বা পান কৰে ইয়াক পাউল্টিচ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। <ref>Burkill, I. H.; Haniff, M. (1930). "Malay village medicine, prescriptions collected". ''Gardens Bulletin Straits Settlements'' (6): 176–177.</ref> দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ পৰম্পৰাগত বিশ্বাসৰ লগতে পৰম্পৰাগত চীনা খাদ্য চিকিৎসাই ডুৰিয়ান ফলক অত্যধিক ঘামচি ওলোৱাৰ বাবে উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি কৰা গুণ বুলি গণ্য কৰে। ইয়াক প্ৰতিহত কৰাৰ পৰম্পৰাগত পদ্ধতি হ'ল ফলৰ খালী খোলাত পানী ঢালি ফলৰ গুটি খোৱাৰ পিছত পান কৰা।<ref>Huang, Kee C. (1998). ''The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs'' (Second ed.). CRC Press. p. 2. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8493-1665-4</bdi>.</ref> ইয়াৰ বিকল্প পদ্ধতি হ’ল ডুৰিয়ানক আমলখিৰ লগত খোৱা, যিটো শীতল গুণ আছে বুলি ধৰা হয়। গৰ্ভৱতী মহিলা বা উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ থকা লোকক পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে ডুৰিয়ান গ্ৰহণ নকৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়া হয়। <ref>McElroy, Anne; Townsend, Patricia K. (2003). ''Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective''. Westview Press. p. 253. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8133-3821-7</bdi>.</ref> জাভানিসকলে ডুৰিয়ানৰ কামোদ্দীপক গুণ আছে বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ সৈতে বা তাৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছত কি সেৱন কৰিব পাৰি বা নহ'ব পাৰে তাৰ ওপৰত এক নিয়ম আৰোপ কৰে। <ref>Huang, Kee C. (1998). ''The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs'' (Second ed.). CRC Press. p. 2. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8493-1665-4</bdi>.</ref> ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত ডুৰিয়ান জাতুহ ছাৰুং নাইক নামৰ এটা কথা, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে "ডুৰিয়ান সৰি পৰে আৰু চেৰং ওপৰলৈ আহে" এই বিশ্বাসক বুজায়। <ref>Stevens, Alan M. (2000). Schmidgall-Tellings, A. (ed.). ''A Comprehensive Indonesian–English Dictionary''. Ohio University Press. p. 255. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8214-1584-9</bdi>.</ref> এই ফলৰ কল্পিত লেচাৰ গুণৰ বিৰুদ্ধে সতৰ্কবাণী অতি সোনকালেই পশ্চিমলৈ বিয়পি পৰিল – ছুইডেনবৰ্গৰ দাৰ্শনিক হাৰ্মান ভেটাৰলিঙে ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে ডুৰিয়ানৰ তথাকথিত "ই কামোদ্দীপক গুণ"ৰ বিষয়ে মন্তব্য কৰিছিল।<ref>Vetterling, Herman (2003) [1923]. ''Illuminate of Gorlitz or Jakob Bohme's Life and Philosophy, Part 3''. Kessinger Publishing. p. 1380. ISBN <bdi>978-0-7661-4788-1</bdi>.</ref> == পৰিৱেশৰ প্ৰভাৱ == চীনত ডুৰিয়ানৰ উচ্চ চাহিদাৰ বাবে মালয়েছিয়াত ক্ষুদ্ৰ ডুৰিয়ান বাগিচাৰ পৰা বৃহৎ পৰিসৰৰ ডুৰিয়ান নিৰ্ভৰ ঔদ্যোগ গঢ়ি উঠিছে। বৃহৎ ডুৰিয়ান বাগিচাৰ বাবে ঠাই সৃষ্টি কৰিবলৈ বনাঞ্চলসমূহ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত তেলপালৰ খেতিৰ ফলত সৃষ্টি হোৱা বৰ্তমানৰ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ সমস্যা আৰু অধিক ভয়াৱহ হৈ পৰে। <ref name="Airriess">{{cite journal|last=Airriess|first=Christopher|year=2020|title=Trade, Tourism and the Environment in Asia's Durian Boom|url=http://www.focusongeography.org/publications/articles/durian/index.html|journal=Focus on Geography|volume=63|publisher=[[American Geographical Society]]|doi=10.21690/foge/2020.63.6f|s2cid=243637781}}</ref>ডুৰিয়ান গছৰ পৰাগযোগ কৰা সৰু উৰন্ত শিয়াল আৰু মালয় বাঘ আদি প্ৰাণী প্ৰজাতিৰ বাসস্থানৰ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ ফলত বিপন্ন হৈ পৰিছে। গুৱা মুছাং জিলাত ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰে ওৰাং আছলিৰ থলুৱা ভূমিকে ধৰি ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ বৰ্গফুট (১০,০০০ একৰ) বনাঞ্চলক ডুৰিয়ান বাগিচালৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিবলৈ অনুমোদন জনায়।<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Serina|year=2020|title=Malaysia and the Pursuit of Sustainability|journal=Southeast Asian Affairs|volume=2020|pages=214–215|jstor=26938892}}</ref> মালয়েছিয়া আৰু থাইলেণ্ডত ক্ৰমে মুছাং কিং আৰু মণ্টং জাতৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱৰ বাবে উচ্চমানৰ জাতৰ মূল্যত ডুৰিয়ানৰ জিনীয় বৈচিত্ৰ্য হ্ৰাস পোৱাৰ চিন্তাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে। ২০২২ চনত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কালিমন্টানত ডুৰিয়ান প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত কৰা এক অধ্যয়নত কম জিনীয় বৈচিত্ৰ্য পোৱা গৈছে । ইয়াৰ উপৰিও এই প্ৰধান সংকৰ জাতবোৰ কীট-পতংগ আৰু ভেঁকুৰৰ ৰোগৰ প্ৰতি অধিক সহজলভ্য, যাৰ বাবে গছক দুৰ্বল কৰিব পৰা কীটনাশক আৰু ভেঁকুৰনাশক ব্যৱহাৰৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mursyidin|first1=Dindin Hidayatul|last2=Makruf|first2=Muhammad Irfan|last3=Badruzsaufari|last4=Noor|first4=Aidi|display-authors=3|year=2022|title=Molecular diversity of exotic durian (''Durio'' spp.) germplasm: a case study of Kalimantan, Indonesia|journal=Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology|volume=20|issue=1|page=39|doi=10.1186/s43141-022-00321-8|pmid=35230532|pmc=8888783|doi-access=free}}</ref> == তথ্য সূত্ৰ == bh1vkgjiljhlhllwhfuc0xayss9jowh মীমানা প্ৰেমথিলকে 0 109911 452898 452852 2024-12-09T12:46:14Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা */ 452898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Meemana Premathilake | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = Karunaratne Premathilake | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = 6 | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''Nildiye Nalangana'' * ''Pāḷugama'' * ''Pem Paḍura'' * ''Pem Rājiṇī'' * ''Rathi Sagaraya'' * ''Sohon Bima'' * ''Surapura'' * ''Vanagata Kaviyā'' * ''Yamuna'' {{Div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 7fmdv16fid5jpgkvwchy5wk8iqgb4ws 452899 452898 2024-12-09T12:46:50Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা */ 452899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Meemana Premathilake | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = Karunaratne Premathilake | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = 6 | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''Pāḷugama'' * ''Pem Paḍura'' * ''Pem Rājiṇī'' * ''Rathi Sagaraya'' * ''Sohon Bima'' * ''Surapura'' * ''Vanagata Kaviyā'' * ''Yamuna'' {{Div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 3ibmmfr2dz4gxuclx547rr0nnha2coe 452900 452899 2024-12-09T12:47:48Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা */ 452900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Meemana Premathilake | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = Karunaratne Premathilake | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = 6 | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''Pāḷugama'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''Pem Rājiṇī'' * ''Rathi Sagaraya'' * ''Sohon Bima'' * ''Surapura'' * ''Vanagata Kaviyā'' * ''Yamuna'' {{Div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ijbsrwfo0660aldiwwh5184k2o6bjhe 452901 452900 2024-12-09T12:48:17Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা */ 452901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Meemana Premathilake | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = Karunaratne Premathilake | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = 6 | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''Pāḷugama'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''Pem Rājiṇī'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''Sohon Bima'' * ''Surapura'' * ''Vanagata Kaviyā'' * ''Yamuna'' {{Div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} cn9i2r0hzx20z5lads6bq2n8hzxz0xb 452902 452901 2024-12-09T12:48:45Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা */ 452902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Meemana Premathilake | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = Karunaratne Premathilake | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = 6 | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''Pāḷugama'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''Pem Rājiṇī'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''Sohon Bima'' * ''Surapura'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''Yamuna'' {{Div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 2ai0w1pydle3zvwwkrj73suqzbuuxms 452907 452902 2024-12-09T12:52:13Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা */ 452907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Meemana Premathilake | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = Karunaratne Premathilake | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = 6 | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''Pāḷugama'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''Pem Rājiṇī'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''Sohon Bima'' * ''Surapura'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{Div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} t8by6zoaivtk7m6ratiaw3emlvkru7h 452908 452907 2024-12-09T12:53:48Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা */ 452908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Meemana Premathilake | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = Karunaratne Premathilake | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = 6 | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''Pāḷugama'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''Pem Rājiṇī'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''Surapura'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{Div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} s4mg26j7qpacy0696nwzce1ucppi376 452909 452908 2024-12-09T13:00:17Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা */ 452909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Meemana Premathilake | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = Karunaratne Premathilake | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = 6 | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''Pāḷugama'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''Surapura'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{Div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} llek18tgel887651445dl0e54skzqh6 452910 452909 2024-12-09T13:02:26Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা */ 452910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Meemana Premathilake | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = Karunaratne Premathilake | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = 6 | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''Surapura'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{Div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 6ul5d8hlmjg0vioxc4h8h4fm8qv6v43 452912 452910 2024-12-09T13:02:55Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা */ 452912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Meemana Premathilake | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = Karunaratne Premathilake | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = 6 | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{Div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 3dn2yqc5mlwgdbzrdoc9iqczr9gq6tl 452914 452912 2024-12-09T13:04:30Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা */ 452914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Meemana Premathilake | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = Karunaratne Premathilake | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = 6 | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 6bfaup2fprd3ijypxkmj718ok53p3pi 452915 452914 2024-12-09T13:05:13Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = Karunaratne Premathilake | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = 6 | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} nriehwk74la8epvyx9g3kvyzh9vd5sc 452916 452915 2024-12-09T13:06:14Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = 6 | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} piand5azp6ohu2ltkvxbyv22f0p2xzl 452917 452916 2024-12-09T13:06:37Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[Horana]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} c43utg31l401mzikgguztru62q2d7e8 452924 452917 2024-12-09T13:46:04Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[British Ceylon]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} jrb0h2rcyzxfvdvk4tgj7g3mp8tkr9h 452925 452924 2024-12-09T13:46:46Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 8b3k5jtiwbq7aa3ryhktq5xy91n7y4c 452926 452925 2024-12-09T13:47:30Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Colombo]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} d2uddksbe2n7rr9ij0u258777ytr7wd 452927 452926 2024-12-09T13:48:09Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = Sri Lankan | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} r3mkoeh2qwl5jlodxyg5tcnohos7k3q 452929 452927 2024-12-09T13:48:50Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|Taxila Central College]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 735hnufkop5odqbu55dlgpty8nkplku 452933 452929 2024-12-09T13:51:50Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[Ananda College]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} rqi2ps38q6xwrzbl7d5lmxmoomid9lh 452934 452933 2024-12-09T13:52:53Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = Poet, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 4d985zgaqt5lhpmqtp72fymeykc7uw5 452935 452934 2024-12-09T13:53:20Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, writer, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 4kk8p57m6jpny62pd4vcxeqjim9cnpl 452936 452935 2024-12-09T13:53:35Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, journalist | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ketcdt3aa4ekbuu8m7kdv7x3w6212qn 452938 452936 2024-12-09T13:53:58Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = 1936–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} kkkce3eq2paw9bhlydps2qwx0tmktsg 452939 452938 2024-12-09T13:54:25Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–1965 }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} pntxb17l62a3vi13xrsy845kx1pd2fe 452940 452939 2024-12-09T13:54:50Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = Adeline Hathamune (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 4wczh9z019tqrt6c7ppl2uqpf8297zp 452942 452940 2024-12-09T13:55:31Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (m. 1942) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 33fkt9jp3du4pawli35653gkh5s2ym6 452948 452942 2024-12-09T13:59:02Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} sgkvrca6nweadt73wjle1x63ouhgz1a 452950 452948 2024-12-09T14:01:06Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* কেৰিয়াৰ */ 452950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ku730kzvqtq8asvelugk7e79uba49e1 452951 452950 2024-12-09T14:01:58Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* কেৰিয়াৰ */ 452951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627 "Hundred for Meemana Premathilake"]. ''Lankadeepa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} kj2cvl5lkoyhaji4nqryxi7s7n3xzp9 452956 452951 2024-12-09T14:06:47Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* কেৰিয়াৰ */ 452956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} b2bz421h10dq1hqt2gm2sye8m2en63y 452959 452956 2024-12-09T14:08:58Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন */ 452959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet"/> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} qfeh12njneipqjoziott9aue1kp1ul1 452960 452959 2024-12-09T14:09:53Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* কেৰিয়াৰ */ 452960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet"/> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet"/> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} n9m312p120brfwfjxf11e5olfykej0a 452962 452960 2024-12-09T14:10:37Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* কেৰিয়াৰ */ 452962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet"/> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet"/> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 5ovm57yxkcyz3mgxar70icsxjth2qpu 452965 452962 2024-12-09T14:11:37Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* কেৰিয়াৰ */ 452965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet"/> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet"/> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි "It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born"]. ''Silumina''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} a8c6hfoqr1w74o8iezsouihh0b4yynl 452966 452965 2024-12-09T14:12:25Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* কেৰিয়াৰ */ 452966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet"/> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet"/> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet"/> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 5wv3uzags91cp2uzlz554q95xnntjo2 452968 452966 2024-12-09T14:13:44Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ক মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজৰ পৰা আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet"/> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet"/> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet"/> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} idmw51q26lxz98n62c2arbd1vnlhwlc 452971 452968 2024-12-09T14:14:53Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন */ 452971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ক মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/>'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet"/> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet"/> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet"/> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} kkncrytna3g8ajxf6724tlw95crdbtu 452981 452971 2024-12-09T14:33:08Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন */ 452981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ক মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> 'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet"/> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত গোৱী মহাত্থায় নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet"/> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু মা কবি হাদু হাটীকে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। এথেৰা নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ অথীতা স্মাৰণ শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet"/> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} kjz1zvjfmh0y92d9c8z8scuvqo5ou2e 452983 452981 2024-12-09T14:36:37Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* কেৰিয়াৰ */ 452983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ক মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> 'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet"/> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত ''গোৱী মহাত্থায়'' নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet"/> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু ''মা কবি হাদু হাটী''কে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। ''এথেৰা'' নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ ''অথীতা স্মাৰণ'' শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet"/> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} p68rd9uv30d2zrly47kkeun5dlvay0o 452984 452983 2024-12-09T14:37:07Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 452984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Sri Lankan journalist and poet (1916–1965)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍ | honorific-prefix = | native_name = මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක | other_names = | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | birth_name = কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ | birth_place = [[হোৰানা]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1965|07|12|1918|09|20|df=yes}} | death_place = [[কলম্বো]], শ্ৰীলংকা | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = শ্ৰীলংকান | education = [[Taxila Central College, Horana|তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ]] <br> [[আনন্দ কলেজ]] | party = | spouse = এডলাইন হেথামুন (বি‍. ১৯৪২) | children = ৬ | awards = | signature = | relatives = | occupation = কবি‍, লেখক, সাংবাদিক | years_active = ১৯৩৬–১৯৬৫ }} '''মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে‍''' ({{lang-en|Meemana Premathilake}}; ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯১৮ – ১২ জুলাই ১৯৬৫) শ্ৰীলংকাৰ এগৰাকী বিশিষ্ট কবি, সাংবাদিক আৰু লেখক; কৰুণাৰত্নে প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ক মীমানা প্ৰেমথি‍লকে নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয়৷<ref name="sarasaviya">{{Cite web|title=On the occasion of the centenary birthday of the poet Meemana Premathilaka: A note about the Sarasaviya original author|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2018/09/20/?fn=sa18092023|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref><ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> কলম্বো যুগৰ অন্যতম সন্মানীয় কবি, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰধান শৈল্পিক বাতৰি কাকত ''সৰসাভিয়া''ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হিচাপে প্ৰেমথিলকে উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get to know the poets of the Colombo era!|url=https://www.lifie.lk/2019/12/08/poets-of-colombo-era/|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=lifie|date=8 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Western influence of Colombo second generation poetry|url=https://www.divaina.com/sunday/index.php/visheshanga2/10228-2019-05-24-09-23-128|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Divaina}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Colombo Poet' returns to the scene|url=http://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/31/imp11.asp|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sunday Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == শ্ৰীলংকাৰ হোৰানাৰ মীমানা গাঁৱত ১৯১৮ চনৰ ২০ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ জন্ম।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল হোৰানাৰ তক্ষশিলা চেণ্ট্ৰেল কলেজ আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত হোৰানাৰৰ বিদ্যাৰত্ন মহা পিৰিভেনাৰ পৰা। যেতিয়া তেওঁ কবি হিচাপে খ্যাতি অৰ্জন কৰিছিল তেতিয়া তেওঁ উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে কলম্বোৰ আনন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ লণ্ডন মেট্ৰিক পৰীক্ষাত বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ আশা ত্যাগ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=මීමන ප්‍රේමතිලක / Mimana Premathilaka|url=http://guruthumaweb.blogspot.com/2016/06/blog-post_8.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=guruthumaweb|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ দীৰ্ঘদিনীয়া সংগিনী এডলাইন হেথামুনৰ সৈতে ১৯৪২ চনৰ ২০ এপ্ৰিলত বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তেওেঁলাকৰ দুগৰাকী কন্যা ক্ৰমে‍ ৰামানী, সৰোজা আৰু চাৰিপুত্ৰ হ'ল ক্ৰমে‍ সুনীল, সৰথ, সামান আৰু সান্দুন। শৈশৱতে‍ ছামনৰ মৃত্যু হৈছিল। <ref name="lankadeepa">{{Cite web|title=Hundred for Meemana Premathilake|url=http://www.lankadeepa.lk/sunday/thaksalawa/මීමනට-සීයයි/55-536627|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Lankadeepa}}</ref> তেওঁৰ তিনিজন পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা ৰামানীয়েও লেক হাউচত কাম কৰিছিল। সুনীল মাধৱ প্ৰেমথিলকা 'চিলুমিনা'ৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ সদস্য। সৰথ প্ৰেমথিলকে‍ 'ক্ৰীদা' নামৰ বাতৰি কাকতখনৰ সম্পাদক হৈছিল। স্কুলীয়া দিনতে‍ সৰথে সিকুৰু থাৰুৱা আৰু ''পৰসাথু মাল'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত শিশু অভিনেতা হিচাপে অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> 'ক্ৰীদা' বাতৰি কাকতৰ সম্পাদকীয় বোৰ্ডত থকা ছান্দুন প্ৰেমথিলকেৰ অকালতে মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet">{{Cite web|title=It is one hundred years since the poet Meemana was born|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/09/08/පුන්කලස/පෙම්-කවි-ලියා-පිදු%C2%ADරුයි-පුන්න%C2%ADක්කුයි-තෑගි-ලැබූ-මීමන-කවියා-ඉපිද-වසර-සිය%C2%ADයයි|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁ চন্দুনে পন্নিপিটিয়াৰ ধৰ্মপাল বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰথম একাদশ দলৰ অধিনায়ক আছিল। সুনীল আৰু সৰথে আনন্দ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আনহাতে ৰামানী আৰু চৰোজাই কলম্বোৰ বিশাখা বিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। মিহিৰী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ এজন অসামৰিক অভিযন্তা।<ref name="srilankaguardian">{{Cite web|title=Meemana Premathilake: Great poet and legendary Silumina Editor|url=http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2012/09/meemana-premathilake-great-poet-and.html|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sri Lanka Guardian}}</ref> ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১০ জুলাইত তেওঁক ৰত্নম চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি কৰোৱা হৈছিল আৰু দুদিন ধৰি‍ তেওঁ কোমাত আছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ৪৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="poet"/> তেওঁক কানাট্টে সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/> তেওঁৰ পত্নী এডলিনৰ ২০১৫ চনৰ মে' মাহত ৯৪ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarasaviya founding editor Meemana Premathilaka's wife dies|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2016/05/05/?fn=sa1605056|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == জীৱনকালত আনন্দীয়ান হিচাপে তেওঁ ''শ্ৰীলংকা'' নামৰ প্ৰথম কাব্যিক ৰচনাখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মীমানাই চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ বাবে শ শ কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও তাৰ কোনোটোৱেই প্ৰকাশ পোৱা নাছিল। বিচলিত নোহোৱাকৈ তেওঁ লিখা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ভাৰতীয় কবি ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু উইলমট এ পেৰেৰাৰ দ্বাৰা হোৰানা শ্ৰী পালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ আধাৰশিলা স্থাপনৰ দিনা তেওঁৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত ''গোৱী মহাত্থায়'' নামৰ কবিতাৰ ধাৰাবাহিক ‘চিলুমিনা’ কাকতত প্ৰকাশ পায়।<ref name="poet"/> বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ হাস্যৰসেৰে ভৰা এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ১৬ পৃষ্ঠাৰ এখন কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰি গুণসেন গ্ৰন্থৰ দোকানত দিছিল, তেওঁ তেতিয়া দহ টকা পাইছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ কবিতাবোৰ সৈনিকসকলৰ মাজত অতি জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ১৯৩৬ চনত শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰেমথিলকে তেতিয়াৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক মাৰ্টিন ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতত এজন অপেচাদাৰী সাংবাদিক হিচাপে সাংবাদিক-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ৱিক্ৰামসিংহেই কবিতা পৃষ্ঠাত তেওঁৰ কাব্যিক প্ৰবন্ধসমূহক এক বিশেষ স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Silumina Editor: Dharmapala Wettasinghe who said that the hands of an independent writer are free|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2019/06/29/පුන්කලස/ස්වාධී%C2%ADනව-සිතන-කර්තෘ-කෙන%C2%ADකුගේ-දෑත-නිද%C2%ADහස්-බව-කියූ-සිළු%C2%ADමිණ-හිටපු-කර්තෘ-ධර්ම%C2%ADපාල|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> প্ৰেমথিলকেই তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সুন্দৰ গাওঁখনক লৈ‍ ''পালুগামা'' শীৰ্ষক কেইবাটাও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। চিলুমিনাৰ প্ৰতিৱেদন সম্পাদক হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কাৰ্যকালত তেওঁ ''লঙ্কাৱে লাছানা থেন'' নামৰ এক প্ৰতিৱেদন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ১৯৪১ চনত তেওঁ ''নীলদিয়ে নালংগনা'' নামেৰে কবিতা বিষয়ক প্ৰবন্ধ লিখিছিল। কুকুলু কোৰালেৰ এটা বনৰীয়া জলপ্ৰপাতৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁ ''মিয়ুনু এলা'' নামেৰে এটি কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল। শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বিষয়ে লিখা এইটোৱেই প্ৰথম কবিতা।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> নিজৰ অভিজ্ঞতা বৰ্ণনা কৰি তেওঁ নিজৰ নামটো লুকুৱাই থৈছিল আৰু ''মা কবি হাদু হাটী''কে ধৰি বহুতো কবিতা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সাংবাদিকতাৰ জীৱনকালত মীমানাই অন্যায় দেখিছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ বিৰুদ্ধে থিয় দিছিল আৰু ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ পদত্যাগ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁক শৈল্পিক কবিতাৰ বাবে পিছলৈ লঙ্কাদীপাৰ সম্পাদকীয় পৰিষদৰ উপশম্পাদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="silumina">{{Cite web|title=ගමට අසීමිත සේ පෙම් කළ කවියා: මීමන|url=https://www.silumina.lk/2018/07/21/පුන්කලස/ගමට-අසී%C2%ADමිත-සේ-පෙම්-කළ-කවියා-මීමන|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> এছ'চিয়েটেড নিউজপেপাৰ্ছ অৱ চাইলন লিমিটেড (এ.এন.চি.এল. বা লেক হাউছ)ৰ পৰা দ্বিতীয়বাৰৰ বাবে পদত্যাগ কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ সমবায় উন্নয়ন বিভাগ আৰু চাইলন টেকনিকেল কলেজত অনুবাদক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পিছতে মীমানাই লঙ্কাদীপাৰ পৰা লেক হাউছলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৬১ চনত চিলুমিনা বাতৰি কাকতৰ মুখ্য সম্পাদক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories told then about the poems of Colombo, Peradeniya and Hela Hawule|url=http://www.silumina.lk/2018/12/29/පුන්කලස/කොළඹ-පේරා%C2%ADදෙ%C2%ADණි-සහ-හෙළ-හවුලේ-කවි-ගැන-එදා-කියූ-කතා|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Silumina}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ব্যস্ত সাংবাদিক জীৱনকালত, তেওঁ ভ্যাল এলিন সাহা ভেদন মেদা, ''সুন্দৰ লঙ্কাব'', ''ইৰোপ্পে কাটা'', ''অথীথা সুন্দৰিয়া'', ''বিনাকাৰায়া'' আৰু তিনিখন খণ্ডত মাট্টা হিতেনা হেতিৰ দৰে কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ লিখিছিল। তেওঁৰ বেছিভাগ কাব্যগ্ৰন্থ মাৰাডানাৰ পি.কে.ডব্লিউ. ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। ''এথেৰা'' নামৰ কাব্য সংকলনখন এম. ডি. গুনাসেনাই ছিৰিৱাৰ্ডেনা প্ৰকাশনতকৈ দহগুণ বেছি মাননি দিয়াৰ পিছত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।<ref name="poet"/> ১৯৬৩ চনত তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া' বাতৰি কাকতৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সম্পাদক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance and Drama|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2014/04/10/?fn=sa14041017|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> খবৰ অনুসৰি‍ ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১০ এপ্ৰিলত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱনা সংখ্যাটো মুকলি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু ৫০০,০০০ কপি প্ৰিণ্ট হৈছিল।<ref name="sarasaviya"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is 59 years old?|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/editorial/2021/04/08/20209/අවුරුදු-59-යනු-වයසක්ද|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> কাকতখনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ তিনি মাহৰ পিছত 'সৰসাভিয়া'ৰ সম্পাদক পদ ৱিমালাচিৰি পেৰেৰাক হস্তান্তৰ কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰেমথিলকেই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত বাতৰি কাকতখন বিকশিত কৰিছিল আৰু ১৪ বছৰ ধৰি ইয়াৰ সম্পাদক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifty years have passed since the death of Meemana Premathilake, the founding editor of the Sarasaviya|url=http://archives.sarasaviya.lk/2015/07/09/?fn=sa1507093|accessdate=2021-05-03|work=Sarasaviya}}</ref> শৈশৱতে‍ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ সামানৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জনপ্ৰিয় কবিতা ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="lankadeepa"/> ৪০ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ ''মাগে প্ৰেমায়া কলৱ হা জীৱিতায়া'' নামেৰে তেওঁৰ অন্তিমখন গ্ৰন্থ ৰচনা কৰিছিল আৰু ই আছিল এখন আত্মজীৱনী।<ref name="silumina"/> গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হৈ চিকিৎসালয়ত ভৰ্তি হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ 'সৰসাভিয়া "বাতৰি কাকতত প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ কেইবাটাও কবিতা লিখিছিল। ১৯৬৫ চনৰ ২৩ জুনত তেওঁৰ ''অথীতা স্মাৰণ'' শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটো প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="poet"/> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা == {{div col|2}} * ''আদৰায়'' * ''এথ ৱু প্ৰেমায়া'' * ''আম্বা মাল'' * ''আনংগা'' * ''অন্ধ লামায়া'' * ''অশোকামালা'' * ''অথিতা স্মৰণ'' * ''ইথেৰা'' * ''গম্বাদা থাৰুণীয়া'' * ''জীৱন গংগা'' * ''কিৰিহামি'' * ''কুমুদুমতী'' * ''মৰাণয়'' * ''মিনিহা'' * ''মিয়াগিয়া দাৰুৱেক'' * ''নেহুম কেকুহু'' * ''নীলদয়ে নলংগানা'' * ''পালুগামা'' * ''পেম পাডুৰা'' * ''পেম ৰাজিনী'' * ''ৰাতি সাগৰায়'' * ''সোহোন বিমা'' * ''সুৰাপুৰা'' * ''বনাগতা কৱিয়া'' * ''যমুনা'' {{div col end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} t9xt31ocxqi4gjs2djelzp3ixfbpvla মহা চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ 0 109912 452911 2024-12-09T13:02:33Z Jyoti Chiring 34123 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: '''মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ'''{{lang-en|:The Great Chinese Famine}} ([[চীনা ভাষাত]]: 三年大饥荒; lit. 'তিনি বছৰৰ মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ') আছিল ১৯৫৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনৰ [[ভিতৰত চীনৰ গণৰাজ্য]]ত [[(People's Republic of China)]] সংঘটিত হোৱা এক [[দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]।<ref na... 452911 wikitext text/x-wiki '''মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ'''{{lang-en|:The Great Chinese Famine}} ([[চীনা ভাষাত]]: 三年大饥荒; lit. 'তিনি বছৰৰ মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ') আছিল ১৯৫৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনৰ [[ভিতৰত চীনৰ গণৰাজ্য]]ত [[(People's Republic of China)]] সংঘটিত হোৱা এক [[দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]।<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议|url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022175245/http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|archive-date=22 October 2019|access-date=23 April 2020|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=1981-06-27|title=Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China|url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121344.pdf?v=d461ad5001da989b8f96cc1dfb3c8ce7|website=Wilson Center}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" /> কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ১৯৫৮ বা ১৯৬২ চনকো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=Kai-sing|last2=Lin|first2=Yifu|year=2003|title=The Causes of China's Great Leap Famine, 1959–1961|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=52|issue=1|pages=51–73|doi=10.1086/380584|issn=0013-0079|jstor=10.1086/380584|s2cid=9454493}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name="Tombstone-p126">{{cite book|surname=Yang|given=Jisheng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadqrYU10eMC|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|date=2012|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-27793-2|page=126|author-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|title=45 million died in Mao's Great Leap Forward, Hong Kong historian says in new book|website=South China Morning Post|date=5 September 2010 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226140751/https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|archive-date=26 February 2020|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> আটাইতকৈ মাৰাত্মক দুৰ্ভিক্ষ আৰু মানৱ ইতিহাসৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ মানৱসৃষ্ট দুৰ্যোগ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। আনুমান কৰা হয় যে সেই সময়ত অনাহাৰত হোৱা মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫ৰ পৰা ৫৫মিলিয়নৰ ভিতৰত হব। আটাইতকৈ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত প্ৰদেশসমূহ আছিল [[আনহুই]] (১৮% মৃত), [[চংকিং]] (১৫%), [[ছিচুয়ান]] (১৩%),[[ গুইঝৌ]] (১১%) আৰু [[হুনান]] (৮%)। <ref name="Cao 2005"/> মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ প্ৰধান কাৰকসমূহ আছিল চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ মাও[[জেডঙে]] আৰম্ভ কৰা [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড ]](১৯৫৮ৰ পৰা ১৯৬২) আৰু জনসাধাৰণ [[কমিউনৰ নীতি]], যেনে, "জনগোষ্ঠী" (People's Communes)-ৰ নীতি-আদৰ্শসমূহ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ পৰিকল্পিত অৰ্থনীতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত খাদ্য বিতৰণৰ অদক্ষতা; অতি প্ৰচীন কৃষিপদ্ধতিৰ প্ৰয়োগ; [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]] যিয়ে পক্ষীৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল (যি কাৰ্য্যই পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰক বিঘ্নিত কৰিছিল); শস্য উৎপাদনৰ অত্যধিক প্ৰতিবেদন; আৰু লাখ লাখ কৃষকক লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কাৰখানা লৈ যোৱাৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowman|first=John S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA72|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|date=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50004-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kung |first=James Kai-sing |title=The Political Economy of China's Great Leap Famine |date=2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-economic-history-of-china/political-economy-of-chinas-great-leap-famine/32E5530258C063FE060C1A8C60A23C05 |work=The Cambridge Economic History of China: 1800 to the Present |pages=642–684 |editor-last=Ma |editor-first=Debin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108348485.019 |isbn=978-1-108-42553-7 |s2cid=246670673 |editor2-last=von Glahn |editor2-first=Richard}}</ref> ১৯৬২ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা [[সাত হাজাৰ কেডাৰ সন্মিলন]]ৰ সময়ত চীনৰ তেতিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি [[লিউ শ্বাওকি]]য়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যক্ত কৰিছিল যে; ৩০% দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু ৭০% মানৱসৃষ্ট ভুলৰ বাবে। ("三分天灾, 七分人祸")।<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214040606/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|archive-date=2012-12-14|access-date=2021-01-08|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来(2)|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915075439/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|archive-date=15 September 2019|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh}}</ref> [[ৰিফৰ্মছ এণ্ড অ’পেনিং আপ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছত ১৯৮১ চনৰ জুন মাহত চীনা কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে কয় যে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ মূল কাৰণ হৈছে [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড]]ৰ লগতে [[এণ্টি ৰাইটিষ্ট]] অভিযানৰ ভুল, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও আন কিছুমান হ’ল [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু [[চীন-ছোভিয়েট বিভাজন]]।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/> ==পৰিভাষা== চীন চৰকাৰে দূৰ্ভিক্ষক প্ৰথমে "তিনি বছৰীয়া মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ" (三年自然灾害) বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত সাধাৰণ নাম আছিল "প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ তিনি বছৰ" (三年自然灾害)। ১৯৮১ চনত ইয়াক সলনি কৰি "তিনি বছৰীয়া কষ্টৰ সময়" (三年困难时期) কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বাবে কেৱল প্ৰকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগকে দোষাৰোপ কৰা নহৈছিল।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/><ref name="Songster-2004">{{cite book|last=Songster|first=Edith Elena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSyIXwAACAAJ|title=A Natural Place for Nationalism: The Wanglang Nature Reserve and the Emergence of the Giant Panda as a National Icon|publisher=University of California, San Diego|year=2004|type=thesis|oclc=607612241|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=M.|first1=J.|date=17 February 2015|title=New (approved) assessments The great famine|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|url-status=live|newspaper=The Economist|language=en|location=Beijing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120153221/https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|archive-date=20 January 2018|access-date=18 January 2018}} citing {{cite book|last=Dikötter|first=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuvlBQAAQBAJ|title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945–1957|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|isbn=978-1-62040-349-5|location=London|oclc=881092774|access-date=18 January 2018}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পৰিসৰ== ===উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পোৱা=== কৃষি সংগঠনৰ কৃষি প্ৰণালী সলনি কৰা সময়ত খৰাং আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ একে সময়তে সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ১৯৫০ চনৰ বেছিভাগ সময় বতৰ তুলনামূলকভাৱে খৰাং আছিল যদিও ১৯৫৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত ই বিশেষভাৱে বেয়া হৈ পৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত শস্যৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। লাহে লাহে বছৰৰ পিছত বছৰ ধৰি শস্যৰ উৎপাদন বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰে।<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Ken |title=China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future |publisher=1804 Books |year=2023 |isbn=9781736850084 |location=New York |page=49}}</ref> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ তুলনাত ১৯৫৯ চনত শষ্য চপোৱাৰ পৰিমাণ ১৫% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু ১৯৬০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ৭০% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Justin Yifu|last2=Yang|first2=Dennis Tao|date=2000|title=Food Availability, Entitlements and the Chinese Famine of 1959-61|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2565651|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=110|issue=460|pages=136–158|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00494|jstor=2565651|issn=0013-0133}}</ref> বিশেষকৈ চীনৰ চৰকাৰী তথ্য অনুসৰি ১৯৫৮ চনত ২০ কোটি [[টন]] ৰ পৰা ১৯৫৯ চনত ১৭ কোটি টন লৈ আৰু ১৯৬০ চনত ১৪৩.৫ মিলিয়ন টন লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shang|first=Changfeng|date=2009|title=三年经济困难时期的紧急救灾措施|url=https://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|url-status=live|journal=《当代中国史研究》|language=zh|issue=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106112141/http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|archive-date=2020-11-06|via=[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]}}</ref> ===মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা=== চিচিপিৰ প্ৰাক্তন বিষয়া আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে, দুৰ্ভিক্ষত মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫–৫৫ মিলিয়ন হব ।মাওবাদী লেখক [[গাও ম'ব']]ৰ মতে, [[কমিউনিজম-বিৰোধী]] লেখকসকলে মৃত্যু সংখ্যা বেছি দেখুৱাবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে, আৰু চীনৰ [[কমিউনিষ্ট বিপ্লৱ]]ৰ সমৰ্থকসকলে এই সংখ্যা যিমান পাৰি কম দেখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gao|first=Mobo|title=Constructing China: Clashing Views of the People's Republic|year=2018|publisher=Pluto|isbn=978-1-786-80242-2|page=11|doi=10.2307/j.ctv3mt8z4 |jstor=j.ctv3mt8z4|s2cid=158528294}}</ref> ১৯৬১ চনৰ ফিল্ড মাৰ্শ্বাল [[মণ্টগোমাৰী]] আৰু মাও জেডঙৰ সৈতে হোৱা আলোচনাত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল যে চিআইএৰ এক অগোপনীয় প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ১৯৬০–১৯৬১ চনৰ [["অস্বাভাৱিক মৃত্যু"]] ৫০ লাখতকৈ অধিক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |date=1964-07-31 |title=Communist China's Domestic Crisis: the Road to 1964 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/polo-10.pdf |journal=Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room |pages=82}}</ref> সেই সময়ত চীনৰ চৰকাৰী পৰিসংখ্যা অনুসৰি ১৯৬১ চনত চীনৰ জনসংখ্যা ১৯৫৯ চনৰ তুলনাত প্ৰায় ১৪,৫৮০,০০০ কম। [[জন্মৰ হাৰ]] ২.৯২২% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.০৮৬% (১৯৬০)লৈ আৰু [[মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ]] ১.১৯৮% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.৫৪৩% (১৯৬০)লৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল। আনহাতে ১৯৬১ চনত জন্ম আৰু মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ দুয়োটাই শিৰ্খত উপনীত হয়।<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Justin Yifu|last2=Yang|first2=Dennis Tao|year=2000|title=Food Availability, Entitlements and the Chinese Famine of 1959–61|journal=[[The Economic Journal]]|publisher=[[Royal Economic Society]]|volume=110|issue=460|page=143|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00494}} ===নৃশংসতা=== দূৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ফলত মানুহ [[নৰখাদক]] হোৱাৰ অসংখ্য মৌখিক প্ৰতিবেদন আছে, যদিও ইয়াৰ বিষয়ে চৰকাৰী নথিপত্ৰ অতি কম। <ref name="bern97">{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Richard|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|title=Horror of a Hidden Chinese Famine|date=5 February 1997|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305072906/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|archive-date=5 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Becker|first=Jasper|url=https://archive.org/details/hungryghostsmaos00beck|title=Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine|publisher=Free Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-68483457-3|url-access=registration|page=352}}</ref> জীয়াই থাকিবলৈ মানুহে সকলো সম্ভাৱ্য উপায়ৰ আশ্ৰয় ল'বলগীয়া হৈছিল। খাবলৈ নাপায় মাটি খাইছিল, বিষ খাই মৰিছিল, চুৰি কাৰ্য্য পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যা লুণ্ঠন হৈছিল আৰু আনকি মানুহে মানুহৰ মাংস ভক্ষণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nq1qr |title=The Great Famine in China, 1958–1962: A Documentary History |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17518-9 |pages=59–71 |language=en |chapter=Chapter Four Cannibalism (Late 1959–Early 1961)|jstor=j.ctt1nq1qr }}</ref> চীনৰ অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত সাংবাদিক [[য়াং জিছেঙে]] কয় যে "পিতৃ-মাতৃয়ে নিজৰ ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীকেই খাইছিল। ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীয়ে নিজৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃক খাইছিল। আৰু আমি কল্পনাও কৰিব নোৱাৰিলোঁ যে তেতিয়াও গুদামবোৰত খাদ্য মজুত আছিল। আটাইতকৈ বেয়া সময়তো চৰকাৰে শস্য ৰপ্তানি কৰি আছিল।" <ref name="npr.org">{{cite web|last1=Lim |first1=Louisa |title=A Grim Chronicle of China's Great Famine |work=NPR |date=10 November 2012 |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/11/10/164732497/a-grim-chronicle-of-chinas-great-famine}}</ref> দুৰ্ভিক্ষ ইমানেই ভয়ানক আছিল যে বহুতে ইয়াক ২০ শতিকাৰ ইতিহাসত "অভূতপূৰ্ব" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।<ref name="bern97" />{{sfn|Becker|1997|loc=passim}} ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ== অভূতপূৰ্ব চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ আছিল আমূল কৃষি নীতি, সামাজিক চাপ, অৰ্থনৈতিক অপব্যৱস্থাপনা, আৰু খৰাং কৃষি অঞ্চলত আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ প্ৰভাৱ । ===গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড=== চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষি নীতিত ভয়াৱহ পৰিৱৰ্তন আনিছিল। ====মানুহৰ কমিউন বা সামূহিক উপাদন==== গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষিকাৰ্য জনসাধাৰণ মাজত সামূহিক ভাবে সম্পাদন হৈছিল, আৰু ব্যক্তিগত ভূমিত খেতি নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। । পূৰ্বে কৃষকসকলে চৰকাৰে দিয়া মাটিত খেতি কৰিছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ ফলত কৃষি অৰ্থনীতি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে কেন্দ্ৰীয়ভাৱে পৰিচালিত হ’ল। আঞ্চলিক দলৰ নেতাসকলক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত ৰাখি উৎপাদিত কৃষি ৰাষ্ট্ৰই নিজৰ কৰি লৈছিল আৰু নিজৰ বিবেচনা অনুসৰি বিতৰণ কৰিছিল। <ref name=trans>Translation from [http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 "A hunger for the truth: A new book, banned on the mainland, is becoming the definitive account of the Great Famine"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210190821/http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 |date=10 February 2012 }}, chinaelections.org, 7 July 2008 of content from Yang Jisheng, ''墓碑 －－中國六十年代大饑荒紀實 (Mu Bei – Zhong Guo Liu Shi Nian Dai Da Ji Huang Ji Shi)'', Hong Kong: Cosmos Books (Tian Di Tu Shu), 2008, {{ISBN|978-9882119093}} {{in lang|zh}}</ref> ====কৃষি কৌশল==== সামূহিককৰণৰ লগতে কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে কৃষি কৌশল পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ কেইবাটাও নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়ে যিবোৰ আছলতে ছোভিয়েট কৃষিবিদ [[ট্ৰফিম লাইচেংকোৰ]]ৰ ভুল কৃষি নীতি আছিল। তাৰে এটা ভুল ধাৰণা আছিল যে ওচৰা ওচৰি কৈ ৰোপণ কৰা, য’ত পুলিৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰথমে তিনিগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ দুগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল। ধাৰনা আছিল যে একে প্ৰজাতিৰ উদ্ভিদে পৰস্পৰৰ লগত প্ৰতিযোগিতা নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাবেই সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে প্ৰতিযোগিতা কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত বৃদ্ধি স্তব্ধ হৈছিল আৰু উৎপাদন কম হৈছিল। "দ কৈ হাল বোৱা" নামেৰে জনাজাত আন এটা নীতি আছিল লাইচেংকোৰৰ সহকৰ্মী টেৰেন্টি মালচেভৰ উদ্ভাৱনী, যিয়ে সমগ্ৰ চীনৰ কৃষকসকলক ১৫–২০ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ গভীৰতাত স্বাভাৱিক হাল বোৱা এৰাই চলি তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে মাটিৰ গভীৰতালৈ (১ৰ পৰা ২ [[চীনা ফুট]] বা ৩৩ ৰ পৰা ৬৬ চে.মি.)গভিৰলৈ হাল বাবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল । দ'লৈ [[হাল বোৱা]] তত্ত্বত কোৱা হৈছিল যে আটাইতকৈ উৰ্বৰ মাটি মাটিৰ গভীৰতম স্থানত থাকে, আৰু অস্বাভাৱিকভাৱে দ' লৈ হাল বাই খেতি কৰিলে শক্তিশালী শিপাৰ বৃদ্ধি হ’ব। কিছুমান প্ৰসংগত গভীৰ হাল বাই উৎপাদন বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পৰা যায় যদিও সাধাৰণতে এই নীতিয়ে চীনত শষ্উয ৎপাদনত বাধাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite book|title=The People's Republic of China, 1949–76|edition=2nd|first=Michael|last=Lynch|location=London|publisher=Hodder Education|year=2008|page=57}}</ref> ====চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান==== ইউৰেছিয়ান গছৰ চৰাইটোৱেই আছিল [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]]ত আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য লক্ষ্য চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযানত নাগৰিক সকলক মহ, নিগনি, মাখি, চৰাই আদি ধ্বংস কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনোৱা হৈছিল। এই অভিজানত ঘৰচিৰিকা জাতীয় চৰাইবোৰৰ সামূহিক নিধন হয় ফলত শস্য খোৱা পোকবোৰৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পালে,কাৰণ সেই জাতীয় চৰাইৰ অবিহনে পোকবোৰ নিৰ্মূল কৰাৰ কোনো উপায় নাছিল। ====অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে উৰ্ধতন বিষয়াৰ হেঁচাত অত্যধিক শস্য উৎপাদনৰ খবৰ দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। কিন্তু সমগ্ৰ চীনত ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে শস্যৰ প্ৰকৃত উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। [[ছিচুয়ান প্ৰদেশ]]ত ১৯৫৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে সংগ্ৰহ কৰা শস্যৰ পৰিমাণ কমি আহিছিল যদিও কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰক দিয়া ৰিপৰ্টত উৎপাদনৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পাই থাকিল।<ref name="Tombstone-p126"/>এই ধাৰাবাহিক পৰিঘটনাক [["অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম"]] (浮夸风)বুলি অভিহীত কৰি ইতিহাসবিদে যুক্তি দিছিল যে সমগ্ৰ চীনত হোৱা অনাহাৰৰ বহুখিনিৰ প্ৰধান কাৰণ ইয়েই আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kimberley Ens Manning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHPTn2Rq9IUC|title=Eating Bitterness: New Perspectives on China's Great Leap Forward and Famine|author2=Felix Wemheuer|author3=Gao Hua|date=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5955-4|page=177|chapter=Food Augmentation Methods and Food Substitutes during the Great Famine}}</ref><ref name="Yang">{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=65}}</ref> ====লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন==== অৰ্থনৈতিক উন্নতিৰ বাবে লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কৰা অতি প্ৰয়োজন হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ বাবে লাখ লাখ কৃষকক কৃষি কামৰ পৰা আঁতৰাই আনি লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কামত যোগদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হৈছিল। কৃষক জনসাধাৰণে উৎপাদন কৰা সেই সামগ্ৰী সমূহ ব্যৱসায়িক উন্নতিৰ বাবে নিয়োগ কৰিবলৈ নিম্নমানৰ আছিল। ====কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰৰ অধিক নীতি==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ উচ্চতম অধিকাৰীৰ নিৰ্দেশৰ ফলস্বৰূপে দেশৰ দ্ৰুত ঔদ্যোগীকৰণ আৰু সমষ্টিগত কৃষিকৰ্মৰ আধাৰত অতিৰিক্ত ধান উৎপাদনৰ প্ৰতিবেদন দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে যদিও বাস্তৱিকতে চীনত ১৯৫৭চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈ ধানৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=James Kai-Sing|last2=Chen|first2=Shuo|date=February 2011|title=The Tragedy of the Nomenklatura: Career Incentives and Political Radicalism during China's Great Leap Famine|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=105|issue=1|pages=27–45|doi=10.1017/S0003055410000626|s2cid=154339088|issn=1537-5943}}</ref> ====স্থানীয় চৰকাৰৰ ক্ষমতাৰ প্ৰভাৱ==== উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ চৰকাৰৰ দৰে স্থানীয় চৰকাৰসমূহেও দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ওপৰত সমানে প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ অগ্ৰগতিৰ লগে লগে বহুতো প্ৰাদেশিক নেতাই [[মাও]] আৰু উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ নেতাসকলৰ সৈতে মিলিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। <ref>{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|year=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=31}}</ref> স্থানীয় নেতাসকলে নিজৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে যি ভাল সেয়া কৰা আৰু ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে নিজৰ সুনাম ৰক্ষা কৰা কামত পিচ পৰা নাছিল। কৃষকসকলে সামূহিককৰণ আৰু ৰাজ্যিক শস্য ক্ৰয়ৰ ওপৰত মুকলিকৈ কথা ক’ব নোৱাৰিছিল। <ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Dikötter|title=Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NsMWCHDStQC|date=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-8027-7928-1|page=2}}</ref> স্থানীয় আৰু চৰকাৰী পৰ্যায়ত ভয় আৰু শাস্তিমূলক সংস্কৃতিৰ বাবে কৃষকৰ ওপৰত আৰোপিত ষড়যন্ত্ৰমূলক নীতি বা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কথা কোৱা আৰু কাম কৰাটো আপাত দৃষ্টিত অসম্ভৱ কাম হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name="Discourses of Hunger"/> ==প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ== ১৯৫৮ চনত [[হালধীয়া নদী]]ৰ বানপানীয়ে হেনান প্ৰদেশ আৰু শ্বানডং প্ৰদেশৰ ভালেকিছু অংশ প্ৰভাৱিত কৰে। ১৯৩৩ চনৰ পিছত ইয়াক আটাইতকৈ ভয়াৱহ বানপানী বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Qian|first=Zhengying|author-link=Qian Zhengying|date=1985-06-13|title=关于黄河、长江、淮河、永定河防御特大洪水方案的报告（摘要）|url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/26/content_1671.htm|access-date=23 April 2020|website=[[National People's Congress]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-06/14/content_648957.htm|title=新闻分析：做好黄河防汛工作为何不能掉以轻心？|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=中国历史上的水灾有哪些？|url=http://guoqing.china.com.cn/zhuanti/2017-07/13/content_41210848.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[China Internet Information Center]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=第六节 1958年黄河洪水–《中国灾情报告 1949–1995》-中国经济与社会发展统计数据库|url=http://tongji.cnki.net/kns55/Navi/result.aspx?id=N2007080101&file=N2007080101000094&floor=1|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[CNKI]]|language=zh}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="dahe1">{{Cite web|title=1958年黄河大水灾纪实|url=http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=Dahe Wang (大河网)|language=zh|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703071205/http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dahe"/> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত হালধীয়া নদীৰ বানপানীয়ে ১৭০৮ খন গাঁৱৰ ৭৪১,০০০ লোকক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত কৰে আৰু ৩০.৪ মিলিয়ন [[মু]](ডেৰ লাখ একৰতকৈও অধিক) খেতি কৰা পথাৰ প্লাৱিত কৰে। ২৭ জুলাইত বানপানীৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ ধাৰাটো [[ব'হাই সাগৰ]]লৈ বোৱাই পঠোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ পিচত চীন চৰকাৰে "বানপানীৰ ওপৰত জয়" হোৱা বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে। <ref name=":16" /><ref name="dahe1"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-10-11|title=黄河防洪概述|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913195832/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|archive-date=13 September 2007|access-date=23 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref> ==তাৰ পিছৰ পৰিণতি== ===প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু ঢাকি ৰখা=== স্থানীয় ৰাজনৈতিক দলৰ নেতাসকলে নিজৰ জীৱন আৰু পদবী ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে অভাৱসমূহ ঢাকি ৰাখিবলৈ আৰু দোষবোৰ পুনৰাবৃতি কৰিবলৈ ষড়যন্ত্ৰ কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Association for Asian Studies|language=en-US}}</ref>১৯৫৮-১৯৫৯ চনত জন্মৰ হাৰ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰা আৰু মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ হিচাপ, গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলৰ কিছুমান ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত লোক অনাহাৰে থকাৰ বিষয়ে মাওক আন্ধাৰত ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref name="Yang" /> ১৯৬০ চনত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু সংহতিৰ ইংগিত হিচাপে মাওৱে সাত মাহ ধৰি মাংস ভক্ষণৰ পৰা বাৰত থাকিল আৰু [[ঝৌ এনলাই]]ৰ মাহেকীয়া শস্য যোগানৰ পৰিমাণ কমালে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ó Gráda|first=Cormac|author-link=Cormac Ó Gráda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoN2XkjJio4C&pg=PA242|title=Famine: A Short History|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12237-3|pages=242|language=en}}</ref> ==সংস্কাৰ আৰু প্ৰতিফলন== ১৯৭৮ চনৰ ডিচেম্বত [[ডেং জিয়াওপিং]] চীনৰ নতুন পেৰামাউণ্ট লিডাৰ হয় আৰু ঐতিহাসিক সংস্কাৰ আৰু মুকলি কাৰ্যসূচী আৰম্ভ কৰি চীনৰ কৃষি আৰু ঔদ্যোগিক ব্যৱস্থাক মৌলিকভাৱে সলনি কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=邓小平纪念网|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505182417/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|archive-date=5 May 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|title=40 years on from the 'experiments' that transformed China into an economic superpower|last1=Zhou|first1=Christina|last2=Xiao|first2=Bang|date=1 December 2018|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424005843/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|archive-date=24 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|title=How China Went From Famine After Famine to Feast|last=Palmer|first=Brian|date=2 April 2014|website=Slate|language=en|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521021209/https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|archive-date=21 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> চীনৰ বাহিৰৰ গৱেষকসকলে দুৰ্ভিক্ষ কাৰণৰ ওপৰত নানান যুক্তি আগবঢ়াইছে। বিশেষকৈ নোবেল বঁটা বিজয়ী অমৰ্ত্য সেনে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষক বিশ্বব্যাপী প্ৰেক্ষাপটত ৰাখি কয় যে গণতন্ত্ৰৰ অভাৱেই ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান অপৰাধী: "সঁচাকৈয়ে গণতান্ত্ৰিক দেশত কেতিয়াও কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱা নাই—যিমানেই দুখীয়া নহওক কিয়।" তেওঁ লগতে কয় যে “নিয়মিতভাৱে নিৰ্বাচিত চৰকাৰ আৰু স্বতন্ত্ৰ সংবাদ মাধ্যম থকা দেশত এনেকুৱা কিবা এটা হ’ব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন বুলি কল্পনা কৰাটো কঠিন”। সেই ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত চৰকাৰে বাতৰি কাকত আৰু বিৰোধী দলক সম্পূৰ্ন নিয়ন্ত্ৰত ৰাখিছিল। <ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book|author=Amartya Kumar Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|title=Development as freedom|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-289330-7|access-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103042841/http://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Wiener, Jon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 "How We Forgot the Cold War. A Historical Journey across America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226022039/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 |date=26 February 2019 }} University of California Press, 2012, p. 38.</ref> ==তথ্য় সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} te6d5xvkzu3u2amnlxs0z4iarluivxn 452932 452911 2024-12-09T13:50:53Z Jyoti Chiring 34123 /* মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা */ 452932 wikitext text/x-wiki '''মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ'''{{lang-en|:The Great Chinese Famine}} ([[চীনা ভাষাত]]: 三年大饥荒; lit. 'তিনি বছৰৰ মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ') আছিল ১৯৫৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনৰ [[ভিতৰত চীনৰ গণৰাজ্য]]ত [[(People's Republic of China)]] সংঘটিত হোৱা এক [[দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]।<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议|url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022175245/http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|archive-date=22 October 2019|access-date=23 April 2020|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=1981-06-27|title=Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China|url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121344.pdf?v=d461ad5001da989b8f96cc1dfb3c8ce7|website=Wilson Center}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" /> কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ১৯৫৮ বা ১৯৬২ চনকো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=Kai-sing|last2=Lin|first2=Yifu|year=2003|title=The Causes of China's Great Leap Famine, 1959–1961|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=52|issue=1|pages=51–73|doi=10.1086/380584|issn=0013-0079|jstor=10.1086/380584|s2cid=9454493}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name="Tombstone-p126">{{cite book|surname=Yang|given=Jisheng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadqrYU10eMC|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|date=2012|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-27793-2|page=126|author-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|title=45 million died in Mao's Great Leap Forward, Hong Kong historian says in new book|website=South China Morning Post|date=5 September 2010 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226140751/https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|archive-date=26 February 2020|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> আটাইতকৈ মাৰাত্মক দুৰ্ভিক্ষ আৰু মানৱ ইতিহাসৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ মানৱসৃষ্ট দুৰ্যোগ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। আনুমান কৰা হয় যে সেই সময়ত অনাহাৰত হোৱা মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫ৰ পৰা ৫৫মিলিয়নৰ ভিতৰত হব। আটাইতকৈ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত প্ৰদেশসমূহ আছিল [[আনহুই]] (১৮% মৃত), [[চংকিং]] (১৫%), [[ছিচুয়ান]] (১৩%),[[ গুইঝৌ]] (১১%) আৰু [[হুনান]] (৮%)। <ref name="Cao 2005"/> মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ প্ৰধান কাৰকসমূহ আছিল চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ মাও[[জেডঙে]] আৰম্ভ কৰা [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড ]](১৯৫৮ৰ পৰা ১৯৬২) আৰু জনসাধাৰণ [[কমিউনৰ নীতি]], যেনে, "জনগোষ্ঠী" (People's Communes)-ৰ নীতি-আদৰ্শসমূহ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ পৰিকল্পিত অৰ্থনীতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত খাদ্য বিতৰণৰ অদক্ষতা; অতি প্ৰচীন কৃষিপদ্ধতিৰ প্ৰয়োগ; [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]] যিয়ে পক্ষীৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল (যি কাৰ্য্যই পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰক বিঘ্নিত কৰিছিল); শস্য উৎপাদনৰ অত্যধিক প্ৰতিবেদন; আৰু লাখ লাখ কৃষকক লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কাৰখানা লৈ যোৱাৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowman|first=John S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA72|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|date=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50004-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kung |first=James Kai-sing |title=The Political Economy of China's Great Leap Famine |date=2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-economic-history-of-china/political-economy-of-chinas-great-leap-famine/32E5530258C063FE060C1A8C60A23C05 |work=The Cambridge Economic History of China: 1800 to the Present |pages=642–684 |editor-last=Ma |editor-first=Debin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108348485.019 |isbn=978-1-108-42553-7 |s2cid=246670673 |editor2-last=von Glahn |editor2-first=Richard}}</ref> ১৯৬২ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা [[সাত হাজাৰ কেডাৰ সন্মিলন]]ৰ সময়ত চীনৰ তেতিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি [[লিউ শ্বাওকি]]য়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যক্ত কৰিছিল যে; ৩০% দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু ৭০% মানৱসৃষ্ট ভুলৰ বাবে। ("三分天灾, 七分人祸")।<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214040606/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|archive-date=2012-12-14|access-date=2021-01-08|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来(2)|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915075439/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|archive-date=15 September 2019|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh}}</ref> [[ৰিফৰ্মছ এণ্ড অ’পেনিং আপ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছত ১৯৮১ চনৰ জুন মাহত চীনা কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে কয় যে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ মূল কাৰণ হৈছে [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড]]ৰ লগতে [[এণ্টি ৰাইটিষ্ট]] অভিযানৰ ভুল, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও আন কিছুমান হ’ল [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু [[চীন-ছোভিয়েট বিভাজন]]।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/> ==পৰিভাষা== চীন চৰকাৰে দূৰ্ভিক্ষক প্ৰথমে "তিনি বছৰীয়া মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ" (三年自然灾害) বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত সাধাৰণ নাম আছিল "প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ তিনি বছৰ" (三年自然灾害)। ১৯৮১ চনত ইয়াক সলনি কৰি "তিনি বছৰীয়া কষ্টৰ সময়" (三年困难时期) কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বাবে কেৱল প্ৰকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগকে দোষাৰোপ কৰা নহৈছিল।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/><ref name="Songster-2004">{{cite book|last=Songster|first=Edith Elena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSyIXwAACAAJ|title=A Natural Place for Nationalism: The Wanglang Nature Reserve and the Emergence of the Giant Panda as a National Icon|publisher=University of California, San Diego|year=2004|type=thesis|oclc=607612241|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=M.|first1=J.|date=17 February 2015|title=New (approved) assessments The great famine|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|url-status=live|newspaper=The Economist|language=en|location=Beijing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120153221/https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|archive-date=20 January 2018|access-date=18 January 2018}} citing {{cite book|last=Dikötter|first=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuvlBQAAQBAJ|title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945–1957|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|isbn=978-1-62040-349-5|location=London|oclc=881092774|access-date=18 January 2018}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পৰিসৰ== ===উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পোৱা=== কৃষি সংগঠনৰ কৃষি প্ৰণালী সলনি কৰা সময়ত খৰাং আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ একে সময়তে সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ১৯৫০ চনৰ বেছিভাগ সময় বতৰ তুলনামূলকভাৱে খৰাং আছিল যদিও ১৯৫৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত ই বিশেষভাৱে বেয়া হৈ পৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত শস্যৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। লাহে লাহে বছৰৰ পিছত বছৰ ধৰি শস্যৰ উৎপাদন বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰে।<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Ken |title=China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future |publisher=1804 Books |year=2023 |isbn=9781736850084 |location=New York |page=49}}</ref> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ তুলনাত ১৯৫৯ চনত শষ্য চপোৱাৰ পৰিমাণ ১৫% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু ১৯৬০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ৭০% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Justin Yifu|last2=Yang|first2=Dennis Tao|date=2000|title=Food Availability, Entitlements and the Chinese Famine of 1959-61|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2565651|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=110|issue=460|pages=136–158|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00494|jstor=2565651|issn=0013-0133}}</ref> বিশেষকৈ চীনৰ চৰকাৰী তথ্য অনুসৰি ১৯৫৮ চনত ২০ কোটি [[টন]] ৰ পৰা ১৯৫৯ চনত ১৭ কোটি টন লৈ আৰু ১৯৬০ চনত ১৪৩.৫ মিলিয়ন টন লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shang|first=Changfeng|date=2009|title=三年经济困难时期的紧急救灾措施|url=https://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|url-status=live|journal=《当代中国史研究》|language=zh|issue=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106112141/http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|archive-date=2020-11-06|via=[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]}}</ref> ===মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা=== চিচিপিৰ প্ৰাক্তন বিষয়া আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে, দুৰ্ভিক্ষত মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫–৫৫ মিলিয়ন হব ।মাওবাদী লেখক [[গাও ম'ব']]ৰ মতে, [[কমিউনিজম-বিৰোধী]] লেখকসকলে মৃত্যু সংখ্যা বেছি দেখুৱাবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে, আৰু চীনৰ [[কমিউনিষ্ট বিপ্লৱ]]ৰ সমৰ্থকসকলে এই সংখ্যা যিমান পাৰি কম দেখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gao|first=Mobo|title=Constructing China: Clashing Views of the People's Republic|year=2018|publisher=Pluto|isbn=978-1-786-80242-2|page=11|doi=10.2307/j.ctv3mt8z4 |jstor=j.ctv3mt8z4|s2cid=158528294}}</ref> ১৯৬১ চনৰ ফিল্ড মাৰ্শ্বাল [[মণ্টগোমাৰী]] আৰু মাও জেডঙৰ সৈতে হোৱা আলোচনাত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল যে চিআইএৰ এক অগোপনীয় প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ১৯৬০–১৯৬১ চনৰ [["অস্বাভাৱিক মৃত্যু"]] ৫০ লাখতকৈ অধিক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |date=1964-07-31 |title=Communist China's Domestic Crisis: the Road to 1964 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/polo-10.pdf |journal=Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room |pages=82}}</ref> সেই সময়ত চীনৰ চৰকাৰী পৰিসংখ্যা অনুসৰি ১৯৬১ চনত চীনৰ জনসংখ্যা ১৯৫৯ চনৰ তুলনাত প্ৰায় ১৪,৫৮০,০০০ কম। [[জন্মৰ হাৰ]] ২.৯২২% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.০৮৬% (১৯৬০)লৈ আৰু [[মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ]] ১.১৯৮% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.৫৪৩% (১৯৬০)লৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল। আনহাতে ১৯৬১ চনত জন্ম আৰু মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ দুয়োটাই শীৰ্ষত উপনীত হয়।<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Justin Yifu|last2=Yang|first2=Dennis Tao|year=2000|title=Food Availability, Entitlements and the Chinese Famine of 1959–61|journal=[[The Economic Journal]]|publisher=[[Royal Economic Society]]|volume=110|issue=460|page=143|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00494}} ===নৃশংসতা=== দূৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ফলত মানুহ [[নৰখাদক]] হোৱাৰ অসংখ্য মৌখিক প্ৰতিবেদন আছে, যদিও ইয়াৰ বিষয়ে চৰকাৰী নথিপত্ৰ অতি কম। <ref name="bern97">{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Richard|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|title=Horror of a Hidden Chinese Famine|date=5 February 1997|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305072906/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|archive-date=5 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Becker|first=Jasper|url=https://archive.org/details/hungryghostsmaos00beck|title=Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine|publisher=Free Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-68483457-3|url-access=registration|page=352}}</ref> জীয়াই থাকিবলৈ মানুহে সকলো সম্ভাৱ্য উপায়ৰ আশ্ৰয় ল'বলগীয়া হৈছিল। খাবলৈ নাপায় মাটি খাইছিল, বিষ খাই মৰিছিল, চুৰি কাৰ্য্য পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যা লুণ্ঠন হৈছিল আৰু আনকি মানুহে মানুহৰ মাংস ভক্ষণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nq1qr |title=The Great Famine in China, 1958–1962: A Documentary History |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17518-9 |pages=59–71 |language=en |chapter=Chapter Four Cannibalism (Late 1959–Early 1961)|jstor=j.ctt1nq1qr }}</ref> চীনৰ অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত সাংবাদিক [[য়াং জিছেঙে]] কয় যে "পিতৃ-মাতৃয়ে নিজৰ ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীকেই খাইছিল। ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীয়ে নিজৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃক খাইছিল। আৰু আমি কল্পনাও কৰিব নোৱাৰিলোঁ যে তেতিয়াও গুদামবোৰত খাদ্য মজুত আছিল। আটাইতকৈ বেয়া সময়তো চৰকাৰে শস্য ৰপ্তানি কৰি আছিল।" <ref name="npr.org">{{cite web|last1=Lim |first1=Louisa |title=A Grim Chronicle of China's Great Famine |work=NPR |date=10 November 2012 |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/11/10/164732497/a-grim-chronicle-of-chinas-great-famine}}</ref> দুৰ্ভিক্ষ ইমানেই ভয়ানক আছিল যে বহুতে ইয়াক ২০ শতিকাৰ ইতিহাসত "অভূতপূৰ্ব" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।<ref name="bern97" />{{sfn|Becker|1997|loc=passim}} ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ== অভূতপূৰ্ব চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ আছিল আমূল কৃষি নীতি, সামাজিক চাপ, অৰ্থনৈতিক অপব্যৱস্থাপনা, আৰু খৰাং কৃষি অঞ্চলত আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ প্ৰভাৱ । ===গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড=== চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষি নীতিত ভয়াৱহ পৰিৱৰ্তন আনিছিল। ====মানুহৰ কমিউন বা সামূহিক উপাদন==== গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষিকাৰ্য জনসাধাৰণ মাজত সামূহিক ভাবে সম্পাদন হৈছিল, আৰু ব্যক্তিগত ভূমিত খেতি নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। । পূৰ্বে কৃষকসকলে চৰকাৰে দিয়া মাটিত খেতি কৰিছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ ফলত কৃষি অৰ্থনীতি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে কেন্দ্ৰীয়ভাৱে পৰিচালিত হ’ল। আঞ্চলিক দলৰ নেতাসকলক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত ৰাখি উৎপাদিত কৃষি ৰাষ্ট্ৰই নিজৰ কৰি লৈছিল আৰু নিজৰ বিবেচনা অনুসৰি বিতৰণ কৰিছিল। <ref name=trans>Translation from [http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 "A hunger for the truth: A new book, banned on the mainland, is becoming the definitive account of the Great Famine"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210190821/http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 |date=10 February 2012 }}, chinaelections.org, 7 July 2008 of content from Yang Jisheng, ''墓碑 －－中國六十年代大饑荒紀實 (Mu Bei – Zhong Guo Liu Shi Nian Dai Da Ji Huang Ji Shi)'', Hong Kong: Cosmos Books (Tian Di Tu Shu), 2008, {{ISBN|978-9882119093}} {{in lang|zh}}</ref> ====কৃষি কৌশল==== সামূহিককৰণৰ লগতে কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে কৃষি কৌশল পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ কেইবাটাও নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়ে যিবোৰ আছলতে ছোভিয়েট কৃষিবিদ [[ট্ৰফিম লাইচেংকোৰ]]ৰ ভুল কৃষি নীতি আছিল। তাৰে এটা ভুল ধাৰণা আছিল যে ওচৰা ওচৰি কৈ ৰোপণ কৰা, য’ত পুলিৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰথমে তিনিগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ দুগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল। ধাৰনা আছিল যে একে প্ৰজাতিৰ উদ্ভিদে পৰস্পৰৰ লগত প্ৰতিযোগিতা নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাবেই সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে প্ৰতিযোগিতা কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত বৃদ্ধি স্তব্ধ হৈছিল আৰু উৎপাদন কম হৈছিল। "দ কৈ হাল বোৱা" নামেৰে জনাজাত আন এটা নীতি আছিল লাইচেংকোৰৰ সহকৰ্মী টেৰেন্টি মালচেভৰ উদ্ভাৱনী, যিয়ে সমগ্ৰ চীনৰ কৃষকসকলক ১৫–২০ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ গভীৰতাত স্বাভাৱিক হাল বোৱা এৰাই চলি তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে মাটিৰ গভীৰতালৈ (১ৰ পৰা ২ [[চীনা ফুট]] বা ৩৩ ৰ পৰা ৬৬ চে.মি.)গভিৰলৈ হাল বাবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল । দ'লৈ [[হাল বোৱা]] তত্ত্বত কোৱা হৈছিল যে আটাইতকৈ উৰ্বৰ মাটি মাটিৰ গভীৰতম স্থানত থাকে, আৰু অস্বাভাৱিকভাৱে দ' লৈ হাল বাই খেতি কৰিলে শক্তিশালী শিপাৰ বৃদ্ধি হ’ব। কিছুমান প্ৰসংগত গভীৰ হাল বাই উৎপাদন বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পৰা যায় যদিও সাধাৰণতে এই নীতিয়ে চীনত শষ্উয ৎপাদনত বাধাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite book|title=The People's Republic of China, 1949–76|edition=2nd|first=Michael|last=Lynch|location=London|publisher=Hodder Education|year=2008|page=57}}</ref> ====চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান==== ইউৰেছিয়ান গছৰ চৰাইটোৱেই আছিল [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]]ত আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য লক্ষ্য চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযানত নাগৰিক সকলক মহ, নিগনি, মাখি, চৰাই আদি ধ্বংস কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনোৱা হৈছিল। এই অভিজানত ঘৰচিৰিকা জাতীয় চৰাইবোৰৰ সামূহিক নিধন হয় ফলত শস্য খোৱা পোকবোৰৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পালে,কাৰণ সেই জাতীয় চৰাইৰ অবিহনে পোকবোৰ নিৰ্মূল কৰাৰ কোনো উপায় নাছিল। ====অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে উৰ্ধতন বিষয়াৰ হেঁচাত অত্যধিক শস্য উৎপাদনৰ খবৰ দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। কিন্তু সমগ্ৰ চীনত ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে শস্যৰ প্ৰকৃত উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। [[ছিচুয়ান প্ৰদেশ]]ত ১৯৫৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে সংগ্ৰহ কৰা শস্যৰ পৰিমাণ কমি আহিছিল যদিও কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰক দিয়া ৰিপৰ্টত উৎপাদনৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পাই থাকিল।<ref name="Tombstone-p126"/>এই ধাৰাবাহিক পৰিঘটনাক [["অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম"]] (浮夸风)বুলি অভিহীত কৰি ইতিহাসবিদে যুক্তি দিছিল যে সমগ্ৰ চীনত হোৱা অনাহাৰৰ বহুখিনিৰ প্ৰধান কাৰণ ইয়েই আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kimberley Ens Manning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHPTn2Rq9IUC|title=Eating Bitterness: New Perspectives on China's Great Leap Forward and Famine|author2=Felix Wemheuer|author3=Gao Hua|date=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5955-4|page=177|chapter=Food Augmentation Methods and Food Substitutes during the Great Famine}}</ref><ref name="Yang">{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=65}}</ref> ====লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন==== অৰ্থনৈতিক উন্নতিৰ বাবে লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কৰা অতি প্ৰয়োজন হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ বাবে লাখ লাখ কৃষকক কৃষি কামৰ পৰা আঁতৰাই আনি লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কামত যোগদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হৈছিল। কৃষক জনসাধাৰণে উৎপাদন কৰা সেই সামগ্ৰী সমূহ ব্যৱসায়িক উন্নতিৰ বাবে নিয়োগ কৰিবলৈ নিম্নমানৰ আছিল। ====কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰৰ অধিক নীতি==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ উচ্চতম অধিকাৰীৰ নিৰ্দেশৰ ফলস্বৰূপে দেশৰ দ্ৰুত ঔদ্যোগীকৰণ আৰু সমষ্টিগত কৃষিকৰ্মৰ আধাৰত অতিৰিক্ত ধান উৎপাদনৰ প্ৰতিবেদন দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে যদিও বাস্তৱিকতে চীনত ১৯৫৭চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈ ধানৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=James Kai-Sing|last2=Chen|first2=Shuo|date=February 2011|title=The Tragedy of the Nomenklatura: Career Incentives and Political Radicalism during China's Great Leap Famine|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=105|issue=1|pages=27–45|doi=10.1017/S0003055410000626|s2cid=154339088|issn=1537-5943}}</ref> ====স্থানীয় চৰকাৰৰ ক্ষমতাৰ প্ৰভাৱ==== উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ চৰকাৰৰ দৰে স্থানীয় চৰকাৰসমূহেও দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ওপৰত সমানে প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ অগ্ৰগতিৰ লগে লগে বহুতো প্ৰাদেশিক নেতাই [[মাও]] আৰু উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ নেতাসকলৰ সৈতে মিলিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। <ref>{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|year=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=31}}</ref> স্থানীয় নেতাসকলে নিজৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে যি ভাল সেয়া কৰা আৰু ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে নিজৰ সুনাম ৰক্ষা কৰা কামত পিচ পৰা নাছিল। কৃষকসকলে সামূহিককৰণ আৰু ৰাজ্যিক শস্য ক্ৰয়ৰ ওপৰত মুকলিকৈ কথা ক’ব নোৱাৰিছিল। <ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Dikötter|title=Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NsMWCHDStQC|date=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-8027-7928-1|page=2}}</ref> স্থানীয় আৰু চৰকাৰী পৰ্যায়ত ভয় আৰু শাস্তিমূলক সংস্কৃতিৰ বাবে কৃষকৰ ওপৰত আৰোপিত ষড়যন্ত্ৰমূলক নীতি বা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কথা কোৱা আৰু কাম কৰাটো আপাত দৃষ্টিত অসম্ভৱ কাম হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name="Discourses of Hunger"/> ==প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ== ১৯৫৮ চনত [[হালধীয়া নদী]]ৰ বানপানীয়ে হেনান প্ৰদেশ আৰু শ্বানডং প্ৰদেশৰ ভালেকিছু অংশ প্ৰভাৱিত কৰে। ১৯৩৩ চনৰ পিছত ইয়াক আটাইতকৈ ভয়াৱহ বানপানী বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Qian|first=Zhengying|author-link=Qian Zhengying|date=1985-06-13|title=关于黄河、长江、淮河、永定河防御特大洪水方案的报告（摘要）|url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/26/content_1671.htm|access-date=23 April 2020|website=[[National People's Congress]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-06/14/content_648957.htm|title=新闻分析：做好黄河防汛工作为何不能掉以轻心？|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=中国历史上的水灾有哪些？|url=http://guoqing.china.com.cn/zhuanti/2017-07/13/content_41210848.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[China Internet Information Center]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=第六节 1958年黄河洪水–《中国灾情报告 1949–1995》-中国经济与社会发展统计数据库|url=http://tongji.cnki.net/kns55/Navi/result.aspx?id=N2007080101&file=N2007080101000094&floor=1|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[CNKI]]|language=zh}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="dahe1">{{Cite web|title=1958年黄河大水灾纪实|url=http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=Dahe Wang (大河网)|language=zh|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703071205/http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dahe"/> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত হালধীয়া নদীৰ বানপানীয়ে ১৭০৮ খন গাঁৱৰ ৭৪১,০০০ লোকক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত কৰে আৰু ৩০.৪ মিলিয়ন [[মু]](ডেৰ লাখ একৰতকৈও অধিক) খেতি কৰা পথাৰ প্লাৱিত কৰে। ২৭ জুলাইত বানপানীৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ ধাৰাটো [[ব'হাই সাগৰ]]লৈ বোৱাই পঠোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ পিচত চীন চৰকাৰে "বানপানীৰ ওপৰত জয়" হোৱা বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে। <ref name=":16" /><ref name="dahe1"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-10-11|title=黄河防洪概述|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913195832/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|archive-date=13 September 2007|access-date=23 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref> ==তাৰ পিছৰ পৰিণতি== ===প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু ঢাকি ৰখা=== স্থানীয় ৰাজনৈতিক দলৰ নেতাসকলে নিজৰ জীৱন আৰু পদবী ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে অভাৱসমূহ ঢাকি ৰাখিবলৈ আৰু দোষবোৰ পুনৰাবৃতি কৰিবলৈ ষড়যন্ত্ৰ কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Association for Asian Studies|language=en-US}}</ref>১৯৫৮-১৯৫৯ চনত জন্মৰ হাৰ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰা আৰু মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ হিচাপ, গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলৰ কিছুমান ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত লোক অনাহাৰে থকাৰ বিষয়ে মাওক আন্ধাৰত ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref name="Yang" /> ১৯৬০ চনত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু সংহতিৰ ইংগিত হিচাপে মাওৱে সাত মাহ ধৰি মাংস ভক্ষণৰ পৰা বাৰত থাকিল আৰু [[ঝৌ এনলাই]]ৰ মাহেকীয়া শস্য যোগানৰ পৰিমাণ কমালে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ó Gráda|first=Cormac|author-link=Cormac Ó Gráda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoN2XkjJio4C&pg=PA242|title=Famine: A Short History|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12237-3|pages=242|language=en}}</ref> ==সংস্কাৰ আৰু প্ৰতিফলন== ১৯৭৮ চনৰ ডিচেম্বত [[ডেং জিয়াওপিং]] চীনৰ নতুন পেৰামাউণ্ট লিডাৰ হয় আৰু ঐতিহাসিক সংস্কাৰ আৰু মুকলি কাৰ্যসূচী আৰম্ভ কৰি চীনৰ কৃষি আৰু ঔদ্যোগিক ব্যৱস্থাক মৌলিকভাৱে সলনি কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=邓小平纪念网|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505182417/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|archive-date=5 May 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|title=40 years on from the 'experiments' that transformed China into an economic superpower|last1=Zhou|first1=Christina|last2=Xiao|first2=Bang|date=1 December 2018|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424005843/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|archive-date=24 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|title=How China Went From Famine After Famine to Feast|last=Palmer|first=Brian|date=2 April 2014|website=Slate|language=en|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521021209/https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|archive-date=21 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> চীনৰ বাহিৰৰ গৱেষকসকলে দুৰ্ভিক্ষ কাৰণৰ ওপৰত নানান যুক্তি আগবঢ়াইছে। বিশেষকৈ নোবেল বঁটা বিজয়ী অমৰ্ত্য সেনে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষক বিশ্বব্যাপী প্ৰেক্ষাপটত ৰাখি কয় যে গণতন্ত্ৰৰ অভাৱেই ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান অপৰাধী: "সঁচাকৈয়ে গণতান্ত্ৰিক দেশত কেতিয়াও কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱা নাই—যিমানেই দুখীয়া নহওক কিয়।" তেওঁ লগতে কয় যে “নিয়মিতভাৱে নিৰ্বাচিত চৰকাৰ আৰু স্বতন্ত্ৰ সংবাদ মাধ্যম থকা দেশত এনেকুৱা কিবা এটা হ’ব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন বুলি কল্পনা কৰাটো কঠিন”। সেই ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত চৰকাৰে বাতৰি কাকত আৰু বিৰোধী দলক সম্পূৰ্ন নিয়ন্ত্ৰত ৰাখিছিল। <ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book|author=Amartya Kumar Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|title=Development as freedom|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-289330-7|access-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103042841/http://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Wiener, Jon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 "How We Forgot the Cold War. A Historical Journey across America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226022039/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 |date=26 February 2019 }} University of California Press, 2012, p. 38.</ref> ==তথ্য় সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} q4whgekenuazvnpawtcgq04bbm2l870 452954 452932 2024-12-09T14:06:45Z Jyoti Chiring 34123 452954 wikitext text/x-wiki '''মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ'''{{lang-en|:The Great Chinese Famine}} ([[চীনা ভাষাত]]: 三年大饥荒; lit. 'তিনি বছৰৰ মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ') আছিল ১৯৫৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনৰ [[ভিতৰত চীনৰ গণৰাজ্য]]ত [[(People's Republic of China)]] সংঘটিত হোৱা এক [[দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]।<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议|url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022175245/http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|archive-date=22 October 2019|access-date=23 April 2020|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=1981-06-27|title=Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China|url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121344.pdf?v=d461ad5001da989b8f96cc1dfb3c8ce7|website=Wilson Center}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" /> কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ১৯৫৮ বা ১৯৬২ চনকো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=Kai-sing|last2=Lin|first2=Yifu|year=2003|title=The Causes of China's Great Leap Famine, 1959–1961|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=52|issue=1|pages=51–73|doi=10.1086/380584|issn=0013-0079|jstor=10.1086/380584|s2cid=9454493}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name="Tombstone-p126">{{cite book|surname=Yang|given=Jisheng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadqrYU10eMC|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|date=2012|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-27793-2|page=126|author-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|title=45 million died in Mao's Great Leap Forward, Hong Kong historian says in new book|website=South China Morning Post|date=5 September 2010 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226140751/https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|archive-date=26 February 2020|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> আটাইতকৈ মাৰাত্মক দুৰ্ভিক্ষ আৰু মানৱ ইতিহাসৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ মানৱসৃষ্ট দুৰ্যোগ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। আনুমান কৰা হয় যে সেই সময়ত অনাহাৰত হোৱা মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫ৰ পৰা ৫৫মিলিয়নৰ ভিতৰত হব। আটাইতকৈ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত প্ৰদেশসমূহ আছিল [[আনহুই]] (১৮% মৃত), [[চংকিং]] (১৫%), [[ছিচুয়ান]] (১৩%),[[ গুইঝৌ]] (১১%) আৰু [[হুনান]] (৮%)। <ref name="Cao 2005"/> মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ প্ৰধান কাৰকসমূহ আছিল চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ মাও[[জেডঙে]] আৰম্ভ কৰা [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড ]](১৯৫৮ৰ পৰা ১৯৬২) আৰু জনসাধাৰণ [[কমিউনৰ নীতি]], যেনে, "জনগোষ্ঠী" (People's Communes)-ৰ নীতি-আদৰ্শসমূহ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ পৰিকল্পিত অৰ্থনীতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত খাদ্য বিতৰণৰ অদক্ষতা; অতি প্ৰচীন কৃষিপদ্ধতিৰ প্ৰয়োগ; [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]] যিয়ে পক্ষীৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল (যি কাৰ্য্যই পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰক বিঘ্নিত কৰিছিল); শস্য উৎপাদনৰ অত্যধিক প্ৰতিবেদন; আৰু লাখ লাখ কৃষকক লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কাৰখানা লৈ যোৱাৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowman|first=John S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA72|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|date=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50004-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kung |first=James Kai-sing |title=The Political Economy of China's Great Leap Famine |date=2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-economic-history-of-china/political-economy-of-chinas-great-leap-famine/32E5530258C063FE060C1A8C60A23C05 |work=The Cambridge Economic History of China: 1800 to the Present |pages=642–684 |editor-last=Ma |editor-first=Debin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108348485.019 |isbn=978-1-108-42553-7 |s2cid=246670673 |editor2-last=von Glahn |editor2-first=Richard}}</ref> ১৯৬২ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা [[সাত হাজাৰ কেডাৰ সন্মিলন]]ৰ সময়ত চীনৰ তেতিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি [[লিউ শ্বাওকি]]য়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যক্ত কৰিছিল যে; ৩০% দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু ৭০% মানৱসৃষ্ট ভুলৰ বাবে। ("三分天灾, 七分人祸")।<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214040606/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|archive-date=2012-12-14|access-date=2021-01-08|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来(2)|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915075439/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|archive-date=15 September 2019|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh}}</ref> [[ৰিফৰ্মছ এণ্ড অ’পেনিং আপ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছত ১৯৮১ চনৰ জুন মাহত চীনা কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে কয় যে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ মূল কাৰণ হৈছে [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড]]ৰ লগতে [[এণ্টি ৰাইটিষ্ট]] অভিযানৰ ভুল, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও আন কিছুমান হ’ল [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু [[চীন-ছোভিয়েট বিভাজন]]।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/> ==পৰিভাষা== চীন চৰকাৰে দূৰ্ভিক্ষক প্ৰথমে "তিনি বছৰীয়া মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ" (三年自然灾害) বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত সাধাৰণ নাম আছিল "প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ তিনি বছৰ" (三年自然灾害)। ১৯৮১ চনত ইয়াক সলনি কৰি "তিনি বছৰীয়া কষ্টৰ সময়" (三年困难时期) কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বাবে কেৱল প্ৰকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগকে দোষাৰোপ কৰা নহৈছিল।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/><ref name="Songster-2004">{{cite book|last=Songster|first=Edith Elena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSyIXwAACAAJ|title=A Natural Place for Nationalism: The Wanglang Nature Reserve and the Emergence of the Giant Panda as a National Icon|publisher=University of California, San Diego|year=2004|type=thesis|oclc=607612241|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=M.|first1=J.|date=17 February 2015|title=New (approved) assessments The great famine|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|url-status=live|newspaper=The Economist|language=en|location=Beijing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120153221/https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|archive-date=20 January 2018|access-date=18 January 2018}} citing {{cite book|last=Dikötter|first=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuvlBQAAQBAJ|title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945–1957|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|isbn=978-1-62040-349-5|location=London|oclc=881092774|access-date=18 January 2018}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পৰিসৰ== ===উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পোৱা=== কৃষি সংগঠনৰ কৃষি প্ৰণালী সলনি কৰা সময়ত খৰাং আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ একে সময়তে সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ১৯৫০ চনৰ বেছিভাগ সময় বতৰ তুলনামূলকভাৱে খৰাং আছিল যদিও ১৯৫৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত ই বিশেষভাৱে বেয়া হৈ পৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত শস্যৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। লাহে লাহে বছৰৰ পিছত বছৰ ধৰি শস্যৰ উৎপাদন বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰে।<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Ken |title=China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future |publisher=1804 Books |year=2023 |isbn=9781736850084 |location=New York |page=49}}</ref> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ তুলনাত ১৯৫৯ চনত শষ্য চপোৱাৰ পৰিমাণ ১৫% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু ১৯৬০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ৭০% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Justin Yifu|last2=Yang|first2=Dennis Tao|date=2000|title=Food Availability, Entitlements and the Chinese Famine of 1959-61|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2565651|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=110|issue=460|pages=136–158|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00494|jstor=2565651|issn=0013-0133}}</ref> বিশেষকৈ চীনৰ চৰকাৰী তথ্য অনুসৰি ১৯৫৮ চনত ২০ কোটি [[টন]] ৰ পৰা ১৯৫৯ চনত ১৭ কোটি টন লৈ আৰু ১৯৬০ চনত ১৪৩.৫ মিলিয়ন টন লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shang|first=Changfeng|date=2009|title=三年经济困难时期的紧急救灾措施|url=https://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|url-status=live|journal=《当代中国史研究》|language=zh|issue=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106112141/http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|archive-date=2020-11-06|via=[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]}}</ref> ===মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা=== চিচিপিৰ প্ৰাক্তন বিষয়া আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে, দুৰ্ভিক্ষত মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫–৫৫ মিলিয়ন হব ।মাওবাদী লেখক [[গাও ম'ব']]ৰ মতে, [[কমিউনিজম-বিৰোধী]] লেখকসকলে মৃত্যু সংখ্যা বেছি দেখুৱাবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে, আৰু চীনৰ [[কমিউনিষ্ট বিপ্লৱ]]ৰ সমৰ্থকসকলে এই সংখ্যা যিমান পাৰি কম দেখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gao|first=Mobo|title=Constructing China: Clashing Views of the People's Republic|year=2018|publisher=Pluto|isbn=978-1-786-80242-2|page=11|doi=10.2307/j.ctv3mt8z4 |jstor=j.ctv3mt8z4|s2cid=158528294}}</ref> ১৯৬১ চনৰ ফিল্ড মাৰ্শ্বাল [[মণ্টগোমাৰী]] আৰু মাও জেডঙৰ সৈতে হোৱা আলোচনাত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল যে চিআইএৰ এক অগোপনীয় প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ১৯৬০–১৯৬১ চনৰ [["অস্বাভাৱিক মৃত্যু"]] ৫০ লাখতকৈ অধিক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |date=1964-07-31 |title=Communist China's Domestic Crisis: the Road to 1964 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/polo-10.pdf |journal=Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room |pages=82}}</ref> সেই সময়ত চীনৰ চৰকাৰী পৰিসংখ্যা অনুসৰি ১৯৬১ চনত চীনৰ জনসংখ্যা ১৯৫৯ চনৰ তুলনাত প্ৰায় ১৪,৫৮০,০০০ কম। [[জন্মৰ হাৰ]] ২.৯২২% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.০৮৬% (১৯৬০)লৈ আৰু [[মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ]] ১.১৯৮% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.৫৪৩% (১৯৬০)লৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল। আনহাতে ১৯৬১ চনত জন্ম আৰু মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ দুয়োটাই শীৰ্ষত উপনীত হয়। ===নৃশংসতা=== দূৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ফলত মানুহ [[নৰখাদক]] হোৱাৰ অসংখ্য মৌখিক প্ৰতিবেদন আছে, যদিও ইয়াৰ বিষয়ে চৰকাৰী নথিপত্ৰ অতি কম। <ref name="bern97">{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Richard|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|title=Horror of a Hidden Chinese Famine|date=5 February 1997|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305072906/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|archive-date=5 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Becker|first=Jasper|url=https://archive.org/details/hungryghostsmaos00beck|title=Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine|publisher=Free Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-68483457-3|url-access=registration|page=352}}</ref> জীয়াই থাকিবলৈ মানুহে সকলো সম্ভাৱ্য উপায়ৰ আশ্ৰয় ল'বলগীয়া হৈছিল। খাবলৈ নাপায় মাটি খাইছিল, বিষ খাই মৰিছিল, চুৰি কাৰ্য্য পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যা লুণ্ঠন হৈছিল আৰু আনকি মানুহে মানুহৰ মাংস ভক্ষণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nq1qr |title=The Great Famine in China, 1958–1962: A Documentary History |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17518-9 |pages=59–71 |language=en |chapter=Chapter Four Cannibalism (Late 1959–Early 1961)|jstor=j.ctt1nq1qr }}</ref> চীনৰ অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত সাংবাদিক [[য়াং জিছেঙে]] কয় যে "পিতৃ-মাতৃয়ে নিজৰ ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীকেই খাইছিল। ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীয়ে নিজৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃক খাইছিল। আৰু আমি কল্পনাও কৰিব নোৱাৰিলোঁ যে তেতিয়াও গুদামবোৰত খাদ্য মজুত আছিল। আটাইতকৈ বেয়া সময়তো চৰকাৰে শস্য ৰপ্তানি কৰি আছিল।" <ref name="npr.org">{{cite web|last1=Lim |first1=Louisa |title=A Grim Chronicle of China's Great Famine |work=NPR |date=10 November 2012 |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/11/10/164732497/a-grim-chronicle-of-chinas-great-famine}}</ref> দুৰ্ভিক্ষ ইমানেই ভয়ানক আছিল যে বহুতে ইয়াক ২০ শতিকাৰ ইতিহাসত "অভূতপূৰ্ব" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।<ref name="bern97" />{{sfn|Becker|1997|loc=passim}} ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ== অভূতপূৰ্ব চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ আছিল আমূল কৃষি নীতি, সামাজিক চাপ, অৰ্থনৈতিক অপব্যৱস্থাপনা, আৰু খৰাং কৃষি অঞ্চলত আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ প্ৰভাৱ। ===গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড=== চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষি নীতিত ভয়াৱহ পৰিৱৰ্তন আনিছিল। ====মানুহৰ কমিউন বা সামূহিক উপাদন==== গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষিকাৰ্য জনসাধাৰণ মাজত সামূহিক ভাবে সম্পাদন হৈছিল, আৰু ব্যক্তিগত ভূমিত খেতি নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল। । পূৰ্বে কৃষকসকলে চৰকাৰে দিয়া মাটিত খেতি কৰিছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ ফলত কৃষি অৰ্থনীতি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে কেন্দ্ৰীয়ভাৱে পৰিচালিত হ’ল। আঞ্চলিক দলৰ নেতাসকলক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত ৰাখি উৎপাদিত কৃষি ৰাষ্ট্ৰই নিজৰ কৰি লৈছিল আৰু নিজৰ বিবেচনা অনুসৰি বিতৰণ কৰিছিল। <ref name=trans>Translation from [http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 "A hunger for the truth: A new book, banned on the mainland, is becoming the definitive account of the Great Famine"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210190821/http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 |date=10 February 2012 }}, chinaelections.org, 7 July 2008 of content from Yang Jisheng, ''墓碑 －－中國六十年代大饑荒紀實 (Mu Bei – Zhong Guo Liu Shi Nian Dai Da Ji Huang Ji Shi)'', Hong Kong: Cosmos Books (Tian Di Tu Shu), 2008, {{ISBN|978-9882119093}} {{in lang|zh}}</ref> ====কৃষি কৌশল==== সামূহিককৰণৰ লগতে কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে কৃষি কৌশল পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ কেইবাটাও নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়ে যিবোৰ আছলতে ছোভিয়েট কৃষিবিদ [[ট্ৰফিম লাইচেংকোৰ]]ৰ ভুল কৃষি নীতি আছিল। তাৰে এটা ভুল ধাৰণা আছিল যে ওচৰা ওচৰি কৈ ৰোপণ কৰা, য’ত পুলিৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰথমে তিনিগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ দুগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল। ধাৰনা আছিল যে একে প্ৰজাতিৰ উদ্ভিদে পৰস্পৰৰ লগত প্ৰতিযোগিতা নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাবেই সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে প্ৰতিযোগিতা কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত বৃদ্ধি স্তব্ধ হৈছিল আৰু উৎপাদন কম হৈছিল। "দ কৈ হাল বোৱা" নামেৰে জনাজাত আন এটা নীতি আছিল লাইচেংকোৰৰ সহকৰ্মী টেৰেন্টি মালচেভৰ উদ্ভাৱনী, যিয়ে সমগ্ৰ চীনৰ কৃষকসকলক ১৫–২০ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ গভীৰতাত স্বাভাৱিক হাল বোৱা এৰাই চলি তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে মাটিৰ গভীৰতালৈ (১ৰ পৰা ২ [[চীনা ফুট]] বা ৩৩ ৰ পৰা ৬৬ চে.মি.)গভিৰলৈ হাল বাবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল । দ'লৈ [[হাল বোৱা]] তত্ত্বত কোৱা হৈছিল যে আটাইতকৈ উৰ্বৰ মাটি মাটিৰ গভীৰতম স্থানত থাকে, আৰু অস্বাভাৱিকভাৱে দ' লৈ হাল বাই খেতি কৰিলে শক্তিশালী শিপাৰ বৃদ্ধি হ’ব। কিছুমান প্ৰসংগত গভীৰ হাল বাই উৎপাদন বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পৰা যায় যদিও সাধাৰণতে এই নীতিয়ে চীনত শষ্উয ৎপাদনত বাধাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite book|title=The People's Republic of China, 1949–76|edition=2nd|first=Michael|last=Lynch|location=London|publisher=Hodder Education|year=2008|page=57}}</ref> ====চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান==== ইউৰেছিয়ান গছৰ চৰাইটোৱেই আছিল [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]]ত আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য লক্ষ্য চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযানত নাগৰিক সকলক মহ, নিগনি, মাখি, চৰাই আদি ধ্বংস কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনোৱা হৈছিল। এই অভিজানত ঘৰচিৰিকা জাতীয় চৰাইবোৰৰ সামূহিক নিধন হয় ফলত শস্য খোৱা পোকবোৰৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পালে,কাৰণ সেই জাতীয় চৰাইৰ অবিহনে পোকবোৰ নিৰ্মূল কৰাৰ কোনো উপায় নাছিল। ====অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে উৰ্ধতন বিষয়াৰ হেঁচাত অত্যধিক শস্য উৎপাদনৰ খবৰ দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। কিন্তু সমগ্ৰ চীনত ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে শস্যৰ প্ৰকৃত উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। [[ছিচুয়ান প্ৰদেশ]]ত ১৯৫৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে সংগ্ৰহ কৰা শস্যৰ পৰিমাণ কমি আহিছিল যদিও কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰক দিয়া ৰিপৰ্টত উৎপাদনৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পাই থাকিল।<ref name="Tombstone-p126"/>এই ধাৰাবাহিক পৰিঘটনাক [["অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম"]] (浮夸风)বুলি অভিহীত কৰি ইতিহাসবিদে যুক্তি দিছিল যে সমগ্ৰ চীনত হোৱা অনাহাৰৰ বহুখিনিৰ প্ৰধান কাৰণ ইয়েই আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kimberley Ens Manning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHPTn2Rq9IUC|title=Eating Bitterness: New Perspectives on China's Great Leap Forward and Famine|author2=Felix Wemheuer|author3=Gao Hua|date=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5955-4|page=177|chapter=Food Augmentation Methods and Food Substitutes during the Great Famine}}</ref><ref name="Yang">{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=65}}</ref> ====লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন==== অৰ্থনৈতিক উন্নতিৰ বাবে লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কৰা অতি প্ৰয়োজন হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ বাবে লাখ লাখ কৃষকক কৃষি কামৰ পৰা আঁতৰাই আনি লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কামত যোগদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হৈছিল। কৃষক জনসাধাৰণে উৎপাদন কৰা সেই সামগ্ৰী সমূহ ব্যৱসায়িক উন্নতিৰ বাবে নিয়োগ কৰিবলৈ নিম্নমানৰ আছিল। ====কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰৰ অধিক নীতি==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ উচ্চতম অধিকাৰীৰ নিৰ্দেশৰ ফলস্বৰূপে দেশৰ দ্ৰুত ঔদ্যোগীকৰণ আৰু সমষ্টিগত কৃষিকৰ্মৰ আধাৰত অতিৰিক্ত ধান উৎপাদনৰ প্ৰতিবেদন দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে যদিও বাস্তৱিকতে চীনত ১৯৫৭চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈ ধানৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=James Kai-Sing|last2=Chen|first2=Shuo|date=February 2011|title=The Tragedy of the Nomenklatura: Career Incentives and Political Radicalism during China's Great Leap Famine|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=105|issue=1|pages=27–45|doi=10.1017/S0003055410000626|s2cid=154339088|issn=1537-5943}}</ref> ====স্থানীয় চৰকাৰৰ ক্ষমতাৰ প্ৰভাৱ==== উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ চৰকাৰৰ দৰে স্থানীয় চৰকাৰসমূহেও দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ওপৰত সমানে প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ অগ্ৰগতিৰ লগে লগে বহুতো প্ৰাদেশিক নেতাই [[মাও]] আৰু উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ নেতাসকলৰ সৈতে মিলিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। <ref>{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|year=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=31}}</ref> স্থানীয় নেতাসকলে নিজৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে যি ভাল সেয়া কৰা আৰু ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে নিজৰ সুনাম ৰক্ষা কৰা কামত পিচ পৰা নাছিল। কৃষকসকলে সামূহিককৰণ আৰু ৰাজ্যিক শস্য ক্ৰয়ৰ ওপৰত মুকলিকৈ কথা ক’ব নোৱাৰিছিল। <ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Dikötter|title=Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NsMWCHDStQC|date=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-8027-7928-1|page=2}}</ref> স্থানীয় আৰু চৰকাৰী পৰ্যায়ত ভয় আৰু শাস্তিমূলক সংস্কৃতিৰ বাবে কৃষকৰ ওপৰত আৰোপিত ষড়যন্ত্ৰমূলক নীতি বা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কথা কোৱা আৰু কাম কৰাটো আপাত দৃষ্টিত অসম্ভৱ কাম হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name="Discourses of Hunger"/> ==প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ== ১৯৫৮ চনত [[হালধীয়া নদী]]ৰ বানপানীয়ে হেনান প্ৰদেশ আৰু শ্বানডং প্ৰদেশৰ ভালেকিছু অংশ প্ৰভাৱিত কৰে। ১৯৩৩ চনৰ পিছত ইয়াক আটাইতকৈ ভয়াৱহ বানপানী বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Qian|first=Zhengying|author-link=Qian Zhengying|date=1985-06-13|title=关于黄河、长江、淮河、永定河防御特大洪水方案的报告（摘要）|url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/26/content_1671.htm|access-date=23 April 2020|website=[[National People's Congress]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-06/14/content_648957.htm|title=新闻分析：做好黄河防汛工作为何不能掉以轻心？|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=中国历史上的水灾有哪些？|url=http://guoqing.china.com.cn/zhuanti/2017-07/13/content_41210848.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[China Internet Information Center]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=第六节 1958年黄河洪水–《中国灾情报告 1949–1995》-中国经济与社会发展统计数据库|url=http://tongji.cnki.net/kns55/Navi/result.aspx?id=N2007080101&file=N2007080101000094&floor=1|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[CNKI]]|language=zh}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="dahe1">{{Cite web|title=1958年黄河大水灾纪实|url=http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=Dahe Wang (大河网)|language=zh|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703071205/http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dahe"/> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত হালধীয়া নদীৰ বানপানীয়ে ১৭০৮ খন গাঁৱৰ ৭৪১,০০০ লোকক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত কৰে আৰু ৩০.৪ মিলিয়ন [[মু]](ডেৰ লাখ একৰতকৈও অধিক) খেতি কৰা পথাৰ প্লাৱিত কৰে। ২৭ জুলাইত বানপানীৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ ধাৰাটো [[ব'হাই সাগৰ]]লৈ বোৱাই পঠোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ পিচত চীন চৰকাৰে "বানপানীৰ ওপৰত জয়" হোৱা বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে। <ref name=":16" /><ref name="dahe1"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-10-11|title=黄河防洪概述|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913195832/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|archive-date=13 September 2007|access-date=23 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref> ==তাৰ পিছৰ পৰিণতি== ===প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু ঢাকি ৰখা=== স্থানীয় ৰাজনৈতিক দলৰ নেতাসকলে নিজৰ জীৱন আৰু পদবী ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে অভাৱসমূহ ঢাকি ৰাখিবলৈ আৰু দোষবোৰ পুনৰাবৃতি কৰিবলৈ ষড়যন্ত্ৰ কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Association for Asian Studies|language=en-US}}</ref>১৯৫৮-১৯৫৯ চনত জন্মৰ হাৰ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰা আৰু মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ হিচাপ, গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলৰ কিছুমান ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত লোক অনাহাৰে থকাৰ বিষয়ে মাওক আন্ধাৰত ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref name="Yang" /> ১৯৬০ চনত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু সংহতিৰ ইংগিত হিচাপে মাওৱে সাত মাহ ধৰি মাংস ভক্ষণৰ পৰা বাৰত থাকিল আৰু [[ঝৌ এনলাই]]ৰ মাহেকীয়া শস্য যোগানৰ পৰিমাণ কমালে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ó Gráda|first=Cormac|author-link=Cormac Ó Gráda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoN2XkjJio4C&pg=PA242|title=Famine: A Short History|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12237-3|pages=242|language=en}}</ref> ==সংস্কাৰ আৰু প্ৰতিফলন== ১৯৭৮ চনৰ ডিচেম্বত [[ডেং জিয়াওপিং]] চীনৰ নতুন পেৰামাউণ্ট লিডাৰ হয় আৰু ঐতিহাসিক সংস্কাৰ আৰু মুকলি কাৰ্যসূচী আৰম্ভ কৰি চীনৰ কৃষি আৰু ঔদ্যোগিক ব্যৱস্থাক মৌলিকভাৱে সলনি কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=邓小平纪念网|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505182417/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|archive-date=5 May 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|title=40 years on from the 'experiments' that transformed China into an economic superpower|last1=Zhou|first1=Christina|last2=Xiao|first2=Bang|date=1 December 2018|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424005843/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|archive-date=24 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|title=How China Went From Famine After Famine to Feast|last=Palmer|first=Brian|date=2 April 2014|website=Slate|language=en|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521021209/https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|archive-date=21 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> চীনৰ বাহিৰৰ গৱেষকসকলে দুৰ্ভিক্ষ কাৰণৰ ওপৰত নানান যুক্তি আগবঢ়াইছে। বিশেষকৈ নোবেল বঁটা বিজয়ী অমৰ্ত্য সেনে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষক বিশ্বব্যাপী প্ৰেক্ষাপটত ৰাখি কয় যে গণতন্ত্ৰৰ অভাৱেই ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান অপৰাধী: "সঁচাকৈয়ে গণতান্ত্ৰিক দেশত কেতিয়াও কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱা নাই—যিমানেই দুখীয়া নহওক কিয়।" তেওঁ লগতে কয় যে “নিয়মিতভাৱে নিৰ্বাচিত চৰকাৰ আৰু স্বতন্ত্ৰ সংবাদ মাধ্যম থকা দেশত এনেকুৱা কিবা এটা হ’ব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন বুলি কল্পনা কৰাটো কঠিন”। সেই ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত চৰকাৰে বাতৰি কাকত আৰু বিৰোধী দলক সম্পূৰ্ন নিয়ন্ত্ৰত ৰাখিছিল। <ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book|author=Amartya Kumar Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|title=Development as freedom|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-289330-7|access-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103042841/http://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Wiener, Jon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 "How We Forgot the Cold War. A Historical Journey across America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226022039/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 |date=26 February 2019 }} University of California Press, 2012, p. 38.</ref> ==তথ্য় সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} np8bq9yclj5xxi0go91z4pnidxnvinj 452958 452954 2024-12-09T14:08:44Z Jyoti Chiring 34123 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 452958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ'''{{lang-en|:The Great Chinese Famine}} ([[চীনা ভাষাত]]: 三年大饥荒; lit. 'তিনি বছৰৰ মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ') আছিল ১৯৫৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনৰ [[ভিতৰত চীনৰ গণৰাজ্য]]ত [[(People's Republic of China)]] সংঘটিত হোৱা এক [[দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]।<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议|url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022175245/http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|archive-date=22 October 2019|access-date=23 April 2020|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=1981-06-27|title=Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China|url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121344.pdf?v=d461ad5001da989b8f96cc1dfb3c8ce7|website=Wilson Center}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" /> কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ১৯৫৮ বা ১৯৬২ চনকো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=Kai-sing|last2=Lin|first2=Yifu|year=2003|title=The Causes of China's Great Leap Famine, 1959–1961|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=52|issue=1|pages=51–73|doi=10.1086/380584|issn=0013-0079|jstor=10.1086/380584|s2cid=9454493}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name="Tombstone-p126">{{cite book|surname=Yang|given=Jisheng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadqrYU10eMC|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|date=2012|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-27793-2|page=126|author-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|title=45 million died in Mao's Great Leap Forward, Hong Kong historian says in new book|website=South China Morning Post|date=5 September 2010 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226140751/https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|archive-date=26 February 2020|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> আটাইতকৈ মাৰাত্মক দুৰ্ভিক্ষ আৰু মানৱ ইতিহাসৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ মানৱসৃষ্ট দুৰ্যোগ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। আনুমান কৰা হয় যে সেই সময়ত অনাহাৰত হোৱা মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫ৰ পৰা ৫৫মিলিয়নৰ ভিতৰত হব। আটাইতকৈ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত প্ৰদেশসমূহ আছিল [[আনহুই]] (১৮% মৃত), [[চংকিং]] (১৫%), [[ছিচুয়ান]] (১৩%),[[ গুইঝৌ]] (১১%) আৰু [[হুনান]] (৮%)। <ref name="Cao 2005"/> মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ প্ৰধান কাৰকসমূহ আছিল চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ মাও[[জেডঙে]] আৰম্ভ কৰা [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড ]](১৯৫৮ৰ পৰা ১৯৬২) আৰু জনসাধাৰণ [[কমিউনৰ নীতি]], যেনে, "জনগোষ্ঠী" (People's Communes)-ৰ নীতি-আদৰ্শসমূহ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ পৰিকল্পিত অৰ্থনীতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত খাদ্য বিতৰণৰ অদক্ষতা; অতি প্ৰচীন কৃষিপদ্ধতিৰ প্ৰয়োগ; [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]] যিয়ে পক্ষীৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল (যি কাৰ্য্যই পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰক বিঘ্নিত কৰিছিল); শস্য উৎপাদনৰ অত্যধিক প্ৰতিবেদন; আৰু লাখ লাখ কৃষকক লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কাৰখানা লৈ যোৱাৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowman|first=John S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA72|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|date=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50004-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kung |first=James Kai-sing |title=The Political Economy of China's Great Leap Famine |date=2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-economic-history-of-china/political-economy-of-chinas-great-leap-famine/32E5530258C063FE060C1A8C60A23C05 |work=The Cambridge Economic History of China: 1800 to the Present |pages=642–684 |editor-last=Ma |editor-first=Debin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108348485.019 |isbn=978-1-108-42553-7 |s2cid=246670673 |editor2-last=von Glahn |editor2-first=Richard}}</ref> ১৯৬২ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা [[সাত হাজাৰ কেডাৰ সন্মিলন]]ৰ সময়ত চীনৰ তেতিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি [[লিউ শ্বাওকি]]য়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যক্ত কৰিছিল যে; ৩০% দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু ৭০% মানৱসৃষ্ট ভুলৰ বাবে। ("三分天灾, 七分人祸")।<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214040606/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|archive-date=2012-12-14|access-date=2021-01-08|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来(2)|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915075439/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|archive-date=15 September 2019|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh}}</ref> [[ৰিফৰ্মছ এণ্ড অ’পেনিং আপ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছত ১৯৮১ চনৰ জুন মাহত চীনা কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে কয় যে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ মূল কাৰণ হৈছে [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড]]ৰ লগতে [[এণ্টি ৰাইটিষ্ট]] অভিযানৰ ভুল, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও আন কিছুমান হ’ল [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু [[চীন-ছোভিয়েট বিভাজন]]।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/> ==পৰিভাষা== চীন চৰকাৰে দূৰ্ভিক্ষক প্ৰথমে "তিনি বছৰীয়া মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ" (三年自然灾害) বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত সাধাৰণ নাম আছিল "প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ তিনি বছৰ" (三年自然灾害)। ১৯৮১ চনত ইয়াক সলনি কৰি "তিনি বছৰীয়া কষ্টৰ সময়" (三年困难时期) কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বাবে কেৱল প্ৰকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগকে দোষাৰোপ কৰা নহৈছিল।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/><ref name="Songster-2004">{{cite book|last=Songster|first=Edith Elena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSyIXwAACAAJ|title=A Natural Place for Nationalism: The Wanglang Nature Reserve and the Emergence of the Giant Panda as a National Icon|publisher=University of California, San Diego|year=2004|type=thesis|oclc=607612241|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=M.|first1=J.|date=17 February 2015|title=New (approved) assessments The great famine|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|url-status=live|newspaper=The Economist|language=en|location=Beijing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120153221/https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|archive-date=20 January 2018|access-date=18 January 2018}} citing {{cite book|last=Dikötter|first=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuvlBQAAQBAJ|title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945–1957|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|isbn=978-1-62040-349-5|location=London|oclc=881092774|access-date=18 January 2018}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পৰিসৰ== ===উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পোৱা=== কৃষি সংগঠনৰ কৃষি প্ৰণালী সলনি কৰা সময়ত খৰাং আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ একে সময়তে সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ১৯৫০ চনৰ বেছিভাগ সময় বতৰ তুলনামূলকভাৱে খৰাং আছিল যদিও ১৯৫৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত ই বিশেষভাৱে বেয়া হৈ পৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত শস্যৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। লাহে লাহে বছৰৰ পিছত বছৰ ধৰি শস্যৰ উৎপাদন বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰে।<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Ken |title=China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future |publisher=1804 Books |year=2023 |isbn=9781736850084 |location=New York |page=49}}</ref> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ তুলনাত ১৯৫৯ চনত শষ্য চপোৱাৰ পৰিমাণ ১৫% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু ১৯৬০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ৭০% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Justin Yifu|last2=Yang|first2=Dennis Tao|date=2000|title=Food Availability, Entitlements and the Chinese Famine of 1959-61|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2565651|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=110|issue=460|pages=136–158|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00494|jstor=2565651|issn=0013-0133}}</ref> বিশেষকৈ চীনৰ চৰকাৰী তথ্য অনুসৰি ১৯৫৮ চনত ২০ কোটি [[টন]] ৰ পৰা ১৯৫৯ চনত ১৭ কোটি টন লৈ আৰু ১৯৬০ চনত ১৪৩.৫ মিলিয়ন টন লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shang|first=Changfeng|date=2009|title=三年经济困难时期的紧急救灾措施|url=https://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|url-status=live|journal=《当代中国史研究》|language=zh|issue=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106112141/http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|archive-date=2020-11-06|via=[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]}}</ref> ===মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা=== চিচিপিৰ প্ৰাক্তন বিষয়া আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে, দুৰ্ভিক্ষত মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫–৫৫ মিলিয়ন হব। মাওবাদী লেখক [[গাও ম'ব']]ৰ মতে, [[কমিউনিজম-বিৰোধী]] লেখকসকলে মৃত্যু সংখ্যা বেছি দেখুৱাবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে, আৰু চীনৰ [[কমিউনিষ্ট বিপ্লৱ]]ৰ সমৰ্থকসকলে এই সংখ্যা যিমান পাৰি কম দেখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gao|first=Mobo|title=Constructing China: Clashing Views of the People's Republic|year=2018|publisher=Pluto|isbn=978-1-786-80242-2|page=11|doi=10.2307/j.ctv3mt8z4 |jstor=j.ctv3mt8z4|s2cid=158528294}}</ref> ১৯৬১ চনৰ ফিল্ড মাৰ্শ্বাল [[মণ্টগোমাৰী]] আৰু মাও জেডঙৰ সৈতে হোৱা আলোচনাত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল যে চিআইএৰ এক অগোপনীয় প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ১৯৬০–১৯৬১ চনৰ [["অস্বাভাৱিক মৃত্যু"]] ৫০ লাখতকৈ অধিক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |date=1964-07-31 |title=Communist China's Domestic Crisis: the Road to 1964 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/polo-10.pdf |journal=Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room |pages=82}}</ref> সেই সময়ত চীনৰ চৰকাৰী পৰিসংখ্যা অনুসৰি ১৯৬১ চনত চীনৰ জনসংখ্যা ১৯৫৯ চনৰ তুলনাত প্ৰায় ১৪,৫৮০,০০০ কম। [[জন্মৰ হাৰ]] ২.৯২২% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.০৮৬% (১৯৬০)লৈ আৰু [[মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ]] ১.১৯৮% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.৫৪৩% (১৯৬০)লৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল। আনহাতে ১৯৬১ চনত জন্ম আৰু মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ দুয়োটাই শীৰ্ষত উপনীত হয়। ===নৃশংসতা=== দূৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ফলত মানুহ [[নৰখাদক]] হোৱাৰ অসংখ্য মৌখিক প্ৰতিবেদন আছে, যদিও ইয়াৰ বিষয়ে চৰকাৰী নথিপত্ৰ অতি কম। <ref name="bern97">{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Richard|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|title=Horror of a Hidden Chinese Famine|date=5 February 1997|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305072906/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|archive-date=5 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Becker|first=Jasper|url=https://archive.org/details/hungryghostsmaos00beck|title=Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine|publisher=Free Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-68483457-3|url-access=registration|page=352}}</ref> জীয়াই থাকিবলৈ মানুহে সকলো সম্ভাৱ্য উপায়ৰ আশ্ৰয় ল'বলগীয়া হৈছিল। খাবলৈ নাপায় মাটি খাইছিল, বিষ খাই মৰিছিল, চুৰি কাৰ্য্য পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যা লুণ্ঠন হৈছিল আৰু আনকি মানুহে মানুহৰ মাংস ভক্ষণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nq1qr |title=The Great Famine in China, 1958–1962: A Documentary History |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17518-9 |pages=59–71 |language=en |chapter=Chapter Four Cannibalism (Late 1959–Early 1961)|jstor=j.ctt1nq1qr }}</ref> চীনৰ অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত সাংবাদিক [[য়াং জিছেঙে]] কয় যে "পিতৃ-মাতৃয়ে নিজৰ ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীকেই খাইছিল। ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীয়ে নিজৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃক খাইছিল। আৰু আমি কল্পনাও কৰিব নোৱাৰিলোঁ যে তেতিয়াও গুদামবোৰত খাদ্য মজুত আছিল। আটাইতকৈ বেয়া সময়তো চৰকাৰে শস্য ৰপ্তানি কৰি আছিল।" <ref name="npr.org">{{cite web|last1=Lim |first1=Louisa |title=A Grim Chronicle of China's Great Famine |work=NPR |date=10 November 2012 |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/11/10/164732497/a-grim-chronicle-of-chinas-great-famine}}</ref> দুৰ্ভিক্ষ ইমানেই ভয়ানক আছিল যে বহুতে ইয়াক ২০ শতিকাৰ ইতিহাসত "অভূতপূৰ্ব" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।<ref name="bern97" />{{sfn|Becker|1997|loc=passim}} ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ== অভূতপূৰ্ব চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ আছিল আমূল কৃষি নীতি, সামাজিক চাপ, অৰ্থনৈতিক অপব্যৱস্থাপনা, আৰু খৰাং কৃষি অঞ্চলত আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ প্ৰভাৱ। ===গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড=== চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষি নীতিত ভয়াৱহ পৰিৱৰ্তন আনিছিল। ====মানুহৰ কমিউন বা সামূহিক উপাদন==== গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষিকাৰ্য জনসাধাৰণ মাজত সামূহিক ভাবে সম্পাদন হৈছিল, আৰু ব্যক্তিগত ভূমিত খেতি নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল॥ পূৰ্বে কৃষকসকলে চৰকাৰে দিয়া মাটিত খেতি কৰিছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ ফলত কৃষি অৰ্থনীতি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে কেন্দ্ৰীয়ভাৱে পৰিচালিত হ’ল। আঞ্চলিক দলৰ নেতাসকলক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত ৰাখি উৎপাদিত কৃষি ৰাষ্ট্ৰই নিজৰ কৰি লৈছিল আৰু নিজৰ বিবেচনা অনুসৰি বিতৰণ কৰিছিল। <ref name=trans>Translation from [http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 "A hunger for the truth: A new book, banned on the mainland, is becoming the definitive account of the Great Famine"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210190821/http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 |date=10 February 2012 }}, chinaelections.org, 7 July 2008 of content from Yang Jisheng, ''墓碑 －－中國六十年代大饑荒紀實 (Mu Bei – Zhong Guo Liu Shi Nian Dai Da Ji Huang Ji Shi)'', Hong Kong: Cosmos Books (Tian Di Tu Shu), 2008, {{ISBN|978-9882119093}} {{in lang|zh}}</ref> ====কৃষি কৌশল==== সামূহিককৰণৰ লগতে কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে কৃষি কৌশল পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ কেইবাটাও নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়ে যিবোৰ আচলতে ছোভিয়েট কৃষিবিদ [[ট্ৰফিম লাইচেংকোৰ]]ৰ ভুল কৃষি নীতি আছিল। তাৰে এটা ভুল ধাৰণা আছিল যে ওচৰা ওচৰি কৈ ৰোপণ কৰা, য’ত পুলিৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰথমে তিনিগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ দুগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল। ধাৰণা আছিল যে একে প্ৰজাতিৰ উদ্ভিদে পৰস্পৰৰ লগত প্ৰতিযোগিতা নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাবেই সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে প্ৰতিযোগিতা কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত বৃদ্ধি স্তব্ধ হৈছিল আৰু উৎপাদন কম হৈছিল। "দ কৈ হাল বোৱা" নামেৰে জনাজাত আন এটা নীতি আছিল লাইচেংকোৰৰ সহকৰ্মী টেৰেণ্টি মালচেভৰ উদ্ভাৱনী, যিয়ে সমগ্ৰ চীনৰ কৃষকসকলক ১৫–২০ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ গভীৰতাত স্বাভাৱিক হাল বোৱা এৰাই চলি তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে মাটিৰ গভীৰতালৈ (১ৰ পৰা ২ [[চীনা ফুট]] বা ৩৩ ৰ পৰা ৬৬ চে.মি.)গভিৰলৈ হাল বাবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল। দ'লৈ [[হাল বোৱা]] তত্ত্বত কোৱা হৈছিল যে আটাইতকৈ উৰ্বৰ মাটি মাটিৰ গভীৰতম স্থানত থাকে, আৰু অস্বাভাৱিকভাৱে দ' লৈ হাল বাই খেতি কৰিলে শক্তিশালী শিপাৰ বৃদ্ধি হ’ব। কিছুমান প্ৰসংগত গভীৰ হাল বাই উৎপাদন বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পৰা যায় যদিও সাধাৰণতে এই নীতিয়ে চীনত শষ্উয ৎপাদনত বাধাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite book|title=The People's Republic of China, 1949–76|edition=2nd|first=Michael|last=Lynch|location=London|publisher=Hodder Education|year=2008|page=57}}</ref> ====চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান==== ইউৰেছিয়ান গছৰ চৰাইটোৱেই আছিল [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]]ত আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য লক্ষ্য চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযানত নাগৰিক সকলক মহ, নিগনি, মাখি, চৰাই আদি ধ্বংস কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনোৱা হৈছিল। এই অভিজানত ঘৰচিৰিকা জাতীয় চৰাইবোৰৰ সামূহিক নিধন হয় ফলত শস্য খোৱা পোকবোৰৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পালে,কাৰণ সেই জাতীয় চৰাইৰ অবিহনে পোকবোৰ নিৰ্মূল কৰাৰ কোনো উপায় নাছিল। ====অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে উৰ্ধতন বিষয়াৰ হেঁচাত অত্যধিক শস্য উৎপাদনৰ খবৰ দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। কিন্তু সমগ্ৰ চীনত ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে শস্যৰ প্ৰকৃত উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। [[ছিচুয়ান প্ৰদেশ]]ত ১৯৫৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে সংগ্ৰহ কৰা শস্যৰ পৰিমাণ কমি আহিছিল যদিও কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰক দিয়া ৰিপৰ্টত উৎপাদনৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পাই থাকিল।<ref name="Tombstone-p126"/>এই ধাৰাবাহিক পৰিঘটনাক [["অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম"]] (浮夸风)বুলি অভিহীত কৰি ইতিহাসবিদে যুক্তি দিছিল যে সমগ্ৰ চীনত হোৱা অনাহাৰৰ বহুখিনিৰ প্ৰধান কাৰণ ইয়েই আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kimberley Ens Manning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHPTn2Rq9IUC|title=Eating Bitterness: New Perspectives on China's Great Leap Forward and Famine|author2=Felix Wemheuer|author3=Gao Hua|date=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5955-4|page=177|chapter=Food Augmentation Methods and Food Substitutes during the Great Famine}}</ref><ref name="Yang">{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=65}}</ref> ====লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন==== অৰ্থনৈতিক উন্নতিৰ বাবে লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কৰা অতি প্ৰয়োজন হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ বাবে লাখ লাখ কৃষকক কৃষি কামৰ পৰা আঁতৰাই আনি লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কামত যোগদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হৈছিল। কৃষক জনসাধাৰণে উৎপাদন কৰা সেই সামগ্ৰী সমূহ ব্যৱসায়িক উন্নতিৰ বাবে নিয়োগ কৰিবলৈ নিম্নমানৰ আছিল। ====কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰৰ অধিক নীতি==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ উচ্চতম অধিকাৰীৰ নিৰ্দেশৰ ফলস্বৰূপে দেশৰ দ্ৰুত ঔদ্যোগীকৰণ আৰু সমষ্টিগত কৃষিকৰ্মৰ আধাৰত অতিৰিক্ত ধান উৎপাদনৰ প্ৰতিবেদন দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে যদিও বাস্তৱিকতে চীনত ১৯৫৭চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈ ধানৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=James Kai-Sing|last2=Chen|first2=Shuo|date=February 2011|title=The Tragedy of the Nomenklatura: Career Incentives and Political Radicalism during China's Great Leap Famine|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=105|issue=1|pages=27–45|doi=10.1017/S0003055410000626|s2cid=154339088|issn=1537-5943}}</ref> ====স্থানীয় চৰকাৰৰ ক্ষমতাৰ প্ৰভাৱ==== উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ চৰকাৰৰ দৰে স্থানীয় চৰকাৰসমূহেও দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ওপৰত সমানে প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ অগ্ৰগতিৰ লগে লগে বহুতো প্ৰাদেশিক নেতাই [[মাও]] আৰু উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ নেতাসকলৰ সৈতে মিলিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। <ref>{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|year=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=31}}</ref> স্থানীয় নেতাসকলে নিজৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে যি ভাল সেয়া কৰা আৰু ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে নিজৰ সুনাম ৰক্ষা কৰা কামত পিচ পৰা নাছিল। কৃষকসকলে সামূহিককৰণ আৰু ৰাজ্যিক শস্য ক্ৰয়ৰ ওপৰত মুকলিকৈ কথা ক’ব নোৱাৰিছিল। <ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Dikötter|title=Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NsMWCHDStQC|date=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-8027-7928-1|page=2}}</ref> স্থানীয় আৰু চৰকাৰী পৰ্যায়ত ভয় আৰু শাস্তিমূলক সংস্কৃতিৰ বাবে কৃষকৰ ওপৰত আৰোপিত ষড়যন্ত্ৰমূলক নীতি বা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কথা কোৱা আৰু কাম কৰাটো আপাত দৃষ্টিত অসম্ভৱ কাম হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name="Discourses of Hunger"/> ==প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ== ১৯৫৮ চনত [[হালধীয়া নদী]]ৰ বানপানীয়ে হেনান প্ৰদেশ আৰু শ্বানডং প্ৰদেশৰ ভালেকিছু অংশ প্ৰভাৱিত কৰে। ১৯৩৩ চনৰ পিছত ইয়াক আটাইতকৈ ভয়াৱহ বানপানী বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Qian|first=Zhengying|author-link=Qian Zhengying|date=1985-06-13|title=关于黄河、长江、淮河、永定河防御特大洪水方案的报告（摘要）|url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/26/content_1671.htm|access-date=23 April 2020|website=[[National People's Congress]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-06/14/content_648957.htm|title=新闻分析：做好黄河防汛工作为何不能掉以轻心？|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=中国历史上的水灾有哪些？|url=http://guoqing.china.com.cn/zhuanti/2017-07/13/content_41210848.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[China Internet Information Center]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=第六节 1958年黄河洪水–《中国灾情报告 1949–1995》-中国经济与社会发展统计数据库|url=http://tongji.cnki.net/kns55/Navi/result.aspx?id=N2007080101&file=N2007080101000094&floor=1|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[CNKI]]|language=zh}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="dahe1">{{Cite web|title=1958年黄河大水灾纪实|url=http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=Dahe Wang (大河网)|language=zh|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703071205/http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dahe"/> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত হালধীয়া নদীৰ বানপানীয়ে ১৭০৮খন গাঁৱৰ ৭৪১,০০০ লোকক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত কৰে আৰু ৩০.৪ মিলিয়ন [[মু]](ডেৰ লাখ একৰতকৈও অধিক) খেতি কৰা পথাৰ প্লাৱিত কৰে। ২৭ জুলাইত বানপানীৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ ধাৰাটো [[ব'হাই সাগৰ]]লৈ বোৱাই পঠোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ পিচত চীন চৰকাৰে "বানপানীৰ ওপৰত জয়" হোৱা বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে। <ref name=":16" /><ref name="dahe1"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-10-11|title=黄河防洪概述|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913195832/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|archive-date=13 September 2007|access-date=23 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref> ==তাৰ পিছৰ পৰিণতি== ===প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু ঢাকি ৰখা=== স্থানীয় ৰাজনৈতিক দলৰ নেতাসকলে নিজৰ জীৱন আৰু পদবী ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে অভাৱসমূহ ঢাকি ৰাখিবলৈ আৰু দোষবোৰ পুনৰাবৃতি কৰিবলৈ ষড়যন্ত্ৰ কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Association for Asian Studies|language=en-US}}</ref>১৯৫৮-১৯৫৯ চনত জন্মৰ হাৰ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰা আৰু মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ হিচাপ, গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলৰ কিছুমান ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত লোক অনাহাৰে থকাৰ বিষয়ে মাওক আন্ধাৰত ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref name="Yang" /> ১৯৬০ চনত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু সংহতিৰ ইংগিত হিচাপে মাওৱে সাত মাহ ধৰি মাংস ভক্ষণৰ পৰা বাৰত থাকিল আৰু [[ঝৌ এনলাই]]ৰ মাহেকীয়া শস্য যোগানৰ পৰিমাণ কমালে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ó Gráda|first=Cormac|author-link=Cormac Ó Gráda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoN2XkjJio4C&pg=PA242|title=Famine: A Short History|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12237-3|pages=242|language=en}}</ref> ==সংস্কাৰ আৰু প্ৰতিফলন== ১৯৭৮ চনৰ ডিচেম্বত [[ডেং জিয়াওপিং]] চীনৰ নতুন পেৰামাউণ্ট লিডাৰ হয় আৰু ঐতিহাসিক সংস্কাৰ আৰু মুকলি কাৰ্যসূচী আৰম্ভ কৰি চীনৰ কৃষি আৰু ঔদ্যোগিক ব্যৱস্থাক মৌলিকভাৱে সলনি কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=邓小平纪念网|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505182417/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|archive-date=5 May 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|title=40 years on from the 'experiments' that transformed China into an economic superpower|last1=Zhou|first1=Christina|last2=Xiao|first2=Bang|date=1 December 2018|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424005843/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|archive-date=24 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|title=How China Went From Famine After Famine to Feast|last=Palmer|first=Brian|date=2 April 2014|website=Slate|language=en|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521021209/https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|archive-date=21 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> চীনৰ বাহিৰৰ গৱেষকসকলে দুৰ্ভিক্ষ কাৰণৰ ওপৰত নানান যুক্তি আগবঢ়াইছে। বিশেষকৈ নোবেল বঁটা বিজয়ী অমৰ্ত্য সেনে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষক বিশ্বব্যাপী প্ৰেক্ষাপটত ৰাখি কয় যে গণতন্ত্ৰৰ অভাৱেই ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান অপৰাধী: "সঁচাকৈয়ে গণতান্ত্ৰিক দেশত কেতিয়াও কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱা নাই—যিমানেই দুখীয়া নহওক কিয়।" তেওঁ লগতে কয় যে “নিয়মিতভাৱে নিৰ্বাচিত চৰকাৰ আৰু স্বতন্ত্ৰ সংবাদ মাধ্যম থকা দেশত এনেকুৱা কিবা এটা হ’ব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন বুলি কল্পনা কৰাটো কঠিন”। সেই ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত চৰকাৰে বাতৰি কাকত আৰু বিৰোধী দলক সম্পূৰ্ণ নিয়ন্ত্ৰত ৰাখিছিল। <ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book|author=Amartya Kumar Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|title=Development as freedom|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-289330-7|access-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103042841/http://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Wiener, Jon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 "How We Forgot the Cold War. A Historical Journey across America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226022039/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 |date=26 February 2019 }} University of California Press, 2012, p. 38.</ref> ==তথ্য় সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} 71myt87qqhlnbvqqdb4gllwr8xfh6zr 453180 452958 2024-12-10T04:42:39Z Babulbaishya 2558 পৃষ্ঠা [[মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]ৰ পৰা [[মহা চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]লৈ Babulbaishyaয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে: ইয়াত মহান শব্দটো খাপ নাখায়। 452958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ'''{{lang-en|:The Great Chinese Famine}} ([[চীনা ভাষাত]]: 三年大饥荒; lit. 'তিনি বছৰৰ মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ') আছিল ১৯৫৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনৰ [[ভিতৰত চীনৰ গণৰাজ্য]]ত [[(People's Republic of China)]] সংঘটিত হোৱা এক [[দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]।<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议|url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022175245/http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|archive-date=22 October 2019|access-date=23 April 2020|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=1981-06-27|title=Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China|url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121344.pdf?v=d461ad5001da989b8f96cc1dfb3c8ce7|website=Wilson Center}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" /> কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ১৯৫৮ বা ১৯৬২ চনকো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=Kai-sing|last2=Lin|first2=Yifu|year=2003|title=The Causes of China's Great Leap Famine, 1959–1961|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=52|issue=1|pages=51–73|doi=10.1086/380584|issn=0013-0079|jstor=10.1086/380584|s2cid=9454493}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name="Tombstone-p126">{{cite book|surname=Yang|given=Jisheng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadqrYU10eMC|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|date=2012|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-27793-2|page=126|author-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|title=45 million died in Mao's Great Leap Forward, Hong Kong historian says in new book|website=South China Morning Post|date=5 September 2010 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226140751/https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|archive-date=26 February 2020|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> আটাইতকৈ মাৰাত্মক দুৰ্ভিক্ষ আৰু মানৱ ইতিহাসৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ মানৱসৃষ্ট দুৰ্যোগ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। আনুমান কৰা হয় যে সেই সময়ত অনাহাৰত হোৱা মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫ৰ পৰা ৫৫মিলিয়নৰ ভিতৰত হব। আটাইতকৈ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত প্ৰদেশসমূহ আছিল [[আনহুই]] (১৮% মৃত), [[চংকিং]] (১৫%), [[ছিচুয়ান]] (১৩%),[[ গুইঝৌ]] (১১%) আৰু [[হুনান]] (৮%)। <ref name="Cao 2005"/> মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ প্ৰধান কাৰকসমূহ আছিল চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ মাও[[জেডঙে]] আৰম্ভ কৰা [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড ]](১৯৫৮ৰ পৰা ১৯৬২) আৰু জনসাধাৰণ [[কমিউনৰ নীতি]], যেনে, "জনগোষ্ঠী" (People's Communes)-ৰ নীতি-আদৰ্শসমূহ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ পৰিকল্পিত অৰ্থনীতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত খাদ্য বিতৰণৰ অদক্ষতা; অতি প্ৰচীন কৃষিপদ্ধতিৰ প্ৰয়োগ; [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]] যিয়ে পক্ষীৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল (যি কাৰ্য্যই পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰক বিঘ্নিত কৰিছিল); শস্য উৎপাদনৰ অত্যধিক প্ৰতিবেদন; আৰু লাখ লাখ কৃষকক লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কাৰখানা লৈ যোৱাৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowman|first=John S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA72|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|date=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50004-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kung |first=James Kai-sing |title=The Political Economy of China's Great Leap Famine |date=2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-economic-history-of-china/political-economy-of-chinas-great-leap-famine/32E5530258C063FE060C1A8C60A23C05 |work=The Cambridge Economic History of China: 1800 to the Present |pages=642–684 |editor-last=Ma |editor-first=Debin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108348485.019 |isbn=978-1-108-42553-7 |s2cid=246670673 |editor2-last=von Glahn |editor2-first=Richard}}</ref> ১৯৬২ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা [[সাত হাজাৰ কেডাৰ সন্মিলন]]ৰ সময়ত চীনৰ তেতিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি [[লিউ শ্বাওকি]]য়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যক্ত কৰিছিল যে; ৩০% দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু ৭০% মানৱসৃষ্ট ভুলৰ বাবে। ("三分天灾, 七分人祸")।<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214040606/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|archive-date=2012-12-14|access-date=2021-01-08|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来(2)|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915075439/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|archive-date=15 September 2019|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh}}</ref> [[ৰিফৰ্মছ এণ্ড অ’পেনিং আপ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছত ১৯৮১ চনৰ জুন মাহত চীনা কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে কয় যে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ মূল কাৰণ হৈছে [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড]]ৰ লগতে [[এণ্টি ৰাইটিষ্ট]] অভিযানৰ ভুল, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও আন কিছুমান হ’ল [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু [[চীন-ছোভিয়েট বিভাজন]]।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/> ==পৰিভাষা== চীন চৰকাৰে দূৰ্ভিক্ষক প্ৰথমে "তিনি বছৰীয়া মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ" (三年自然灾害) বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত সাধাৰণ নাম আছিল "প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ তিনি বছৰ" (三年自然灾害)। ১৯৮১ চনত ইয়াক সলনি কৰি "তিনি বছৰীয়া কষ্টৰ সময়" (三年困难时期) কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বাবে কেৱল প্ৰকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগকে দোষাৰোপ কৰা নহৈছিল।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/><ref name="Songster-2004">{{cite book|last=Songster|first=Edith Elena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSyIXwAACAAJ|title=A Natural Place for Nationalism: The Wanglang Nature Reserve and the Emergence of the Giant Panda as a National Icon|publisher=University of California, San Diego|year=2004|type=thesis|oclc=607612241|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=M.|first1=J.|date=17 February 2015|title=New (approved) assessments The great famine|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|url-status=live|newspaper=The Economist|language=en|location=Beijing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120153221/https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|archive-date=20 January 2018|access-date=18 January 2018}} citing {{cite book|last=Dikötter|first=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuvlBQAAQBAJ|title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945–1957|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|isbn=978-1-62040-349-5|location=London|oclc=881092774|access-date=18 January 2018}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পৰিসৰ== ===উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পোৱা=== কৃষি সংগঠনৰ কৃষি প্ৰণালী সলনি কৰা সময়ত খৰাং আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ একে সময়তে সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ১৯৫০ চনৰ বেছিভাগ সময় বতৰ তুলনামূলকভাৱে খৰাং আছিল যদিও ১৯৫৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত ই বিশেষভাৱে বেয়া হৈ পৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত শস্যৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। লাহে লাহে বছৰৰ পিছত বছৰ ধৰি শস্যৰ উৎপাদন বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰে।<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Ken |title=China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future |publisher=1804 Books |year=2023 |isbn=9781736850084 |location=New York |page=49}}</ref> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ তুলনাত ১৯৫৯ চনত শষ্য চপোৱাৰ পৰিমাণ ১৫% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু ১৯৬০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ৭০% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Justin Yifu|last2=Yang|first2=Dennis Tao|date=2000|title=Food Availability, Entitlements and the Chinese Famine of 1959-61|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2565651|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=110|issue=460|pages=136–158|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00494|jstor=2565651|issn=0013-0133}}</ref> বিশেষকৈ চীনৰ চৰকাৰী তথ্য অনুসৰি ১৯৫৮ চনত ২০ কোটি [[টন]] ৰ পৰা ১৯৫৯ চনত ১৭ কোটি টন লৈ আৰু ১৯৬০ চনত ১৪৩.৫ মিলিয়ন টন লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shang|first=Changfeng|date=2009|title=三年经济困难时期的紧急救灾措施|url=https://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|url-status=live|journal=《当代中国史研究》|language=zh|issue=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106112141/http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|archive-date=2020-11-06|via=[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]}}</ref> ===মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা=== চিচিপিৰ প্ৰাক্তন বিষয়া আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে, দুৰ্ভিক্ষত মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫–৫৫ মিলিয়ন হব। মাওবাদী লেখক [[গাও ম'ব']]ৰ মতে, [[কমিউনিজম-বিৰোধী]] লেখকসকলে মৃত্যু সংখ্যা বেছি দেখুৱাবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে, আৰু চীনৰ [[কমিউনিষ্ট বিপ্লৱ]]ৰ সমৰ্থকসকলে এই সংখ্যা যিমান পাৰি কম দেখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gao|first=Mobo|title=Constructing China: Clashing Views of the People's Republic|year=2018|publisher=Pluto|isbn=978-1-786-80242-2|page=11|doi=10.2307/j.ctv3mt8z4 |jstor=j.ctv3mt8z4|s2cid=158528294}}</ref> ১৯৬১ চনৰ ফিল্ড মাৰ্শ্বাল [[মণ্টগোমাৰী]] আৰু মাও জেডঙৰ সৈতে হোৱা আলোচনাত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল যে চিআইএৰ এক অগোপনীয় প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ১৯৬০–১৯৬১ চনৰ [["অস্বাভাৱিক মৃত্যু"]] ৫০ লাখতকৈ অধিক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |date=1964-07-31 |title=Communist China's Domestic Crisis: the Road to 1964 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/polo-10.pdf |journal=Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room |pages=82}}</ref> সেই সময়ত চীনৰ চৰকাৰী পৰিসংখ্যা অনুসৰি ১৯৬১ চনত চীনৰ জনসংখ্যা ১৯৫৯ চনৰ তুলনাত প্ৰায় ১৪,৫৮০,০০০ কম। [[জন্মৰ হাৰ]] ২.৯২২% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.০৮৬% (১৯৬০)লৈ আৰু [[মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ]] ১.১৯৮% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.৫৪৩% (১৯৬০)লৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল। আনহাতে ১৯৬১ চনত জন্ম আৰু মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ দুয়োটাই শীৰ্ষত উপনীত হয়। ===নৃশংসতা=== দূৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ফলত মানুহ [[নৰখাদক]] হোৱাৰ অসংখ্য মৌখিক প্ৰতিবেদন আছে, যদিও ইয়াৰ বিষয়ে চৰকাৰী নথিপত্ৰ অতি কম। <ref name="bern97">{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Richard|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|title=Horror of a Hidden Chinese Famine|date=5 February 1997|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305072906/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|archive-date=5 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Becker|first=Jasper|url=https://archive.org/details/hungryghostsmaos00beck|title=Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine|publisher=Free Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-68483457-3|url-access=registration|page=352}}</ref> জীয়াই থাকিবলৈ মানুহে সকলো সম্ভাৱ্য উপায়ৰ আশ্ৰয় ল'বলগীয়া হৈছিল। খাবলৈ নাপায় মাটি খাইছিল, বিষ খাই মৰিছিল, চুৰি কাৰ্য্য পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যা লুণ্ঠন হৈছিল আৰু আনকি মানুহে মানুহৰ মাংস ভক্ষণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nq1qr |title=The Great Famine in China, 1958–1962: A Documentary History |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17518-9 |pages=59–71 |language=en |chapter=Chapter Four Cannibalism (Late 1959–Early 1961)|jstor=j.ctt1nq1qr }}</ref> চীনৰ অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত সাংবাদিক [[য়াং জিছেঙে]] কয় যে "পিতৃ-মাতৃয়ে নিজৰ ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীকেই খাইছিল। ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীয়ে নিজৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃক খাইছিল। আৰু আমি কল্পনাও কৰিব নোৱাৰিলোঁ যে তেতিয়াও গুদামবোৰত খাদ্য মজুত আছিল। আটাইতকৈ বেয়া সময়তো চৰকাৰে শস্য ৰপ্তানি কৰি আছিল।" <ref name="npr.org">{{cite web|last1=Lim |first1=Louisa |title=A Grim Chronicle of China's Great Famine |work=NPR |date=10 November 2012 |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/11/10/164732497/a-grim-chronicle-of-chinas-great-famine}}</ref> দুৰ্ভিক্ষ ইমানেই ভয়ানক আছিল যে বহুতে ইয়াক ২০ শতিকাৰ ইতিহাসত "অভূতপূৰ্ব" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।<ref name="bern97" />{{sfn|Becker|1997|loc=passim}} ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ== অভূতপূৰ্ব চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ আছিল আমূল কৃষি নীতি, সামাজিক চাপ, অৰ্থনৈতিক অপব্যৱস্থাপনা, আৰু খৰাং কৃষি অঞ্চলত আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ প্ৰভাৱ। ===গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড=== চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষি নীতিত ভয়াৱহ পৰিৱৰ্তন আনিছিল। ====মানুহৰ কমিউন বা সামূহিক উপাদন==== গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষিকাৰ্য জনসাধাৰণ মাজত সামূহিক ভাবে সম্পাদন হৈছিল, আৰু ব্যক্তিগত ভূমিত খেতি নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল॥ পূৰ্বে কৃষকসকলে চৰকাৰে দিয়া মাটিত খেতি কৰিছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ ফলত কৃষি অৰ্থনীতি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে কেন্দ্ৰীয়ভাৱে পৰিচালিত হ’ল। আঞ্চলিক দলৰ নেতাসকলক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত ৰাখি উৎপাদিত কৃষি ৰাষ্ট্ৰই নিজৰ কৰি লৈছিল আৰু নিজৰ বিবেচনা অনুসৰি বিতৰণ কৰিছিল। <ref name=trans>Translation from [http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 "A hunger for the truth: A new book, banned on the mainland, is becoming the definitive account of the Great Famine"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210190821/http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 |date=10 February 2012 }}, chinaelections.org, 7 July 2008 of content from Yang Jisheng, ''墓碑 －－中國六十年代大饑荒紀實 (Mu Bei – Zhong Guo Liu Shi Nian Dai Da Ji Huang Ji Shi)'', Hong Kong: Cosmos Books (Tian Di Tu Shu), 2008, {{ISBN|978-9882119093}} {{in lang|zh}}</ref> ====কৃষি কৌশল==== সামূহিককৰণৰ লগতে কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে কৃষি কৌশল পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ কেইবাটাও নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়ে যিবোৰ আচলতে ছোভিয়েট কৃষিবিদ [[ট্ৰফিম লাইচেংকোৰ]]ৰ ভুল কৃষি নীতি আছিল। তাৰে এটা ভুল ধাৰণা আছিল যে ওচৰা ওচৰি কৈ ৰোপণ কৰা, য’ত পুলিৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰথমে তিনিগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ দুগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল। ধাৰণা আছিল যে একে প্ৰজাতিৰ উদ্ভিদে পৰস্পৰৰ লগত প্ৰতিযোগিতা নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাবেই সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে প্ৰতিযোগিতা কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত বৃদ্ধি স্তব্ধ হৈছিল আৰু উৎপাদন কম হৈছিল। "দ কৈ হাল বোৱা" নামেৰে জনাজাত আন এটা নীতি আছিল লাইচেংকোৰৰ সহকৰ্মী টেৰেণ্টি মালচেভৰ উদ্ভাৱনী, যিয়ে সমগ্ৰ চীনৰ কৃষকসকলক ১৫–২০ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ গভীৰতাত স্বাভাৱিক হাল বোৱা এৰাই চলি তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে মাটিৰ গভীৰতালৈ (১ৰ পৰা ২ [[চীনা ফুট]] বা ৩৩ ৰ পৰা ৬৬ চে.মি.)গভিৰলৈ হাল বাবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল। দ'লৈ [[হাল বোৱা]] তত্ত্বত কোৱা হৈছিল যে আটাইতকৈ উৰ্বৰ মাটি মাটিৰ গভীৰতম স্থানত থাকে, আৰু অস্বাভাৱিকভাৱে দ' লৈ হাল বাই খেতি কৰিলে শক্তিশালী শিপাৰ বৃদ্ধি হ’ব। কিছুমান প্ৰসংগত গভীৰ হাল বাই উৎপাদন বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পৰা যায় যদিও সাধাৰণতে এই নীতিয়ে চীনত শষ্উয ৎপাদনত বাধাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite book|title=The People's Republic of China, 1949–76|edition=2nd|first=Michael|last=Lynch|location=London|publisher=Hodder Education|year=2008|page=57}}</ref> ====চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান==== ইউৰেছিয়ান গছৰ চৰাইটোৱেই আছিল [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]]ত আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য লক্ষ্য চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযানত নাগৰিক সকলক মহ, নিগনি, মাখি, চৰাই আদি ধ্বংস কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনোৱা হৈছিল। এই অভিজানত ঘৰচিৰিকা জাতীয় চৰাইবোৰৰ সামূহিক নিধন হয় ফলত শস্য খোৱা পোকবোৰৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পালে,কাৰণ সেই জাতীয় চৰাইৰ অবিহনে পোকবোৰ নিৰ্মূল কৰাৰ কোনো উপায় নাছিল। ====অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে উৰ্ধতন বিষয়াৰ হেঁচাত অত্যধিক শস্য উৎপাদনৰ খবৰ দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। কিন্তু সমগ্ৰ চীনত ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে শস্যৰ প্ৰকৃত উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। [[ছিচুয়ান প্ৰদেশ]]ত ১৯৫৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে সংগ্ৰহ কৰা শস্যৰ পৰিমাণ কমি আহিছিল যদিও কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰক দিয়া ৰিপৰ্টত উৎপাদনৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পাই থাকিল।<ref name="Tombstone-p126"/>এই ধাৰাবাহিক পৰিঘটনাক [["অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম"]] (浮夸风)বুলি অভিহীত কৰি ইতিহাসবিদে যুক্তি দিছিল যে সমগ্ৰ চীনত হোৱা অনাহাৰৰ বহুখিনিৰ প্ৰধান কাৰণ ইয়েই আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kimberley Ens Manning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHPTn2Rq9IUC|title=Eating Bitterness: New Perspectives on China's Great Leap Forward and Famine|author2=Felix Wemheuer|author3=Gao Hua|date=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5955-4|page=177|chapter=Food Augmentation Methods and Food Substitutes during the Great Famine}}</ref><ref name="Yang">{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=65}}</ref> ====লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন==== অৰ্থনৈতিক উন্নতিৰ বাবে লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কৰা অতি প্ৰয়োজন হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ বাবে লাখ লাখ কৃষকক কৃষি কামৰ পৰা আঁতৰাই আনি লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কামত যোগদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হৈছিল। কৃষক জনসাধাৰণে উৎপাদন কৰা সেই সামগ্ৰী সমূহ ব্যৱসায়িক উন্নতিৰ বাবে নিয়োগ কৰিবলৈ নিম্নমানৰ আছিল। ====কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰৰ অধিক নীতি==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ উচ্চতম অধিকাৰীৰ নিৰ্দেশৰ ফলস্বৰূপে দেশৰ দ্ৰুত ঔদ্যোগীকৰণ আৰু সমষ্টিগত কৃষিকৰ্মৰ আধাৰত অতিৰিক্ত ধান উৎপাদনৰ প্ৰতিবেদন দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে যদিও বাস্তৱিকতে চীনত ১৯৫৭চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈ ধানৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=James Kai-Sing|last2=Chen|first2=Shuo|date=February 2011|title=The Tragedy of the Nomenklatura: Career Incentives and Political Radicalism during China's Great Leap Famine|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=105|issue=1|pages=27–45|doi=10.1017/S0003055410000626|s2cid=154339088|issn=1537-5943}}</ref> ====স্থানীয় চৰকাৰৰ ক্ষমতাৰ প্ৰভাৱ==== উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ চৰকাৰৰ দৰে স্থানীয় চৰকাৰসমূহেও দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ওপৰত সমানে প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ অগ্ৰগতিৰ লগে লগে বহুতো প্ৰাদেশিক নেতাই [[মাও]] আৰু উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ নেতাসকলৰ সৈতে মিলিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। <ref>{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|year=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=31}}</ref> স্থানীয় নেতাসকলে নিজৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে যি ভাল সেয়া কৰা আৰু ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে নিজৰ সুনাম ৰক্ষা কৰা কামত পিচ পৰা নাছিল। কৃষকসকলে সামূহিককৰণ আৰু ৰাজ্যিক শস্য ক্ৰয়ৰ ওপৰত মুকলিকৈ কথা ক’ব নোৱাৰিছিল। <ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Dikötter|title=Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NsMWCHDStQC|date=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-8027-7928-1|page=2}}</ref> স্থানীয় আৰু চৰকাৰী পৰ্যায়ত ভয় আৰু শাস্তিমূলক সংস্কৃতিৰ বাবে কৃষকৰ ওপৰত আৰোপিত ষড়যন্ত্ৰমূলক নীতি বা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কথা কোৱা আৰু কাম কৰাটো আপাত দৃষ্টিত অসম্ভৱ কাম হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name="Discourses of Hunger"/> ==প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ== ১৯৫৮ চনত [[হালধীয়া নদী]]ৰ বানপানীয়ে হেনান প্ৰদেশ আৰু শ্বানডং প্ৰদেশৰ ভালেকিছু অংশ প্ৰভাৱিত কৰে। ১৯৩৩ চনৰ পিছত ইয়াক আটাইতকৈ ভয়াৱহ বানপানী বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Qian|first=Zhengying|author-link=Qian Zhengying|date=1985-06-13|title=关于黄河、长江、淮河、永定河防御特大洪水方案的报告（摘要）|url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/26/content_1671.htm|access-date=23 April 2020|website=[[National People's Congress]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-06/14/content_648957.htm|title=新闻分析：做好黄河防汛工作为何不能掉以轻心？|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=中国历史上的水灾有哪些？|url=http://guoqing.china.com.cn/zhuanti/2017-07/13/content_41210848.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[China Internet Information Center]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=第六节 1958年黄河洪水–《中国灾情报告 1949–1995》-中国经济与社会发展统计数据库|url=http://tongji.cnki.net/kns55/Navi/result.aspx?id=N2007080101&file=N2007080101000094&floor=1|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[CNKI]]|language=zh}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="dahe1">{{Cite web|title=1958年黄河大水灾纪实|url=http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=Dahe Wang (大河网)|language=zh|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703071205/http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dahe"/> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত হালধীয়া নদীৰ বানপানীয়ে ১৭০৮খন গাঁৱৰ ৭৪১,০০০ লোকক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত কৰে আৰু ৩০.৪ মিলিয়ন [[মু]](ডেৰ লাখ একৰতকৈও অধিক) খেতি কৰা পথাৰ প্লাৱিত কৰে। ২৭ জুলাইত বানপানীৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ ধাৰাটো [[ব'হাই সাগৰ]]লৈ বোৱাই পঠোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ পিচত চীন চৰকাৰে "বানপানীৰ ওপৰত জয়" হোৱা বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে। <ref name=":16" /><ref name="dahe1"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-10-11|title=黄河防洪概述|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913195832/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|archive-date=13 September 2007|access-date=23 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref> ==তাৰ পিছৰ পৰিণতি== ===প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু ঢাকি ৰখা=== স্থানীয় ৰাজনৈতিক দলৰ নেতাসকলে নিজৰ জীৱন আৰু পদবী ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে অভাৱসমূহ ঢাকি ৰাখিবলৈ আৰু দোষবোৰ পুনৰাবৃতি কৰিবলৈ ষড়যন্ত্ৰ কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Association for Asian Studies|language=en-US}}</ref>১৯৫৮-১৯৫৯ চনত জন্মৰ হাৰ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰা আৰু মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ হিচাপ, গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলৰ কিছুমান ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত লোক অনাহাৰে থকাৰ বিষয়ে মাওক আন্ধাৰত ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref name="Yang" /> ১৯৬০ চনত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু সংহতিৰ ইংগিত হিচাপে মাওৱে সাত মাহ ধৰি মাংস ভক্ষণৰ পৰা বাৰত থাকিল আৰু [[ঝৌ এনলাই]]ৰ মাহেকীয়া শস্য যোগানৰ পৰিমাণ কমালে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ó Gráda|first=Cormac|author-link=Cormac Ó Gráda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoN2XkjJio4C&pg=PA242|title=Famine: A Short History|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12237-3|pages=242|language=en}}</ref> ==সংস্কাৰ আৰু প্ৰতিফলন== ১৯৭৮ চনৰ ডিচেম্বত [[ডেং জিয়াওপিং]] চীনৰ নতুন পেৰামাউণ্ট লিডাৰ হয় আৰু ঐতিহাসিক সংস্কাৰ আৰু মুকলি কাৰ্যসূচী আৰম্ভ কৰি চীনৰ কৃষি আৰু ঔদ্যোগিক ব্যৱস্থাক মৌলিকভাৱে সলনি কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=邓小平纪念网|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505182417/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|archive-date=5 May 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|title=40 years on from the 'experiments' that transformed China into an economic superpower|last1=Zhou|first1=Christina|last2=Xiao|first2=Bang|date=1 December 2018|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424005843/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|archive-date=24 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|title=How China Went From Famine After Famine to Feast|last=Palmer|first=Brian|date=2 April 2014|website=Slate|language=en|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521021209/https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|archive-date=21 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> চীনৰ বাহিৰৰ গৱেষকসকলে দুৰ্ভিক্ষ কাৰণৰ ওপৰত নানান যুক্তি আগবঢ়াইছে। বিশেষকৈ নোবেল বঁটা বিজয়ী অমৰ্ত্য সেনে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষক বিশ্বব্যাপী প্ৰেক্ষাপটত ৰাখি কয় যে গণতন্ত্ৰৰ অভাৱেই ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান অপৰাধী: "সঁচাকৈয়ে গণতান্ত্ৰিক দেশত কেতিয়াও কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱা নাই—যিমানেই দুখীয়া নহওক কিয়।" তেওঁ লগতে কয় যে “নিয়মিতভাৱে নিৰ্বাচিত চৰকাৰ আৰু স্বতন্ত্ৰ সংবাদ মাধ্যম থকা দেশত এনেকুৱা কিবা এটা হ’ব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন বুলি কল্পনা কৰাটো কঠিন”। সেই ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত চৰকাৰে বাতৰি কাকত আৰু বিৰোধী দলক সম্পূৰ্ণ নিয়ন্ত্ৰত ৰাখিছিল। <ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book|author=Amartya Kumar Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|title=Development as freedom|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-289330-7|access-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103042841/http://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Wiener, Jon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 "How We Forgot the Cold War. A Historical Journey across America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226022039/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 |date=26 February 2019 }} University of California Press, 2012, p. 38.</ref> ==তথ্য় সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} 71myt87qqhlnbvqqdb4gllwr8xfh6zr 453184 453180 2024-12-10T04:43:32Z Babulbaishya 2558 453184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''মহা চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ'''{{lang-en|The Great Chinese Famine}} ([[চীনা ভাষাত]]: 三年大饥荒; lit. 'তিনি বছৰৰ মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ') আছিল ১৯৫৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনৰ [[ভিতৰত চীনৰ গণৰাজ্য]]ত [[(People's Republic of China)]] সংঘটিত হোৱা এক [[দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]।<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议|url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022175245/http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|archive-date=22 October 2019|access-date=23 April 2020|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=1981-06-27|title=Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China|url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121344.pdf?v=d461ad5001da989b8f96cc1dfb3c8ce7|website=Wilson Center}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" /> কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ১৯৫৮ বা ১৯৬২ চনকো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=Kai-sing|last2=Lin|first2=Yifu|year=2003|title=The Causes of China's Great Leap Famine, 1959–1961|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=52|issue=1|pages=51–73|doi=10.1086/380584|issn=0013-0079|jstor=10.1086/380584|s2cid=9454493}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name="Tombstone-p126">{{cite book|surname=Yang|given=Jisheng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadqrYU10eMC|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|date=2012|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-27793-2|page=126|author-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|title=45 million died in Mao's Great Leap Forward, Hong Kong historian says in new book|website=South China Morning Post|date=5 September 2010 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226140751/https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|archive-date=26 February 2020|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> আটাইতকৈ মাৰাত্মক দুৰ্ভিক্ষ আৰু মানৱ ইতিহাসৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ মানৱসৃষ্ট দুৰ্যোগ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। আনুমান কৰা হয় যে সেই সময়ত অনাহাৰত হোৱা মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫ৰ পৰা ৫৫মিলিয়নৰ ভিতৰত হব। আটাইতকৈ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত প্ৰদেশসমূহ আছিল [[আনহুই]] (১৮% মৃত), [[চংকিং]] (১৫%), [[ছিচুয়ান]] (১৩%),[[ গুইঝৌ]] (১১%) আৰু [[হুনান]] (৮%)। <ref name="Cao 2005"/> মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ প্ৰধান কাৰকসমূহ আছিল চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ মাও[[জেডঙে]] আৰম্ভ কৰা [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড ]](১৯৫৮ৰ পৰা ১৯৬২) আৰু জনসাধাৰণ [[কমিউনৰ নীতি]], যেনে, "জনগোষ্ঠী" (People's Communes)-ৰ নীতি-আদৰ্শসমূহ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ পৰিকল্পিত অৰ্থনীতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত খাদ্য বিতৰণৰ অদক্ষতা; অতি প্ৰচীন কৃষিপদ্ধতিৰ প্ৰয়োগ; [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]] যিয়ে পক্ষীৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল (যি কাৰ্য্যই পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰক বিঘ্নিত কৰিছিল); শস্য উৎপাদনৰ অত্যধিক প্ৰতিবেদন; আৰু লাখ লাখ কৃষকক লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কাৰখানা লৈ যোৱাৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowman|first=John S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA72|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|date=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50004-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kung |first=James Kai-sing |title=The Political Economy of China's Great Leap Famine |date=2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-economic-history-of-china/political-economy-of-chinas-great-leap-famine/32E5530258C063FE060C1A8C60A23C05 |work=The Cambridge Economic History of China: 1800 to the Present |pages=642–684 |editor-last=Ma |editor-first=Debin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108348485.019 |isbn=978-1-108-42553-7 |s2cid=246670673 |editor2-last=von Glahn |editor2-first=Richard}}</ref> ১৯৬২ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা [[সাত হাজাৰ কেডাৰ সন্মিলন]]ৰ সময়ত চীনৰ তেতিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি [[লিউ শ্বাওকি]]য়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যক্ত কৰিছিল যে; ৩০% দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু ৭০% মানৱসৃষ্ট ভুলৰ বাবে। ("三分天灾, 七分人祸")।<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214040606/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|archive-date=2012-12-14|access-date=2021-01-08|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来(2)|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915075439/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|archive-date=15 September 2019|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh}}</ref> [[ৰিফৰ্মছ এণ্ড অ’পেনিং আপ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছত ১৯৮১ চনৰ জুন মাহত চীনা কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে কয় যে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ মূল কাৰণ হৈছে [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড]]ৰ লগতে [[এণ্টি ৰাইটিষ্ট]] অভিযানৰ ভুল, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও আন কিছুমান হ’ল [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু [[চীন-ছোভিয়েট বিভাজন]]।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/> ==পৰিভাষা== চীন চৰকাৰে দূৰ্ভিক্ষক প্ৰথমে "তিনি বছৰীয়া মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ" (三年自然灾害) বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত সাধাৰণ নাম আছিল "প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ তিনি বছৰ" (三年自然灾害)। ১৯৮১ চনত ইয়াক সলনি কৰি "তিনি বছৰীয়া কষ্টৰ সময়" (三年困难时期) কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বাবে কেৱল প্ৰকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগকে দোষাৰোপ কৰা নহৈছিল।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/><ref name="Songster-2004">{{cite book|last=Songster|first=Edith Elena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSyIXwAACAAJ|title=A Natural Place for Nationalism: The Wanglang Nature Reserve and the Emergence of the Giant Panda as a National Icon|publisher=University of California, San Diego|year=2004|type=thesis|oclc=607612241|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=M.|first1=J.|date=17 February 2015|title=New (approved) assessments The great famine|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|url-status=live|newspaper=The Economist|language=en|location=Beijing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120153221/https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|archive-date=20 January 2018|access-date=18 January 2018}} citing {{cite book|last=Dikötter|first=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuvlBQAAQBAJ|title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945–1957|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|isbn=978-1-62040-349-5|location=London|oclc=881092774|access-date=18 January 2018}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পৰিসৰ== ===উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পোৱা=== কৃষি সংগঠনৰ কৃষি প্ৰণালী সলনি কৰা সময়ত খৰাং আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ একে সময়তে সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ১৯৫০ চনৰ বেছিভাগ সময় বতৰ তুলনামূলকভাৱে খৰাং আছিল যদিও ১৯৫৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত ই বিশেষভাৱে বেয়া হৈ পৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত শস্যৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। লাহে লাহে বছৰৰ পিছত বছৰ ধৰি শস্যৰ উৎপাদন বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰে।<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Ken |title=China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future |publisher=1804 Books |year=2023 |isbn=9781736850084 |location=New York |page=49}}</ref> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ তুলনাত ১৯৫৯ চনত শষ্য চপোৱাৰ পৰিমাণ ১৫% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু ১৯৬০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ৭০% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Justin Yifu|last2=Yang|first2=Dennis Tao|date=2000|title=Food Availability, Entitlements and the Chinese Famine of 1959-61|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2565651|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=110|issue=460|pages=136–158|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00494|jstor=2565651|issn=0013-0133}}</ref> বিশেষকৈ চীনৰ চৰকাৰী তথ্য অনুসৰি ১৯৫৮ চনত ২০ কোটি [[টন]] ৰ পৰা ১৯৫৯ চনত ১৭ কোটি টন লৈ আৰু ১৯৬০ চনত ১৪৩.৫ মিলিয়ন টন লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shang|first=Changfeng|date=2009|title=三年经济困难时期的紧急救灾措施|url=https://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|url-status=live|journal=《当代中国史研究》|language=zh|issue=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106112141/http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|archive-date=2020-11-06|via=[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]}}</ref> ===মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা=== চিচিপিৰ প্ৰাক্তন বিষয়া আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে, দুৰ্ভিক্ষত মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫–৫৫ মিলিয়ন হব। মাওবাদী লেখক [[গাও ম'ব']]ৰ মতে, [[কমিউনিজম-বিৰোধী]] লেখকসকলে মৃত্যু সংখ্যা বেছি দেখুৱাবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে, আৰু চীনৰ [[কমিউনিষ্ট বিপ্লৱ]]ৰ সমৰ্থকসকলে এই সংখ্যা যিমান পাৰি কম দেখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gao|first=Mobo|title=Constructing China: Clashing Views of the People's Republic|year=2018|publisher=Pluto|isbn=978-1-786-80242-2|page=11|doi=10.2307/j.ctv3mt8z4 |jstor=j.ctv3mt8z4|s2cid=158528294}}</ref> ১৯৬১ চনৰ ফিল্ড মাৰ্শ্বাল [[মণ্টগোমাৰী]] আৰু মাও জেডঙৰ সৈতে হোৱা আলোচনাত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল যে চিআইএৰ এক অগোপনীয় প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ১৯৬০–১৯৬১ চনৰ [["অস্বাভাৱিক মৃত্যু"]] ৫০ লাখতকৈ অধিক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |date=1964-07-31 |title=Communist China's Domestic Crisis: the Road to 1964 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/polo-10.pdf |journal=Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room |pages=82}}</ref> সেই সময়ত চীনৰ চৰকাৰী পৰিসংখ্যা অনুসৰি ১৯৬১ চনত চীনৰ জনসংখ্যা ১৯৫৯ চনৰ তুলনাত প্ৰায় ১৪,৫৮০,০০০ কম। [[জন্মৰ হাৰ]] ২.৯২২% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.০৮৬% (১৯৬০)লৈ আৰু [[মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ]] ১.১৯৮% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.৫৪৩% (১৯৬০)লৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল। আনহাতে ১৯৬১ চনত জন্ম আৰু মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ দুয়োটাই শীৰ্ষত উপনীত হয়। ===নৃশংসতা=== দূৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ফলত মানুহ [[নৰখাদক]] হোৱাৰ অসংখ্য মৌখিক প্ৰতিবেদন আছে, যদিও ইয়াৰ বিষয়ে চৰকাৰী নথিপত্ৰ অতি কম। <ref name="bern97">{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Richard|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|title=Horror of a Hidden Chinese Famine|date=5 February 1997|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305072906/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|archive-date=5 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Becker|first=Jasper|url=https://archive.org/details/hungryghostsmaos00beck|title=Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine|publisher=Free Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-68483457-3|url-access=registration|page=352}}</ref> জীয়াই থাকিবলৈ মানুহে সকলো সম্ভাৱ্য উপায়ৰ আশ্ৰয় ল'বলগীয়া হৈছিল। খাবলৈ নাপায় মাটি খাইছিল, বিষ খাই মৰিছিল, চুৰি কাৰ্য্য পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যা লুণ্ঠন হৈছিল আৰু আনকি মানুহে মানুহৰ মাংস ভক্ষণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nq1qr |title=The Great Famine in China, 1958–1962: A Documentary History |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17518-9 |pages=59–71 |language=en |chapter=Chapter Four Cannibalism (Late 1959–Early 1961)|jstor=j.ctt1nq1qr }}</ref> চীনৰ অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত সাংবাদিক [[য়াং জিছেঙে]] কয় যে "পিতৃ-মাতৃয়ে নিজৰ ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীকেই খাইছিল। ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীয়ে নিজৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃক খাইছিল। আৰু আমি কল্পনাও কৰিব নোৱাৰিলোঁ যে তেতিয়াও গুদামবোৰত খাদ্য মজুত আছিল। আটাইতকৈ বেয়া সময়তো চৰকাৰে শস্য ৰপ্তানি কৰি আছিল।" <ref name="npr.org">{{cite web|last1=Lim |first1=Louisa |title=A Grim Chronicle of China's Great Famine |work=NPR |date=10 November 2012 |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/11/10/164732497/a-grim-chronicle-of-chinas-great-famine}}</ref> দুৰ্ভিক্ষ ইমানেই ভয়ানক আছিল যে বহুতে ইয়াক ২০ শতিকাৰ ইতিহাসত "অভূতপূৰ্ব" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।<ref name="bern97" />{{sfn|Becker|1997|loc=passim}} ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ== অভূতপূৰ্ব চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ আছিল আমূল কৃষি নীতি, সামাজিক চাপ, অৰ্থনৈতিক অপব্যৱস্থাপনা, আৰু খৰাং কৃষি অঞ্চলত আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ প্ৰভাৱ। ===গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড=== চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষি নীতিত ভয়াৱহ পৰিৱৰ্তন আনিছিল। ====মানুহৰ কমিউন বা সামূহিক উপাদন==== গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষিকাৰ্য জনসাধাৰণ মাজত সামূহিক ভাবে সম্পাদন হৈছিল, আৰু ব্যক্তিগত ভূমিত খেতি নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল॥ পূৰ্বে কৃষকসকলে চৰকাৰে দিয়া মাটিত খেতি কৰিছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ ফলত কৃষি অৰ্থনীতি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে কেন্দ্ৰীয়ভাৱে পৰিচালিত হ’ল। আঞ্চলিক দলৰ নেতাসকলক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত ৰাখি উৎপাদিত কৃষি ৰাষ্ট্ৰই নিজৰ কৰি লৈছিল আৰু নিজৰ বিবেচনা অনুসৰি বিতৰণ কৰিছিল। <ref name=trans>Translation from [http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 "A hunger for the truth: A new book, banned on the mainland, is becoming the definitive account of the Great Famine"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210190821/http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 |date=10 February 2012 }}, chinaelections.org, 7 July 2008 of content from Yang Jisheng, ''墓碑 －－中國六十年代大饑荒紀實 (Mu Bei – Zhong Guo Liu Shi Nian Dai Da Ji Huang Ji Shi)'', Hong Kong: Cosmos Books (Tian Di Tu Shu), 2008, {{ISBN|978-9882119093}} {{in lang|zh}}</ref> ====কৃষি কৌশল==== সামূহিককৰণৰ লগতে কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে কৃষি কৌশল পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ কেইবাটাও নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়ে যিবোৰ আচলতে ছোভিয়েট কৃষিবিদ [[ট্ৰফিম লাইচেংকোৰ]]ৰ ভুল কৃষি নীতি আছিল। তাৰে এটা ভুল ধাৰণা আছিল যে ওচৰা ওচৰি কৈ ৰোপণ কৰা, য’ত পুলিৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰথমে তিনিগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ দুগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল। ধাৰণা আছিল যে একে প্ৰজাতিৰ উদ্ভিদে পৰস্পৰৰ লগত প্ৰতিযোগিতা নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাবেই সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে প্ৰতিযোগিতা কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত বৃদ্ধি স্তব্ধ হৈছিল আৰু উৎপাদন কম হৈছিল। "দ কৈ হাল বোৱা" নামেৰে জনাজাত আন এটা নীতি আছিল লাইচেংকোৰৰ সহকৰ্মী টেৰেণ্টি মালচেভৰ উদ্ভাৱনী, যিয়ে সমগ্ৰ চীনৰ কৃষকসকলক ১৫–২০ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ গভীৰতাত স্বাভাৱিক হাল বোৱা এৰাই চলি তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে মাটিৰ গভীৰতালৈ (১ৰ পৰা ২ [[চীনা ফুট]] বা ৩৩ ৰ পৰা ৬৬ চে.মি.)গভিৰলৈ হাল বাবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল। দ'লৈ [[হাল বোৱা]] তত্ত্বত কোৱা হৈছিল যে আটাইতকৈ উৰ্বৰ মাটি মাটিৰ গভীৰতম স্থানত থাকে, আৰু অস্বাভাৱিকভাৱে দ' লৈ হাল বাই খেতি কৰিলে শক্তিশালী শিপাৰ বৃদ্ধি হ’ব। কিছুমান প্ৰসংগত গভীৰ হাল বাই উৎপাদন বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পৰা যায় যদিও সাধাৰণতে এই নীতিয়ে চীনত শষ্উয ৎপাদনত বাধাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite book|title=The People's Republic of China, 1949–76|edition=2nd|first=Michael|last=Lynch|location=London|publisher=Hodder Education|year=2008|page=57}}</ref> ====চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান==== ইউৰেছিয়ান গছৰ চৰাইটোৱেই আছিল [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]]ত আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য লক্ষ্য চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযানত নাগৰিক সকলক মহ, নিগনি, মাখি, চৰাই আদি ধ্বংস কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনোৱা হৈছিল। এই অভিজানত ঘৰচিৰিকা জাতীয় চৰাইবোৰৰ সামূহিক নিধন হয় ফলত শস্য খোৱা পোকবোৰৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পালে,কাৰণ সেই জাতীয় চৰাইৰ অবিহনে পোকবোৰ নিৰ্মূল কৰাৰ কোনো উপায় নাছিল। ====অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে উৰ্ধতন বিষয়াৰ হেঁচাত অত্যধিক শস্য উৎপাদনৰ খবৰ দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। কিন্তু সমগ্ৰ চীনত ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে শস্যৰ প্ৰকৃত উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। [[ছিচুয়ান প্ৰদেশ]]ত ১৯৫৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে সংগ্ৰহ কৰা শস্যৰ পৰিমাণ কমি আহিছিল যদিও কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰক দিয়া ৰিপৰ্টত উৎপাদনৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পাই থাকিল।<ref name="Tombstone-p126"/>এই ধাৰাবাহিক পৰিঘটনাক [["অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম"]] (浮夸风)বুলি অভিহীত কৰি ইতিহাসবিদে যুক্তি দিছিল যে সমগ্ৰ চীনত হোৱা অনাহাৰৰ বহুখিনিৰ প্ৰধান কাৰণ ইয়েই আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kimberley Ens Manning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHPTn2Rq9IUC|title=Eating Bitterness: New Perspectives on China's Great Leap Forward and Famine|author2=Felix Wemheuer|author3=Gao Hua|date=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5955-4|page=177|chapter=Food Augmentation Methods and Food Substitutes during the Great Famine}}</ref><ref name="Yang">{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=65}}</ref> ====লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন==== অৰ্থনৈতিক উন্নতিৰ বাবে লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কৰা অতি প্ৰয়োজন হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ বাবে লাখ লাখ কৃষকক কৃষি কামৰ পৰা আঁতৰাই আনি লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কামত যোগদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হৈছিল। কৃষক জনসাধাৰণে উৎপাদন কৰা সেই সামগ্ৰী সমূহ ব্যৱসায়িক উন্নতিৰ বাবে নিয়োগ কৰিবলৈ নিম্নমানৰ আছিল। ====কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰৰ অধিক নীতি==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ উচ্চতম অধিকাৰীৰ নিৰ্দেশৰ ফলস্বৰূপে দেশৰ দ্ৰুত ঔদ্যোগীকৰণ আৰু সমষ্টিগত কৃষিকৰ্মৰ আধাৰত অতিৰিক্ত ধান উৎপাদনৰ প্ৰতিবেদন দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে যদিও বাস্তৱিকতে চীনত ১৯৫৭চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈ ধানৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=James Kai-Sing|last2=Chen|first2=Shuo|date=February 2011|title=The Tragedy of the Nomenklatura: Career Incentives and Political Radicalism during China's Great Leap Famine|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=105|issue=1|pages=27–45|doi=10.1017/S0003055410000626|s2cid=154339088|issn=1537-5943}}</ref> ====স্থানীয় চৰকাৰৰ ক্ষমতাৰ প্ৰভাৱ==== উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ চৰকাৰৰ দৰে স্থানীয় চৰকাৰসমূহেও দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ওপৰত সমানে প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ অগ্ৰগতিৰ লগে লগে বহুতো প্ৰাদেশিক নেতাই [[মাও]] আৰু উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ নেতাসকলৰ সৈতে মিলিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। <ref>{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|year=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=31}}</ref> স্থানীয় নেতাসকলে নিজৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে যি ভাল সেয়া কৰা আৰু ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে নিজৰ সুনাম ৰক্ষা কৰা কামত পিচ পৰা নাছিল। কৃষকসকলে সামূহিককৰণ আৰু ৰাজ্যিক শস্য ক্ৰয়ৰ ওপৰত মুকলিকৈ কথা ক’ব নোৱাৰিছিল। <ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Dikötter|title=Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NsMWCHDStQC|date=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-8027-7928-1|page=2}}</ref> স্থানীয় আৰু চৰকাৰী পৰ্যায়ত ভয় আৰু শাস্তিমূলক সংস্কৃতিৰ বাবে কৃষকৰ ওপৰত আৰোপিত ষড়যন্ত্ৰমূলক নীতি বা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কথা কোৱা আৰু কাম কৰাটো আপাত দৃষ্টিত অসম্ভৱ কাম হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name="Discourses of Hunger"/> ==প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ== ১৯৫৮ চনত [[হালধীয়া নদী]]ৰ বানপানীয়ে হেনান প্ৰদেশ আৰু শ্বানডং প্ৰদেশৰ ভালেকিছু অংশ প্ৰভাৱিত কৰে। ১৯৩৩ চনৰ পিছত ইয়াক আটাইতকৈ ভয়াৱহ বানপানী বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Qian|first=Zhengying|author-link=Qian Zhengying|date=1985-06-13|title=关于黄河、长江、淮河、永定河防御特大洪水方案的报告（摘要）|url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/26/content_1671.htm|access-date=23 April 2020|website=[[National People's Congress]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-06/14/content_648957.htm|title=新闻分析：做好黄河防汛工作为何不能掉以轻心？|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=中国历史上的水灾有哪些？|url=http://guoqing.china.com.cn/zhuanti/2017-07/13/content_41210848.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[China Internet Information Center]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=第六节 1958年黄河洪水–《中国灾情报告 1949–1995》-中国经济与社会发展统计数据库|url=http://tongji.cnki.net/kns55/Navi/result.aspx?id=N2007080101&file=N2007080101000094&floor=1|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[CNKI]]|language=zh}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="dahe1">{{Cite web|title=1958年黄河大水灾纪实|url=http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=Dahe Wang (大河网)|language=zh|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703071205/http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dahe"/> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত হালধীয়া নদীৰ বানপানীয়ে ১৭০৮খন গাঁৱৰ ৭৪১,০০০ লোকক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত কৰে আৰু ৩০.৪ মিলিয়ন [[মু]](ডেৰ লাখ একৰতকৈও অধিক) খেতি কৰা পথাৰ প্লাৱিত কৰে। ২৭ জুলাইত বানপানীৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ ধাৰাটো [[ব'হাই সাগৰ]]লৈ বোৱাই পঠোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ পিচত চীন চৰকাৰে "বানপানীৰ ওপৰত জয়" হোৱা বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে। <ref name=":16" /><ref name="dahe1"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-10-11|title=黄河防洪概述|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913195832/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|archive-date=13 September 2007|access-date=23 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref> ==তাৰ পিছৰ পৰিণতি== ===প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু ঢাকি ৰখা=== স্থানীয় ৰাজনৈতিক দলৰ নেতাসকলে নিজৰ জীৱন আৰু পদবী ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে অভাৱসমূহ ঢাকি ৰাখিবলৈ আৰু দোষবোৰ পুনৰাবৃতি কৰিবলৈ ষড়যন্ত্ৰ কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Association for Asian Studies|language=en-US}}</ref>১৯৫৮-১৯৫৯ চনত জন্মৰ হাৰ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰা আৰু মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ হিচাপ, গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলৰ কিছুমান ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত লোক অনাহাৰে থকাৰ বিষয়ে মাওক আন্ধাৰত ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref name="Yang" /> ১৯৬০ চনত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু সংহতিৰ ইংগিত হিচাপে মাওৱে সাত মাহ ধৰি মাংস ভক্ষণৰ পৰা বাৰত থাকিল আৰু [[ঝৌ এনলাই]]ৰ মাহেকীয়া শস্য যোগানৰ পৰিমাণ কমালে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ó Gráda|first=Cormac|author-link=Cormac Ó Gráda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoN2XkjJio4C&pg=PA242|title=Famine: A Short History|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12237-3|pages=242|language=en}}</ref> ==সংস্কাৰ আৰু প্ৰতিফলন== ১৯৭৮ চনৰ ডিচেম্বত [[ডেং জিয়াওপিং]] চীনৰ নতুন পেৰামাউণ্ট লিডাৰ হয় আৰু ঐতিহাসিক সংস্কাৰ আৰু মুকলি কাৰ্যসূচী আৰম্ভ কৰি চীনৰ কৃষি আৰু ঔদ্যোগিক ব্যৱস্থাক মৌলিকভাৱে সলনি কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=邓小平纪念网|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505182417/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|archive-date=5 May 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|title=40 years on from the 'experiments' that transformed China into an economic superpower|last1=Zhou|first1=Christina|last2=Xiao|first2=Bang|date=1 December 2018|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424005843/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|archive-date=24 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|title=How China Went From Famine After Famine to Feast|last=Palmer|first=Brian|date=2 April 2014|website=Slate|language=en|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521021209/https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|archive-date=21 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> চীনৰ বাহিৰৰ গৱেষকসকলে দুৰ্ভিক্ষ কাৰণৰ ওপৰত নানান যুক্তি আগবঢ়াইছে। বিশেষকৈ নোবেল বঁটা বিজয়ী অমৰ্ত্য সেনে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষক বিশ্বব্যাপী প্ৰেক্ষাপটত ৰাখি কয় যে গণতন্ত্ৰৰ অভাৱেই ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান অপৰাধী: "সঁচাকৈয়ে গণতান্ত্ৰিক দেশত কেতিয়াও কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱা নাই—যিমানেই দুখীয়া নহওক কিয়।" তেওঁ লগতে কয় যে “নিয়মিতভাৱে নিৰ্বাচিত চৰকাৰ আৰু স্বতন্ত্ৰ সংবাদ মাধ্যম থকা দেশত এনেকুৱা কিবা এটা হ’ব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন বুলি কল্পনা কৰাটো কঠিন”। সেই ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত চৰকাৰে বাতৰি কাকত আৰু বিৰোধী দলক সম্পূৰ্ণ নিয়ন্ত্ৰত ৰাখিছিল। <ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book|author=Amartya Kumar Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|title=Development as freedom|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-289330-7|access-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103042841/http://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Wiener, Jon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 "How We Forgot the Cold War. A Historical Journey across America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226022039/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 |date=26 February 2019 }} University of California Press, 2012, p. 38.</ref> ==তথ্য় সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} 8f2k6d01sk4kbl1jj8edhxd0e9ipl1s বাৰ্তা:মহা চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ 1 109913 452913 2024-12-09T13:03:31Z Jyoti Chiring 34123 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/as-asian-month-2024 452913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf 453182 452913 2024-12-10T04:42:40Z Babulbaishya 2558 পৃষ্ঠা [[বাৰ্তা:মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]ৰ পৰা [[বাৰ্তা:মহা চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]লৈ Babulbaishyaয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে: ইয়াত মহান শব্দটো খাপ নাখায়। 452913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf কাপ্তাই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান 0 109914 452969 2024-12-09T14:14:12Z Dasdipankar2005 36094 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 452969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = কাপ্তাই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান | iucn_category = II | photo = Kaptai national Park 76365.jpg | photo_alt = I photo_caption = | map = Bangladesh | relief = yes | map_width = 240 | map_caption = | location = ৰঙামাটি জিলা, চট্টগ্ৰাম বিভাগ, বাংলাদেশ | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coord|22|30|08|N|92|12|04|E|region:BD|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = | area = {{convert|54.64|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | established = {{start date|1999}} | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = বাংলাদেশ বন বিভাগ }} '''কাপ্তাই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান''' ({{lang-en|Kaptai National Park}}) হৈছে [[বাংলাদেশ]]ৰ এখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান। ই বাংলাদেশৰ ৰঙামাটি জিলাত অৱস্থিত। ১৯৯৯ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখনৰ আয়তন ৫,৪৬৪.৭৮ হেক্টৰ (১৩,৫০৩.৮ একৰ)। ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান হিচাপে ঘোষিত হোৱাৰ পূৰ্বে ই সীতাপাহাৰ সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল নামেৰে জনাজাত আছিল। মূল সীতাপাহাৰ সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলৰ মাটিকালি আছিল ১৪,৪৪৮.০ একৰ। ইয়াৰে ১০০ একৰ ভূমি কাপ্তাইত ঔদ্যোগিক বাগিচা স্থাপনৰ বাবে আবণ্টন কৰা হৈছে। ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখন চট্টগ্ৰাম চহৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৫৭ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত্বত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াত কাপটাই ৰেঞ্জ আৰু কৰ্ণাফুলি ৰেঞ্জ দুটা ৰেঞ্জ আছে। কাপ্তাই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান চি এইচ টি দক্ষিণ বন সংমণ্ডলৰ অধীনত পৰিচালিত হয়। ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে ই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কাৰণ বাংলাদেশত চেগুন (''Tectona grandis'') গছৰ বাগিচা এই অঞ্চলৰ পৰাই আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ বনাঞ্চলৰ প্ৰকাৰ হৈছে মিশ্ৰিত চিৰসেউজ অৰণ্য। ২০০৯ চনত আইপিএচি (ইণ্টিগ্ৰেটেড প্ৰটেক্টেড এৰিয়া কো-মেনেজমেণ্ট) প্ৰকল্পই এই সংৰক্ষিত এলেকাত নিজৰ কাৰ্য্যকলাপ আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://bonnozahid.blogspot.com/2010/06/kaptai-national-parkrangamatibangladesh.html|title=BonnoZahid: Kaptai National Park,Rangamati,Bangladesh|last=Bonnozahid|date=26 June 2010|publisher=}}</ref> == আৰ্থ-সামাজিক প্ৰেক্ষাপট == এই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখন কাপ্তাই চহৰৰ ভিতৰত অৱস্থিত আৰু বছৰজুৰি বহু পৰ্যটক ইয়ালৈ আহে। প্ৰায় ৬০জন স্থানীয় লোক ইয়াত পৰ্যটকৰ সেৱা প্ৰদানকাৰী হিচাপে কৰ্মৰত হৈ আছে। কাপ্তাই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত এন টি এফ পিৰ জৰিয়তে স্থানীয় লোকক জীৱিকাৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰা হয়। ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান অঞ্চলৰ চাৰিওফালৰ মানৱ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩০০০। বাংলাদেশৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ মানৱ নিৰ্মিত হ্ৰদ, কাপ্তাই হ্ৰদৰ ওচৰতে এই উদ্যানখন অৱস্থিত।<ref name="nishorgo.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nishorgo.org/tbltd/upload/pdf/0.58170600%201354652103_NN%20SOPA.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 May 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102714/http://www.nishorgo.org/tbltd/upload/pdf/0.58170600%201354652103_NN%20SOPA.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == বন্যপ্ৰাণীৰ বিচিত্ৰতা == [[File:Dear Kaptai.jpg|500px|center|কাপ্তাই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] ১৮৭৩, ১৮৭৮ আৰু ১৮৭৯ চনৰ ঐতিহাসিক কীৰ্তিচিহ্নস্বৰূপ, চেগুন বাগিচাৰ বাবে কাপ্তাই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখন অনন্য, যিটো এই উপমহাদেশৰ আধুনিক বন ব্যৱস্থাপনাৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ বিন্দুস্বৰূপ। এই বাগিচাসমূহে প্ৰাকৃতিক অৰণ্যৰ ৰূপ লৈ বন্যপ্ৰাণীসমূহক থিতাপি দিছে। উদ্যানখনৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰাণীসমূহ হ’ল [[হাতী]] (''Elephas maximus''), পশ্চিমীয়া হলৌ বান্দৰ (''Hylobates hoolock''), [[চচমা-চকুৱা বান্দৰ]] (''Trachypithecus phayrei''), [[টুপীমূৰীয়া বান্দৰ]] (''Trachypithecus pileatus''), [[ৰাংকুকুৰ]] (''Cuon alpinus''), বনৰীয়া গাহৰি (''Sus scrofa''), [[শৰপহু]] (''Cervas unicolor''), [[সুগৰী পহু]] (''Muntiacus muntjak''), ধূসৰ চিতা বাঘ (''Neofelis nebulosa''), বাৰ্মিজ পাইথন (''Python vivittatus'') ইত্যাদি।<ref name="auto"/> ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত হাতী, ধূসৰ চিতা বাঘ আৰু ৰাংকুকুৰ বাংলাদেশৰ গুৰুতৰ বিপন্ন প্ৰজাতি। হাতী আৰু হলৌ বান্দৰ মোটামুটিভাৱে সাধাৰণ, যদিও ৰাংকুকুৰ আৰু শৰপহু কিন্তু অতি বিৰল। ই বহু বনৰীয়া পক্ষীৰ আশ্ৰয় স্থল। ইয়াত থকা উল্লেখযোগ্য চৰাইসমূহ হ’ল [[বনকুকুৰা]] (''Gallus gallus''), ডৰিক (''Lophura leucomelanos''), [[হেটুলুকা]] (''Magalaima lineata''), [[পাকৈঢোৰা]] (''Anthracoceros albirostris''), [[কাউচা]] (''Coracias benghalensis''), [[গো-বগ]] (''Bubulcus ibis''), [[বৰ বগ]] (''Casmerodius albus''), [[ভীমৰাজ]] (''Dicrurus paradiseus''), [[চুটীয়া শালিকা]] (''Acridotheres fuscus''), লাৰ্জ ব্লু ফ্লাইকেঁচাৰ (''Cyornis magnirostris'') ইত্যাদি।<ref name="auto"/> ২০১৪ চনত, এটা কেমেৰা ট্ৰেপ প্ৰকল্পত, প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে বাংলাদেশৰ অৰণ্যত ধূসৰ চিতা বাঘৰ লাইভ ফটো তোলা হৈছিল। লগতে লাৰ্জ ব্লু ফ্লাইকেঁচাৰ নামৰ দেশৰ এটা নতুন চৰাই প্ৰজাতিৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/1424387654450829/photos/a.1427770990779162.1073741830.1424387654450829/1592068584349401/?type=3&source=48|title=Monitoring and Conservation of Wildlife in Kaptai NP of Bangladesh|website=m.facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/say-hello-to-the-new-bird-23893|title=Say hello to the new bird!|date=13 May 2014|publisher=}}</ref> == উদ্ভিদৰ বিচিত্ৰতা == কাপ্তাই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত বহুতো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উদ্ভিদৰ প্ৰজাতি আছে, যেনে- কালি গৰ্জন (''Dipterocarpus turbinatus''), গুটগুটিয়া (''Fortium serratum''), [[ভোমোৰা (বৃক্ষ)|ভোমোৰা]] (''Terminalia belerica''), পিঠালি (''Trewia nudiflora''), পিতৰাজ (''Aphanamixis polystachya''), [[এজাৰ]] (''Lagerstroemia speciosa''), চতিয়না (''Alstonia scholaris''), [[অশোক ফুল|অশোক]] (''Saraca indica''), মেহগনি (''Swietenia mahagoni''), টুন (''Toona ciliata''), ধৰ্মৰা (''Stereospermum personatum''), [[উড়ল গছ]] (''Sterculia villosa''), সিভিট (''Swintonia floribunda''), বান্দৰহোলা (''Duabanga grandiflora''), বৰমালা (''Callicarpa arbores''), আমলখি (''Phyllanthus embelica''), [[শিলিখা]] (''Terminalia chebula''), ঢাকিজাম (''Syzygium grande''), চেগুন (''Tectona grandis''), [[সোণাৰু]] (''Cassia fistula''), চম্পা ফুল (''Michelia champaca''), [[তিতা চঁপা]] (''Magnolia champaca''), বনশিমলু (''Bombax insigne'') আদি। বাৰ্মিজ চেগুন বাগিচাৰ বাবে উদ্যানখন বিশেষভাৱে বিখ্যাত।<ref name="auto"/> == ভাবুকি == এই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখনৰ প্ৰতি থকা মুখ্য ভাবুকিসমূহ হৈছে বাণিজ্যিকভাৱে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চেগুন গছ অবৈধভাৱে কটা, ইন্ধনৰ বাবে খৰি তীব্ৰ সংগ্ৰহ আৰু অত্যধিক পশু চাৰণ। ইন্ধনৰ বাবে খৰি বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰে সংগ্ৰহ কৰা হয়। কেতিয়াবা অকল মৰা খৰি, কেতিয়াবা ডাল আৰু কেতিয়াবা সম্পূৰ্ণ গা-গছটোৱেই সংগ্ৰহ কৰা হয়। এই কাম স্থায়ীভাৱে বন্ধ হৈ গ'লে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানখনৰ পাৰিপাৰ্শ্বিক ভাৰসাম্য ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত হ'ব পাৰে। নিৰন্তৰ খৰাং আৰু গৃহ বিবাদৰ ফলত যোৱা তিনিটা দশকত উদ্যানখনৰ সীমাত মানুহৰ সংখ্যা অভাৱনীয়ভাৱে বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। এই লোকসকলৰ বেছিভাগেই পশুধনৰ গৰাকী আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ জীৱিকা কৃষিকাৰ্যৰ লগতেই জড়িত। বৃহৎ সংখ্যক পশুধনৰ উপস্থিতিয়ে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ ওপৰত চাপ বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে।<ref name="nishorgo.org"/> == চিত্ৰ বীথিকা == <gallery class="center"> File:Kaptai National Park - Lake boat enjoy riding.jpg|কাপ্তাই হ্ৰদত নাও File:Kaptai1.jpg|হ্ৰদ File:Tree in new leaves (Tectona grandis) I IMG 8133.jpg|এটি চেগুন গছ File:കിന്നരിമൈന.jpg|[[চুটীয়া শালিকা]] File:Elephants-1 by Joseph Lazer.jpg|এজাক বনৰীয়া হাতী Fishing kaptai Lake.jpg|কাপ্তাই হ্ৰদত মাছ মৰা দৃশ্য Tawny cat snake, Kaptai National Park.jpg|উদ্যানখনৰ এটা সাপ Island of Kaptai Lake.jpg|কাপ্তাই হ্ৰদৰ এটি দ্বীপ </gallery> == লগতে চাওক == {{Commons|Category:Kaptai National Park}} *[[ভাৱাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] *[[সাতছড়ি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] *[[বাংলাদেশৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলসমূহৰ তালিকা]] *[[মধুপুৰ গড়]] *[[সাংগু বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য]] *[[সুন্দৰবন]] == তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ == {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} {{কৰ্তৃপক্ষ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশৰ অৰণ্য]] 0bbsowz2byyejtam86gctzdf1ymyrwv বাৰ্তা:কাপ্তাই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান 1 109915 452972 2024-12-09T14:15:26Z Dasdipankar2005 36094 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/as-asian-month-2024 452972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান 14 109916 452974 2024-12-09T14:19:20Z Dasdipankar2005 36094 + 452974 wikitext text/x-wiki [[শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] oat4bstfymaj81hoo1slnpourtbly6y শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল 14 109917 452976 2024-12-09T14:20:59Z Dasdipankar2005 36094 + 452976 wikitext text/x-wiki [[শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশ]] nwwyaat2cj7ys3spjxi9rotdyogd49q বাৰ্তা:মীমানা প্ৰেমথিলকে 1 109918 453013 2024-12-09T15:32:54Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/as-asian-month-2024 453013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ভিছা নীতি 0 109919 453055 2024-12-09T17:40:07Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দ... 453055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কোনোবা এটা কূটনৈতিক মিছনৰ পৰা আগতীয়াকৈ ভিছা ল’ব লাগিব। সকলো দৰ্শকে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে বৈধ পাছপ’ৰ্টৰ লগতে বৈধ উভতি অহাৰ টিকট ৰাখিব লাগিব। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰত বা ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণত ৩ মাহতকৈ অধিক বৈধতা থকা পাছপ’ৰ্ট গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰিব। প্ৰৱেশ বন্দৰত থকা ইমিগ্ৰেচন বিষয়াই যাত্ৰীক যিকোনো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নথি-পত্ৰ (যেনে হোটেল ৰিজাৰ্ভচন আৰু বিত্তীয় প্ৰমাণ) দেখুৱাবলৈ ক’ব পাৰে। 0fv0wvbqfriulonvx69f0zeijymfg2z 453056 453055 2024-12-09T17:44:02Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 453056 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কোনোবা এটা কূটনৈতিক মিছনৰ পৰা আগতীয়াকৈ ভিছা ল’ব লাগিব। সকলো দৰ্শকে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে বৈধ পাছপ’ৰ্টৰ লগতে বৈধ উভতি অহাৰ টিকট ৰাখিব লাগিব। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰত বা ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণত ৩ মাহতকৈ অধিক বৈধতা থকা পাছপ’ৰ্ট গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰিব। প্ৰৱেশ বন্দৰত থকা ইমিগ্ৰেচন বিষয়াই যাত্ৰীক যিকোনো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নথি-পত্ৰ (যেনে হোটেল ৰিজাৰ্ভচন আৰু বিত্তীয় প্ৰমাণ) দেখুৱাবলৈ ক’ব পাৰে। ==ভিছা নীতিৰ আধাৰত মানচিত্ৰ== [[File:Visa policy of Indonesia.svg|800px|none|thumb|Visa policy of Indonesia {{legend|#ED1C24|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া}} {{legend|#22B14C|ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#FFD000|E-VOA / আগমনৰ সময়ত ভিছা (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#C0C0C0|ভিছা লাগিব}} {{legend|#999999|চৰকাৰী অনুমোদন লৈহে দিয়া ভিছা}}]] 98djc212hlol9qfclngsb6qupir7z91 453057 453056 2024-12-09T17:47:22Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* ভিছা নীতিৰ আধাৰত মানচিত্ৰ */ 453057 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কোনোবা এটা কূটনৈতিক মিছনৰ পৰা আগতীয়াকৈ ভিছা ল’ব লাগিব। সকলো দৰ্শকে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে বৈধ পাছপ’ৰ্টৰ লগতে বৈধ উভতি অহাৰ টিকট ৰাখিব লাগিব। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰত বা ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণত ৩ মাহতকৈ অধিক বৈধতা থকা পাছপ’ৰ্ট গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰিব। প্ৰৱেশ বন্দৰত থকা ইমিগ্ৰেচন বিষয়াই যাত্ৰীক যিকোনো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নথি-পত্ৰ (যেনে হোটেল ৰিজাৰ্ভচন আৰু বিত্তীয় প্ৰমাণ) দেখুৱাবলৈ ক’ব পাৰে। ==ভিছা নীতিৰ আধাৰত মানচিত্ৰ== [[File:Visa policy of Indonesia.svg|800px|none|thumb|Visa policy of Indonesia {{legend|#ED1C24|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া}} {{legend|#22B14C|ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#FFD000|E-VOA / আগমনৰ সময়ত ভিছা (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#C0C0C0|ভিছা লাগিব}} {{legend|#999999|চৰকাৰী অনুমোদন লৈহে দিয়া ভিছা}}]] ==ভিছা ৰেহাই== অভিবাসন সঞ্চালকালয়ে যিবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিক ভিছা ৰেহাই পায়, তেনে দেশৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list">{{cite web | title=Bebas Visa Kunjungan | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-bebas-visa-kunjungan?golden_visa=0 | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | date=4 September 2024 | publisher=[[Directorate General of Immigration]] | access-date=28 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228153509/https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/bebas-visa-kunjungan/ | archive-date=28 February 2023 | language=en | url-status=live}}</ref> তলত দিয়া ১৩ খন দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ভিছা অবিহনে সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে:<ref name="Visa exemption list"/><ref name="tim2">{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=ID|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> f95szxf0baodm70wn2ue5roj2vqpbq9 453058 453057 2024-12-09T17:48:26Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* ভিছা ৰেহাই */ 453058 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কোনোবা এটা কূটনৈতিক মিছনৰ পৰা আগতীয়াকৈ ভিছা ল’ব লাগিব। সকলো দৰ্শকে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে বৈধ পাছপ’ৰ্টৰ লগতে বৈধ উভতি অহাৰ টিকট ৰাখিব লাগিব। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰত বা ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণত ৩ মাহতকৈ অধিক বৈধতা থকা পাছপ’ৰ্ট গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰিব। প্ৰৱেশ বন্দৰত থকা ইমিগ্ৰেচন বিষয়াই যাত্ৰীক যিকোনো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নথি-পত্ৰ (যেনে হোটেল ৰিজাৰ্ভচন আৰু বিত্তীয় প্ৰমাণ) দেখুৱাবলৈ ক’ব পাৰে। ==ভিছা নীতিৰ আধাৰত মানচিত্ৰ== [[File:Visa policy of Indonesia.svg|800px|none|thumb|Visa policy of Indonesia {{legend|#ED1C24|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া}} {{legend|#22B14C|ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#FFD000|E-VOA / আগমনৰ সময়ত ভিছা (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#C0C0C0|ভিছা লাগিব}} {{legend|#999999|চৰকাৰী অনুমোদন লৈহে দিয়া ভিছা}}]] ==ভিছা ৰেহাই== অভিবাসন সঞ্চালকালয়ে যিবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিক ভিছা ৰেহাই পায়, তেনে দেশৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list">{{cite web | title=Bebas Visa Kunjungan | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-bebas-visa-kunjungan?golden_visa=0 | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | date=4 September 2024 | publisher=[[Directorate General of Immigration]] | access-date=28 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228153509/https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/bebas-visa-kunjungan/ | archive-date=28 February 2023 | language=en | url-status=live}}</ref> তলত দিয়া ১৩ খন দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ভিছা অবিহনে সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে:<ref name="Visa exemption list"/><ref name="tim2">{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=ID|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagdeco|ASEAN}} [[Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|All ASEAN member states]]<sup>#</sup> {| | *{{flag|Colombia}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|Timor-Leste}} *{{flag|Suriname}} | |} | |} 4xprgfcp33shzphm1jk77rymtmj1ngf 453059 453058 2024-12-09T17:50:58Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* ভিছা ৰেহাই */ 453059 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কোনোবা এটা কূটনৈতিক মিছনৰ পৰা আগতীয়াকৈ ভিছা ল’ব লাগিব। সকলো দৰ্শকে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে বৈধ পাছপ’ৰ্টৰ লগতে বৈধ উভতি অহাৰ টিকট ৰাখিব লাগিব। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰত বা ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণত ৩ মাহতকৈ অধিক বৈধতা থকা পাছপ’ৰ্ট গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰিব। প্ৰৱেশ বন্দৰত থকা ইমিগ্ৰেচন বিষয়াই যাত্ৰীক যিকোনো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নথি-পত্ৰ (যেনে হোটেল ৰিজাৰ্ভচন আৰু বিত্তীয় প্ৰমাণ) দেখুৱাবলৈ ক’ব পাৰে। ==ভিছা নীতিৰ আধাৰত মানচিত্ৰ== [[File:Visa policy of Indonesia.svg|800px|none|thumb|Visa policy of Indonesia {{legend|#ED1C24|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া}} {{legend|#22B14C|ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#FFD000|E-VOA / আগমনৰ সময়ত ভিছা (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#C0C0C0|ভিছা লাগিব}} {{legend|#999999|চৰকাৰী অনুমোদন লৈহে দিয়া ভিছা}}]] ==ভিছা ৰেহাই== অভিবাসন সঞ্চালকালয়ে যিবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিক ভিছা ৰেহাই পায়, তেনে দেশৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list">{{cite web | title=Bebas Visa Kunjungan | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-bebas-visa-kunjungan?golden_visa=0 | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | date=4 September 2024 | publisher=[[Directorate General of Immigration]] | access-date=28 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228153509/https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/bebas-visa-kunjungan/ | archive-date=28 February 2023 | language=en | url-status=live}}</ref> তলত দিয়া ১৩ খন দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ভিছা অবিহনে সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে:<ref name="Visa exemption list"/><ref name="tim2">{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=ID|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagdeco|ASEAN}} [[Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|All ASEAN member states]]<sup>#</sup> {| | *{{flag|Colombia}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|Timor-Leste}} *{{flag|Suriname}} | |} | |} * ছিংগাপুৰৰ স্থায়ী বাসিন্দাসকলে বাটাম, বিন্টান আৰু কৰিমুন দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৪ দিনৰ ভিছা বিনামূলীয়াকৈ প্ৰৱেশৰ যোগ্য বিবেচিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore PRs to get visa-free entry to Indonesia’s Batam and Bintan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-prs-get-visa-free-entry-to-indonesia-s-batam-bintan#:~:text=Indonesia%20will%20give%20visa%2Dfree,in%20the%20regional%20economic%20zones. |publisher=The Straitstimes}}</ref><ref name="Visa exemption list"/> i1njdhb6otwuz56eyzdup4h7bwsd886 453060 453059 2024-12-09T17:51:27Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* ভিছা ৰেহাই */ 453060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কোনোবা এটা কূটনৈতিক মিছনৰ পৰা আগতীয়াকৈ ভিছা ল’ব লাগিব। সকলো দৰ্শকে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে বৈধ পাছপ’ৰ্টৰ লগতে বৈধ উভতি অহাৰ টিকট ৰাখিব লাগিব। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰত বা ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণত ৩ মাহতকৈ অধিক বৈধতা থকা পাছপ’ৰ্ট গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰিব। প্ৰৱেশ বন্দৰত থকা ইমিগ্ৰেচন বিষয়াই যাত্ৰীক যিকোনো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নথি-পত্ৰ (যেনে হোটেল ৰিজাৰ্ভচন আৰু বিত্তীয় প্ৰমাণ) দেখুৱাবলৈ ক’ব পাৰে। ==ভিছা নীতিৰ আধাৰত মানচিত্ৰ== [[File:Visa policy of Indonesia.svg|800px|none|thumb|Visa policy of Indonesia {{legend|#ED1C24|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া}} {{legend|#22B14C|ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#FFD000|E-VOA / আগমনৰ সময়ত ভিছা (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#C0C0C0|ভিছা লাগিব}} {{legend|#999999|চৰকাৰী অনুমোদন লৈহে দিয়া ভিছা}}]] ==ভিছা ৰেহাই== অভিবাসন সঞ্চালকালয়ে যিবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিক ভিছা ৰেহাই পায়, তেনে দেশৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list">{{cite web | title=Bebas Visa Kunjungan | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-bebas-visa-kunjungan?golden_visa=0 | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | date=4 September 2024 | publisher=[[Directorate General of Immigration]] | access-date=28 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228153509/https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/bebas-visa-kunjungan/ | archive-date=28 February 2023 | language=en | url-status=live}}</ref> তলত দিয়া ১৩ খন দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ভিছা অবিহনে সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে:<ref name="Visa exemption list"/><ref name="tim2">{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=ID|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagdeco|ASEAN}} [[Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|All ASEAN member states]]<sup>#</sup> {| | *{{flag|Colombia}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|Timor-Leste}} *{{flag|Suriname}} | |} | |} * ছিংগাপুৰৰ স্থায়ী বাসিন্দাসকলে বাটাম, বিন্টান আৰু কৰিমুন দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৪ দিনৰ ভিছা বিনামূলীয়াকৈ প্ৰৱেশৰ যোগ্য বিবেচিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore PRs to get visa-free entry to Indonesia’s Batam and Bintan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-prs-get-visa-free-entry-to-indonesia-s-batam-bintan#:~:text=Indonesia%20will%20give%20visa%2Dfree,in%20the%20regional%20economic%20zones. |publisher=The Straitstimes}}</ref><ref name="Visa exemption list"/> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== ttjlv0pwr9gfudz1lc2wgdy5sz3p38z 453061 453060 2024-12-09T17:55:32Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* ভিছা ৰেহাই */ 453061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কোনোবা এটা কূটনৈতিক মিছনৰ পৰা আগতীয়াকৈ ভিছা ল’ব লাগিব। সকলো দৰ্শকে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে বৈধ পাছপ’ৰ্টৰ লগতে বৈধ উভতি অহাৰ টিকট ৰাখিব লাগিব। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰত বা ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণত ৩ মাহতকৈ অধিক বৈধতা থকা পাছপ’ৰ্ট গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰিব। প্ৰৱেশ বন্দৰত থকা ইমিগ্ৰেচন বিষয়াই যাত্ৰীক যিকোনো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নথি-পত্ৰ (যেনে হোটেল ৰিজাৰ্ভচন আৰু বিত্তীয় প্ৰমাণ) দেখুৱাবলৈ ক’ব পাৰে। ==ভিছা নীতিৰ আধাৰত মানচিত্ৰ== [[File:Visa policy of Indonesia.svg|800px|none|thumb|Visa policy of Indonesia {{legend|#ED1C24|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া}} {{legend|#22B14C|ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#FFD000|E-VOA / আগমনৰ সময়ত ভিছা (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#C0C0C0|ভিছা লাগিব}} {{legend|#999999|চৰকাৰী অনুমোদন লৈহে দিয়া ভিছা}}]] ==ভিছা ৰেহাই== অভিবাসন সঞ্চালকালয়ে যিবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিক ভিছা ৰেহাই পায়, তেনে দেশৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list">{{cite web | title=Bebas Visa Kunjungan | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-bebas-visa-kunjungan?golden_visa=0 | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | date=4 September 2024 | publisher=[[Directorate General of Immigration]] | access-date=28 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228153509/https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/bebas-visa-kunjungan/ | archive-date=28 February 2023 | language=en | url-status=live}}</ref> তলত দিয়া ১৩ খন দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ভিছা অবিহনে সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে:<ref name="Visa exemption list"/><ref name="tim2">{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=ID|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagdeco|ASEAN}} [[Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|All ASEAN member states]]<sup>#</sup> {| | *{{flag|Colombia}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|Timor-Leste}} *{{flag|Suriname}} | |} | |} * ছিংগাপুৰৰ স্থায়ী বাসিন্দাসকলে বাটাম, বিন্টান আৰু কৰিমুন দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৪ দিনৰ ভিছা বিনামূলীয়াকৈ প্ৰৱেশৰ যোগ্য বিবেচিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore PRs to get visa-free entry to Indonesia’s Batam and Bintan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-prs-get-visa-free-entry-to-indonesia-s-batam-bintan#:~:text=Indonesia%20will%20give%20visa%2Dfree,in%20the%20regional%20economic%20zones. |publisher=The Straitstimes}}</ref><ref name="Visa exemption list"/> ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ১৫টা বিমানবন্দৰ, ৯১টা সাগৰীয় বন্দৰ আৰু অতিক্ৰম কৰিবলগীয়া ১২টা স্থলপথৰ সীমা সামৰি লোৱা যিকোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট সীমান্ত ক্ৰছিঙৰ জৰিয়তে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list"/> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !style="width:100%;";"|Date of visa changes |- | * 6 April 2022: All ASEAN member states (resumed) * 13 February 2023: Timor-Leste (resumed) * 29 August 2024: Colombia (resumed), Hong Kong (resumed), Suriname (resumed) |- |} ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== js8hqw6083000idbwyrgel6jmstd4yx 453062 453061 2024-12-09T17:58:28Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* ভিছা ৰেহাই */ 453062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কোনোবা এটা কূটনৈতিক মিছনৰ পৰা আগতীয়াকৈ ভিছা ল’ব লাগিব। সকলো দৰ্শকে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে বৈধ পাছপ’ৰ্টৰ লগতে বৈধ উভতি অহাৰ টিকট ৰাখিব লাগিব। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰত বা ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণত ৩ মাহতকৈ অধিক বৈধতা থকা পাছপ’ৰ্ট গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰিব। প্ৰৱেশ বন্দৰত থকা ইমিগ্ৰেচন বিষয়াই যাত্ৰীক যিকোনো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নথি-পত্ৰ (যেনে হোটেল ৰিজাৰ্ভচন আৰু বিত্তীয় প্ৰমাণ) দেখুৱাবলৈ ক’ব পাৰে। ==ভিছা নীতিৰ আধাৰত মানচিত্ৰ== [[File:Visa policy of Indonesia.svg|800px|none|thumb|Visa policy of Indonesia {{legend|#ED1C24|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া}} {{legend|#22B14C|ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#FFD000|E-VOA / আগমনৰ সময়ত ভিছা (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#C0C0C0|ভিছা লাগিব}} {{legend|#999999|চৰকাৰী অনুমোদন লৈহে দিয়া ভিছা}}]] ==ভিছা ৰেহাই== অভিবাসন সঞ্চালকালয়ে যিবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিক ভিছা ৰেহাই পায়, তেনে দেশৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list">{{cite web | title=Bebas Visa Kunjungan | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-bebas-visa-kunjungan?golden_visa=0 | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | date=4 September 2024 | publisher=[[Directorate General of Immigration]] | access-date=28 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228153509/https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/bebas-visa-kunjungan/ | archive-date=28 February 2023 | language=en | url-status=live}}</ref> তলত দিয়া ১৩ খন দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ভিছা অবিহনে সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে:<ref name="Visa exemption list"/><ref name="tim2">{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=ID|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagdeco|ASEAN}} [[Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|All ASEAN member states]]<sup>#</sup> {| | *{{flag|Colombia}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|Timor-Leste}} *{{flag|Suriname}} | |} | |} * ছিংগাপুৰৰ স্থায়ী বাসিন্দাসকলে বাটাম, বিন্টান আৰু কৰিমুন দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৪ দিনৰ ভিছা বিনামূলীয়াকৈ প্ৰৱেশৰ যোগ্য বিবেচিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore PRs to get visa-free entry to Indonesia’s Batam and Bintan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-prs-get-visa-free-entry-to-indonesia-s-batam-bintan#:~:text=Indonesia%20will%20give%20visa%2Dfree,in%20the%20regional%20economic%20zones. |publisher=The Straitstimes}}</ref><ref name="Visa exemption list"/> ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ১৫টা বিমানবন্দৰ, ৯১টা সাগৰীয় বন্দৰ আৰু অতিক্ৰম কৰিবলগীয়া ১২টা স্থলপথৰ সীমা সামৰি লোৱা যিকোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট সীমান্ত ক্ৰছিঙৰ জৰিয়তে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list"/> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !style="width:100%;";"|Date of visa changes |- | * 6 April 2022: All ASEAN member states (resumed) * 13 February 2023: Timor-Leste (resumed) * 29 August 2024: Colombia (resumed), Hong Kong (resumed), Suriname (resumed) |- |} ==APEC ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণ কাৰ্ড== তলত উল্লেখ কৰা দেশসমূহে জাৰি কৰা পাছপ'ৰ্টধাৰীসকলে যিসকলৰ ওলোটা ফালে "আইডিএন" ক'ড থকা এপেক(APEC) বিজনেছ ট্ৰেভেল কাৰ্ড (ABTC) আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে বৈধ বুলি সূচায়, তেওঁলোকে ৬০ দিন পৰ্যন্ত ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে ভিছাবিহীনভাৱে প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="tim2"/> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== qvwjfjs9474q5omn2mrymc7515a3yu2 453063 453062 2024-12-09T18:00:31Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* APEC ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণ কাৰ্ড */ 453063 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কোনোবা এটা কূটনৈতিক মিছনৰ পৰা আগতীয়াকৈ ভিছা ল’ব লাগিব। সকলো দৰ্শকে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে বৈধ পাছপ’ৰ্টৰ লগতে বৈধ উভতি অহাৰ টিকট ৰাখিব লাগিব। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰত বা ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণত ৩ মাহতকৈ অধিক বৈধতা থকা পাছপ’ৰ্ট গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰিব। প্ৰৱেশ বন্দৰত থকা ইমিগ্ৰেচন বিষয়াই যাত্ৰীক যিকোনো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নথি-পত্ৰ (যেনে হোটেল ৰিজাৰ্ভচন আৰু বিত্তীয় প্ৰমাণ) দেখুৱাবলৈ ক’ব পাৰে। ==ভিছা নীতিৰ আধাৰত মানচিত্ৰ== [[File:Visa policy of Indonesia.svg|800px|none|thumb|Visa policy of Indonesia {{legend|#ED1C24|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া}} {{legend|#22B14C|ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#FFD000|E-VOA / আগমনৰ সময়ত ভিছা (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#C0C0C0|ভিছা লাগিব}} {{legend|#999999|চৰকাৰী অনুমোদন লৈহে দিয়া ভিছা}}]] ==ভিছা ৰেহাই== অভিবাসন সঞ্চালকালয়ে যিবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিক ভিছা ৰেহাই পায়, তেনে দেশৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list">{{cite web | title=Bebas Visa Kunjungan | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-bebas-visa-kunjungan?golden_visa=0 | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | date=4 September 2024 | publisher=[[Directorate General of Immigration]] | access-date=28 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228153509/https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/bebas-visa-kunjungan/ | archive-date=28 February 2023 | language=en | url-status=live}}</ref> তলত দিয়া ১৩ খন দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ভিছা অবিহনে সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে:<ref name="Visa exemption list"/><ref name="tim2">{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=ID|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagdeco|ASEAN}} [[Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|All ASEAN member states]]<sup>#</sup> {| | *{{flag|Colombia}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|Timor-Leste}} *{{flag|Suriname}} | |} | |} * ছিংগাপুৰৰ স্থায়ী বাসিন্দাসকলে বাটাম, বিন্টান আৰু কৰিমুন দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৪ দিনৰ ভিছা বিনামূলীয়াকৈ প্ৰৱেশৰ যোগ্য বিবেচিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore PRs to get visa-free entry to Indonesia’s Batam and Bintan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-prs-get-visa-free-entry-to-indonesia-s-batam-bintan#:~:text=Indonesia%20will%20give%20visa%2Dfree,in%20the%20regional%20economic%20zones. |publisher=The Straitstimes}}</ref><ref name="Visa exemption list"/> ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ১৫টা বিমানবন্দৰ, ৯১টা সাগৰীয় বন্দৰ আৰু অতিক্ৰম কৰিবলগীয়া ১২টা স্থলপথৰ সীমা সামৰি লোৱা যিকোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট সীমান্ত ক্ৰছিঙৰ জৰিয়তে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list"/> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !style="width:100%;";"|Date of visa changes |- | * 6 April 2022: All ASEAN member states (resumed) * 13 February 2023: Timor-Leste (resumed) * 29 August 2024: Colombia (resumed), Hong Kong (resumed), Suriname (resumed) |- |} ==APEC ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণ কাৰ্ড== তলত উল্লেখ কৰা দেশসমূহে জাৰি কৰা পাছপ'ৰ্টধাৰীসকলে যিসকলৰ ওলোটা ফালে "আইডিএন" ক'ড থকা এপেক(APEC) বিজনেছ ট্ৰেভেল কাৰ্ড (ABTC) আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে বৈধ বুলি সূচায়, তেওঁলোকে ৬০ দিন পৰ্যন্ত ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে ভিছাবিহীনভাৱে প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="tim2"/> ABTC এইবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিকক প্ৰদান কৰা হয়:-<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.apec.org/docs/default-source/groups/abtc/0-abtc-economy-entry-information-table-(as-of-18-oct-2022)852440b8682b4b84b94ccbe4745b0dbc.pdf?sfvrsn=260f0b80_2 | title=ABTC Economy Entry Information}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flag|Australia}} *{{flag|Brunei}} *{{flag|Chile}} *{{flag|China}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} *{{flag|Japan}} *{{flag|South Korea}} *{{flag|Malaysia}} *{{flag|Mexico}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|New Zealand}} *{{flag|Papua New Guinea}} *{{flag|Peru}} *{{flag|Philippines}} *{{flag|Russia}} *{{flag|Singapore}} *{{flag|Taiwan}} *{{flag|Thailand}} *{{flag|Vietnam}} | |} ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== hmeuz1bbwew41lrn9dl3i9bohr6w08s 453064 453063 2024-12-09T18:03:29Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* APEC ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণ কাৰ্ড */ 453064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কোনোবা এটা কূটনৈতিক মিছনৰ পৰা আগতীয়াকৈ ভিছা ল’ব লাগিব। সকলো দৰ্শকে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে বৈধ পাছপ’ৰ্টৰ লগতে বৈধ উভতি অহাৰ টিকট ৰাখিব লাগিব। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰত বা ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণত ৩ মাহতকৈ অধিক বৈধতা থকা পাছপ’ৰ্ট গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰিব। প্ৰৱেশ বন্দৰত থকা ইমিগ্ৰেচন বিষয়াই যাত্ৰীক যিকোনো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নথি-পত্ৰ (যেনে হোটেল ৰিজাৰ্ভচন আৰু বিত্তীয় প্ৰমাণ) দেখুৱাবলৈ ক’ব পাৰে। ==ভিছা নীতিৰ আধাৰত মানচিত্ৰ== [[File:Visa policy of Indonesia.svg|800px|none|thumb|Visa policy of Indonesia {{legend|#ED1C24|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া}} {{legend|#22B14C|ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#FFD000|E-VOA / আগমনৰ সময়ত ভিছা (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#C0C0C0|ভিছা লাগিব}} {{legend|#999999|চৰকাৰী অনুমোদন লৈহে দিয়া ভিছা}}]] ==ভিছা ৰেহাই== অভিবাসন সঞ্চালকালয়ে যিবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিক ভিছা ৰেহাই পায়, তেনে দেশৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list">{{cite web | title=Bebas Visa Kunjungan | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-bebas-visa-kunjungan?golden_visa=0 | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | date=4 September 2024 | publisher=[[Directorate General of Immigration]] | access-date=28 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228153509/https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/bebas-visa-kunjungan/ | archive-date=28 February 2023 | language=en | url-status=live}}</ref> তলত দিয়া ১৩ খন দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ভিছা অবিহনে সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে:<ref name="Visa exemption list"/><ref name="tim2">{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=ID|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagdeco|ASEAN}} [[Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|All ASEAN member states]]<sup>#</sup> {| | *{{flag|Colombia}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|Timor-Leste}} *{{flag|Suriname}} | |} | |} * ছিংগাপুৰৰ স্থায়ী বাসিন্দাসকলে বাটাম, বিন্টান আৰু কৰিমুন দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৪ দিনৰ ভিছা বিনামূলীয়াকৈ প্ৰৱেশৰ যোগ্য বিবেচিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore PRs to get visa-free entry to Indonesia’s Batam and Bintan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-prs-get-visa-free-entry-to-indonesia-s-batam-bintan#:~:text=Indonesia%20will%20give%20visa%2Dfree,in%20the%20regional%20economic%20zones. |publisher=The Straitstimes}}</ref><ref name="Visa exemption list"/> ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ১৫টা বিমানবন্দৰ, ৯১টা সাগৰীয় বন্দৰ আৰু অতিক্ৰম কৰিবলগীয়া ১২টা স্থলপথৰ সীমা সামৰি লোৱা যিকোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট সীমান্ত ক্ৰছিঙৰ জৰিয়তে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list"/> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !style="width:100%;";"|Date of visa changes |- | * 6 April 2022: All ASEAN member states (resumed) * 13 February 2023: Timor-Leste (resumed) * 29 August 2024: Colombia (resumed), Hong Kong (resumed), Suriname (resumed) |- |} ==APEC ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণ কাৰ্ড== তলত উল্লেখ কৰা দেশসমূহে জাৰি কৰা পাছপ'ৰ্টধাৰীসকলে যিসকলৰ ওলোটা ফালে "আইডিএন" ক'ড থকা এপেক(APEC) বিজনেছ ট্ৰেভেল কাৰ্ড (ABTC) আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে বৈধ বুলি সূচায়, তেওঁলোকে ৬০ দিন পৰ্যন্ত ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে ভিছাবিহীনভাৱে প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="tim2"/> ABTC এইবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিকক প্ৰদান কৰা হয়:-<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.apec.org/docs/default-source/groups/abtc/0-abtc-economy-entry-information-table-(as-of-18-oct-2022)852440b8682b4b84b94ccbe4745b0dbc.pdf?sfvrsn=260f0b80_2 | title=ABTC Economy Entry Information}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flag|Australia}} *{{flag|Brunei}} *{{flag|Chile}} *{{flag|China}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} *{{flag|Japan}} *{{flag|South Korea}} *{{flag|Malaysia}} *{{flag|Mexico}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|New Zealand}} *{{flag|Papua New Guinea}} *{{flag|Peru}} *{{flag|Philippines}} *{{flag|Russia}} *{{flag|Singapore}} *{{flag|Taiwan}} *{{flag|Thailand}} *{{flag|Vietnam}} | |} ==প্ৰৱেশৰ লগে লগে ভিছা== প্ৰব্ৰজন সঞ্চালকালয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ালৈ অহাৰ সময়ত ভিছা (VoA/e-VoA) লাভ কৰাৰ যোগ্য দেশৰ তালিকাও প্ৰকাশ কৰে,<ref name="Visa on arrival list">{{cite web |title=VoA, Free Visa & Calling Visa Country List | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-subjek-visa-on-arrival | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | access-date=20 October 2024 | language=}}</ref> ইয়াৰ নাম থকাৰ পিছতো ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ আগতে অনলাইনৰ বাবেও আবেদন কৰিব পাৰি ইয়াৰ ইভিছা পৰ্টেলৰ জৰিয়তে।<ref name="eVisa portal">{{cite web | title=The Official eVisa website for Indonesia | url=https://evisa.imigrasi.go.id/ | access-date=20 October 2024 | language=}}</ref> তলত উল্লেখ কৰা দেশসমূহৰ নাগৰিকে আহি পোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছাৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে। এই ভিছাৰ মূল্য ৫ লাখ টকা, আৰু সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে বৈধ। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ভিতৰত এবাৰ ভিছাটো নিৰ্দিষ্ট কাৰ্যালয়ত আৰু ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত ৫ লাখ টকাৰ বিনিময়ত বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পাৰি।<ref>{{cite web |title=Visitor Stay Permit (ITK) extension | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/izin-tinggal-keimigrasian | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | access-date=20 October 2024 | language=}}</ref> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== sftrx2qal8pifvsb5vm7sgidquqqzyj 453065 453064 2024-12-09T18:08:07Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* প্ৰৱেশৰ লগে লগে ভিছা */ 453065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কোনোবা এটা কূটনৈতিক মিছনৰ পৰা আগতীয়াকৈ ভিছা ল’ব লাগিব। সকলো দৰ্শকে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে বৈধ পাছপ’ৰ্টৰ লগতে বৈধ উভতি অহাৰ টিকট ৰাখিব লাগিব। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰত বা ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণত ৩ মাহতকৈ অধিক বৈধতা থকা পাছপ’ৰ্ট গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰিব। প্ৰৱেশ বন্দৰত থকা ইমিগ্ৰেচন বিষয়াই যাত্ৰীক যিকোনো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নথি-পত্ৰ (যেনে হোটেল ৰিজাৰ্ভচন আৰু বিত্তীয় প্ৰমাণ) দেখুৱাবলৈ ক’ব পাৰে। ==ভিছা নীতিৰ আধাৰত মানচিত্ৰ== [[File:Visa policy of Indonesia.svg|800px|none|thumb|Visa policy of Indonesia {{legend|#ED1C24|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া}} {{legend|#22B14C|ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#FFD000|E-VOA / আগমনৰ সময়ত ভিছা (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#C0C0C0|ভিছা লাগিব}} {{legend|#999999|চৰকাৰী অনুমোদন লৈহে দিয়া ভিছা}}]] ==ভিছা ৰেহাই== অভিবাসন সঞ্চালকালয়ে যিবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিক ভিছা ৰেহাই পায়, তেনে দেশৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list">{{cite web | title=Bebas Visa Kunjungan | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-bebas-visa-kunjungan?golden_visa=0 | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | date=4 September 2024 | publisher=[[Directorate General of Immigration]] | access-date=28 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228153509/https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/bebas-visa-kunjungan/ | archive-date=28 February 2023 | language=en | url-status=live}}</ref> তলত দিয়া ১৩ খন দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ভিছা অবিহনে সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে:<ref name="Visa exemption list"/><ref name="tim2">{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=ID|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagdeco|ASEAN}} [[Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|All ASEAN member states]]<sup>#</sup> {| | *{{flag|Colombia}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|Timor-Leste}} *{{flag|Suriname}} | |} | |} * ছিংগাপুৰৰ স্থায়ী বাসিন্দাসকলে বাটাম, বিন্টান আৰু কৰিমুন দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৪ দিনৰ ভিছা বিনামূলীয়াকৈ প্ৰৱেশৰ যোগ্য বিবেচিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore PRs to get visa-free entry to Indonesia’s Batam and Bintan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-prs-get-visa-free-entry-to-indonesia-s-batam-bintan#:~:text=Indonesia%20will%20give%20visa%2Dfree,in%20the%20regional%20economic%20zones. |publisher=The Straitstimes}}</ref><ref name="Visa exemption list"/> ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ১৫টা বিমানবন্দৰ, ৯১টা সাগৰীয় বন্দৰ আৰু অতিক্ৰম কৰিবলগীয়া ১২টা স্থলপথৰ সীমা সামৰি লোৱা যিকোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট সীমান্ত ক্ৰছিঙৰ জৰিয়তে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list"/> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !style="width:100%;";"|Date of visa changes |- | * 6 April 2022: All ASEAN member states (resumed) * 13 February 2023: Timor-Leste (resumed) * 29 August 2024: Colombia (resumed), Hong Kong (resumed), Suriname (resumed) |- |} ==APEC ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণ কাৰ্ড== তলত উল্লেখ কৰা দেশসমূহে জাৰি কৰা পাছপ'ৰ্টধাৰীসকলে যিসকলৰ ওলোটা ফালে "আইডিএন" ক'ড থকা এপেক(APEC) বিজনেছ ট্ৰেভেল কাৰ্ড (ABTC) আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে বৈধ বুলি সূচায়, তেওঁলোকে ৬০ দিন পৰ্যন্ত ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে ভিছাবিহীনভাৱে প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="tim2"/> ABTC এইবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিকক প্ৰদান কৰা হয়:-<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.apec.org/docs/default-source/groups/abtc/0-abtc-economy-entry-information-table-(as-of-18-oct-2022)852440b8682b4b84b94ccbe4745b0dbc.pdf?sfvrsn=260f0b80_2 | title=ABTC Economy Entry Information}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flag|Australia}} *{{flag|Brunei}} *{{flag|Chile}} *{{flag|China}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} *{{flag|Japan}} *{{flag|South Korea}} *{{flag|Malaysia}} *{{flag|Mexico}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|New Zealand}} *{{flag|Papua New Guinea}} *{{flag|Peru}} *{{flag|Philippines}} *{{flag|Russia}} *{{flag|Singapore}} *{{flag|Taiwan}} *{{flag|Thailand}} *{{flag|Vietnam}} | |} ==প্ৰৱেশৰ লগে লগে ভিছা== প্ৰব্ৰজন সঞ্চালকালয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ালৈ অহাৰ সময়ত ভিছা (VoA/e-VoA) লাভ কৰাৰ যোগ্য দেশৰ তালিকাও প্ৰকাশ কৰে,<ref name="Visa on arrival list">{{cite web |title=VoA, Free Visa & Calling Visa Country List | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-subjek-visa-on-arrival | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | access-date=20 October 2024 | language=}}</ref> ইয়াৰ নাম থকাৰ পিছতো ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ আগতে অনলাইনৰ বাবেও আবেদন কৰিব পাৰি ইয়াৰ ইভিছা পৰ্টেলৰ জৰিয়তে।<ref name="eVisa portal">{{cite web | title=The Official eVisa website for Indonesia | url=https://evisa.imigrasi.go.id/ | access-date=20 October 2024 | language=}}</ref> তলত উল্লেখ কৰা দেশসমূহৰ নাগৰিকে আহি পোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছাৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে। এই ভিছাৰ মূল্য ৫ লাখ টকা, আৰু সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে বৈধ। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ভিতৰত এবাৰ ভিছাটো নিৰ্দিষ্ট কাৰ্যালয়ত আৰু ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত ৫ লাখ টকাৰ বিনিময়ত বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পাৰি।<ref>{{cite web |title=Visitor Stay Permit (ITK) extension | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/izin-tinggal-keimigrasian | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | access-date=20 October 2024 | language=}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagdeco|ASEAN}} এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ চাউথইষ্ট এছিয়ান নেচনছৰ সকলো সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ <sup>N</sup> *{{flagicon|European Union}} ইউৰোপীয় সংঘৰ সকলো সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ {| | * {{flag|Albania}} * {{flag|Andorra}} * {{flag|Argentina}} * {{flag|Armenia}} * {{flag|Australia}} * {{flag|Azerbaijan}} * {{flag|Bahrain}} * {{flag|Belarus}} * {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{flag|Brazil}} * {{flag|Canada}} * {{flag|Chile}} * {{flag|China}} * {{flag|Colombia}}<sup>N</sup> * {{flag|Ecuador}} * {{flag|Egypt}} |valign="top"| * {{flag|Guatemala}} * {{flag|Hong Kong}}<sup>N</sup> * {{flag|Iceland}} * {{flag|India}} * {{flag|Japan}} * {{flag|Jordan}} * {{flag|Kazakhstan}} * {{flag|Kenya}} * {{flag|Kuwait}} * {{flag|Liechtenstein}} * {{flag|Maldives}} * {{flag|Mauritius}} * {{flag|Mexico}} * {{flag|Monaco}} * {{flag|Mongolia}} * {{flag|Morocco}} |valign="top"| * {{flag|Mozambique}} * {{flag|New Zealand}} * {{flag|Norway}} * {{flag|Oman}} * {{flag|Palestine}} * {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} * {{flag|Peru}} * {{flag|Qatar}} * {{flag|Russia}} * {{flag|Rwanda}} * {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} * {{flag|Serbia}} * {{flag|Seychelles}} * {{flag|South Africa}} * {{flag|South Korea}} * {{flag|Suriname}}<sup>N</sup> |valign="top"| * {{flag|Switzerland}} * {{flag|Taiwan}} * {{flag|Tanzania}} * {{flag|Timor-Leste}}<sup>N</sup> * {{flag|Tunisia}} * {{flag|Turkey}} * {{flag|Ukraine}} * {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} * {{flag|United Kingdom}} * {{flag|United States}} * {{flag|Uzbekistan}} * {{flag|Vatican City}} * {{flag|Venezuela}} |} | |} ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== etm85t513cvgt2wdvzw3cxsyscskf30 453066 453065 2024-12-09T18:09:37Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* প্ৰৱেশৰ লগে লগে ভিছা */ 453066 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কোনোবা এটা কূটনৈতিক মিছনৰ পৰা আগতীয়াকৈ ভিছা ল’ব লাগিব। সকলো দৰ্শকে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে বৈধ পাছপ’ৰ্টৰ লগতে বৈধ উভতি অহাৰ টিকট ৰাখিব লাগিব। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰত বা ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণত ৩ মাহতকৈ অধিক বৈধতা থকা পাছপ’ৰ্ট গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰিব। প্ৰৱেশ বন্দৰত থকা ইমিগ্ৰেচন বিষয়াই যাত্ৰীক যিকোনো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নথি-পত্ৰ (যেনে হোটেল ৰিজাৰ্ভচন আৰু বিত্তীয় প্ৰমাণ) দেখুৱাবলৈ ক’ব পাৰে। ==ভিছা নীতিৰ আধাৰত মানচিত্ৰ== [[File:Visa policy of Indonesia.svg|800px|none|thumb|Visa policy of Indonesia {{legend|#ED1C24|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া}} {{legend|#22B14C|ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#FFD000|E-VOA / আগমনৰ সময়ত ভিছা (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#C0C0C0|ভিছা লাগিব}} {{legend|#999999|চৰকাৰী অনুমোদন লৈহে দিয়া ভিছা}}]] ==ভিছা ৰেহাই== অভিবাসন সঞ্চালকালয়ে যিবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিক ভিছা ৰেহাই পায়, তেনে দেশৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list">{{cite web | title=Bebas Visa Kunjungan | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-bebas-visa-kunjungan?golden_visa=0 | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | date=4 September 2024 | publisher=[[Directorate General of Immigration]] | access-date=28 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228153509/https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/bebas-visa-kunjungan/ | archive-date=28 February 2023 | language=en | url-status=live}}</ref> তলত দিয়া ১৩ খন দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ভিছা অবিহনে সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে:<ref name="Visa exemption list"/><ref name="tim2">{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=ID|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagdeco|ASEAN}} [[Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|All ASEAN member states]]<sup>#</sup> {| | *{{flag|Colombia}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|Timor-Leste}} *{{flag|Suriname}} | |} | |} * ছিংগাপুৰৰ স্থায়ী বাসিন্দাসকলে বাটাম, বিন্টান আৰু কৰিমুন দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৪ দিনৰ ভিছা বিনামূলীয়াকৈ প্ৰৱেশৰ যোগ্য বিবেচিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore PRs to get visa-free entry to Indonesia’s Batam and Bintan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-prs-get-visa-free-entry-to-indonesia-s-batam-bintan#:~:text=Indonesia%20will%20give%20visa%2Dfree,in%20the%20regional%20economic%20zones. |publisher=The Straitstimes}}</ref><ref name="Visa exemption list"/> ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ১৫টা বিমানবন্দৰ, ৯১টা সাগৰীয় বন্দৰ আৰু অতিক্ৰম কৰিবলগীয়া ১২টা স্থলপথৰ সীমা সামৰি লোৱা যিকোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট সীমান্ত ক্ৰছিঙৰ জৰিয়তে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list"/> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !style="width:100%;";"|Date of visa changes |- | * 6 April 2022: All ASEAN member states (resumed) * 13 February 2023: Timor-Leste (resumed) * 29 August 2024: Colombia (resumed), Hong Kong (resumed), Suriname (resumed) |- |} ==APEC ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণ কাৰ্ড== তলত উল্লেখ কৰা দেশসমূহে জাৰি কৰা পাছপ'ৰ্টধাৰীসকলে যিসকলৰ ওলোটা ফালে "আইডিএন" ক'ড থকা এপেক(APEC) বিজনেছ ট্ৰেভেল কাৰ্ড (ABTC) আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে বৈধ বুলি সূচায়, তেওঁলোকে ৬০ দিন পৰ্যন্ত ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে ভিছাবিহীনভাৱে প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="tim2"/> ABTC এইবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিকক প্ৰদান কৰা হয়:-<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.apec.org/docs/default-source/groups/abtc/0-abtc-economy-entry-information-table-(as-of-18-oct-2022)852440b8682b4b84b94ccbe4745b0dbc.pdf?sfvrsn=260f0b80_2 | title=ABTC Economy Entry Information}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flag|Australia}} *{{flag|Brunei}} *{{flag|Chile}} *{{flag|China}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} *{{flag|Japan}} *{{flag|South Korea}} *{{flag|Malaysia}} *{{flag|Mexico}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|New Zealand}} *{{flag|Papua New Guinea}} *{{flag|Peru}} *{{flag|Philippines}} *{{flag|Russia}} *{{flag|Singapore}} *{{flag|Taiwan}} *{{flag|Thailand}} *{{flag|Vietnam}} | |} ==প্ৰৱেশৰ লগে লগে ভিছা== প্ৰব্ৰজন সঞ্চালকালয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ালৈ অহাৰ সময়ত ভিছা (VoA/e-VoA) লাভ কৰাৰ যোগ্য দেশৰ তালিকাও প্ৰকাশ কৰে,<ref name="Visa on arrival list">{{cite web |title=VoA, Free Visa & Calling Visa Country List | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-subjek-visa-on-arrival | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | access-date=20 October 2024 | language=}}</ref> ইয়াৰ নাম থকাৰ পিছতো ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ আগতে অনলাইনৰ বাবেও আবেদন কৰিব পাৰি ইয়াৰ ইভিছা পৰ্টেলৰ জৰিয়তে।<ref name="eVisa portal">{{cite web | title=The Official eVisa website for Indonesia | url=https://evisa.imigrasi.go.id/ | access-date=20 October 2024 | language=}}</ref> তলত উল্লেখ কৰা দেশসমূহৰ নাগৰিকে আহি পোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছাৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে। এই ভিছাৰ মূল্য ৫ লাখ টকা, আৰু সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে বৈধ। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ভিতৰত এবাৰ ভিছাটো নিৰ্দিষ্ট কাৰ্যালয়ত আৰু ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত ৫ লাখ টকাৰ বিনিময়ত বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পাৰি।<ref>{{cite web |title=Visitor Stay Permit (ITK) extension | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/izin-tinggal-keimigrasian | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | access-date=20 October 2024 | language=}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagdeco|ASEAN}} এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ চাউথইষ্ট এছিয়ান নেচনছৰ সকলো সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ <sup>N</sup> *{{flagicon|European Union}} ইউৰোপীয় সংঘৰ সকলো সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ {| | * {{flag|Albania}} * {{flag|Andorra}} * {{flag|Argentina}} * {{flag|Armenia}} * {{flag|Australia}} * {{flag|Azerbaijan}} * {{flag|Bahrain}} * {{flag|Belarus}} * {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{flag|Brazil}} * {{flag|Canada}} * {{flag|Chile}} * {{flag|China}} * {{flag|Colombia}}<sup>N</sup> * {{flag|Ecuador}} * {{flag|Egypt}} |valign="top"| * {{flag|Guatemala}} * {{flag|Hong Kong}}<sup>N</sup> * {{flag|Iceland}} * {{flag|India}} * {{flag|Japan}} * {{flag|Jordan}} * {{flag|Kazakhstan}} * {{flag|Kenya}} * {{flag|Kuwait}} * {{flag|Liechtenstein}} * {{flag|Maldives}} * {{flag|Mauritius}} * {{flag|Mexico}} * {{flag|Monaco}} * {{flag|Mongolia}} * {{flag|Morocco}} |valign="top"| * {{flag|Mozambique}} * {{flag|New Zealand}} * {{flag|Norway}} * {{flag|Oman}} * {{flag|Palestine}} * {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} * {{flag|Peru}} * {{flag|Qatar}} * {{flag|Russia}} * {{flag|Rwanda}} * {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} * {{flag|Serbia}} * {{flag|Seychelles}} * {{flag|South Africa}} * {{flag|South Korea}} * {{flag|Suriname}}<sup>N</sup> |valign="top"| * {{flag|Switzerland}} * {{flag|Taiwan}} * {{flag|Tanzania}} * {{flag|Timor-Leste}}<sup>N</sup> * {{flag|Tunisia}} * {{flag|Turkey}} * {{flag|Ukraine}} * {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} * {{flag|United Kingdom}} * {{flag|United States}} * {{flag|Uzbekistan}} * {{flag|Vatican City}} * {{flag|Venezuela}} |} | |} <sub>N - ইতিমধ্যে ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজনৰ পৰা ৰেহাই।<ref name="tim2"/><ref name="Visa on arrival list"/></sub> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== pc3l1e0l8ly0sjmc4zl1og85hgtpdmo 453067 453066 2024-12-09T18:13:40Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 453067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]'''লৈ অহা বেছিভাগ দৰ্শকে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছা লাভ কৰিব পাৰে, যদিহে তেওঁলোক ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশসমূহৰ কোনো এখনৰ নাগৰিক নহয়। অৱশ্যে কিছুমান দেশ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ কোনোবা এটা কূটনৈতিক মিছনৰ পৰা আগতীয়াকৈ ভিছা ল’ব লাগিব। সকলো দৰ্শকে ৬ মাহৰ বাবে বৈধ পাছপ’ৰ্টৰ লগতে বৈধ উভতি অহাৰ টিকট ৰাখিব লাগিব। বিশেষ ক্ষেত্ৰত বা ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণত ৩ মাহতকৈ অধিক বৈধতা থকা পাছপ’ৰ্ট গ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰিব। প্ৰৱেশ বন্দৰত থকা ইমিগ্ৰেচন বিষয়াই যাত্ৰীক যিকোনো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নথি-পত্ৰ (যেনে হোটেল ৰিজাৰ্ভচন আৰু বিত্তীয় প্ৰমাণ) দেখুৱাবলৈ ক’ব পাৰে। ==ভিছা নীতিৰ আধাৰত মানচিত্ৰ== [[File:Visa policy of Indonesia.svg|800px|none|thumb|Visa policy of Indonesia {{legend|#ED1C24|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া}} {{legend|#22B14C|ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজন নাই (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#FFD000|E-VOA / আগমনৰ সময়ত ভিছা (৩০ দিন)}} {{legend|#C0C0C0|ভিছা লাগিব}} {{legend|#999999|চৰকাৰী অনুমোদন লৈহে দিয়া ভিছা}}]] ==ভিছা ৰেহাই== অভিবাসন সঞ্চালকালয়ে যিবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিক ভিছা ৰেহাই পায়, তেনে দেশৰ তালিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list">{{cite web | title=Bebas Visa Kunjungan | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-bebas-visa-kunjungan?golden_visa=0 | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | date=4 September 2024 | publisher=[[Directorate General of Immigration]] | access-date=28 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228153509/https://www.imigrasi.go.id/en/bebas-visa-kunjungan/ | archive-date=28 February 2023 | language=en | url-status=live}}</ref> তলত দিয়া ১৩ খন দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ভিছা অবিহনে সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে:<ref name="Visa exemption list"/><ref name="tim2">{{Timatic Visa Policy|country=ID|access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagdeco|ASEAN}} [[Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations|All ASEAN member states]]<sup>#</sup> {| | *{{flag|Colombia}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|Timor-Leste}} *{{flag|Suriname}} | |} | |} * ছিংগাপুৰৰ স্থায়ী বাসিন্দাসকলে বাটাম, বিন্টান আৰু কৰিমুন দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ৪ দিনৰ ভিছা বিনামূলীয়াকৈ প্ৰৱেশৰ যোগ্য বিবেচিত হয়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Singapore PRs to get visa-free entry to Indonesia’s Batam and Bintan |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-prs-get-visa-free-entry-to-indonesia-s-batam-bintan#:~:text=Indonesia%20will%20give%20visa%2Dfree,in%20the%20regional%20economic%20zones. |publisher=The Straitstimes}}</ref><ref name="Visa exemption list"/> ভিছা ৰেহাই পোৱা দেশৰ নাগৰিকে ১৫টা বিমানবন্দৰ, ৯১টা সাগৰীয় বন্দৰ আৰু অতিক্ৰম কৰিবলগীয়া ১২টা স্থলপথৰ সীমা সামৰি লোৱা যিকোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট সীমান্ত ক্ৰছিঙৰ জৰিয়তে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="Visa exemption list"/> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" |- !style="width:100%;";"|Date of visa changes |- | * 6 April 2022: All ASEAN member states (resumed) * 13 February 2023: Timor-Leste (resumed) * 29 August 2024: Colombia (resumed), Hong Kong (resumed), Suriname (resumed) |- |} ==APEC ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণ কাৰ্ড== তলত উল্লেখ কৰা দেশসমূহে জাৰি কৰা পাছপ'ৰ্টধাৰীসকলে যিসকলৰ ওলোটা ফালে "আইডিএন" ক'ড থকা এপেক(APEC) বিজনেছ ট্ৰেভেল কাৰ্ড (ABTC) আছে, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে বৈধ বুলি সূচায়, তেওঁলোকে ৬০ দিন পৰ্যন্ত ব্যৱসায়িক ভ্ৰমণৰ বাবে ভিছাবিহীনভাৱে প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="tim2"/> ABTC এইবোৰ দেশৰ নাগৰিকক প্ৰদান কৰা হয়:-<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.apec.org/docs/default-source/groups/abtc/0-abtc-economy-entry-information-table-(as-of-18-oct-2022)852440b8682b4b84b94ccbe4745b0dbc.pdf?sfvrsn=260f0b80_2 | title=ABTC Economy Entry Information}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flag|Australia}} *{{flag|Brunei}} *{{flag|Chile}} *{{flag|China}} *{{flag|Hong Kong}} *{{flag|Japan}} *{{flag|South Korea}} *{{flag|Malaysia}} *{{flag|Mexico}} |valign="top"| *{{flag|New Zealand}} *{{flag|Papua New Guinea}} *{{flag|Peru}} *{{flag|Philippines}} *{{flag|Russia}} *{{flag|Singapore}} *{{flag|Taiwan}} *{{flag|Thailand}} *{{flag|Vietnam}} | |} ==প্ৰৱেশৰ লগে লগে ভিছা== প্ৰব্ৰজন সঞ্চালকালয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ালৈ অহাৰ সময়ত ভিছা (VoA/e-VoA) লাভ কৰাৰ যোগ্য দেশৰ তালিকাও প্ৰকাশ কৰে,<ref name="Visa on arrival list">{{cite web |title=VoA, Free Visa & Calling Visa Country List | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/daftar-negara-voa-bvk-calling-visa/daftar-negara-subjek-visa-on-arrival | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | access-date=20 October 2024 | language=}}</ref> ইয়াৰ নাম থকাৰ পিছতো ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ আগতে অনলাইনৰ বাবেও আবেদন কৰিব পাৰি ইয়াৰ ইভিছা পৰ্টেলৰ জৰিয়তে।<ref name="eVisa portal">{{cite web | title=The Official eVisa website for Indonesia | url=https://evisa.imigrasi.go.id/ | access-date=20 October 2024 | language=}}</ref> তলত উল্লেখ কৰা দেশসমূহৰ নাগৰিকে আহি পোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভিছাৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে। এই ভিছাৰ মূল্য ৫ লাখ টকা, আৰু সৰ্বাধিক ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে বৈধ। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ভিতৰত এবাৰ ভিছাটো নিৰ্দিষ্ট কাৰ্যালয়ত আৰু ৩০ দিনৰ বাবে অতিৰিক্ত ৫ লাখ টকাৰ বিনিময়ত বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পাৰি।<ref>{{cite web |title=Visitor Stay Permit (ITK) extension | url=https://www.imigrasi.go.id/wna/izin-tinggal-keimigrasian | website=Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi | access-date=20 October 2024 | language=}}</ref> {|style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagdeco|ASEAN}} এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ চাউথইষ্ট এছিয়ান নেচনছৰ সকলো সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ <sup>N</sup> *{{flagicon|European Union}} ইউৰোপীয় সংঘৰ সকলো সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ {| | * {{flag|Albania}} * {{flag|Andorra}} * {{flag|Argentina}} * {{flag|Armenia}} * {{flag|Australia}} * {{flag|Azerbaijan}} * {{flag|Bahrain}} * {{flag|Belarus}} * {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{flag|Brazil}} * {{flag|Canada}} * {{flag|Chile}} * {{flag|China}} * {{flag|Colombia}}<sup>N</sup> * {{flag|Ecuador}} * {{flag|Egypt}} |valign="top"| * {{flag|Guatemala}} * {{flag|Hong Kong}}<sup>N</sup> * {{flag|Iceland}} * {{flag|India}} * {{flag|Japan}} * {{flag|Jordan}} * {{flag|Kazakhstan}} * {{flag|Kenya}} * {{flag|Kuwait}} * {{flag|Liechtenstein}} * {{flag|Maldives}} * {{flag|Mauritius}} * {{flag|Mexico}} * {{flag|Monaco}} * {{flag|Mongolia}} * {{flag|Morocco}} |valign="top"| * {{flag|Mozambique}} * {{flag|New Zealand}} * {{flag|Norway}} * {{flag|Oman}} * {{flag|Palestine}} * {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} * {{flag|Peru}} * {{flag|Qatar}} * {{flag|Russia}} * {{flag|Rwanda}} * {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} * {{flag|Serbia}} * {{flag|Seychelles}} * {{flag|South Africa}} * {{flag|South Korea}} * {{flag|Suriname}}<sup>N</sup> |valign="top"| * {{flag|Switzerland}} * {{flag|Taiwan}} * {{flag|Tanzania}} * {{flag|Timor-Leste}}<sup>N</sup> * {{flag|Tunisia}} * {{flag|Turkey}} * {{flag|Ukraine}} * {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} * {{flag|United Kingdom}} * {{flag|United States}} * {{flag|Uzbekistan}} * {{flag|Vatican City}} * {{flag|Venezuela}} |} | |} <sub>N - ইতিমধ্যে ভিছাৰ প্ৰয়োজনৰ পৰা ৰেহাই।<ref name="tim2"/><ref name="Visa on arrival list"/></sub> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== mqsfev1jc6m8fk1p7i9tny45b1wa8fu সত্য মোহন যোশী 0 109920 453068 2024-12-09T18:18:01Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1260567938|Satya Mohan Joshi]]" পৃষ্ঠাৰ অনুবাদেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছে 453068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer|name=Satya Mohan Joshi|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} সত্য মোহন যোশী আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ৷<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref><ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল৷১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ, পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান, তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল৷ তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ'' ।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্রাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল।।<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্টীয় মর্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্রীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসর্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ ==   == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ip1j8u3q0z751kewvedif6sst80j1ty 453069 453068 2024-12-09T18:18:43Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer|name=Satya Mohan Joshi|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} সত্য মোহন যোশী আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref><ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ, পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান, তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ ==   == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 3h3u62a3potrv9luxx0z114sh9h9fjk 453070 453069 2024-12-09T18:18:59Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer|name=Satya Mohan Joshi|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} সত্য মোহন যোশী আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ৷<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref><ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল৷১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ, পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান, তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল৷ তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ'' ।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্রাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল।।<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্টীয় মর্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্রীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসর্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ ==   == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ip1j8u3q0z751kewvedif6sst80j1ty 453071 453070 2024-12-09T18:19:15Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer|name=Satya Mohan Joshi|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} সত্য মোহন যোশী আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref><ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ, পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান, তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ ==   == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 3h3u62a3potrv9luxx0z114sh9h9fjk 453072 453071 2024-12-09T18:20:05Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox writer|name=Satya Mohan Joshi|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} সত্য মোহন যোশী আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref><ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ, পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান, তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ ==   == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} bt8aun7gme3yrv7x94jcgjv7820e5t8 453073 453072 2024-12-09T18:20:39Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox writer|name=Satya Mohan Joshi|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} সত্য মোহন যোশী আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref><ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ, পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান, তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ ==   == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 90h720tcatmz5cwfvx7fyoe59j6iff5 453074 453073 2024-12-09T18:21:27Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ */ 453074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox writer|name=Satya Mohan Joshi|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} সত্য মোহন যোশী আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref><ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ, পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান, তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামরো লোক সংস্কৃতি''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি রাষ্ট্রীয় মুদ্রা''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা রা পাচুকে''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী রা রাইতি''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব রা গুরান্স''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''রাজামুকুট রা রাজ্যাভিষেক''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকার আরনিকো''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসারী''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপর্ব''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেরা হেরদা''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূর্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্রম''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} r2opvhg78wrfwmb6yt0hnrxtiy2qz4a 453075 453074 2024-12-09T18:21:44Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox writer|name=Satya Mohan Joshi|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} সত্য মোহন যোশী আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref><ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ, পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান, তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 4lxvihvubho4nlqdu2wgsb6k616aap4 453076 453075 2024-12-09T18:23:14Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ */ 453076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox writer|name=Satya Mohan Joshi|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} সত্য মোহন যোশী আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref><ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ, পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান, তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} dyhyqanr05yvojk3j7zhuh2gkp19276 453078 453076 2024-12-09T18:25:02Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা */ 453078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox writer|name=Satya Mohan Joshi|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} সত্য মোহন যোশী আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ, পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান, তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} dnwfq1gtn7rsd0eq46f9r2y6556j2xp 453080 453078 2024-12-09T18:27:08Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা */ 453080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox writer|name=Satya Mohan Joshi|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} সত্য মোহন যোশী আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ, পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান, তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 4d55ysdeevsr7ozbglw9qvo840o1iba 453081 453080 2024-12-09T18:29:20Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা */ 453081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox writer|name=Satya Mohan Joshi|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} সত্য মোহন যোশী আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} kcbe65ae1q54n41s7ucsfwgn4aj2u8w 453082 453081 2024-12-09T18:29:49Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 453082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox writer|name=সত্য মোহন যোশী|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয় আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} l7xmhhk8p4gu8l00c5eur6b5gpqvonq 453083 453082 2024-12-09T18:30:10Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা */ 453083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox writer|name=সত্য মোহন যোশী|native_name_lang=ne|image=Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg|death_date={{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}}|birth_date={{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}}|awards={{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}}}} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} fbag1a0e911n9ov53682p5slfkpg1ek 453084 453083 2024-12-09T18:32:17Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = Satya Mohan Joshi | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|Lalitpur District]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[Lalitpur, Nepal]] | occupation = Writer, researcher | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[Durbar High School]]|[[Trichandra College]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi "Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi"]. Ecs.com.np. 27 August 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi Archived] from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} mp0guek3he2c0zfrsmo3fyc10w09xfe 453121 453084 2024-12-10T01:13:38Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* কেৰিয়াৰ */ 453121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = Satya Mohan Joshi | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|Lalitpur District]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[Lalitpur, Nepal]] | occupation = Writer, researcher | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[Durbar High School]]|[[Trichandra College]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html "A cultural giant"]. ''[[Kantipur (daily)]]''. 15 July 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html Archived] from the original on 25 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} qq89pplcg3qklz0htberf6fvuwhof54 453122 453121 2024-12-10T01:15:41Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* কেৰিয়াৰ */ 453122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = Satya Mohan Joshi | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|Lalitpur District]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[Lalitpur, Nepal]] | occupation = Writer, researcher | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[Durbar High School]]|[[Trichandra College]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} ayfu79l62f8xeuh3tg4us4ioz48jy9m 453125 453122 2024-12-10T01:19:50Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = Satya Mohan Joshi | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|Lalitpur District]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[Lalitpur, Nepal]] | occupation = Writer, researcher | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[Durbar High School]]|[[Trichandra College]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 58ox4879w1zqnfc4a8az86tu2nsc8ev 453126 453125 2024-12-10T01:20:28Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|Lalitpur District]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[Lalitpur, Nepal]] | occupation = Writer, researcher | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[Durbar High School]]|[[Trichandra College]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 8via6egy48lvw1sudl3acyva46c91f9 453127 453126 2024-12-10T01:21:35Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[Lalitpur, Nepal]] | occupation = Writer, researcher | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[Durbar High School]]|[[Trichandra College]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 09z2ar2c6r4n9thwnrk25fd2dbtjzec 453128 453127 2024-12-10T01:22:10Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[Lalitpur, Nepal]] | occupation = Writer, researcher | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[Durbar High School]]|[[Trichandra College]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} dn7ws41qaeh7hnpb4rirrf7z18rwbtb 453129 453128 2024-12-10T01:22:37Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[Lalitpur, নেপাল]] | occupation = Writer, researcher | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[Durbar High School]]|[[Trichandra College]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 7vqpuo1t6iy9qd5yx8z4xgkzjam7vut 453130 453129 2024-12-10T01:23:08Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = Writer, researcher | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[Durbar High School]]|[[Trichandra College]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 0xqbyxo4a7ba3onqw5z9hs5f35k1icc 453132 453130 2024-12-10T01:24:12Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, researcher | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[Durbar High School]]|[[Trichandra College]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 5u26o1kfm1yv943zemwb8ynaig0abix 453133 453132 2024-12-10T01:24:37Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[Durbar High School]]|[[Trichandra College]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} sji1595xsiup11xzjifoed22hp9n0o4 453134 453133 2024-12-10T01:25:20Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল]]|[[Trichandra College]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 7ac3na23ukeijb48cvv44tcq5s52n6f 453135 453134 2024-12-10T01:25:57Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল]]|[[ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[Madan Puraskar]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} emdgnup9ru4nwxi91a3dxfsf4r9x73p 453136 453135 2024-12-10T01:27:16Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল]]|[[ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[মদন পুৰস্কাৰ]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} p3htu9csq9y34rq3ojljxdhbcp9txkq 453137 453136 2024-12-10T01:27:49Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল]]|[[ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[মদন পুৰস্কাৰ]] | তিনিবাৰ (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} rpmdkdq24ze3vqm5rhz6zsuqd8d1t0l 453138 453137 2024-12-10T01:27:58Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল]]|[[ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[মদন পুৰস্কাৰ]] | 3 times (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} p3htu9csq9y34rq3ojljxdhbcp9txkq 453139 453138 2024-12-10T01:28:43Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল]]|[[ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[মদন পুৰস্কাৰ]] | ৩ বাৰ (1956, 1960, 1970)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} 4jjui3dcwe0fg660bact48eiprwjz22 453140 453139 2024-12-10T01:29:08Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল]]|[[ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[মদন পুৰস্কাৰ]] | ৩ বাৰ (1956, 1960, ১৯৭০)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} oyc4hg5xyktzd5k1p4lo7xtuaevk0o4 453142 453140 2024-12-10T01:29:34Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল]]|[[ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[মদন পুৰস্কাৰ]] | ৩ বাৰ (1956, ১৯৬০, ১৯৭০)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} mhs78mw0srz5j5kv6six09hj6k4my7z 453143 453142 2024-12-10T01:29:57Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল]]|[[ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]}} | spouse = Radha Devi | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[মদন পুৰস্কাৰ]] | ৩ বাৰ (১৯৫৬, ১৯৬০, ১৯৭০)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} qzgwx89nwsev7jdgu75p7w7jingxtnk 453144 453143 2024-12-10T01:31:07Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল]]|[[ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]}} | spouse = ৰাধা দেৱী | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[মদন পুৰস্কাৰ]] | ৩ বাৰ (১৯৫৬, ১৯৬০, ১৯৭০)}}|[[Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} jcqbzzzu9cfotk0k9dqc59wzmics1cl 453145 453144 2024-12-10T01:31:48Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল]]|[[ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]}} | spouse = ৰাধা দেৱী | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[মদন পুৰস্কাৰ]] | ৩ বাৰ (১৯৫৬, ১৯৬০, ১৯৭০)}}|[[গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণা বাহুৰ আদেশ]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} r4aw6vdmx5pyluzjhka2owqc6wuunur 453146 453145 2024-12-10T01:33:15Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল]]|[[ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]}} | spouse = ৰাধা দেৱী | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[মদন পুৰস্কাৰ]] | ৩ বাৰ (১৯৫৬, ১৯৬০, ১৯৭০)}}|[[গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণা বাহুৰ আদেশ]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী চীনলৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত নেপালী ভাষা শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক প্ৰকাশন আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰাস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'', ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} fd531d7quhaix5zp43d6v9zocsbojks 453150 453146 2024-12-10T02:50:49Z JyotiPN 22102 /* কেৰিয়াৰ */ সামান্য সলনি 453150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Nepali writer and scholar (1920–2022)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|ললিতপুৰ জিলা]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|নেপাল]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[ললিতপুৰ, নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''[[Hamro Lok Sanskriti]]'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল]]|[[ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]}} | spouse = ৰাধা দেৱী | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[মদন পুৰস্কাৰ]] | ৩ বাৰ (১৯৫৬, ১৯৬০, ১৯৭০)}}|[[গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণা বাহুৰ আদেশ]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী [[চীন]]লৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত [[নেপালী ভাষা]] শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> বিভিন্ন বিষয়ৰ তেওঁৰ ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ হৈছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'' আৰু ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} a4ny95h6mmt2hjm7x0j6xx5gx1kusz8 453159 453150 2024-12-10T03:51:00Z AjayDas 12623 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = ললিতপুৰ জিলা, নেপাল ৰাজ‍ | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = ললিতপুৰ, [[নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''হামাৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল|ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ}} | spouse = ৰাধা দেৱী | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[মদন পুৰস্কাৰ]] | ৩ বাৰ (১৯৫৬, ১৯৬০, ১৯৭০)}}|[[গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণা বাহুৰ আদেশ]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী [[চীন]]লৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত [[নেপালী ভাষা]] শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> বিভিন্ন বিষয়ৰ তেওঁৰ ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ হৈছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'' আৰু ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} jsbvv75xetwqben9yin0dgib2z5kfk2 453160 453159 2024-12-10T03:53:29Z AjayDas 12623 +[[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]]; +[[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ সাহিত‍্যিক]]; +[[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ ব্যক্তি]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = সত্য মোহন যোশী | native_name = सत्यमोहन जोशी | native_name_lang = ne | image = Satya Mohan Joshi (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|12|df=y}} | birth_place = ললিতপুৰ জিলা, নেপাল ৰাজ‍ | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|10|16|1920|05|12|df=y}} | death_place = ললিতপুৰ, [[নেপাল]] | occupation = লেখক, গৱেষক | notable_works = ''হামাৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' | nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] --> | education = BA | alma_mater = {{cslist|দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুল|ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজ}} | spouse = ৰাধা দেৱী | mother = {{#ifexist:Raj Kumari Joshi|[[Raj Kumari Joshi]]}} | father = {{#ifexist:Shankar Raj Joshi|[[Shankar Raj Joshi]]}} | awards = {{unbulleted indent list|{{awd|[[মদন পুৰস্কাৰ]] | ৩ বাৰ (১৯৫৬, ১৯৬০, ১৯৭০)}}|[[গোৰ্খা দক্ষিণা বাহুৰ আদেশ]]}} }} '''সত্য মোহন যোশী''' ({{lang-en|সত্য মোহন যোশী}}; ১২ মে' ১৯২০ – ১৬ অক্টোবৰ ২০২২) আছিল এজন নেপালী লেখক আৰু পণ্ডিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dahal|first=Phanindra|date=2 October 2020|title=Covid: God may punish Nepal for cancelling rites, religious leaders warn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54375436|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> নেপালৰ ইতিহাস আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক গৱেষণাৰ বাবে যোশী পৰিচিত।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|title=interview|accessdate=3 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220065424/http://imagechannels.com/tv/video/803|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ নেপাল ভাষা একাডেমীৰ আচাৰ্য হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|title=Dr Satya Mohan Joshi the great personality of Nepalese culture|publisher=Vedinternational.forumne.net|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225121102/http://vedinternational.forumne.net/t428237-dr-satya-mohan-joshi-the-great-personality-of-nepalese-culture#693722|archivedate=25 February 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা == নেপালৰ ললিতপুৰ জিলাত শংকৰ ৰাজ আৰু ৰাজ কুমাৰী যোশীৰ ঘৰত ১৯২০ চনৰ ১২ মে'ত<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रयोगमा आयो ई-पासपोर्ट, एमआरपीभन्दा के फरक छ?|url=https://nepalkhabar.com/society/111820-2021-11-17-18-2-50|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=Nepalkhabar|language=Nepali}}</ref> সত্য মোহন যোশীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name="bday">{{Cite web|accessdate=21 November 2019|title=Lalitpur marks cultural institution Satya Mohan Joshi's hundredth birthday|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|work=kathmandupost.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064035/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/05/14/lalitpur-marks-cultural-institution-satya-mohan-joshis-hundredth-birthday|archivedate=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{Cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|title=Interview: Satya Mohan Joshi|publisher=Ecs.com.np|date=27 August 2010|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220013823/http://ecs.com.np/features/interview-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> ঘৰতে আখৰ-লিপি শিকাৰ পিছত তেওঁ [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] দৰবাৰ হাইস্কুলত নামভৰ্তি কৰিছিল। ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ পাটান ৰাধা দেৱী শ্ৰেষ্ঠৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=लम्साल|first=अमृता|title=८३ वर्षदेखि सँगै सत्यमोहन र राधादेवी|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/186709/|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> তেওঁ ত্ৰিচন্দ্ৰ কলেজত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="tkp">{{Cite news|date=15 July 2011|title=A cultural giant|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093707/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/07/15/features/a-cultural-giant/224039.html|archivedate=25 February 2014|access-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> ১৯৫৯ চনত প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিভাগৰ প্ৰথমজন সঞ্চালক হৈছিল<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basnet|first=Basanta|date=16 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: The polymath, his persistence and peace at last|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-obituary.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Onlinekhabar|language=en-GB}}</ref> আৰু কাঠমাণ্ডুত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাচঘৰ-ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় থিয়েটাৰ,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ojha|first=Anup|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> পাটান প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক উদ্যান,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture expert Joshi for archaeological garden in open space of Patan Durbar|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/16/220336/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Khabarhub|language=en}}</ref> তৌলিহাৱা প্ৰত্নাতাত্ত্বিক সংগ্ৰহালয়<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prajapati|first=Rajiv|date=17 October 2022|title=The Life And Achievements Of Satya Mohan Joshi, Nepal's Man Of The Century|url=https://yetiyap.com/culture/the-life-and-achievements-of-satya-mohan-joshi-nepals-man-of-the-century/|work=YetiYap|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> আৰ্ ভক্তপুৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়া চিত্ৰকলা সংগ্ৰহশালা স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhadgaule|first=Amrit|title=Always active|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/132539/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=My Republica|language=en}}</ref> == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬০ চনত ৰজা মহেন্দ্ৰৰ অভ্যুত্থানৰ পিছত যোশী [[চীন]]লৈ উৰা মাৰিছিল। তাত তেওঁ পিকিং ব্ৰডকাষ্টিং ইনষ্টিটিউটত [[নেপালী ভাষা]] শিকোৱা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। চীনত থকাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ১২৬০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিতে চীনলৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰা মল্ল ৰাজবংশৰ এজন ভাস্কৰ্য আৰানিক'ৰ বিষয়ে‍ গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ecs"/> তেওঁ কাঠমাণ্ডুৰ কীৰ্তিপুৰ অৰানিকোৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত ঐতিহাসিক শিল্পকলা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি অৰানিকো হোৱাইট ডাগোবা গেলেৰী স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|title=Araniko gallery stands neglected|publisher=Artsofnepal.com|date=|accessdate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220173119/http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/9/araniko-gallery-stands-neglected.html|archivedate=20 February 2014}}</ref> বিভিন্ন বিষয়ৰ তেওঁৰ ৬০খনতকৈও অধিক গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ হৈছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (১৯৫৬-ত মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''নেপালী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' (১৯৬০-ৰ মদন পুৰস্কাৰ) ''কৰ্ণালী লোক সংস্কৃতি'' (এক গৱেষণা সংকলন) আৰু নাটক ক্ৰমে‍ ''চাৰুমতী'', সুঙ্কেশৰী, ''মাজিফা লাখে'' আৰু ''বাঘ ভৈৰৱ''।<ref name="tkp"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|title=Nepali: सानदार बुढेसकाल|date=14 September 2014|access-date=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913202130/http://www.ekantipur.com/np/2071/5/28/full-story/395626.html|archivedate=13 September 2014}}</ref> == স্বীকৃতি == ২০২১ চনত তেওঁৰ নামত তেওঁৰ ছবি থকা এটি‍ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[ডাক টিকট]] জাৰি কৰা হৈছিল। নেপালী মুদ্ৰাত ১০ টাকা মূল্যৰ এই ডাকটিকট মুঠ ১০০,০০০ কপি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল॥<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=Dr. on postage stamp Joshi and Ghimire. Degree, Honor or Humiliation?|url=https://himalsanchar.com/dr-on-postage-stamp-joshi-and-ghimire-degree-honor-or-humiliation/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Himal Sanchar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=सत्यमोहन जोशीको तस्वीराङ्कित हुलाक टिकटमा टाँचा|work=Setopati|accessdate=3 February 2021|url=https://www.setopati.com/social/228190/|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ বেংক-এ ২০১৯ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত যোশীৰ শত সংখ্যক জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে তেওঁৰ ছবি সম্বলিত ১০০, ১,০০০ আৰু ২,৫০০ টকাৰ তিনিটা নতুন মুদ্ৰা জাৰি কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepal Rastra Bank unveils coins to commemorate historian Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121064114/https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2019/09/11/nepal-rastra-bank-unveils-coins-to-commemorate-historian-satya-mohan-joshi|archivedate=21 November 2019|accessdate=21 November 2019|work=kathmandupost.com}}</ref> ২০২১ চনৰ ১৭ নৱেম্বৰত যোশী নেপালৰ ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক পাছপোৰ্ট লাভ কৰা প্ৰথম ব্যক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Giri|first=Anil|date=17 November 2021|title=Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117122314/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2021/11/17/nepal-to-start-issuing-e-passports-from-today|archivedate=17 November 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=The Kathmandu Post|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government provides first e-passport to Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2021/11/17/government-provides-first-e-passport-to-satya-mohan-joshi/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Nepal Press|language=en-US}}</ref> তেওঁৰ সম্মানত ললিতপুৰৰ এটি‍ পথ নামকৰণ কৰা হয়। ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ মাৰ্চত ''সত্যমোহন'' শীৰ্ষক তেওঁৰ জীৱনী প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। জীৱনীখন লেখক আৰু সাংবাদিক গিৰীশ গিৰীয়ে লিখিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title='Satya Mohan', a book on a true giant of history, launched|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/03/19/satya-mohan-a-book-on-a-true-giant-of-history-launched|accessdate=29 March 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == মৃত্যু == [[চিত্ৰ:Satya_Mohan_Joshi_by_Mahalaxmi_silwal.JPG|thumb|297x297px| গোৰখাপত্ৰ সংস্থানৰ দ্বাৰা টিংকুনত আয়োজিত এক অনুষ্ঠানত যোশী (২০১৩) ]] ললিতপুৰ কেআইএছটি চিকিৎসালয়ত ১০২ বছৰ বয়সত ২০২২ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰত যোশীৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sharangee|date=16 October 2022|title=Nepal's 'Man of Century' Satya Mohan Joshi dies at 103: Who was he?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/nepals-man-of-century-satya-mohan-joshi-dies-at-103-who-was-he-101665895883190.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|url=https://annapurnapost.com/news/satya-mohan-joshi-passed-away-at-the-age-of-103-214755|accessdate=16 October 2022|work=संस्कृतिविद् सत्यमोहन जोशीको १०३ वर्षको उमेरमा निधन|language=ne}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|date=2022|title=Death of Satya Mohan Joshi published in Ekantipur|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166588586537255624.html}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ মৰণোত্তৰ দেহ গৱেষণাৰ বাবে এখন চিকিৎসালয়লৈ দান কৰা হৈছিল। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[শ্বেৰবাহাদুৰ দেউবা|শ্বেৰ বাহাদুৰ দেউবা]], ললিতপুৰ মহানগৰৰ মেয়ৰ চিৰি বাবু মহাৰ্জন আৰু অন্যান্য ৰাজনীতিবিদসকলে তেওঁলোকৰ শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জ্ঞাপন কৰে। যোশীৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মৰ্যাদাৰে‍ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৰীৰৰ ঠাইত তেওঁৰ জ্যোতিষশাস্ত্ৰীয় জন্ম তালিকা (নেপালী ভাষাত ''চীন'' বা ''জন্ম-কুণ্ডলী''), তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ অনু ৰাজ যোশী আৰু পূৰ্ণ ৰাজ যোশীয়ে শঙ্খমূল ঘাটত দাহ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত হিন্দু ৰীতি-নীতি অনুসৰি ছাইবোৰ বাগমতী নদীত বিসৰ্জন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=शंखमूल घाटमा चिना जलाएर जोशीको अन्त्येष्टि|url=https://ekantipur.com/news/2022/10/16/166593704418733932.html|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=ekantipur.com|language=ne}}</ref> নেপাল চৰকাৰ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ ২০২২ চনৰ ১৮ অক্টোবৰত এদিনীয়া ৰাজহুৱা বন্ধৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diwakar|date=17 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi death: Public holiday across Nepal on Tuesday|url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/satya-mohan-joshi-death-holiday.html|work=OnlineKhabar English News|accessdate=18 October 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য কামসমূহ == {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *''নেপালি লোক গীত: কে অধ্যায়ন'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=1057 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''হামৰো লোক সংস্কৃতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocz0GgAACAAJ |title=Hāmro lok sanskritī |date=1958 |publisher=Ratna Pustak Bhandār |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Anup">{{Cite web |last1=Ojha |first1=Anup |last2=Chhetri |first2=Samuel |title=Veteran cultural historian and polymath Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/10/16/culture-expert-and-historian-satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=en}}</ref>  *''নেপালি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Mohan Joshi passes away at 103 |url=https://nepalnews.com/s/capital/satya-mohan-joshi-passes-away-at-103 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=nepalnews.com |language=en}}</ref> *''লামা ৰা পাচুকে'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9sGAQAAIAAJ |title=Lāmā ra pācuke |date=1963 |publisher=Jagadambā Prakāśana |language=ne}}</ref> *''সিপাহী ৰা ৰাইতি'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNUGAQAAIAAJ |title=Siphāhī ra raitī |date=1970 |language=ne}}</ref> *''গুলাব ৰা গুৰান্স'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=6869 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''দইলা কো বাত্তি'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=7077 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''ৰাজামুকুট ৰা ৰাজ্যাভিষেক'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Rājamukuṭa ra rājyābhisheka |date=1975 |publisher=Śrī 5 ko Sarakāra, Sañcāra Mantrālaya, Sūcanā Vibhāga |language=ne}}</ref> *''কালাকাৰ আৰনিকো'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Manandhar |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. |date=2004 |publisher=Adroit Publishers |isbn=978-81-87392-43-9 |page=13 |language=en}}</ref> *''সুনখেসাৰী'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya |url=https://madanpuraskar.org/search/monographsview.php?showdetail=&ID=41997 |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=madanpuraskar.org}}</ref> *''মজিপা লাখে'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Satya Mohan Joshi |url=https://thuprai.com/author/satya-mohan-joshi/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Thuprai |language=en}}</ref> *''নেপালি চাদপৰ্ব'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kpUHQAACAAJ |title=Nepālī cāḍa-parva |date=1982 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |isbn=978-99933-2-950-3 |language=ne}}</ref> *''ফড়কেৰা হেৰদা'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF8tAQAAIAAJ |title=Pharkera herdā |date=1978 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> *''এক সায়া শব্দ'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3obAAAAIAAJ |title=Eka saya śabda |date=1990 |publisher=Nepālabhāshā Parishad |language=ne}}</ref> *''নেপালি মূৰ্তিকলা কো বিকাশক্ৰম'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Jośī |first=Satyamohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAQAAIAAJ |title=Nepālī mūrtikalāko vikāsakrama |date=1976 |publisher=Nepāla Rājakīya Prajñā-Pratishṭhāna |language=ne}}</ref> {{div col end}} == সন্মান আৰু পুৰস্কাৰ == * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ ত্ৰি শক্তি পট্টা<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Bhandari has affixed a postage stamp with man of century Joshi's picture|url=https://english.headlinenepal.com/details/3507|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Headline Nepal|language=en}}</ref> * অৰ্ডাৰ অৱ গোৰখা দখিনা বাহু * উজ্জ্বৱাল কীৰ্তিমান ৰাষ্ট্ৰদীপ * মদন পুৰস্কাৰ * ভানুভক্ত বঁটা * পিএইচডিৰ সন্মানীয় প্ৰমাণপত্ৰ (কাঠমাণ্ডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2022|title=Satya Mohan Joshi: A Father of Contemporary Nepali Language and Culture|url=https://www.nepwave.com/satya-mohan-joshi-a-father-of-contemporary-nepali-language-and-culture/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=NEPWAVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MWU to confer Honorary D. Litt. degree on Satya Mohan Joshi|url=https://onlineradionepal.gov.np/2021/12/07/230777.html|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Radio Nepal}}</ref> * [[Padmashree Sadhana Award|পদ্মশ্ৰী সাধনা বঁটা]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=कर्णाली प्रदेशकै ठूलो साहित्य पुरस्कार 'मोहपथ'लाई, सत्यमोहन जोशीलाई साधना सम्मान|url=https://www.setopati.com/art/art-activity/232802/|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Setopati|language=ne}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ সাহিত‍্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ ব্যক্তি]] 6be83afwuystoxzqspzdi6xk8pvcc5n বাৰ্তা:ফৰাচী ভাষা 1 109921 453077 2024-12-09T18:24:55Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* সীমিত তথ্য */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ 453077 wikitext text/x-wiki == সীমিত তথ্য == সম্পাদক মহাশয়, এটা কথা লক্ষ্য কৰিব যাতে অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত বিষয়বস্তুৰ তথ্য বিচাৰি অনুসন্ধানকাৰী নিৰাশ হ’বলগীয়া নহয়। ইংৰাজী পৃষ্ঠাটোত ফৰাচী ভাষা সম্পৰ্কে অলেখ তথ্য মজুত আছে। আশাকৰোঁ, অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰকৃথ সেৱক হিচাপে আপুনি অনুবাদ কৰা পৃষ্ঠাত যথেষ্ট তথ্য সন্নিৱিষ্ট কৰিবলৈ যত্নপৰ হ’ব। [[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 18:24, 9 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) tmn1rvlhek2ko62qefso3lb7hgno5a8 453079 453077 2024-12-09T18:25:23Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* সীমিত তথ্য */ 453079 wikitext text/x-wiki == সীমিত তথ্য == সম্পাদক মহাশয়, এটা কথা লক্ষ্য কৰিব যাতে অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত বিষয়বস্তুৰ তথ্য বিচাৰি অনুসন্ধানকাৰী নিৰাশ হ’বলগীয়া নহয়। ইংৰাজী পৃষ্ঠাটোত ফৰাচী ভাষা সম্পৰ্কে অলেখ তথ্য মজুত আছে। আশাকৰোঁ, অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰকৃত সেৱক হিচাপে আপুনি অনুবাদ কৰা পৃষ্ঠাত যথেষ্ট তথ্য সন্নিৱিষ্ট কৰিবলৈ যত্নপৰ হ’ব। [[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 18:24, 9 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) tcljlimg0gnvpi57bmhnvekplz0ygey বাৰ্তা:নেপালৰ ৰাণী ঐশ্বৰ্য 1 109922 453114 2024-12-10T00:38:10Z Naruna Baruah 40600 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/as-asian-month-2024 453114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf বাৰ্তা:সত্য মোহন যোশী 1 109923 453147 2024-12-10T01:34:10Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/as-asian-month-2024 453147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf বগদ খান উল জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল 0 109924 453151 2024-12-10T02:53:04Z Dasdipankar2005 36094 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = বগদ খান উল জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল | alt_name = Богдхан уул ДЦГ | iucn_category = II | iucn_ref = | logo = | logo_alt = | logo_upright = | logo_caption = | photo = Bogd Khan Uul.jpg | photo_width = | photo_alt = | photo_caption = ডুগুই ছাগানৰ ওচৰৰ পৰা সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলখনৰ দৃশ্য | map = Mongolia | map_width = | map_alt = | map_caption = | relief = yes | label = | label_position = | mark = | marker_size = | location = উলানবাতৰ, মংগোলিয়া | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coord|47|48|14|N|106|59|11|E| display = inline}} | coords_ref = | area_ha = ৬৭,৩০০ | designation = | authorized = | created = | designated = | established = ১৯৯৬ | disestablished = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_ref = | governing_body = | administrator = | operator = | owner = | world_heritage_site = | website = | url = | child = | embedded = }} '''বগদ খান উল জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল''' ({{lang-en|Bogd Khan Uul Biosphere Reserve}}) হৈছে [[মংগোলিয়া]]ৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ, উলানবাটৰৰ দক্ষিণ দিশত অৱস্থিত এখন প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল। ই খেণ্টি পৰ্বতমালা অঞ্চলৰ অন্তৰ্গত, ফৰেষ্ট ষ্টেপ জ'নৰ দক্ষিণ অংশত অৱস্থিত। ই বগদ খান পৰ্বতৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আৰু ১৯৯৬ চনত [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ শিক্ষা, বিজ্ঞান আৰু সংস্কৃতি সংস্থা|ইউনেস্কো]]ৰ জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল হিচাপে মনোনীত হৈছিল। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান বুলি দাবী কৰা হয়। == বিৱৰণ == [[File:Bogd Khan Uul from Ulaanbaatar.jpg|thumb|right|উলানবাটৰ চহৰৰ পৰা দৃশ্যমান বগড খান পৰ্বতৰ উত্তৰ ঢাল]] [[File:Red Squirrel in Bogd Khan Uul.jpg|thumb|right|সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলখনত দেখা পোৱা এটা ৰঙা কেৰ্কেটুৱা]] বগদ খান উল জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলৰ মুঠ মাটিকালি ৬৭,৩০০ হেক্টৰ (২৬০ বৰ্গমাইল)। ইয়াৰ উচ্চতাৰ পৰিসৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১,৩১০ৰ পৰা ২,২৭০ মিটাৰ (৪,৩০০ আৰু ৭,৪৫০ ফুট)ৰ ভিতৰত। ইয়াৰ মূল এলেকা প্ৰায় ৪১,৬৫১ হেক্টৰ (১৬০.৮২ বৰ্গমাইল) যাক বাফাৰ জ’ন আৰু কিছুমান পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল অঞ্চলে আৱৰি ৰাখিছে। বগদ খান পৰ্বতৰ উত্তৰ ঢালবোৰ ঘন শংকুসদৃশ অৰণ্যৰে আবৃত হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে দক্ষিণ দিশটো কেৱল উদং শিলেৰে আবৃত।<ref name=UNESCO/> == ইতিহাস == প্ৰায় ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ পৰাই বগদ খান পৰ্বতত পৰিৱেশ সুৰক্ষামূলক কাম-কাজ আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। সেই সময়ত কেৰাইত বংশৰ শাসক, তুৰিল খানে বগদ খান এটি পবিত্ৰ পৰ্বত বুলি দাবী কৰি তাত খৰি কটা আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী চিকাৰ নিষিদ্ধ কৰিছিল।<ref name=UNESCO/> তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই স্থানীয় লোকসকলে এই পাহাৰটোক পূজা কৰিবলৈ লয় আৰু তেওঁলোক কেতিয়াও পাহাৰটোত চিকাৰো কৰা নাছিল আৰু খৰি সংগ্ৰহো নাছিল। ১৭৭৮ চনত, বৰ্তমানৰ উলান-বাটৰৰ, মংগোলীয় গৱৰ্ণৰে কিয়ানলং সম্ৰাটৰ ওচৰত আবেদন জনাই বছৰি দুবাৰকৈ মাউণ্ট বগদ খান উলৰ বাবে উৎসৰ্গিত বাৰ্ষিক সমাৰোহ পাতিবলৈ অনুমোদন জনায়। আঠ দিনৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে বছৰি দুবাৰকৈ সমাৰোহৰ আয়োজন কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি পায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Documents on worshipping Khan Uul |url=https://www.archives.gov.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=496:2012-06-07-02-26-08&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313213809/http://www.archives.gov.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=496%3A2012-06-07-02-26-08&catid=1%3Alatest-news&Itemid=1 |archive-date=March 13, 2016 |accessdate=18 November 2015 |publisher=Mongolian Governmental Implementing Agency |language=Mongolian}}</ref> ১৭৮৩ চনত, কিং বংশৰ স্থানীয় চৰকাৰে বগদ খানক ইয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বাবে সংৰক্ষিত স্থান বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ই বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{cite book |last=Bonnett |first=Alastair |title=The Geography of Nostalgia: Global and Local Perspectives on Modernity and Loss |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceZWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-68616-2 |page=68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=P.D. |last1=Gunin |first2=Elizabeth A. |last2=Vostokova |first3=Nadezhda I. |last3=Dorofeyuk |first4=Pavel E. |last4=Tarasov |first5=Clanton C. |last5=Black |title=Vegetation Dynamics of Mongolia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USf2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |year=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-015-9143-0 |page=188}}</ref> ১৯৯৬ চনত ইউনেস্ক’ই বগদ খান উলক জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰে।<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |date= |title=Boghd Khan Uul |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/boghd-khan-uul |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212235118/https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/boghd-khan-uul |archive-date=Feb 12, 2024 |accessdate=12 February 2024 |work=Man and the Biosphere Programme |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছে "বহনক্ষম উন্নয়নৰ পদ্ধতি বিকশিত কৰা আৰু কাৰ্যকৰী কৰা" আৰু পৰিৱেশ সংৰক্ষণৰ সৈতে স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাক একত্ৰিত কৰি "পৰিৱেশ আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বৈচিত্ৰ্য"ক উৎসাহিত কৰা।<ref>{{cite web |title=World Network of Biosphere Reserves |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/world-network-wnbr/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116025136/https://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/world-network-wnbr/ |archive-date=Nov 16, 2015 |accessdate=18 November 2015 |work=Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> মূল অঞ্চলটো কঠোৰভাৱে সুৰক্ষিত। বাফাৰ জ’নটো ভাল পৰিৱেশগত পদ্ধতিৰ সৈতে সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যকলাপৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল জ’নে পৰিৱেশগতভাৱে বহনক্ষম কাৰ্য্যকলাপ কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিয়ে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAB leaflet 2015 |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/MAB_leaflet_2015_web_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121133512/https://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/MAB_leaflet_2015_web_en.pdf |archive-date=Nov 21, 2015 |accessdate=18 November 2015 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> == উদ্ভিদকুল আৰু প্ৰাণীকুল == সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলখনত ঘাঁহনি, তৈগা উদ্ভিদ, আলপাইন তুন্দ্ৰা আৰু উদং শিলকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ আবাসস্থল আছে। কিছুমান অঞ্চলত লাৰ্চ (''Larix sibirica''), বাৰ্চ (''Betula spp.''), "পিনাছ চিবিৰিকা" ​​("চিডাৰ", সাধাৰণ ৰুছ নাম) (''Pinus spp.''), সৰল (''Pinus spp.'') আৰু পপলাৰ (''Populus spp.'')ৰ দৰে উদ্ভিদো পোৱা যায়। এনেদৰে অৰণ্যখনত মিশ্ৰিতভাৱে বহু উদ্ভিদ আছে।<ref name=UNESCO/> সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলখনৰ কিছুমান আটাইতকৈ বিপন্ন স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত, [[কস্তুৰী মৃগ]] (''Moschus moschiferus''), ৰ’ হৰিণ (''Capreolus capreolus''), চেবল (''Martes zibellina'') আৰু আৰ্কটিক শহাপহু (''Lepus timidus'') আদি উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref name=UNESCO/> == তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ == {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} {{Commons|Category:Bogdkhan Uul Strictly Protected Area}} {{coord|47.8185|N|106.9504|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মংগোলীয়া]] 48x35zphi0gj3mtz0vif0x677tby7uh 453155 453151 2024-12-10T03:45:02Z AjayDas 12623 removed [[Category:মংগোলীয়া]]; added [[Category:মংগোলীয়াৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = বগদ খান উল জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল | alt_name = Богдхан уул ДЦГ | iucn_category = II | iucn_ref = | logo = | logo_alt = | logo_upright = | logo_caption = | photo = Bogd Khan Uul.jpg | photo_width = | photo_alt = | photo_caption = ডুগুই ছাগানৰ ওচৰৰ পৰা সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলখনৰ দৃশ্য | map = Mongolia | map_width = | map_alt = | map_caption = | relief = yes | label = | label_position = | mark = | marker_size = | location = উলানবাতৰ, মংগোলিয়া | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coord|47|48|14|N|106|59|11|E| display = inline}} | coords_ref = | area_ha = ৬৭,৩০০ | designation = | authorized = | created = | designated = | established = ১৯৯৬ | disestablished = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_ref = | governing_body = | administrator = | operator = | owner = | world_heritage_site = | website = | url = | child = | embedded = }} '''বগদ খান উল জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল''' ({{lang-en|Bogd Khan Uul Biosphere Reserve}}) হৈছে [[মংগোলিয়া]]ৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ, উলানবাটৰৰ দক্ষিণ দিশত অৱস্থিত এখন প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল। ই খেণ্টি পৰ্বতমালা অঞ্চলৰ অন্তৰ্গত, ফৰেষ্ট ষ্টেপ জ'নৰ দক্ষিণ অংশত অৱস্থিত। ই বগদ খান পৰ্বতৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আৰু ১৯৯৬ চনত [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ শিক্ষা, বিজ্ঞান আৰু সংস্কৃতি সংস্থা|ইউনেস্কো]]ৰ জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল হিচাপে মনোনীত হৈছিল। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান বুলি দাবী কৰা হয়। == বিৱৰণ == [[File:Bogd Khan Uul from Ulaanbaatar.jpg|thumb|right|উলানবাটৰ চহৰৰ পৰা দৃশ্যমান বগড খান পৰ্বতৰ উত্তৰ ঢাল]] [[File:Red Squirrel in Bogd Khan Uul.jpg|thumb|right|সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলখনত দেখা পোৱা এটা ৰঙা কেৰ্কেটুৱা]] বগদ খান উল জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলৰ মুঠ মাটিকালি ৬৭,৩০০ হেক্টৰ (২৬০ বৰ্গমাইল)। ইয়াৰ উচ্চতাৰ পৰিসৰ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ১,৩১০ৰ পৰা ২,২৭০ মিটাৰ (৪,৩০০ আৰু ৭,৪৫০ ফুট)ৰ ভিতৰত। ইয়াৰ মূল এলেকা প্ৰায় ৪১,৬৫১ হেক্টৰ (১৬০.৮২ বৰ্গমাইল) যাক বাফাৰ জ’ন আৰু কিছুমান পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল অঞ্চলে আৱৰি ৰাখিছে। বগদ খান পৰ্বতৰ উত্তৰ ঢালবোৰ ঘন শংকুসদৃশ অৰণ্যৰে আবৃত হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে দক্ষিণ দিশটো কেৱল উদং শিলেৰে আবৃত।<ref name=UNESCO/> == ইতিহাস == প্ৰায় ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ পৰাই বগদ খান পৰ্বতত পৰিৱেশ সুৰক্ষামূলক কাম-কাজ আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। সেই সময়ত কেৰাইত বংশৰ শাসক, তুৰিল খানে বগদ খান এটি পবিত্ৰ পৰ্বত বুলি দাবী কৰি তাত খৰি কটা আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী চিকাৰ নিষিদ্ধ কৰিছিল।<ref name=UNESCO/> তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই স্থানীয় লোকসকলে এই পাহাৰটোক পূজা কৰিবলৈ লয় আৰু তেওঁলোক কেতিয়াও পাহাৰটোত চিকাৰো কৰা নাছিল আৰু খৰি সংগ্ৰহো নাছিল। ১৭৭৮ চনত, বৰ্তমানৰ উলান-বাটৰৰ, মংগোলীয় গৱৰ্ণৰে কিয়ানলং সম্ৰাটৰ ওচৰত আবেদন জনাই বছৰি দুবাৰকৈ মাউণ্ট বগদ খান উলৰ বাবে উৎসৰ্গিত বাৰ্ষিক সমাৰোহ পাতিবলৈ অনুমোদন জনায়। আঠ দিনৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে বছৰি দুবাৰকৈ সমাৰোহৰ আয়োজন কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি পায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Documents on worshipping Khan Uul |url=https://www.archives.gov.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=496:2012-06-07-02-26-08&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313213809/http://www.archives.gov.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=496%3A2012-06-07-02-26-08&catid=1%3Alatest-news&Itemid=1 |archive-date=March 13, 2016 |accessdate=18 November 2015 |publisher=Mongolian Governmental Implementing Agency |language=Mongolian}}</ref> ১৭৮৩ চনত, কিং বংশৰ স্থানীয় চৰকাৰে বগদ খানক ইয়াৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ বাবে সংৰক্ষিত স্থান বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ই বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়।<ref>{{cite book |last=Bonnett |first=Alastair |title=The Geography of Nostalgia: Global and Local Perspectives on Modernity and Loss |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceZWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-68616-2 |page=68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=P.D. |last1=Gunin |first2=Elizabeth A. |last2=Vostokova |first3=Nadezhda I. |last3=Dorofeyuk |first4=Pavel E. |last4=Tarasov |first5=Clanton C. |last5=Black |title=Vegetation Dynamics of Mongolia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USf2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |year=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-015-9143-0 |page=188}}</ref> ১৯৯৬ চনত ইউনেস্ক’ই বগদ খান উলক জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰে।<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |date= |title=Boghd Khan Uul |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/boghd-khan-uul |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212235118/https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/boghd-khan-uul |archive-date=Feb 12, 2024 |accessdate=12 February 2024 |work=Man and the Biosphere Programme |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছে "বহনক্ষম উন্নয়নৰ পদ্ধতি বিকশিত কৰা আৰু কাৰ্যকৰী কৰা" আৰু পৰিৱেশ সংৰক্ষণৰ সৈতে স্থানীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাক একত্ৰিত কৰি "পৰিৱেশ আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বৈচিত্ৰ্য"ক উৎসাহিত কৰা।<ref>{{cite web |title=World Network of Biosphere Reserves |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/world-network-wnbr/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116025136/https://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/world-network-wnbr/ |archive-date=Nov 16, 2015 |accessdate=18 November 2015 |work=Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> মূল অঞ্চলটো কঠোৰভাৱে সুৰক্ষিত। বাফাৰ জ’নটো ভাল পৰিৱেশগত পদ্ধতিৰ সৈতে সামঞ্জস্যপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যকলাপৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় আৰু পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল জ’নে পৰিৱেশগতভাৱে বহনক্ষম কাৰ্য্যকলাপ কৰিবলৈ অনুমতি দিয়ে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAB leaflet 2015 |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/MAB_leaflet_2015_web_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121133512/https://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/MAB_leaflet_2015_web_en.pdf |archive-date=Nov 21, 2015 |accessdate=18 November 2015 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> == উদ্ভিদকুল আৰু প্ৰাণীকুল == সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলখনত ঘাঁহনি, তৈগা উদ্ভিদ, আলপাইন তুন্দ্ৰা আৰু উদং শিলকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ আবাসস্থল আছে। কিছুমান অঞ্চলত লাৰ্চ (''Larix sibirica''), বাৰ্চ (''Betula spp.''), "পিনাছ চিবিৰিকা" ​​("চিডাৰ", সাধাৰণ ৰুছ নাম) (''Pinus spp.''), সৰল (''Pinus spp.'') আৰু পপলাৰ (''Populus spp.'')ৰ দৰে উদ্ভিদো পোৱা যায়। এনেদৰে অৰণ্যখনত মিশ্ৰিতভাৱে বহু উদ্ভিদ আছে।<ref name=UNESCO/> সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলখনৰ কিছুমান আটাইতকৈ বিপন্ন স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত, [[কস্তুৰী মৃগ]] (''Moschus moschiferus''), ৰ’ হৰিণ (''Capreolus capreolus''), চেবল (''Martes zibellina'') আৰু আৰ্কটিক শহাপহু (''Lepus timidus'') আদি উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref name=UNESCO/> == তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ == {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} {{Commons|Category:Bogdkhan Uul Strictly Protected Area}} {{coord|47.8185|N|106.9504|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} [[শ্ৰেণী:মংগোলীয়াৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] 2d2z251hfn5v3255a33pjbrztyvgsy9 বাৰ্তা:বগদ খান উল জৈৱমণ্ডল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল 1 109925 453152 2024-12-10T02:54:01Z Dasdipankar2005 36094 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/as-asian-month-2024 453152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf শ্ৰেণী:মংগোলীয়াৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল 14 109926 453156 2024-12-10T03:45:39Z AjayDas 12623 Created blank page 453156 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 453157 453156 2024-12-10T03:47:02Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:মংগোলীয়া]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453157 wikitext text/x-wiki [[শ্ৰেণী:মংগোলীয়া]] mwdze43vy7ufh96qiennwhtd86unzji শ্ৰেণী:নেপালৰ সাহিত‍্যিক 14 109927 453161 2024-12-10T03:53:49Z AjayDas 12623 Created blank page 453161 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 453162 453161 2024-12-10T03:55:33Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:পেচা অনুসৰি নেপালৰ ব্যক্তি]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453162 wikitext text/x-wiki [[শ্ৰেণী:পেচা অনুসৰি নেপালৰ ব্যক্তি]] 4wd0fx9qn3lux6i3uwoy12dpe682ntk শ্ৰেণী:পেচা অনুসৰি নেপালৰ ব্যক্তি 14 109928 453163 2024-12-10T03:56:00Z AjayDas 12623 Created blank page 453163 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 453164 453163 2024-12-10T03:58:05Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:নেপাল]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453164 wikitext text/x-wiki [[শ্ৰেণী:নেপাল]] pd8uhr9ninaa49aklvwspxfi2mm64d6 মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ 0 109929 453181 2024-12-10T04:42:39Z Babulbaishya 2558 পৃষ্ঠা [[মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]ৰ পৰা [[মহা চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]লৈ Babulbaishyaয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে: ইয়াত মহান শব্দটো খাপ নাখায়। 453181 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[মহা চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]] e3lb9jmfpa98b8xkzymorui4unm11zu বাৰ্তা:মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ 1 109930 453183 2024-12-10T04:42:40Z Babulbaishya 2558 পৃষ্ঠা [[বাৰ্তা:মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]ৰ পৰা [[বাৰ্তা:মহা চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]লৈ Babulbaishyaয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে: ইয়াত মহান শব্দটো খাপ নাখায়। 453183 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[বাৰ্তা:মহা চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]] l9nzmmu46lg8tlz8nbh5zoo66pxzzby আল-আকছা 0 109931 453188 2024-12-10T05:08:46Z Babulbaishya 2558 পৃষ্ঠা [[আল-আকছা]]ৰ পৰা [[আল-আকছা মছজিদ]]লৈ Babulbaishyaয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 453188 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[আল-আকছা মছজিদ]] kz2dm90atj06ptpss6713zocdyp86gf বাৰ্তা:আল-আকছা 1 109932 453190 2024-12-10T05:08:46Z Babulbaishya 2558 পৃষ্ঠা [[বাৰ্তা:আল-আকছা]]ৰ পৰা [[বাৰ্তা:আল-আকছা মছজিদ]]লৈ Babulbaishyaয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 453190 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[বাৰ্তা:আল-আকছা মছজিদ]] 3bpftkn51qyoyxt7bukvlblutr0i541 হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ 0 109933 453194 2024-12-10T05:34:04Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1222344281|Hemanta Mishra]]" পৃষ্ঠাৰ অনুবাদেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছে 453194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Hemanta Mishra|image=Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg|birth_name=Hemanta Raj Mishra|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}}|birth_place=[[Nepal]]|occupation=Conservation biologist|years_active=1967–present|alma_mater=[[Tri-Chandra College]]<br />[[University of Edinburgh]]<small>([[Master's degree|MSc]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small>|spouse=Sushma Mishra|children=Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra|awards=[[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]]}} হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল;[[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে৷ সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা । == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কর্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল৷ তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূর্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ৷তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূর্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়৷ তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছ.চি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পিএইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পিএইছডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল৷ === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল৷লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে।।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)৷ পাবলিচার্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)৷ * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পার্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪) । == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] l76hdytdnwoqo58e0ou6mrph8zynk21 453196 453194 2024-12-10T05:35:19Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person|name=Hemanta Mishra|image=Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg|birth_name=Hemanta Raj Mishra|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}}|birth_place=[[Nepal]]|occupation=Conservation biologist|years_active=1967–present|alma_mater=[[Tri-Chandra College]]<br />[[University of Edinburgh]]<small>([[Master's degree|MSc]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small>|spouse=Sushma Mishra|children=Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra|awards=[[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]]}} হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছ.চি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পিএইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পিএইছডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] soaii3oo9qb1yfh7l0r9h38cbl07dyp 453197 453196 2024-12-10T05:35:49Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person|name=Hemanta Mishra|image=Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg|birth_name=Hemanta Raj Mishra|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}}|birth_place=[[Nepal]]|occupation=Conservation biologist|years_active=1967–present|alma_mater=[[Tri-Chandra College]]<br />[[University of Edinburgh]]<small>([[Master's degree|MSc]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small>|spouse=Sushma Mishra|children=Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra|awards=[[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]]}} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছ.চি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পিএইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পিএইছডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] m845fc1hzyogsuqppcmo18mqr4ccjjv 453199 453197 2024-12-10T05:37:59Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person|name=Hemanta Mishra|image=Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg|birth_name=Hemanta Raj Mishra|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}}|birth_place=[[Nepal]]|occupation=Conservation biologist|years_active=1967–present|alma_mater=[[Tri-Chandra College]]<br />[[University of Edinburgh]]<small>([[Master's degree|MSc]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small>|spouse=Sushma Mishra|children=Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra|awards=[[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]]}} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছ.চি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পিএইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পিএইছডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] 5nskg2eexvuk0en7d3cln6n4lvapkb7 453200 453199 2024-12-10T05:38:52Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = Hemanta Mishra | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = Hemanta Raj Mishra | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[Nepal]] | occupation = Conservation biologist | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[Tri-Chandra College]]<br />[[University of Edinburgh]]<small>([[Master's degree|MSc]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small> | spouse = Sushma Mishra | children = Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra | awards = [[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছ.চি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পিএইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পিএইছডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] 9qg1kd1852lfrlvv1gexzw6lty7je92 453201 453200 2024-12-10T05:39:32Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = Hemanta Raj Mishra | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[Nepal]] | occupation = Conservation biologist | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[Tri-Chandra College]]<br />[[University of Edinburgh]]<small>([[Master's degree|MSc]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small> | spouse = Sushma Mishra | children = Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra | awards = [[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছ.চি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পিএইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পিএইছডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] sy6wl4nsfthj1ga3mu6sloksbuxv7b0 453202 453201 2024-12-10T05:40:13Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[Nepal]] | occupation = Conservation biologist | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[Tri-Chandra College]]<br />[[University of Edinburgh]]<small>([[Master's degree|MSc]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small> | spouse = Sushma Mishra | children = Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra | awards = [[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছ.চি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পিএইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পিএইছডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] sy1acqrx9mo58wafq9fnrshtnymafo1 453203 453202 2024-12-10T05:40:46Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = Conservation biologist | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[Tri-Chandra College]]<br />[[University of Edinburgh]]<small>([[Master's degree|MSc]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small> | spouse = Sushma Mishra | children = Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra | awards = [[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছ.চি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পিএইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পিএইছডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] 8hgm1k3jp5lw5jcvkgx1o55wdrnrdtn 453205 453203 2024-12-10T05:41:45Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = Conservation biologist | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[University of Edinburgh]]<small>([[Master's degree|MSc]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small> | spouse = Sushma Mishra | children = Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra | awards = [[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছ.চি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পিএইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পিএইছডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] 2yz1voh7n9hmit7nq0l4teq5nyf6679 453206 453205 2024-12-10T05:42:55Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = Conservation biologist | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|MSc]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small> | spouse = Sushma Mishra | children = Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra | awards = [[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছ.চি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পিএইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পিএইছডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] 2w7hop2l6x80f2pr4rn1amub75ranvh 453207 453206 2024-12-10T05:43:43Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* শিক্ষা */ 453207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = Conservation biologist | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|MSc]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small> | spouse = Sushma Mishra | children = Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra | awards = [[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পিএইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পিএইছডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] dezhz2q4cp8yq6bgmxlokuhlmigt0q3 453208 453207 2024-12-10T05:44:24Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = Conservation biologist | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small> | spouse = Sushma Mishra | children = Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra | awards = [[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পিএইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পিএইছডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] 6wbu9e2vin103y57nnabpbym3dynlcc 453209 453208 2024-12-10T05:45:23Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* শিক্ষা */ 453209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = Conservation biologist | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])</small> | spouse = Sushma Mishra | children = Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra | awards = [[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] d5otqnrfg6ut9k2z4k4jcihslh69yul 453210 453209 2024-12-10T05:46:01Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = Conservation biologist | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = Sushma Mishra | children = Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra | awards = [[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] mh5mfy7ili2cp77wtxju5fipggmqw80 453212 453210 2024-12-10T05:48:20Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = Conservation biologist | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = Alita Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Binayak Mishra | awards = [[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] rs9ef58n6d8u21ht0qwcot804svmi3e 453213 453212 2024-12-10T05:50:13Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = Conservation biologist | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] f6w9i4ibjqekewhyk1dn439juvjuj7w 453214 453213 2024-12-10T05:52:31Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = Conservation biologist | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] dumtomgot1i1dj2p7h241vm94w15dgd 453216 453214 2024-12-10T05:54:04Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী | years_active = 1967–present | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] 9vaz6qf3g204xhtw2ehs20xzm4pyqgp 453218 453216 2024-12-10T05:54:44Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী | years_active = ১৯৬৭–বর্তমান | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] q8ru3yq195jl126c440eb9c60arlgu6 453219 453218 2024-12-10T05:55:07Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী | years_active = ১৯৬৭–বৰ্তমান | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] qu9zartrhgaxkskz81ilzsuzcn71b14 453220 453219 2024-12-10T05:55:59Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী | years_active = ১৯৬৭–বৰ্তমান | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ ''দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো'' আৰু ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] j8mfzitzmkukiecamdabdwgc7goeo2l 453221 453220 2024-12-10T05:56:32Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী | years_active = ১৯৬৭–বৰ্তমান | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ ''দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো'' আৰু ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞান হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] ruc4xmvhlfdk25f2fy3976ze2qxd6be 453222 453221 2024-12-10T05:57:13Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী | years_active = ১৯৬৭–বৰ্তমান | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ ''দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো'' আৰু ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত) আৰু লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] 351llyjkr350nvncn8l5f8ao7zj23p2 453226 453222 2024-12-10T05:59:19Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* কেৰিয়াৰ */ 453226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী | years_active = ১৯৬৭–বৰ্তমান | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ ''দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো'' আৰু ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত)ৰ লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]] ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] gu0xi8lbq0ym9lot1h1q5o4ca3uqdq4 453227 453226 2024-12-10T05:59:53Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* শিক্ষা */ 453227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী | years_active = ১৯৬৭–বৰ্তমান | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ ''দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো'' আৰু ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত)ৰ লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে‍। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] k3bby9m8tkrqf35kku9oeljyfzv17u1 453229 453227 2024-12-10T06:02:02Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* শিক্ষা */ 453229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী | years_active = ১৯৬৭–বৰ্তমান | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ ''দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো'' আৰু ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত)ৰ লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত উত্তীর্ণ হৈ‍ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] tpo50vy1dvbk0dixrnq8zurg5akpinh 453230 453229 2024-12-10T06:02:31Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী | years_active = ১৯৬৭–বৰ্তমান | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ ''দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো'' আৰু ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত)ৰ লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈ‍ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে॥<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] 0jiitj32xv19w6g3td9cwaz3sygwy3s 453231 453230 2024-12-10T06:03:42Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম */ 453231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী | years_active = ১৯৬৭–বৰ্তমান | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ ''দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো'' আৰু ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত)ৰ লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈ‍ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে৷<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] s6rwjwg7d1nc4phlfpclb7sjxsgdtr4 453232 453231 2024-12-10T06:04:10Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ */ 453232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী | years_active = ১৯৬৭–বৰ্তমান | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ ''দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো'' আৰু ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত)ৰ লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈ‍ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে৷<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * ''দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] s5ccbht1cu2xufsmbkzx6i8g8bfmdl8 453233 453232 2024-12-10T06:04:41Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ | image = Hemanta Mishra hugging a Nepali elephant.jpg | birth_name = হেমন্ত ৰাজ মিশ্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|1|1}} | birth_place = [[নেপাল]] | occupation = সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী | years_active = ১৯৬৭–বৰ্তমান | alma_mater = [[ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজ]]<br />[[এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<small>([[Master's degree|এম.এছচি.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|পি.এইচডি]])</small> | spouse = সুষমা মিশ্ৰ | children = আলিতা মিশ্ৰ, প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰ, বিনায়ক মিশ্ৰ | awards = [[জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা ]] }} '''হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Hemanta Mishra}}; ১ জানুৱাৰি ১৯৪৫) হিউমেন ছ'চাইটি ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলৰ এজন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপদেষ্টা।<ref name="NTinterview">{{Cite news|title=Hemanta's home in the wild|url=http://nepalitimes.com/article/interview/Hemanta-Mishra-on-eco-tourism-in-Nepal,1029|accessdate=29 January 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref> তেওঁ ''দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো'' আৰু ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' নামৰ কিতাপ দুখনৰ লেখক। সংৰক্ষণ জীৱবিজ্ঞানী হিচাপে তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচনৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁক তেওঁৰ কামৰ বাবে জে. পল গেটি বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল; [[নেপাল]]ত গঁড় আৰু বাঘ বিলুপ্তি হোৱাৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰাত গঢি় তোলা প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে তেওঁক কৃতিত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref name="SIpodcast">{{Cite web|title=Podcasts: Hemanta Mishra|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=29 January 2014}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল == মিশ্ৰৰ জন্ম [[নেপাল]]ত আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> বৰ্তমান পত্নী সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ সৈতে তেওঁ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাৰ্জিনিয়াৰ ভিয়েনাত তেওঁৰ কন্যাৰ পৰিয়াল আৰু নাতি-নাতিনীৰ সৈতে‍ বাস কৰে।<ref name="SotR">{{Cite book|title=The Soul of the Rhino|year=2008|publisher=The Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59921-146-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256 256]|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottaway Jr.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/soulofrhinonepal00mish/page/256}}</ref> সুষমা মিশ্ৰৰ লগতে‍ তেওঁৰ তিনি সন্তান (দুগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ) আৰু চাৰিগৰাকী নাতি-নাতিনী আছে। সূৰিয়া পোপ আৰু আৰিয়া পোপ প্ৰজ্ঞা মিশ্ৰৰ কন্যা আৰু সমীৰ চুলতান আৰু ছোফিয়া চুলতান আলিতা মিশ্ৰৰ পুত্ৰ আৰু কন্যা। == কেৰিয়াৰ == ১৯৬৭ চনত নেপাল চৰকাৰৰ লগত মিলি হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন আৰু কৰ্ম-জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ স্মিথছোনিয়ান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, বিশ্ব বন্যপ্ৰাণী পুঁজি, [[বিশ্ব বেংক]], নেপালৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ বিভাগ, [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]], আমেৰিকান হিমালয়ান ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন লগতে অন্যান্য বহুকেইটা গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সংৰক্ষণ গোটৰ সৈতে কাম কৰিছে।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালত প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজৰ এগৰাকী আগশাৰীৰ সদস্য আছিল মিশ্ৰ। তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান স্থাপন কৰাত আগ-ভাগ লোৱা উদ্যানসমূহৰ ভিতৰত নেপালত গঁড়ৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বাসস্থান চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান (নেপালত সাগৰমাথা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়ান পাৰ্ক নামেৰে জনাজাত)ৰ লগতে নেপালৰ আন বহুতো বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰ‍ক্ষিত অঞ্চল।<ref name="SIqna">{{Cite web|last=Zielinski|first=Sarah|title=Q and A With the Rhino Man|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/q-and-a-with-the-rhino-man-21990179/|publisher=Smithsonian|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> === শিক্ষা === [[কাঠমাণ্ডু]]ৰ ছেইণ্ট জেভিয়াৰ্ছ গোদাৱৰীত হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই স্কুলীয়া শি‍ক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ জে. পি. হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল আৰু তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁ ১৯৫৮ চনত উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈ‍ ত্ৰি-চন্দ্ৰ কলেজত অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৬৪ চনত বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক (বি.এছচি. ) ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ [[দেৰাডুন]] ইণ্ডিয়ান ফৰেষ্ট কলেজলৈ পঢি়বলৈ যায় আৰু তাত তেওঁ বনবিদ্যা আৰু আনুষংগিক বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লোমা (এআইএফচি) লাভ কৰে। তাত থকাৰ সময়তে‍ তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ সময়ত এটা বনৰীয়া বাঘ দেখিছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডু আৰু লাংটাঙত বন বিভাগৰ বাবে কিছু দিন কাম কৰাৰ পিছত তেওঁ ১৯৬৯ চনত এডিনবাৰ্গ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় যায়। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁ ১৯৭১ চনত পশু পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী (এম.এছচি.) লাভ কৰে‍। ১৯৭৮ চনত তেওঁ চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বাঘৰ চিকাৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ বিষয়ত পি.এইচডি কৰিবলৈ এডিনবাৰ্গলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ১৯৮২ চনত তেওঁ পি.এইচডি‍ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। তেওঁ [[কেনিয়া]], নিউজিলেণ্ড আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰতো ব্যৱহাৰিক ক্ষেত্ৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ গঁড় সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === [[চিতৱান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]]ৰ গঁড় বিলুপ্তি প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰাৰ বাবে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই কাম কৰিছিল। লগতে কেইবা ডজন গঁড় বৰদিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানত পুনৰ সংস্থাপিত কৰি উদ্যানখনক নেপালত গঁড়ৰ দ্বিতীয়টো বৃহৎ সংখ্যাৰ ঠাইলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰিছিল। === নেপালৰ বাঘ সংৰক্ষণৰ কাম === ১৯৭৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯২ চনলৈকে হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰই বাঘৰ অভ্যাস, বাসস্থান আৰু আচৰণ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছলি‍। এই বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়নসমূহ নেপাল চৰকাৰ, কিং মহেন্দ্ৰ ট্ৰাষ্ট ফৰ নেচাৰ কনজাৰভেচন, স্মিথছোনিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট আৰু ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইল্ডলাইফ ফাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থিত কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে কৰা হৈছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে তেওঁ বাঘৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে‍ আগ্ৰহেৰে কাম কৰি আহিছে৷<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> == নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰকাশনসমূহ == * ''দ্য ছ'ল অৱ দ্য ৰাইনো'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০০৮)। পাবলিচাৰ্ছ উইকলি‍-ৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ ভিতৰৰ এখন হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="BotT">{{Cite book|title=Bones of the Tiger: Protecting the Man-eaters of Nepal|publisher=Lyons Press|place=Guilford, CT, USA|isbn=978-1-59921-491-7|pages=243|last=Hemanta Mishra|last2=Jim Ottoway Jr.|year=2010}}</ref> * ''ব'নছ অৱ দ্য টাইগাৰ'' (লিয়নছ প্ৰেছ, ২০১০)। * ''নেপালচ ৰয়েল চিতৱান নেশন্যাল পাৰ্কঃ এ বুক'' (ভাজৰা বুকছ, ২০১৪)। == তথ্যসূত্ৰসমূহ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] icwfte7u540ves0lj2y3y2mifvbv8fd ভাৱাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান 0 109934 453223 2024-12-10T05:57:21Z Dasdipankar2005 36094 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = ভাৱাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান | alt_name = ভাওয়াল জাতীয় উদ্যান | iucn_category = IV | photo = A Road of Bhawal Nationa Park, Gazipur.jpg | photo_caption = ভাৱাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ বনাঞ্চল আৰু ভূমি | map = Bangladesh | relief = 1 | map_caption = বাংলাদেশত অৱস্থিতি | coordinates = {{coord|24|5|45|N|90|24|14|E|region:BD|display=inline,title}} | location = গাজীপুৰ, ঢাকা বিভাগ, [[বাংলাদেশ]] | area = ৫০২২ হেক্টৰ | established = {{start date|1982}} }} '''ভাৱাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান''' ({{lang-en|Bhawal National Park}}) হৈছে [[বাংলাদেশ]]ৰ এখন প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান। == ইতিহাস == ১৯৭৪ চনত, উদ্যানখনৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণৰ কাম-কাজ আৰম্ভ হৈছিল যদিও ১৯৮২ চনত, বাংলাদেশৰ বন্যপ্ৰাণী আইন (১৯৭৪) অনুসৰি ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। ভাৱাল ৰাজ্যৰ শাসনকালত ই মধুপুৰৰ এখন অৰণ্য আছিল। ই বাংলাদেশৰ ঢাকা বিভাগৰ গাজীপুৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। উদ্যানখন [[ঢাকা]] চহৰৰ পৰা উত্তৰ দিশত প্ৰায় ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰ, গাজীপুৰৰ পৰা ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ আৰু কাপাছিয়াৰ পৰা ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত্বত অৱস্থিত। উদ্যানখনৰ মূল ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৯৪০ হেক্টৰ (২,৩২২ একৰ) যদিও ইয়াৰ দাঁতিকাষৰীয়া বনাঞ্চলসমূহ ৫,০২২ হেক্টৰ (১২,৪০৯ একৰ) এলেকাজুৰি বিস্তৃত। উদ্যানখনৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আৱাসস্থলসমূহ সুৰক্ষিত কৰাৰ লগতে বিনোদনৰ সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰা। সংৰক্ষিত ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি হিচাপে ইয়াক আই ইউ চি এন পৰিচালনা শ্ৰেণী V ৰ অধীনত ৰখা হৈছে। শাল গছৰ অৰণ্যবোৰেই হৈছে উদ্যানখনৰ অন্যতম সাধাৰণ উদ্ভিদকুল। ময়ূৰ, বাঘ, [[নাহৰফুটুকী বাঘ]], ক’লা চিতাবাঘ, [[হাতী]], ধূসৰ চিতাবাঘ আৰু [[শৰপহু]]ৰ বাবে এই অঞ্চলটো বিখ্যাত আছিল। অৱশ্যে, এই বন্যপ্ৰাণীৰ বহুখিনি ইতিমধ্যে নোহোৱা হৈ গৈছে আৰু মাত্ৰ কেইটামান প্ৰজাতিহে বাকী আছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও, বেছিভাগ অৰণ্য ধ্বংস হ'ল আৰু এতিয়া বন কোম্পানী বা ভূমিহীন লোকে দখল কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite web |year= 2005 |url=http://journals.sfu.ca/nepal/index.php/ON/article/viewFile/340/332 |title=Wildlife Biodiversity in Bhawal National Park: Management Techniques and Drawbacks of Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation |publisher=bangladesh.com |access-date=2011-09-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |year= |url=http://journals.sfu.ca/nepal/index.php/ON/article/viewFile/340/332 |title=Wildlife Biodiversity in Bhawal National Park |publisher=School of Environmental Science and Management, Independent School, Bangladesh |access-date=2007-08-18 }}</ref> পঞ্চাশ বছৰৰ আগতে, এই অঞ্চলৰ বেছিভাগেই অৰণ্যৰে আবৃত আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান উদ্ভিদ প্ৰজাতিটো আছিল [[শাল গছ|শাল]] (''Shorea robusta'')। অবৈধ বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংসৰ ফলত মূল বনাঞ্চলখনৰ মাত্ৰ ৬০০ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ ভূমিহে বাকী আছে। এতিয়া আকৌ বনাঞ্চলখনত নতুনকৈ বৃক্ষ ৰোপণ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book |last=Harun-Er-Rashid |year=2012 |chapter=Madhupur Tract |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Madhupur_Tract |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> == পৰিস্থিতি বিজ্ঞান == উদ্যানখনত ৩৪৫টা উদ্ভিদ প্ৰজাতি আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছে ১৫১টা ভিন্ন বৃক্ষৰ প্ৰজাতি, ৫৩টা গুল্ম, ১০৬টা বনৌষধি আৰু ৩৪টা আৰোহী-লতাৰ প্ৰজাতি। উদ্যানখনৰ বন্যপ্ৰাণীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে ১৩টা প্ৰজাতিৰ [[স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী|স্তন্যপায়ী]], ৯টা প্ৰজাতিৰ [[সৰীসৃপ]], ৩৯টা প্ৰজাতিৰ [[চৰাই]] আৰু ১০টা প্ৰজাতিৰ [[উভচৰ প্ৰাণী]]। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও বন বিভাগে শেহতীয়াকৈ ময়ূৰ, হৰিণ, অজগৰ, [[মেচেকা]] আদি প্ৰাণী নতুনকৈ এৰি দিছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bforest.gov.bd/bhawal.php |title=Eco tourism in Bangladesh |publisher=Bangladesh Forest Department |access-date=2007-08-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013122329/http://www.bforest.gov.bd/bhawal.php |archive-date=2007-10-13 }}</ref> == চিত্ৰ বীথিকা == <gallery class="center"> File:গুইসাপ.jpg|গুই সাপ File:Sal forest at Bhawal National Park.jpg File:The Cute Monkey.jpg File:The magnificent beauty of National Park.jpg File:View of river From valley.jpg </gallery> == লগতে চাওক == * [[মধুপুৰ গড়]] * [[বাংলাদেশৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চলসমূহৰ তালিকা]] == তথ্য উৎস == {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Commons|Category:Bhawal National Park}} * [http://journals.sfu.ca/nepal/index.php/ON/article/viewFile/340/332 (PDF) Wildlife Biodiversity in Bhawal National Park] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110519124612/http://journals.sfu.ca/nepal/index.php/ON/rt/metadata/340/0 Reading tools - Indexing Metadata - Wildlife Biodiversity in Bhawal National Park] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070811021358/http://www.nishorgo.org/nishorgo_program.asp Nishorgo Biodiversity Program] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070823061733/http://www.bforest.gov.bd/conservation.php Protected Areas in Bangladesh] {{কৰ্তৃপক্ষ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশৰ অৰণ্য]] lq9idxssewx9dsy55is2p04q6c8315l বাৰ্তা:ভাৱাল ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান 1 109935 453225 2024-12-10T05:57:46Z Dasdipankar2005 36094 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/as-asian-month-2024 453225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf বাৰ্তা:হেমন্ত মিশ্ৰ 1 109936 453234 2024-12-10T06:05:28Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/as-asian-month-2024 453234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf পূবৰ ক'লা জঁ-যুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ 0 109937 453243 2024-12-10T06:51:12Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1246819996|Eastern black crested gibbon]]" পৃষ্ঠাৰ অনুবাদেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছে 453243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|name=Eastern black crested gibbon|image=|image_caption=|image2=|image2_caption=|status=CR|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>|status2=CITES_A1|status2_system=CITES|status2_ref=<ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>|genus=Nomascus|species=nasutus|authority=([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884)|range_map=Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png|range_map_caption=Eastern black crested gibbon area}} পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ (ইংৰাজীঃ East Black Crested Gibbon) (নাম-নাকাস্কাছ নাচুটাছ) ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা '''কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেস্টেড গিবন''' বুলিও কোৱা হয়৷ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টার্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই. জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টার্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টার্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেস্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিস্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম <nowiki><i id="mwKw">বি</i></nowiki> জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টার্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথকীকৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টার্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদর্শন কৰা দেখা যায়৷<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টার্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পর্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] ss4iwv5j8jvqn13thc6l554pi4hxf1u 453244 453243 2024-12-10T06:52:08Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 453244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Speciesbox|name=Eastern black crested gibbon|image=|image_caption=|image2=|image2_caption=|status=CR|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>|status2=CITES_A1|status2_system=CITES|status2_ref=<ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>|genus=Nomascus|species=nasutus|authority=([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884)|range_map=Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png|range_map_caption=Eastern black crested gibbon area}} পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ (ইংৰাজীঃ East Black Crested Gibbon) (নাম-নাকাস্কাছ নাচুটাছ) ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা '''কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই. জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিষ্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম <nowiki><i id="mwKw">বি</i></nowiki> জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথক্কৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দেখা যায়।<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] b3hscwbck72k1y8175mjlubh2gt1wtt 453246 453244 2024-12-10T06:53:00Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Speciesbox | name = Eastern black crested gibbon | image = | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Nomascus | species = nasutus | authority = ([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884) | range_map = Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png | range_map_caption = Eastern black crested gibbon area }} পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ (ইংৰাজীঃ East Black Crested Gibbon) (নাম-নাকাস্কাছ নাচুটাছ) ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা '''কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই. জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিষ্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম <nowiki><i id="mwKw">বি</i></nowiki> জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথক্কৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দেখা যায়।<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] 3ay73c6uoirv14uwg1a81xe7keriqih 453247 453246 2024-12-10T06:53:49Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Speciesbox | name = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ | image = | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Nomascus | species = nasutus | authority = ([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884) | range_map = Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png | range_map_caption = Eastern black crested gibbon area }} পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ (ইংৰাজীঃ East Black Crested Gibbon) (নাম-নাকাস্কাছ নাচুটাছ) ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা '''কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই. জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিষ্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম <nowiki><i id="mwKw">বি</i></nowiki> জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথক্কৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দেখা যায়।<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] ti5bb5b80n3dzksmic68323lu4hl7ap 453249 453247 2024-12-10T06:55:59Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Speciesbox | name = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন | image = | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Nomascus | species = nasutus | authority = ([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884) | range_map = Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png | range_map_caption = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ বিচৰণক্ষেত্ৰ }} পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ (ইংৰাজীঃ East Black Crested Gibbon) (নাম-নাকাস্কাছ নাচুটাছ) ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা '''কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই. জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিষ্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম <nowiki><i id="mwKw">বি</i></nowiki> জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথক্কৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দেখা যায়।<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] 6zmj77ydg2w0xlax2dge6ggsp0ctxb7 453252 453249 2024-12-10T06:57:19Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Speciesbox | name = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন | image = | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Nomascus | species = nasutus | authority = ([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884) | range_map = Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png | range_map_caption = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ বিচৰণক্ষেত্ৰ }} '''পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ''' বা '''ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' (ইংৰাজীঃ East Black Crested Gibbon) (নাম-নাকাস্কাছ নাচুটাছ) ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা '''কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই. জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিষ্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম <nowiki><i id="mwKw">বি</i></nowiki> জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথক্কৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দেখা যায়।<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] lv922m5w6w1uizkg9m9fljdsfjoc9zd 453255 453252 2024-12-10T06:59:31Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Speciesbox | name = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন | image = | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Nomascus | species = nasutus | authority = ([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884) | range_map = Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png | range_map_caption = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ বিচৰণক্ষেত্ৰ }} '''পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ''' বা '''ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' ({{lang-en|Eastern black crested gibbon}}; বৈ‍জ্ঞানিক নামঃ Nomascus nasutus)ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা '''কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই. জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিষ্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম <nowiki><i id="mwKw">বি</i></nowiki> জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথক্কৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দেখা যায়।<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] 0ca2unwth5mztuicutyrh4r5mqyzsw0 453257 453255 2024-12-10T07:00:33Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Speciesbox | name = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন | image = | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Nomascus | species = nasutus | authority = ([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884) | range_map = Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png | range_map_caption = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ বিচৰণক্ষেত্ৰ }} '''পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ''' বা '''ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' ({{lang-en|Eastern black crested gibbon}}; বৈ‍জ্ঞানিক নামঃ ''Nomascus nasutus'')ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই. জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিষ্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম <nowiki><i id="mwKw">বি</i></nowiki> জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথক্কৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দেখা যায়।<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] 6mjp0jrksk1xlh1vdk24j3i5wbxl0j3 453259 453257 2024-12-10T07:01:40Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Speciesbox | name = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন | image = | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Nomascus | species = nasutus | authority = ([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884) | range_map = Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png | range_map_caption = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ বিচৰণক্ষেত্ৰ }} '''পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ''' বা '''ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' ({{lang-en|Eastern black crested gibbon}}; বৈ‍জ্ঞানিক নামঃ ''Nomascus nasutus'')ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক ঘোৰ সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই. জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিষ্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম <nowiki><i id="mwKw">বি</i></nowiki> জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথক্কৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দেখা যায়।<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] c4qgi2f2sgobrnjjrkrzto6qjh1vvxl 453260 453259 2024-12-10T07:03:25Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Speciesbox | name = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন | image = | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Nomascus | species = nasutus | authority = ([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884) | range_map = Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png | range_map_caption = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ বিচৰণক্ষেত্ৰ }} '''পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ''' বা '''ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' ({{lang-en|Eastern black crested gibbon}}; বৈ‍জ্ঞানিক নামঃ ''Nomascus nasutus'')ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক ঘোৰ সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই.ৰ জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিষ্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম <nowiki><i id="mwKw">বি</i></nowiki> জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথক্কৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দেখা যায়।<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] 7rtheqnmjmd5qdpiomblz05hw30d9v3 453261 453260 2024-12-10T07:07:14Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Speciesbox | name = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন | image = | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Nomascus | species = nasutus | authority = ([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884) | range_map = Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png | range_map_caption = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ বিচৰণক্ষেত্ৰ }} '''পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ''' বা '''ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' ({{lang-en|Eastern black crested gibbon}}; বৈ‍জ্ঞানিক নামঃ ''Nomascus nasutus'')ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক ঘোৰ সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই.ৰ জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিষ্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম বি জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথক্কৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দেখা যায়।<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] hes5in74vrscbs2j6l4kkurk66sy7fe 453263 453261 2024-12-10T07:09:09Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Speciesbox | name = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন | image = | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> | genus = Nomascus | species = nasutus | authority = ([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884) | range_map = Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png | range_map_caption = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ বিচৰণক্ষেত্ৰ }} '''পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ''' বা '''ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' ({{lang-en|Eastern black crested gibbon}}; বৈ‍জ্ঞানিক নামঃ ''Nomascus nasutus'')ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক ঘোৰ সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই.ৰ জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিষ্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম বি জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি ''নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ'' বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথকীকৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দেখা যায়।<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] dlfw0shgpvhmpe1d7wwvs3nyc7gz447 453271 453263 2024-12-10T07:16:53Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Speciesbox | name = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন | image = | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> |genus = Nomascus |species = nasutus |authority = ([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884) | range_map = Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png | range_map_caption = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ বিচৰণক্ষেত্ৰ }} '''পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ''' বা '''ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' ({{lang-en|Eastern black crested gibbon}}; বৈ‍জ্ঞানিক নামঃ ''Nomascus nasutus'')ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক ঘোৰ সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই.ৰ জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিষ্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম বি জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি ''নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ'' বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথকীকৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দেখা যায়।<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] 4w2umxaskomo444utuy0pq74et74sv2 453272 453271 2024-12-10T07:18:21Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 453272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Species of Old World ape}} {{Speciesbox | name = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন | image = | image_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Rawson, B.M. |author2=Roos, C. |author3=Nguyen, M.H. |author4=Bleisch, W. |author5=Geissmann, T. |author6=Fan, P.F. |date=2020 |title=''Nomascus nasutus'' |volume=2020 |page=e.T41642A17969578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T41642A17969578.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref> |genus = Nomascus |species = nasutus |authority = ([[Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais|Künckel d'Herculais]], 1884) | range_map = Eastern Black Crested Gibbon area.png | range_map_caption = পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ বা ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ বিচৰণক্ষেত্ৰ }} '''পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ''' বা '''ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন''' ({{lang-en|Eastern black crested gibbon}}; বৈ‍জ্ঞানিক নামঃ ''Nomascus nasutus'')ক কাও-ভিট ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা কাও-ভিট ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ই হৈছে দক্ষিণ-পূব [[চীন]] আৰু উত্তৰ [[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ এক ঘোৰ সংকটাপন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ বান্দৰ। "কাও-ভিট" শব্দটো এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা; ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ নগ'চ খে, ফঙ নাম আৰু নগ'চ কন কমিউনৰ গাওঁবাসীয়ে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰৰ নাম ৰাখিবলৈ সিহঁতৰ মাত বা গীতৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা শব্দকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰ‍িছে‍। বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে এইবিধ হলৌ বান্দৰ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰৰ পিছৰে পৰাই এই নামটো আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছলি‍।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geissmann|first1=Thomas|last2=La|first2=Quang Trung|last3=Trinh|first3=Dinh Hoang|last4=Vu|first4=Dinh Thong|last5=Dang|first5=Ngoc Can|date=2003-01-01|title=Rarest ape rediscovered in Vietnam|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237263244|journal=Asian Primates|volume=8}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনৰ পৰা ২০০০ চনলৈকে‍ ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ কোনোৱেই নিশ্চিতভাৱে‍ দেখা পোৱা নাছিল আৰু ইয়াক সম্ভৱতঃ বিলুপ্ত বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। ২০০২ চনত উত্তৰ-পূব ভিয়েটনামৰ কাও বাং প্ৰদেশৰ ট্ৰুং খান জিলাৰ কাৰ্ষ্ট অৰণ্যত দুজন এফ. এফ. আই.ৰ জীৱবিজ্ঞানীয়ে কেইটামান এই প্ৰজাতিৰ হলৌ পুনৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Trung_Hoang2002">{{Cite journal|last=La Quang Trung|last2=Trinh Dinh Hoang|year=2002|title=Report on survey of eastern black crested gibbon (''Nomascus'' sp. cf. ''nasutus'') in Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province.|journal=Fauna & Flora International Indochina Programme.|place=Hanoi, Vietnam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rarest ape species rediscovered in Vietnam|url=http://www.gibbons.de/main/news/0209rarestape.html|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=www.gibbons.de}}</ref> ২০০৬ চনলৈকে এই প্ৰজাতিটো ভিয়েটনামৰ স্থানীয় প্ৰাণী আছিল, কিন্তু ইহঁতক চীনৰ গুৱাংছি প্ৰদেশৰ এখন সৰু অৰণ্যতো পোৱা গৈছে, যিখন ট্ৰুং খান অৰণ্যৰ সমীপতে‍ আছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first1=Bosco|last2=Tan|first2=X.F.|last3=Tan|first3=W.J.|date=2008|title=Rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black-crested gibbon Nomascus nasutus (Hylobatidae) in China, with preliminary notes on population size, ecology and conservation status|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281433264|journal=Asian Primates Journal|volume=1|pages=17–25}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ভিয়েটনামৰ ফালে ইয়াৰ সংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৩৫-৩৭টা মান বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছিল। ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বিৰল আৰু আটাইতকৈ গুৰুতৰভাৱে বিপন্ন [[প্ৰাইমেট]] বা বান্দৰ প্ৰজাতি। ইয়াৰ এই অৱস্থা ইয়াৰ বাসস্থান থকা বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, বেদখল, চোৰাং চিকাৰৰ ফলত হৈছে। আণৱিক তথ্য, নোমৰ ৰং, আৰু যোগাযোগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কণ্ঠস্বৰৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰক অন্যান্য ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনৰ পৰা পৃথক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীৱদ্ধ কৰা হয়। পূৰ্বতে ইয়াক হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন সৈতে বা ব্লেক ক্ৰিষ্টেড গিবণৰ উপ-প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হৈছিল। মাইট'কণ্ড্ৰিয়েল চাইট'ক্ৰ'ম বি জিনৰ ক্ৰমবিন্যাসৰ আগলৈকে হাইনান ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবনক ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰৰ এটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি ''নোমাস্কাছ নাছুটছ হাইনাছ'' বুলি ভবা হৈছিল। গৱেষকসকলে প্ৰস্তাৱ আগ বঢ়াইছে‍ যে জিনীয় পৃথকীকৰণে ইয়াক এক সুকীয়া প্ৰজাতি বুলি দেখুৱাইছে।<ref name="Roos_etal2007">{{Cite journal|first1=C.|last=Roos|first2=V. N.|last2=Thanh|first3=L.|last3=Walter|first4=T.|last4=Nadler|title=Molecular systematics of Indochinese primates|journal=Vietnamese Journal of Primatology|year=2007|volume=1|pages=41–53|url=http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/VJP1.1.indochinese.systematics.pdf}}</ref> == নৃত্য == গৱেষকসকলৰ মতে‍ মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰে ছন্দময় নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা দেখা যায়।<ref name="k391">{{Cite journal|last=Fan|first1=Peng-Fei|last2=Ma|first2=Chang-Yong|last3=Garber|first3=Paul A.|last4=Zhang|first4=Wen|last5=Fei|first5=Han-Lan|last6=Xiao|first6=Wen|date=2016-09-30|title=Rhythmic displays of female gibbons offer insight into the origin of dance|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=6|issue=1|page=|doi=10.1038/srep34606|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5043361|pmid=27687686}}</ref> এইবোৰক মাইকী ইষ্টাৰ্ণ ব্লেক ক্ৰেষ্টেড গিবন বা পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰবোৰৰ মাজৰ এক প্ৰকাৰৰ অ-আক্ৰমণাত্মক প্ৰতিযোগিতা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে। প্ৰজননকাৰী মতাটোৰ সৈতে দুৰ্বল সম্পৰ্ক থকা মাইকীবোৰে এই নৃত্য প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ কম্পাঙ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰি ইহঁতৰ লগত সামাজিক আৰু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক বৃদ্ধি কৰে‍। গৱেষকসকলে এনে ছন্দময় প্ৰদৰ্শনে "মানৱ নৃত্য আৰু ভাষাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে আমাৰ বোধগম্যতাক নতুন অন্তৰ্দৃষ্টি প্ৰদান কৰিব পাৰে" বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="k391" /> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আই ইউ চি এন ৰঙা তালিকাৰ ঘোৰ সংকটজনক প্ৰজাতি]] ef22fwa5jcje1v08qm5akmke3nfjph1 শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ 14 109938 453251 2024-12-10T06:57:08Z AjayDas 12623 Created blank page 453251 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 453265 453251 2024-12-10T07:12:32Z AjayDas 12623 +[[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]; +[[শ্ৰেণী:বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453265 wikitext text/x-wiki [[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] 1z6ee1nbxdnjmq6ibdtq8ifnspvlqxd 453268 453265 2024-12-10T07:15:30Z AjayDas 12623 removed [[Category:বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]; added [[Category:এছিয়াৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453268 wikitext text/x-wiki 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মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf Borobudur 0 109942 453275 2024-12-10T07:21:40Z AjayDas 12623 [[বৰোবুদুৰ]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 453275 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[বৰোবুদুৰ]] i8z9jib8sb895d79lz4qb639q69z4en বাৰ্তা:বৰোবুদুৰ 1 109943 453276 2024-12-10T07:22:35Z AjayDas 12623 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/as-asian-month-2024 453276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf শ্ৰেণী:মালয়েছিয়াৰ জীৱ 14 109944 453278 2024-12-10T07:25:15Z AjayDas 12623 Created blank page 453278 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 453279 453278 2024-12-10T07:31:21Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:মালয়েছিয়া]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453279 wikitext text/x-wiki [[শ্ৰেণী:মালয়েছিয়া]] ncxrg86nxosdbjrelzdmbvj6pbjqmw5 শ্ৰেণী:মালয়েছিয়া 14 109945 453280 2024-12-10T07:31:38Z AjayDas 12623 Created blank page 453280 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 453281 453280 2024-12-10T07:32:32Z AjayDas 12623 added [[Category:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453281 wikitext text/x-wiki [[শ্ৰেণী:এছিয়াৰ দেশ]] g481rbc2xfyq3ujumw0n1cr08tl4jz2 বাৰ্তা:ডুৰিয়ান 1 109946 453291 2024-12-10T09:09:40Z নিপন নিয়ৰ শেনছোৱা 40137 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/as-asian-month-2024 453291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰতুঙ্গা 0 109947 453296 2024-12-10T09:13:03Z Naruna Baruah 40600 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Short description|President of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2005}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{more footnotes needed|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰটুংগা | native_name = {{nobold|චන්ද්‍රිකා කුමාරතුංග}}<br />{{nobold|சந்திரிகா குமாரதுங்க}} | image... 453296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|President of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2005}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{more footnotes needed|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰটুংগা | native_name = {{nobold|චන්ද්‍රිකා කුමාරතුංග}}<br />{{nobold|சந்திரிகா குமாரதுங்க}} | image = File:Chandrika Kumaratunga with PM Modi (cropped).jpg | caption =২০১৫ চনত চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰটুংগা | imagesize = | order = পঞ্চম | office =শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি | primeminister = [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]<br />[[Ratnasiri Wickremanayake]]<br />[[Ranil Wickremesinghe]]<br />[[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] | term_start = 12 November 1994 | predecessor1 = ৰনিল বিক্ৰমসিংঘে | successor1 =চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানায়ক | office2 = শ্ৰীলংকা ফ্ৰীডম পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ | term_start2 = ১৯ আগষ্ট্ৰ ১৯৯৪ | term_end2 = ১৯ নভেম্বৰ ২০০৫ | predecessor2 = চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানাইক | successor2 = মহিন্দা ৰাজপাক্ষে | constituency_MP3 = [[Gampaha Electoral District|Gampaha]] | parliament3 />[[Paris Institute of Political Studies|Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris]] | alma_mater = | signature = Signature of Chandrika Kumaratunga.svg | residence = [[Horagolla Walauwa]] | native_name_lang = si, ta }} i8pixd1xktarqwaodsvhwu9lsurh5aq 453297 453296 2024-12-10T09:16:03Z Naruna Baruah 40600 453297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|President of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2005}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{more footnotes needed|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰটুংগা | native_name = {{nobold|චන්ද්‍රිකා කුමාරතුංග}}<br />{{nobold|சந்திரிகா குமாரதுங்க}} | image = File:Chandrika Kumaratunga with PM Modi (cropped).jpg | caption =২০১৫ চনত চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰটুংগা | imagesize = | order = পঞ্চম | office =শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি | primeminister = [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]<br />[[Ratnasiri Wickremanayake]]<br />[[Ranil Wickremesinghe]]<br />[[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] | term_start = 12 November 1994 | predecessor1 = ৰনিল বিক্ৰমসিংঘে | successor1 =চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানায়ক | office2 = শ্ৰীলংকা ফ্ৰীডম পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ | term_start2 = ১৯ আগষ্ট্ৰ ১৯৯৪ | term_end2 = ১৯ নভেম্বৰ ২০০৫ | predecessor2 = চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানাইক | successor2 = মহিন্দা ৰাজপাক্ষে | constituency_MP3 = [[Gampaha Electoral District|Gampaha]] | parliament3 />[[Paris Institute of Political Studies|Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris]] | alma_mater = | signature = Signature of Chandrika Kumaratunga.svg | residence = [[Horagolla Walauwa]] | native_name_lang = si, ta }} ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী: শ্ৰীলংকা]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] p2i76y3q41o6pfot6hjd0mynu351x8c 453299 453297 2024-12-10T09:18:17Z Naruna Baruah 40600 453299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|President of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2005}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{more footnotes needed|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰটুংগা | native_name = {{nobold|චන්ද්‍රිකා කුමාරතුංග}}<br />{{nobold|சந்திரிகா குமாரதுங்க}} | image = File:Chandrika Kumaratunga with PM Modi (cropped).jpg | caption =২০১৫ চনত চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰটুংগা | imagesize = | order = পঞ্চম | office =শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি | primeminister = [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]<br />[[Ratnasiri Wickremanayake]]<br />[[Ranil Wickremesinghe]]<br />[[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] | term_start = 12 November 1994 | predecessor1 = ৰনিল বিক্ৰমসিংঘে | successor1 =চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানায়ক | office2 = শ্ৰীলংকা ফ্ৰীডম পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ | term_start2 = ১৯ আগষ্ট্ৰ ১৯৯৪ | term_end2 = ১৯ নভেম্বৰ ২০০৫ | predecessor2 = চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানাইক | successor2 = মহিন্দা ৰাজপাক্ষে | constituency_MP3 = [[Gampaha Electoral District|Gampaha]] | parliament3 />[[Paris Institute of Political Studies|Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris]] | alma_mater = | signature = Signature of Chandrika Kumaratunga.svg | residence = [[Horagolla Walauwa]] | native_name_lang = si, ta }} ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী: শ্ৰীলংকা]][[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] g9by23aqw4hjpfn1j83cy410fsy3q6a 453312 453299 2024-12-10T10:10:00Z Naruna Baruah 40600 পৃষ্ঠা [[চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰটুংগা]]ৰ পৰা [[চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰতুঙ্গা]]লৈ Naruna Baruahয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 453299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|President of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2005}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{more footnotes needed|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰটুংগা | native_name = {{nobold|චන්ද්‍රිකා කුමාරතුංග}}<br />{{nobold|சந்திரிகா குமாரதுங்க}} | image = File:Chandrika Kumaratunga with PM Modi (cropped).jpg | caption =২০১৫ চনত চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰটুংগা | imagesize = | order = পঞ্চম | office =শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি | primeminister = [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]<br />[[Ratnasiri Wickremanayake]]<br />[[Ranil Wickremesinghe]]<br />[[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] | term_start = 12 November 1994 | predecessor1 = ৰনিল বিক্ৰমসিংঘে | successor1 =চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানায়ক | office2 = শ্ৰীলংকা ফ্ৰীডম পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ | term_start2 = ১৯ আগষ্ট্ৰ ১৯৯৪ | term_end2 = ১৯ নভেম্বৰ ২০০৫ | predecessor2 = চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানাইক | successor2 = মহিন্দা ৰাজপাক্ষে | constituency_MP3 = [[Gampaha Electoral District|Gampaha]] | parliament3 />[[Paris Institute of Political Studies|Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris]] | alma_mater = | signature = Signature of Chandrika Kumaratunga.svg | residence = [[Horagolla Walauwa]] | native_name_lang = si, ta }} ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী: শ্ৰীলংকা]][[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] g9by23aqw4hjpfn1j83cy410fsy3q6a 453314 453312 2024-12-10T10:10:47Z Naruna Baruah 40600 453314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|President of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2005}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{more footnotes needed|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰতুঙ্গা | native_name = {{nobold|චන්ද්‍රිකා කුමාරතුංග}}<br />{{nobold|சந்திரிகா குமாரதுங்க}} | image = File:Chandrika Kumaratunga with PM Modi (cropped).jpg | caption =২০১৫ চনত চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰতুঙ্গা | imagesize = | order = পঞ্চম | office =শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি | primeminister = [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]<br />[[Ratnasiri Wickremanayake]]<br />[[Ranil Wickremesinghe]]<br />[[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] | term_start = 12 November 1994 | predecessor1 = ৰনিল বিক্ৰমসিংঘে | successor1 =চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানায়ক | office2 = শ্ৰীলংকা ফ্ৰীডম পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ | term_start2 = ১৯ আগষ্ট্ৰ ১৯৯৪ | term_end2 = ১৯ নভেম্বৰ ২০০৫ | predecessor2 = চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানাইক | successor2 = মহিন্দা ৰাজপাক্ষে | constituency_MP3 = [[Gampaha Electoral District|Gampaha]] | parliament3 />[[Paris Institute of Political Studies|Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris]] | alma_mater = | signature = Signature of Chandrika Kumaratunga.svg | residence = [[Horagolla Walauwa]] | native_name_lang = si, ta }} ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী: শ্ৰীলংকা]][[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] hm9cp60z0zpjcohookvfagzqo0x51ym 453316 453314 2024-12-10T10:21:29Z Naruna Baruah 40600 453316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|President of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2005}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{more footnotes needed|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰতুঙ্গা | native_name = {{nobold|චන්ද්‍රිකා කුමාරතුංග}}<br />{{nobold|சந்திரிகா குமாரதுங்க}} | image = File:Chandrika Kumaratunga with PM Modi (cropped).jpg | caption =২০১৫ চনত চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰতুঙ্গা | imagesize = | order = পঞ্চম | office =শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি | primeminister = [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]<br />[[Ratnasiri Wickremanayake]]<br />[[Ranil Wickremesinghe]]<br />[[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] | term_start = 12 November 1994 | predecessor1 = ৰনিল বিক্ৰমসিংঘে | successor1 =চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানায়ক | office2 = শ্ৰীলংকা ফ্ৰীডম পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ | term_start2 = ১৯ আগষ্ট্ৰ ১৯৯৪ | term_end2 = ১৯ নভেম্বৰ ২০০৫ | predecessor2 = চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানাইক | successor2 = মহিন্দা ৰাজপাক্ষে | constituency_MP3 = [[Gampaha Electoral District|Gampaha]] | parliament3 />[[Paris Institute of Political Studies|Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris]] | alma_mater = | signature = Signature of Chandrika Kumaratunga.svg | residence = [[Horagolla Walauwa]] | native_name_lang = si, ta }} '''চন্দ্ৰিকা বান্দাৰানাইক কুমাৰতুঙ্গা({{lang_en|Chandrika Bandarnike kumaratunga}})(সিংহলী: චන්ද් රිකා බණ්ඩාරනායක කුමාරතුංග; তামিল: சந்திரிகா பண்டாரநாயக்க குமாரதுங்க''' জন্মৰ তাৰিখ ২৯ জুন ১৯৪৫ । সাধাৰণতে তেওঁৰ আদ্যক্ষৰ চিবিকে(CBK)-ৰ বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হয়। চন্দ্ৰিকা শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ৰাজনীতিবিদ । তেওঁ ১৯৯৪ চনৰ ১২ নভেম্বৰ পৰা ২০০৫ চনৰ নভেম্বৰলৈ শ্ৰীলংকাৰ পঞ্চম ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ আগতে ১৯৯৪ চনৰ আগষ্টৰ পৰা নৱেম্বৰ লৈকে প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী আৰু ১৯৯৩ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯৪ চনলৈ পশ্চিম প্ৰদেশৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী: শ্ৰীলংকা]][[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] rhr7kqo9gv5zkso559d9fs0cgio5oaz 453317 453316 2024-12-10T10:26:38Z Naruna Baruah 40600 453317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|President of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2005}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰতুঙ্গা | native_name = {{nobold|චන්ද්‍රිකා කුමාරතුංග}}<br />{{nobold|சந்திரிகா குமாரதுங்க}} | image = File:Chandrika Kumaratunga with PM Modi (cropped).jpg | caption =২০১৫ চনত চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰতুঙ্গা | imagesize = | order = পঞ্চম | office =শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি | primeminister = [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]<br />[[Ratnasiri Wickremanayake]]<br />[[Ranil Wickremesinghe]]<br />[[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] | term_start = 12 November 1994 | predecessor1 = ৰনিল বিক্ৰমসিংঘে | successor1 =চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানায়ক | office2 = শ্ৰীলংকা ফ্ৰীডম পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ | term_start2 = ১৯ আগষ্ট্ৰ ১৯৯৪ | term_end2 = ১৯ নভেম্বৰ ২০০৫ | predecessor2 = চিৰিমাভো বান্দাৰানাইক | successor2 = মহিন্দা ৰাজপাক্ষে | constituency_MP3 = [[Gampaha Electoral District|Gampaha]] | parliament3 />[[Paris Institute of Political Studies|Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris]] | alma_mater = | signature = Signature of Chandrika Kumaratunga.svg | residence = [[Horagolla Walauwa]] | native_name_lang = si, ta }} '''চন্দ্ৰিকা বান্দাৰানাইক কুমাৰতুঙ্গা({{lang_en|Chandrika Bandarnike kumaratunga}})(সিংহলী: චන්ද් රිකා බණ්ඩාරනායක කුමාරතුංග; তামিল: சந்திரிகா பண்டாரநாயக்க குமாரதுங்க''' জন্মৰ তাৰিখ ২৯ জুন ১৯৪৫ । সাধাৰণতে তেওঁৰ আদ্যক্ষৰ চিবিকে(CBK)-ৰে উল্লেখ কৰা হয়। চন্দ্ৰিকা শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ৰাজনীতিবিদ । তেওঁ ১৯৯৪ চনৰ ১২ নভেম্বৰ পৰা ২০০৫ চনৰ নভেম্বৰলৈ শ্ৰীলংকাৰ পঞ্চম ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ আগতে ১৯৯৪ চনৰ আগষ্টৰ পৰা নৱেম্বৰ লৈকে প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী আৰু ১৯৯৩ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯৪ চনলৈ পশ্চিম প্ৰদেশৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী: শ্ৰীলংকা]][[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] 72g4seppoiiqbztrjozw9evg17kiq59 সূৰ্য ভালুক 0 109948 453308 2024-12-10T10:01:51Z নিপন নিয়ৰ শেনছোৱা 40137 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: [[চিত্ৰ:Sun bear eating plant.jpg|alt=sun Bear|thumb|সূৰ্য ভালুক]] '''সূৰ্য ভালুক''' (ইংৰাজীঃ Sun Bear, বৈজ্ঞানিক নামঃ Helarctos malayanus) দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় অৰণ্যত পোৱা Ursidae পৰিয়ালৰ (Helarctos প্ৰজাতিৰ একমাত্ৰ প্ৰ... 453308 wikitext text/x-wiki [[চিত্ৰ:Sun bear eating plant.jpg|alt=sun Bear|thumb|সূৰ্য ভালুক]] '''সূৰ্য ভালুক''' (ইংৰাজীঃ Sun Bear, বৈজ্ঞানিক নামঃ Helarctos malayanus) দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় অৰণ্যত পোৱা Ursidae পৰিয়ালৰ (Helarctos প্ৰজাতিৰ একমাত্ৰ প্ৰাণী) এটা ভালুক প্ৰজাতিৰ বনৰীয়া প্ৰাণী। ই ভালুকৰ আটাইকৈ সৰু প্ৰজাতি, কান্ধত প্ৰায় ৭০ চে.মি.(২৮ ইঞ্চি) থিয় হৈ থাকে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওজন ২৫–৬৫ কিলোগ্ৰাম (৫৫–১৪৩ পাউণ্ড)।<ref name="ms2" /> ইহঁতৰ গাটো নোমেৰে আবৃত্ত, শকত ঠেং, শক্তিশালীভাৱে বক্ৰ নখ, সৰু, ঘূৰণীয়া কাণ আৰু চুটি থুঁতৰি থাকে। গাটো সাধাৰণতে চুটি নোমেৰে আবৃত্ত আৰু কিচকিচিয়া ক’লা, কেতিয়াবা ধোঁৱাবৰণীয়াৰ পৰা ৰঙা ৰঙৰো হ’ব পাৰে। ডিঙিৰ তলত থকা বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ কমলা ৰঙৰ বা ক্ৰীম ৰঙৰ বুকুৰ চিহ্নটোৰ বাবে ইয়াক সূৰ্য ভালুক বুলি কোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ অনন্য আকৃতিৰ ভিতৰলৈ ঘূৰি থকা সম্মুখৰ ভৰি, চেপেটা বুকু, ডাঙৰ নখ থকা শক্তিশালী আগ ঠেঙে বগাই যোৱাৰ বাবে সুবিধাৰ হয়। সকলো ভালুকৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ বৃক্ষবাসী (গছত জীৱিত) সূৰ্য্য ভালুক এটা উৎকৃষ্ট পৰ্বতাৰোহী আৰু মাটিৰ পৰা ২ৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (৭ৰ পৰা ২৩ ফুট) উচ্চতাত থকা গছত ৰ’দত গা গৰম কৰে বা শুই থাকে। ই প্ৰধানকৈ দিনৰ ভাগত সক্ৰিয় হয় যদিও মানুহে সঘনাই অহা-যোৱা কৰা অঞ্চলত নিশাচৰো হয়। সূৰ্য্য ভালুকবোৰ অকলশৰীয়া হৈ থকাৰ প্ৰৱণতা থাকে যদিও কেতিয়াবা দুটাকৈ দেখা যায় (যেনে মাতৃ আৰু তাইৰ পোৱালি)। সৰ্বভোজী হোৱাৰ বাবে সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ খাদ্যত পৰুৱা, মৌমাখি, ভেকুলী, মৌ, আমৰলি পৰুৱা আৰু উদ্ভিদজাত সামগ্ৰী যেনে গছৰ গুটি আৰু কেইবাবিধো ফল আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত; চৰাই আৰু হৰিণ আদি মেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণীবোৰো মাজে মাজে খায়। বছৰটোৰ সকলো সময়তে ইহঁতে প্ৰজনন কৰে । একোটা ভালুক দুবছৰৰ পৰা চাৰি বছৰ বয়সত যৌন পৰিপক্ক হৈ পৰে। এটা গোটত এটা বা দুটা পোৱালি থাকে যিবোৰ প্ৰায় তিনি বছৰ মাকৰ লগত থাকে। সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ বিস্তৃতি উত্তৰে উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰতৰ তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণৰ পৰা দক্ষিণ-পূবলৈ বাংলাদেশ, কম্বোডিয়া, ম্যানমাৰ, লাওছ, থাইলেণ্ড, আৰু মূল এছিয়াৰ ভিয়েটনামৰ মাজেৰে দক্ষিণে ব্ৰুনাই, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু মালয়েছিয়ালৈকে সীমাবদ্ধ। এই ভালুকবোৰৰ জীৱনলৈ প্ৰচণ্ড বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, খাদ্যৰ বাবে অবৈধ চিকাৰ আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণীৰ ব্যৱসায়ীয়ে ভাবুকি আনিছে। মানুহৰ সৈতে সংঘাতত কৃষিভূমি, বাগিচা আৰু ফলৰ বাগিচাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিলেও ইয়াৰ ক্ষতি হয়। ১৯৯০ চনৰ পৰা ইহঁতৰ জনসংখ্যা ৩৫% হ্ৰাস পোৱা বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। আই ইউ চি এন-এ এই প্ৰজাতিটোক বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় বুলি তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে । == বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ == সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ চুলি ৰেচমী আৰু মিহি, আৰু সকলো ভালুক প্ৰজাতিৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ চুটি, ইয়াৰ উষ্ণ গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় বাসস্থানৰ লগত খাপ খাই পৰে।<ref name="ms3" /> বুকুৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ ঠাই, সাধাৰণতে U আকৃতিৰ, কিন্তু কেতিয়াবা বৃত্তাকাৰ বা দাগযুক্ত, কমলা বা সামান্য হালধীয়াৰ পৰা মাখন আনকি বগালৈকে ভিন্ন হয়। <ref name="woods2">{{cite book|last1=Woods|first1=J. G.|title=Animate Creation: Popular Edition of "Our Living World", a Natural History|volume=1|date=1885|publisher=Selmar Press|location=New York|pages=324–325|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7ohAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA324|chapter=Sun bears|access-date=2023-02-10|archive-date=2022-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328205359/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7ohAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA324|url-status=live}}</ref> সূৰ্য্য ভালুকে শত্ৰুৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ভাবুকিৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন হিচাপে পিছ ভৰিৰে থিয় হৈ বুকু অংশটো উন্মোচন কৰিব পাৰে। পোৱালীবোৰ ধূসৰ ক’লা আৰু থুঁতৰি শেঁতা বাদামী বা বগা আৰু বুকুৰ ঠাই লেতেৰা বগা; বয়সীয়াল বোৰ কলা বা গাঢ় বাদামী ৰঙৰ হ’ব পাৰে। কান্ধত দুটা ঘূৰণীয়া ঘেৰ থাকে, য’ৰ পৰা চুলিবোৰ সকলো দিশতে হৈ পৰে। ডিঙিৰ কাষত এটা টুপি দেখা যায় আৰু স্তনৰ মাজত এটা ঘূৰণীয়া ঘেৰ দেখা যায়। <ref name="pocock1941">{{cite book|last=Pocock|first=R. I.|date=1941|title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma|volume=((Mammalia 2))|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=London|pages=224–232|chapter=''Helarctos malayanus''|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia2/pocock2#page/n245/mode/2up}}</ref> == খাদ্য == সৰ্বভোজী হোৱাৰ বাবে সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ খাদ্যত পৰুৱা, মৌমাখি, ভেকুলী, মৌ, আমৰলি পৰুৱা আৰু উদ্ভিদজাত সামগ্ৰী যেনে গছৰ গুটি আৰু কেইবাবিধো ফল আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত; চৰাই আৰু হৰিণ আদি মেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণীবোৰো মাজে মাজে খায়।<ref name="phil3" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sethy|first1=J.|last2=Chauhan|first2=N. P. S.|date=2018|title=Dietary preference of Malayan sun bear ''Helarctos malayanus'' in Namdapha Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Wildlife Biology|volume=2018|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.2981/wlb.00351|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:সূৰ্য ভালুক.png|alt=sun bear|thumb|Livescience.com ৰ পৰা সংগৃহীত সূৰ্য ভালুকৰ ছবি]] == সংৰক্ষণ == সূৰ্য্য ভালুকটোক IUCN ৰঙা তালিকাত বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে আৰু ইয়াক [[CITES#Appendix I|CITES]] পৰিশিষ্ট-১ত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।.<ref name="iucn" /> ছাৰাৱাক (মালয়েছিয়া) আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ বাহিৰেও সূৰ্য্য ভালুকটোক ইয়াৰ সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটোতে চিকাৰৰ পৰা আইনগতভাৱে সুৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। ২০১৪ চনৰ এটা প্ৰতিবেদনত মালয়েছিয়াৰ আন যিকোনো ঠাইতকৈ বেছিকৈ ছাৰাৱাকত সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ অংশৰ অবাধ চোৰাং চিকাৰ আৰু ব্যৱসায়ৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে; গৱেষকসকলে স্থানীয় সূৰ্য্য ভালুকক সুৰক্ষা দিবলৈ ৰাজ্যখনত কঠোৰ আইন প্ৰণয়নৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিছিল। <ref name="Ball2000">{{cite report|last=Ball|first=J.|title=Sun bear fact sheet|publisher=[[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]]|date=2000|url=https://nagonline.net/Fact%20Sheet%20pdf/AZA%20-%20Sun%20Bear%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827194607/https://nagonline.net/Fact%20Sheet%20pdf/AZA%20-%20Sun%20Bear%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2008|pages=1–2}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনত ছাবাহ (মালয়েছিয়া)ত ৱং ছিউ টেই প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা বৰ্নিয়ান সূৰ্য্য ভালুক সংৰক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছে বন্দী অৱস্থাত থকা দুৰ্বল পৰিস্থিতিৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰা সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ কল্যাণৰ বাবে কাম কৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বিষয়ে সজাগতা বিয়পোৱা। <ref name="Ball20002">{{cite report|last=Ball|first=J.|title=Sun bear fact sheet|publisher=[[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]]|date=2000|url=https://nagonline.net/Fact%20Sheet%20pdf/AZA%20-%20Sun%20Bear%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827194607/https://nagonline.net/Fact%20Sheet%20pdf/AZA%20-%20Sun%20Bear%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2008|pages=1–2}}</ref> মালয়ৰ সূৰ্য্য ভালুকসমূহ ১৯৯৪ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ চিৰিয়াখানা আৰু একুৰিয়ামৰ অধীনত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্দী প্ৰজনন কাৰ্যসূচী আৰু প্ৰজাতি জীয়াই থকাৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ অংশ।[84] সেই বছৰৰ পৰাই সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ ইউৰোপীয় জাতৰ পঞ্জীয়ন জাৰ্মানীৰ কলন প্ৰাণীবিজ্ঞান উদ্যানত ৰখা হয়। <ref>{{cite report|editor=Kok, J.|date=2008|title=EAZA Bear TAG Annual Report 2007–2008|publisher=[[European Association of Zoos and Aquaria]]}}</ref> '''তথ্যসূত্ৰ''' [সম্পাদনা কৰক] 1.   [[পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ#cite ref-iucn status 19 November 2021 1-0|↑]] Rawson, B.M.; Roos, C.; Nguyen, M.H.; Bleisch, srl7jilga3covqsxm6yutgs2t33m58k 453311 453308 2024-12-10T10:09:40Z নিপন নিয়ৰ শেনছোৱা 40137 453311 wikitext text/x-wiki [[চিত্ৰ:Sun bear eating plant.jpg|alt=sun Bear|thumb|সূৰ্য ভালুক]] '''সূৰ্য ভালুক''' (ইংৰাজীঃ Sun Bear, বৈজ্ঞানিক নামঃ Helarctos malayanus) দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় অৰণ্যত পোৱা Ursidae পৰিয়ালৰ (Helarctos প্ৰজাতিৰ একমাত্ৰ প্ৰাণী) এটা ভালুক প্ৰজাতিৰ বনৰীয়া প্ৰাণী। ই ভালুকৰ আটাইকৈ সৰু প্ৰজাতি, কান্ধত প্ৰায় ৭০ চে.মি.(২৮ ইঞ্চি) থিয় হৈ থাকে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওজন ২৫–৬৫ কিলোগ্ৰাম (৫৫–১৪৩ পাউণ্ড)। <ref name="phil">{{cite book|last1=Phillipps|first1=Q.|title=Phillipps' Field guide to the Mammals of Borneo: Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, and Kalimantan|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0-691-16941-5|pages=246–249|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SxzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|chapter=Sun bear|access-date=2023-02-10|archive-date=2022-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319085532/https://books.google.com/books?id=0SxzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|url-status=live}}</ref> ইহঁতৰ গাটো নোমেৰে আবৃত্ত, শকত ঠেং, শক্তিশালীভাৱে বক্ৰ নখ, সৰু, ঘূৰণীয়া কাণ আৰু চুটি থুঁতৰি থাকে। গাটো সাধাৰণতে চুটি নোমেৰে আবৃত্ত আৰু কিচকিচিয়া ক’লা, কেতিয়াবা ধোঁৱাবৰণীয়াৰ পৰা ৰঙা ৰঙৰো হ’ব পাৰে। ডিঙিৰ তলত থকা বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ কমলা ৰঙৰ বা ক্ৰীম ৰঙৰ বুকুৰ চিহ্নটোৰ বাবে ইয়াক সূৰ্য ভালুক বুলি কোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ অনন্য আকৃতিৰ ভিতৰলৈ ঘূৰি থকা সম্মুখৰ ভৰি, চেপেটা বুকু, ডাঙৰ নখ থকা শক্তিশালী আগ ঠেঙে বগাই যোৱাৰ বাবে সুবিধাৰ হয়। সকলো ভালুকৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ বৃক্ষবাসী (গছত জীৱিত) সূৰ্য্য ভালুক এটা উৎকৃষ্ট পৰ্বতাৰোহী আৰু মাটিৰ পৰা ২ৰ পৰা ৭ মিটাৰ (৭ৰ পৰা ২৩ ফুট) উচ্চতাত থকা গছত ৰ’দত গা গৰম কৰে বা শুই থাকে। ই প্ৰধানকৈ দিনৰ ভাগত সক্ৰিয় হয় যদিও মানুহে সঘনাই অহা-যোৱা কৰা অঞ্চলত নিশাচৰো হয়। সূৰ্য্য ভালুকবোৰ অকলশৰীয়া হৈ থকাৰ প্ৰৱণতা থাকে যদিও কেতিয়াবা দুটাকৈ দেখা যায় (যেনে মাতৃ আৰু তাইৰ পোৱালি)। সৰ্বভোজী হোৱাৰ বাবে সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ খাদ্যত পৰুৱা, মৌমাখি, ভেকুলী, মৌ, আমৰলি পৰুৱা আৰু উদ্ভিদজাত সামগ্ৰী যেনে গছৰ গুটি আৰু কেইবাবিধো ফল আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত; চৰাই আৰু হৰিণ আদি মেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণীবোৰো মাজে মাজে খায়। বছৰটোৰ সকলো সময়তে ইহঁতে প্ৰজনন কৰে । একোটা ভালুক দুবছৰৰ পৰা চাৰি বছৰ বয়সত যৌন পৰিপক্ক হৈ পৰে। এটা গোটত এটা বা দুটা পোৱালি থাকে যিবোৰ প্ৰায় তিনি বছৰ মাকৰ লগত থাকে। সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ বিস্তৃতি উত্তৰে উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰতৰ তাৰ পিছত দক্ষিণৰ পৰা দক্ষিণ-পূবলৈ বাংলাদেশ, কম্বোডিয়া, ম্যানমাৰ, লাওছ, থাইলেণ্ড, আৰু মূল এছিয়াৰ ভিয়েটনামৰ মাজেৰে দক্ষিণে ব্ৰুনাই, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আৰু মালয়েছিয়ালৈকে সীমাবদ্ধ। এই ভালুকবোৰৰ জীৱনলৈ প্ৰচণ্ড বনাঞ্চল ধ্বংস, খাদ্যৰ বাবে অবৈধ চিকাৰ আৰু বন্যপ্ৰাণীৰ ব্যৱসায়ীয়ে ভাবুকি আনিছে। মানুহৰ সৈতে সংঘাতত কৃষিভূমি, বাগিচা আৰু ফলৰ বাগিচাত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিলেও ইয়াৰ ক্ষতি হয়। ১৯৯০ চনৰ পৰা ইহঁতৰ জনসংখ্যা ৩৫% হ্ৰাস পোৱা বুলি অনুমান কৰা হৈছে। আই ইউ চি এন-এ এই প্ৰজাতিটোক বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় বুলি তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে । == বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ == সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ চুলি ৰেচমী আৰু মিহি, আৰু সকলো ভালুক প্ৰজাতিৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ চুটি, ইয়াৰ উষ্ণ গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় বাসস্থানৰ লগত খাপ খাই পৰে।<ref name="servheen2" /> বুকুৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যপূৰ্ণ ঠাই, সাধাৰণতে U আকৃতিৰ, কিন্তু কেতিয়াবা বৃত্তাকাৰ বা দাগযুক্ত, কমলা বা সামান্য হালধীয়াৰ পৰা মাখন আনকি বগালৈকে ভিন্ন হয়। <ref name="woods2">{{cite book|last1=Woods|first1=J. G.|title=Animate Creation: Popular Edition of "Our Living World", a Natural History|volume=1|date=1885|publisher=Selmar Press|location=New York|pages=324–325|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7ohAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA324|chapter=Sun bears|access-date=2023-02-10|archive-date=2022-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328205359/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7ohAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA324|url-status=live}}</ref> সূৰ্য্য ভালুকে শত্ৰুৰ বিৰুদ্ধে ভাবুকিৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন হিচাপে পিছ ভৰিৰে থিয় হৈ বুকু অংশটো উন্মোচন কৰিব পাৰে। পোৱালীবোৰ ধূসৰ ক’লা আৰু থুঁতৰি শেঁতা বাদামী বা বগা আৰু বুকুৰ ঠাই লেতেৰা বগা; বয়সীয়াল বোৰ কলা বা গাঢ় বাদামী ৰঙৰ হ’ব পাৰে। কান্ধত দুটা ঘূৰণীয়া ঘেৰ থাকে, য’ৰ পৰা চুলিবোৰ সকলো দিশতে হৈ পৰে। ডিঙিৰ কাষত এটা টুপি দেখা যায় আৰু স্তনৰ মাজত এটা ঘূৰণীয়া ঘেৰ দেখা যায়। <ref name="pocock1941">{{cite book|last=Pocock|first=R. I.|date=1941|title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma|volume=((Mammalia 2))|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=London|pages=224–232|chapter=''Helarctos malayanus''|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia2/pocock2#page/n245/mode/2up}}</ref> == খাদ্য == সৰ্বভোজী হোৱাৰ বাবে সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ খাদ্যত পৰুৱা, মৌমাখি, ভেকুলী, মৌ, আমৰলি পৰুৱা আৰু উদ্ভিদজাত সামগ্ৰী যেনে গছৰ গুটি আৰু কেইবাবিধো ফল আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত; চৰাই আৰু হৰিণ আদি মেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণীবোৰো মাজে মাজে খায়।<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sethy|first1=J.|last2=Chauhan|first2=N. P. S.|date=2018|title=Dietary preference of Malayan sun bear ''Helarctos malayanus'' in Namdapha Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India|journal=Wildlife Biology|volume=2018|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.2981/wlb.00351|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:সূৰ্য ভালুক.png|alt=sun bear|thumb|Livescience.com ৰ পৰা সংগৃহীত সূৰ্য ভালুকৰ ছবি]] == সংৰক্ষণ == সূৰ্য্য ভালুকটোক IUCN ৰঙা তালিকাত বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় হিচাপে তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে আৰু ইয়াক [[CITES#Appendix I|CITES]] পৰিশিষ্ট-১ত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A review of the sun bear trade in Sarawak, Malaysia|journal=TRAFFIC Bulletin|volume=26|issue=1|pages=37–40|date=2014|last1=Krishnasamy|first1=K.|last2=Shepherd|first2=C. R.|url=https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/3004/traffic_pub_bulletin_26_1_sun_bear_trade_sarawak_malaysia.pdf|access-date=2020-05-05|archive-date=2020-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530205335/https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/3004/traffic_pub_bulletin_26_1_sun_bear_trade_sarawak_malaysia.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ছাৰাৱাক (মালয়েছিয়া) আৰু কম্বোডিয়াৰ বাহিৰেও সূৰ্য্য ভালুকটোক ইয়াৰ সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটোতে চিকাৰৰ পৰা আইনগতভাৱে সুৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছে। ২০১৪ চনৰ এটা প্ৰতিবেদনত মালয়েছিয়াৰ আন যিকোনো ঠাইতকৈ বেছিকৈ ছাৰাৱাকত সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ অংশৰ অবাধ চোৰাং চিকাৰ আৰু ব্যৱসায়ৰ নথিভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে; গৱেষকসকলে স্থানীয় সূৰ্য্য ভালুকক সুৰক্ষা দিবলৈ ৰাজ্যখনত কঠোৰ আইন প্ৰণয়নৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিছিল। <ref name="Ball2000">{{cite report|last=Ball|first=J.|title=Sun bear fact sheet|publisher=[[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]]|date=2000|url=https://nagonline.net/Fact%20Sheet%20pdf/AZA%20-%20Sun%20Bear%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827194607/https://nagonline.net/Fact%20Sheet%20pdf/AZA%20-%20Sun%20Bear%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2008|pages=1–2}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনত ছাবাহ (মালয়েছিয়া)ত ৱং ছিউ টেই প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা বৰ্নিয়ান সূৰ্য্য ভালুক সংৰক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছে বন্দী অৱস্থাত থকা দুৰ্বল পৰিস্থিতিৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰা সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ কল্যাণৰ বাবে কাম কৰা আৰু ইয়াৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বিষয়ে সজাগতা বিয়পোৱা। <ref name="Ball20002">{{cite report|last=Ball|first=J.|title=Sun bear fact sheet|publisher=[[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]]|date=2000|url=https://nagonline.net/Fact%20Sheet%20pdf/AZA%20-%20Sun%20Bear%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827194607/https://nagonline.net/Fact%20Sheet%20pdf/AZA%20-%20Sun%20Bear%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2008|pages=1–2}}</ref> মালয়ৰ সূৰ্য্য ভালুকসমূহ ১৯৯৪ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ চিৰিয়াখানা আৰু একুৰিয়ামৰ অধীনত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বন্দী প্ৰজনন কাৰ্যসূচী আৰু প্ৰজাতি জীয়াই থকাৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ অংশ।[84] সেই বছৰৰ পৰাই সূৰ্য্য ভালুকৰ ইউৰোপীয় জাতৰ পঞ্জীয়ন জাৰ্মানীৰ কলন প্ৰাণীবিজ্ঞান উদ্যানত ৰখা হয়। <ref>{{cite report|editor=Kok, J.|date=2008|title=EAZA Bear TAG Annual Report 2007–2008|publisher=[[European Association of Zoos and Aquaria]]}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [সম্পাদনা কৰক] 1.   [[পূবৰ ক'লা জঁযুক্ত হলৌ বান্দৰ#cite ref-iucn status 19 November 2021 1-0|↑]] Rawson, B.M.; Roos, C.; Nguyen, M.H.; Bleisch, ito8qt3z93z1vhloj80p676xe8skkpm বাৰ্তা:সূৰ্য ভালুক 1 109949 453309 2024-12-10T10:02:29Z নিপন নিয়ৰ শেনছোৱা 40137 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/as-asian-month-2024 453309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪}} bepgwx48rfp2ljq00s1s8ydbvopu0pf চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰটুংগা 0 109950 453313 2024-12-10T10:10:00Z Naruna Baruah 40600 পৃষ্ঠা [[চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰটুংগা]]ৰ পৰা [[চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰতুঙ্গা]]লৈ Naruna Baruahয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 453313 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[চন্দ্ৰিকা কুমাৰতুঙ্গা]] mwnxr3mavat6e4wcnau743cthkiemhn চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস 0 109951 453322 2024-12-10T11:44:47Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox criminal|name=Chinmoy Krishna Das|native_name=চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস|native_name_lang=bn|image=|caption=|birth_name=Chandan Kumar Dhar<ref>{{cite web |title=ইসকন নেতা কে এই চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস? |url=https://thedailycampus.com/national/161206/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E... 453322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox criminal|name=Chinmoy Krishna Das|native_name=চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস|native_name_lang=bn|image=|caption=|birth_name=Chandan Kumar Dhar<ref>{{cite web |title=ইসকন নেতা কে এই চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস? |url=https://thedailycampus.com/national/161206/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8? |website=The Daily Campus |date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=কে এই চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস |url=https://stories.apexnews-sea.com/news/detail/bcc762706baf13941170ae900d434a94?country=bd&language=bn&entry_id=7c1e0ca1241126bn_bd&request_id=PUSH_ed09f645-857c-40cb-87a3-ee9b002c5eaa&from=opera_push |website=The Bengali Times |date=26 November 2024}}</ref>|birth_date=|birth_place=|occupation=[[Hindu]] [[monk]]|known=[[Spokesperson]] of Bangladesh Sanatan Jagaran Mancha|organization=Bangladesh Sanatan Jagaran Mancha<br />[[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (expelled)|criminal_charge=[[Sedition]]|capture_status=In prison}}'''চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস''' ({{Lang-en|Chinmoy Krishna Das}}) বাংলাদেশী হিন্দু সন্ন্যাসী আৰু বাংলাদেশ সনাতন জাগৰণ মঞ্চৰ মুখপাত্ৰ। ২০২৪ চনৰ ২৫ নৱেম্বৰত তেওঁক দেশদ্ৰোহৰ অভিযোগত গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত তেওঁৰ অনুগামীসকলে হিংসাত্মক প্ৰতিবাদ সাব্যস্ত কৰে৷ সমান্তৰালভাৱে ভাৰতৰ পৰাও কূটনৈতিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়।[3][4][5][6] তেওঁ ইস্কন বাংলাদেশৰ প্ৰাক্তন সদস্য আছিল৷ শিশু যৌন নিৰ্যাতন আৰু অন্যান্য অনুশাসনমূলক সমস্যাৰ অভিযোগত তেওঁক সংগঠনটোৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == 8g3cfzsn3l4h1r0umz6zra8v30e0q2q 453323 453322 2024-12-10T11:45:29Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 added [[Category:বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox criminal|name=Chinmoy Krishna Das|native_name=চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস|native_name_lang=bn|image=|caption=|birth_name=Chandan Kumar Dhar<ref>{{cite web |title=ইসকন নেতা কে এই চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস? |url=https://thedailycampus.com/national/161206/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8? |website=The Daily Campus |date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=কে এই চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস |url=https://stories.apexnews-sea.com/news/detail/bcc762706baf13941170ae900d434a94?country=bd&language=bn&entry_id=7c1e0ca1241126bn_bd&request_id=PUSH_ed09f645-857c-40cb-87a3-ee9b002c5eaa&from=opera_push |website=The Bengali Times |date=26 November 2024}}</ref>|birth_date=|birth_place=|occupation=[[Hindu]] [[monk]]|known=[[Spokesperson]] of Bangladesh Sanatan Jagaran Mancha|organization=Bangladesh Sanatan Jagaran Mancha<br />[[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (expelled)|criminal_charge=[[Sedition]]|capture_status=In prison}}'''চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস''' ({{Lang-en|Chinmoy Krishna Das}}) বাংলাদেশী হিন্দু সন্ন্যাসী আৰু বাংলাদেশ সনাতন জাগৰণ মঞ্চৰ মুখপাত্ৰ। ২০২৪ চনৰ ২৫ নৱেম্বৰত তেওঁক দেশদ্ৰোহৰ অভিযোগত গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত তেওঁৰ অনুগামীসকলে হিংসাত্মক প্ৰতিবাদ সাব্যস্ত কৰে৷ সমান্তৰালভাৱে ভাৰতৰ পৰাও কূটনৈতিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়।[3][4][5][6] তেওঁ ইস্কন বাংলাদেশৰ প্ৰাক্তন সদস্য আছিল৷ শিশু যৌন নিৰ্যাতন আৰু অন্যান্য অনুশাসনমূলক সমস্যাৰ অভিযোগত তেওঁক সংগঠনটোৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] 2cmaro2ktpf61xxn0pu10v5f0ksrz14 453324 453323 2024-12-10T11:45:45Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 added [[Category:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 453324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox criminal|name=Chinmoy Krishna Das|native_name=চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস|native_name_lang=bn|image=|caption=|birth_name=Chandan Kumar Dhar<ref>{{cite web |title=ইসকন নেতা কে এই চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস? |url=https://thedailycampus.com/national/161206/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8? |website=The Daily Campus |date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=কে এই চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস |url=https://stories.apexnews-sea.com/news/detail/bcc762706baf13941170ae900d434a94?country=bd&language=bn&entry_id=7c1e0ca1241126bn_bd&request_id=PUSH_ed09f645-857c-40cb-87a3-ee9b002c5eaa&from=opera_push |website=The Bengali Times |date=26 November 2024}}</ref>|birth_date=|birth_place=|occupation=[[Hindu]] [[monk]]|known=[[Spokesperson]] of Bangladesh Sanatan Jagaran Mancha|organization=Bangladesh Sanatan Jagaran Mancha<br />[[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (expelled)|criminal_charge=[[Sedition]]|capture_status=In prison}}'''চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস''' ({{Lang-en|Chinmoy Krishna Das}}) বাংলাদেশী হিন্দু সন্ন্যাসী আৰু বাংলাদেশ সনাতন জাগৰণ মঞ্চৰ মুখপাত্ৰ। ২০২৪ চনৰ ২৫ নৱেম্বৰত তেওঁক দেশদ্ৰোহৰ অভিযোগত গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত তেওঁৰ অনুগামীসকলে হিংসাত্মক প্ৰতিবাদ সাব্যস্ত কৰে৷ সমান্তৰালভাৱে ভাৰতৰ পৰাও কূটনৈতিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়।[3][4][5][6] তেওঁ ইস্কন বাংলাদেশৰ প্ৰাক্তন সদস্য আছিল৷ শিশু যৌন নিৰ্যাতন আৰু অন্যান্য অনুশাসনমূলক সমস্যাৰ অভিযোগত তেওঁক সংগঠনটোৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] abgev32cgslt8y2u89zium8ogk35y3o 453328 453324 2024-12-10T11:49:10Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 453328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox criminal|name=চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস|native_name=চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস|native_name_lang=bn|image=|caption=|birth_name=চন্দন কুমাৰ ধৰ<ref>{{cite web |title=ইসকন নেতা কে এই চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস? |url=https://thedailycampus.com/national/161206/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8? |website=The Daily Campus |date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=কে এই চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস |url=https://stories.apexnews-sea.com/news/detail/bcc762706baf13941170ae900d434a94?country=bd&language=bn&entry_id=7c1e0ca1241126bn_bd&request_id=PUSH_ed09f645-857c-40cb-87a3-ee9b002c5eaa&from=opera_push |website=The Bengali Times |date=26 November 2024}}</ref>|birth_date=|birth_place=|occupation=হিন্দু সন্যাসী|known=বাংলাদেশৰ সনাতন জাগৰণ মঞ্চৰ মুখপাত্ৰ|organization=বাংলাদেশ সনাতন জাগৰণ মঞ্চ<br />ইছকন(বহিষ্কৃত)|criminal_charge=[[দেশদ্ৰোহ]]|capture_status=কাৰাৰুদ্ধ}}'''চিন্ময় কৃষ্ণ দাস''' ({{Lang-en|Chinmoy Krishna Das}}) বাংলাদেশী হিন্দু সন্ন্যাসী আৰু বাংলাদেশ সনাতন জাগৰণ মঞ্চৰ মুখপাত্ৰ। ২০২৪ চনৰ ২৫ নৱেম্বৰত তেওঁক দেশদ্ৰোহৰ অভিযোগত গ্ৰেপ্তাৰ কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত তেওঁৰ অনুগামীসকলে হিংসাত্মক প্ৰতিবাদ সাব্যস্ত কৰে৷ সমান্তৰালভাৱে ভাৰতৰ পৰাও কূটনৈতিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web|title=Why was Hindu monk Chinmoy Krishna Das arrested in Bangladesh?|website=The Week|date=26 November 2024|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2024/11/26/why-was-hindu-monk-chinmay-krishna-das-arrested-in-bangladesh.html|access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nath|first=Sanstuti|title=Supporters Of Arrested Hindu Priest Thrashed Outside Bangladesh Court|website=www.ndtv.com|date=26 November 2024|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/supporters-of-arrested-hindu-priest-thrashed-outside-bangladesh-court-7110578#pfrom=home-ndtv_topstories|access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ISKCON leader Chinmoy Das held in Bangladesh for sedition|website=Hindustan Times|date=26 November 2024|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/iskcon-leader-chinmoy-das-arrest-bangladesh-sedition-dhaka-sadhguru-101732603348769.html|access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hindu monk sent to jail in Bangladesh: Who is Chinmoy Krishna Das?|website=The Indian Express|date=26 November 2024|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/bangladesh-sanatan-jagaran-manch-who-is-chinmoy-krishna-das-9691169/|access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Several injured after protests break out in Bangladesh over arrest of Hindu monk|website=India Today|date=26 November 2024|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/bangladesh-hindu-monk-chinmoy-krishna-das-arrest-triggers-protests-several-injured-in-clashes-2640088-2024-11-26|access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh ISKCON priest Chinmoy Krishna Das arrested amid protests against Hindu atrocities|website=The Economic Times|date=26 November 2024|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/bangladesh-iskcon-priest-chinmoy-krishna-das-arrested-amid-protests-against-hindu-atrocities/articleshow/115676546.cms|access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chinmoy Krishna Das sent to jail|website=Dhaka Tribune|date=26 November 2024|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/366290/chinmoy-krishna-das-handed-over-to-cmp|access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>তেওঁ ইস্কন বাংলাদেশৰ প্ৰাক্তন সদস্য আছিল৷ শিশু যৌন নিৰ্যাতন আৰু অন্যান্য অনুশাসনমূলক সমস্যাৰ অভিযোগত তেওঁক সংগঠনটোৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=বাংলাদেশ|first=Daily Bangladesh :: ডেইলি|title=ISKCON imposes Ban on Chinmoy for child sexual abuse|url=https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/national/100182|access-date=2024-12-06|website=Daily Bangladesh|language=en}}</ref><ref name="jaijaidin" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Iskcon Bangladesh banned Chinmoy Das in 2023, report cites old letter|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/iskcon-bangladesh-banned-chinmoy-das-in-2023-over-child-sexual-abuse-report-cites-old-letter-13839943.html|access-date=2 December 2024|work=Firstpost|date=29 November 2024|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Hindu explained">{{cite web|author=Shruthi Darbhamulla|title=The arrest of Hindu monk Chinmoy Das in Bangladesh|work=The Hindu|date=28 November 2024|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/the-arrest-of-hindu-monk-chinmoy-das-in-bangladesh-explained/article68913583.ece}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] 8vn8a8vd2sx3kljoh8zl9lbd06l2yki