Wikibooks:Requests for deletion

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    <title>Wikibooks:Requests for deletion</title>
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[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
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= Undeletion =
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==[[City Of Heroes]]==
{{closed|Was undeleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
A book that was deleted when strategy guides were not allowed. See discussion  -&lt;span style=&quot;background:yellow;&gt;User:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue span&gt; 17:13, 12 November 2022 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
:This book was deleted about 16 years ago and only one page had a significant amount of content. It could all be undeleted but would probably be better re-made from scratch.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 01:34, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
::'''Undeleted it''' with many first-level subpages. Yet [[City Of Heroes/Archetypes]], [[City Of Heroes/Powers]], [[City Of Heroes/General Help]], [[City Of Heroes/Enhancements]], [[City Of Heroes/Binds]] and [[City Of Heroes/Badges]] have even more subpages to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:50, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:::'''Undeleted''' many subpages of the above subpages, less obviously useless versions. Yet any administrators are hereby advised to check [[Special:Undelete]] for more to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:52, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:Remaking this content from scratch might be difficult - the game shut down in 2012. There's a small community of users running private servers based on leaked source code (!), but far fewer than when the game was active. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
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== [[Mass undeletion of books that were deleted when strategy guides were not allowed.]]==
{{closed|Not done —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Couldn't we just mass undelete these books? [[User:Garfieldcat1978|Garfieldcat1978]] ([[User talk:Garfieldcat1978|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Garfieldcat1978|contribs]]) 18:25, 20 February 2023 (UTC) Letting bot archive as needed.
:Listing which works would be much better.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:51, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

==Requesting for undeletion of the page &quot;Jumarkese&quot;==
{{closed|Not restored —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Hi, I just want to ask the administrators to restore my deleted page, &quot;Jumarkese&quot;. I am begging you, I hope you will forgive me. Actually, I just noticed today that you deleted my page. I don't know your reasons why you did that. But I hope you can grant my request to restore my deleted page &quot;Jumarkese&quot; as soon as possible. Thank you. [[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]] ([[User talk:Jumark27|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jumark27|contribs]]) 16:38, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]]. You can see the reasoning under the corresponding section below. It consisted of original research, which is out of scope at Wikibooks, and this type of decision is precedented. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:54, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
::What do you mean by original research? [[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]] ([[User talk:Jumark27|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jumark27|contribs]]) 06:12, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
:See [[Wikibooks:Original research]]. Neither Wikibooks nor Wikipedia allow original research.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 07:45, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
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= Deletion =
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&lt;!-- New nominations go at the bottom of page --&gt;

== [[Developing A Universal Religion]] ==
{{closed|Deleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
'''Transwiki to Wikisource'''. This book by [[User:David Hockey]] survived VfD in 2005 ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Developing A Universal Religion]]) but it should not have. Another VfD is from 2006: [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Purpose]], for what was part 3 of the book. The book was originally uploaded as four separate parts, located at [[Thinking And Moral Problems]], [[Religions And Their Source]], [[Purpose]], and [[Developing A Universal Religion]].

The book contains multiple inaccurate claims and its title makes it unsuitable for Wikibooks. Material in Wikibooks should strive to be factually accurate and neutral, which this book cannot be. Since this book by David Hockey was previously published, and there is a pdf to check the text against ([[:File:Developing a Universal Religion Parts 1-2-3 &amp; 4.pdf]]), it can be hosted on Wikisource.

The book presents a ''philosophy'' of the purpose of life and ethics, not a ''religion''. The book does not involve God or gods except that it portrays evolution and the life on the Earth as a quasi-god for being alleged potentially ''omnipotent'' and by its occasional capitalization of &quot;life&quot; as &quot;Life&quot;. It is not true that any philosophy of purpose of life is a religion and the book does nothing to distinguish itself from philosophy as a religion.

The book's key tenet is that we should adopt as a ''surrogate'' purpose of life to &quot;support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability&quot;. There is nothing factually neutral about this idea; it is one person's philosophical position. And it is not just a minor part of the book that can be edited away; it comes in part 3 and is built upon in part 4. This follows from [[Developing A Universal Religion/Looking For A Purpose/What Purpose Can We Use?]]: &quot;Given that there is no detectable purpose pre-designed into life or the universe, then, if we must have one, we must adopt a surrogate. To my mind, the only viable option is to support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability. Such a purpose is universal and rational; it is a purpose that will last as long as life itself lasts. It accommodates the whole of life, and shows that we care about more than just our own well-being. It declares that we value life for its own sake and think little about the death that must follow, taking it simply as the price to be paid for living.&quot;

The book contains multiple dubious claims about life's omnipotent potential. There is nothing factual about it: not only can life not become omnipotent but it cannot become ''nearly'' omnipotent either. To begin with, given our current knowledge, there is no chance life could ever inhabit planet Pluto and the book does not support this idea in any way; and there is no way life can spread from the Earth to the Earth's nearest star given our knowledge. One can find multiple such claims and I will quote just one: &quot;This  omnipotent  consequence  of  evolution  is  just  that—a consequence.&quot; It is trivial to come up with capabilities that life including humankind may never achieve; one needs just a little bit of imagination. The argument that our ancestors could not have imagined our present capabilities has very little force to support the idea of future near omnipotence. It is obvious but you can read more at [https://www.quora.com/Is-evolution-omnipotent? Quora: Is evolution omnipotent?].

The book examines some of the ethical consequences of its proposed ultimate purpose, e.g. in [[Developing A Universal Religion/Determining Moral Behaviours/Killing]]. Its examination in unconvincing. For instance, it says &quot;The rationale for stating that it would be wrong to kill an individual is easy to state: any individual’s actions may contribute to the objective of supporting Life’s continued evolution, thus each life is valuable and should be preserved&quot;, but it is not obvious that each and every human including those severely disabled can contribute to Life's continuing evolution, so it does not follow that each human life should be preserved. Those following the stated purpose could decide to exterminate a technologically weak nation and take its resources and there is nothing obvious in the stated purpose to prevent them from doing so; the author does not seem to realize that.

As for the previous VfD:
* As for the book being &quot;well written&quot;: It may be fairly well written from a stylistic perspective, having been created by a single author outside of Wikibooks and published, but it is not well and plausibly reasoned as shown above.
* As for &quot;Looks like a real book to me&quot;: It surely is a real book, which alone does not make it includable in Wikibooks.
* As for &quot;There are formal footnotes and references to other sources that have at least some academic credibility.&quot; Footnotes and references do not save the book from being non-factual and non-neutral, and the whole of the text is nowhere close to being referenced using Wikipedia's referencing standard. The few references scattered throughout the book do not save the book content from criticism.
* As for &quot;This is a philosophy book, and that can be tricky to work with, I know.&quot;: Most philosophical books ever published do not fit Wikibooks since they are not neutral and their factual accuracy can be disputed. Philosophical surveys can be made to fit, though, mostly in the form of &quot;some authors argue that X, other authors argue that Y&quot;.

The stated problems with the book cannot be addressed by collaborative editing, starting with the observation that it is not about religion and that it depends on a posited purpose that is not neutral. It should not stay in Wikibooks. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:55, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

::Make it rain '''wikisource'''! Wikisource tastes good in pasta.  &lt;sup&gt; [[User:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;L10nM4st3r&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; / &lt;sub&gt;[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span tyle=&quot;color:#fed8b1&quot;&gt;'''Roar''' at me&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 22:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
:::I will move it and its subpages via [[s:Special:Import]] only one at a time. Please be patient unless someone has any better way.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 04:30, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
::::{{ping|Dan Polansky|L10nM4st3r}}Please see [[s:Wikisource:Administrators'_noticeboard#Mass_import_from_Wikibooks]] with an objection that the book might not be acceptable there. I am not exporting yet.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 19:47, 11 September 2022 (UTC)
:Delete, but if the PDF is under a compatible licence, which I presume it '''should''' be if the import was done correctly, consider moving the original PDF to Wikimedia Commons? [[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 01:39, 22 February 2023 (UTC)
::Plain text PDFs are generally out of scope on Commons unless they are source documents, which this is not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:51, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:{{vd}} per above. Are we still waiting on another Wikiproject to take it? It's persisted here for several months now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:54, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
:General consensus seems to be for deletion—I can see no objections, and this has been open for several months. Unless objections are presented, I will plan to delete it. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

Since Wikisource does not want the book due to being self-published (which it does seem to be), I am happy to '''keep it in Wikibooks'''. However, the book should probably start with a heavy disclaimer to the effect that the book contains original research, may be inaccurate or may reflect the point of view of a particular philosopher not accepted by mainstream philosophy. As incorrect as it seems to be, the book seems interesting enough. The book could be assigned in a philosophy course: &quot;Read [[Developing A Universal Religion]] from Wikibooks a identify defects in its arguments&quot;; or the like; a professional educator would probably be able to create a better formulation for an assignment, including perhaps &quot;determine the kind of -isms the book falls under&quot; or &quot;identify authors developing similar themes&quot; (which is more challenging since one needs to know the literature). The book is not much worse than a lot of bad material that passes as &quot;philosophy&quot; is some countries. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:18, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

{{vd}} This seems to be very much outside the scope of Wikibooks per &quot;Wikibooks is an instructional resource&quot;. Also seems to contain a lot of original research.  If its to be transwiki-ed, then Wikiversity seems a better project for it. [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 18:24, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
:Waiting for [[v:Wikiversity:Import#New_requests_for_import]] to reply.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:34, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:: Hello, I'm a Wikibooks reviewer and Wikiversity curator. Technically I can handle this request but I decided not to do that for now ([[:v:special:diff/2548035]]). As I pointed out at [[:v:WV:I]], I'm not sure if others have agreed with that suggestion. This is just a curator decision, so other custodians or curators may override my decision, but once there is clear consensus about moving to Wikiversity, then that will make things easier. I hope this can help you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:45, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[The Computer Revolution/Computers and Environment/Nanotechnology]] ==
{{closed|1=Consensus to delete. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:58, 30 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Consists of excerpts from third parties. Those from ''New Scientist'', do not appear to be under a compatible licence. {{Unsigned|Mbrickn|07:33, 10 January 2023‎}}
:I'm not sure it's enough of a violation for deletion? Based on a [https://copyvios.toolforge.org/?lang=en&amp;project=wikibooks&amp;title=The+Computer+Revolution%2FComputers+and+Environment%2FNanotechnology&amp;oldid=&amp;action=search&amp;use_engine=1&amp;use_links=1&amp;turnitin=0 copyvio comparison], the text seems mostly paraphrased. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:44, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
:{{vd}} The content of this page is ''entirely'' quotes and summaries of articles. The opening is a copy-paste quote of the linked Rice University page, the &quot;examples of nanomaterials&quot; are taken from [[doi:10.1021/es0506509]] (or, more likely, from another article summarizing it), and the two paragraphs following that are inaccurate summaries of the (already pop-science) ''New Scientist'' articles cited. There's no original content here whatsoever, and I'm not even sure how any of this is related to the overall topic of &quot;the computer revolution&quot; - these articles are about chemistry, not computing.
:This entire book is in pretty bad shape, frankly. Everything about it has the look of a class project where each student picked (or was assigned) a topic to write about individually, and their work was combined into a book. The results lack both coherence and quality, and I'm having a hard time seeing how this could ever be fixed short of throwing it all out and starting over. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:08, 14 August 2024 (UTC)
::After taking another look at the page, I now agree that it at least should be deleted. The content is not useful or coherent, and has issues as described above. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:19, 14 August 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Dynamical Systems]] ==
This seems to be abandoned book, the only content is largly vacuous. I don't believe it is likely to be extended or worked on because it is both a technical topic, and represents to original author's goals for such a book (graduate level vs undergraduate). [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 20:46, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

:It does seem abandoned; the single existing page hasn't been updated since 2018 and the main book page hasn't been updated since 2019. Unless someone quickly decides to pick up on it, I can't really see it staying here at Wikibooks :/ —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:35, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

::Hello there,
::currently I'm working over at the German page, because I have begun to work with a new, more intuitive terminology. My current plan is to first finish the German version and then possibly to translate it. To finish the German version will take at least until the end of this year. Until then, you shouldn't expect any progress. Afterwards, I may feel inclined to pick up the project, depending on my human rights situation. --[[User:Mathmensch|Mathmensch]] ([[User talk:Mathmensch|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mathmensch|contribs]]) 09:26, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

== Files from [[Illustrated Guide to the world of Spira (FFX and FFX-2)]] ==

Used for decorative, not educational, purposes: [[:File:Float 13.jpg]], [[:File:Grabbed Frame 15.jpg]], [[:File:Gandof.jpg]], [[:File:Ohalland.jpg]], [[:File:Braskascan1.jpg]], [[:File:Tidus FFX.png]] ([[WB:NFCC]]#8). — Ирука&lt;sup&gt;[[user:Iruka13|13]]&lt;/sup&gt; 13:54, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
:Sure, I think I can agree on the removal of these [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 12:24, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

== [[Radium SmartChain]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:48, 23 July 2024 (UTC)}}
including the closely related books:
* [[XRADON Supernet]]
* [[Radium Core]]

These books are a borderline advertisement for a cryptocurrency project. Moreover, the project has changed substantially since the books were written in 2016-2017 - it's now called &quot;Validity&quot;, and most, if not all, of the information in these books is no longer accurate. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 06:39, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

:{{comment}} I'm not sure it's blatant enough to be considered advertising? Since it technically is a how-to? But, if it is out of date, that could warrant deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
::Hence &quot;borderline&quot;. Some of the subpages like [[Radium Core/Use Cases/Proof of Author]] have more of a promotional air to them. But yes, the instructional content is all badly out of date; there are edits [[Special:Diff/3554520|as far back as 2019]] from users trying to mark the books as being outdated, and it's only gotten worse since then. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:16, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
:{{del}} If it wasn't outdated, I would vote keep, but... [[User:ForTheGrammar|ForTheGrammar]] ([[User talk:ForTheGrammar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ForTheGrammar|contribs]]) 01:32, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Various pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] ==

The following pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] seem out of scope because they consist entirely of personal promotion/advertisement for the author's photography:
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians II]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Lights of Moscow]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Ethiopia through the eyes of traveler]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/On the roads of India]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/14 days in Mongolia]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians III]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Hitchhiking across Sudan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/January in Japan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Uganda: tribes and civilization]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Tribes of Kenya]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Afghanistan, 2008]]
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:13, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

:Frankly, the entire book appears to be a vehicle for the author to promote his own photography. The few sentences of instructional content on pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in macro photography]] are practically useless; that one amounts to &quot;to take macro photos, set your camera to macro mode and hold it close to the subject, or read another book for more information&quot;. Other pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Interior photography in hobo tours]] or [[Basics of fine-art photography/Taking pictures of homeless people]] provide essentially no information on photography technique at all, and seem to mostly be intended as jumping-off points to showcase more of the author's photos. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:40, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

== [[History of Grand-Popo]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 08:11, 22 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Suited for enWP not WB, appears to be a simple import with no likely development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:28, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. Lists and links are not a textbook. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 10:01, 30 September 2024 (UTC)}}
This book is essentially a compilation of lists and links—I don't think it's actually in-scope here as a book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Selected Essays]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted}}
Seems completely out of WB scope; it's just a collection of unrelated personal essays. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:52, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} Agreed, personal essays and not ones that can easily be used, at that. [[User:Icandostuff|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Yellow&quot;&gt;can&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Lime&quot;&gt;do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#00ffff&quot;&gt;stuff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;!&lt;/span&gt; ]] ([[User talk:Icandostuff|talk]]) 12:52, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Remembering the Templars]] ==

Seems to be pretty much an encyclopedic article about the Knights Templar, which makes it out of scope; enormous amount of links to enWP and may even just be an import. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:59, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:53, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[Half-Life Computation]] ==

Doesn't seem in-scope as a book—just seems like a single page on how to do a specific calculation. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:06, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[God and Religious Toleration]] ==

This book was [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/God and Religious Toleration|previously nominated for deletion in 2011]], but kept largely because of its theoretical potential for improvement. It's now over a decade later, and no real improvement has been made. The book has the following issues:
* A lack of clearly defined educational/instructional scope, structure, or aims overall
* A lack of structure in each existing chapter
* Significant NPOV and lack-of-evidence/citations
I've gone through the book to try to improve it somewhat, but it largely feels like a disorganized dumping ground for a variety of abstract thoughts, many of which are heavily biased. At this point, given the amount of time it has had for improvement and the lack thereof, I don't think it has a place at Wikibooks. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:06, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

:This book is very important in this day and age. Tolerance between religions is important for world peace. Without tolerance, chaos breaks out in the world. We should promote tolerance between religions. If the good guys keep quiet, the bad guys win. Is that what you want? A better way is to simply add a chapter of yours to the book and contribute your suggestions to world peace and the strengthening of love in the world. @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]] ([[User talk:Nobody60|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nobody60|contribs]]) 08:46, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

:Support deleting as per issues pointed out in nom. @[[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]], there are kilometers between deleting a bad, biased book and supporting religious intolerance or whatever it is you're accusing the nom of doing. Wikibooks is a project with a definite, reachable and concrete goal, which this book doesn't meet, never met and probably would never meet. --[[User:YuriNikolai|YuriNikolai]] ([[User talk:YuriNikolai|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/YuriNikolai|contribs]]) 02:10, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 07:44, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Not only is this material not presented from a neutral point of view, it's not even a mainstream religious POV. Much like [[Developing A Universal Religion]] (also up for deletion), the goal of this text appears to be to create and promote a new syncretic religious movement, complete with its own new beliefs and practices; this is very much outside the scope of Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:24, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} as per [[WB:NOR]]: I am all for religious tolerance but all against religious acquiescence. [[User:Jeaucques Quœure|Jeaucques Quœure]] ([[User talk:Jeaucques Quœure|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jeaucques Quœure|contribs]]) 07:30, 26 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kashubian Dictionary]] ==

[[WB:DICT|Out of scope]] here; material should be hosted at Wiktionary (I've [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Information desk/2024/May|suggested it there]]). —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

:Any content in this dictionary should be already be at [[wiktionary:Wiktionary:Requested entries (Kashubian)/Kashubian Dictionary]], where we will be able to slowly make entries for these. [[User:Vininn126|Vininn126]] ([[User talk:Vininn126|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vininn126|contribs]]) 21:51, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biblioþeke]] ==

Out of scope; seems to be an incomplete translation of the bible into a conlang. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:16, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikis for Retail Store Managers]] ==

Abandoned, unclear scope, little content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:30, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Human Geography]] ==

Abandoned for two decades without any development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:50, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Neuro Linguistic Programming]] ==

Abandoned, very little meaningful content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Scrapebook Linguistics]] ==

Abandoned, little to no meaningful content, unclear scope or potential for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:05, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - an earlier version of this page was imported to Wikiversity as [[:v:Special:Permalink/15674|Portal:Linguistics]] (and subsequently edited into oblivion). The followup edits here aren't needed at WV. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:22, 25 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Be a Good Camp Counselor]] ==

Book is un/under-developed and abandoned, and the scope/potential for development is somewhat unclear to me. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:07, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989/Manual for Obtention of Driving licence: Signals and Lights]] ==

Abandoned with non-English. Not belonging under [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989]], that Taiwanese administrative regulation since 1989 would not contain such a manual.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 16:55, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per above —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Australian Property Law]] ==

Has only one page (introduction) with little content. It has been abandoned now for almost 20 years with no development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:35, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Chinese Checkers]] ==

Extremely minimal content and abandoned for almost 20 years. Was previously nominated for deletion in 2006 but kept on the grounds that it could be expanded—clearly this has not happened. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:56, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Niw Englisch]] ==

Fiction / original research - a conlang being (very slowly) created by the author of the book.

The following books are closely related to that project and should be deleted as well:
* [[NiwEnglisc]]
* [[Þat englisce Alphabet]]
* [[Lernung þer Stafræwe]]
* [[Þe ettbære Garden]]
as well as [[Biblioþeke]], which has already been nominated for deletion.
:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  all per the above. I can find no evidence of the conlang outside Wikibooks and this sole author. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:03, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mac OS X Leopard]] ==

Yet another abandoned, underdeveloped book on an obsolete operating system. (Mac OS X Leopard was released in 2007, and has been unsupported since 2011.) If there were more content in this book, it could possibly be refactored into a version-independent book about macOS, but there's effectively nothing here. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:42, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. If it were more fleshed out, it could be kept as archival. However, there's so little there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:47, 24 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[3DTin User's Guide]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade, undeveloped, very little content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:29, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - 3DTin was a web application which [https://3dtin.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/the-next-chapter/ shut down in 2016], so this book no longer serves any purpose, and certainly isn't going to be expanded. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:59, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Advanced Calculus]] ==

Abandoned for many years; consists of only one page for one theorem; no introduction or scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:32, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Algebra and Number Theory]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of one page with very little content; no introduction or scope —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Basic Ancient Greek]] ==

Abandoned for many years; very little actual content; only real contributor was an IP whose last edit was in 2015. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:37, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Blender Game Engine for Morons]] ==

Abandoned for at least a decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:41, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[BOINC]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content; unclear scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:43, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[HP Open View NNM Exam Guide]] ==

One page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:40, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. [[w:HP OpenView|HP OpenView]] no longer exists as a product (and its successor HP Network Management Center has been discontinued as well!); neither does HP's certification exam for it. There's certainly no purpose in writing a new guide for a nonexistent exam for a obsolete product. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:54, 23 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Games]] ==

Abandoned for ~1 decade; little to no meaningful content; one paragraph in entire book; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:43, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biochemistry/The Cell]] ==
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.5em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|36px|link=]] The following discussion has concluded. Please open a new discussion for any further comments.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible boilerplate metadata&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; margin:0em; padding:10px; border:1px solid #999999;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; padding:0px; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt; abandoned and undeveloped and per comments below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:47, 14 October 2024 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;body&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;

Not particularly in scope for the book as it is; content is not particularly meaningful, educational, helpful, or well-developed (e.g. what does it mean for red blood cells to &quot;helps in structure of the body&quot;?) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Even if the strange or outright wrong statements were removed (like describing a cell as &quot;a small particle or organism&quot;, or implying that red and white blood cells are the only types of cell!), this sort of very basic explanation would be more at home in an introductory text on biology, not a text on biochemistry which assumes familiarity with these topics. (And indeed, there are much better explanations in books like [[Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Cells]].) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 31 July 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== [[Folktales from the Mon People of Koh Kred]] ==

Seems to be out of scope, since Wikibooks does not host fiction. –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:29, 28 July 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:11, 10 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[High performance computing]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; only contains main page with little content; scope not well-defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Doom Modding]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope/path to completion —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:20, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Global Illumination and HDRI Maps in 3D Studio Max]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; one chapter only, which contains only a handful of sentences. Not enough content and no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== Pages in [[Security+ Certification]] ==

Both [[Security+ Certification/Threats and Vulnerabilities]] and [[Security+ Certification/Network Security]] seem to be deprecated per @[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]]'s recent overhaul; moreover, the pages in question seem to consist entirely of outlinks to Wikipedia. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:32, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

== Obsolete Microsoft certification guides ==

* [[MCSE Server 2003 Certification Core Exams]] (exam 70-290 retired July 2013)
* [[Microsoft Certified IT Professional]] (exam 70-444 retired June 2011; exam 70-450 retired July 2015)
* [[Microsoft Certified Professional Developer]] (exams 70-526, 70-528, 70-529, 70-547, 70-548 retired June 2011; exams 70-290, 70-536 retired July 2013)

These books all correspond to Microsoft certification exams which were retired in 2011-2015, and consist almost entirely of lists of course objectives copied from official course materials. There's almost no original educational content in any of these three books, and it's highly unlikely that they're going to be improved, since the certification exams they correspond to are no longer offered.

(Reference for the exam retirement dates is: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/credentials/support/retired-certification-exams)

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:27, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} per the above; additionally, some of these have very little content at all. Some pages may be candidates for speedy deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[GNU Autoconf]] ==

Little to no meaningful content, abandoned &gt;1 decade. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:42, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. Nothing particularly salvageable from this. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:07, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Textbook Reviews]] ==

Very little meaningful educational content; seems like opinion at most? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:45, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kurdish]] ==

Very little content at all, no outline or potential for development; abandoned for years. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:46, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[English-Arabic dictionary]] ==

Out of scope at Wikibooks since this is already completely covered by Wiktionary. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:49, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{comment}} [[English-Arabic dictionary/Colors in Arabic]] gets a nontrivial amount of traffic (~50 views/day). It'd be nice if we could at least preserve this as a redirect to an equivalent resource. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Audacity]] ==

Abandoned 17 years; consists only of paltry introduction. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:43, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - Audacity already has high-quality, freely licensed documentation at https://manual.audacityteam.org/ (and it's even a wiki!). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:57, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Java Logging]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:44, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mercury Programming]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; undeveloped (single page only); no scope or plan for expansion/future development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:46, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Server+ Certification]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content; mostly a few section headers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:48, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[NetBeans]] ==

No meaningful content; chapter list only; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:50, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Valgrind]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope; no path forward for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:52, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - readers would be much better off with [https://valgrind.org/docs/manual/quick-start.html Valgrind's own quick start guide] (which is even freely licensed). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 18 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Open Religion]] ==

Original research/soapbox/NPOV; abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:40, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - out of scope religious/philosophical content similar to [[#Developing a Universal Religion]], but less developed. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:58, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming for the consultant]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:42, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Metroid]] ==

Abandoned; main page only; no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:44, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Radiata Stories]] ==

Abandoned; little to no meaningful content; one page only with little content; no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Prehistory of Globalization/Preface]] ==

Orphaned page; little to no meaningful content; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:38, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Dialect]] ==

Scope unclear; abandoned with no plan for development; little to no meaningful content; most pages qualify for speedy anyway. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:18, 5 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming Text Adventures In Basic]] ==

Main page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:17, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[UNIX Basics]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:23, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Write a Compiler]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:24, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Script Languages Synopsis]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little content; unclear path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:26, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Epicurus]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 13:33, 6 October 2024 (UTC)}}
Merging with the other Epicurus page. {{unsigned|TheoYalur}}
{{end closed}}

=== [[Epicurus/On Matter - β (Περὶ φύσεως)]] ===

Merging with the other Epicurus page.

[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  I'm leaning towards this whole book being deleted. The scope and structure of this book as an educational textbook are unclear and the whole thing seems potentially like original research or an essay. Unless I've missed something, the main editor seems unresponsive to querying and is repeatedly removing the query flags. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:13, 25 September 2024 (UTC)

=={{anchor|Network+ Certification}}{{anchor|Security+ Certification}}{{anchor|A+ Certification}} CompTIA Certifications ==

[[Network+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Network+|Wikiversity]]. 

[[Security+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Security+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

[[A+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:A+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

De-duplicating work across Wikimedia. Subpages should all be deleted as well. Might be worth leaving a redirect to WV for future users. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:02, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

:I centralized at Wikiversity since the projects (as of now) are compendiums of links and resources based on the listed objectives of each exam, sometimes with explicitly suggested 'activities'. Very little in the way of 'book'-like exposition. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:06, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:Thought about leaving a {{tlx|MovedToWikiversity}} but that template has been deleted in the past. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:52, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== Wikiversal generated pages ==

* [[Wiki Assistant]]
* [[User Page Builder]]
*: Inexplicably, the links on the main page of this book all point to pages under [[:w:User:Hazel45onnie/User Page Builder]] '''on the English Wikipedia'''. I'm nominating those pages for deletion on enwiki as a separate process ([[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikiversuite pages|here]]).
* [[WikiverSuite/Wikiversant/Gunport Builder Demo 1]]
* [[Wiki Tutorial]]
*: Some of the internal links in this book are written as if the book is named [[Tutorial]] instead of [[Wiki Tutorial]]. You may have to use [[Special:Prefixindex/Wiki Tutorial]] to read through the whole thing.

These books were all generated using Wikiversal, a third-party wiki editing tool written by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer downloadable. Many of them contain broken internal links or other outdated content (like references to Wikiversity being a subproject of Wikibooks), and the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them unreasonably difficult to edit.

(As as aside, the markup used for these &quot;presentations&quot; is completely broken on the mobile site, e.g. [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_Page_Builder]. For some reason, the forward/back buttons are invisible, making it impossible to navigate from page to page.)

The first three books are all instructions on how to use Wikiversal itself. Since it's no longer available, they are of no use. The fourth, while described as a &quot;Wiki tutorial&quot;, primarily instructs users to use Wikiversal to build pages on the wiki; its main page should probably be redirected to [[Using Wikibooks]] as a much more comprehensive resource.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It isn't inexplicable that these pages and links are on the English Wikipedia.  The spammers who developed these pages were primarily trying to peddle software for use on the English Wikipedia.  Their pages on the English Wikipedia are also pending deletion as misusing Wikipedia for web hosting.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Based on the name and some of the user's (now deleted) activity on Wikiversity, I think the software was actually intended primarily for use on Wikibooks and/or Wikiversity. Why they decided to host some of its documentation on Wikipedia is a mystery. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:52, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::It isn't worth trying to explain the behavior of spammers.  Sometimes the explanation is stupidity and greed.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:05, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::&lt;del&gt;I haven't yet looked at the deletion request here.  I am primarily an English Wikipedia editor, just as [[User:Omphalographer]] is primarily a Commons editor.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)&lt;/del&gt;
*'''Delete All''' - Spam.  These books were created twelve years ago to peddle software to new users.  This was an abuse of Wikimedia for commercial purposes.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:51, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[PlanoTse Handbook for Job Search Automation]] ==

Much like the Wikiversal pages nominated above, this book is documentation for a piece of self-authored software by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer available for download. I can't find any substantial references to this software anywhere online outside of this book itself, so it seems highly unlikely to be useful to anyone.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per the above. If the software is not currently available and was never widely available or notable previously, I don't see why keeping it is useful, even for historicity. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - This is more spam by a spammer.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:17, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Roblox WF Wars]] ==

No textual content at all, just a couple of tables of data. I can't find any other information online about this game; for all we know, it may not even exist. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  as stated above. The content is so minimal, and the scope is not defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

: [[Alo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Bune Ğonatan!]]
: [[Dag, Jonathan!]]
: [[Glidis, o Jonathan!]]
: [[Hai, Jon!]]
: [[Hallo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Haloo, Jonatan!]]
: [[Hay, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hela, Jonathan!]]
: [[Holo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Oila, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salam, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salom, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salu, Jon!]]
: [[Salut Jonathan!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, ionatano!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sesan Jon!]]
: [[Simi, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]
: [[Terve, Jonathan!]]
: [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!]]
: [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!]]
: [[Òla, Ionatà!]]

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is.
:[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
:How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi!
:::Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
:::So the idea is the following:
:::1 Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::2 The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::3 For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::4 The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
:::Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. 
:::[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that.
::::Cheers! –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Hello again,
:::::It's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::[[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::Keep. Content of educational value that helps learn languages. I think more translations to natural languages should be produced. -[[User:Bronto Rex|Bronto Rex]] ([[User talk:Bronto Rex|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bronto Rex|contribs]]) 14:02, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[SNFO Flight Planning]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades, barely any content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. This looks like it was an attempt to transcribe an official Navy instruction manual. If a copy of the original document is available, this might be an appropriate project for Wikisource, but it doesn't belong on Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:24, 13 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wooden Boats: Building and Repair]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; a few pages, but each has only a few lines of text. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Stellar Scintillation]] ==

Extremely narrow scope that I don't think is quite book-worthy, especially given the low amount of content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:48, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Future Teachers Meet Wiki]] ==

Abandoned; scope doesn't seem right for Wikibooks; underdeveloped. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[East Indian Marathi]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade, almost no content at all, simple dictionary that should probably be transferred to Wiktionary if it hasn't already. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:53, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:25, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Spanish]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades; seems like an idea for a book that was never actually implemented (minimal meaningful content) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:55, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Luxembourgish]] ==

Abandoned; only non-main page is a list of movies—otherwise no meaningful content [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Data Recovery]] ==

Seems out of scope for an educational book; a couple paragraphs at most with no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:58, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - this is a worthy topic, but what's written here meanders between being vague and being actively bad advice. (The &lt;code&gt;strings&lt;/code&gt; command is not an appropriate data recovery tool.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Computer Science Explored]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; a couple sentences only in the entirety of the book —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:24, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Competitive Programming]] ==

Survived deletion previously on the justification that it could potentially be expanded, but it's since been over a decade with no improvement; extremely minimal educational content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:03, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== Pages by [[User:TheoYalur]] ==

* [[Henri Poincaré Reader]]
* [[The Sight and Sound of the Greek Genocide Around the Kültürpark in Izmir]]
* [[God Disorder]]

These pages all appear to be personal essays, not educational texts. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:53, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:They are all original research. The editor asked to be unblocked so they could move to Wikiversity where OR is permitted. As they have now returned to creating these dubious pages, I have blocked them again and deleted the most recent creation as out of scope original research. The &quot;reader&quot; might be acceptable. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]! I'm not sure about [[Henri Poincaré Reader]] since it has NPOV issues and it reads like a self-published essay piece with personal hypothesizing/opinion/research, no references, etc. Its educational scope is still somewhat unclear, as is the structure—it does not seem textbook-like in form or style. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:43, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:::You spent more time reading it than me I suspect. I only skimmed it, but I am sure you are right that it has the same issues as the other creations and should be deleted. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:14, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::::With regard to the &quot;Reader&quot;, at best it's a collection of loosely translated excerpts of texts which, for the most part, already have quality translations available on Wikisource. For instance, the section [[Henri Poincaré Reader#The Measure of Time (1898)]] is already translated as [[:s:The Foundations of Science/The Value of Science/Chapter 2]]. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 20:39, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:גני טווילרי]] ==

Please delete a redirection from the former user page, which was not active in the En Wikibooks. Thank you. [[User:לובר|לובר]] ([[User talk:לובר|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/לובר|contribs]]) 02:15, 16 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>iqfpl2y494dfg4hnw8psw2s23ez3rei</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4441216</id>
      <parentid>4441215</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-16T02:17:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>לובר</username>
        <id>3480407</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* User:גני טווילרי */ Correct</comment>
      <origin>4441216</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72244" sha1="i7fxwcs0f50lqgm43krsip5gizv760i" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{Requests for deletion/Archives}}
{{Requests for deletion/Using Template:Icon}}
{{clear}}

= Undeletion =
{{shortcut|WB:RFU}}
{{Requests for deletion/New undeletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Undeletion intro}}

==[[City Of Heroes]]==
{{closed|Was undeleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
A book that was deleted when strategy guides were not allowed. See discussion  -&lt;span style=&quot;background:yellow;&gt;User:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue span&gt; 17:13, 12 November 2022 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
:This book was deleted about 16 years ago and only one page had a significant amount of content. It could all be undeleted but would probably be better re-made from scratch.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 01:34, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
::'''Undeleted it''' with many first-level subpages. Yet [[City Of Heroes/Archetypes]], [[City Of Heroes/Powers]], [[City Of Heroes/General Help]], [[City Of Heroes/Enhancements]], [[City Of Heroes/Binds]] and [[City Of Heroes/Badges]] have even more subpages to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:50, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:::'''Undeleted''' many subpages of the above subpages, less obviously useless versions. Yet any administrators are hereby advised to check [[Special:Undelete]] for more to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:52, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:Remaking this content from scratch might be difficult - the game shut down in 2012. There's a small community of users running private servers based on leaked source code (!), but far fewer than when the game was active. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Mass undeletion of books that were deleted when strategy guides were not allowed.]]==
{{closed|Not done —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Couldn't we just mass undelete these books? [[User:Garfieldcat1978|Garfieldcat1978]] ([[User talk:Garfieldcat1978|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Garfieldcat1978|contribs]]) 18:25, 20 February 2023 (UTC) Letting bot archive as needed.
:Listing which works would be much better.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:51, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

==Requesting for undeletion of the page &quot;Jumarkese&quot;==
{{closed|Not restored —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Hi, I just want to ask the administrators to restore my deleted page, &quot;Jumarkese&quot;. I am begging you, I hope you will forgive me. Actually, I just noticed today that you deleted my page. I don't know your reasons why you did that. But I hope you can grant my request to restore my deleted page &quot;Jumarkese&quot; as soon as possible. Thank you. [[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]] ([[User talk:Jumark27|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jumark27|contribs]]) 16:38, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]]. You can see the reasoning under the corresponding section below. It consisted of original research, which is out of scope at Wikibooks, and this type of decision is precedented. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:54, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
::What do you mean by original research? [[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]] ([[User talk:Jumark27|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jumark27|contribs]]) 06:12, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
:See [[Wikibooks:Original research]]. Neither Wikibooks nor Wikipedia allow original research.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 07:45, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

= Deletion =
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
{{clear}}
&lt;!-- New nominations go at the bottom of page --&gt;

== [[Developing A Universal Religion]] ==
{{closed|Deleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
'''Transwiki to Wikisource'''. This book by [[User:David Hockey]] survived VfD in 2005 ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Developing A Universal Religion]]) but it should not have. Another VfD is from 2006: [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Purpose]], for what was part 3 of the book. The book was originally uploaded as four separate parts, located at [[Thinking And Moral Problems]], [[Religions And Their Source]], [[Purpose]], and [[Developing A Universal Religion]].

The book contains multiple inaccurate claims and its title makes it unsuitable for Wikibooks. Material in Wikibooks should strive to be factually accurate and neutral, which this book cannot be. Since this book by David Hockey was previously published, and there is a pdf to check the text against ([[:File:Developing a Universal Religion Parts 1-2-3 &amp; 4.pdf]]), it can be hosted on Wikisource.

The book presents a ''philosophy'' of the purpose of life and ethics, not a ''religion''. The book does not involve God or gods except that it portrays evolution and the life on the Earth as a quasi-god for being alleged potentially ''omnipotent'' and by its occasional capitalization of &quot;life&quot; as &quot;Life&quot;. It is not true that any philosophy of purpose of life is a religion and the book does nothing to distinguish itself from philosophy as a religion.

The book's key tenet is that we should adopt as a ''surrogate'' purpose of life to &quot;support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability&quot;. There is nothing factually neutral about this idea; it is one person's philosophical position. And it is not just a minor part of the book that can be edited away; it comes in part 3 and is built upon in part 4. This follows from [[Developing A Universal Religion/Looking For A Purpose/What Purpose Can We Use?]]: &quot;Given that there is no detectable purpose pre-designed into life or the universe, then, if we must have one, we must adopt a surrogate. To my mind, the only viable option is to support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability. Such a purpose is universal and rational; it is a purpose that will last as long as life itself lasts. It accommodates the whole of life, and shows that we care about more than just our own well-being. It declares that we value life for its own sake and think little about the death that must follow, taking it simply as the price to be paid for living.&quot;

The book contains multiple dubious claims about life's omnipotent potential. There is nothing factual about it: not only can life not become omnipotent but it cannot become ''nearly'' omnipotent either. To begin with, given our current knowledge, there is no chance life could ever inhabit planet Pluto and the book does not support this idea in any way; and there is no way life can spread from the Earth to the Earth's nearest star given our knowledge. One can find multiple such claims and I will quote just one: &quot;This  omnipotent  consequence  of  evolution  is  just  that—a consequence.&quot; It is trivial to come up with capabilities that life including humankind may never achieve; one needs just a little bit of imagination. The argument that our ancestors could not have imagined our present capabilities has very little force to support the idea of future near omnipotence. It is obvious but you can read more at [https://www.quora.com/Is-evolution-omnipotent? Quora: Is evolution omnipotent?].

The book examines some of the ethical consequences of its proposed ultimate purpose, e.g. in [[Developing A Universal Religion/Determining Moral Behaviours/Killing]]. Its examination in unconvincing. For instance, it says &quot;The rationale for stating that it would be wrong to kill an individual is easy to state: any individual’s actions may contribute to the objective of supporting Life’s continued evolution, thus each life is valuable and should be preserved&quot;, but it is not obvious that each and every human including those severely disabled can contribute to Life's continuing evolution, so it does not follow that each human life should be preserved. Those following the stated purpose could decide to exterminate a technologically weak nation and take its resources and there is nothing obvious in the stated purpose to prevent them from doing so; the author does not seem to realize that.

As for the previous VfD:
* As for the book being &quot;well written&quot;: It may be fairly well written from a stylistic perspective, having been created by a single author outside of Wikibooks and published, but it is not well and plausibly reasoned as shown above.
* As for &quot;Looks like a real book to me&quot;: It surely is a real book, which alone does not make it includable in Wikibooks.
* As for &quot;There are formal footnotes and references to other sources that have at least some academic credibility.&quot; Footnotes and references do not save the book from being non-factual and non-neutral, and the whole of the text is nowhere close to being referenced using Wikipedia's referencing standard. The few references scattered throughout the book do not save the book content from criticism.
* As for &quot;This is a philosophy book, and that can be tricky to work with, I know.&quot;: Most philosophical books ever published do not fit Wikibooks since they are not neutral and their factual accuracy can be disputed. Philosophical surveys can be made to fit, though, mostly in the form of &quot;some authors argue that X, other authors argue that Y&quot;.

The stated problems with the book cannot be addressed by collaborative editing, starting with the observation that it is not about religion and that it depends on a posited purpose that is not neutral. It should not stay in Wikibooks. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:55, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

::Make it rain '''wikisource'''! Wikisource tastes good in pasta.  &lt;sup&gt; [[User:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;L10nM4st3r&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; / &lt;sub&gt;[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span tyle=&quot;color:#fed8b1&quot;&gt;'''Roar''' at me&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 22:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
:::I will move it and its subpages via [[s:Special:Import]] only one at a time. Please be patient unless someone has any better way.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 04:30, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
::::{{ping|Dan Polansky|L10nM4st3r}}Please see [[s:Wikisource:Administrators'_noticeboard#Mass_import_from_Wikibooks]] with an objection that the book might not be acceptable there. I am not exporting yet.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 19:47, 11 September 2022 (UTC)
:Delete, but if the PDF is under a compatible licence, which I presume it '''should''' be if the import was done correctly, consider moving the original PDF to Wikimedia Commons? [[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 01:39, 22 February 2023 (UTC)
::Plain text PDFs are generally out of scope on Commons unless they are source documents, which this is not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:51, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:{{vd}} per above. Are we still waiting on another Wikiproject to take it? It's persisted here for several months now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:54, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
:General consensus seems to be for deletion—I can see no objections, and this has been open for several months. Unless objections are presented, I will plan to delete it. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

Since Wikisource does not want the book due to being self-published (which it does seem to be), I am happy to '''keep it in Wikibooks'''. However, the book should probably start with a heavy disclaimer to the effect that the book contains original research, may be inaccurate or may reflect the point of view of a particular philosopher not accepted by mainstream philosophy. As incorrect as it seems to be, the book seems interesting enough. The book could be assigned in a philosophy course: &quot;Read [[Developing A Universal Religion]] from Wikibooks a identify defects in its arguments&quot;; or the like; a professional educator would probably be able to create a better formulation for an assignment, including perhaps &quot;determine the kind of -isms the book falls under&quot; or &quot;identify authors developing similar themes&quot; (which is more challenging since one needs to know the literature). The book is not much worse than a lot of bad material that passes as &quot;philosophy&quot; is some countries. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:18, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

{{vd}} This seems to be very much outside the scope of Wikibooks per &quot;Wikibooks is an instructional resource&quot;. Also seems to contain a lot of original research.  If its to be transwiki-ed, then Wikiversity seems a better project for it. [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 18:24, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
:Waiting for [[v:Wikiversity:Import#New_requests_for_import]] to reply.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:34, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:: Hello, I'm a Wikibooks reviewer and Wikiversity curator. Technically I can handle this request but I decided not to do that for now ([[:v:special:diff/2548035]]). As I pointed out at [[:v:WV:I]], I'm not sure if others have agreed with that suggestion. This is just a curator decision, so other custodians or curators may override my decision, but once there is clear consensus about moving to Wikiversity, then that will make things easier. I hope this can help you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:45, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[The Computer Revolution/Computers and Environment/Nanotechnology]] ==
{{closed|1=Consensus to delete. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:58, 30 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Consists of excerpts from third parties. Those from ''New Scientist'', do not appear to be under a compatible licence. {{Unsigned|Mbrickn|07:33, 10 January 2023‎}}
:I'm not sure it's enough of a violation for deletion? Based on a [https://copyvios.toolforge.org/?lang=en&amp;project=wikibooks&amp;title=The+Computer+Revolution%2FComputers+and+Environment%2FNanotechnology&amp;oldid=&amp;action=search&amp;use_engine=1&amp;use_links=1&amp;turnitin=0 copyvio comparison], the text seems mostly paraphrased. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:44, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
:{{vd}} The content of this page is ''entirely'' quotes and summaries of articles. The opening is a copy-paste quote of the linked Rice University page, the &quot;examples of nanomaterials&quot; are taken from [[doi:10.1021/es0506509]] (or, more likely, from another article summarizing it), and the two paragraphs following that are inaccurate summaries of the (already pop-science) ''New Scientist'' articles cited. There's no original content here whatsoever, and I'm not even sure how any of this is related to the overall topic of &quot;the computer revolution&quot; - these articles are about chemistry, not computing.
:This entire book is in pretty bad shape, frankly. Everything about it has the look of a class project where each student picked (or was assigned) a topic to write about individually, and their work was combined into a book. The results lack both coherence and quality, and I'm having a hard time seeing how this could ever be fixed short of throwing it all out and starting over. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:08, 14 August 2024 (UTC)
::After taking another look at the page, I now agree that it at least should be deleted. The content is not useful or coherent, and has issues as described above. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:19, 14 August 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Dynamical Systems]] ==
This seems to be abandoned book, the only content is largly vacuous. I don't believe it is likely to be extended or worked on because it is both a technical topic, and represents to original author's goals for such a book (graduate level vs undergraduate). [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 20:46, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

:It does seem abandoned; the single existing page hasn't been updated since 2018 and the main book page hasn't been updated since 2019. Unless someone quickly decides to pick up on it, I can't really see it staying here at Wikibooks :/ —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:35, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

::Hello there,
::currently I'm working over at the German page, because I have begun to work with a new, more intuitive terminology. My current plan is to first finish the German version and then possibly to translate it. To finish the German version will take at least until the end of this year. Until then, you shouldn't expect any progress. Afterwards, I may feel inclined to pick up the project, depending on my human rights situation. --[[User:Mathmensch|Mathmensch]] ([[User talk:Mathmensch|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mathmensch|contribs]]) 09:26, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

== Files from [[Illustrated Guide to the world of Spira (FFX and FFX-2)]] ==

Used for decorative, not educational, purposes: [[:File:Float 13.jpg]], [[:File:Grabbed Frame 15.jpg]], [[:File:Gandof.jpg]], [[:File:Ohalland.jpg]], [[:File:Braskascan1.jpg]], [[:File:Tidus FFX.png]] ([[WB:NFCC]]#8). — Ирука&lt;sup&gt;[[user:Iruka13|13]]&lt;/sup&gt; 13:54, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
:Sure, I think I can agree on the removal of these [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 12:24, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

== [[Radium SmartChain]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:48, 23 July 2024 (UTC)}}
including the closely related books:
* [[XRADON Supernet]]
* [[Radium Core]]

These books are a borderline advertisement for a cryptocurrency project. Moreover, the project has changed substantially since the books were written in 2016-2017 - it's now called &quot;Validity&quot;, and most, if not all, of the information in these books is no longer accurate. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 06:39, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

:{{comment}} I'm not sure it's blatant enough to be considered advertising? Since it technically is a how-to? But, if it is out of date, that could warrant deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
::Hence &quot;borderline&quot;. Some of the subpages like [[Radium Core/Use Cases/Proof of Author]] have more of a promotional air to them. But yes, the instructional content is all badly out of date; there are edits [[Special:Diff/3554520|as far back as 2019]] from users trying to mark the books as being outdated, and it's only gotten worse since then. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:16, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
:{{del}} If it wasn't outdated, I would vote keep, but... [[User:ForTheGrammar|ForTheGrammar]] ([[User talk:ForTheGrammar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ForTheGrammar|contribs]]) 01:32, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Various pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] ==

The following pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] seem out of scope because they consist entirely of personal promotion/advertisement for the author's photography:
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians II]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Lights of Moscow]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Ethiopia through the eyes of traveler]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/On the roads of India]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/14 days in Mongolia]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians III]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Hitchhiking across Sudan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/January in Japan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Uganda: tribes and civilization]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Tribes of Kenya]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Afghanistan, 2008]]
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:13, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

:Frankly, the entire book appears to be a vehicle for the author to promote his own photography. The few sentences of instructional content on pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in macro photography]] are practically useless; that one amounts to &quot;to take macro photos, set your camera to macro mode and hold it close to the subject, or read another book for more information&quot;. Other pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Interior photography in hobo tours]] or [[Basics of fine-art photography/Taking pictures of homeless people]] provide essentially no information on photography technique at all, and seem to mostly be intended as jumping-off points to showcase more of the author's photos. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:40, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

== [[History of Grand-Popo]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 08:11, 22 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Suited for enWP not WB, appears to be a simple import with no likely development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:28, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. Lists and links are not a textbook. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 10:01, 30 September 2024 (UTC)}}
This book is essentially a compilation of lists and links—I don't think it's actually in-scope here as a book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Selected Essays]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted}}
Seems completely out of WB scope; it's just a collection of unrelated personal essays. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:52, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} Agreed, personal essays and not ones that can easily be used, at that. [[User:Icandostuff|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Yellow&quot;&gt;can&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Lime&quot;&gt;do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#00ffff&quot;&gt;stuff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;!&lt;/span&gt; ]] ([[User talk:Icandostuff|talk]]) 12:52, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Remembering the Templars]] ==

Seems to be pretty much an encyclopedic article about the Knights Templar, which makes it out of scope; enormous amount of links to enWP and may even just be an import. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:59, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:53, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[Half-Life Computation]] ==

Doesn't seem in-scope as a book—just seems like a single page on how to do a specific calculation. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:06, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[God and Religious Toleration]] ==

This book was [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/God and Religious Toleration|previously nominated for deletion in 2011]], but kept largely because of its theoretical potential for improvement. It's now over a decade later, and no real improvement has been made. The book has the following issues:
* A lack of clearly defined educational/instructional scope, structure, or aims overall
* A lack of structure in each existing chapter
* Significant NPOV and lack-of-evidence/citations
I've gone through the book to try to improve it somewhat, but it largely feels like a disorganized dumping ground for a variety of abstract thoughts, many of which are heavily biased. At this point, given the amount of time it has had for improvement and the lack thereof, I don't think it has a place at Wikibooks. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:06, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

:This book is very important in this day and age. Tolerance between religions is important for world peace. Without tolerance, chaos breaks out in the world. We should promote tolerance between religions. If the good guys keep quiet, the bad guys win. Is that what you want? A better way is to simply add a chapter of yours to the book and contribute your suggestions to world peace and the strengthening of love in the world. @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]] ([[User talk:Nobody60|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nobody60|contribs]]) 08:46, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

:Support deleting as per issues pointed out in nom. @[[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]], there are kilometers between deleting a bad, biased book and supporting religious intolerance or whatever it is you're accusing the nom of doing. Wikibooks is a project with a definite, reachable and concrete goal, which this book doesn't meet, never met and probably would never meet. --[[User:YuriNikolai|YuriNikolai]] ([[User talk:YuriNikolai|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/YuriNikolai|contribs]]) 02:10, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 07:44, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Not only is this material not presented from a neutral point of view, it's not even a mainstream religious POV. Much like [[Developing A Universal Religion]] (also up for deletion), the goal of this text appears to be to create and promote a new syncretic religious movement, complete with its own new beliefs and practices; this is very much outside the scope of Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:24, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} as per [[WB:NOR]]: I am all for religious tolerance but all against religious acquiescence. [[User:Jeaucques Quœure|Jeaucques Quœure]] ([[User talk:Jeaucques Quœure|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jeaucques Quœure|contribs]]) 07:30, 26 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kashubian Dictionary]] ==

[[WB:DICT|Out of scope]] here; material should be hosted at Wiktionary (I've [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Information desk/2024/May|suggested it there]]). —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

:Any content in this dictionary should be already be at [[wiktionary:Wiktionary:Requested entries (Kashubian)/Kashubian Dictionary]], where we will be able to slowly make entries for these. [[User:Vininn126|Vininn126]] ([[User talk:Vininn126|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vininn126|contribs]]) 21:51, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biblioþeke]] ==

Out of scope; seems to be an incomplete translation of the bible into a conlang. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:16, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikis for Retail Store Managers]] ==

Abandoned, unclear scope, little content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:30, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Human Geography]] ==

Abandoned for two decades without any development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:50, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Neuro Linguistic Programming]] ==

Abandoned, very little meaningful content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Scrapebook Linguistics]] ==

Abandoned, little to no meaningful content, unclear scope or potential for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:05, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - an earlier version of this page was imported to Wikiversity as [[:v:Special:Permalink/15674|Portal:Linguistics]] (and subsequently edited into oblivion). The followup edits here aren't needed at WV. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:22, 25 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Be a Good Camp Counselor]] ==

Book is un/under-developed and abandoned, and the scope/potential for development is somewhat unclear to me. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:07, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989/Manual for Obtention of Driving licence: Signals and Lights]] ==

Abandoned with non-English. Not belonging under [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989]], that Taiwanese administrative regulation since 1989 would not contain such a manual.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 16:55, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per above —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Australian Property Law]] ==

Has only one page (introduction) with little content. It has been abandoned now for almost 20 years with no development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:35, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Chinese Checkers]] ==

Extremely minimal content and abandoned for almost 20 years. Was previously nominated for deletion in 2006 but kept on the grounds that it could be expanded—clearly this has not happened. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:56, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Niw Englisch]] ==

Fiction / original research - a conlang being (very slowly) created by the author of the book.

The following books are closely related to that project and should be deleted as well:
* [[NiwEnglisc]]
* [[Þat englisce Alphabet]]
* [[Lernung þer Stafræwe]]
* [[Þe ettbære Garden]]
as well as [[Biblioþeke]], which has already been nominated for deletion.
:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  all per the above. I can find no evidence of the conlang outside Wikibooks and this sole author. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:03, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mac OS X Leopard]] ==

Yet another abandoned, underdeveloped book on an obsolete operating system. (Mac OS X Leopard was released in 2007, and has been unsupported since 2011.) If there were more content in this book, it could possibly be refactored into a version-independent book about macOS, but there's effectively nothing here. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:42, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. If it were more fleshed out, it could be kept as archival. However, there's so little there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:47, 24 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[3DTin User's Guide]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade, undeveloped, very little content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:29, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - 3DTin was a web application which [https://3dtin.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/the-next-chapter/ shut down in 2016], so this book no longer serves any purpose, and certainly isn't going to be expanded. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:59, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Advanced Calculus]] ==

Abandoned for many years; consists of only one page for one theorem; no introduction or scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:32, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Algebra and Number Theory]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of one page with very little content; no introduction or scope —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Basic Ancient Greek]] ==

Abandoned for many years; very little actual content; only real contributor was an IP whose last edit was in 2015. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:37, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Blender Game Engine for Morons]] ==

Abandoned for at least a decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:41, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[BOINC]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content; unclear scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:43, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[HP Open View NNM Exam Guide]] ==

One page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:40, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. [[w:HP OpenView|HP OpenView]] no longer exists as a product (and its successor HP Network Management Center has been discontinued as well!); neither does HP's certification exam for it. There's certainly no purpose in writing a new guide for a nonexistent exam for a obsolete product. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:54, 23 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Games]] ==

Abandoned for ~1 decade; little to no meaningful content; one paragraph in entire book; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:43, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biochemistry/The Cell]] ==
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.5em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|36px|link=]] The following discussion has concluded. Please open a new discussion for any further comments.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible boilerplate metadata&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; margin:0em; padding:10px; border:1px solid #999999;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; padding:0px; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt; abandoned and undeveloped and per comments below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:47, 14 October 2024 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;body&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;

Not particularly in scope for the book as it is; content is not particularly meaningful, educational, helpful, or well-developed (e.g. what does it mean for red blood cells to &quot;helps in structure of the body&quot;?) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Even if the strange or outright wrong statements were removed (like describing a cell as &quot;a small particle or organism&quot;, or implying that red and white blood cells are the only types of cell!), this sort of very basic explanation would be more at home in an introductory text on biology, not a text on biochemistry which assumes familiarity with these topics. (And indeed, there are much better explanations in books like [[Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Cells]].) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 31 July 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== [[Folktales from the Mon People of Koh Kred]] ==

Seems to be out of scope, since Wikibooks does not host fiction. –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:29, 28 July 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:11, 10 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[High performance computing]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; only contains main page with little content; scope not well-defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Doom Modding]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope/path to completion —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:20, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Global Illumination and HDRI Maps in 3D Studio Max]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; one chapter only, which contains only a handful of sentences. Not enough content and no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== Pages in [[Security+ Certification]] ==

Both [[Security+ Certification/Threats and Vulnerabilities]] and [[Security+ Certification/Network Security]] seem to be deprecated per @[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]]'s recent overhaul; moreover, the pages in question seem to consist entirely of outlinks to Wikipedia. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:32, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

== Obsolete Microsoft certification guides ==

* [[MCSE Server 2003 Certification Core Exams]] (exam 70-290 retired July 2013)
* [[Microsoft Certified IT Professional]] (exam 70-444 retired June 2011; exam 70-450 retired July 2015)
* [[Microsoft Certified Professional Developer]] (exams 70-526, 70-528, 70-529, 70-547, 70-548 retired June 2011; exams 70-290, 70-536 retired July 2013)

These books all correspond to Microsoft certification exams which were retired in 2011-2015, and consist almost entirely of lists of course objectives copied from official course materials. There's almost no original educational content in any of these three books, and it's highly unlikely that they're going to be improved, since the certification exams they correspond to are no longer offered.

(Reference for the exam retirement dates is: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/credentials/support/retired-certification-exams)

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:27, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} per the above; additionally, some of these have very little content at all. Some pages may be candidates for speedy deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[GNU Autoconf]] ==

Little to no meaningful content, abandoned &gt;1 decade. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:42, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. Nothing particularly salvageable from this. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:07, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Textbook Reviews]] ==

Very little meaningful educational content; seems like opinion at most? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:45, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kurdish]] ==

Very little content at all, no outline or potential for development; abandoned for years. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:46, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[English-Arabic dictionary]] ==

Out of scope at Wikibooks since this is already completely covered by Wiktionary. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:49, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{comment}} [[English-Arabic dictionary/Colors in Arabic]] gets a nontrivial amount of traffic (~50 views/day). It'd be nice if we could at least preserve this as a redirect to an equivalent resource. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Audacity]] ==

Abandoned 17 years; consists only of paltry introduction. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:43, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - Audacity already has high-quality, freely licensed documentation at https://manual.audacityteam.org/ (and it's even a wiki!). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:57, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Java Logging]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:44, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mercury Programming]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; undeveloped (single page only); no scope or plan for expansion/future development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:46, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Server+ Certification]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content; mostly a few section headers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:48, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[NetBeans]] ==

No meaningful content; chapter list only; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:50, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Valgrind]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope; no path forward for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:52, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - readers would be much better off with [https://valgrind.org/docs/manual/quick-start.html Valgrind's own quick start guide] (which is even freely licensed). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 18 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Open Religion]] ==

Original research/soapbox/NPOV; abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:40, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - out of scope religious/philosophical content similar to [[#Developing a Universal Religion]], but less developed. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:58, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming for the consultant]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:42, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Metroid]] ==

Abandoned; main page only; no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:44, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Radiata Stories]] ==

Abandoned; little to no meaningful content; one page only with little content; no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Prehistory of Globalization/Preface]] ==

Orphaned page; little to no meaningful content; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:38, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Dialect]] ==

Scope unclear; abandoned with no plan for development; little to no meaningful content; most pages qualify for speedy anyway. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:18, 5 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming Text Adventures In Basic]] ==

Main page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:17, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[UNIX Basics]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:23, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Write a Compiler]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:24, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Script Languages Synopsis]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little content; unclear path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:26, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Epicurus]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 13:33, 6 October 2024 (UTC)}}
Merging with the other Epicurus page. {{unsigned|TheoYalur}}
{{end closed}}

=== [[Epicurus/On Matter - β (Περὶ φύσεως)]] ===

Merging with the other Epicurus page.

[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  I'm leaning towards this whole book being deleted. The scope and structure of this book as an educational textbook are unclear and the whole thing seems potentially like original research or an essay. Unless I've missed something, the main editor seems unresponsive to querying and is repeatedly removing the query flags. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:13, 25 September 2024 (UTC)

=={{anchor|Network+ Certification}}{{anchor|Security+ Certification}}{{anchor|A+ Certification}} CompTIA Certifications ==

[[Network+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Network+|Wikiversity]]. 

[[Security+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Security+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

[[A+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:A+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

De-duplicating work across Wikimedia. Subpages should all be deleted as well. Might be worth leaving a redirect to WV for future users. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:02, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

:I centralized at Wikiversity since the projects (as of now) are compendiums of links and resources based on the listed objectives of each exam, sometimes with explicitly suggested 'activities'. Very little in the way of 'book'-like exposition. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:06, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:Thought about leaving a {{tlx|MovedToWikiversity}} but that template has been deleted in the past. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:52, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== Wikiversal generated pages ==

* [[Wiki Assistant]]
* [[User Page Builder]]
*: Inexplicably, the links on the main page of this book all point to pages under [[:w:User:Hazel45onnie/User Page Builder]] '''on the English Wikipedia'''. I'm nominating those pages for deletion on enwiki as a separate process ([[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikiversuite pages|here]]).
* [[WikiverSuite/Wikiversant/Gunport Builder Demo 1]]
* [[Wiki Tutorial]]
*: Some of the internal links in this book are written as if the book is named [[Tutorial]] instead of [[Wiki Tutorial]]. You may have to use [[Special:Prefixindex/Wiki Tutorial]] to read through the whole thing.

These books were all generated using Wikiversal, a third-party wiki editing tool written by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer downloadable. Many of them contain broken internal links or other outdated content (like references to Wikiversity being a subproject of Wikibooks), and the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them unreasonably difficult to edit.

(As as aside, the markup used for these &quot;presentations&quot; is completely broken on the mobile site, e.g. [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_Page_Builder]. For some reason, the forward/back buttons are invisible, making it impossible to navigate from page to page.)

The first three books are all instructions on how to use Wikiversal itself. Since it's no longer available, they are of no use. The fourth, while described as a &quot;Wiki tutorial&quot;, primarily instructs users to use Wikiversal to build pages on the wiki; its main page should probably be redirected to [[Using Wikibooks]] as a much more comprehensive resource.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It isn't inexplicable that these pages and links are on the English Wikipedia.  The spammers who developed these pages were primarily trying to peddle software for use on the English Wikipedia.  Their pages on the English Wikipedia are also pending deletion as misusing Wikipedia for web hosting.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Based on the name and some of the user's (now deleted) activity on Wikiversity, I think the software was actually intended primarily for use on Wikibooks and/or Wikiversity. Why they decided to host some of its documentation on Wikipedia is a mystery. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:52, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::It isn't worth trying to explain the behavior of spammers.  Sometimes the explanation is stupidity and greed.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:05, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::&lt;del&gt;I haven't yet looked at the deletion request here.  I am primarily an English Wikipedia editor, just as [[User:Omphalographer]] is primarily a Commons editor.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)&lt;/del&gt;
*'''Delete All''' - Spam.  These books were created twelve years ago to peddle software to new users.  This was an abuse of Wikimedia for commercial purposes.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:51, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[PlanoTse Handbook for Job Search Automation]] ==

Much like the Wikiversal pages nominated above, this book is documentation for a piece of self-authored software by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer available for download. I can't find any substantial references to this software anywhere online outside of this book itself, so it seems highly unlikely to be useful to anyone.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per the above. If the software is not currently available and was never widely available or notable previously, I don't see why keeping it is useful, even for historicity. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - This is more spam by a spammer.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:17, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Roblox WF Wars]] ==

No textual content at all, just a couple of tables of data. I can't find any other information online about this game; for all we know, it may not even exist. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  as stated above. The content is so minimal, and the scope is not defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

: [[Alo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Bune Ğonatan!]]
: [[Dag, Jonathan!]]
: [[Glidis, o Jonathan!]]
: [[Hai, Jon!]]
: [[Hallo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Haloo, Jonatan!]]
: [[Hay, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hela, Jonathan!]]
: [[Holo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Oila, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salam, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salom, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salu, Jon!]]
: [[Salut Jonathan!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, ionatano!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sesan Jon!]]
: [[Simi, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]
: [[Terve, Jonathan!]]
: [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!]]
: [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!]]
: [[Òla, Ionatà!]]

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is.
:[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
:How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi!
:::Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
:::So the idea is the following:
:::1 Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::2 The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::3 For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::4 The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
:::Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. 
:::[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that.
::::Cheers! –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Hello again,
:::::It's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::[[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::Keep. Content of educational value that helps learn languages. I think more translations to natural languages should be produced. -[[User:Bronto Rex|Bronto Rex]] ([[User talk:Bronto Rex|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bronto Rex|contribs]]) 14:02, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[SNFO Flight Planning]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades, barely any content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. This looks like it was an attempt to transcribe an official Navy instruction manual. If a copy of the original document is available, this might be an appropriate project for Wikisource, but it doesn't belong on Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:24, 13 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wooden Boats: Building and Repair]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; a few pages, but each has only a few lines of text. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Stellar Scintillation]] ==

Extremely narrow scope that I don't think is quite book-worthy, especially given the low amount of content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:48, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Future Teachers Meet Wiki]] ==

Abandoned; scope doesn't seem right for Wikibooks; underdeveloped. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[East Indian Marathi]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade, almost no content at all, simple dictionary that should probably be transferred to Wiktionary if it hasn't already. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:53, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:25, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Spanish]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades; seems like an idea for a book that was never actually implemented (minimal meaningful content) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:55, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Luxembourgish]] ==

Abandoned; only non-main page is a list of movies—otherwise no meaningful content [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Data Recovery]] ==

Seems out of scope for an educational book; a couple paragraphs at most with no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:58, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - this is a worthy topic, but what's written here meanders between being vague and being actively bad advice. (The &lt;code&gt;strings&lt;/code&gt; command is not an appropriate data recovery tool.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Computer Science Explored]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; a couple sentences only in the entirety of the book —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:24, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Competitive Programming]] ==

Survived deletion previously on the justification that it could potentially be expanded, but it's since been over a decade with no improvement; extremely minimal educational content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:03, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== Pages by [[User:TheoYalur]] ==

* [[Henri Poincaré Reader]]
* [[The Sight and Sound of the Greek Genocide Around the Kültürpark in Izmir]]
* [[God Disorder]]

These pages all appear to be personal essays, not educational texts. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:53, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:They are all original research. The editor asked to be unblocked so they could move to Wikiversity where OR is permitted. As they have now returned to creating these dubious pages, I have blocked them again and deleted the most recent creation as out of scope original research. The &quot;reader&quot; might be acceptable. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]! I'm not sure about [[Henri Poincaré Reader]] since it has NPOV issues and it reads like a self-published essay piece with personal hypothesizing/opinion/research, no references, etc. Its educational scope is still somewhat unclear, as is the structure—it does not seem textbook-like in form or style. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:43, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:::You spent more time reading it than me I suspect. I only skimmed it, but I am sure you are right that it has the same issues as the other creations and should be deleted. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:14, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::::With regard to the &quot;Reader&quot;, at best it's a collection of loosely translated excerpts of texts which, for the most part, already have quality translations available on Wikisource. For instance, the section [[Henri Poincaré Reader#The Measure of Time (1898)]] is already translated as [[:s:The Foundations of Science/The Value of Science/Chapter 2]]. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 20:39, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:גני טווילרי]] ==
Please delete a redirection page of the former user page, which was not active in the En Wikibooks. Thank you. [[User:לובר|לובר]] ([[User talk:לובר|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/לובר|contribs]]) 02:15, 16 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>i7fxwcs0f50lqgm43krsip5gizv760i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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        <id>3332924</id>
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      <comment>/* User:גני טווילרי */ re</comment>
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      <text bytes="72472" sha1="muwffbtwqufx3rb6ofzb3l8j543bxdy" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{Requests for deletion/Archives}}
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= Undeletion =
{{shortcut|WB:RFU}}
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==[[City Of Heroes]]==
{{closed|Was undeleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
A book that was deleted when strategy guides were not allowed. See discussion  -&lt;span style=&quot;background:yellow;&gt;User:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue span&gt; 17:13, 12 November 2022 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
:This book was deleted about 16 years ago and only one page had a significant amount of content. It could all be undeleted but would probably be better re-made from scratch.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 01:34, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
::'''Undeleted it''' with many first-level subpages. Yet [[City Of Heroes/Archetypes]], [[City Of Heroes/Powers]], [[City Of Heroes/General Help]], [[City Of Heroes/Enhancements]], [[City Of Heroes/Binds]] and [[City Of Heroes/Badges]] have even more subpages to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:50, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:::'''Undeleted''' many subpages of the above subpages, less obviously useless versions. Yet any administrators are hereby advised to check [[Special:Undelete]] for more to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:52, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:Remaking this content from scratch might be difficult - the game shut down in 2012. There's a small community of users running private servers based on leaked source code (!), but far fewer than when the game was active. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Mass undeletion of books that were deleted when strategy guides were not allowed.]]==
{{closed|Not done —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Couldn't we just mass undelete these books? [[User:Garfieldcat1978|Garfieldcat1978]] ([[User talk:Garfieldcat1978|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Garfieldcat1978|contribs]]) 18:25, 20 February 2023 (UTC) Letting bot archive as needed.
:Listing which works would be much better.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:51, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

==Requesting for undeletion of the page &quot;Jumarkese&quot;==
{{closed|Not restored —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Hi, I just want to ask the administrators to restore my deleted page, &quot;Jumarkese&quot;. I am begging you, I hope you will forgive me. Actually, I just noticed today that you deleted my page. I don't know your reasons why you did that. But I hope you can grant my request to restore my deleted page &quot;Jumarkese&quot; as soon as possible. Thank you. [[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]] ([[User talk:Jumark27|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jumark27|contribs]]) 16:38, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]]. You can see the reasoning under the corresponding section below. It consisted of original research, which is out of scope at Wikibooks, and this type of decision is precedented. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:54, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
::What do you mean by original research? [[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]] ([[User talk:Jumark27|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jumark27|contribs]]) 06:12, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
:See [[Wikibooks:Original research]]. Neither Wikibooks nor Wikipedia allow original research.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 07:45, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

= Deletion =
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&lt;!-- New nominations go at the bottom of page --&gt;

== [[Developing A Universal Religion]] ==
{{closed|Deleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
'''Transwiki to Wikisource'''. This book by [[User:David Hockey]] survived VfD in 2005 ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Developing A Universal Religion]]) but it should not have. Another VfD is from 2006: [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Purpose]], for what was part 3 of the book. The book was originally uploaded as four separate parts, located at [[Thinking And Moral Problems]], [[Religions And Their Source]], [[Purpose]], and [[Developing A Universal Religion]].

The book contains multiple inaccurate claims and its title makes it unsuitable for Wikibooks. Material in Wikibooks should strive to be factually accurate and neutral, which this book cannot be. Since this book by David Hockey was previously published, and there is a pdf to check the text against ([[:File:Developing a Universal Religion Parts 1-2-3 &amp; 4.pdf]]), it can be hosted on Wikisource.

The book presents a ''philosophy'' of the purpose of life and ethics, not a ''religion''. The book does not involve God or gods except that it portrays evolution and the life on the Earth as a quasi-god for being alleged potentially ''omnipotent'' and by its occasional capitalization of &quot;life&quot; as &quot;Life&quot;. It is not true that any philosophy of purpose of life is a religion and the book does nothing to distinguish itself from philosophy as a religion.

The book's key tenet is that we should adopt as a ''surrogate'' purpose of life to &quot;support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability&quot;. There is nothing factually neutral about this idea; it is one person's philosophical position. And it is not just a minor part of the book that can be edited away; it comes in part 3 and is built upon in part 4. This follows from [[Developing A Universal Religion/Looking For A Purpose/What Purpose Can We Use?]]: &quot;Given that there is no detectable purpose pre-designed into life or the universe, then, if we must have one, we must adopt a surrogate. To my mind, the only viable option is to support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability. Such a purpose is universal and rational; it is a purpose that will last as long as life itself lasts. It accommodates the whole of life, and shows that we care about more than just our own well-being. It declares that we value life for its own sake and think little about the death that must follow, taking it simply as the price to be paid for living.&quot;

The book contains multiple dubious claims about life's omnipotent potential. There is nothing factual about it: not only can life not become omnipotent but it cannot become ''nearly'' omnipotent either. To begin with, given our current knowledge, there is no chance life could ever inhabit planet Pluto and the book does not support this idea in any way; and there is no way life can spread from the Earth to the Earth's nearest star given our knowledge. One can find multiple such claims and I will quote just one: &quot;This  omnipotent  consequence  of  evolution  is  just  that—a consequence.&quot; It is trivial to come up with capabilities that life including humankind may never achieve; one needs just a little bit of imagination. The argument that our ancestors could not have imagined our present capabilities has very little force to support the idea of future near omnipotence. It is obvious but you can read more at [https://www.quora.com/Is-evolution-omnipotent? Quora: Is evolution omnipotent?].

The book examines some of the ethical consequences of its proposed ultimate purpose, e.g. in [[Developing A Universal Religion/Determining Moral Behaviours/Killing]]. Its examination in unconvincing. For instance, it says &quot;The rationale for stating that it would be wrong to kill an individual is easy to state: any individual’s actions may contribute to the objective of supporting Life’s continued evolution, thus each life is valuable and should be preserved&quot;, but it is not obvious that each and every human including those severely disabled can contribute to Life's continuing evolution, so it does not follow that each human life should be preserved. Those following the stated purpose could decide to exterminate a technologically weak nation and take its resources and there is nothing obvious in the stated purpose to prevent them from doing so; the author does not seem to realize that.

As for the previous VfD:
* As for the book being &quot;well written&quot;: It may be fairly well written from a stylistic perspective, having been created by a single author outside of Wikibooks and published, but it is not well and plausibly reasoned as shown above.
* As for &quot;Looks like a real book to me&quot;: It surely is a real book, which alone does not make it includable in Wikibooks.
* As for &quot;There are formal footnotes and references to other sources that have at least some academic credibility.&quot; Footnotes and references do not save the book from being non-factual and non-neutral, and the whole of the text is nowhere close to being referenced using Wikipedia's referencing standard. The few references scattered throughout the book do not save the book content from criticism.
* As for &quot;This is a philosophy book, and that can be tricky to work with, I know.&quot;: Most philosophical books ever published do not fit Wikibooks since they are not neutral and their factual accuracy can be disputed. Philosophical surveys can be made to fit, though, mostly in the form of &quot;some authors argue that X, other authors argue that Y&quot;.

The stated problems with the book cannot be addressed by collaborative editing, starting with the observation that it is not about religion and that it depends on a posited purpose that is not neutral. It should not stay in Wikibooks. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:55, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

::Make it rain '''wikisource'''! Wikisource tastes good in pasta.  &lt;sup&gt; [[User:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;L10nM4st3r&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; / &lt;sub&gt;[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span tyle=&quot;color:#fed8b1&quot;&gt;'''Roar''' at me&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 22:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
:::I will move it and its subpages via [[s:Special:Import]] only one at a time. Please be patient unless someone has any better way.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 04:30, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
::::{{ping|Dan Polansky|L10nM4st3r}}Please see [[s:Wikisource:Administrators'_noticeboard#Mass_import_from_Wikibooks]] with an objection that the book might not be acceptable there. I am not exporting yet.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 19:47, 11 September 2022 (UTC)
:Delete, but if the PDF is under a compatible licence, which I presume it '''should''' be if the import was done correctly, consider moving the original PDF to Wikimedia Commons? [[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 01:39, 22 February 2023 (UTC)
::Plain text PDFs are generally out of scope on Commons unless they are source documents, which this is not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:51, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:{{vd}} per above. Are we still waiting on another Wikiproject to take it? It's persisted here for several months now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:54, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
:General consensus seems to be for deletion—I can see no objections, and this has been open for several months. Unless objections are presented, I will plan to delete it. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

Since Wikisource does not want the book due to being self-published (which it does seem to be), I am happy to '''keep it in Wikibooks'''. However, the book should probably start with a heavy disclaimer to the effect that the book contains original research, may be inaccurate or may reflect the point of view of a particular philosopher not accepted by mainstream philosophy. As incorrect as it seems to be, the book seems interesting enough. The book could be assigned in a philosophy course: &quot;Read [[Developing A Universal Religion]] from Wikibooks a identify defects in its arguments&quot;; or the like; a professional educator would probably be able to create a better formulation for an assignment, including perhaps &quot;determine the kind of -isms the book falls under&quot; or &quot;identify authors developing similar themes&quot; (which is more challenging since one needs to know the literature). The book is not much worse than a lot of bad material that passes as &quot;philosophy&quot; is some countries. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:18, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

{{vd}} This seems to be very much outside the scope of Wikibooks per &quot;Wikibooks is an instructional resource&quot;. Also seems to contain a lot of original research.  If its to be transwiki-ed, then Wikiversity seems a better project for it. [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 18:24, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
:Waiting for [[v:Wikiversity:Import#New_requests_for_import]] to reply.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:34, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:: Hello, I'm a Wikibooks reviewer and Wikiversity curator. Technically I can handle this request but I decided not to do that for now ([[:v:special:diff/2548035]]). As I pointed out at [[:v:WV:I]], I'm not sure if others have agreed with that suggestion. This is just a curator decision, so other custodians or curators may override my decision, but once there is clear consensus about moving to Wikiversity, then that will make things easier. I hope this can help you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:45, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[The Computer Revolution/Computers and Environment/Nanotechnology]] ==
{{closed|1=Consensus to delete. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:58, 30 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Consists of excerpts from third parties. Those from ''New Scientist'', do not appear to be under a compatible licence. {{Unsigned|Mbrickn|07:33, 10 January 2023‎}}
:I'm not sure it's enough of a violation for deletion? Based on a [https://copyvios.toolforge.org/?lang=en&amp;project=wikibooks&amp;title=The+Computer+Revolution%2FComputers+and+Environment%2FNanotechnology&amp;oldid=&amp;action=search&amp;use_engine=1&amp;use_links=1&amp;turnitin=0 copyvio comparison], the text seems mostly paraphrased. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:44, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
:{{vd}} The content of this page is ''entirely'' quotes and summaries of articles. The opening is a copy-paste quote of the linked Rice University page, the &quot;examples of nanomaterials&quot; are taken from [[doi:10.1021/es0506509]] (or, more likely, from another article summarizing it), and the two paragraphs following that are inaccurate summaries of the (already pop-science) ''New Scientist'' articles cited. There's no original content here whatsoever, and I'm not even sure how any of this is related to the overall topic of &quot;the computer revolution&quot; - these articles are about chemistry, not computing.
:This entire book is in pretty bad shape, frankly. Everything about it has the look of a class project where each student picked (or was assigned) a topic to write about individually, and their work was combined into a book. The results lack both coherence and quality, and I'm having a hard time seeing how this could ever be fixed short of throwing it all out and starting over. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:08, 14 August 2024 (UTC)
::After taking another look at the page, I now agree that it at least should be deleted. The content is not useful or coherent, and has issues as described above. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:19, 14 August 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Dynamical Systems]] ==
This seems to be abandoned book, the only content is largly vacuous. I don't believe it is likely to be extended or worked on because it is both a technical topic, and represents to original author's goals for such a book (graduate level vs undergraduate). [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 20:46, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

:It does seem abandoned; the single existing page hasn't been updated since 2018 and the main book page hasn't been updated since 2019. Unless someone quickly decides to pick up on it, I can't really see it staying here at Wikibooks :/ —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:35, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

::Hello there,
::currently I'm working over at the German page, because I have begun to work with a new, more intuitive terminology. My current plan is to first finish the German version and then possibly to translate it. To finish the German version will take at least until the end of this year. Until then, you shouldn't expect any progress. Afterwards, I may feel inclined to pick up the project, depending on my human rights situation. --[[User:Mathmensch|Mathmensch]] ([[User talk:Mathmensch|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mathmensch|contribs]]) 09:26, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

== Files from [[Illustrated Guide to the world of Spira (FFX and FFX-2)]] ==

Used for decorative, not educational, purposes: [[:File:Float 13.jpg]], [[:File:Grabbed Frame 15.jpg]], [[:File:Gandof.jpg]], [[:File:Ohalland.jpg]], [[:File:Braskascan1.jpg]], [[:File:Tidus FFX.png]] ([[WB:NFCC]]#8). — Ирука&lt;sup&gt;[[user:Iruka13|13]]&lt;/sup&gt; 13:54, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
:Sure, I think I can agree on the removal of these [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 12:24, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

== [[Radium SmartChain]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:48, 23 July 2024 (UTC)}}
including the closely related books:
* [[XRADON Supernet]]
* [[Radium Core]]

These books are a borderline advertisement for a cryptocurrency project. Moreover, the project has changed substantially since the books were written in 2016-2017 - it's now called &quot;Validity&quot;, and most, if not all, of the information in these books is no longer accurate. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 06:39, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

:{{comment}} I'm not sure it's blatant enough to be considered advertising? Since it technically is a how-to? But, if it is out of date, that could warrant deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
::Hence &quot;borderline&quot;. Some of the subpages like [[Radium Core/Use Cases/Proof of Author]] have more of a promotional air to them. But yes, the instructional content is all badly out of date; there are edits [[Special:Diff/3554520|as far back as 2019]] from users trying to mark the books as being outdated, and it's only gotten worse since then. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:16, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
:{{del}} If it wasn't outdated, I would vote keep, but... [[User:ForTheGrammar|ForTheGrammar]] ([[User talk:ForTheGrammar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ForTheGrammar|contribs]]) 01:32, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Various pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] ==

The following pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] seem out of scope because they consist entirely of personal promotion/advertisement for the author's photography:
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians II]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Lights of Moscow]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Ethiopia through the eyes of traveler]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/On the roads of India]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/14 days in Mongolia]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians III]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Hitchhiking across Sudan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/January in Japan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Uganda: tribes and civilization]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Tribes of Kenya]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Afghanistan, 2008]]
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:13, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

:Frankly, the entire book appears to be a vehicle for the author to promote his own photography. The few sentences of instructional content on pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in macro photography]] are practically useless; that one amounts to &quot;to take macro photos, set your camera to macro mode and hold it close to the subject, or read another book for more information&quot;. Other pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Interior photography in hobo tours]] or [[Basics of fine-art photography/Taking pictures of homeless people]] provide essentially no information on photography technique at all, and seem to mostly be intended as jumping-off points to showcase more of the author's photos. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:40, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

== [[History of Grand-Popo]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 08:11, 22 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Suited for enWP not WB, appears to be a simple import with no likely development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:28, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. Lists and links are not a textbook. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 10:01, 30 September 2024 (UTC)}}
This book is essentially a compilation of lists and links—I don't think it's actually in-scope here as a book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Selected Essays]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted}}
Seems completely out of WB scope; it's just a collection of unrelated personal essays. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:52, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} Agreed, personal essays and not ones that can easily be used, at that. [[User:Icandostuff|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Yellow&quot;&gt;can&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Lime&quot;&gt;do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#00ffff&quot;&gt;stuff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;!&lt;/span&gt; ]] ([[User talk:Icandostuff|talk]]) 12:52, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Remembering the Templars]] ==

Seems to be pretty much an encyclopedic article about the Knights Templar, which makes it out of scope; enormous amount of links to enWP and may even just be an import. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:59, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:53, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[Half-Life Computation]] ==

Doesn't seem in-scope as a book—just seems like a single page on how to do a specific calculation. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:06, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[God and Religious Toleration]] ==

This book was [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/God and Religious Toleration|previously nominated for deletion in 2011]], but kept largely because of its theoretical potential for improvement. It's now over a decade later, and no real improvement has been made. The book has the following issues:
* A lack of clearly defined educational/instructional scope, structure, or aims overall
* A lack of structure in each existing chapter
* Significant NPOV and lack-of-evidence/citations
I've gone through the book to try to improve it somewhat, but it largely feels like a disorganized dumping ground for a variety of abstract thoughts, many of which are heavily biased. At this point, given the amount of time it has had for improvement and the lack thereof, I don't think it has a place at Wikibooks. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:06, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

:This book is very important in this day and age. Tolerance between religions is important for world peace. Without tolerance, chaos breaks out in the world. We should promote tolerance between religions. If the good guys keep quiet, the bad guys win. Is that what you want? A better way is to simply add a chapter of yours to the book and contribute your suggestions to world peace and the strengthening of love in the world. @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]] ([[User talk:Nobody60|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nobody60|contribs]]) 08:46, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

:Support deleting as per issues pointed out in nom. @[[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]], there are kilometers between deleting a bad, biased book and supporting religious intolerance or whatever it is you're accusing the nom of doing. Wikibooks is a project with a definite, reachable and concrete goal, which this book doesn't meet, never met and probably would never meet. --[[User:YuriNikolai|YuriNikolai]] ([[User talk:YuriNikolai|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/YuriNikolai|contribs]]) 02:10, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 07:44, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Not only is this material not presented from a neutral point of view, it's not even a mainstream religious POV. Much like [[Developing A Universal Religion]] (also up for deletion), the goal of this text appears to be to create and promote a new syncretic religious movement, complete with its own new beliefs and practices; this is very much outside the scope of Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:24, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} as per [[WB:NOR]]: I am all for religious tolerance but all against religious acquiescence. [[User:Jeaucques Quœure|Jeaucques Quœure]] ([[User talk:Jeaucques Quœure|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jeaucques Quœure|contribs]]) 07:30, 26 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kashubian Dictionary]] ==

[[WB:DICT|Out of scope]] here; material should be hosted at Wiktionary (I've [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Information desk/2024/May|suggested it there]]). —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

:Any content in this dictionary should be already be at [[wiktionary:Wiktionary:Requested entries (Kashubian)/Kashubian Dictionary]], where we will be able to slowly make entries for these. [[User:Vininn126|Vininn126]] ([[User talk:Vininn126|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vininn126|contribs]]) 21:51, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biblioþeke]] ==

Out of scope; seems to be an incomplete translation of the bible into a conlang. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:16, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikis for Retail Store Managers]] ==

Abandoned, unclear scope, little content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:30, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Human Geography]] ==

Abandoned for two decades without any development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:50, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Neuro Linguistic Programming]] ==

Abandoned, very little meaningful content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Scrapebook Linguistics]] ==

Abandoned, little to no meaningful content, unclear scope or potential for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:05, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - an earlier version of this page was imported to Wikiversity as [[:v:Special:Permalink/15674|Portal:Linguistics]] (and subsequently edited into oblivion). The followup edits here aren't needed at WV. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:22, 25 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Be a Good Camp Counselor]] ==

Book is un/under-developed and abandoned, and the scope/potential for development is somewhat unclear to me. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:07, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989/Manual for Obtention of Driving licence: Signals and Lights]] ==

Abandoned with non-English. Not belonging under [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989]], that Taiwanese administrative regulation since 1989 would not contain such a manual.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 16:55, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per above —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Australian Property Law]] ==

Has only one page (introduction) with little content. It has been abandoned now for almost 20 years with no development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:35, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Chinese Checkers]] ==

Extremely minimal content and abandoned for almost 20 years. Was previously nominated for deletion in 2006 but kept on the grounds that it could be expanded—clearly this has not happened. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:56, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Niw Englisch]] ==

Fiction / original research - a conlang being (very slowly) created by the author of the book.

The following books are closely related to that project and should be deleted as well:
* [[NiwEnglisc]]
* [[Þat englisce Alphabet]]
* [[Lernung þer Stafræwe]]
* [[Þe ettbære Garden]]
as well as [[Biblioþeke]], which has already been nominated for deletion.
:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  all per the above. I can find no evidence of the conlang outside Wikibooks and this sole author. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:03, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mac OS X Leopard]] ==

Yet another abandoned, underdeveloped book on an obsolete operating system. (Mac OS X Leopard was released in 2007, and has been unsupported since 2011.) If there were more content in this book, it could possibly be refactored into a version-independent book about macOS, but there's effectively nothing here. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:42, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. If it were more fleshed out, it could be kept as archival. However, there's so little there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:47, 24 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[3DTin User's Guide]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade, undeveloped, very little content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:29, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - 3DTin was a web application which [https://3dtin.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/the-next-chapter/ shut down in 2016], so this book no longer serves any purpose, and certainly isn't going to be expanded. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:59, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Advanced Calculus]] ==

Abandoned for many years; consists of only one page for one theorem; no introduction or scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:32, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Algebra and Number Theory]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of one page with very little content; no introduction or scope —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Basic Ancient Greek]] ==

Abandoned for many years; very little actual content; only real contributor was an IP whose last edit was in 2015. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:37, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Blender Game Engine for Morons]] ==

Abandoned for at least a decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:41, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[BOINC]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content; unclear scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:43, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[HP Open View NNM Exam Guide]] ==

One page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:40, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. [[w:HP OpenView|HP OpenView]] no longer exists as a product (and its successor HP Network Management Center has been discontinued as well!); neither does HP's certification exam for it. There's certainly no purpose in writing a new guide for a nonexistent exam for a obsolete product. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:54, 23 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Games]] ==

Abandoned for ~1 decade; little to no meaningful content; one paragraph in entire book; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:43, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biochemistry/The Cell]] ==
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.5em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|36px|link=]] The following discussion has concluded. Please open a new discussion for any further comments.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible boilerplate metadata&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; margin:0em; padding:10px; border:1px solid #999999;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; padding:0px; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt; abandoned and undeveloped and per comments below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:47, 14 October 2024 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;body&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;

Not particularly in scope for the book as it is; content is not particularly meaningful, educational, helpful, or well-developed (e.g. what does it mean for red blood cells to &quot;helps in structure of the body&quot;?) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Even if the strange or outright wrong statements were removed (like describing a cell as &quot;a small particle or organism&quot;, or implying that red and white blood cells are the only types of cell!), this sort of very basic explanation would be more at home in an introductory text on biology, not a text on biochemistry which assumes familiarity with these topics. (And indeed, there are much better explanations in books like [[Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Cells]].) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 31 July 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== [[Folktales from the Mon People of Koh Kred]] ==

Seems to be out of scope, since Wikibooks does not host fiction. –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:29, 28 July 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:11, 10 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[High performance computing]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; only contains main page with little content; scope not well-defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Doom Modding]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope/path to completion —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:20, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Global Illumination and HDRI Maps in 3D Studio Max]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; one chapter only, which contains only a handful of sentences. Not enough content and no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== Pages in [[Security+ Certification]] ==

Both [[Security+ Certification/Threats and Vulnerabilities]] and [[Security+ Certification/Network Security]] seem to be deprecated per @[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]]'s recent overhaul; moreover, the pages in question seem to consist entirely of outlinks to Wikipedia. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:32, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

== Obsolete Microsoft certification guides ==

* [[MCSE Server 2003 Certification Core Exams]] (exam 70-290 retired July 2013)
* [[Microsoft Certified IT Professional]] (exam 70-444 retired June 2011; exam 70-450 retired July 2015)
* [[Microsoft Certified Professional Developer]] (exams 70-526, 70-528, 70-529, 70-547, 70-548 retired June 2011; exams 70-290, 70-536 retired July 2013)

These books all correspond to Microsoft certification exams which were retired in 2011-2015, and consist almost entirely of lists of course objectives copied from official course materials. There's almost no original educational content in any of these three books, and it's highly unlikely that they're going to be improved, since the certification exams they correspond to are no longer offered.

(Reference for the exam retirement dates is: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/credentials/support/retired-certification-exams)

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:27, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} per the above; additionally, some of these have very little content at all. Some pages may be candidates for speedy deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[GNU Autoconf]] ==

Little to no meaningful content, abandoned &gt;1 decade. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:42, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. Nothing particularly salvageable from this. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:07, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Textbook Reviews]] ==

Very little meaningful educational content; seems like opinion at most? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:45, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kurdish]] ==

Very little content at all, no outline or potential for development; abandoned for years. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:46, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[English-Arabic dictionary]] ==

Out of scope at Wikibooks since this is already completely covered by Wiktionary. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:49, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{comment}} [[English-Arabic dictionary/Colors in Arabic]] gets a nontrivial amount of traffic (~50 views/day). It'd be nice if we could at least preserve this as a redirect to an equivalent resource. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Audacity]] ==

Abandoned 17 years; consists only of paltry introduction. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:43, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - Audacity already has high-quality, freely licensed documentation at https://manual.audacityteam.org/ (and it's even a wiki!). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:57, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Java Logging]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:44, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mercury Programming]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; undeveloped (single page only); no scope or plan for expansion/future development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:46, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Server+ Certification]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content; mostly a few section headers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:48, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[NetBeans]] ==

No meaningful content; chapter list only; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:50, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Valgrind]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope; no path forward for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:52, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - readers would be much better off with [https://valgrind.org/docs/manual/quick-start.html Valgrind's own quick start guide] (which is even freely licensed). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 18 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Open Religion]] ==

Original research/soapbox/NPOV; abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:40, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - out of scope religious/philosophical content similar to [[#Developing a Universal Religion]], but less developed. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:58, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming for the consultant]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:42, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Metroid]] ==

Abandoned; main page only; no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:44, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Radiata Stories]] ==

Abandoned; little to no meaningful content; one page only with little content; no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Prehistory of Globalization/Preface]] ==

Orphaned page; little to no meaningful content; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:38, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Dialect]] ==

Scope unclear; abandoned with no plan for development; little to no meaningful content; most pages qualify for speedy anyway. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:18, 5 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming Text Adventures In Basic]] ==

Main page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:17, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[UNIX Basics]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:23, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Write a Compiler]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:24, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Script Languages Synopsis]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little content; unclear path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:26, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Epicurus]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 13:33, 6 October 2024 (UTC)}}
Merging with the other Epicurus page. {{unsigned|TheoYalur}}
{{end closed}}

=== [[Epicurus/On Matter - β (Περὶ φύσεως)]] ===

Merging with the other Epicurus page.

[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  I'm leaning towards this whole book being deleted. The scope and structure of this book as an educational textbook are unclear and the whole thing seems potentially like original research or an essay. Unless I've missed something, the main editor seems unresponsive to querying and is repeatedly removing the query flags. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:13, 25 September 2024 (UTC)

=={{anchor|Network+ Certification}}{{anchor|Security+ Certification}}{{anchor|A+ Certification}} CompTIA Certifications ==

[[Network+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Network+|Wikiversity]]. 

[[Security+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Security+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

[[A+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:A+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

De-duplicating work across Wikimedia. Subpages should all be deleted as well. Might be worth leaving a redirect to WV for future users. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:02, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

:I centralized at Wikiversity since the projects (as of now) are compendiums of links and resources based on the listed objectives of each exam, sometimes with explicitly suggested 'activities'. Very little in the way of 'book'-like exposition. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:06, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:Thought about leaving a {{tlx|MovedToWikiversity}} but that template has been deleted in the past. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:52, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== Wikiversal generated pages ==

* [[Wiki Assistant]]
* [[User Page Builder]]
*: Inexplicably, the links on the main page of this book all point to pages under [[:w:User:Hazel45onnie/User Page Builder]] '''on the English Wikipedia'''. I'm nominating those pages for deletion on enwiki as a separate process ([[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikiversuite pages|here]]).
* [[WikiverSuite/Wikiversant/Gunport Builder Demo 1]]
* [[Wiki Tutorial]]
*: Some of the internal links in this book are written as if the book is named [[Tutorial]] instead of [[Wiki Tutorial]]. You may have to use [[Special:Prefixindex/Wiki Tutorial]] to read through the whole thing.

These books were all generated using Wikiversal, a third-party wiki editing tool written by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer downloadable. Many of them contain broken internal links or other outdated content (like references to Wikiversity being a subproject of Wikibooks), and the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them unreasonably difficult to edit.

(As as aside, the markup used for these &quot;presentations&quot; is completely broken on the mobile site, e.g. [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_Page_Builder]. For some reason, the forward/back buttons are invisible, making it impossible to navigate from page to page.)

The first three books are all instructions on how to use Wikiversal itself. Since it's no longer available, they are of no use. The fourth, while described as a &quot;Wiki tutorial&quot;, primarily instructs users to use Wikiversal to build pages on the wiki; its main page should probably be redirected to [[Using Wikibooks]] as a much more comprehensive resource.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It isn't inexplicable that these pages and links are on the English Wikipedia.  The spammers who developed these pages were primarily trying to peddle software for use on the English Wikipedia.  Their pages on the English Wikipedia are also pending deletion as misusing Wikipedia for web hosting.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Based on the name and some of the user's (now deleted) activity on Wikiversity, I think the software was actually intended primarily for use on Wikibooks and/or Wikiversity. Why they decided to host some of its documentation on Wikipedia is a mystery. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:52, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::It isn't worth trying to explain the behavior of spammers.  Sometimes the explanation is stupidity and greed.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:05, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::&lt;del&gt;I haven't yet looked at the deletion request here.  I am primarily an English Wikipedia editor, just as [[User:Omphalographer]] is primarily a Commons editor.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)&lt;/del&gt;
*'''Delete All''' - Spam.  These books were created twelve years ago to peddle software to new users.  This was an abuse of Wikimedia for commercial purposes.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:51, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[PlanoTse Handbook for Job Search Automation]] ==

Much like the Wikiversal pages nominated above, this book is documentation for a piece of self-authored software by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer available for download. I can't find any substantial references to this software anywhere online outside of this book itself, so it seems highly unlikely to be useful to anyone.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per the above. If the software is not currently available and was never widely available or notable previously, I don't see why keeping it is useful, even for historicity. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - This is more spam by a spammer.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:17, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Roblox WF Wars]] ==

No textual content at all, just a couple of tables of data. I can't find any other information online about this game; for all we know, it may not even exist. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  as stated above. The content is so minimal, and the scope is not defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

: [[Alo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Bune Ğonatan!]]
: [[Dag, Jonathan!]]
: [[Glidis, o Jonathan!]]
: [[Hai, Jon!]]
: [[Hallo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Haloo, Jonatan!]]
: [[Hay, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hela, Jonathan!]]
: [[Holo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Oila, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salam, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salom, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salu, Jon!]]
: [[Salut Jonathan!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, ionatano!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sesan Jon!]]
: [[Simi, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]
: [[Terve, Jonathan!]]
: [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!]]
: [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!]]
: [[Òla, Ionatà!]]

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is.
:[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
:How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi!
:::Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
:::So the idea is the following:
:::1 Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::2 The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::3 For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::4 The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
:::Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. 
:::[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that.
::::Cheers! –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Hello again,
:::::It's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::[[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::Keep. Content of educational value that helps learn languages. I think more translations to natural languages should be produced. -[[User:Bronto Rex|Bronto Rex]] ([[User talk:Bronto Rex|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bronto Rex|contribs]]) 14:02, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[SNFO Flight Planning]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades, barely any content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. This looks like it was an attempt to transcribe an official Navy instruction manual. If a copy of the original document is available, this might be an appropriate project for Wikisource, but it doesn't belong on Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:24, 13 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wooden Boats: Building and Repair]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; a few pages, but each has only a few lines of text. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Stellar Scintillation]] ==

Extremely narrow scope that I don't think is quite book-worthy, especially given the low amount of content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:48, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Future Teachers Meet Wiki]] ==

Abandoned; scope doesn't seem right for Wikibooks; underdeveloped. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[East Indian Marathi]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade, almost no content at all, simple dictionary that should probably be transferred to Wiktionary if it hasn't already. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:53, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:25, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Spanish]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades; seems like an idea for a book that was never actually implemented (minimal meaningful content) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:55, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Luxembourgish]] ==

Abandoned; only non-main page is a list of movies—otherwise no meaningful content [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Data Recovery]] ==

Seems out of scope for an educational book; a couple paragraphs at most with no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:58, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - this is a worthy topic, but what's written here meanders between being vague and being actively bad advice. (The &lt;code&gt;strings&lt;/code&gt; command is not an appropriate data recovery tool.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Computer Science Explored]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; a couple sentences only in the entirety of the book —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:24, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Competitive Programming]] ==

Survived deletion previously on the justification that it could potentially be expanded, but it's since been over a decade with no improvement; extremely minimal educational content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:03, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== Pages by [[User:TheoYalur]] ==

* [[Henri Poincaré Reader]]
* [[The Sight and Sound of the Greek Genocide Around the Kültürpark in Izmir]]
* [[God Disorder]]

These pages all appear to be personal essays, not educational texts. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:53, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:They are all original research. The editor asked to be unblocked so they could move to Wikiversity where OR is permitted. As they have now returned to creating these dubious pages, I have blocked them again and deleted the most recent creation as out of scope original research. The &quot;reader&quot; might be acceptable. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]! I'm not sure about [[Henri Poincaré Reader]] since it has NPOV issues and it reads like a self-published essay piece with personal hypothesizing/opinion/research, no references, etc. Its educational scope is still somewhat unclear, as is the structure—it does not seem textbook-like in form or style. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:43, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:::You spent more time reading it than me I suspect. I only skimmed it, but I am sure you are right that it has the same issues as the other creations and should be deleted. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:14, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::::With regard to the &quot;Reader&quot;, at best it's a collection of loosely translated excerpts of texts which, for the most part, already have quality translations available on Wikisource. For instance, the section [[Henri Poincaré Reader#The Measure of Time (1898)]] is already translated as [[:s:The Foundations of Science/The Value of Science/Chapter 2]]. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 20:39, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:גני טווילרי]] ==
Please delete a redirection page of the former user page, which was not active in the En Wikibooks. Thank you. [[User:לובר|לובר]] ([[User talk:לובר|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/לובר|contribs]]) 02:15, 16 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{re|לובר}} {{done}} though in the future please use {{tl|speedy}} for such deletions. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:53, 16 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>muwffbtwqufx3rb6ofzb3l8j543bxdy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4441242</id>
      <parentid>4441241</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-16T10:58:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SHB2000</username>
        <id>3332924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Computer Science Explored */ close as deleted</comment>
      <origin>4441242</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72649" sha1="t0axd20aajied77749a0thd9r7084e9" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
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= Undeletion =
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==[[City Of Heroes]]==
{{closed|Was undeleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
A book that was deleted when strategy guides were not allowed. See discussion  -&lt;span style=&quot;background:yellow;&gt;User:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue span&gt; 17:13, 12 November 2022 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
:This book was deleted about 16 years ago and only one page had a significant amount of content. It could all be undeleted but would probably be better re-made from scratch.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 01:34, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
::'''Undeleted it''' with many first-level subpages. Yet [[City Of Heroes/Archetypes]], [[City Of Heroes/Powers]], [[City Of Heroes/General Help]], [[City Of Heroes/Enhancements]], [[City Of Heroes/Binds]] and [[City Of Heroes/Badges]] have even more subpages to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:50, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:::'''Undeleted''' many subpages of the above subpages, less obviously useless versions. Yet any administrators are hereby advised to check [[Special:Undelete]] for more to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:52, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:Remaking this content from scratch might be difficult - the game shut down in 2012. There's a small community of users running private servers based on leaked source code (!), but far fewer than when the game was active. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Mass undeletion of books that were deleted when strategy guides were not allowed.]]==
{{closed|Not done —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Couldn't we just mass undelete these books? [[User:Garfieldcat1978|Garfieldcat1978]] ([[User talk:Garfieldcat1978|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Garfieldcat1978|contribs]]) 18:25, 20 February 2023 (UTC) Letting bot archive as needed.
:Listing which works would be much better.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:51, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

==Requesting for undeletion of the page &quot;Jumarkese&quot;==
{{closed|Not restored —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Hi, I just want to ask the administrators to restore my deleted page, &quot;Jumarkese&quot;. I am begging you, I hope you will forgive me. Actually, I just noticed today that you deleted my page. I don't know your reasons why you did that. But I hope you can grant my request to restore my deleted page &quot;Jumarkese&quot; as soon as possible. Thank you. [[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]] ([[User talk:Jumark27|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jumark27|contribs]]) 16:38, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]]. You can see the reasoning under the corresponding section below. It consisted of original research, which is out of scope at Wikibooks, and this type of decision is precedented. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:54, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
::What do you mean by original research? [[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]] ([[User talk:Jumark27|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jumark27|contribs]]) 06:12, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
:See [[Wikibooks:Original research]]. Neither Wikibooks nor Wikipedia allow original research.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 07:45, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

= Deletion =
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&lt;!-- New nominations go at the bottom of page --&gt;

== [[Developing A Universal Religion]] ==
{{closed|Deleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
'''Transwiki to Wikisource'''. This book by [[User:David Hockey]] survived VfD in 2005 ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Developing A Universal Religion]]) but it should not have. Another VfD is from 2006: [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Purpose]], for what was part 3 of the book. The book was originally uploaded as four separate parts, located at [[Thinking And Moral Problems]], [[Religions And Their Source]], [[Purpose]], and [[Developing A Universal Religion]].

The book contains multiple inaccurate claims and its title makes it unsuitable for Wikibooks. Material in Wikibooks should strive to be factually accurate and neutral, which this book cannot be. Since this book by David Hockey was previously published, and there is a pdf to check the text against ([[:File:Developing a Universal Religion Parts 1-2-3 &amp; 4.pdf]]), it can be hosted on Wikisource.

The book presents a ''philosophy'' of the purpose of life and ethics, not a ''religion''. The book does not involve God or gods except that it portrays evolution and the life on the Earth as a quasi-god for being alleged potentially ''omnipotent'' and by its occasional capitalization of &quot;life&quot; as &quot;Life&quot;. It is not true that any philosophy of purpose of life is a religion and the book does nothing to distinguish itself from philosophy as a religion.

The book's key tenet is that we should adopt as a ''surrogate'' purpose of life to &quot;support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability&quot;. There is nothing factually neutral about this idea; it is one person's philosophical position. And it is not just a minor part of the book that can be edited away; it comes in part 3 and is built upon in part 4. This follows from [[Developing A Universal Religion/Looking For A Purpose/What Purpose Can We Use?]]: &quot;Given that there is no detectable purpose pre-designed into life or the universe, then, if we must have one, we must adopt a surrogate. To my mind, the only viable option is to support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability. Such a purpose is universal and rational; it is a purpose that will last as long as life itself lasts. It accommodates the whole of life, and shows that we care about more than just our own well-being. It declares that we value life for its own sake and think little about the death that must follow, taking it simply as the price to be paid for living.&quot;

The book contains multiple dubious claims about life's omnipotent potential. There is nothing factual about it: not only can life not become omnipotent but it cannot become ''nearly'' omnipotent either. To begin with, given our current knowledge, there is no chance life could ever inhabit planet Pluto and the book does not support this idea in any way; and there is no way life can spread from the Earth to the Earth's nearest star given our knowledge. One can find multiple such claims and I will quote just one: &quot;This  omnipotent  consequence  of  evolution  is  just  that—a consequence.&quot; It is trivial to come up with capabilities that life including humankind may never achieve; one needs just a little bit of imagination. The argument that our ancestors could not have imagined our present capabilities has very little force to support the idea of future near omnipotence. It is obvious but you can read more at [https://www.quora.com/Is-evolution-omnipotent? Quora: Is evolution omnipotent?].

The book examines some of the ethical consequences of its proposed ultimate purpose, e.g. in [[Developing A Universal Religion/Determining Moral Behaviours/Killing]]. Its examination in unconvincing. For instance, it says &quot;The rationale for stating that it would be wrong to kill an individual is easy to state: any individual’s actions may contribute to the objective of supporting Life’s continued evolution, thus each life is valuable and should be preserved&quot;, but it is not obvious that each and every human including those severely disabled can contribute to Life's continuing evolution, so it does not follow that each human life should be preserved. Those following the stated purpose could decide to exterminate a technologically weak nation and take its resources and there is nothing obvious in the stated purpose to prevent them from doing so; the author does not seem to realize that.

As for the previous VfD:
* As for the book being &quot;well written&quot;: It may be fairly well written from a stylistic perspective, having been created by a single author outside of Wikibooks and published, but it is not well and plausibly reasoned as shown above.
* As for &quot;Looks like a real book to me&quot;: It surely is a real book, which alone does not make it includable in Wikibooks.
* As for &quot;There are formal footnotes and references to other sources that have at least some academic credibility.&quot; Footnotes and references do not save the book from being non-factual and non-neutral, and the whole of the text is nowhere close to being referenced using Wikipedia's referencing standard. The few references scattered throughout the book do not save the book content from criticism.
* As for &quot;This is a philosophy book, and that can be tricky to work with, I know.&quot;: Most philosophical books ever published do not fit Wikibooks since they are not neutral and their factual accuracy can be disputed. Philosophical surveys can be made to fit, though, mostly in the form of &quot;some authors argue that X, other authors argue that Y&quot;.

The stated problems with the book cannot be addressed by collaborative editing, starting with the observation that it is not about religion and that it depends on a posited purpose that is not neutral. It should not stay in Wikibooks. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:55, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

::Make it rain '''wikisource'''! Wikisource tastes good in pasta.  &lt;sup&gt; [[User:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;L10nM4st3r&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; / &lt;sub&gt;[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span tyle=&quot;color:#fed8b1&quot;&gt;'''Roar''' at me&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 22:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
:::I will move it and its subpages via [[s:Special:Import]] only one at a time. Please be patient unless someone has any better way.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 04:30, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
::::{{ping|Dan Polansky|L10nM4st3r}}Please see [[s:Wikisource:Administrators'_noticeboard#Mass_import_from_Wikibooks]] with an objection that the book might not be acceptable there. I am not exporting yet.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 19:47, 11 September 2022 (UTC)
:Delete, but if the PDF is under a compatible licence, which I presume it '''should''' be if the import was done correctly, consider moving the original PDF to Wikimedia Commons? [[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 01:39, 22 February 2023 (UTC)
::Plain text PDFs are generally out of scope on Commons unless they are source documents, which this is not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:51, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:{{vd}} per above. Are we still waiting on another Wikiproject to take it? It's persisted here for several months now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:54, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
:General consensus seems to be for deletion—I can see no objections, and this has been open for several months. Unless objections are presented, I will plan to delete it. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

Since Wikisource does not want the book due to being self-published (which it does seem to be), I am happy to '''keep it in Wikibooks'''. However, the book should probably start with a heavy disclaimer to the effect that the book contains original research, may be inaccurate or may reflect the point of view of a particular philosopher not accepted by mainstream philosophy. As incorrect as it seems to be, the book seems interesting enough. The book could be assigned in a philosophy course: &quot;Read [[Developing A Universal Religion]] from Wikibooks a identify defects in its arguments&quot;; or the like; a professional educator would probably be able to create a better formulation for an assignment, including perhaps &quot;determine the kind of -isms the book falls under&quot; or &quot;identify authors developing similar themes&quot; (which is more challenging since one needs to know the literature). The book is not much worse than a lot of bad material that passes as &quot;philosophy&quot; is some countries. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:18, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

{{vd}} This seems to be very much outside the scope of Wikibooks per &quot;Wikibooks is an instructional resource&quot;. Also seems to contain a lot of original research.  If its to be transwiki-ed, then Wikiversity seems a better project for it. [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 18:24, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
:Waiting for [[v:Wikiversity:Import#New_requests_for_import]] to reply.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:34, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:: Hello, I'm a Wikibooks reviewer and Wikiversity curator. Technically I can handle this request but I decided not to do that for now ([[:v:special:diff/2548035]]). As I pointed out at [[:v:WV:I]], I'm not sure if others have agreed with that suggestion. This is just a curator decision, so other custodians or curators may override my decision, but once there is clear consensus about moving to Wikiversity, then that will make things easier. I hope this can help you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:45, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[The Computer Revolution/Computers and Environment/Nanotechnology]] ==
{{closed|1=Consensus to delete. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:58, 30 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Consists of excerpts from third parties. Those from ''New Scientist'', do not appear to be under a compatible licence. {{Unsigned|Mbrickn|07:33, 10 January 2023‎}}
:I'm not sure it's enough of a violation for deletion? Based on a [https://copyvios.toolforge.org/?lang=en&amp;project=wikibooks&amp;title=The+Computer+Revolution%2FComputers+and+Environment%2FNanotechnology&amp;oldid=&amp;action=search&amp;use_engine=1&amp;use_links=1&amp;turnitin=0 copyvio comparison], the text seems mostly paraphrased. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:44, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
:{{vd}} The content of this page is ''entirely'' quotes and summaries of articles. The opening is a copy-paste quote of the linked Rice University page, the &quot;examples of nanomaterials&quot; are taken from [[doi:10.1021/es0506509]] (or, more likely, from another article summarizing it), and the two paragraphs following that are inaccurate summaries of the (already pop-science) ''New Scientist'' articles cited. There's no original content here whatsoever, and I'm not even sure how any of this is related to the overall topic of &quot;the computer revolution&quot; - these articles are about chemistry, not computing.
:This entire book is in pretty bad shape, frankly. Everything about it has the look of a class project where each student picked (or was assigned) a topic to write about individually, and their work was combined into a book. The results lack both coherence and quality, and I'm having a hard time seeing how this could ever be fixed short of throwing it all out and starting over. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:08, 14 August 2024 (UTC)
::After taking another look at the page, I now agree that it at least should be deleted. The content is not useful or coherent, and has issues as described above. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:19, 14 August 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Dynamical Systems]] ==
This seems to be abandoned book, the only content is largly vacuous. I don't believe it is likely to be extended or worked on because it is both a technical topic, and represents to original author's goals for such a book (graduate level vs undergraduate). [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 20:46, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

:It does seem abandoned; the single existing page hasn't been updated since 2018 and the main book page hasn't been updated since 2019. Unless someone quickly decides to pick up on it, I can't really see it staying here at Wikibooks :/ —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:35, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

::Hello there,
::currently I'm working over at the German page, because I have begun to work with a new, more intuitive terminology. My current plan is to first finish the German version and then possibly to translate it. To finish the German version will take at least until the end of this year. Until then, you shouldn't expect any progress. Afterwards, I may feel inclined to pick up the project, depending on my human rights situation. --[[User:Mathmensch|Mathmensch]] ([[User talk:Mathmensch|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mathmensch|contribs]]) 09:26, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

== Files from [[Illustrated Guide to the world of Spira (FFX and FFX-2)]] ==

Used for decorative, not educational, purposes: [[:File:Float 13.jpg]], [[:File:Grabbed Frame 15.jpg]], [[:File:Gandof.jpg]], [[:File:Ohalland.jpg]], [[:File:Braskascan1.jpg]], [[:File:Tidus FFX.png]] ([[WB:NFCC]]#8). — Ирука&lt;sup&gt;[[user:Iruka13|13]]&lt;/sup&gt; 13:54, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
:Sure, I think I can agree on the removal of these [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 12:24, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

== [[Radium SmartChain]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:48, 23 July 2024 (UTC)}}
including the closely related books:
* [[XRADON Supernet]]
* [[Radium Core]]

These books are a borderline advertisement for a cryptocurrency project. Moreover, the project has changed substantially since the books were written in 2016-2017 - it's now called &quot;Validity&quot;, and most, if not all, of the information in these books is no longer accurate. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 06:39, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

:{{comment}} I'm not sure it's blatant enough to be considered advertising? Since it technically is a how-to? But, if it is out of date, that could warrant deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
::Hence &quot;borderline&quot;. Some of the subpages like [[Radium Core/Use Cases/Proof of Author]] have more of a promotional air to them. But yes, the instructional content is all badly out of date; there are edits [[Special:Diff/3554520|as far back as 2019]] from users trying to mark the books as being outdated, and it's only gotten worse since then. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:16, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
:{{del}} If it wasn't outdated, I would vote keep, but... [[User:ForTheGrammar|ForTheGrammar]] ([[User talk:ForTheGrammar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ForTheGrammar|contribs]]) 01:32, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Various pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] ==

The following pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] seem out of scope because they consist entirely of personal promotion/advertisement for the author's photography:
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians II]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Lights of Moscow]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Ethiopia through the eyes of traveler]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/On the roads of India]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/14 days in Mongolia]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians III]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Hitchhiking across Sudan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/January in Japan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Uganda: tribes and civilization]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Tribes of Kenya]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Afghanistan, 2008]]
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:13, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

:Frankly, the entire book appears to be a vehicle for the author to promote his own photography. The few sentences of instructional content on pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in macro photography]] are practically useless; that one amounts to &quot;to take macro photos, set your camera to macro mode and hold it close to the subject, or read another book for more information&quot;. Other pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Interior photography in hobo tours]] or [[Basics of fine-art photography/Taking pictures of homeless people]] provide essentially no information on photography technique at all, and seem to mostly be intended as jumping-off points to showcase more of the author's photos. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:40, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

== [[History of Grand-Popo]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 08:11, 22 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Suited for enWP not WB, appears to be a simple import with no likely development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:28, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. Lists and links are not a textbook. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 10:01, 30 September 2024 (UTC)}}
This book is essentially a compilation of lists and links—I don't think it's actually in-scope here as a book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Selected Essays]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted}}
Seems completely out of WB scope; it's just a collection of unrelated personal essays. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:52, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} Agreed, personal essays and not ones that can easily be used, at that. [[User:Icandostuff|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Yellow&quot;&gt;can&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Lime&quot;&gt;do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#00ffff&quot;&gt;stuff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;!&lt;/span&gt; ]] ([[User talk:Icandostuff|talk]]) 12:52, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Remembering the Templars]] ==

Seems to be pretty much an encyclopedic article about the Knights Templar, which makes it out of scope; enormous amount of links to enWP and may even just be an import. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:59, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:53, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[Half-Life Computation]] ==

Doesn't seem in-scope as a book—just seems like a single page on how to do a specific calculation. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:06, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[God and Religious Toleration]] ==

This book was [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/God and Religious Toleration|previously nominated for deletion in 2011]], but kept largely because of its theoretical potential for improvement. It's now over a decade later, and no real improvement has been made. The book has the following issues:
* A lack of clearly defined educational/instructional scope, structure, or aims overall
* A lack of structure in each existing chapter
* Significant NPOV and lack-of-evidence/citations
I've gone through the book to try to improve it somewhat, but it largely feels like a disorganized dumping ground for a variety of abstract thoughts, many of which are heavily biased. At this point, given the amount of time it has had for improvement and the lack thereof, I don't think it has a place at Wikibooks. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:06, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

:This book is very important in this day and age. Tolerance between religions is important for world peace. Without tolerance, chaos breaks out in the world. We should promote tolerance between religions. If the good guys keep quiet, the bad guys win. Is that what you want? A better way is to simply add a chapter of yours to the book and contribute your suggestions to world peace and the strengthening of love in the world. @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]] ([[User talk:Nobody60|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nobody60|contribs]]) 08:46, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

:Support deleting as per issues pointed out in nom. @[[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]], there are kilometers between deleting a bad, biased book and supporting religious intolerance or whatever it is you're accusing the nom of doing. Wikibooks is a project with a definite, reachable and concrete goal, which this book doesn't meet, never met and probably would never meet. --[[User:YuriNikolai|YuriNikolai]] ([[User talk:YuriNikolai|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/YuriNikolai|contribs]]) 02:10, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 07:44, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Not only is this material not presented from a neutral point of view, it's not even a mainstream religious POV. Much like [[Developing A Universal Religion]] (also up for deletion), the goal of this text appears to be to create and promote a new syncretic religious movement, complete with its own new beliefs and practices; this is very much outside the scope of Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:24, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} as per [[WB:NOR]]: I am all for religious tolerance but all against religious acquiescence. [[User:Jeaucques Quœure|Jeaucques Quœure]] ([[User talk:Jeaucques Quœure|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jeaucques Quœure|contribs]]) 07:30, 26 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kashubian Dictionary]] ==

[[WB:DICT|Out of scope]] here; material should be hosted at Wiktionary (I've [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Information desk/2024/May|suggested it there]]). —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

:Any content in this dictionary should be already be at [[wiktionary:Wiktionary:Requested entries (Kashubian)/Kashubian Dictionary]], where we will be able to slowly make entries for these. [[User:Vininn126|Vininn126]] ([[User talk:Vininn126|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vininn126|contribs]]) 21:51, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biblioþeke]] ==

Out of scope; seems to be an incomplete translation of the bible into a conlang. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:16, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikis for Retail Store Managers]] ==

Abandoned, unclear scope, little content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:30, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Human Geography]] ==

Abandoned for two decades without any development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:50, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Neuro Linguistic Programming]] ==

Abandoned, very little meaningful content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Scrapebook Linguistics]] ==

Abandoned, little to no meaningful content, unclear scope or potential for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:05, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - an earlier version of this page was imported to Wikiversity as [[:v:Special:Permalink/15674|Portal:Linguistics]] (and subsequently edited into oblivion). The followup edits here aren't needed at WV. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:22, 25 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Be a Good Camp Counselor]] ==

Book is un/under-developed and abandoned, and the scope/potential for development is somewhat unclear to me. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:07, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989/Manual for Obtention of Driving licence: Signals and Lights]] ==

Abandoned with non-English. Not belonging under [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989]], that Taiwanese administrative regulation since 1989 would not contain such a manual.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 16:55, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per above —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Australian Property Law]] ==

Has only one page (introduction) with little content. It has been abandoned now for almost 20 years with no development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:35, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Chinese Checkers]] ==

Extremely minimal content and abandoned for almost 20 years. Was previously nominated for deletion in 2006 but kept on the grounds that it could be expanded—clearly this has not happened. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:56, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Niw Englisch]] ==

Fiction / original research - a conlang being (very slowly) created by the author of the book.

The following books are closely related to that project and should be deleted as well:
* [[NiwEnglisc]]
* [[Þat englisce Alphabet]]
* [[Lernung þer Stafræwe]]
* [[Þe ettbære Garden]]
as well as [[Biblioþeke]], which has already been nominated for deletion.
:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  all per the above. I can find no evidence of the conlang outside Wikibooks and this sole author. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:03, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mac OS X Leopard]] ==

Yet another abandoned, underdeveloped book on an obsolete operating system. (Mac OS X Leopard was released in 2007, and has been unsupported since 2011.) If there were more content in this book, it could possibly be refactored into a version-independent book about macOS, but there's effectively nothing here. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:42, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. If it were more fleshed out, it could be kept as archival. However, there's so little there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:47, 24 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[3DTin User's Guide]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade, undeveloped, very little content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:29, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - 3DTin was a web application which [https://3dtin.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/the-next-chapter/ shut down in 2016], so this book no longer serves any purpose, and certainly isn't going to be expanded. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:59, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Advanced Calculus]] ==

Abandoned for many years; consists of only one page for one theorem; no introduction or scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:32, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Algebra and Number Theory]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of one page with very little content; no introduction or scope —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Basic Ancient Greek]] ==

Abandoned for many years; very little actual content; only real contributor was an IP whose last edit was in 2015. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:37, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Blender Game Engine for Morons]] ==

Abandoned for at least a decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:41, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[BOINC]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content; unclear scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:43, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[HP Open View NNM Exam Guide]] ==

One page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:40, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. [[w:HP OpenView|HP OpenView]] no longer exists as a product (and its successor HP Network Management Center has been discontinued as well!); neither does HP's certification exam for it. There's certainly no purpose in writing a new guide for a nonexistent exam for a obsolete product. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:54, 23 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Games]] ==

Abandoned for ~1 decade; little to no meaningful content; one paragraph in entire book; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:43, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biochemistry/The Cell]] ==
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.5em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|36px|link=]] The following discussion has concluded. Please open a new discussion for any further comments.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible boilerplate metadata&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; margin:0em; padding:10px; border:1px solid #999999;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; padding:0px; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt; abandoned and undeveloped and per comments below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:47, 14 October 2024 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;body&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;

Not particularly in scope for the book as it is; content is not particularly meaningful, educational, helpful, or well-developed (e.g. what does it mean for red blood cells to &quot;helps in structure of the body&quot;?) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Even if the strange or outright wrong statements were removed (like describing a cell as &quot;a small particle or organism&quot;, or implying that red and white blood cells are the only types of cell!), this sort of very basic explanation would be more at home in an introductory text on biology, not a text on biochemistry which assumes familiarity with these topics. (And indeed, there are much better explanations in books like [[Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Cells]].) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 31 July 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== [[Folktales from the Mon People of Koh Kred]] ==

Seems to be out of scope, since Wikibooks does not host fiction. –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:29, 28 July 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:11, 10 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[High performance computing]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; only contains main page with little content; scope not well-defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Doom Modding]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope/path to completion —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:20, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Global Illumination and HDRI Maps in 3D Studio Max]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; one chapter only, which contains only a handful of sentences. Not enough content and no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== Pages in [[Security+ Certification]] ==

Both [[Security+ Certification/Threats and Vulnerabilities]] and [[Security+ Certification/Network Security]] seem to be deprecated per @[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]]'s recent overhaul; moreover, the pages in question seem to consist entirely of outlinks to Wikipedia. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:32, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

== Obsolete Microsoft certification guides ==

* [[MCSE Server 2003 Certification Core Exams]] (exam 70-290 retired July 2013)
* [[Microsoft Certified IT Professional]] (exam 70-444 retired June 2011; exam 70-450 retired July 2015)
* [[Microsoft Certified Professional Developer]] (exams 70-526, 70-528, 70-529, 70-547, 70-548 retired June 2011; exams 70-290, 70-536 retired July 2013)

These books all correspond to Microsoft certification exams which were retired in 2011-2015, and consist almost entirely of lists of course objectives copied from official course materials. There's almost no original educational content in any of these three books, and it's highly unlikely that they're going to be improved, since the certification exams they correspond to are no longer offered.

(Reference for the exam retirement dates is: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/credentials/support/retired-certification-exams)

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:27, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} per the above; additionally, some of these have very little content at all. Some pages may be candidates for speedy deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[GNU Autoconf]] ==

Little to no meaningful content, abandoned &gt;1 decade. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:42, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. Nothing particularly salvageable from this. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:07, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Textbook Reviews]] ==

Very little meaningful educational content; seems like opinion at most? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:45, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kurdish]] ==

Very little content at all, no outline or potential for development; abandoned for years. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:46, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[English-Arabic dictionary]] ==

Out of scope at Wikibooks since this is already completely covered by Wiktionary. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:49, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{comment}} [[English-Arabic dictionary/Colors in Arabic]] gets a nontrivial amount of traffic (~50 views/day). It'd be nice if we could at least preserve this as a redirect to an equivalent resource. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Audacity]] ==

Abandoned 17 years; consists only of paltry introduction. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:43, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - Audacity already has high-quality, freely licensed documentation at https://manual.audacityteam.org/ (and it's even a wiki!). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:57, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Java Logging]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:44, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mercury Programming]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; undeveloped (single page only); no scope or plan for expansion/future development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:46, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Server+ Certification]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content; mostly a few section headers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:48, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[NetBeans]] ==

No meaningful content; chapter list only; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:50, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Valgrind]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope; no path forward for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:52, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - readers would be much better off with [https://valgrind.org/docs/manual/quick-start.html Valgrind's own quick start guide] (which is even freely licensed). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 18 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Open Religion]] ==

Original research/soapbox/NPOV; abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:40, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - out of scope religious/philosophical content similar to [[#Developing a Universal Religion]], but less developed. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:58, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming for the consultant]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:42, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Metroid]] ==

Abandoned; main page only; no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:44, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Radiata Stories]] ==

Abandoned; little to no meaningful content; one page only with little content; no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Prehistory of Globalization/Preface]] ==

Orphaned page; little to no meaningful content; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:38, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Dialect]] ==

Scope unclear; abandoned with no plan for development; little to no meaningful content; most pages qualify for speedy anyway. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:18, 5 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming Text Adventures In Basic]] ==

Main page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:17, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[UNIX Basics]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:23, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Write a Compiler]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:24, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Script Languages Synopsis]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little content; unclear path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:26, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Epicurus]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 13:33, 6 October 2024 (UTC)}}
Merging with the other Epicurus page. {{unsigned|TheoYalur}}
{{end closed}}

=== [[Epicurus/On Matter - β (Περὶ φύσεως)]] ===

Merging with the other Epicurus page.

[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  I'm leaning towards this whole book being deleted. The scope and structure of this book as an educational textbook are unclear and the whole thing seems potentially like original research or an essay. Unless I've missed something, the main editor seems unresponsive to querying and is repeatedly removing the query flags. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:13, 25 September 2024 (UTC)

=={{anchor|Network+ Certification}}{{anchor|Security+ Certification}}{{anchor|A+ Certification}} CompTIA Certifications ==

[[Network+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Network+|Wikiversity]]. 

[[Security+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Security+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

[[A+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:A+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

De-duplicating work across Wikimedia. Subpages should all be deleted as well. Might be worth leaving a redirect to WV for future users. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:02, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

:I centralized at Wikiversity since the projects (as of now) are compendiums of links and resources based on the listed objectives of each exam, sometimes with explicitly suggested 'activities'. Very little in the way of 'book'-like exposition. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:06, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:Thought about leaving a {{tlx|MovedToWikiversity}} but that template has been deleted in the past. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:52, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== Wikiversal generated pages ==

* [[Wiki Assistant]]
* [[User Page Builder]]
*: Inexplicably, the links on the main page of this book all point to pages under [[:w:User:Hazel45onnie/User Page Builder]] '''on the English Wikipedia'''. I'm nominating those pages for deletion on enwiki as a separate process ([[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikiversuite pages|here]]).
* [[WikiverSuite/Wikiversant/Gunport Builder Demo 1]]
* [[Wiki Tutorial]]
*: Some of the internal links in this book are written as if the book is named [[Tutorial]] instead of [[Wiki Tutorial]]. You may have to use [[Special:Prefixindex/Wiki Tutorial]] to read through the whole thing.

These books were all generated using Wikiversal, a third-party wiki editing tool written by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer downloadable. Many of them contain broken internal links or other outdated content (like references to Wikiversity being a subproject of Wikibooks), and the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them unreasonably difficult to edit.

(As as aside, the markup used for these &quot;presentations&quot; is completely broken on the mobile site, e.g. [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_Page_Builder]. For some reason, the forward/back buttons are invisible, making it impossible to navigate from page to page.)

The first three books are all instructions on how to use Wikiversal itself. Since it's no longer available, they are of no use. The fourth, while described as a &quot;Wiki tutorial&quot;, primarily instructs users to use Wikiversal to build pages on the wiki; its main page should probably be redirected to [[Using Wikibooks]] as a much more comprehensive resource.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It isn't inexplicable that these pages and links are on the English Wikipedia.  The spammers who developed these pages were primarily trying to peddle software for use on the English Wikipedia.  Their pages on the English Wikipedia are also pending deletion as misusing Wikipedia for web hosting.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Based on the name and some of the user's (now deleted) activity on Wikiversity, I think the software was actually intended primarily for use on Wikibooks and/or Wikiversity. Why they decided to host some of its documentation on Wikipedia is a mystery. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:52, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::It isn't worth trying to explain the behavior of spammers.  Sometimes the explanation is stupidity and greed.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:05, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::&lt;del&gt;I haven't yet looked at the deletion request here.  I am primarily an English Wikipedia editor, just as [[User:Omphalographer]] is primarily a Commons editor.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)&lt;/del&gt;
*'''Delete All''' - Spam.  These books were created twelve years ago to peddle software to new users.  This was an abuse of Wikimedia for commercial purposes.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:51, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[PlanoTse Handbook for Job Search Automation]] ==

Much like the Wikiversal pages nominated above, this book is documentation for a piece of self-authored software by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer available for download. I can't find any substantial references to this software anywhere online outside of this book itself, so it seems highly unlikely to be useful to anyone.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per the above. If the software is not currently available and was never widely available or notable previously, I don't see why keeping it is useful, even for historicity. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - This is more spam by a spammer.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:17, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Roblox WF Wars]] ==

No textual content at all, just a couple of tables of data. I can't find any other information online about this game; for all we know, it may not even exist. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  as stated above. The content is so minimal, and the scope is not defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

: [[Alo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Bune Ğonatan!]]
: [[Dag, Jonathan!]]
: [[Glidis, o Jonathan!]]
: [[Hai, Jon!]]
: [[Hallo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Haloo, Jonatan!]]
: [[Hay, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hela, Jonathan!]]
: [[Holo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Oila, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salam, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salom, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salu, Jon!]]
: [[Salut Jonathan!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, ionatano!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sesan Jon!]]
: [[Simi, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]
: [[Terve, Jonathan!]]
: [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!]]
: [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!]]
: [[Òla, Ionatà!]]

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is.
:[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
:How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi!
:::Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
:::So the idea is the following:
:::1 Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::2 The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::3 For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::4 The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
:::Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. 
:::[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that.
::::Cheers! –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Hello again,
:::::It's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::[[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::Keep. Content of educational value that helps learn languages. I think more translations to natural languages should be produced. -[[User:Bronto Rex|Bronto Rex]] ([[User talk:Bronto Rex|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bronto Rex|contribs]]) 14:02, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[SNFO Flight Planning]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades, barely any content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. This looks like it was an attempt to transcribe an official Navy instruction manual. If a copy of the original document is available, this might be an appropriate project for Wikisource, but it doesn't belong on Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:24, 13 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wooden Boats: Building and Repair]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; a few pages, but each has only a few lines of text. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Stellar Scintillation]] ==

Extremely narrow scope that I don't think is quite book-worthy, especially given the low amount of content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:48, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Future Teachers Meet Wiki]] ==

Abandoned; scope doesn't seem right for Wikibooks; underdeveloped. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[East Indian Marathi]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade, almost no content at all, simple dictionary that should probably be transferred to Wiktionary if it hasn't already. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:53, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:25, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Spanish]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades; seems like an idea for a book that was never actually implemented (minimal meaningful content) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:55, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Luxembourgish]] ==

Abandoned; only non-main page is a list of movies—otherwise no meaningful content [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Data Recovery]] ==

Seems out of scope for an educational book; a couple paragraphs at most with no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:58, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - this is a worthy topic, but what's written here meanders between being vague and being actively bad advice. (The &lt;code&gt;strings&lt;/code&gt; command is not an appropriate data recovery tool.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Computer Science Explored]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; a couple sentences only in the entirety of the book —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:24, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
----
{{vd|Deleted}}, including 1 subpage. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:58, 16 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Competitive Programming]] ==

Survived deletion previously on the justification that it could potentially be expanded, but it's since been over a decade with no improvement; extremely minimal educational content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:03, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== Pages by [[User:TheoYalur]] ==

* [[Henri Poincaré Reader]]
* [[The Sight and Sound of the Greek Genocide Around the Kültürpark in Izmir]]
* [[God Disorder]]

These pages all appear to be personal essays, not educational texts. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:53, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:They are all original research. The editor asked to be unblocked so they could move to Wikiversity where OR is permitted. As they have now returned to creating these dubious pages, I have blocked them again and deleted the most recent creation as out of scope original research. The &quot;reader&quot; might be acceptable. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]! I'm not sure about [[Henri Poincaré Reader]] since it has NPOV issues and it reads like a self-published essay piece with personal hypothesizing/opinion/research, no references, etc. Its educational scope is still somewhat unclear, as is the structure—it does not seem textbook-like in form or style. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:43, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:::You spent more time reading it than me I suspect. I only skimmed it, but I am sure you are right that it has the same issues as the other creations and should be deleted. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:14, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::::With regard to the &quot;Reader&quot;, at best it's a collection of loosely translated excerpts of texts which, for the most part, already have quality translations available on Wikisource. For instance, the section [[Henri Poincaré Reader#The Measure of Time (1898)]] is already translated as [[:s:The Foundations of Science/The Value of Science/Chapter 2]]. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 20:39, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:גני טווילרי]] ==
Please delete a redirection page of the former user page, which was not active in the En Wikibooks. Thank you. [[User:לובר|לובר]] ([[User talk:לובר|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/לובר|contribs]]) 02:15, 16 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{re|לובר}} {{done}} though in the future please use {{tl|speedy}} for such deletions. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:53, 16 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>t0axd20aajied77749a0thd9r7084e9</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-16T10:58:52Z</timestamp>
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        <id>3332924</id>
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= Undeletion =
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==[[City Of Heroes]]==
{{closed|Was undeleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
A book that was deleted when strategy guides were not allowed. See discussion  -&lt;span style=&quot;background:yellow;&gt;User:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue span&gt; 17:13, 12 November 2022 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
:This book was deleted about 16 years ago and only one page had a significant amount of content. It could all be undeleted but would probably be better re-made from scratch.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 01:34, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
::'''Undeleted it''' with many first-level subpages. Yet [[City Of Heroes/Archetypes]], [[City Of Heroes/Powers]], [[City Of Heroes/General Help]], [[City Of Heroes/Enhancements]], [[City Of Heroes/Binds]] and [[City Of Heroes/Badges]] have even more subpages to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:50, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:::'''Undeleted''' many subpages of the above subpages, less obviously useless versions. Yet any administrators are hereby advised to check [[Special:Undelete]] for more to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:52, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:Remaking this content from scratch might be difficult - the game shut down in 2012. There's a small community of users running private servers based on leaked source code (!), but far fewer than when the game was active. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Mass undeletion of books that were deleted when strategy guides were not allowed.]]==
{{closed|Not done —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Couldn't we just mass undelete these books? [[User:Garfieldcat1978|Garfieldcat1978]] ([[User talk:Garfieldcat1978|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Garfieldcat1978|contribs]]) 18:25, 20 February 2023 (UTC) Letting bot archive as needed.
:Listing which works would be much better.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:51, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

==Requesting for undeletion of the page &quot;Jumarkese&quot;==
{{closed|Not restored —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Hi, I just want to ask the administrators to restore my deleted page, &quot;Jumarkese&quot;. I am begging you, I hope you will forgive me. Actually, I just noticed today that you deleted my page. I don't know your reasons why you did that. But I hope you can grant my request to restore my deleted page &quot;Jumarkese&quot; as soon as possible. Thank you. [[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]] ([[User talk:Jumark27|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jumark27|contribs]]) 16:38, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]]. You can see the reasoning under the corresponding section below. It consisted of original research, which is out of scope at Wikibooks, and this type of decision is precedented. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:54, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
::What do you mean by original research? [[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]] ([[User talk:Jumark27|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jumark27|contribs]]) 06:12, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
:See [[Wikibooks:Original research]]. Neither Wikibooks nor Wikipedia allow original research.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 07:45, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

= Deletion =
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&lt;!-- New nominations go at the bottom of page --&gt;

== [[Developing A Universal Religion]] ==
{{closed|Deleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
'''Transwiki to Wikisource'''. This book by [[User:David Hockey]] survived VfD in 2005 ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Developing A Universal Religion]]) but it should not have. Another VfD is from 2006: [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Purpose]], for what was part 3 of the book. The book was originally uploaded as four separate parts, located at [[Thinking And Moral Problems]], [[Religions And Their Source]], [[Purpose]], and [[Developing A Universal Religion]].

The book contains multiple inaccurate claims and its title makes it unsuitable for Wikibooks. Material in Wikibooks should strive to be factually accurate and neutral, which this book cannot be. Since this book by David Hockey was previously published, and there is a pdf to check the text against ([[:File:Developing a Universal Religion Parts 1-2-3 &amp; 4.pdf]]), it can be hosted on Wikisource.

The book presents a ''philosophy'' of the purpose of life and ethics, not a ''religion''. The book does not involve God or gods except that it portrays evolution and the life on the Earth as a quasi-god for being alleged potentially ''omnipotent'' and by its occasional capitalization of &quot;life&quot; as &quot;Life&quot;. It is not true that any philosophy of purpose of life is a religion and the book does nothing to distinguish itself from philosophy as a religion.

The book's key tenet is that we should adopt as a ''surrogate'' purpose of life to &quot;support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability&quot;. There is nothing factually neutral about this idea; it is one person's philosophical position. And it is not just a minor part of the book that can be edited away; it comes in part 3 and is built upon in part 4. This follows from [[Developing A Universal Religion/Looking For A Purpose/What Purpose Can We Use?]]: &quot;Given that there is no detectable purpose pre-designed into life or the universe, then, if we must have one, we must adopt a surrogate. To my mind, the only viable option is to support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability. Such a purpose is universal and rational; it is a purpose that will last as long as life itself lasts. It accommodates the whole of life, and shows that we care about more than just our own well-being. It declares that we value life for its own sake and think little about the death that must follow, taking it simply as the price to be paid for living.&quot;

The book contains multiple dubious claims about life's omnipotent potential. There is nothing factual about it: not only can life not become omnipotent but it cannot become ''nearly'' omnipotent either. To begin with, given our current knowledge, there is no chance life could ever inhabit planet Pluto and the book does not support this idea in any way; and there is no way life can spread from the Earth to the Earth's nearest star given our knowledge. One can find multiple such claims and I will quote just one: &quot;This  omnipotent  consequence  of  evolution  is  just  that—a consequence.&quot; It is trivial to come up with capabilities that life including humankind may never achieve; one needs just a little bit of imagination. The argument that our ancestors could not have imagined our present capabilities has very little force to support the idea of future near omnipotence. It is obvious but you can read more at [https://www.quora.com/Is-evolution-omnipotent? Quora: Is evolution omnipotent?].

The book examines some of the ethical consequences of its proposed ultimate purpose, e.g. in [[Developing A Universal Religion/Determining Moral Behaviours/Killing]]. Its examination in unconvincing. For instance, it says &quot;The rationale for stating that it would be wrong to kill an individual is easy to state: any individual’s actions may contribute to the objective of supporting Life’s continued evolution, thus each life is valuable and should be preserved&quot;, but it is not obvious that each and every human including those severely disabled can contribute to Life's continuing evolution, so it does not follow that each human life should be preserved. Those following the stated purpose could decide to exterminate a technologically weak nation and take its resources and there is nothing obvious in the stated purpose to prevent them from doing so; the author does not seem to realize that.

As for the previous VfD:
* As for the book being &quot;well written&quot;: It may be fairly well written from a stylistic perspective, having been created by a single author outside of Wikibooks and published, but it is not well and plausibly reasoned as shown above.
* As for &quot;Looks like a real book to me&quot;: It surely is a real book, which alone does not make it includable in Wikibooks.
* As for &quot;There are formal footnotes and references to other sources that have at least some academic credibility.&quot; Footnotes and references do not save the book from being non-factual and non-neutral, and the whole of the text is nowhere close to being referenced using Wikipedia's referencing standard. The few references scattered throughout the book do not save the book content from criticism.
* As for &quot;This is a philosophy book, and that can be tricky to work with, I know.&quot;: Most philosophical books ever published do not fit Wikibooks since they are not neutral and their factual accuracy can be disputed. Philosophical surveys can be made to fit, though, mostly in the form of &quot;some authors argue that X, other authors argue that Y&quot;.

The stated problems with the book cannot be addressed by collaborative editing, starting with the observation that it is not about religion and that it depends on a posited purpose that is not neutral. It should not stay in Wikibooks. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:55, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

::Make it rain '''wikisource'''! Wikisource tastes good in pasta.  &lt;sup&gt; [[User:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;L10nM4st3r&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; / &lt;sub&gt;[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span tyle=&quot;color:#fed8b1&quot;&gt;'''Roar''' at me&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 22:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
:::I will move it and its subpages via [[s:Special:Import]] only one at a time. Please be patient unless someone has any better way.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 04:30, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
::::{{ping|Dan Polansky|L10nM4st3r}}Please see [[s:Wikisource:Administrators'_noticeboard#Mass_import_from_Wikibooks]] with an objection that the book might not be acceptable there. I am not exporting yet.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 19:47, 11 September 2022 (UTC)
:Delete, but if the PDF is under a compatible licence, which I presume it '''should''' be if the import was done correctly, consider moving the original PDF to Wikimedia Commons? [[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 01:39, 22 February 2023 (UTC)
::Plain text PDFs are generally out of scope on Commons unless they are source documents, which this is not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:51, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:{{vd}} per above. Are we still waiting on another Wikiproject to take it? It's persisted here for several months now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:54, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
:General consensus seems to be for deletion—I can see no objections, and this has been open for several months. Unless objections are presented, I will plan to delete it. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

Since Wikisource does not want the book due to being self-published (which it does seem to be), I am happy to '''keep it in Wikibooks'''. However, the book should probably start with a heavy disclaimer to the effect that the book contains original research, may be inaccurate or may reflect the point of view of a particular philosopher not accepted by mainstream philosophy. As incorrect as it seems to be, the book seems interesting enough. The book could be assigned in a philosophy course: &quot;Read [[Developing A Universal Religion]] from Wikibooks a identify defects in its arguments&quot;; or the like; a professional educator would probably be able to create a better formulation for an assignment, including perhaps &quot;determine the kind of -isms the book falls under&quot; or &quot;identify authors developing similar themes&quot; (which is more challenging since one needs to know the literature). The book is not much worse than a lot of bad material that passes as &quot;philosophy&quot; is some countries. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:18, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

{{vd}} This seems to be very much outside the scope of Wikibooks per &quot;Wikibooks is an instructional resource&quot;. Also seems to contain a lot of original research.  If its to be transwiki-ed, then Wikiversity seems a better project for it. [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 18:24, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
:Waiting for [[v:Wikiversity:Import#New_requests_for_import]] to reply.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:34, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:: Hello, I'm a Wikibooks reviewer and Wikiversity curator. Technically I can handle this request but I decided not to do that for now ([[:v:special:diff/2548035]]). As I pointed out at [[:v:WV:I]], I'm not sure if others have agreed with that suggestion. This is just a curator decision, so other custodians or curators may override my decision, but once there is clear consensus about moving to Wikiversity, then that will make things easier. I hope this can help you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:45, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[The Computer Revolution/Computers and Environment/Nanotechnology]] ==
{{closed|1=Consensus to delete. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:58, 30 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Consists of excerpts from third parties. Those from ''New Scientist'', do not appear to be under a compatible licence. {{Unsigned|Mbrickn|07:33, 10 January 2023‎}}
:I'm not sure it's enough of a violation for deletion? Based on a [https://copyvios.toolforge.org/?lang=en&amp;project=wikibooks&amp;title=The+Computer+Revolution%2FComputers+and+Environment%2FNanotechnology&amp;oldid=&amp;action=search&amp;use_engine=1&amp;use_links=1&amp;turnitin=0 copyvio comparison], the text seems mostly paraphrased. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:44, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
:{{vd}} The content of this page is ''entirely'' quotes and summaries of articles. The opening is a copy-paste quote of the linked Rice University page, the &quot;examples of nanomaterials&quot; are taken from [[doi:10.1021/es0506509]] (or, more likely, from another article summarizing it), and the two paragraphs following that are inaccurate summaries of the (already pop-science) ''New Scientist'' articles cited. There's no original content here whatsoever, and I'm not even sure how any of this is related to the overall topic of &quot;the computer revolution&quot; - these articles are about chemistry, not computing.
:This entire book is in pretty bad shape, frankly. Everything about it has the look of a class project where each student picked (or was assigned) a topic to write about individually, and their work was combined into a book. The results lack both coherence and quality, and I'm having a hard time seeing how this could ever be fixed short of throwing it all out and starting over. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:08, 14 August 2024 (UTC)
::After taking another look at the page, I now agree that it at least should be deleted. The content is not useful or coherent, and has issues as described above. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:19, 14 August 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Dynamical Systems]] ==
This seems to be abandoned book, the only content is largly vacuous. I don't believe it is likely to be extended or worked on because it is both a technical topic, and represents to original author's goals for such a book (graduate level vs undergraduate). [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 20:46, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

:It does seem abandoned; the single existing page hasn't been updated since 2018 and the main book page hasn't been updated since 2019. Unless someone quickly decides to pick up on it, I can't really see it staying here at Wikibooks :/ —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:35, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

::Hello there,
::currently I'm working over at the German page, because I have begun to work with a new, more intuitive terminology. My current plan is to first finish the German version and then possibly to translate it. To finish the German version will take at least until the end of this year. Until then, you shouldn't expect any progress. Afterwards, I may feel inclined to pick up the project, depending on my human rights situation. --[[User:Mathmensch|Mathmensch]] ([[User talk:Mathmensch|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mathmensch|contribs]]) 09:26, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

== Files from [[Illustrated Guide to the world of Spira (FFX and FFX-2)]] ==

Used for decorative, not educational, purposes: [[:File:Float 13.jpg]], [[:File:Grabbed Frame 15.jpg]], [[:File:Gandof.jpg]], [[:File:Ohalland.jpg]], [[:File:Braskascan1.jpg]], [[:File:Tidus FFX.png]] ([[WB:NFCC]]#8). — Ирука&lt;sup&gt;[[user:Iruka13|13]]&lt;/sup&gt; 13:54, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
:Sure, I think I can agree on the removal of these [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 12:24, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

== [[Radium SmartChain]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:48, 23 July 2024 (UTC)}}
including the closely related books:
* [[XRADON Supernet]]
* [[Radium Core]]

These books are a borderline advertisement for a cryptocurrency project. Moreover, the project has changed substantially since the books were written in 2016-2017 - it's now called &quot;Validity&quot;, and most, if not all, of the information in these books is no longer accurate. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 06:39, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

:{{comment}} I'm not sure it's blatant enough to be considered advertising? Since it technically is a how-to? But, if it is out of date, that could warrant deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
::Hence &quot;borderline&quot;. Some of the subpages like [[Radium Core/Use Cases/Proof of Author]] have more of a promotional air to them. But yes, the instructional content is all badly out of date; there are edits [[Special:Diff/3554520|as far back as 2019]] from users trying to mark the books as being outdated, and it's only gotten worse since then. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:16, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
:{{del}} If it wasn't outdated, I would vote keep, but... [[User:ForTheGrammar|ForTheGrammar]] ([[User talk:ForTheGrammar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ForTheGrammar|contribs]]) 01:32, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Various pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] ==

The following pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] seem out of scope because they consist entirely of personal promotion/advertisement for the author's photography:
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians II]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Lights of Moscow]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Ethiopia through the eyes of traveler]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/On the roads of India]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/14 days in Mongolia]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians III]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Hitchhiking across Sudan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/January in Japan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Uganda: tribes and civilization]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Tribes of Kenya]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Afghanistan, 2008]]
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:13, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

:Frankly, the entire book appears to be a vehicle for the author to promote his own photography. The few sentences of instructional content on pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in macro photography]] are practically useless; that one amounts to &quot;to take macro photos, set your camera to macro mode and hold it close to the subject, or read another book for more information&quot;. Other pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Interior photography in hobo tours]] or [[Basics of fine-art photography/Taking pictures of homeless people]] provide essentially no information on photography technique at all, and seem to mostly be intended as jumping-off points to showcase more of the author's photos. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:40, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

== [[History of Grand-Popo]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 08:11, 22 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Suited for enWP not WB, appears to be a simple import with no likely development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:28, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. Lists and links are not a textbook. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 10:01, 30 September 2024 (UTC)}}
This book is essentially a compilation of lists and links—I don't think it's actually in-scope here as a book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Selected Essays]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted}}
Seems completely out of WB scope; it's just a collection of unrelated personal essays. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:52, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} Agreed, personal essays and not ones that can easily be used, at that. [[User:Icandostuff|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Yellow&quot;&gt;can&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Lime&quot;&gt;do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#00ffff&quot;&gt;stuff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;!&lt;/span&gt; ]] ([[User talk:Icandostuff|talk]]) 12:52, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Remembering the Templars]] ==

Seems to be pretty much an encyclopedic article about the Knights Templar, which makes it out of scope; enormous amount of links to enWP and may even just be an import. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:59, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:53, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[Half-Life Computation]] ==

Doesn't seem in-scope as a book—just seems like a single page on how to do a specific calculation. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:06, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[God and Religious Toleration]] ==

This book was [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/God and Religious Toleration|previously nominated for deletion in 2011]], but kept largely because of its theoretical potential for improvement. It's now over a decade later, and no real improvement has been made. The book has the following issues:
* A lack of clearly defined educational/instructional scope, structure, or aims overall
* A lack of structure in each existing chapter
* Significant NPOV and lack-of-evidence/citations
I've gone through the book to try to improve it somewhat, but it largely feels like a disorganized dumping ground for a variety of abstract thoughts, many of which are heavily biased. At this point, given the amount of time it has had for improvement and the lack thereof, I don't think it has a place at Wikibooks. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:06, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

:This book is very important in this day and age. Tolerance between religions is important for world peace. Without tolerance, chaos breaks out in the world. We should promote tolerance between religions. If the good guys keep quiet, the bad guys win. Is that what you want? A better way is to simply add a chapter of yours to the book and contribute your suggestions to world peace and the strengthening of love in the world. @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]] ([[User talk:Nobody60|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nobody60|contribs]]) 08:46, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

:Support deleting as per issues pointed out in nom. @[[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]], there are kilometers between deleting a bad, biased book and supporting religious intolerance or whatever it is you're accusing the nom of doing. Wikibooks is a project with a definite, reachable and concrete goal, which this book doesn't meet, never met and probably would never meet. --[[User:YuriNikolai|YuriNikolai]] ([[User talk:YuriNikolai|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/YuriNikolai|contribs]]) 02:10, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 07:44, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Not only is this material not presented from a neutral point of view, it's not even a mainstream religious POV. Much like [[Developing A Universal Religion]] (also up for deletion), the goal of this text appears to be to create and promote a new syncretic religious movement, complete with its own new beliefs and practices; this is very much outside the scope of Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:24, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} as per [[WB:NOR]]: I am all for religious tolerance but all against religious acquiescence. [[User:Jeaucques Quœure|Jeaucques Quœure]] ([[User talk:Jeaucques Quœure|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jeaucques Quœure|contribs]]) 07:30, 26 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kashubian Dictionary]] ==

[[WB:DICT|Out of scope]] here; material should be hosted at Wiktionary (I've [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Information desk/2024/May|suggested it there]]). —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

:Any content in this dictionary should be already be at [[wiktionary:Wiktionary:Requested entries (Kashubian)/Kashubian Dictionary]], where we will be able to slowly make entries for these. [[User:Vininn126|Vininn126]] ([[User talk:Vininn126|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vininn126|contribs]]) 21:51, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biblioþeke]] ==

Out of scope; seems to be an incomplete translation of the bible into a conlang. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:16, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikis for Retail Store Managers]] ==

Abandoned, unclear scope, little content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:30, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Human Geography]] ==

Abandoned for two decades without any development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:50, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Neuro Linguistic Programming]] ==

Abandoned, very little meaningful content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Scrapebook Linguistics]] ==

Abandoned, little to no meaningful content, unclear scope or potential for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:05, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - an earlier version of this page was imported to Wikiversity as [[:v:Special:Permalink/15674|Portal:Linguistics]] (and subsequently edited into oblivion). The followup edits here aren't needed at WV. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:22, 25 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Be a Good Camp Counselor]] ==

Book is un/under-developed and abandoned, and the scope/potential for development is somewhat unclear to me. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:07, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989/Manual for Obtention of Driving licence: Signals and Lights]] ==

Abandoned with non-English. Not belonging under [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989]], that Taiwanese administrative regulation since 1989 would not contain such a manual.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 16:55, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per above —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Australian Property Law]] ==

Has only one page (introduction) with little content. It has been abandoned now for almost 20 years with no development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:35, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Chinese Checkers]] ==

Extremely minimal content and abandoned for almost 20 years. Was previously nominated for deletion in 2006 but kept on the grounds that it could be expanded—clearly this has not happened. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:56, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Niw Englisch]] ==

Fiction / original research - a conlang being (very slowly) created by the author of the book.

The following books are closely related to that project and should be deleted as well:
* [[NiwEnglisc]]
* [[Þat englisce Alphabet]]
* [[Lernung þer Stafræwe]]
* [[Þe ettbære Garden]]
as well as [[Biblioþeke]], which has already been nominated for deletion.
:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  all per the above. I can find no evidence of the conlang outside Wikibooks and this sole author. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:03, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mac OS X Leopard]] ==

Yet another abandoned, underdeveloped book on an obsolete operating system. (Mac OS X Leopard was released in 2007, and has been unsupported since 2011.) If there were more content in this book, it could possibly be refactored into a version-independent book about macOS, but there's effectively nothing here. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:42, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. If it were more fleshed out, it could be kept as archival. However, there's so little there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:47, 24 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[3DTin User's Guide]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade, undeveloped, very little content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:29, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - 3DTin was a web application which [https://3dtin.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/the-next-chapter/ shut down in 2016], so this book no longer serves any purpose, and certainly isn't going to be expanded. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:59, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Advanced Calculus]] ==

Abandoned for many years; consists of only one page for one theorem; no introduction or scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:32, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Algebra and Number Theory]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of one page with very little content; no introduction or scope —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Basic Ancient Greek]] ==

Abandoned for many years; very little actual content; only real contributor was an IP whose last edit was in 2015. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:37, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Blender Game Engine for Morons]] ==

Abandoned for at least a decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:41, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[BOINC]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content; unclear scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:43, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[HP Open View NNM Exam Guide]] ==

One page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:40, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. [[w:HP OpenView|HP OpenView]] no longer exists as a product (and its successor HP Network Management Center has been discontinued as well!); neither does HP's certification exam for it. There's certainly no purpose in writing a new guide for a nonexistent exam for a obsolete product. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:54, 23 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Games]] ==

Abandoned for ~1 decade; little to no meaningful content; one paragraph in entire book; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:43, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biochemistry/The Cell]] ==
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.5em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|36px|link=]] The following discussion has concluded. Please open a new discussion for any further comments.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible boilerplate metadata&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; margin:0em; padding:10px; border:1px solid #999999;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; padding:0px; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt; abandoned and undeveloped and per comments below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:47, 14 October 2024 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;body&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;

Not particularly in scope for the book as it is; content is not particularly meaningful, educational, helpful, or well-developed (e.g. what does it mean for red blood cells to &quot;helps in structure of the body&quot;?) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Even if the strange or outright wrong statements were removed (like describing a cell as &quot;a small particle or organism&quot;, or implying that red and white blood cells are the only types of cell!), this sort of very basic explanation would be more at home in an introductory text on biology, not a text on biochemistry which assumes familiarity with these topics. (And indeed, there are much better explanations in books like [[Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Cells]].) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 31 July 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== [[Folktales from the Mon People of Koh Kred]] ==

Seems to be out of scope, since Wikibooks does not host fiction. –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:29, 28 July 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:11, 10 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[High performance computing]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; only contains main page with little content; scope not well-defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Doom Modding]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope/path to completion —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:20, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Global Illumination and HDRI Maps in 3D Studio Max]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; one chapter only, which contains only a handful of sentences. Not enough content and no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== Pages in [[Security+ Certification]] ==

Both [[Security+ Certification/Threats and Vulnerabilities]] and [[Security+ Certification/Network Security]] seem to be deprecated per @[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]]'s recent overhaul; moreover, the pages in question seem to consist entirely of outlinks to Wikipedia. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:32, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

== Obsolete Microsoft certification guides ==

* [[MCSE Server 2003 Certification Core Exams]] (exam 70-290 retired July 2013)
* [[Microsoft Certified IT Professional]] (exam 70-444 retired June 2011; exam 70-450 retired July 2015)
* [[Microsoft Certified Professional Developer]] (exams 70-526, 70-528, 70-529, 70-547, 70-548 retired June 2011; exams 70-290, 70-536 retired July 2013)

These books all correspond to Microsoft certification exams which were retired in 2011-2015, and consist almost entirely of lists of course objectives copied from official course materials. There's almost no original educational content in any of these three books, and it's highly unlikely that they're going to be improved, since the certification exams they correspond to are no longer offered.

(Reference for the exam retirement dates is: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/credentials/support/retired-certification-exams)

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:27, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} per the above; additionally, some of these have very little content at all. Some pages may be candidates for speedy deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[GNU Autoconf]] ==

Little to no meaningful content, abandoned &gt;1 decade. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:42, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. Nothing particularly salvageable from this. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:07, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Textbook Reviews]] ==

Very little meaningful educational content; seems like opinion at most? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:45, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kurdish]] ==

Very little content at all, no outline or potential for development; abandoned for years. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:46, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[English-Arabic dictionary]] ==

Out of scope at Wikibooks since this is already completely covered by Wiktionary. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:49, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{comment}} [[English-Arabic dictionary/Colors in Arabic]] gets a nontrivial amount of traffic (~50 views/day). It'd be nice if we could at least preserve this as a redirect to an equivalent resource. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Audacity]] ==

Abandoned 17 years; consists only of paltry introduction. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:43, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - Audacity already has high-quality, freely licensed documentation at https://manual.audacityteam.org/ (and it's even a wiki!). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:57, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Java Logging]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:44, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mercury Programming]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; undeveloped (single page only); no scope or plan for expansion/future development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:46, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Server+ Certification]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content; mostly a few section headers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:48, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[NetBeans]] ==

No meaningful content; chapter list only; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:50, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Valgrind]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope; no path forward for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:52, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - readers would be much better off with [https://valgrind.org/docs/manual/quick-start.html Valgrind's own quick start guide] (which is even freely licensed). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 18 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Open Religion]] ==

Original research/soapbox/NPOV; abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:40, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - out of scope religious/philosophical content similar to [[#Developing a Universal Religion]], but less developed. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:58, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming for the consultant]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:42, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Metroid]] ==

Abandoned; main page only; no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:44, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Radiata Stories]] ==

Abandoned; little to no meaningful content; one page only with little content; no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Prehistory of Globalization/Preface]] ==

Orphaned page; little to no meaningful content; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:38, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Dialect]] ==

Scope unclear; abandoned with no plan for development; little to no meaningful content; most pages qualify for speedy anyway. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:18, 5 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming Text Adventures In Basic]] ==

Main page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:17, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[UNIX Basics]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:23, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Write a Compiler]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:24, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Script Languages Synopsis]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little content; unclear path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:26, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Epicurus]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 13:33, 6 October 2024 (UTC)}}
Merging with the other Epicurus page. {{unsigned|TheoYalur}}
{{end closed}}

=== [[Epicurus/On Matter - β (Περὶ φύσεως)]] ===

Merging with the other Epicurus page.

[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  I'm leaning towards this whole book being deleted. The scope and structure of this book as an educational textbook are unclear and the whole thing seems potentially like original research or an essay. Unless I've missed something, the main editor seems unresponsive to querying and is repeatedly removing the query flags. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:13, 25 September 2024 (UTC)

=={{anchor|Network+ Certification}}{{anchor|Security+ Certification}}{{anchor|A+ Certification}} CompTIA Certifications ==

[[Network+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Network+|Wikiversity]]. 

[[Security+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Security+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

[[A+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:A+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

De-duplicating work across Wikimedia. Subpages should all be deleted as well. Might be worth leaving a redirect to WV for future users. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:02, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

:I centralized at Wikiversity since the projects (as of now) are compendiums of links and resources based on the listed objectives of each exam, sometimes with explicitly suggested 'activities'. Very little in the way of 'book'-like exposition. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:06, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:Thought about leaving a {{tlx|MovedToWikiversity}} but that template has been deleted in the past. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:52, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== Wikiversal generated pages ==

* [[Wiki Assistant]]
* [[User Page Builder]]
*: Inexplicably, the links on the main page of this book all point to pages under [[:w:User:Hazel45onnie/User Page Builder]] '''on the English Wikipedia'''. I'm nominating those pages for deletion on enwiki as a separate process ([[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikiversuite pages|here]]).
* [[WikiverSuite/Wikiversant/Gunport Builder Demo 1]]
* [[Wiki Tutorial]]
*: Some of the internal links in this book are written as if the book is named [[Tutorial]] instead of [[Wiki Tutorial]]. You may have to use [[Special:Prefixindex/Wiki Tutorial]] to read through the whole thing.

These books were all generated using Wikiversal, a third-party wiki editing tool written by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer downloadable. Many of them contain broken internal links or other outdated content (like references to Wikiversity being a subproject of Wikibooks), and the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them unreasonably difficult to edit.

(As as aside, the markup used for these &quot;presentations&quot; is completely broken on the mobile site, e.g. [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_Page_Builder]. For some reason, the forward/back buttons are invisible, making it impossible to navigate from page to page.)

The first three books are all instructions on how to use Wikiversal itself. Since it's no longer available, they are of no use. The fourth, while described as a &quot;Wiki tutorial&quot;, primarily instructs users to use Wikiversal to build pages on the wiki; its main page should probably be redirected to [[Using Wikibooks]] as a much more comprehensive resource.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It isn't inexplicable that these pages and links are on the English Wikipedia.  The spammers who developed these pages were primarily trying to peddle software for use on the English Wikipedia.  Their pages on the English Wikipedia are also pending deletion as misusing Wikipedia for web hosting.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Based on the name and some of the user's (now deleted) activity on Wikiversity, I think the software was actually intended primarily for use on Wikibooks and/or Wikiversity. Why they decided to host some of its documentation on Wikipedia is a mystery. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:52, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::It isn't worth trying to explain the behavior of spammers.  Sometimes the explanation is stupidity and greed.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:05, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::&lt;del&gt;I haven't yet looked at the deletion request here.  I am primarily an English Wikipedia editor, just as [[User:Omphalographer]] is primarily a Commons editor.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)&lt;/del&gt;
*'''Delete All''' - Spam.  These books were created twelve years ago to peddle software to new users.  This was an abuse of Wikimedia for commercial purposes.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:51, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[PlanoTse Handbook for Job Search Automation]] ==

Much like the Wikiversal pages nominated above, this book is documentation for a piece of self-authored software by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer available for download. I can't find any substantial references to this software anywhere online outside of this book itself, so it seems highly unlikely to be useful to anyone.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per the above. If the software is not currently available and was never widely available or notable previously, I don't see why keeping it is useful, even for historicity. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - This is more spam by a spammer.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:17, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Roblox WF Wars]] ==

No textual content at all, just a couple of tables of data. I can't find any other information online about this game; for all we know, it may not even exist. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  as stated above. The content is so minimal, and the scope is not defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

: [[Alo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Bune Ğonatan!]]
: [[Dag, Jonathan!]]
: [[Glidis, o Jonathan!]]
: [[Hai, Jon!]]
: [[Hallo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Haloo, Jonatan!]]
: [[Hay, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hela, Jonathan!]]
: [[Holo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Oila, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salam, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salom, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salu, Jon!]]
: [[Salut Jonathan!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, ionatano!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sesan Jon!]]
: [[Simi, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]
: [[Terve, Jonathan!]]
: [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!]]
: [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!]]
: [[Òla, Ionatà!]]

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is.
:[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
:How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi!
:::Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
:::So the idea is the following:
:::1 Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::2 The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::3 For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::4 The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
:::Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. 
:::[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that.
::::Cheers! –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Hello again,
:::::It's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::[[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::Keep. Content of educational value that helps learn languages. I think more translations to natural languages should be produced. -[[User:Bronto Rex|Bronto Rex]] ([[User talk:Bronto Rex|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bronto Rex|contribs]]) 14:02, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[SNFO Flight Planning]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades, barely any content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. This looks like it was an attempt to transcribe an official Navy instruction manual. If a copy of the original document is available, this might be an appropriate project for Wikisource, but it doesn't belong on Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:24, 13 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wooden Boats: Building and Repair]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; a few pages, but each has only a few lines of text. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Stellar Scintillation]] ==

Extremely narrow scope that I don't think is quite book-worthy, especially given the low amount of content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:48, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Future Teachers Meet Wiki]] ==

Abandoned; scope doesn't seem right for Wikibooks; underdeveloped. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[East Indian Marathi]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade, almost no content at all, simple dictionary that should probably be transferred to Wiktionary if it hasn't already. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:53, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:25, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Spanish]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades; seems like an idea for a book that was never actually implemented (minimal meaningful content) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:55, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Luxembourgish]] ==

Abandoned; only non-main page is a list of movies—otherwise no meaningful content [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Data Recovery]] ==

Seems out of scope for an educational book; a couple paragraphs at most with no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:58, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - this is a worthy topic, but what's written here meanders between being vague and being actively bad advice. (The &lt;code&gt;strings&lt;/code&gt; command is not an appropriate data recovery tool.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Computer Science Explored]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:58, 16 October 2024 (UTC)}}
Abandoned &gt;1 decade; a couple sentences only in the entirety of the book —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:24, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
----
{{vd|Deleted}}, including 1 subpage. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:58, 16 October 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Competitive Programming]] ==

Survived deletion previously on the justification that it could potentially be expanded, but it's since been over a decade with no improvement; extremely minimal educational content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:03, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== Pages by [[User:TheoYalur]] ==

* [[Henri Poincaré Reader]]
* [[The Sight and Sound of the Greek Genocide Around the Kültürpark in Izmir]]
* [[God Disorder]]

These pages all appear to be personal essays, not educational texts. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:53, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:They are all original research. The editor asked to be unblocked so they could move to Wikiversity where OR is permitted. As they have now returned to creating these dubious pages, I have blocked them again and deleted the most recent creation as out of scope original research. The &quot;reader&quot; might be acceptable. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]! I'm not sure about [[Henri Poincaré Reader]] since it has NPOV issues and it reads like a self-published essay piece with personal hypothesizing/opinion/research, no references, etc. Its educational scope is still somewhat unclear, as is the structure—it does not seem textbook-like in form or style. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:43, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:::You spent more time reading it than me I suspect. I only skimmed it, but I am sure you are right that it has the same issues as the other creations and should be deleted. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:14, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::::With regard to the &quot;Reader&quot;, at best it's a collection of loosely translated excerpts of texts which, for the most part, already have quality translations available on Wikisource. For instance, the section [[Henri Poincaré Reader#The Measure of Time (1898)]] is already translated as [[:s:The Foundations of Science/The Value of Science/Chapter 2]]. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 20:39, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:גני טווילרי]] ==
Please delete a redirection page of the former user page, which was not active in the En Wikibooks. Thank you. [[User:לובר|לובר]] ([[User talk:לובר|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/לובר|contribs]]) 02:15, 16 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{re|לובר}} {{done}} though in the future please use {{tl|speedy}} for such deletions. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:53, 16 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>63rop0szhzcriew6xj6mfkvjcpjmgp4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4441245</id>
      <parentid>4441243</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-16T10:59:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SHB2000</username>
        <id>3332924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Computer Science Explored */ archive</comment>
      <origin>4441245</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72019" sha1="lbxe5ebl45yl7uip3u86mgin7owhfu2" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__
[[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]
{{Discussion Rooms}}
{{TOCleft}}
{{Requests for deletion/Archives}}
{{Requests for deletion/Using Template:Icon}}
{{clear}}

= Undeletion =
{{shortcut|WB:RFU}}
{{Requests for deletion/New undeletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Undeletion intro}}

==[[City Of Heroes]]==
{{closed|Was undeleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:39, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
A book that was deleted when strategy guides were not allowed. See discussion  -&lt;span style=&quot;background:yellow;&gt;User:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123 &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue span&gt; 17:13, 12 November 2022 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
:This book was deleted about 16 years ago and only one page had a significant amount of content. It could all be undeleted but would probably be better re-made from scratch.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 01:34, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
::'''Undeleted it''' with many first-level subpages. Yet [[City Of Heroes/Archetypes]], [[City Of Heroes/Powers]], [[City Of Heroes/General Help]], [[City Of Heroes/Enhancements]], [[City Of Heroes/Binds]] and [[City Of Heroes/Badges]] have even more subpages to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:50, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:::'''Undeleted''' many subpages of the above subpages, less obviously useless versions. Yet any administrators are hereby advised to check [[Special:Undelete]] for more to be undeleted.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:52, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:Remaking this content from scratch might be difficult - the game shut down in 2012. There's a small community of users running private servers based on leaked source code (!), but far fewer than when the game was active. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:55, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Mass undeletion of books that were deleted when strategy guides were not allowed.]]==
{{closed|Not done —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Couldn't we just mass undelete these books? [[User:Garfieldcat1978|Garfieldcat1978]] ([[User talk:Garfieldcat1978|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Garfieldcat1978|contribs]]) 18:25, 20 February 2023 (UTC) Letting bot archive as needed.
:Listing which works would be much better.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 22:51, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

==Requesting for undeletion of the page &quot;Jumarkese&quot;==
{{closed|Not restored —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:40, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
Hi, I just want to ask the administrators to restore my deleted page, &quot;Jumarkese&quot;. I am begging you, I hope you will forgive me. Actually, I just noticed today that you deleted my page. I don't know your reasons why you did that. But I hope you can grant my request to restore my deleted page &quot;Jumarkese&quot; as soon as possible. Thank you. [[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]] ([[User talk:Jumark27|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jumark27|contribs]]) 16:38, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]]. You can see the reasoning under the corresponding section below. It consisted of original research, which is out of scope at Wikibooks, and this type of decision is precedented. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:54, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
::What do you mean by original research? [[User:Jumark27|Jumark27]] ([[User talk:Jumark27|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jumark27|contribs]]) 06:12, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
:See [[Wikibooks:Original research]]. Neither Wikibooks nor Wikipedia allow original research.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 07:45, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

= Deletion =
{{shortcut|WB:RFD}}
{{Requests for deletion/New deletion}}
{{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}}
{{clear}}
&lt;!-- New nominations go at the bottom of page --&gt;

== [[Developing A Universal Religion]] ==
{{closed|Deleted —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 17 August 2024 (UTC)}}
'''Transwiki to Wikisource'''. This book by [[User:David Hockey]] survived VfD in 2005 ([[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Developing A Universal Religion]]) but it should not have. Another VfD is from 2006: [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Purpose]], for what was part 3 of the book. The book was originally uploaded as four separate parts, located at [[Thinking And Moral Problems]], [[Religions And Their Source]], [[Purpose]], and [[Developing A Universal Religion]].

The book contains multiple inaccurate claims and its title makes it unsuitable for Wikibooks. Material in Wikibooks should strive to be factually accurate and neutral, which this book cannot be. Since this book by David Hockey was previously published, and there is a pdf to check the text against ([[:File:Developing a Universal Religion Parts 1-2-3 &amp; 4.pdf]]), it can be hosted on Wikisource.

The book presents a ''philosophy'' of the purpose of life and ethics, not a ''religion''. The book does not involve God or gods except that it portrays evolution and the life on the Earth as a quasi-god for being alleged potentially ''omnipotent'' and by its occasional capitalization of &quot;life&quot; as &quot;Life&quot;. It is not true that any philosophy of purpose of life is a religion and the book does nothing to distinguish itself from philosophy as a religion.

The book's key tenet is that we should adopt as a ''surrogate'' purpose of life to &quot;support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability&quot;. There is nothing factually neutral about this idea; it is one person's philosophical position. And it is not just a minor part of the book that can be edited away; it comes in part 3 and is built upon in part 4. This follows from [[Developing A Universal Religion/Looking For A Purpose/What Purpose Can We Use?]]: &quot;Given that there is no detectable purpose pre-designed into life or the universe, then, if we must have one, we must adopt a surrogate. To my mind, the only viable option is to support life’s continual evolution and focus upon helping it to achieve an omnipotent ability. Such a purpose is universal and rational; it is a purpose that will last as long as life itself lasts. It accommodates the whole of life, and shows that we care about more than just our own well-being. It declares that we value life for its own sake and think little about the death that must follow, taking it simply as the price to be paid for living.&quot;

The book contains multiple dubious claims about life's omnipotent potential. There is nothing factual about it: not only can life not become omnipotent but it cannot become ''nearly'' omnipotent either. To begin with, given our current knowledge, there is no chance life could ever inhabit planet Pluto and the book does not support this idea in any way; and there is no way life can spread from the Earth to the Earth's nearest star given our knowledge. One can find multiple such claims and I will quote just one: &quot;This  omnipotent  consequence  of  evolution  is  just  that—a consequence.&quot; It is trivial to come up with capabilities that life including humankind may never achieve; one needs just a little bit of imagination. The argument that our ancestors could not have imagined our present capabilities has very little force to support the idea of future near omnipotence. It is obvious but you can read more at [https://www.quora.com/Is-evolution-omnipotent? Quora: Is evolution omnipotent?].

The book examines some of the ethical consequences of its proposed ultimate purpose, e.g. in [[Developing A Universal Religion/Determining Moral Behaviours/Killing]]. Its examination in unconvincing. For instance, it says &quot;The rationale for stating that it would be wrong to kill an individual is easy to state: any individual’s actions may contribute to the objective of supporting Life’s continued evolution, thus each life is valuable and should be preserved&quot;, but it is not obvious that each and every human including those severely disabled can contribute to Life's continuing evolution, so it does not follow that each human life should be preserved. Those following the stated purpose could decide to exterminate a technologically weak nation and take its resources and there is nothing obvious in the stated purpose to prevent them from doing so; the author does not seem to realize that.

As for the previous VfD:
* As for the book being &quot;well written&quot;: It may be fairly well written from a stylistic perspective, having been created by a single author outside of Wikibooks and published, but it is not well and plausibly reasoned as shown above.
* As for &quot;Looks like a real book to me&quot;: It surely is a real book, which alone does not make it includable in Wikibooks.
* As for &quot;There are formal footnotes and references to other sources that have at least some academic credibility.&quot; Footnotes and references do not save the book from being non-factual and non-neutral, and the whole of the text is nowhere close to being referenced using Wikipedia's referencing standard. The few references scattered throughout the book do not save the book content from criticism.
* As for &quot;This is a philosophy book, and that can be tricky to work with, I know.&quot;: Most philosophical books ever published do not fit Wikibooks since they are not neutral and their factual accuracy can be disputed. Philosophical surveys can be made to fit, though, mostly in the form of &quot;some authors argue that X, other authors argue that Y&quot;.

The stated problems with the book cannot be addressed by collaborative editing, starting with the observation that it is not about religion and that it depends on a posited purpose that is not neutral. It should not stay in Wikibooks. [[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 07:55, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

::Make it rain '''wikisource'''! Wikisource tastes good in pasta.  &lt;sup&gt; [[User:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span style=&quot;color:orange&quot;&gt;L10nM4st3r&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; / &lt;sub&gt;[[meta:User_talk:L10nM4st3r|&lt;span tyle=&quot;color:#fed8b1&quot;&gt;'''Roar''' at me&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sub&gt; 22:06, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
:::I will move it and its subpages via [[s:Special:Import]] only one at a time. Please be patient unless someone has any better way.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 04:30, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
::::{{ping|Dan Polansky|L10nM4st3r}}Please see [[s:Wikisource:Administrators'_noticeboard#Mass_import_from_Wikibooks]] with an objection that the book might not be acceptable there. I am not exporting yet.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 19:47, 11 September 2022 (UTC)
:Delete, but if the PDF is under a compatible licence, which I presume it '''should''' be if the import was done correctly, consider moving the original PDF to Wikimedia Commons? [[User:Mbrickn|Mbrickn]] ([[User talk:Mbrickn|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbrickn|contribs]]) 01:39, 22 February 2023 (UTC)
::Plain text PDFs are generally out of scope on Commons unless they are source documents, which this is not. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:51, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
:{{vd}} per above. Are we still waiting on another Wikiproject to take it? It's persisted here for several months now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:54, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
:General consensus seems to be for deletion—I can see no objections, and this has been open for several months. Unless objections are presented, I will plan to delete it. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

Since Wikisource does not want the book due to being self-published (which it does seem to be), I am happy to '''keep it in Wikibooks'''. However, the book should probably start with a heavy disclaimer to the effect that the book contains original research, may be inaccurate or may reflect the point of view of a particular philosopher not accepted by mainstream philosophy. As incorrect as it seems to be, the book seems interesting enough. The book could be assigned in a philosophy course: &quot;Read [[Developing A Universal Religion]] from Wikibooks a identify defects in its arguments&quot;; or the like; a professional educator would probably be able to create a better formulation for an assignment, including perhaps &quot;determine the kind of -isms the book falls under&quot; or &quot;identify authors developing similar themes&quot; (which is more challenging since one needs to know the literature). The book is not much worse than a lot of bad material that passes as &quot;philosophy&quot; is some countries. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 10:18, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

{{vd}} This seems to be very much outside the scope of Wikibooks per &quot;Wikibooks is an instructional resource&quot;. Also seems to contain a lot of original research.  If its to be transwiki-ed, then Wikiversity seems a better project for it. [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 18:24, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
:Waiting for [[v:Wikiversity:Import#New_requests_for_import]] to reply.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 21:34, 19 August 2023 (UTC)
:: Hello, I'm a Wikibooks reviewer and Wikiversity curator. Technically I can handle this request but I decided not to do that for now ([[:v:special:diff/2548035]]). As I pointed out at [[:v:WV:I]], I'm not sure if others have agreed with that suggestion. This is just a curator decision, so other custodians or curators may override my decision, but once there is clear consensus about moving to Wikiversity, then that will make things easier. I hope this can help you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 05:45, 20 August 2023 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[The Computer Revolution/Computers and Environment/Nanotechnology]] ==
{{closed|1=Consensus to delete. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:58, 30 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Consists of excerpts from third parties. Those from ''New Scientist'', do not appear to be under a compatible licence. {{Unsigned|Mbrickn|07:33, 10 January 2023‎}}
:I'm not sure it's enough of a violation for deletion? Based on a [https://copyvios.toolforge.org/?lang=en&amp;project=wikibooks&amp;title=The+Computer+Revolution%2FComputers+and+Environment%2FNanotechnology&amp;oldid=&amp;action=search&amp;use_engine=1&amp;use_links=1&amp;turnitin=0 copyvio comparison], the text seems mostly paraphrased. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:44, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
:{{vd}} The content of this page is ''entirely'' quotes and summaries of articles. The opening is a copy-paste quote of the linked Rice University page, the &quot;examples of nanomaterials&quot; are taken from [[doi:10.1021/es0506509]] (or, more likely, from another article summarizing it), and the two paragraphs following that are inaccurate summaries of the (already pop-science) ''New Scientist'' articles cited. There's no original content here whatsoever, and I'm not even sure how any of this is related to the overall topic of &quot;the computer revolution&quot; - these articles are about chemistry, not computing.
:This entire book is in pretty bad shape, frankly. Everything about it has the look of a class project where each student picked (or was assigned) a topic to write about individually, and their work was combined into a book. The results lack both coherence and quality, and I'm having a hard time seeing how this could ever be fixed short of throwing it all out and starting over. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:08, 14 August 2024 (UTC)
::After taking another look at the page, I now agree that it at least should be deleted. The content is not useful or coherent, and has issues as described above. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:19, 14 August 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Dynamical Systems]] ==
This seems to be abandoned book, the only content is largly vacuous. I don't believe it is likely to be extended or worked on because it is both a technical topic, and represents to original author's goals for such a book (graduate level vs undergraduate). [[User:Thenub314|Thenub]][[Special:Contributions/Thenub314|314]] ([[User talk:Thenub314|talk]]) 20:46, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

:It does seem abandoned; the single existing page hasn't been updated since 2018 and the main book page hasn't been updated since 2019. Unless someone quickly decides to pick up on it, I can't really see it staying here at Wikibooks :/ —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:35, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

::Hello there,
::currently I'm working over at the German page, because I have begun to work with a new, more intuitive terminology. My current plan is to first finish the German version and then possibly to translate it. To finish the German version will take at least until the end of this year. Until then, you shouldn't expect any progress. Afterwards, I may feel inclined to pick up the project, depending on my human rights situation. --[[User:Mathmensch|Mathmensch]] ([[User talk:Mathmensch|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mathmensch|contribs]]) 09:26, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

== Files from [[Illustrated Guide to the world of Spira (FFX and FFX-2)]] ==

Used for decorative, not educational, purposes: [[:File:Float 13.jpg]], [[:File:Grabbed Frame 15.jpg]], [[:File:Gandof.jpg]], [[:File:Ohalland.jpg]], [[:File:Braskascan1.jpg]], [[:File:Tidus FFX.png]] ([[WB:NFCC]]#8). — Ирука&lt;sup&gt;[[user:Iruka13|13]]&lt;/sup&gt; 13:54, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
:Sure, I think I can agree on the removal of these [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 12:24, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

== [[Radium SmartChain]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:48, 23 July 2024 (UTC)}}
including the closely related books:
* [[XRADON Supernet]]
* [[Radium Core]]

These books are a borderline advertisement for a cryptocurrency project. Moreover, the project has changed substantially since the books were written in 2016-2017 - it's now called &quot;Validity&quot;, and most, if not all, of the information in these books is no longer accurate. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 06:39, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

:{{comment}} I'm not sure it's blatant enough to be considered advertising? Since it technically is a how-to? But, if it is out of date, that could warrant deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
::Hence &quot;borderline&quot;. Some of the subpages like [[Radium Core/Use Cases/Proof of Author]] have more of a promotional air to them. But yes, the instructional content is all badly out of date; there are edits [[Special:Diff/3554520|as far back as 2019]] from users trying to mark the books as being outdated, and it's only gotten worse since then. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:16, 24 October 2023 (UTC)
:{{del}} If it wasn't outdated, I would vote keep, but... [[User:ForTheGrammar|ForTheGrammar]] ([[User talk:ForTheGrammar|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ForTheGrammar|contribs]]) 01:32, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== Various pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] ==

The following pages in [[Basics of fine-art photography]] seem out of scope because they consist entirely of personal promotion/advertisement for the author's photography:
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians II]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Lights of Moscow]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Ethiopia through the eyes of traveler]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/On the roads of India]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/14 days in Mongolia]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Egypt and Egyptians III]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Hitchhiking across Sudan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/January in Japan]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Uganda: tribes and civilization]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Tribes of Kenya]]
* [[Basics of fine-art photography/Afghanistan, 2008]]
—[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:13, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

:Frankly, the entire book appears to be a vehicle for the author to promote his own photography. The few sentences of instructional content on pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Creating works in macro photography]] are practically useless; that one amounts to &quot;to take macro photos, set your camera to macro mode and hold it close to the subject, or read another book for more information&quot;. Other pages like [[Basics of fine-art photography/Interior photography in hobo tours]] or [[Basics of fine-art photography/Taking pictures of homeless people]] provide essentially no information on photography technique at all, and seem to mostly be intended as jumping-off points to showcase more of the author's photos. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:40, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

== [[History of Grand-Popo]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 08:11, 22 September 2024 (UTC)}}
Suited for enWP not WB, appears to be a simple import with no likely development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:28, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted. Lists and links are not a textbook. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 10:01, 30 September 2024 (UTC)}}
This book is essentially a compilation of lists and links—I don't think it's actually in-scope here as a book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:43, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Selected Essays]] ==
{{closed|1=Deleted}}
Seems completely out of WB scope; it's just a collection of unrelated personal essays. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:52, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} Agreed, personal essays and not ones that can easily be used, at that. [[User:Icandostuff|&lt;span style=&quot;color:Red&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Yellow&quot;&gt;can&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:Lime&quot;&gt;do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#00ffff&quot;&gt;stuff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:Blue&quot;&gt;!&lt;/span&gt; ]] ([[User talk:Icandostuff|talk]]) 12:52, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
{{end closed}}

== [[Remembering the Templars]] ==

Seems to be pretty much an encyclopedic article about the Knights Templar, which makes it out of scope; enormous amount of links to enWP and may even just be an import. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:59, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 23:53, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[Half-Life Computation]] ==

Doesn't seem in-scope as a book—just seems like a single page on how to do a specific calculation. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:06, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

== [[God and Religious Toleration]] ==

This book was [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/God and Religious Toleration|previously nominated for deletion in 2011]], but kept largely because of its theoretical potential for improvement. It's now over a decade later, and no real improvement has been made. The book has the following issues:
* A lack of clearly defined educational/instructional scope, structure, or aims overall
* A lack of structure in each existing chapter
* Significant NPOV and lack-of-evidence/citations
I've gone through the book to try to improve it somewhat, but it largely feels like a disorganized dumping ground for a variety of abstract thoughts, many of which are heavily biased. At this point, given the amount of time it has had for improvement and the lack thereof, I don't think it has a place at Wikibooks. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:06, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

:This book is very important in this day and age. Tolerance between religions is important for world peace. Without tolerance, chaos breaks out in the world. We should promote tolerance between religions. If the good guys keep quiet, the bad guys win. Is that what you want? A better way is to simply add a chapter of yours to the book and contribute your suggestions to world peace and the strengthening of love in the world. @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]] ([[User talk:Nobody60|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nobody60|contribs]]) 08:46, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

:Support deleting as per issues pointed out in nom. @[[User:Nobody60|Nobody60]], there are kilometers between deleting a bad, biased book and supporting religious intolerance or whatever it is you're accusing the nom of doing. Wikibooks is a project with a definite, reachable and concrete goal, which this book doesn't meet, never met and probably would never meet. --[[User:YuriNikolai|YuriNikolai]] ([[User talk:YuriNikolai|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/YuriNikolai|contribs]]) 02:10, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 07:44, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Not only is this material not presented from a neutral point of view, it's not even a mainstream religious POV. Much like [[Developing A Universal Religion]] (also up for deletion), the goal of this text appears to be to create and promote a new syncretic religious movement, complete with its own new beliefs and practices; this is very much outside the scope of Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:24, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} as per [[WB:NOR]]: I am all for religious tolerance but all against religious acquiescence. [[User:Jeaucques Quœure|Jeaucques Quœure]] ([[User talk:Jeaucques Quœure|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jeaucques Quœure|contribs]]) 07:30, 26 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kashubian Dictionary]] ==

[[WB:DICT|Out of scope]] here; material should be hosted at Wiktionary (I've [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Information desk/2024/May|suggested it there]]). —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:39, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

:Any content in this dictionary should be already be at [[wiktionary:Wiktionary:Requested entries (Kashubian)/Kashubian Dictionary]], where we will be able to slowly make entries for these. [[User:Vininn126|Vininn126]] ([[User talk:Vininn126|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vininn126|contribs]]) 21:51, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biblioþeke]] ==

Out of scope; seems to be an incomplete translation of the bible into a conlang. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:16, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikis for Retail Store Managers]] ==

Abandoned, unclear scope, little content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:30, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Human Geography]] ==

Abandoned for two decades without any development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:50, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Neuro Linguistic Programming]] ==

Abandoned, very little meaningful content, unclear path for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Scrapebook Linguistics]] ==

Abandoned, little to no meaningful content, unclear scope or potential for development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:05, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - an earlier version of this page was imported to Wikiversity as [[:v:Special:Permalink/15674|Portal:Linguistics]] (and subsequently edited into oblivion). The followup edits here aren't needed at WV. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:22, 25 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Be a Good Camp Counselor]] ==

Book is un/under-developed and abandoned, and the scope/potential for development is somewhat unclear to me. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:07, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

== [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989/Manual for Obtention of Driving licence: Signals and Lights]] ==

Abandoned with non-English. Not belonging under [[Annotated Republic of China Regulations/Regulations for Road Traffic Signs, Markings, and Signals/1989]], that Taiwanese administrative regulation since 1989 would not contain such a manual.--[[User:Jusjih|Jusjih]] ([[User talk:Jusjih|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jusjih|contribs]]) 16:55, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per above —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Australian Property Law]] ==

Has only one page (introduction) with little content. It has been abandoned now for almost 20 years with no development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:35, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Chinese Checkers]] ==

Extremely minimal content and abandoned for almost 20 years. Was previously nominated for deletion in 2006 but kept on the grounds that it could be expanded—clearly this has not happened. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:56, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Niw Englisch]] ==

Fiction / original research - a conlang being (very slowly) created by the author of the book.

The following books are closely related to that project and should be deleted as well:
* [[NiwEnglisc]]
* [[Þat englisce Alphabet]]
* [[Lernung þer Stafræwe]]
* [[Þe ettbære Garden]]
as well as [[Biblioþeke]], which has already been nominated for deletion.
:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  all per the above. I can find no evidence of the conlang outside Wikibooks and this sole author. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:03, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mac OS X Leopard]] ==

Yet another abandoned, underdeveloped book on an obsolete operating system. (Mac OS X Leopard was released in 2007, and has been unsupported since 2011.) If there were more content in this book, it could possibly be refactored into a version-independent book about macOS, but there's effectively nothing here. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:42, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. If it were more fleshed out, it could be kept as archival. However, there's so little there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:47, 24 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[3DTin User's Guide]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade, undeveloped, very little content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:29, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - 3DTin was a web application which [https://3dtin.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/the-next-chapter/ shut down in 2016], so this book no longer serves any purpose, and certainly isn't going to be expanded. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:59, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Advanced Calculus]] ==

Abandoned for many years; consists of only one page for one theorem; no introduction or scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:32, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Algebra and Number Theory]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of one page with very little content; no introduction or scope —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:35, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Basic Ancient Greek]] ==

Abandoned for many years; very little actual content; only real contributor was an IP whose last edit was in 2015. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:37, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Blender Game Engine for Morons]] ==

Abandoned for at least a decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:41, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[BOINC]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; consists of main page only; almost no meaningful content; unclear scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:43, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[HP Open View NNM Exam Guide]] ==

One page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:40, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. [[w:HP OpenView|HP OpenView]] no longer exists as a product (and its successor HP Network Management Center has been discontinued as well!); neither does HP's certification exam for it. There's certainly no purpose in writing a new guide for a nonexistent exam for a obsolete product. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:54, 23 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Games]] ==

Abandoned for ~1 decade; little to no meaningful content; one paragraph in entire book; scope unclear —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:43, 21 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Biochemistry/The Cell]] ==
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:0.5em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|36px|link=]] The following discussion has concluded. Please open a new discussion for any further comments.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible boilerplate metadata&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; margin:0em; padding:10px; border:1px solid #999999;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E3E9EE; padding:0px; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot;&gt; abandoned and undeveloped and per comments below —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:47, 14 October 2024 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;body&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;

Not particularly in scope for the book as it is; content is not particularly meaningful, educational, helpful, or well-developed (e.g. what does it mean for red blood cells to &quot;helps in structure of the body&quot;?) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 22 July 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. Even if the strange or outright wrong statements were removed (like describing a cell as &quot;a small particle or organism&quot;, or implying that red and white blood cells are the only types of cell!), this sort of very basic explanation would be more at home in an introductory text on biology, not a text on biochemistry which assumes familiarity with these topics. (And indeed, there are much better explanations in books like [[Biology, Answering the Big Questions of Life/Cells]].) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 31 July 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== [[Folktales from the Mon People of Koh Kred]] ==

Seems to be out of scope, since Wikibooks does not host fiction. –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:29, 28 July 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:11, 10 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[High performance computing]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; only contains main page with little content; scope not well-defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:14, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Doom Modding]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope/path to completion —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:20, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== [[Global Illumination and HDRI Maps in 3D Studio Max]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; one chapter only, which contains only a handful of sentences. Not enough content and no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

== Pages in [[Security+ Certification]] ==

Both [[Security+ Certification/Threats and Vulnerabilities]] and [[Security+ Certification/Network Security]] seem to be deprecated per @[[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]]'s recent overhaul; moreover, the pages in question seem to consist entirely of outlinks to Wikipedia. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:32, 3 August 2024 (UTC)

== Obsolete Microsoft certification guides ==

* [[MCSE Server 2003 Certification Core Exams]] (exam 70-290 retired July 2013)
* [[Microsoft Certified IT Professional]] (exam 70-444 retired June 2011; exam 70-450 retired July 2015)
* [[Microsoft Certified Professional Developer]] (exams 70-526, 70-528, 70-529, 70-547, 70-548 retired June 2011; exams 70-290, 70-536 retired July 2013)

These books all correspond to Microsoft certification exams which were retired in 2011-2015, and consist almost entirely of lists of course objectives copied from official course materials. There's almost no original educational content in any of these three books, and it's highly unlikely that they're going to be improved, since the certification exams they correspond to are no longer offered.

(Reference for the exam retirement dates is: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/credentials/support/retired-certification-exams)

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:27, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} per the above; additionally, some of these have very little content at all. Some pages may be candidates for speedy deletion. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[GNU Autoconf]] ==

Little to no meaningful content, abandoned &gt;1 decade. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:42, 4 August 2024 (UTC)
*{{vd}} per nom. Nothing particularly salvageable from this. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:07, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Textbook Reviews]] ==

Very little meaningful educational content; seems like opinion at most? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:45, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Kurdish]] ==

Very little content at all, no outline or potential for development; abandoned for years. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:46, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[English-Arabic dictionary]] ==

Out of scope at Wikibooks since this is already completely covered by Wiktionary. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:49, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{comment}} [[English-Arabic dictionary/Colors in Arabic]] gets a nontrivial amount of traffic (~50 views/day). It'd be nice if we could at least preserve this as a redirect to an equivalent resource. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:38, 4 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Audacity]] ==

Abandoned 17 years; consists only of paltry introduction. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:43, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - Audacity already has high-quality, freely licensed documentation at https://manual.audacityteam.org/ (and it's even a wiki!). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:57, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Java Logging]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:44, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Mercury Programming]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; undeveloped (single page only); no scope or plan for expansion/future development. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:46, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Server+ Certification]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little to no meaningful content; mostly a few section headers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:48, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[NetBeans]] ==

No meaningful content; chapter list only; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:50, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Valgrind]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; very little content; unclear scope; no path forward for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:52, 17 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - readers would be much better off with [https://valgrind.org/docs/manual/quick-start.html Valgrind's own quick start guide] (which is even freely licensed). [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 17:32, 18 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Open Religion]] ==

Original research/soapbox/NPOV; abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:40, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - out of scope religious/philosophical content similar to [[#Developing a Universal Religion]], but less developed. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 07:58, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming for the consultant]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:42, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Metroid]] ==

Abandoned; main page only; no meaningful content; no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:44, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Radiata Stories]] ==

Abandoned; little to no meaningful content; one page only with little content; no path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:46, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Prehistory of Globalization/Preface]] ==

Orphaned page; little to no meaningful content; abandoned &gt;1 decade —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:38, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[Dialect]] ==

Scope unclear; abandoned with no plan for development; little to no meaningful content; most pages qualify for speedy anyway. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:18, 5 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Programming Text Adventures In Basic]] ==

Main page only; abandoned &gt;1 decade; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:17, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[UNIX Basics]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little to no meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:23, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[How to Write a Compiler]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; main page only; little meaningful content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:24, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Script Languages Synopsis]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade; little content; unclear path for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:26, 7 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Epicurus]] ==
{{closed|Deleted. [[User:JackPotte|JackPotte]] ([[User talk:JackPotte|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JackPotte|contribs]]) 13:33, 6 October 2024 (UTC)}}
Merging with the other Epicurus page. {{unsigned|TheoYalur}}
{{end closed}}

=== [[Epicurus/On Matter - β (Περὶ φύσεως)]] ===

Merging with the other Epicurus page.

[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  I'm leaning towards this whole book being deleted. The scope and structure of this book as an educational textbook are unclear and the whole thing seems potentially like original research or an essay. Unless I've missed something, the main editor seems unresponsive to querying and is repeatedly removing the query flags. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:13, 25 September 2024 (UTC)

=={{anchor|Network+ Certification}}{{anchor|Security+ Certification}}{{anchor|A+ Certification}} CompTIA Certifications ==

[[Network+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Network+|Wikiversity]]. 

[[Security+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:Security+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

[[A+ Certification]] moved and updated at [[:v:A+ Certification|Wikiversity]]. 

De-duplicating work across Wikimedia. Subpages should all be deleted as well. Might be worth leaving a redirect to WV for future users. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:02, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

:I centralized at Wikiversity since the projects (as of now) are compendiums of links and resources based on the listed objectives of each exam, sometimes with explicitly suggested 'activities'. Very little in the way of 'book'-like exposition. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 21:06, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:Thought about leaving a {{tlx|MovedToWikiversity}} but that template has been deleted in the past. [[User:Tule-hog|Tule-hog]] ([[User talk:Tule-hog|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tule-hog|contribs]]) 02:52, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== Wikiversal generated pages ==

* [[Wiki Assistant]]
* [[User Page Builder]]
*: Inexplicably, the links on the main page of this book all point to pages under [[:w:User:Hazel45onnie/User Page Builder]] '''on the English Wikipedia'''. I'm nominating those pages for deletion on enwiki as a separate process ([[:w:Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikiversuite pages|here]]).
* [[WikiverSuite/Wikiversant/Gunport Builder Demo 1]]
* [[Wiki Tutorial]]
*: Some of the internal links in this book are written as if the book is named [[Tutorial]] instead of [[Wiki Tutorial]]. You may have to use [[Special:Prefixindex/Wiki Tutorial]] to read through the whole thing.

These books were all generated using Wikiversal, a third-party wiki editing tool written by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer downloadable. Many of them contain broken internal links or other outdated content (like references to Wikiversity being a subproject of Wikibooks), and the HTML-heavy markup generated by Wikiversal makes them unreasonably difficult to edit.

(As as aside, the markup used for these &quot;presentations&quot; is completely broken on the mobile site, e.g. [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_Page_Builder]. For some reason, the forward/back buttons are invisible, making it impossible to navigate from page to page.)

The first three books are all instructions on how to use Wikiversal itself. Since it's no longer available, they are of no use. The fourth, while described as a &quot;Wiki tutorial&quot;, primarily instructs users to use Wikiversal to build pages on the wiki; its main page should probably be redirected to [[Using Wikibooks]] as a much more comprehensive resource.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:44, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
::It isn't inexplicable that these pages and links are on the English Wikipedia.  The spammers who developed these pages were primarily trying to peddle software for use on the English Wikipedia.  Their pages on the English Wikipedia are also pending deletion as misusing Wikipedia for web hosting.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Based on the name and some of the user's (now deleted) activity on Wikiversity, I think the software was actually intended primarily for use on Wikibooks and/or Wikiversity. Why they decided to host some of its documentation on Wikipedia is a mystery. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:52, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::::It isn't worth trying to explain the behavior of spammers.  Sometimes the explanation is stupidity and greed.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:05, 22 September 2024 (UTC)
::&lt;del&gt;I haven't yet looked at the deletion request here.  I am primarily an English Wikipedia editor, just as [[User:Omphalographer]] is primarily a Commons editor.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:46, 22 September 2024 (UTC)&lt;/del&gt;
*'''Delete All''' - Spam.  These books were created twelve years ago to peddle software to new users.  This was an abuse of Wikimedia for commercial purposes.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 18:51, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[PlanoTse Handbook for Job Search Automation]] ==

Much like the Wikiversal pages nominated above, this book is documentation for a piece of self-authored software by [[User:Planotse]] which is no longer available for download. I can't find any substantial references to this software anywhere online outside of this book itself, so it seems highly unlikely to be useful to anyone.

[[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:49, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  per the above. If the software is not currently available and was never widely available or notable previously, I don't see why keeping it is useful, even for historicity. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:36, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - This is more spam by a spammer.  [[User:Robert McClenon|Robert McClenon]] ([[User talk:Robert McClenon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Robert McClenon|contribs]]) 23:17, 22 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Roblox WF Wars]] ==

No textual content at all, just a couple of tables of data. I can't find any other information online about this game; for all we know, it may not even exist. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:30, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

:[[Image:Symbol delete vote.svg|15px|link=|alt=]] '''Delete'''  as stated above. The content is so minimal, and the scope is not defined. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:32, 20 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations ==

: [[Alo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Bune Ğonatan!]]
: [[Dag, Jonathan!]]
: [[Glidis, o Jonathan!]]
: [[Hai, Jon!]]
: [[Hallo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Haloo, Jonatan!]]
: [[Hay, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)]]
: [[Hej, Jonathan!]]
: [[Hela, Jonathan!]]
: [[Holo, Jonathan!]]
: [[Oila, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salam, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salom, Jonatan!]]
: [[Salu, Jon!]]
: [[Salut Jonathan!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)]]
: [[Salut, Jonathan!]]
: [[Salut, ionatano!]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)]]
: [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)]]
: [[Saluto, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sesan Jon!]]
: [[Simi, Jonathan!]]
: [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]
: [[Terve, Jonathan!]]
: [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!]]
: [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!]]
: [[Òla, Ionatà!]]

There are a couple of issues here:

# Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks.
# All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself.
# Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them.

While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15.
:If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is.
:[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine
:How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Hi!
:::Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias.
:::So the idea is the following:
:::1 Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest.
:::2 The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua).
:::3 For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere).
:::4 The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo.
:::Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. 
:::[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::::Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions:
::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks.
::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time.
::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that.
::::Cheers! –[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
:::::Hello again,
:::::It's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]]
:::::[[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::::::[[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC)
::Keep. Content of educational value that helps learn languages. I think more translations to natural languages should be produced. -[[User:Bronto Rex|Bronto Rex]] ([[User talk:Bronto Rex|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Bronto Rex|contribs]]) 14:02, 11 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[SNFO Flight Planning]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades, barely any content. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:43, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}}. This looks like it was an attempt to transcribe an official Navy instruction manual. If a copy of the original document is available, this might be an appropriate project for Wikisource, but it doesn't belong on Wikibooks. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:24, 13 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wooden Boats: Building and Repair]] ==

Abandoned almost 2 decades; a few pages, but each has only a few lines of text. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Stellar Scintillation]] ==

Extremely narrow scope that I don't think is quite book-worthy, especially given the low amount of content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:48, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Future Teachers Meet Wiki]] ==

Abandoned; scope doesn't seem right for Wikibooks; underdeveloped. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[East Indian Marathi]] ==

Abandoned &gt;1 decade, almost no content at all, simple dictionary that should probably be transferred to Wiktionary if it hasn't already. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:53, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:25, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[IB Spanish]] ==

Abandoned 2 decades; seems like an idea for a book that was never actually implemented (minimal meaningful content) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:55, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Luxembourgish]] ==

Abandoned; only non-main page is a list of movies—otherwise no meaningful content [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Data Recovery]] ==

Seems out of scope for an educational book; a couple paragraphs at most with no plan for development —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:58, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{vd}} - this is a worthy topic, but what's written here meanders between being vague and being actively bad advice. (The &lt;code&gt;strings&lt;/code&gt; command is not an appropriate data recovery tool.) [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:14, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Competitive Programming]] ==

Survived deletion previously on the justification that it could potentially be expanded, but it's since been over a decade with no improvement; extremely minimal educational content —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:03, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== Pages by [[User:TheoYalur]] ==

* [[Henri Poincaré Reader]]
* [[The Sight and Sound of the Greek Genocide Around the Kültürpark in Izmir]]
* [[God Disorder]]

These pages all appear to be personal essays, not educational texts. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 03:53, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:They are all original research. The editor asked to be unblocked so they could move to Wikiversity where OR is permitted. As they have now returned to creating these dubious pages, I have blocked them again and deleted the most recent creation as out of scope original research. The &quot;reader&quot; might be acceptable. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:37, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]! I'm not sure about [[Henri Poincaré Reader]] since it has NPOV issues and it reads like a self-published essay piece with personal hypothesizing/opinion/research, no references, etc. Its educational scope is still somewhat unclear, as is the structure—it does not seem textbook-like in form or style. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:43, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
:::You spent more time reading it than me I suspect. I only skimmed it, but I am sure you are right that it has the same issues as the other creations and should be deleted. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 16:14, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
::::With regard to the &quot;Reader&quot;, at best it's a collection of loosely translated excerpts of texts which, for the most part, already have quality translations available on Wikisource. For instance, the section [[Henri Poincaré Reader#The Measure of Time (1898)]] is already translated as [[:s:The Foundations of Science/The Value of Science/Chapter 2]]. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 20:39, 14 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:גני טווילרי]] ==
Please delete a redirection page of the former user page, which was not active in the En Wikibooks. Thank you. [[User:לובר|לובר]] ([[User talk:לובר|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/לובר|contribs]]) 02:15, 16 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{re|לובר}} {{done}} though in the future please use {{tl|speedy}} for such deletions. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:53, 16 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Cookbook:Toad in the Hole</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>16170</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4441154</id>
      <parentid>4385995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-15T13:04:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RKD808</username>
        <id>3484713</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Yorkshire pudding batter requires hot oil to rise, if the sausages do not have enough oil then the pan will be too dry to create the rising event</comment>
      <origin>4441154</origin>
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      <text bytes="1477" sha1="c0reo8kzgjil3b0yuey9juhx0iftzk4" xml:space="preserve">{{recipesummary
| Category = Sausage recipes
| Servings = 4
| Time = 60 minutes
| Rating = 3
| Energy = 
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[Image:Toad in the hole.jpg|300px]]
}}

{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the United Kingdom|English Cuisine]]

'''Toad in the hole''' is a baked [[Cookbook:Yorkshire Pudding|Yorkshire pudding]] or thick pastry round, with sausages or pieces of meat in it. This recipe is for a sausage toad. A further variation is made using fine chopped potatoes in a pudding-basin with a lump of meat in the centre, and then boiling or steaming.

==Ingredients==
* 250 g [[Cookbook:Sausage|sausage]] links
* 1 recipe [[Cookbook:Yorkshire Pudding|Yorkshire pudding]] batter, uncooked
* 1 tbsp oil

==Procedure==
#Preheat the [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] to 200[[Cookbook:Oven Temperatures|°C]].
#[[Cookbook:Baking|Bake]] the sausages in a [[Cookbook:Loaf Pan|loaf pan]] or roasting pan, for 10 minutes.
#Add yorkshire pudding batter to the hot tray. You may need to add a bit of [[Cookbook:Oil and Fat|oil or fat]] if the sausages don't produce enough. 
#[[Cookbook:Baking|Bake]] in the oven for about 40–45 minutes. 
#Remove and serve when risen, firm and brown.

==Notes, tips, and variations==

* Toad in the hole is commonly served with [[Cookbook:vegetable|vegetable]]s and [[Cookbook:gravy|gravy]].
[[Category:English recipes]]
[[Category:Sausage recipes]]
[[Category:Baked recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes with metric units]]</text>
      <sha1>c0reo8kzgjil3b0yuey9juhx0iftzk4</sha1>
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      <id>4441155</id>
      <parentid>4441154</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-15T13:11:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RKD808</username>
        <id>3484713</id>
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      <comment>added more detail to the recipe</comment>
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      <text bytes="1801" sha1="nxy8ph632rs81zy7gnlhfl7mr07xu9j" xml:space="preserve">{{recipesummary
| Category = Sausage recipes
| Servings = 4
| Time = 60 minutes
| Rating = 3
| Energy = 
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[Image:Toad in the hole.jpg|300px]]
}}

{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the United Kingdom|English Cuisine]]

'''Toad in the hole''' is a baked [[Cookbook:Yorkshire Pudding|Yorkshire pudding]] or thick pastry round, with sausages or pieces of meat in it. This recipe is for a sausage toad. A further variation is made using fine chopped potatoes in a pudding-basin with a lump of meat in the centre, and then boiling or steaming.

==Ingredients==
* 250 g [[Cookbook:Sausage|sausage]] links
* 1 recipe [[Cookbook:Yorkshire Pudding|Yorkshire pudding]] batter, uncooked
* 1 tbsp oil

==Procedure==
#Preheat the [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] to 200[[Cookbook:Oven Temperatures|°C]], with the roasting pan in the oven to heat up
#[[Cookbook:Baking|Bake]] the sausages with the oil, in a [[Cookbook:Loaf Pan|loaf pan]] or roasting pan, for 10 minutes. Ideally use a metal pan
#Make the yorkshire pudding batter ahead of time and store in the fridge (this allows the flour to absorb the water)
#Add yorkshire pudding batter to the hot tray. The oil should sizzle as the cold batter is added to the pan. 
#[[Cookbook:Baking|Bake]] in the oven for about 40–45 minutes. The oven door must not be opened while the batter is rising, once the crust has browned you can open the oven. The outside will be crispy and the inside will be firm
#Remove and serve when risen, firm and brown.

==Notes, tips, and variations==

* Toad in the hole is commonly served with [[Cookbook:vegetable|vegetable]]s and [[Cookbook:gravy|gravy]].
[[Category:English recipes]]
[[Category:Sausage recipes]]
[[Category:Baked recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes with metric units]]</text>
      <sha1>nxy8ph632rs81zy7gnlhfl7mr07xu9j</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-15T13:13:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RKD808</username>
        <id>3484713</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added link to yorkshire pudding recipe</comment>
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      <text bytes="1939" sha1="nan1ocfcy2vr4ax9l3ycbfjvd2wl9cn" xml:space="preserve">{{recipesummary
| Category = Sausage recipes
| Servings = 4
| Time = 60 minutes
| Rating = 3
| Energy = 
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[Image:Toad in the hole.jpg|300px]]
}}

{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the United Kingdom|English Cuisine]]

'''Toad in the hole''' is a baked [[Cookbook:Yorkshire Pudding|Yorkshire pudding]] or thick pastry round, with sausages or pieces of meat in it. This recipe is for a sausage toad. A further variation is made using fine chopped potatoes in a pudding-basin with a lump of meat in the centre, and then boiling or steaming.

==Ingredients==
* 250 g [[Cookbook:Sausage|sausage]] links
* 1 recipe [[Cookbook:Yorkshire Pudding|Yorkshire pudding]] batter, uncooked
* 1 tbsp oil

==Procedure==
#Preheat the [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] to 200[[Cookbook:Oven Temperatures|°C]], with the roasting pan in the oven to heat up
#[[Cookbook:Baking|Bake]] the sausages with the oil, in a [[Cookbook:Loaf Pan|loaf pan]] or roasting pan, for 10 minutes. Ideally use a metal pan
#Make the yorkshire pudding batter ahead of time and store in the fridge (this allows the flour to absorb the water)
#Add yorkshire pudding batter to the hot tray. The oil should sizzle as the cold batter is added to the pan. 
#[[Cookbook:Baking|Bake]] in the oven for about 40–45 minutes. The oven door must not be opened while the batter is rising, once the crust has browned you can open the oven. The outside will be crispy and the inside will be firm
#Remove and serve when risen, firm and brown.

==Notes, tips, and variations==

* Toad in the hole is commonly served with mashed potato, [[Cookbook:vegetable|vegetable]]s and [[Cookbook:gravy|gravy]], or brown sauce. 
* This is a good recipe for Yorkshire Pudding https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/best-yorkshire-puddings
[[Category:English recipes]]
[[Category:Sausage recipes]]
[[Category:Baked recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes with metric units]]</text>
      <sha1>nan1ocfcy2vr4ax9l3ycbfjvd2wl9cn</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4441157</id>
      <parentid>4441156</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-15T13:16:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RKD808</username>
        <id>3484713</id>
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      <text bytes="2289" sha1="b6wmosvxdl3eu1pl3qokk76b6k28w1v" xml:space="preserve">{{recipesummary
| Category = Sausage recipes
| Servings = 4
| Time = 60 minutes
| Rating = 3
| Energy = 
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[Image:Toad in the hole.jpg|300px]]
}}

{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the United Kingdom|English Cuisine]]

'''Toad in the hole''' is a baked [[Cookbook:Yorkshire Pudding|Yorkshire pudding]] or thick pastry round, with sausages or pieces of meat in it. This recipe is for a sausage toad. A further variation is made using fine chopped potatoes in a pudding-basin with a lump of meat in the centre, and then boiling or steaming.

==Ingredients==
* 250 g [[Cookbook:Sausage|sausage]] links
* 1 recipe [[Cookbook:Yorkshire Pudding|Yorkshire pudding]] batter, uncooked
* 1 tbsp oil

==Procedure==
#Preheat the [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] to 200[[Cookbook:Oven Temperatures|°C]], with the roasting pan in the oven to heat up
#[[Cookbook:Baking|Bake]] the sausages with the oil, in a [[Cookbook:Loaf Pan|loaf pan]] or roasting pan, for 10 minutes. Ideally use a metal pan
#Make the yorkshire pudding batter ahead of time and store in the fridge (this allows the flour to absorb the water)
#Add yorkshire pudding batter to the hot tray. The oil should sizzle as the cold batter is added to the pan. 
#[[Cookbook:Baking|Bake]] in the oven for about 40–45 minutes. The oven door must not be opened while the batter is rising, once the crust has browned you can open the oven. The outside will be crispy and the inside will be firm
#Remove and serve when risen, firm and brown.

==Notes, tips, and variations==

* Toad in the hole is commonly served with mashed potato, [[Cookbook:vegetable|vegetable]]s and [[Cookbook:gravy|gravy]], or brown sauce. 
* This is a good recipe for Yorkshire Pudding https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/best-yorkshire-puddings
* Some people will add a splash of cold water to the yorkshire pudding batter before putting in the oven 
* Putting the pan on the stove/hob can help keep the oil hot while adding the batter. But this can lead to hot oil splatter so caution is advised and as long the dish is return to a hot oven without delay isn't necessary to achieve a good rise
[[Category:English recipes]]
[[Category:Sausage recipes]]
[[Category:Baked recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes with metric units]]</text>
      <sha1>b6wmosvxdl3eu1pl3qokk76b6k28w1v</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4441206</id>
      <parentid>4441157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-15T23:59:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>style, format, language, links; remove unnecessary outlink</comment>
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      <text bytes="2143" sha1="s6v0z6jtx0lyyo5dl173qep0v2ydfn6" xml:space="preserve">{{recipesummary
| Category = Sausage recipes
| Servings = 4
| Time = 60 minutes
| Rating = 3
| Energy = 
| Difficulty = 2
| Image = [[Image:Toad in the hole.jpg|300px]]
}}

{{recipe}} | [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the United Kingdom|English Cuisine]]

'''Toad in the hole''' is a baked [[Cookbook:Yorkshire Pudding|Yorkshire pudding]] or thick pastry round, with sausages or pieces of meat in it. This recipe is for a sausage toad. A further variation is made using fine chopped potatoes in a pudding-basin with a lump of meat in the centre, and then boiling or steaming.

==Ingredients==
* 250 g [[Cookbook:Sausage|sausage]] links
* 1 recipe [[Cookbook:Yorkshire Pudding|Yorkshire pudding]] batter, uncooked
* 1 tbsp oil

==Procedure==
#Preheat the [[Cookbook:Oven|oven]] to 200[[Cookbook:Oven Temperatures|°C]].
#[[Cookbook:Baking|Bake]] the sausages with the oil in a roasting pan for 10 minutes. This cooks the sausages and allows the pan to heat up.
#Add batter to the hot pan. The oil should sizzle as the cold batter is added to the pan.
#[[Cookbook:Baking|Bake]] in the oven for about 40–45 minutes. The oven door must not be opened while the batter is baking; once the crust has risen and browned, you can open the oven. The outside should be crispy and the inside should be firm.
#Remove and serve hot.

==Notes, tips, and variations==

* Toad in the hole is commonly served with mashed potato, [[Cookbook:vegetable|vegetable]]s and [[Cookbook:gravy|gravy]], or brown sauce. 
* Some people will add a splash of cold water to the batter before putting in the oven.
* Putting the pan on the (turned-on) stove/hob can help keep the oil hot while adding the batter. However, this can lead to hot oil splatter, so caution is advised; as long as the dish is quickly returned to the hot oven, the stovetop isn't necessary to achieve a good rise.
* Ideally use a metal pan.
* Make the Yorkshire pudding batter ahead of time and store in the fridge to allow the flour to properly hydrate.
[[Category:English recipes]]
[[Category:Sausage recipes]]
[[Category:Baked recipes]]
[[Category:Main course recipes]]
[[Category:Recipes with metric units]]</text>
      <sha1>s6v0z6jtx0lyyo5dl173qep0v2ydfn6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>High School Mathematics Extensions/Discrete Probability</title>
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      <comment>I changed &quot;dice&quot; to &quot;die&quot; in the instances where only one cube was rolled, since the singular version of &quot;dice&quot; is &quot;die.&quot; &quot;Dice&quot; is plural, &quot;die&quot; is singular.</comment>
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      <text bytes="22972" sha1="o2w3o2qpy86607q7x7yukvmyugcv6yu" xml:space="preserve">{{High School Mathematics Extensions/TOC}}

== Introduction ==
Probability theory is one of the most widely applicable mathematical theories. It deals with uncertainty and teaches you how to manage it.

Please do not misunderstand: We are not learning to predict things; rather, we learn to utilise predicted ''chances'' and make them useful. Therefore, we don't care about questions like &lt;i&gt;what is the probability it will rain tomorrow?&lt;/i&gt;, but given that the probability is 60% we can make deductions, the easiest of which is ''the probability it will not rain tomorrow is 40%''.

As suggested above, a ''probability'' is a percentage, and it's between 0% and 100% (inclusive). Mathematicians like to express a ''probability'' as a ''proportion'', i.e. as a number between 0 and 1. So the probability that it will not rain tomorrow is 0.4.

===Application===
You might ask why we are even studying probability. Let's see a very quick example of probability in action.

Consider the following gambling game: Toss a coin; if it's heads, I give you $1; if it's tails, you give me $2. You will easily notice that it is not a fair game - the chances are the same (50%-50%) but the rewards are different. Even though we are playing with probability, there are useful, and sometimes not so obvious, conclusions we can make: one of them is that ''in the long run'' I will become richer and you will become poorer.

Another real-life example: I observed one day that there are dark clouds outside. So I asked myself, should I bring an umbrella? I use my observation of dark clouds as per my usual daily deciding routine. Since in past experiences, dark clouds are early warning signs of rain, I am more likely to bring an umbrella.

In real life, probability theory is heavily used in risk analysis by economists, businesses, insurance companies, governments, etc. An even wider usage is its application as the basis of statistics, which is the main basis of all scientific research. Two branches of physics have their bases tied in probability. One is clearly identified by its name: statistical mechanics. The other is quantum physics.

===Why discrete probability?===
&lt;blockquote style=&quot;padding: 1em; border: 2px dotted purple;&quot;&gt;
There are two kinds of probability: discrete and continuous. The continuous case is considered to be more difficult to understand, and much less intuitive, than discrete probability, and it requires knowledge of calculus. But we will touch on a little bit of the continuous case later on in the chapter.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Event and Probability ==

Roughly, an ''event'' is something we can assign a ''probability'' to. For example ''the probability it will rain tomorrow is 0.6''; here, the event is ''it will rain tomorrow'', and the assigned probability is 0.6. We can write
:P(it will rain tomorrow) = 0.6
Mathematicians typically use abstract letters to represent events. In this case we choose ''A'' to represent the event ''it will rain tomorrow'', so the above expression can be written as:
:P(A) = 0.6
Another example is ''a (six-sided) fair die will turn up 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 with equal probability each time it is tossed''. Let ''B'' be the event that it turns up 1 in the next toss.  We write:
:P(B) = 1/6

'''Misconception'''
&lt;blockquote style=&quot;padding: 1em; border: 2px dotted red;&quot;&gt;
Please note that the probability 1/6 does '''not''' mean that it will turn up 1 in at most six tries. Its precise meaning will be discussed later on in the chapter. Roughly, it means that on the long run (i.e. the die being tossed a large number of times), the proportion of 1s will be very close to 1/6.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Impossible and certain events ===
Two types of events are special. One type are the impossible events (e.g., a roll of a die will turn up 7); the other type are certain to happen (e.g., a roll of a die will turn up as one of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6). The probability of an impossible event is 0, while that of a certain event is 1. We write
:P(Impossible event) = 0
:P(Certain event) = 1

The above reinforces a very important principle concerning probability. Namely, the range of probability is between 0 and 1. You can '''never''' have a probability of 2.5! So remember the following
:&lt;math&gt;0 \leq P(E) \leq 1&lt;/math&gt;
for all events &lt;math&gt;E&lt;/math&gt;.

=== Complement of an event ===
A most useful concept is the '''complement''' of an event. Here we use &lt;math&gt;\overline{E}&lt;/math&gt;
to represent the ''event'' that ''the die will NOT turn up 1 in the next toss''. Generally, putting a bar over a variable (that represents an event) means the opposite of that event. In the above case of a die:
:&lt;math&gt;P(\overline{E}) = 5/6&lt;/math&gt;
it means ''The probability that the die will turn up 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 &lt;u&gt;in the next toss&lt;/u&gt; (notwithstanding the aforementioned misconception that a probability of X/Y does not mean that it will turn up X in at most Y tries) is 5/6''. Please note that
:&lt;math&gt;P(\overline{E}) = 1 - P(E)&lt;/math&gt;
for any event E.

There are some other notations for (ways to write) '''complement''' rather than putting a bar (line) on top: prime (A') and star (A*). Both A' and A* mean: &lt;math&gt;\overline{A}&lt;/math&gt;

=== Combining independent probabilities ===
''Independent'' probabilities can be combined to yield probabilities for more complex events. I stress the word ''independent'' here, because the following demonstrations will not work without that requirement. The exact meaning of the word will be discussed a little later on in the chapter, and we will show why ''independence'' is important in Exercise 10 of this section.

==== Adding probabilities ====
Probabilities are added together whenever a single event can occur in multiple &quot;ways&quot;.  As this is a rather loose concept, the following example may be helpful.  Consider rolling a single die; if we want to calculate the probability for, say, rolling an odd number, we must add up the probabilities for all the &quot;ways&quot; in which this can happen -- rolling a 1, 3, or 5.  Consequently, we come to the following calculation:
:P(rolling an odd number) = P(rolling a 1) + P(rolling a 3) + P(rolling a 5) = 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 = 3/6 = 1/2 = 0.5
Note that the addition of probabilities is often associated with the use of the word &quot;or&quot; -- whenever we say that some event E consist of  the events X, Y, '''or''' Z (being satisfied if '''any''' of the events occur) we use addition to combine their probabilities (if they are disjoint, see below).

A rule of thumb is that the probability of an event and the probability of its complement must add up to 1.  This makes sense, since we intuitively believe that events, when well-defined, must either happen or not happen.

==== Multiplying probabilities ====
Probabilities are multiplied together whenever an event occurs in multiple &quot;stages&quot; or &quot;steps.&quot;  For example, consider rolling a single die twice; the probability of rolling a 6 in two consecutive rolls (two times back to back) is calculated by multiplying the probabilities for the individual steps involved since the two events are independent.  Intuitively, the first step is the first roll, and the second step is the second roll.  Therefore, the final probability for rolling a 6 twice is as follows:
:P(rolling a 6 twice) = P(rolling a 6 the first time)&lt;math&gt;\times&lt;/math&gt;P(rolling a 6 the second time) = &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{6}\times\frac{1}{6}&lt;/math&gt; = 1/36 &lt;math&gt;\approx&lt;/math&gt; 0.028 (or 2.8%)
Similarly, note that the multiplication of probabilities is often associated with the use of the word &quot;and&quot; -- whenever we say that some event E is equivalent to '''all''' of the events X, Y, '''and''' Z occurring, we use multiplication to combine their probabilities (if they are independent).

Also, it is important to recognize that the product of multiple probabilities must be less than or equal to each of the individual probabilities, since probabilities are restricted to the range 0 through 1.  This agrees with our intuitive notion that relatively complex events are usually less likely to occur.

==== Combining addition and multiplication ====
It is often necessary to use both of these operations simultaneously.  Once again, consider a die being rolled twice in succession.  In contrast with the previous case, we will now consider the event of rolling two numbers that add up to 3.  In this case, there are clearly two steps involved, and therefore multiplication will be used, but there are also multiple ways in which the event under consideration can occur, meaning addition must be involved as well.  The die could turn up 1 on the first roll and 2 on the second roll, or 2 on the first and 1 on the second.  This leads to the following calculation:
:P(rolling a sum of 3) = P(1 on 1st roll)&lt;math&gt;\times&lt;/math&gt;P(2 on 2nd roll) + P(2 on 1st roll)&lt;math&gt;\times&lt;/math&gt;P(1 on 2nd roll) = &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{6}\times\frac{1}{6}&lt;/math&gt; + &lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{6}\times\frac{1}{6}&lt;/math&gt; = 1/18 &lt;math&gt;\approx&lt;/math&gt; 0.056 (or 5.6%)
This is only a simple example, and the addition and multiplication of probabilities can be used to calculate much more complex probabilities.

==== Exercises ====
Let ''A'' represent the number that turns up in a (fair) die roll, let ''C'' represent the number that turns up in a separate (fair) die roll,  and let ''B'' represent a card randomly picked out of a deck:

1. A die is rolled. What is the probability of rolling a 3 i.e. calculate P(A = 3)?

2. A die is rolled. What is the probability of rolling a 2, 3, '''or''' 5, i.e. calculate P(A = 2, 3 or 5)?

3. What is the probability of choosing a card of the suit Diamonds (in a 52-card deck)? . There are 4 suits, diamonds, spades, clubs, and hearts

4. A die is rolled and a card is randomly picked from a deck of cards. What is the probability of rolling a 4 '''and''' picking the Ace of Spades, i.e. calculate P(A = 4)&amp;times;P(B = Ace of spades).

5. Two dice are rolled together. What is the probability of getting a 1 and a 3?

6. Two dice are rolled separately. What is the probability of getting a 1 and a 3, regardless of order?

7. Calculate the probability of rolling two dice that add up to 7.

8. (Optional) Let ''C'' be the number rolled on the first die and ''A'' be the number rolled on the second die. Show that the probability of ''C'' being equal to ''A'' is 1/6.

9. Let ''C'' and ''A'' be as in exercise 8. What is the probability that ''C'' is greater than ''A''?

10. Gareth was told that in his class 50% of the pupils play football, 30% play video games and 30% study mathematics. So if he was to choose a student from the class randomly, he calculated the probability that the student plays football, plays video games, and studies mathematics is 50% + 30% + 30% = 1/2 + 3/10 + 3/10 = 11/10. But all probabilities should be between 0 and 1. What mistake did Gareth make?

''' Solutions '''

1. P(A = 3) = 1/6

2. P(A = 2) + P(A = 3) + P(A = 5) = 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/2

3. P(B = Ace of Diamonds) +  ... + P(B = King of Diamonds) = 13 × 1/52 = 1/4

4. P(A = 4) × P(B = Ace of Spades) = 1/6 × 1/52 = 1/312

5. P(A = 1) × P(C = 3) + P(A = 3) × P(C = 1) = 1/36 + 1/36 = 1/18

6. P(A = 1) × P(C = 3) + P(A = 3) × P(C = 1) = 1/36 + 1/36 = 1/18
This is the same answer as the problem above because in both cases  the outcome for each individual die remains independent of the other regardless of whether or not they are thrown simultaneously. Another way of calculating the same answer is to consider that the first die can be a one or a three but the second can only be one number - the opposite of the first die, i.e. a 3 if the first die was 1, or a 1 if the first die was 3. That gives:
P(A=1 or A=3) x P(opposite) = 2/6 x 1/6 = 2/36 = 1/18.

7. Here are the possible combinations: 1 + 6 = 2 + 5 = 3 + 4 = 7. Probability of getting each of the combinations are 1/18 as in exercise 6. There are 3 such combinations, so the probability is 3 &amp;times; 1/18 = 1/6.

8. As C is the first die rolled and can be any value, P(C) = 1. Given some value of the first role, P(A) = 1/6. The probability C and A have the same value is 1 * 1/6 = 1/6.

9. The probability of (C equal to A) is 1/6.  Thus the probability of (C not equal to A) is 5/6.  Half of such cases will be (C greater than A).  Thus the probability of (C greater than A) is 5/12.
 
10. These three sets overlap so, for example, to get the probability of someone belonging to all three sets, you need to multiply (assuming they are independent), not add. P(F and V and M) = .5 x .3 x .3 = 0.045.  It is necessary to remember that the events of playing football, playing video games, studying mathematics, or being human, a male, living in Armenia, etc are all possible.  Although the likelihood and independence of these events/states may be debatable, the fact that the probability of any strange combination must be less than one must hold.

== Random Variables ==
A ''random experiment'', such as ''throwing a die'' or ''tossing a coin'', is a process that produces some uncertain outcome. We also require that a random experiment can be repeated easily. In this section we shall start using a capital letter to represent the outcome of a random experiment. For example, let ''D'' be the outcome of a die roll. ''D'' could take the value 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, but it is uncertain. We say ''D'' is a ''discrete random variable''. Suppose now that I throw a die, and it turns up 5. We say the ''observed value'' of ''D'' is 5. 

A random variable is the outcome of a certain random experiment. It is usually denoted by a CAPITAL letter, but its observed value is not. For example let
:&lt;math&gt;D_1, D_2, ..., D_n&lt;/math&gt;
denote the outcome of ''n'' die throws, then we usually use
:&lt;math&gt;d_1, d_2, ..., d_n&lt;/math&gt;
to denote the observed values of each D&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;.

From here on, random variable may be abbreviated as &quot;rv&quot; (a common abbreviation in other probability texts).

=== The Bernoulli experiment===
''(This section is optional and it assumes knowledge of [[w:en:binomial expansion|binomial expansion]].)''

A coin-toss is a simpler, specific form of the Bernoulli experiment. If we toss a coin, we will expect to get a head or a tail equally probably. A Bernoulli experiment is slightly more versatile than that, in that the two possible outcomes need not have the same probability.

In a Bernoulli experiment you will either get a 
:''success'', denoted by 1, with probability ''p'' (where ''p'' is a number between 0 and 1)
or a 
:''failure'', denoted by 0, with probability 1 - ''p''.

If the random variable ''B'' is the outcome of a Bernoulli experiment, and the probability of a successful outcome of B is ''p'', we say ''B'' comes from a ''Bernoulli distribution'' with success probability ''p'' (where [[w:en:List of mathematical symbols|&lt;math&gt;X \sim D&lt;/math&gt;]] means that the random variable ''X'' has the [[w:en:Probability distribution|probability distribution]] ''D''):

:&lt;math&gt;B \sim Ber(p) &lt;/math&gt;

For example, if
:&lt;math&gt;C \sim Ber(0.65) &lt;/math&gt;
then 
:P(C = 1) = 0.65
and
:P(C = 0) = 1 - 0.65 = 0.35

=== Binomial Distribution ===
If we repeat a Bernoulli experiment ''n'' times and count the number of successes, we get a binomial distribution. For example:
:&lt;math&gt;C_i \sim Ber(p)&lt;/math&gt;
for i = 1, 2, ... , n. That is, there are ''n'' variables C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; and they all come from the same Bernoulli distribution. We consider:
:&lt;math&gt;B  =  C_1 + C_2 + ... + C_n&lt;/math&gt;
, then ''B'' is the random variable that counts the number of successes in ''n'' trials (experiments). Such a variable is called a binomial variable, and we write
:&lt;math&gt;B \sim Bin(n,p)&lt;/math&gt;

''' Example 1 '''

Aditya, Sarah, and John are equally able. Their probability of scoring 100 in an exam follows a Bernoulli distribution with success probability 0.9. What is the probability of 
:i) Only one of them getting 100?
:ii) Two of them getting 100?
:iii) All 3 getting 100?
:iv) None getting 100?

''' Solution '''

We are dealing with a binomial variable, which we will call ''B''. And
:&lt;math&gt;B \sim Bin(3,0.9)&lt;/math&gt;

i) Aditya's (as well as Sarah and John's) probability of scoring 100 is 0.9 or 90%.  We can write this as
:&lt;math&gt;P(S = 100) = 0.9&lt;/math&gt;
... where S represents the score of any of them.
The probability of any of them getting 100 (success) and the other two getting below 100 (failure) is
:&lt;math&gt;0.9 \times 0.1 \times 0.1 = 0.009&lt;/math&gt;
but there are 3 possible candidates for getting 100, so
:&lt;math&gt;P(B = 1) = 3\times 0.009 = 0.027&lt;/math&gt;

ii) We want to calculate
:&lt;math&gt;P(B = 2)&lt;/math&gt;
The probability is
:&lt;math&gt;0.9 \times 0.9 \times 0.1 = 0.081&lt;/math&gt;
but there are &lt;math&gt;{3\choose 2} &lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination Combination Notation]&lt;/ref&gt; combinations of candidates for getting 100, so
:&lt;math&gt;P(B = 2) = {3\choose 2} \times 0.081 = 0.243&lt;/math&gt;

iii) To calculate
:&lt;math&gt;P(B = 3) = 0.9 \times 0.9 \times 0.9 = 0.729&lt;/math&gt;

iv) The probability of &quot;None getting 100&quot; is getting 0 success, so
:&lt;math&gt;P(B = 0) = 0.1 \times 0.1 \times 0.1 = 0.001&lt;/math&gt;

The above example strongly hints at the fact the binomial distribution is connected with the binomial expansion. The following result regarding the binomial distribution is provided without proof; the reader is encouraged to check its correctness.

If
:&lt;math&gt;B \sim Bin(n,p)&lt;/math&gt;
then
:&lt;math&gt;P(B = k) = {n \choose k} p^k (1-p)^{n-k}&lt;/math&gt;
This is the ''k''th term of the binomial expansion of (''p'' + ''q'')&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;, where ''q'' = 1 - ''p''.

=== Events ===
In the previous sections, we have slightly abused the word &quot;event&quot;. An event should be thought of as a collection ([[w:en:Set (mathematics)|set]]) of outcomes of a certain random variable and hence we may assign a probability to it.

Let us introduce some notation first. Let ''A'' and ''B'' be two events, we define
:&lt;math&gt;\, A \cap B &lt;/math&gt;
to be the event of ''A and B''. The probability of the event ''A and B'' is calculated as
:&lt;math&gt;\, P(A \cap B) = P(A) \times P(B) &lt;/math&gt;
We also define
:&lt;math&gt; A \cup B &lt;/math&gt;
to be the event of ''A or B''. As seen in exercise 10 above,
:&lt;math&gt;\, P(A \cup B) \ne P(A) + P(B) &lt;/math&gt;
in general. In fact,
:&lt;math&gt;\, 1 \geq P(A \cup B) \leq P(A) + P(B) &lt;/math&gt;
always holds.

Let's see some examples. Let ''A'' be the event of getting a number less than or equal to 4 when rolling a die, and let ''B'' be the event of getting an odd number. Now
:P(''A'') = 2/3
and
:P(''B'') = 1/2
but the probability of ''A or B'' does not equal to the sum of the probabilities:
:&lt;math&gt;P(A \cup B) \ne P(A) + P(B) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{2}{3} = \frac{7}{6}&lt;/math&gt;
as 7/6 is greater than 1.

It is not difficult to see that the event of throwing a 1 or 3 is included in both ''A'' and ''B''. So if we simply add P(''A'') and P(''B''), some events' probabilities are being added twice.

The [[w:en:Venn diagram|Venn diagram]] below should clarify the situation a little more,
::[[image:HSE_Venn1.png|A or B]]
Think of the blue square as the probability of ''B'' and the yellow square as the probability of ''A''. These two probabilities overlap, and the space where they overlap is the probability of ''A and B''. So the probability of ''A or B'' should be:
:&lt;math&gt;P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B)&lt;/math&gt;
The above formula is the simplistic approach of the [[w:en:Inclusion–exclusion principle|Inclusion-exclusion principle]].

If for events ''A'' and ''B'', we have
:&lt;math&gt;P(A \cap B) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
we say ''A'' and ''B'' are [[w:en:Disjoint sets|disjoint]]. This means both [[w:en:Set (mathematics)|sets]] have no outcomes ([[w:en:Element (mathematics)|elements]]) in common. If two events are disjoint, the following [[w:en:Venn diagram|Venn diagram]] represents them:
::[[image:HSE_Venn_2.png|A and B are disjoint]]

==== Venn diagram ====
&lt;blockquote style=&quot;padding: 1em; border: 2px dotted purple;&quot;&gt;
Traditionally, [[w:en:Venn diagram|Venn diagrams]] are used to illustrate sets graphically. A set is simply a collection of things -- for instance, {1, 2, 3} is a set consisting of 1, 2 and 3. Venn diagrams are usually drawn round. It is generally very difficult to draw Venn diagrams for more than 3 intersecting sets. As an example, here is a Venn diagram showing four intersecting sets:
&lt;center&gt;[[Image:Edwards-Venn-four.svg|4 intersecting sets]]&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Expectation ===
The expectation of a random variable can be roughly thought of as the long-term average of the outcome of a certain repeatable random experiment, where by ''long-term average'' we mean that we perform the underlying experiment many times and average the outcomes. For example, let ''D'' be as above; the observed values of ''D'' (1,2 ... or 6) are equally likely to occur. So if you were to roll the die a large number of times, you would expect each of the numbers to turn up roughly an equal number of times. So the expectation is
:&lt;math&gt;\frac{1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6}{6} = 3.5&lt;/math&gt;
We denote the expectation of ''D'' by E(''D''), so
:&lt;math&gt; E(D) = 3.5 &lt;/math&gt;
We should now properly define the expectation.

Consider a random variable ''R'', and suppose the possible values it can take are r&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, r&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , r&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;. We define the expectation to be
:&lt;math&gt;E(R) = r_1P(R = r_1) +  r_2P(R = r_2) + ... + r_nP(R = r_n)&lt;/math&gt;

'''Think about it:''' Taking into account that the expectation is the long term average of the outcomes, can you explain why E(''R'') is defined the way it is? 

''' Example 1 '''
In a fair coin toss, let 1 represent tossing a head and 0 a tail. The same coin is tossed 8 times. Let ''C'' be a random variable representing the number of heads in 8 tosses. What is the expectation of ''C'', i.e. calculate E(''C'')?

Ans. E(C)=∑[r x P(C=r)]   where    0&lt;=r&lt;=8


&lt;math&gt;
\begin{align}
P(r) &amp;= \binom{8}{r} \cdot \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )^r \cdot \left ( 1 - \frac{1}{2} \right )^{8 - r} \\
&amp;=  \binom{8}{r} \cdot \left( \frac{1}{2} \right )^8 \\
E(C) &amp;= 0 \cdot \binom{8}{0} \cdot \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )^8 + 
1 \cdot \binom{8}{1} \cdot \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )^8 + \dots + 
8 \cdot \binom{8}{8} \cdot \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )^8 \\
&amp;= (0 + 8 + 56 + 168 + 280 + 280 + 168 + 56 + 8) \cdot \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )^8 \\
&amp;= 1024 \cdot \frac{1}{256} \\
&amp;= 4 \\
\end{align}
&lt;/math&gt;


'''So the expectation value is 4'''

== Areas as probability ==
The uniform distributions...

== Order Statistics ==
Estimate the x in U[0, x].
...

== Addition of the Uniform distribution ==
Adding U[0,1]'s and introduce the CLT.

...CLT - '''Central Limit Theorem''': In any set of sample distributions, as the number of samples taken increases, the overall mean distribution of the sample distributions will approach a [[w:Normal distribution|Normal distribution]].

The CLT is important in [[w:inferential statistics|Statistical inference]] where small samples are taken of entire populations to draw conclusions on the entire population.
{{High_School_Mathematics_Extensions/Suggestions}}</text>
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    <title>Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Cornelius Fudge</title>
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      <text bytes="21282" sha1="779b9wj0wacw11fb4vdlvw1jjyqaoru" xml:space="preserve">{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Character|
name=Cornelius Oswald Fudge|
gender=Male|
hair=Unknown|
eyes=Unknown|
family=Unknown|
loyalty=Self, bureaucracy
}}

== Overview ==

'''''Cornelius Oswald Fudge''''' is the Minister for Magic, which makes him the senior government official of the Wizarding world. He seems to have decided that he should adopt the dress of a government minister, as befits his office, but like so many wizards, does not quite understand the details of Muggle garments; in the books, one of his signature possessions is his lime-green bowler hat.

== Role in the Books ==
{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Beginner Spoiler}}

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Philosopher's Stone|Philosopher's Stone]] ===

Cornelius Fudge is entirely off-stage in this book. It is mentioned that he is perpetually summoning [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Albus Dumbledore|Professor Dumbledore]] to London for consultation, and that Fudge became Minister for Magic when Dumbledore turned down the offer.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Chamber of Secrets|Chamber of Secrets]] ===

Fudge appears briefly in this book, only long enough to accuse [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid|Hagrid]] of opening the Chamber of Secrets, and place him under arrest. Fudge's behavior in this vignette is already enough to show him as a pompous bureaucrat. He is also present when Lucius Malfoy arrives with an order for Dumbledore's dismissal.
 
=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Prisoner of Azkaban|Prisoner of Azkaban]] ===

When [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter|Harry]] arrives at The Leaky Cauldron after catching a ride on the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Knight Bus|Knight Bus]], Fudge meets him at the door, much to Harry's shock. Apparently, Fudge has been involved in some effort to find Harry, and is relieved that he has appeared. Fudge takes him to a private room, has the innkeeper, Tom, bring tea, and tells Harry, who has been dreading punishment for his unauthorized use of magic, that it could have happened to anyone, and that it will be forgotten. He goes on to ask if Harry would spend the remainder of his summer vacation there at the Leaky Cauldron, and in [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Diagon Alley|Diagon Alley]], staying clear of the Muggle side of the inn. He also suggests that Harry should expect to stay at Hogwarts over Christmas and spring breaks, and is politely disbelieving when Harry says he would much rather do that. However, when Harry, taking courage from Fudge's apparent expansiveness, asks Fudge to sign his Hogsmeade permission slip, Fudge refuses, fumbling out some sort of excuse.

Fudge re-appears in [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Hogsmeade|Hogsmeade]] at Christmas, where we see him discussing the current state of affairs with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Filius Flitwick|Professor Flitwick]], [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Minerva McGonagall|Professor McGonagall]], [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rubeus Hagrid|Hagrid]], and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Madam Rosmerta|Madam Rosmerta]]. Harry, who is in Hogsmeade without permission, must hide under the table. When Rosmerta complains the Dementors are affecting her business, Fudge explains they are necessary because [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Sirius Black|Sirius Black]] is so dangerous. Rosmerta mentions that Sirius and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/James Potter|James Potter]] were great friends once, always in the Three Broomsticks together. This surprises Harry. Fudge says that not only was Sirius James' best friend, but also best man at his wedding and Harry's godfather. As the conversation continues, it is learned that James and Lily knew [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lord Voldemort|Lord Voldemort]] was hunting them and went into hiding. They used the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Fidelius|Fidelius charm]] to conceal themselves and appointed Sirius their Secret-Keeper. [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Albus Dumbledore|Dumbledore]], aware someone close to them was leaking secrets, offered to be their Secret-Keeper, but they declined. Barely a week later, Voldemort killed James and Lily, although he met his own demise in baby Harry. Obviously Black, tired of playing double agent, had thrown his lot in with Voldemort but, after his defeat, had to flee for his life. [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Peter Pettigrew|Peter Pettigrew]], another Potter friend, caught up to Black the next day and accused him of betraying James and Lily. Black killed him and twelve Muggle bystanders with a single curse. Only Pettigrew's bloodstained robes and a severed finger were left. Black was sentenced to [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Azkaban|Azkaban]], where he remained until his escape. It is believed he is now trying to reunite with Voldemort, perhaps after killing Harry to prove his loyalty.

Finally, when Sirius Black is captured, Fudge appears again to take custody of him. He accepts [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Severus Snape|Professor Snape]]'s version of the story at face value, refusing to believe Harry's and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Hermione Granger|Hermione]]'s protestations of Sirius' innocence and the presence of Peter Pettigrew. After Black escapes, Snape returns to the hospital wing with Fudge alongside, insisting that Harry had something to do with Sirius' escape. Harry states that he was locked into the hospital wing for the entire time that Snape was away, and Fudge expresses the belief that Snape has become somewhat unhinged. Professor Dumbledore, who is present, says that Snape has just suffered a disappointment.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Goblet of Fire|Goblet of Fire]] ===

We first see Fudge when we enter the Top Box at the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Quidditch World Cup|Quidditch World Cup]] with Harry and the Weasley family. Fudge is exasperated because his opposite number, the minister for magic from Bulgaria, apparently speaks no English, and Fudge has been trying to communicate with him by sign language all day. Also present is [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lucius Malfoy|Lucius Malfoy]], there as Fudge's guest, in gratitude for a large donation that Malfoy has just made to [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/St. Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries|St. Mungo's Hospital]]. At the end of the match, the Bulgarian minister comments that it was a good match, and says that he had not told Fudge that he spoke English because it was so comical watching him try to act out his meaning.

We see Fudge again when [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bartemius Crouch Sr.|Bartemius Crouch]] appears on the outskirts of the Forbidden Forest, apparently insane, and then vanishes. Foul play is suspected, of course, and Fudge apparently arrives at the school in order to use Dumbledore's and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Alastor Moody|Professor Moody]]'s input to support placing blame. Harry, standing outside Dumbledore's office door, hears Fudge suggesting that [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Olympe Maxime|Madame Maxime]], the headmistress of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Places/Beauxbatons Academy of Magic|Beauxbatons Academy]], may be at fault, because of her parentage. Harry is caught eavesdropping, and says that Madame Maxime was nowhere in sight, and she would be hard to miss after all. Fudge, Moody, and Dumbledore depart to look at the place where Mr. Crouch had been seen, leaving Harry alone in Dumbledore's office.

With Crouch missing and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Percy Weasley|Percy Weasley]], his assistant, in some disgrace, Fudge himself takes on the task of judging the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Third Task|Third Task]] of the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Triwizard Tournament|Triwizard Tournament]]. When Harry and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Cedric Diggory|Cedric Diggory]] emerge from the maze, Fudge tries to disguise the fact that Cedric has been murdered, saying he is only injured. Summoned to Professor Moody's office to interrogate [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Barty Crouch Jr.|Barty Crouch Jr.]], Fudge feels that he must bring a Dementor with him; the Dementor administers the Kiss to Crouch immediately, making it impossible for Fudge to hear his confession directly and destroying a valuable piece of evidence. He then dismisses Harry's story of the return of Voldemort, saying that it can't be true. At one point, talking to Dumbledore, he almost seems to plead with him, asking Dumbledore to confirm that it can't have happened; but when Dumbledore remains unshakable, Fudge decides that Dumbledore has chosen to stand against the Ministry and they have reached a parting of ways.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Order of the Phoenix|Order of the Phoenix]] ===

Fudge believes that if [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lord Voldemort|Lord Voldemort]] has returned, his tenure in office will end. In order to deny what [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Albus Dumbledore|Albus Dumbledore]], [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Harry Potter|Harry Potter]], and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Severus Snape|Severus Snape]] have told him and shown him, Fudge has to come up with an alternate explanation; and the explanation he apparently comes up with is that Dumbledore has decided to become Minister for Magic and has set himself up as an enemy of the Ministry. To defend himself against this contrived threat, Fudge must discredit Dumbledore and Harry, so he apparently engineers the removal of Dumbledore from the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Wizengamot|Wizengamot]], replacing Dumbledore himself. He also leans on the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/The Daily Prophet|''Daily Prophet'']] so that they will print stories that disparage Harry and Dumbledore, thus attempting to ensure that anything that they say can be easily discredited.

All of this is happening behind the scenes. The first time we actually see Fudge in the story is when Harry is at his hearing for his unauthorized use of magic. Fudge has apparently convened the full Wizengamot for the hearing, and is acting as combination head judge and prosecutor. He has decided Harry's guilt, and even in the face of evidence from Dumbledore and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Arabella Figg|Arabella Figg]] that there were [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Dementor|Dementors]] present, thus making the use of magic justified under the law, insists on bringing up irrelevant information that he feels bolsters the Ministry case against Harry. In the end, however, the panel of judges rules that Harry's use of magic was justified. Fudge sullenly declares him cleared of all charges, and leaves. As Harry departs the courtroom with [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Arthur Weasley|Arthur Weasley]], they run into Fudge and [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Lucius Malfoy|Lucius Malfoy]], who is evidently about to make a large donation for something. After exchanging a few barbs with Mr. Weasley, Lucius suggests that he and Fudge should adjourn to Fudge's office, and let Arthur go about his business.

Fudge does not directly appear through much of the rest of the book; instead, he arranges the passage of Educational Decree Number Twenty Two, providing that the Ministry can appoint teachers to fill vacancies at Hogwarts when the Headmaster is unable to fill them himself. Using this decree, Fudge appoints [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Dolores Umbridge|Dolores Umbridge]] to the school as teacher of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Defence Against the Dark Arts|Defence Against the Dark Arts]]. Umbridge apparently has been given the prime mission of preventing the students from learning any useful jinxes, as the class is taught theory only, and apparently from a book that stresses negotiation rather than defence. Harry guesses that this is because Fudge fears that Dumbledore wants to become Minister for Magic himself, and so he is trying to prevent Dumbledore's school from creating an army that can be used against Fudge; [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Sirius Black|Sirius Black]] later confirms this belief. Fudge also acts to increase his control over Hogwarts indirectly, by issuing new Educational Decrees that grant ever more powers to Umbridge.

He returns directly to our story at the point where Harry's [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Dumbledore's Army|Defence Against the Dark Arts group, &quot;Dumbledore's Army&quot;]], is broken up by the actions of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Marietta Edgecombe|Marietta Edgecombe]]. Umbridge calls him in to witness the capture and punishment of the group, who are supposedly meeting in direct violation of Educational Decree Number Twenty-Four, which prohibits unapproved student groups. Fudge is dismayed to find that the only meeting of which they have direct evidence actually occurred before the Decree was made, and therefore is not in violation, and is further upset when Miss Edgecombe refuses to repeat the story she had told Professor Umbridge, instead silently maintaining that there had been no meetings since the first. However, Umbridge does finally retrieve the Dumbledore's Army membership list, and Dumbledore quietly agrees that, as Fudge had supposed, Dumbledore was creating a private army. However, when Fudge demands that he give himself up, Dumbledore refuses; in the ensuing, brief battle, Fudge, along with Umbridge and the Aurors Fudge has brought, are rendered unconscious and Dumbledore escapes. Fudge, on regaining his senses, runs off thinking that he is chasing Dumbledore.

At this point, Fudge manages to get Umbridge appointed Headmistress. However, she is unable to enter the Headmaster's office, remaining in her original office.

Finally, at the end of the [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Major Events/Battle at the Department of Mysteries|battle at the Ministry]], Fudge actually sees the returned Voldemort, who is rescuing [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Bellatrix Lestrange|Bellatrix Lestrange]], one of his supporters. Fudge blusters at Dumbledore, but eventually must concede that Dumbledore and Harry were right all along, and that Voldemort has returned. In the last chapter, a flustered Fudge gives a statement to the Prophet that Voldemort has returned. His statement was meet with immediate alarm, dismay and outrage.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Half-Blood Prince|Half-Blood Prince]] === 

At the beginning of this book, we find out that Cornelius Fudge has been sacked as the Minister for Magic in favor of [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Rufus Scrimgeour|Rufus Scrimgeour]], though he has stayed on as Scrimgeour's assistant. He appears in the Muggle prime minister's office at the start of the book, to brief the Muggle Prime Minister on the current state of affairs in the Wizarding world and introduce Scrimgeour. When the Prime Minister asks why they can't eliminate the threat by using magic, it is Fudge who points out that the other side has magic also. During his conversation with the Prime Minister, Fudge makes mention of having written to Dumbledore twice a day in the past fortnight. It is later revealed that in a desperate bid to remain in office, Fudge wrote to Dumbledore to set up a meeting between himself and Harry to gain his support, but Dumbledore, knowing Harry would never agree to such an offer, ignored him. He has very little additional role to play in this book, though he does attend Dumbledore's funeral.

=== [[Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Books/Deathly Hallows|Deathly Hallows]] ===

Though Fudge does not appear in this book he is mentioned a few times. His fate after the Ministry is taken over by Death Eaters is unknown.

== Strengths ==
Though it takes seeing Voldemort with his own eyes, Fudge does admit that he was wrong. Umbridge conceals from Fudge the fact that she ordered the dementors to attack Harry and later plans to do the same with her use of the Cruciatus Curse, implying that Fudge has at least enough morals that he would disapprove of these actions if he knew about them. He also showed clear disapproval at Lucius Malfoy's order for Dumbledore's dismissal despite his esteem for the former.

Though nowhere near Dumbledore's level, Fudge may be a reasonably skilled wizard in his own right. He at the very least seemed competent enough in his abilities to challenge Dumbledore, though it should be noted that he only did so with Umbridge, Dawlish, and Shacklebolt's assistance (and that all four were defeated rather quickly). 

== Weaknesses ==
Cornelius Fudge is first and foremost a politician. His primary concerns are the viability of his post and his popularity. When faced with the inconvenient truth of Voldemort's return, Fudge chooses to deny the danger to the Wizarding World. Instead, he labors to discredit those who, in his opinion, threaten his political power. Ultimately he shows himself to be paranoid, self-centered, corrupt and without scruples. He also appears to be somewhat gullible, being easily duped by Lucius Malfoy and apparently oblivious to Umbridge's true nature. Fudge is an egotistical man who always thinks he's right and never admits he's wrong, even when he knows he is wrong.

== Relationships with Other Characters ==

Nowhere in the books do we see Fudge in anything except his political persona. If he has relationships based on anything except political advantage, we remain unaware of them. We note that his relationship with Dumbledore is seen to change over the story arc: Hagrid tells us that Fudge is perpetually seeking Dumbledore's advice in ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'', but at the end of ''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire'', Cornelius determines that accepting Dumbledore's statement would be political suicide, and so turns against him. This rift likely can never heal, as Dumbledore wisely comments at one point that &quot;it is far easier to forgive someone for being wrong, than to forgive them for being right.&quot; Added to the fact that Dumbledore was right about Voldemort, is the fact that Fudge lost office almost immediately after Voldemort's return was independently confirmed, a loss for which he almost certainly would blame Dumbledore, and we can guess that Fudge likely never spoke to Dumbledore again. We suspect that Fudge's motive for attending Dumbledore's funeral was equally political.

== Analysis ==

Cornelius Fudge is presented from the beginning as a classic politician, whose planning horizon extends no further than his own re-election. While it is not safe to guess at his motivations, we can see that he is modeled on any of a large number of politicians active in democratic governments throughout the world. The author has clearly studied the ways of politicians, and has amplified the self-serving characteristics in order to make a thoroughly unpleasant, shallow &quot;leader&quot; for the Wizarding government.

This being nominally a series of books for children, one may wonder why the author chose to install such a venial government? Our introduction to the Ministry is Hagrid's comment in ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'', about the Ministry of Magic messing up again. One can hear echoes of this statement at very nearly every family breakfast table most mornings, as the daily newspaper is perused. Perhaps part of the intent is to illuminate the reasoning behind the utterance. Alternately, perhaps this portrayal of the Wizarding government's failings is a way to enlighten children as to why they should not blindly trust the government. Fudge's obvious self-serving nature, seen in these books without the intervening shielding layers of &quot;spin-doctors&quot; and mass media common in the Muggle world, can be held up for comparison with the antics of real politicians. As the books' story arc progresses, and the Ministry is ever-more exposed, the reader may be able to draw tighter parallels between the morning expression of distrust of the government and the actual actions of the people involved in it.

On a completely irrelevant note: In [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10419436/JK-Rowling-denies-finding-Harry-Potter-inspiration-on-narwhal-tusk.html October 2013, a narwhal tusk was auctioned off] that had been ''Presented to Cornelius Fudge. Master at Arms. By his mess mates as a mark of respect and esteem on his leaving H.M.S London at Zanzibar to retire from the service. September 1881.'' The owner of the tusk had written to J. K. Rowling to ask if there was any connection, and she responded that there was none she was aware of.

== Questions ==
{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Questions}}
# Why does Cornelius Fudge not like Albus Dumbledore?

== Greater Picture ==

{{Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Intermediate Spoiler}}

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{{Clear}}
Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''.  You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup.

You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say &lt;code&gt;!admin&lt;/code&gt; to get attention).

For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== [[Hosenul Islam]] ==

I recognize that (auto)biographies do not belong to Wikibooks, but the deletion tag is being removed by the author. Please delete this page. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:21, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{done}} by Kittycataclysm. Thanks for the report. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:10, 26 August 2024 (UTC)

== [[:Category:Book:Dialect]] ==

I found this book category at [[Special:WantedCategories]], but I think the parent page should be renamed for further specificity. Can an administrator handle the massive page move? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:44, 5 September 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks for the ping! I actually think the book shouldn't be kept, so I'm putting the whole thing up for deletion—you can vote if you like! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:22, 5 September 2024 (UTC)

== Recent [[:w:WP:NOTWEBHOST]] user page issues related to education ==

I think [[User:Vazirabonu]] is same as the users recently blocked by [[user:Leaderboard]]. The blocked users are [[Special:Contributions/Achilova_Shakhzoda]], [[Special:Contributions/Dinara_Nazarova]], [[Special:Contributions/Dafna98]], and [[Special:Contributions/Nazokatkhon_Abdirashidova]]. Each user is writing about education for different countries. {{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} Can this be confirmed? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:05, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] I had this checked by [[meta:User:EPIC]], who implied that it was likely but not 100% confirmed that they are the same user from a technical perspective; all of them have been blocked for using multiple accounts. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:53, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:: I also think that [[Special:Contributions/Dilnavoz-Kh]] is related. Similar usage of userspace with similar topics can be seen. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:22, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Blocked as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:38, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/136.158.33.179]] ==

Vandalism, please delete pages made by this IP. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:29, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
: (Note) Pages already deleted and stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:59, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/NNORUKA04]] ==

Possible VOA, please check the edits. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 21:40, 26 September 2024 (UTC)
: (Note) Edits are reverted and currently stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:00, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Kingdom_of_aura]] ==

Their edits appear to be xwiki self-ad. Should their edits be reverted? And is this username OK? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:Definitely self-promotion—I've warned them. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:53, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::Account now globally locked. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:36, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:UnusedCategories]] ==

Recently, empty book categories have been deleted by GS action, but empty book images/template categories are still remaining. Should we keep empty book images/template categories or delete them? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:03, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks for pointing these out! I can't see any reason to keep many of these—I'll try to go through the list and delete ones that are at least obviously useless. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:54, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:NCS dev/sandbox]] ==

Please take care of the sandbox and the author. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:02, 30 September 2024 (UTC)

:Done —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:43, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/205.235.33.0/24]] ==

The user from a /24 range is making bad pages, please consider a range block. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 23:54, 30 September 2024 (UTC)

:Just blocked for 1 week. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:43, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:Ukrane123/sandbox]] ==

Please take care of the sandbox and see [[Special:AbuseLog/297190]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:46, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

:Deleted and blocked. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:08, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Nuevostechqsolutions]] ==

Username issues (username named after a company). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:29, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

:Globally locked now—thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:26, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Javariabaig]] ==

Please take care of their user page. They are hiding external links in red wikilinks. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:52, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

:Seems to be globally locked —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:25, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/129.63.22.25]] ==

Please have a look at their page creations. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 08:51, 4 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{done}} by MarcGarver. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:35, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Unhrofficals]] ==

Please see [[Special:AbuseLog/297247]], [[Special:AbuseLog/297248]], and [[Special:AbuseLog/297249]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:Submitted request to have this globally locked. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 09:57, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
:: (Note) Already locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:57, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Rehoboth_academic_services]] ==

This user has username issues (username named after company). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 12 October 2024 (UTC)

:No edits for now, but give me a ping if they make an edit. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:26, 12 October 2024 (UTC)
:: They have no edits but have made [[Special:AbuseLog/297480]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:34, 15 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Warehouse2anywhere]] ==

Please see [[Special:AbuseLog/297548]] for their behavior. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:35, 15 October 2024 (UTC)

:Blocked—thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:30, 15 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
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{{ombox|type=content|text='''To request a rename or usurpation''', go to the global request page at Meta [[meta:SRUC|here]].&lt;br /&gt;''Please do not post those requests here!''}}
{{Clear}}
Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''.  You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup.

You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say &lt;code&gt;!admin&lt;/code&gt; to get attention).

For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== [[:Category:Book:Dialect]] ==

I found this book category at [[Special:WantedCategories]], but I think the parent page should be renamed for further specificity. Can an administrator handle the massive page move? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:44, 5 September 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks for the ping! I actually think the book shouldn't be kept, so I'm putting the whole thing up for deletion—you can vote if you like! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:22, 5 September 2024 (UTC)

== Recent [[:w:WP:NOTWEBHOST]] user page issues related to education ==

I think [[User:Vazirabonu]] is same as the users recently blocked by [[user:Leaderboard]]. The blocked users are [[Special:Contributions/Achilova_Shakhzoda]], [[Special:Contributions/Dinara_Nazarova]], [[Special:Contributions/Dafna98]], and [[Special:Contributions/Nazokatkhon_Abdirashidova]]. Each user is writing about education for different countries. {{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} Can this be confirmed? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:05, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] I had this checked by [[meta:User:EPIC]], who implied that it was likely but not 100% confirmed that they are the same user from a technical perspective; all of them have been blocked for using multiple accounts. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:53, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:: I also think that [[Special:Contributions/Dilnavoz-Kh]] is related. Similar usage of userspace with similar topics can be seen. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:22, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Blocked as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:38, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/136.158.33.179]] ==

Vandalism, please delete pages made by this IP. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:29, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
: (Note) Pages already deleted and stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:59, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/NNORUKA04]] ==

Possible VOA, please check the edits. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 21:40, 26 September 2024 (UTC)
: (Note) Edits are reverted and currently stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:00, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Kingdom_of_aura]] ==

Their edits appear to be xwiki self-ad. Should their edits be reverted? And is this username OK? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:Definitely self-promotion—I've warned them. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:53, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::Account now globally locked. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:36, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:UnusedCategories]] ==

Recently, empty book categories have been deleted by GS action, but empty book images/template categories are still remaining. Should we keep empty book images/template categories or delete them? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:03, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks for pointing these out! I can't see any reason to keep many of these—I'll try to go through the list and delete ones that are at least obviously useless. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:54, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:NCS dev/sandbox]] ==

Please take care of the sandbox and the author. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:02, 30 September 2024 (UTC)

:Done —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:43, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/205.235.33.0/24]] ==

The user from a /24 range is making bad pages, please consider a range block. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 23:54, 30 September 2024 (UTC)

:Just blocked for 1 week. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:43, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:Ukrane123/sandbox]] ==

Please take care of the sandbox and see [[Special:AbuseLog/297190]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:46, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

:Deleted and blocked. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:08, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Nuevostechqsolutions]] ==

Username issues (username named after a company). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:29, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

:Globally locked now—thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:26, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Javariabaig]] ==

Please take care of their user page. They are hiding external links in red wikilinks. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:52, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

:Seems to be globally locked —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:25, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/129.63.22.25]] ==

Please have a look at their page creations. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 08:51, 4 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{done}} by MarcGarver. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:35, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Unhrofficals]] ==

Please see [[Special:AbuseLog/297247]], [[Special:AbuseLog/297248]], and [[Special:AbuseLog/297249]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:Submitted request to have this globally locked. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 09:57, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
:: (Note) Already locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:57, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Rehoboth_academic_services]] ==

This user has username issues (username named after company). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 12 October 2024 (UTC)

:No edits for now, but give me a ping if they make an edit. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:26, 12 October 2024 (UTC)
:: They have no edits but have made [[Special:AbuseLog/297480]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:34, 15 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Warehouse2anywhere]] ==

Please see [[Special:AbuseLog/297548]] for their behavior. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:35, 15 October 2024 (UTC)

:Blocked—thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:30, 15 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
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{{Clear}}
Welcome to the '''Administrative Assistance reading room'''.  You can request assistance from [[WB:ADMIN|administrators]] for handling a variety of problems here and alert them about problems which may require special actions not normally used during regular content editing. Please be patient as administrators are often quite busy with either their own projects or trying to perform general maintenance and cleanup.

You can deal with most vandalism yourself: [[Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism|fix it]], then [[Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices|warn the user]]. If there is repeated vandalism by one user, lots of vandalism on a single page, or vandalism from many users, tell an admin here, or in [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikibooks #wikibooks] (say &lt;code&gt;!admin&lt;/code&gt; to get attention).

For more general questions and assistance that doesn't require an administrator, please use the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]].
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== [[:Category:Book:Dialect]] ==

I found this book category at [[Special:WantedCategories]], but I think the parent page should be renamed for further specificity. Can an administrator handle the massive page move? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:44, 5 September 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks for the ping! I actually think the book shouldn't be kept, so I'm putting the whole thing up for deletion—you can vote if you like! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:22, 5 September 2024 (UTC)

== Recent [[:w:WP:NOTWEBHOST]] user page issues related to education ==

I think [[User:Vazirabonu]] is same as the users recently blocked by [[user:Leaderboard]]. The blocked users are [[Special:Contributions/Achilova_Shakhzoda]], [[Special:Contributions/Dinara_Nazarova]], [[Special:Contributions/Dafna98]], and [[Special:Contributions/Nazokatkhon_Abdirashidova]]. Each user is writing about education for different countries. {{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} Can this be confirmed? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:05, 15 September 2024 (UTC)

:@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] I had this checked by [[meta:User:EPIC]], who implied that it was likely but not 100% confirmed that they are the same user from a technical perspective; all of them have been blocked for using multiple accounts. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:53, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
:: I also think that [[Special:Contributions/Dilnavoz-Kh]] is related. Similar usage of userspace with similar topics can be seen. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:22, 16 September 2024 (UTC)
:::Blocked as well. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:38, 16 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/136.158.33.179]] ==

Vandalism, please delete pages made by this IP. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 00:29, 20 September 2024 (UTC)
: (Note) Pages already deleted and stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 01:59, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/NNORUKA04]] ==

Possible VOA, please check the edits. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 21:40, 26 September 2024 (UTC)
: (Note) Edits are reverted and currently stale. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:00, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Kingdom_of_aura]] ==

Their edits appear to be xwiki self-ad. Should their edits be reverted? And is this username OK? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:Definitely self-promotion—I've warned them. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:53, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
::Account now globally locked. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:36, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:UnusedCategories]] ==

Recently, empty book categories have been deleted by GS action, but empty book images/template categories are still remaining. Should we keep empty book images/template categories or delete them? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:03, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks for pointing these out! I can't see any reason to keep many of these—I'll try to go through the list and delete ones that are at least obviously useless. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:54, 29 September 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:NCS dev/sandbox]] ==

Please take care of the sandbox and the author. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 14:02, 30 September 2024 (UTC)

:Done —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:43, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/205.235.33.0/24]] ==

The user from a /24 range is making bad pages, please consider a range block. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 23:54, 30 September 2024 (UTC)

:Just blocked for 1 week. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:43, 1 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[User:Ukrane123/sandbox]] ==

Please take care of the sandbox and see [[Special:AbuseLog/297190]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:46, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

:Deleted and blocked. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 07:08, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Nuevostechqsolutions]] ==

Username issues (username named after a company). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:29, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

:Globally locked now—thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:26, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Javariabaig]] ==

Please take care of their user page. They are hiding external links in red wikilinks. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:52, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

:Seems to be globally locked —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:25, 3 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/129.63.22.25]] ==

Please have a look at their page creations. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 08:51, 4 October 2024 (UTC)

:{{done}} by MarcGarver. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 03:35, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Unhrofficals]] ==

Please see [[Special:AbuseLog/297247]], [[Special:AbuseLog/297248]], and [[Special:AbuseLog/297249]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:02, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

:Submitted request to have this globally locked. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 09:57, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
:: (Note) Already locked. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:57, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Rehoboth_academic_services]] ==

This user has username issues (username named after company). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 10:47, 12 October 2024 (UTC)

:No edits for now, but give me a ping if they make an edit. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:26, 12 October 2024 (UTC)
:: They have no edits but have made [[Special:AbuseLog/297480]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:34, 15 October 2024 (UTC)
:::{{done}} --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:13, 16 October 2024 (UTC)

== [[Special:Contributions/Warehouse2anywhere]] ==

Please see [[Special:AbuseLog/297548]] for their behavior. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:35, 15 October 2024 (UTC)

:Blocked—thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:30, 15 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>03nuihk09l01pttrx0pinuk5frva4x5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/World Manufacturer Identifier (WMI)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <origin>4441171</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="96274" sha1="mxojzqm07nevtzpm14s342f6qnuhvzx" xml:space="preserve">==World Manufacturer Identifier==
The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the '''World Manufacturer Identifier''' or '''WMI''' code. A manufacturer that builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks. 

===WMI Regions===
The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture. Common auto-manufacturing countries are noted. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://standards.iso.org/iso/3780/
| title=ISO Standards Maintenance Portal: ISO 3780
| publisher=[[wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI
! Region
! Notes
|-
| A-C
| Africa
| AA-AH = South Africa
CA-CB = Egypt&lt;br /&gt;BF-BG = Kenya&lt;br /&gt;BU = Uganda&lt;br /&gt;DF-DK = Morocco
|-
| H-R
| Asia
| H = China&lt;br /&gt;J = Japan&lt;br /&gt;KF-KH = Israel&lt;br /&gt;KL-KR = South Korea&lt;br /&gt;L = China&lt;br /&gt;MA-ME = India&lt;br /&gt;MF-MK = Indonesia&lt;br /&gt;ML-MR = Thailand&lt;br /&gt;MS = Myanmar&lt;br /&gt;MX = Kazakhstan&lt;br /&gt;MY-M0 = India&lt;br /&gt;NF-NG = Pakistan&lt;br /&gt;NL-NR = Turkey&lt;br /&gt;NS-NT = Uzbekistan&lt;br /&gt;PA-PC = Philippines&lt;br /&gt;PF-PG = Singapore&lt;br /&gt;PL-PR = Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;PS-PT = Bangladesh&lt;br /&gt;RF-RK = Taiwan&lt;br /&gt;RL-RN = Vietnam&lt;br /&gt;R1-R7 = Hong Kong

|-
| S-Z
| Europe
| SA-SM = United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;SN-ST = Germany (formerly East Germany)&lt;br /&gt;SU-SZ = Poland&lt;br /&gt;TA-TH = Switzerland&lt;br /&gt;TJ-TP = Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;TR-TV = Hungary&lt;br /&gt;TW-T2 = Portugal&lt;br /&gt;UH-UM = Denmark&lt;br /&gt;UN-UR = Ireland&lt;br /&gt;UU-UX = Romania&lt;br /&gt;U1-U2 = North Macedonia&lt;br /&gt;U5-U7 = Slovakia&lt;br /&gt;VA-VE = Austria&lt;br /&gt;VF-VR = France&lt;br /&gt;VS-VW = Spain&lt;br /&gt;VX-V2 = France (formerly Serbia/Yugoslavia)&lt;br /&gt;V3-V5 = Croatia&lt;br /&gt;V6-V8 = Estonia&lt;br /&gt; W = Germany (formerly West Germany)&lt;br /&gt;XA-XC = Bulgaria&lt;br /&gt;XF-XH = Greece&lt;br /&gt;XL-XR = The Netherlands&lt;br /&gt;XS-XW = Russia (formerly USSR)&lt;br /&gt;XX-XY = Luxembourg&lt;br /&gt;XZ-X0 = Russia&lt;br /&gt;YA-YE = Belgium&lt;br /&gt;YF-YK = Finland&lt;br /&gt;YS-YW = Sweden&lt;br /&gt;YX-Y2 = Norway&lt;br /&gt;Y3-Y5 = Belarus&lt;br /&gt;Y6-Y8 = Ukraine&lt;br /&gt;ZA-ZU = Italy&lt;br /&gt;ZX-ZZ = Slovenia&lt;br /&gt;Z3-Z5 = Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;Z6-Z0 = Russia
|-
| 1-5
| North America
| 1, 4, 5 = United States&lt;br /&gt;2 = Canada&lt;br /&gt;3 = Mexico&lt;br /&gt;
|-
| 6-7
| Oceania
| 6A-6W = Australia&lt;br /&gt;7A-7E = New Zealand
|-
| 8-9
| South America
| 8A-8E = Argentina&lt;br /&gt;8F-8G = Chile&lt;br /&gt;8L-8N = Ecuador&lt;br /&gt;8S-8T = Peru&lt;br /&gt;8X-8Z = Venezuela&lt;br /&gt;82 = Bolivia&lt;br /&gt;84 = Costa Rica&lt;br /&gt;9A-9E, 91-90 = Brazil&lt;br /&gt;9F-9G = Colombia&lt;br /&gt;9S-9V = Uruguay
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3

! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''A''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | South Africa || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ivory Coast || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Lesotho || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Botswana || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Namibia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Madagascar || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mauritius || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Tunisia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Cyprus || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zimbabwe || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mozambique || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''B''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Angola || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Ethiopia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kenya || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Rwanda || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nigeria || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Algeria || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Swaziland || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Uganda || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | ''Africa''|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Libya || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''C''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Egypt || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Morocco || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Africa'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zambia || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | ''Africa''
|-
| '''D''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|-
| '''E''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''F''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 
|-
| '''G'''
|-
| '''H''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''J''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Japan
|-
| '''K''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Israel || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jordan || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | South Korea || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kyrgyzstan || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''Asia'' 
|-
| '''L''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | China
|-
| '''M''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | India || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Indonesia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Thailand || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Myanmar || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Mongolia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Kazakhstan || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | India
|-
| '''N''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Pakistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iraq || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Uzbekistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Azerbaijan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Tajikistan || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Armenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Iran || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Turkey || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
| '''P''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Philippines || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Singapore || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Malaysia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bangladesh || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | India 
|-
| '''R''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | UAE || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Taiwan || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Vietnam || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Laos || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Saudi Arabia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia'' || colspan=&quot;7&quot; | Hong Kong || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''Asia''
|-
! &amp;nbsp;
! A
! B
! C
! D
! E
! F
! G
! H
! J
! K
! L
! M
! N
! P
! R
! S
! T
! U
! V
! W
! X
! Y
! Z
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 0
|-
| '''S''' || colspan=&quot;12&quot; | United Kingdom || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Germany &lt;small&gt;(former East Germany)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Poland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Latvia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Georgia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Iceland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''T''' || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | Switzerland || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Czech Republic || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Hungary || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Portugal || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Serbia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Andorra || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''U''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Denmark || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ireland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Romania || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | North Macedonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovakia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bosnia &amp; Herzogovina
|-
| '''V''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Austria || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | France || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Spain || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | France &lt;small&gt;(formerly Yugoslavia &amp; Serbia)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Croatia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Estonia || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''W''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | Germany
|-
| '''X''' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Bulgaria || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Greece || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Russia || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Netherlands || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia &lt;small&gt;(former USSR)&lt;/small&gt; || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Luxembourg || colspan=&quot;11&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''Y''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Belgium || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Finland || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Malta || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Sweden || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Norway || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Belarus || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ukraine || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe''
|-
| '''Z''' || colspan=&quot;18&quot; | Italy || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Europe'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Slovenia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | San Marino|| colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''Europe''|| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Lithuania || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Russia
|-
| '''1''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; | United States
|-
| '''2''' || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | Canada || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''3''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Mexico || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | ''North America'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Nicaragua || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Dom. Rep. || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Honduras || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Panama || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Puerto Rico || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''North America'' 
|-
| '''4''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | United States
|-
| '''5''' 
|-
| '''6''' || colspan=&quot;21&quot; | Australia || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;9&quot; | ''Oceania''
|-
| '''7''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | New Zealand || colspan=&quot;28&quot; | United States
|-
| '''8''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Argentina || colspan=2 | Chile || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ecuador || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Peru || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Venezuela || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Bolivia || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | ''SA'' || colspan=&quot;1&quot; | Costa Rica || colspan=&quot;6&quot; | ''South America'' 
|-
| '''9''' || colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Brazil || colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Colombia || colspan=&quot;8&quot; | ''South America''  || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Uruguay || colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''South America'' || colspan=&quot;10&quot; | Brazil 
|-
| '''0''' || colspan=&quot;33&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 
|}

===List of Many WMIs===
The [[w:Society of Automotive Engineers|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) in the US assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45844.html
| title=ISO 3780:2009 - Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code
| date=October 2009
| publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following table contains a list of mainly commonly used WMIs, although there are many others assigned.

{| class=&quot;wikitable x&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! WMI !! Manufacturer
|-
| AAA|| Audi South Africa made by Volkswagen of South Africa
|-
| AAK|| FAW Vehicle Manufacturers SA (PTY) Ltd.
|-
| AAM|| MAN Automotive (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. (includes VW Truck &amp; Bus)
|-
|AAP
|VIN restamped by South African Police Service (so-called SAPVIN or AAPV number)
|-
| AAV|| Volkswagen South Africa
|-
| AAW || Challenger Trailer Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| AA9/CN1 || TR-Tec Pty Ltd. (South Africa)
|-
| ABJ|| Mitsubishi Colt &amp; Triton pickups made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1994–2011
|-
| ABJ|| Mitsubishi Fuso made by Daimler Trucks &amp; Buses Southern Africa
|-
| ABM|| BMW Southern Africa
|-
| ACV|| Isuzu Motors South Africa 2018-
|-
| AC5|| [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Automotive South Africa 
|-
| ADD|| UD Trucks Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADM|| General Motors South Africa (includes Isuzu through 2018)
|-
| ADN|| Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADR|| Renault Sandero made by Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd.
|-
| ADX|| Tata Automobile Corporation (SA) Ltd.
|-
| AFA|| Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa &amp; Samcor
|-
| AFB|| Mazda BT-50 made by Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa
|-
| AHH|| Hino South Africa
|-
| AHM|| Honda Ballade made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1982–2000
|-
| AHT|| Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty.) Ltd.
|-
| BF9/|| KIBO Motorcycles, Kenya
|-
| BUK|| Kiira Motors Corporation, Uganda
|-
| BR1|| Mercedes-Benz Algeria (SAFAV MB)
|-
| EBZ || Nizhekotrans (bus, Russia)
|-
| DF9/|| Laraki (Morocco)
|-
| HA0 || Wuxi Sundiro Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (Palla, Parray)
|-
| HA6 || Niu Technologies
|-
| HA7 || Jinan Qingqi KR Motors Co., Ltd.
|-
| HES || smart Automobile Co., Ltd. (Mercedes-Geely joint venture) 
|-
| HGL ||  Farizon Auto van (Geely)
|-
| HGX ||  Wuling Motors van (Geely)
|-
| HJR || Jetour (Chery)
|-
| HL4 || Zhejiang Morini Vehicle Co., Ltd. &lt;br /&gt;(Moto Morini subsidiary of Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co., Ltd.)
|-
| HRV || Beijing Henrey Automobile Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| JAA || Isuzu truck
|-
| JAB || Isuzu car
|-
| JAC || Isuzu SUV
|-
| JAE || Acura SLX made by Isuzu
|-
| JAL || Isuzu commercial trucks &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu 2016+ &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Hino S-series truck made by Isuzu (Incomplete Vehicle)
|-
| JAM || Isuzu commercial trucks (Incomplete Vehicle)
|-
| JA3 || Mitsubishi car (for North America)
|-
| JA4 || Mitsubishi MPV/SUV (for North America)
|-
| JA7 || Mitsubishi truck (for North America)
|-
| JB3 || Dodge car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB4 || Dodge MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JB7 || Dodge truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JC0 || Ford brand cars made by Mazda
|-
| JC1 || Fiat 124 Spider made by Mazda
|-
| JC2 || Ford Courier made by Mazda
|-
| JDA || Daihatsu
|-
| JD1 || Daihatsu car
|-
| JD2 || Daihatsu SUV
|-
| JD4 || Daihatsu truck
|-
| JE3 || Eagle car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JE4 || Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JF1 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) car
|-
| JF2 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) SUV
|-
| JF3 || ([[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]]) truck
|-
| JF4 || Saab 9-2X made by Subaru
|-
| JG1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG2 || Pontiac car made by Suzuki
|-
| JG7 || Pontiac/Asuna car made by Suzuki for GM Canada
|-
| JGC || Chevrolet/Geo SUV made by Suzuki (classified as a truck)
|-
| JGT || GMC SUV made by Suzuki for GM Canada (classified as a truck)
|-
| JHA || Hino truck
|-
| JHB || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHD || Hino
|-
| JHF || Hino
|-
| JHH || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JHF-JHG, JHL-JHN, JHZ,&lt;br/&gt;JH1-JH5 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]]
|-
| JHL || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV
|-
| JHM || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car
|-
| JH1 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck
|-
| JH2 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] motorcycle/ATV
|-
| JH3 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] ATV
|-
| JH4 || Acura car
|-
| JH6 || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| JJ3 || Chrysler brand car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JKA || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKB || Kawasaki (motorcycles)
|-
| JKS || Suzuki Marauder 1600/Boulevard M95 motorcycle made by Kawasaki
|-
| JK8 || Suzuki QUV620F UTV made by Kawasaki
|-
| JLF || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JLS || Sterling Truck 360 made by Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL5 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JL6 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck &amp; Bus Corp.
|-
| JMA || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMB || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for Europe
|-
| JMF || Mitsubishi Motors (including Mitsubishi Express made by Renault)
|-
| JMP || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive)
|-
| JMR || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive)
|-
| JMY || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for South America &amp; Middle East
|-
| JMZ || Mazda for Europe export
|-
| JM0 || Mazda for Oceania export
|-
| JM1 || Mazda car
|-
| JM2 || Mazda truck
|-
| JM3 || Mazda MPV/SUV
|-
| JM4 || Mazda
|-
| JM6 || Mazda
|-
| JM7 || Mazda
|-
| JNA || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks incomplete vehicle
|-
| JNC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JNE || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks truck
|-
| JNK || Infiniti car
|-
| JNR || Infiniti SUV
|-
| JNX || Infiniti incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN1 || Nissan car &amp; Infiniti car
|-
| JN3 || Nissan incomplete vehicle
|-
| JN6 || Nissan truck/van &amp; Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Van
|-
| JN8 || Nissan MPV/SUV &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| JPC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks
|-
| JP3 || Plymouth car made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JP7 || Plymouth truck made by Mitsubishi Motors
|-
| JR2 || Isuzu Oasis made by Honda
|-
| JSA || Suzuki ATV &amp; '03 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki, Suzuki car/SUV (outside N. America)
|-
| JSK || Kawasaki KLX125/KLX125L motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JSL || '04-'06 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki
|-
| JST || Suzuki Across SUV made by Toyota
|-
| JS1 || Suzuki motorcycle &amp; Kawasaki KLX400S/KLX400SR motorcycle made by Suzuki
|-
| JS2 || Suzuki car
|-
| JS3 || Suzuki SUV
|-
| JS4 || Suzuki truck
|-
| JTB || Toyota bus
|-
| JTD   || Toyota car
|-
| JTE   || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JTF   || Toyota van/truck
|-
| JTG   || Toyota MPV/bus
|-
| JTH   || Lexus car
|-
| JTJ   || Lexus SUV
|-
| JTK   || Toyota car
|-
| JTL   || Toyota SUV
|-
| JTM   || Toyota SUV
|-
| JTN   || Toyota car
|-
| JTP || Toyota SUV
|-
| JT1   || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] van
|-
| JT2   || Toyota car
|-
| JT3   || Toyota MPV/SUV
|-
| JT4   || Toyota truck/van
|-
| JT5   || Toyota incomplete vehicle
|-
| JT6   || Lexus SUV
|-
| JT8   || Lexus car
|-
| JW6 || Mitsubishi Fuso division of Mitsubishi Motors (through mid 2003)
|-
| JYA || Yamaha motorcycles
|-
| JYE || Yamaha snowmobile
|-
| JY3 || Yamaha 3-wheel ATV
|-
| JY4 || Yamaha 4-wheel ATV
|-
| J81 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Isuzu
|-
| J87 || Pontiac/Asüna car made by Isuzu for GM Canada
|-
| J8B || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| J8C || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8D || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| J8T || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck)
|-
| J8Z || Chevrolet LUV pickup truck made by Isuzu
|-
| KF3 || Merkavim (Israel)
|-
| KF6 || Automotive Industries, Ltd. (Israel)
|-
| KF9/004 || Tomcar (Israel)
|-
| KL || Daewoo [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] South Korea
|-
| KLA || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet/Alpheon)&lt;br /&gt; from Bupyeong &amp; Kunsan plants
|-
| KLP || CT&amp;T United (battery electric low-speed vehicles)
|-
| KLT || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLU || Tata Daewoo
|-
| KLY || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet) from Changwon plant
|-
| KL1 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car)
|-
| KL2 || Daewoo/GM Daewoo (Pontiac)
|-
| KL3 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Holden)
|-
| KL4 || GM Korea (Buick)
|-
| KL5 || GM Daewoo (Suzuki)
|-
| KL6 || GM Daewoo (GMC)
|-
| KL7 || Daewoo (GM Canada brands: Passport, Asuna (Pre-2000))
|-
| KL7 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet MPV/SUV (Post-2000))
|-
| KL8 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car (Spark))
|-
| KM || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]]
|-
| KMC || Hyundai commercial truck
|-
| KME || Hyundai commercial truck (semi-tractor)
|-
| KMF || Hyundai van &amp; commercial truck &amp; Bering Truck
|-
| KMH || Hyundai car
|-
| KMJ || Hyundai minibus/bus
|-
| KMT || Genesis Motor car
|-
| KMU || Genesis Motor SUV
|-
| KMX || Hyundai Galloper SUV
|-
| KMY || Daelim Motor Company, Ltd/DNA Motors Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| KM1 || Hyosung Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM4 || Hyosung Motors/S&amp;T Motors/KR Motors (motorcycles)
|-
| KM8 || Hyundai SUV
|-
| KNA || Kia car
|-
| KNC || Kia truck
|-
| KND || Kia MPV/SUV &amp; Hyundai Entourage
|-
| KNE || Kia for Europe export
|-
| KNF || Kia, special vehicles
|-
| KNG || Kia minibus/bus
|-
| KNJ || Ford Festiva &amp; Aspire made by Kia
|-
| KNM || Renault Samsung Motors &amp; Nissan Rogue made by Renault Samsung 
|-
| KN1 || Asia Motors
|-
| KN2 || Asia Motors
|-
| KPA || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) pickup
|-
| KPB || SsangYong car
|-
| KPH || Mitsubishi Precis
|-
| KPT || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV
|-
| LAA || Shanghai Jialing Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LAE || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LAL || Sundiro [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Motorcycle
|-
| LAN || Changzhou Yamasaki Motorcycle
|-
| LAP || Chongqing Jianshe Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAP || Zhuzhou Nanfang Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LAT || Luoyang Northern Ek Chor Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Dayang)
|-
| LA6 || King Long
|-
| LA8 || Anhui Ankai
|-
| LA7 ||  Radar Auto (Geely)
|-
| LA9/LC0 || BYD
|-
| LA9/LM6 || SRM Shineray
|-
| LBB || Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle (QJ Motor/Keeway/Benelli)
|-
| LBE || Beijing [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] (Hyundai, Shouwang)
|-
| LBM || Zongshen Piaggio
|-
| LBP || Chongqing Jianshe Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LBV || BMW Brilliance
|-
| LB1 || Fujian Benz
|-
| LB2 || Geely Motorcycles
|-
| LB3 || Geely Automobile (Geely, Kandi)
|-
| LB4 || Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB5 || Foshan City Fosti Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LB7 || Tibet New Summit Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LCE || Hangzhou Chunfeng Motorcycles (CFMOTO)
|-
| LCR || Gonow
|-
| LC0 || BYD Auto (BYD, Denza)
|-
| LC2 || Changzhou Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco)
|-
| LC6 || Changzhou Haojue Suzuki Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LDC || Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd. (DPCA)
|-
| LDD || Dandong Huanghai Automobile
|-
| LDF || Dezhou Fulu Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles), BAW Yuanbao electric car (Ace P1 in Norway)
|-
| LDK || FAW Bus (Dalian) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LDN || Soueast (South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.) including Mitsubishi made by Soueast
|-
| LDP || Voyah, Dongfeng
|-
| LDY || Zhongtong Bus, China
|-
| LD3 || GuangDong Tayo Motorcycle Technology Co. (Zontes) (motorcycle)
|-
| LD5 || Benzhou Vehicle Industry Group Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LD9/L3A || SiTech (FAW)
|-
| LEC || Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LEF || Jiangling Motors Corporation Ltd. (JMC)
|-
| LEH || Zhejiang Riya Motorcycle Co. Ltd.
|-
| LET || Jiangling-Isuzu Motors, China
|-
| LE4 || Beijing Benz &amp; Beijing Benz-Daimler Chrysler Automotive Co. (Chrysler, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz)
|-
| LE8 || Guangzhou Panyu Hua'Nan Motors Industry Co. Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFB || FAW Group
|-
| LFF || Zhejiang Taizhou Wangye Power Co., Ltd.
|-
| LFG || Taizhou Chuanl Motorcycle Manufacturing
|-
| LFM || FAW Toyota Motor (Toyota, Ranz)
|-
| LFN || FAW Bus (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. (truck, bus)
|-
| LFP || FAW Car, Bestune (passenger vehicles)
|-
| LFT || FAW (trailers)
|-
| LFU || Lifeng Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LFV || FAW-Volkswagen (VW, Audi, Kaili)
|-
| LFW || FAW JieFang
|-
| LFY || Changshu Light Motorcycle Factory
|-
| LFZ || Leapmotor
|-
| LF3 || Lifan Motorcycle 
|-
| LGA || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. trucks
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Nissan (Nissan, Venucia)
|-
| LGB || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. buses
|-
| LGG || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor
|-
| LGJ || Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus)
|-
| LGL || Guilin Daewoo
|-
| LGW || Great Wall Motor (GWM, Haval, Ora, Tank, Wey)
|-
| LGX || BYD Auto
|-
| LGZ || Guangzhou Denway Bus
|-
| LHA || Shuanghuan Auto
|-
| LHB || Beijing Automotive Industry Holding
|-
| LHG || Guangzhou Honda
|-
| LH0 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LH1 || FAW-Haima, China
|-
| LJC || Jincheng Corporation
|-
| LJD || Yueda Kia (previously Dongfeng Yueda Kia) (Kia, Horki)
|-
| LJD || Human Horizons - HiPhi (made by Yueda Kia)
|-
| LJN || Zhengzhou Nissan
|-
| LJS || Yaxing Coach
|-
| LJU || Shanghai Maple Automobile &amp; Kandi
|-
| LJU || Lotus/Geely (Wuhan Lotus Cars Co., Ltd.)
|-
| LJV || Sinotruk Chengdu Wangpai Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJX || JMC Ford
|-
| LJ1 || JAC, China
|-
| LJ1 || Nio, Inc.
|-
| LJ4 || Shanghai Jmstar Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LJ8 || Zotye Auto
|-
| LKC || Changhe
|-
| LKG || Youngman Lotus Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LKH || Hafei Motor
|-
| LKL || Higer Bus
|-
| LKT || Yunnan Lifan Junma Vehicle Co., Ltd. commercial vehicles
|-
| LK6 || Wuling (quadricycle)
|-
| LLC || Loncin
|-
| LLJ || Jiangsu Xinling Motorcycle Fabricate Co., Ltd.
|-
| LLN || Qoros 
|-
| LLU || Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi
|-
| LLV || Lifan
|-
| LLX || Yudo Auto
|-
| LL2 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister)
|-
| LL3 || Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co. Ltd.
|-
| LL6 || GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (formerly Hunan Changfeng)
|-
| LL8 || Jiangsu Linhai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMC || Suzuki Hong Kong (motorcycles)
|-
| LME || Skyworth (formerly Skywell)
|-
| LMF || Jiangmen Zhongyu Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMG || GAC Trumpchi
|-
| LMV || Haima Car Co., Ltd.
|-
| LMV || XPeng Motors G3 (not G3i) made by Haima
|-
| LMW || GAC Group, [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey made by GAC]]
|-
| LMX || Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing)
|-
| LM0 || Wangye Holdings Co., Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| LM6 || SWM (automobiles)
|-
| LM8 || Seres (formerly SF Motors), Seres Aito
|-
| LNA || GAC Aion New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LNB || BAIC Motor
|-
| LND || JMEV (Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.)
|-
| LNP || NAC MG UK Limited &amp; Nanjing Fiat Automobile
|-
| LNN || Chery Automobile (Omoda)
|-
| LNY || Yuejin
|-
| LPA || Changan PSA (DS Automobiles)
|-
| LPE || BYD Auto
|-
| LPS || Polestar
|-
| LP6 || Guangzhou Panyu Haojian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| LRB || SAIC General Motors Buick
|-
| LRD || Beijing Foton Daimler Automotive Co., Ltd. Auman trucks
|-
| LRE || SAIC General Motors Cadillac
|-
| LRW || Tesla, Inc. (Gigafactory Shanghai)
|-
| LSC || Changan Automobile (light truck)
|-
| LSF || SAIC Maxus &amp; Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation
|-
| LSG || SAIC General Motors Chevrolet
|-
| LSH || SAIC Maxus van
|-
| LSJ || SAIC MG &amp; SAIC Roewe &amp; IM Motors
|-
| LSK || SAIC Maxus
|-
| LSV || SAIC Volkswagen (VW, Skoda, Tantus)
|-
| LSY || Brilliance (Zhonghua) &amp; Jinbei GM
|-
| LS4 || Changan Automobile (MPV/SUV)
|-
| LS5 || Changan Automobile (car) &amp; Changan Suzuki
|-
| LS6 || Changan Automobile &amp; Deepal Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. &amp; Avatr Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| LS7 || JMC Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd.
|-
| LTA || ZX Auto
|-
| LTN || Soueast built Chrysler &amp; Dodge vehicles
|-
| LTP || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS)
|-
| LTV || FAW [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] (Tianjin)
|-
| LTW || Zhejiang Dianka Automobile Technology Co. Ltd. (Enovate) 
|-
| LUC || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Automobile (China)
|-
| LUD || Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd.
|-
| LUX || Dongfeng Yulon Motor Co. Ltd.
|-
| LUZ || Hozon Auto New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (Neta)
|-
| LVA || Foton Motor
|-
| LVB || Foton Motor
|-
| LVC || Foton Motor
|-
| LVF || Changhe Suzuki
|-
| LVG || GAC Toyota
|-
| LVH || Dongfeng Honda
|-
| LVM || Chery Commercial Vehicle
|-
| LVP || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LVR || Changan Mazda
|-
| LVS || Changan [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] &amp; Changan Ford Mazda
|-
| LVT || Chery Automobile (Exeed)
|-
| LVU || Chery Automobile (Jetour)
|-
| LVV || Chery Automobile (Omoda, Jaecoo)
|-
| LVX || Landwind (discontinued in 2021)
|-
| LVX || Aiways Automobiles Company Ltd
|-
| LVY || Volvo Cars Daqing factory
|-
| LVZ || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK)
|-
| LV3 || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS)
|-
| LV7 || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle
|-
| LWB || Wuyang Honda Motorcycle (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWG || Chongqing Huansong Industries (Group) Co., Ltd.
|-
| LWL || Qingling Isuzu
|-
| LWV || GAC Fiat Chrysler (Fiat)
|-
| LW4 || Li Auto
|-
| LXG || Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG)
|-
| LXM || Xiamen Xiashing Motorcycle Co Ltd.
|-
| LXN || Link Tour
|-
| LXV || Beijing Borgward Automotive Co., Ltd.
|-
| LXY || Chongqing Shineray Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LX6 || Jiangmen City Huari Group Co. Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LX8 || Chongqing Xgjao (Xinganjue) Motorcycle Co Ltd.
|-
| LYB || Weichai (Yangzhou) Yaxing Automobile Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYM || Zhuzhou Jianshe Yamaha Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| LYU || Huansu (BAIC Motor &amp; Yinxiang Group)
|-
| LYV || Volvo Cars Chengdu factory &amp; Luqiao factory
|-
| LY4 || Chongqing Yingang Science &amp; Technology Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| LZE || Isuzu Guangzhou, China
|-
| LZF || SAIC Iveco Hongyan
|-
| LZG || Shaanxi Automobile Group Shacman Bus
|-
| LZK || Sinotruk (CNHTC) Huanghe bus
|-
| LZL || Zengcheng Haili Motorcycle Ltd.
|-
| LZM || MAN China
|-
| LZP || Zhongshan Guochi Motorcycle (Baotian)
|-
| LZS || Zongshen, Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) made by Zongshen
|-
| LZU || Guangzhou Isuzu Bus
|-
| LZW || SAIC GM Wuling
|-
| LZY || Yutong Zhengzhou, China
|-
| LZZ || Sinotruk (CNHTC) (Howo, Sitrak)
|-
| LZ0 || Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd.
|-
| LZ4 || Jiangsu Linzhi Shangyang Group Co Ltd.
|-
| LZ9/LZX || Raysince
|-
| L1N || XPeng Motors
|-
| L10 || Geely Emgrand
|-
| L2C || Chery Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| L3H || Shanxi Victory Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4B || Xingyue Group (motorcycles)
|-
| L4F || Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4H || Ningbo Longjia Motorcycle Co., Ltd.
|-
| L4S || Zhejiang Xingyue Vehicle Co Ltd. (motorcycles)
|-
| L4Y || Qingqi Group Ningbo Rhon Motorcycle / Ningbo Dalong Smooth Locomotive Industry Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5C || KangDi (ATV)
|-
| L5E || Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science &amp; Technology Co., Ltd.
|-
| L5K || Zhejiang Yongkang Easy Vehicle
|-
| L5N || Zhejiang Taotao, China (ATV &amp; motorcycles)
|-
| L5Y || Merato Motorcycle Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co. Ltd. (Znen)
|-
| L6T || Geely, Lynk &amp; Co, Zeekr
|-
| L66 || Zhuhai Granton Bus and Coach Co. Ltd. 
|-
| L82 || Baotian
|-
| L85 || Zhejiang Yongkang Huabao Electric Appliance
|-
| L8A || Jinhua Youngman Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L8X || Zhejiang Summit Huawin Motorcycle
|-
| L8Y || Zhejiang Jonway Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
|-
| L9G || Zhuhai Guangtong Automobile Co., Ltd. (bus)
|-
| L9N || Zhejiang Taotao Vehicles Co., Ltd.
|-
| MAB || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAC || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MAH || Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd
|-
| MAJ || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] India
|-
| MAK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Cars India
|-
| MAL || Hyundai Motor India
|- 
| MAN || Eicher Polaris Multix
|- 
| MAT || Tata Motors, Rover CityRover
|-
| MA1 || Mahindra &amp; Mahindra
|-
| MA3 || Maruti Suzuki India (domestic &amp; export)
|-
| MA6 || GM India
|-
| MA7 || Hindustan Motors Ltd &amp; Mitsubishi Motors &amp; Isuzu models made by Hindustan Motors
|-
| MBF || Royal Enfield
|- 
| MBH || Suzuki (for export) &amp; Nissan Pixo made by Maruti Suzuki India Limited
|-
| MBJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBK || MAN Trucks India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MBL || Hero MotoCorp
|-
| MBR || Mercedes-Benz India
|-
| MBU || Swaraj Vehicles Limited
|-
| MBV || Premier Automobiles Ltd.
|-
| MBX || Piaggio India (Piaggio Ape)
|-
| MBY || Asia Motor Works Ltd.
|-
| MB1 || Ashok Leyland
|-
| MB7 || Reva Electric Car Company
|-
| MB8 || Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited
|-
| MCA || FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd
|-
| MCB || GM India
|-
| MCD || Mahindra Two Wheelers
|-
| MCG || Atul Auto
|-
| MCL || International Cars And Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC1 || Force Motors Ltd.
|-
| MC2 || Eicher Motors Ltd./Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles Ltd.
|-
| MC4 || Dilip Chhabria Design Pvt Ltd.
|-
| MDE || Kinetic Engineering Limited
|-
| MDH || Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd.
|-
| MDT || Kerala Automobiles Limited
|-
| MD2 || Bajaj Auto Ltd. &amp; KTM and Husqvarna models built by Bajaj
|-
| MD6 || TVS Motor Company
|-
| MD7 || LML Ltd including Genuine Scooter Company Stella
|-
| MD9 || Shuttle Cars India
|-
| MEC || Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (BharatBenz)
|-
| MEE || Renault India Private Limited
|-
| MEG || Harley-Davidson India
|-
| MER || Benelli India
|-
| MET || Piaggio India (Vespa)
|-
| MEX || Škoda Auto Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 2015 on
|-
| ME1 || India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| ME3 || Royal Enfield
|-
| ME4 || Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India
|-
| MYH || Ather Energy
|-
| MZB || Kia India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| MZD || Classic Legends Private Limited – Jawa
|-
| MZZ || Citroen India
|-
| MZ7 || MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| M3G || Isuzu Motors India
|-
| M6F || UM Lohia Two Wheelers Private Limited
|-
| MF3 || PT Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHD || PT Indomobil Suzuki International
|-
| MHF || PT [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Indonesia
|-
| MHK || PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (includes Toyotas made by Astra Daihatsu)
|-
| MHL || PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia
|-
| MHR || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Indonesia (PT Honda Prospect Motor) (car)
|-
| MHY || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (car, MPV)
|-
| MH1 || PT Astra Honda Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MH3 || PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Mfg.
|-
| MH4 || PT Kawasaki Motor Indonesia
|-
| MH8 || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (motorcycle)
|-
| MJB || GM Indonesia
|-
| MKF || PT Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK)
|-
| MK2 || PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia
|-
| MK3 || PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling)
|-
| MLB || Siam Yamaha Co Ltd.
|-
| MLC || Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLE || Thai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MLH || Thai [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (motorcycle)
|-
| MLY || Harley-Davidson Thailand
|-
| ML0 || Ducati Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| ML3 || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| ML5 || Kawasaki Motors Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Thailand)
|-
| MMA || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMB || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMC || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMD || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMF || BMW Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MML || MG Thailand (SAIC-CP)
|-
| MMM || Chevrolet Thailand
|-
| MMR || Subaru/Tan Chong Subaru Automotive (Thailand) Co. Ltd.
|-
| MMS || Suzuki Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (passenger car)
|-
| MMT || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
|-
| MMU || Holden Thailand
|-
| MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 || Mazda Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant)
|-
| MNA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for Australia/New Zealand export
|-
| MNB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for other right-hand drive markets
|-
| MNC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for left-hand drive markets
|-
| MNK || Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand Co Ltd.
|-
| MNT || Nissan Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MNU || Great Wall Motor Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MPA || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MPB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford Thailand Manufacturing plant)
|-
| MP1 || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP2 || Mazda BT-50 pickup built by Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
|-
| MP5 || Foton Motor Thailand
|-
| MRH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Thailand (car)
|-
| MRT || Neta (Hozon Auto) made by Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd. 
|-
| MR0 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (pickups &amp; Fortuner SUV)
|-
| MR1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand
|-
| MR2 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Gateway plant) (passenger cars &amp; CUVs)
|-
| MR3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Hilux Champ chassis cab)
|-
| MS0 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Star Motors]] Myanmar
|-
| MS3 || Suzuki Myanmar Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| MXL || Yutong buses made by Qaz Tehna (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MXV || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles (Kazakhstan)
|-
| MX3 || Hyundai Trans Auto (Kazakhstan)
|-
| NAA || Iran Khodro (Peugeot Iran)
|-
| NAC || Mammut (truck trailers)
|-
| NAD || Škoda
|-
| NAP || Pars Khodro
|-
| NAS || SAIPA
|-
| NC0 || Oghab Afshan (bus)
|-
| NC9/ || VIRA Diesel
|-
| NFB || Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd.
|-
| NG3 || Lucky Motor Corporation
|-
| NLA || Honda Turkiye A.S. cars
|-
| NLC || Askam Kamyon Imalat Ve Ticaret A.S.
|-
| NLE || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Truck
|-
| NLF || Koluman Otomotiv Endustri A.S. (trailer)
|-
| NLH || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv car/SUV
|-
| NLJ || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv van
|-
| NLN || Karsan
|-
| NLR || Otokar
|-
| NLT || Temsa
|-
| NLZ || Tezeller
|-
| NL1 || TOGG
|-
| NMA || MAN Türkiye A.Ş.
|-
| NMB || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Buses
|-
| NMC || BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.
|-
| NMH || Honda Anadolu motorcycle
|-
| NMT || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Turkey
|-
| NM0 || Ford Otosan
|-
| NM1 || Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş.
|-
| NM4 || Tofaş (Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS)
|-
| NNA || Anadolu Isuzu
|-
| NNN || Gépébus Oréos 4X (based on Otokar Vectio)
|-
| NNY || Yeksan (truck trailer)
|-
| NPM || Seyit Usta Treyler (truck trailer)
|-
| NP8|| ÖZGÜL TREYLER (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/011 || Güleryüz (bus)
|-
| NP9/042 || Ali Rıza Usta (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/106 || Çarsan Treyle (truck trailer) 
|-
| NP9/107 || Arbus Perfect 
|-
| NP9/300 || TCV (bus) 
|-
| NP9/258 || Ceytrayler (truck trailer) 
|-
| NRC || Doğan Yıldız (truck trailer)
|-
| NRE || Bozankaya
|-
| NRX || Musoshi
|-
| NRY || Pilotcar Otomotiv
|-
| NSA || SamAvto / SAZ (Uzbekistan)
|-
| NS2 || JV MAN Auto - Uzbekistan
|-
| PAB || Isuzu Philippines Corporation
|-
| PAD || Honda Cars Philippines
|-
| PE1 || Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PE3 || Mazda Philippines made by Ford Motor Company Philippines
|-
| PFD || Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore (HMGICS)
|-
| PL1 || Proton, Malaysia
|-
| PL8 || Inokom-Hyundai
|-
| PLP || Subaru/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PLZ || Isuzu Malaysia
|-
| PMH || Honda Malaysia (car)
|-
| PMK || Honda Boon Siew (motorcycle)
|-
| PML || Hicom 
|-
| PMN || Modenas
|-
| PMS || Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia (motorcycle)
|-
| PMV || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd.
|-
| PM1 || BMW &amp; Mini/Inokom
|-
| PM2 || Perodua
|-
| PM9/ || Bufori
|-
| PNA || Naza/Kia/Peugeot
|-
| PNA || Stellantis Gurun (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (Peugeot)
|-
| PNV || Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia
|-
| PN1 || UMW Toyota Motor
|-
| PN2 || UMW Toyota Motor
|-
| PN8 || Nissan/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia
|-
| PPP || Suzuki
|-
| PPV || Volkswagen/HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia)
|-
| PP1 || Mazda/Inokom
|-
| PP3 || Hyundai/Inokom
|-
| PRA || Sinotruk
|-
| PRH || Chery (by Chery Alado Holdings [joint venture] at Oriental Assemblers plant)
|-
| PRX || Kia/Inokom
|-
| PR8 || Ford
|-
| RA1 || Steyr Trucks International FZE, UAE
|-
| LFA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. old designation
|-
| LM1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling)
|-
| LM4 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki ATV made by Tai Ling)
|-
| LN1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling)
|-
| LPR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. old designation
|-
| RFB || Kymco, Taiwan
|-
| RFC || Taiwan Golden Bee
|-
| RFD || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. new designation
|-
| RFG || Sanyang Motor Co., Ltd. (SYM) Taiwan
|-
| RFL || Adly, Taiwan
|-
| RFT || CPI Motor Company, Taiwan
|-
| RFV || PGO Scooters including Genuine Scooter Company models made by PGO
|-
| RF3 || Aeon Motor Co., Ltd., Taiwan
|-
| RF5 || Yulon Motor Co. Ltd., Taiwan (Luxgen)
|-
| RGS || Kawasaki made by Kymco
|-
| RHA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. new designation
|-
| RKJ || Prince Motors Taiwan
|-
| RKL || Kuozui Motors (Toyota)
|-
| RKM || China Motor Corporation
|-
| RKR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. new designation
|-
| RKT || Access Motor Co., Ltd.
|-
| RK3 || Honda Taiwan
|-
| RK7 || Kawasaki ATV made by Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd (rebadged Suzuki ATV) new designation
|-
| RLA || Vina Star Motors Corp. – Mitsubishi
|-
| RLC || Yamaha Motor Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLE || Isuzu Vietnam Co.
|-
| RLH || Honda Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| RLL || VinFast SUV
|-
| RLM || Mercedes-Benz Vietnam
|-
| RLN || VinFast
|-
| RLV || Vietnam Precision Industrial CO., Ltd. (Can-Am DS 70 &amp; DS 90)
|-
| RL0 || Ford Vietnam
|-
| RL4 || Toyota Motor Vietnam
|-
| RP8 || Piaggio Vietnam Co. Ltd.
|-
| R1J || Jiayuan Electric Vehicles (Hong Kong)
|-
| R1N || Niu Technologies Group Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R10 || ZAP (HK) Co. Ltd.
|-
| R2P || Evoke Electric Motorcycles (Hong Kong)
|-
| R3M || Mangosteen Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong)
|-
| R4N || Elyx Smart Technology Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd.
|-
| SAA || Austin
|-
| SAB || Optare
|-
| SAD || Daimler Company Limited (until April 1987)
|-
| SAD || Jaguar SUV (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace)
|-
| SAF || ERF trucks
|-
| SAH || Honda made by Austin Rover Group
|-
| SAJ || Jaguar passenger car &amp; Daimler passenger car (after April 1987)
|-
| SAL || [[../Land Rover/VIN Codes|Land Rover]]
|-
| SAM || Morris
|-
| SAR || Rover &amp; MG Rover Group
|-
| SAT || Triumph car
|-
| SAX || Austin-Rover Group including Sterling Cars
|-
| SAY || Norton Motorcycles
|-
| SAZ || Freight Rover
|-
| SA3 || Ginetta Cars
|-
| SA9/ || OX Global
|-
| SA9/A11 || Morgan Roadster (V6) (USA)
|-
| SA9/J00 || Morgan Aero 8 (USA)
|-
| SA9/004 || Morgan (4-wheel passenger cars)
|-
| SA9/005 || Panther
|-
| SA9/010 || Invicta S1
|-
| SA9/019 || TVR
|-
| SA9/022 || Triking Sports Cars
|-
| SA9/026 || Fleur de Lys
|-
| SA9/038 || DAX Cars
|-
| SA9/039 || Westfield Sportscars
|-
| SA9/048 || McLaren F1
|-
| SA9/088 || Spectre Angel 
|-
| SA9/050 || Marcos Engineering
|-
| SA9/062 || AC Cars (Brooklands Ace)
|-
| SA9/074 || Ascari 
|-
| SA9/105 || Mosler Europe Ltd.
|-
| SA9/113 || Noble
|-
| SA9/130 || MG Sport and Racing
|-
| SA9/141 || Wrightbus
|-
| SA9/202 || Morgan 3-Wheeler, Super 3
|-
| SA9/207 || Radical Sportscars
|-
| SA9/211 || BAC
|-
| SA9/231 || Peel Engineering
|-
| SA9/337 || Ariel
|-
| SA9/341 || Zenos
|-
| SA9/438 || Charge Cars
|-
| SA9/458 || Gordon Murray Automotive
|-
| SA9/612 || Tiger Racing (kit car)
|-
| SA9/621 || AC Cars (Ace)
|-
| SBB || Leyland Vehicles
|-
| SBC || Iveco Ford Truck
|-
| SBJ || Leyland Bus
|-
| SBL || Leyland Motors &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| SBM || McLaren
|-
| SBS || Scammell
|-
| SBV || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt trucks made by Leyland Trucks
|-
| SB1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing UK
|-
| SCA || Rolls Royce passenger car
|-
| SCB || Bentley passenger car
|-
| SCC || Lotus Cars
|-
| SCD || Reliant Motors
|-
| SCE || DeLorean Motor Cars N. Ireland (UK)
|-
| SCF || Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. passenger car &amp; '21 DBX SUV
|-
| SCG || Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. (original Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SCK || Ifor Williams Trailers
|-
| SCM || Manitowoc Cranes - Grove
|-
| SCR || London Electric Vehicle Company &amp; London Taxi Company &amp; London Taxis International
|-
| SCV || Volvo Truck &amp; Bus Scotland
|-
| SC5 || Wrightbus (from ~2020)
|-
| SC6 || INEOS Automotive SUV
|-
| SDB || Talbot
|-
| SDC || SDC Trailers Ltd. (truck trailer)
|-
| SDF || Dodge Trucks – UK 1981–1984
|-
| SDG || Renault Trucks Industries 1985–1992
|-
| SDK || Caterham Cars
|-
| SDL || TVR
|-
| SDP || NAC MG UK &amp; MG Motor UK Ltd.
|-
| SD7 || Aston Martin SUV
|-
| SD8 || Moke International Ltd.
|-
| SED || IBC Vehicles (General Motors Luton Plant)
|-
| SEG || Dennis Eagle Ltd.
|-
| SEY || LDV Group Ltd.
|-
| SFA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] UK
|-
| SFD || Dennis UK / Alexander Dennis
|-
| SFE || Alexander Dennis UK
|-
| SFR || General Trailers (truck trailer)
|-
| SFN || Foden Trucks
|-
| SFZ || Tesla Roadster made by Lotus
|-
| SGA || Avondale (caravans)
|-
| SGB || Bailey (caravans)
|-
| SGD || Swift Group Ltd. (caravans)
|-
| SGE || Elddis (caravans)
|-
| SGL || Lunar Caravans Ltd.
|-
|SG4
|Coachman (caravans)
|-
| SHH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK passenger car
|-
| SHS || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK SUV
|-
| SH7 || INEOS Automotive truck
|-
| SJA || Bentley SUV
|-
| SJK || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Infiniti
|-
| SJN || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Nissan
|-
| SJ1 || Ree Automotive
|-
| SKA || Vauxhall
|-
| SKB || Kel-Berg Trailers &amp; Trucks
|-
| SKF || Bedford Vehicles
|-
| SKL || Anaig (UK) Technology Ltd
|-
| SLA || Rolls Royce SUV
|-
| SLC || Thwaites Dumpers
|-
| SLP || JC Bamford Excavators Ltd.
|-
| SMT || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. (current Triumph Motorcycle company)
|-
| SNE || Wartburg (East Germany)
|-
| SNT || Trabant (East Germany)
|-
| SPE || B-ON GmbH (Germany)
|-
| SUA || Autosan
|-
| SUD || Wielton (truck trailers)
|-
| SUF || FSM/Fiat Auto Poland (Polski Fiat)
|-
| SUJ || Jelcz (Poland)
|-
| SUL || FSC (Poland)
|-
| SUP || FSO/Daewoo-FSO (Poland)
|-
| SUU || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland)
|-
| SU9/NC5|| Zasta (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PL1 || Plandex (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/PN1 || Solaris Bus &amp; Coach (Poland) - until 2004
|-
| SU9/RE2 || Gromex (trailer)
|-
| SU9/TR1 || Plavec (truck trailer)
|-
| SU9/YV1|| Pilea bus/ARP E-Vehicles (Poland)
|-
| SVH || ZASŁAW (truck trailer)
|-
| SV9/RN1 || Prod-Rent (truck trailer)
|-
| SWH || Temared (trailers)
|-
| SWV || TA-NO (Poland)
|-
| SWZ || Zremb (trailers)
|-
| SW9/WG3 || Grew / Opalenica (trailer)
|-
| SXE || Neptun Trailers
|-
| SXM || MELEX Sp. z o.o.
|-
| SX9/KT1 || SZA - Kutno (bus)
|-
| SX9/PN1 || Polkon (truck trailer)
|-
| SX9/SP1 || SOMMER Polska (truck trailer)
|-
| SYG || Gniotpol, GT Trailers Sp. z o. o. (truck trailer)
|-
| SZA || Scania Poland
|-
| SZN || Przyczepy Głowacz (trailer) 
|-
| SZ9/PW1 || PRO-WAM (truck trailer)
|-
| SZ9/TU1 || Ovibos (truck trailer)
|-
| TAW || NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon &amp; Wetzikon AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TCC || Micro Compact Car AG (smart 1998-1999) (Switzerland)
|-
| TDM || QUANTYA Swiss Electric Movement (Switzerland)
|-
| TEB || Bucher Municipal AG (Switzerland)
|-
| TFH || FHS Frech-Hoch AG (truck trailer) (Switzerland)
|-
| TH9/512 || Hess AG (bus, trolleybus) (Switzerland)
|-
| TKP ||Panav a.s.  (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/AH3 || Atmos Chrást s.r.o. (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/PP7 || Paragan Trucks (truck trailer) (Czech Republic)
|-
| TK9/SL5 || SOR Libchavy buses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TLJ || Jawa Moto (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMA || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech
|-
| TMB || Škoda Auto|Škoda (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMC || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech
|-
| TMK || Karosa (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMP || Škoda trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TMT || Tatra passenger car (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE3 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/SE4 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic)
|-
| TM9/TE6 || TEDOM bus (Czech Republic)
|-
| TNA || Avia/Daewoo Avia
|-
| TNE || TAZ
|-
| TNG || LIAZ (Liberecké Automobilové Závody)
|-
| TNT || Tatra trucks
|-
| TNU || Tatra trucks
|-
| TN9 || Karosa (Czech Republic)
|-
| TRA || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TRC || Csepel
|-
| TRK || Credo bus/Kravtex (Hungary)
|-
| TRR/CC0 || Rába Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TRU || Audi Hungary
|-
| TSB || Ikarus Bus
|-
| TSE || Ikarus Egyedi Autobuszgyar (EAG) (Hungary)
|-
| TSF || Alfabusz (Hungary)
|-
| TSM || Suzuki Hungary (Magyar Suzuki), Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki in Hungary
|-
| TSY || Keeway Motorcycles (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/130 || Enterprise Bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/131 || MJT bus (Hungary)
|-
| TS9/156 || Ikarus / Auto Rad Controlle Kft. (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/117 || Ikarus / Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. / MABI (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/117 || Ikarus Egyedi Autobusz Gyarto Kft. (Hungary)
|-
| TT9/123 || Ikarus Global Zrt. (Hungary)
|-
| TWG || CeatanoBus (Portugal)
|-
| TW1 || Toyota Caetano Portugal, S.A. (Toyota Coaster, Dyna, Optimo, Land Cruiser 70 Series)
|-
| TW2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Lusitana (Portugal)
|-
| TW4 || UMM (Portugal)
|-
| TW6 || Citroën (Portugal)
|-
| TW7 || Mini Moke made by British Leyland &amp; Austin Rover Portugal
|-
| TX5 || Mini Moke made by Cagiva (Moke Automobili)
|-
| TYA || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (right-hand drive)
|-
| TYB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (left-hand drive)
|-
| T49/BG7 || FAP (Serbia)
|-
| T49/V16 || MAZ / BIK (Serbia, bus)
|-
| UA4 ||  Irizar e-mobility (Spain)
|-
| UD3 || Granalu truck trailers (Belgium)
|-
| UKR || Hero Camper (Denmark)
|-
| UH9/DA3 || DAB - Danish Automobile Building (acquired by Scania)
|-
| UH9/HF1|| HFR Trailer A/S (truck trailer)
|-
| UH9/VM2 || VM Tarm a/s (truck trailer)
|-
| UJG || Garia ApS (Denmark)
|-
| UN1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Ireland
|-
| UU1 || Dacia (Romania)
|-
| UU2 || Oltcit
|-
| UU3 || ARO
|-
| UU4 || Roman SA
|-
| UU5 || Rocar
|-
| UU6 || Daewoo Romania
|-
| UU7 || Euro Bus Diamond
|-
| UU9 || Astra Bus
|-
| UV9 || ATP Bus
|-
| UWR || Robus Reșița
|-
| UZT || UTB (Uzina de Tractoare Brașov)
|-
| U1A || Sanos (North Macedonia)
|-
| U5Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| U6Y || Kia Motors Slovakia
|-
| VAG || Steyr-Daimler-Puch Puch G &amp; Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer
|-
| VAH || Hangler (truck trailer)
|-
| VAK || Kässbohrer Transport Technik
|-
| VAN || MAN Austria/Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr Trucks
|-
| VAV || Schwarzmüller
|-
| VA0 || ÖAF, Gräf &amp; Stift
|-
| VA4 || KSR
|-
| VBK || KTM 
|-
| VBK || Husqvarna Motorcycles &amp; Gas Gas under KTM ownership
|-
| VCF || Fisker Inc. (Fisker Ocean) made by Magna Steyr
|-
| VFA || Alpine, Renault Alpine GTA
|-
|VFN
|Trailor (truck trailers)
|-
| VF1 || Renault, Eagle Medallion made by Renault, Opel/Vauxhall Arena made by Renault, Mitsubishi ASX made by Renault
|-
| VF2 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VF3 || Peugeot
|-
| VF4 || Talbot
|-
| VF5 || Iveco Unic
|-
| VF6 || Renault Trucks including vans made by Renault S.A.
|-
| VF7 || Citroën
|-
| VF8 || Matra Automobiles (Talbot-Matra Murena, Rancho made by Matra, Renault Espace I/II/III, Avantime made by Matra)
|-
| VF9/024 || Legras Industries (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/132 || Jean CHEREAU S.A.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| VF9/300 || EvoBus France
|-
| VF9/673 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VF9/795 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]]
|-
| VF9/880 || Bolloré Bluebus
|-
| VGA || Peugeot Motocycles
|-
| VGY || Lohr (truck trailers)
|-
| VG5 || MBK (motorcycles) &amp; Yamaha Motor
|-
| VG6 || Renault Trucks &amp; Mack Trucks medium duty trucks made by Renault Trucks
|-
| VG7 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG8 || Renault Trucks
|-
| VG9/019 || Naya (autonomous vehicle)
|-
| VG9/061 || Alstom-NTL Aptis (bus)
|-
| VHX || Manitowoc Cranes - Potain
|-
| VH1 || Benalu SAS (truck trailer)
|-
| VJR || Ligier
|-
| VJY || Gruau
|-
| VJ1 || Heuliez Bus
|-
| VJ2 || Mia Electric
|-
| VKD || Cheval Liberté (horse trailer)
|-
| VK1 || SEG (truck trailer)
|-
| VK2 || Grandin Automobiles
|-
| VK8 || Venturi Automobiles
|-
| VLG || Aixam-Mega
|-
| VLU || Scania France
|-
| VL4 || Bluecar, Citroen E-Mehari
|-
| VMK || Renault Sport Spider
|-
| VMS || Automobiles Chatenet
|-
| VMW || Gépébus Oréos 55
|-
| VM3 || Lamberet (trailer)
|-
| VN1 || Renault SOVAB (France), Opel/Vauxhall Movano A made at SOVAB
|-
| VN4 || Voxan
|-
| VNE || Iveco Bus/Irisbus (France)
|-
| VNK || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing France
|-
| VNV || Nissan made in France by Renault
|-
| VRW || Goupil
|-
| VR1 || DS Automobiles
|-
| VR3 || Peugeot
|-
| VR7 || Citroën
|-
| VPL || Nosmoke S.A.S
|-
| VXE || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall van
|-
| VXF || Fiat van (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-)
|-
| VXK || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall car/SUV
|-
| VYF || Fiat van (Fiat Doblo '23-)
|-
| VYS || Renault made by Ampere at Eletricity Douai (Renault 5 E-Tech)
|-
| UA2 || Iveco Massif &amp; Campagnola made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSA || Mercedes-Benz Spain
|-
| VSC || Talbot
|-
| VSE || Santana Motors (Land Rover Series-based models) &amp; Suzuki SJ/Samurai, Jimny, &amp; Vitara made by Santana Motors in Spain
|-
| VSF || Santana Motors (Anibal/PS-10, 300/350)
|-
| VSK || Nissan Motor Iberica SA, Nissan passenger car/MPV/van/SUV/pickup &amp; Ford Maverick 1993–1999
|-
| VSR || Leciñena (truck trailers)
|-
| VSS || SEAT/Cupra
|-
| VSX || Opel Spain
|-
|VSY
|Renault V.I. Spain (bus)
|-
| VS1 || Pegaso
|-
| VS5 || Renault Spain
|-
| VS6 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Spain
|-
| VS7 || Citroën Spain
|-
| VS8 || Peugeot Spain
|-
| VS9/001 || Setra Seida (Spain)
|-
| VS9/016 || Irizar bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/031 || Carrocerias Ayats (Spain)
|-
| VS9/032 || Parcisa (truck trailer) (Spain)
|-
| VS9/044 || Beulas bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/098 || Sunsundegui bus (Spain)
|-
| VS9/172 || EvoBus Spain
|-
| VS9/917 || Nogebus (Spain)
|-
| VTD || Montesa Honda (Honda Montesa motorcycle models)
|-
| VTH || Derbi (motorcycles)
|-
| VTL || Yamaha Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VTM || Montesa Honda (Honda motorcycle models)
|-
| VTP || Rieju S.A. (motorcycles)
|-
| VTR || Gas Gas
|-
| VTT || Suzuki Spain (motorcycles)
|-
| VVC || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers)
|-
| VVG || Tisvol (truck trailers)
|-
| VV1 || Lecitrailer Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VV9/ || [[wikipedia:Tauro Sport Auto|TAURO]] Sport Auto Spain
|-
| VV9/010 || Castrosúa bus (Spain)
|-
| VV9/359|| Hispano-Suiza
|-
| VWA || Nissan Vehiculos Industriales SA, Nissan Commercial Vehicles
|-
| VWF || Guillén Group (truck trailers)
|-
| VWV || Volkswagen Spain
|-
| VX1 || [[w:Zastava Automobiles|Zastava Automobiles]] / [[w:Yugo|Yugo]] (Yugoslavia/Serbia)
|-
| V1Y || FAS Sanos bus (Yugoslavia/North Macedonia)
|-
| V2X || Ikarbus a.d. (Serbia)
|-
| V31 || Tvornica Autobusa Zagreb (TAZ) (Croatia)
|-
| V39/AB8 || Rimac Automobili (Croatia)
|-
| V6A || Bestnet AS; Tiki trailers (Estonia)
|-
| V6B || Brentex-Trailer (Estonia)
|-
| V61 || Respo Trailers (Estonia)
|-
| WAC || Audi/Porsche RS2 Avant
|-
| WAG || Neoplan
|-
| WAP || Alpina
|-
| WAU || Audi car
|-
| WA1 || Audi SUV
|-
| WBA || BMW car
|-
| WBJ || Bitter Cars
|-
| WBK || Böcker Maschinenwerke GmbH 
|-
| WBS || BMW M car
|-
| WBU || Bürstner (caravans)
|-
| WBX || BMW SUV
|-
| WBY || BMW i car
|-
| WB0 || Böckmann Fahrzeugwerke GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WB1 || BMW Motorrad 
|-
| WB3 || BMW Motorrad Motorcycles made in India by TVS
|-
| WB4 || BMW Motorrad Motorscooters made in China by Loncin
|-
| WB5 || BMW i SUV
|-
| WCD || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2019
|-
| WDA || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| WDB || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] &amp; Maybach
|-
| WDC || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| WDD || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] car
|-
| WDF || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] van/pickup (French &amp; Spanish built models – Citan &amp; Vito &amp; X-Class)
|-
| WDP || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2019
|-
| WDR || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDT || Dethleffs (caravans)
|-
| WDW || Dodge Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2009
|-
| WDX || Dodge Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2009
|-
| WDY || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2019
|-
| WDZ || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD0 || Dodge Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WD1 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD2 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| WD3 || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD4 || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| WD5 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 &amp; Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| WD6 || Freightliner Unimog truck
|-
| WD7 || Freightliner Unimog incomplete vehicle
|-
| WD8 || Dodge Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2009
|-
| WEB || Evobus GmbH (Mercedes-Benz buses)
|-
| WEL || e.GO Mobile AG
|-
| WFB || Feldbinder Spezialfahrzeugwerke GmbH
|-
| WFC || Fendt (caravans)
|-
| WFD || Fliegl Trailer
|-
| WF0 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Germany
|-
| WF1 || Merkur
|-
| WG0 || Goldhofer AG (truck trailer)
|-
| WHB || Hobby (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WHD || Humbaur GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WHW || Hako GmbH
|-
| WHY || Hymer (recreational vehicles)
|-
| WJM || Iveco/Iveco Magirus
|-
| WJR || Irmscher
|-
| WKE || Krone (truck trailers)
|-
| WKK || Setra (Evobus GmbH; formerly Kässbohrer)
|-
| WKN || Knaus (caravans)
|-
| WKV || Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke Gmbh (truck trailers)
|-
| WK0 || Kögel (truck trailers)
|-
| WLA || Langendorf semi-trailers
|-
| WMA || MAN Truck &amp; Bus 
|-
| WME || smart (from 5/99)
|-
| WMM || Karl Müller GmbH &amp; Co. KG (truck trailers)
|-
| WMW || MINI car
|-
| WMX || Mercedes-AMG used for Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG &amp; Mercedes-AMG GT (not used in North America)
|-
| WMZ || MINI SUV
|-
| WNA || Next.e.GO Mobile SE
|-
| WP0 || Porsche car
|-
| WP1 || Porsche SUV
|-
| WSE || STEMA Metalleichtbau GmbH (trailers)
|-
| WSK || Schmitz-Cargobull Gotha (truck trailers)
|-
| WSM || Schmitz-Cargobull (truck trailers)
|-
| WSV || Aebi Schmidt Group
|-
| WS5 || StreetScooter
|-
| WS7 || Sono Motors
|-
| WTA || Tabbert (caravans)
|-
| WUA || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) car
|-
| WU1 || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) SUV
|-
| WVG || Volkswagen SUV &amp; Touran
|-
| WVM || Arbeitsgemeinschaft VW-MAN
|-
| WVP || Viseon Bus
|-
| WVW || Volkswagen passenger car, Sharan, Golf Plus, Golf Sportsvan
|-
| WV1 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (cargo van or 1st gen. Amarok)
|-
| WV2 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (passenger van or minibus)
|-
| WV3 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (chassis cab)
|-
| WV4 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (2nd gen. Amarok made by Ford)
|-
| WZ1 || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation)
|-
| W0D || Obermaier (truck trailer)
|-
| W0L || Adam Opel AG/Vauxhall &amp; Holden
|-
| W0V || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall &amp; Holden (since 2017)
|-
| W04 || Buick Regal &amp; Buick Cascada
|-
| W06 || Cadillac Catera
|-
| W08 || Saturn Astra
|-
| W09/A71 || Apollo
|-
| W09/B09 || Bitter Cars
|-
| W09/B16 || Brabus
|-
| W09/C09|| Carnehl Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/D05 || Drögmöller
|-
| W09/G64 || Gumpert
|-
| W09/H10 || Heitling Fahrzeugbau
|-
| W09/H49 || H&amp;W Nutzfahrzeugtechnik GmbH (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/P13 || Pagenkopf (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/R06 || RUF
|-
| W09/S25 || Spermann (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W20|| Kurt Willig GmbH &amp; Co. KG  (truck trailer)
|-
| W09/W59 || Wiesmann
|-
| W09/004|| ORTEN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer)
|-
| W1A || smart
|-
| W1H || Freightliner Econic
|-
| W1K || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| W1N || Mercedes-Benz SUV
|-
| W1T || Mercedes-Benz truck
|-
| W1V || Mercedes-Benz van
|-
| W1W || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1X || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| W1Y || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| W1Z || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| W2W || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats)
|-
| W2X || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle
|-
| W2Y || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats)
|-
| W2Z || Freightliner Sprinter &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| XG6 || MGK Hellenic Motor motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG8 || Gorgolis SA motorcycles (Greece)
|-
| XG9/B01 || Sfakianakis bus Greece
|-
| XΗ9/B21 || Hellenic Vehicle Industry - ELVO bus Greece
|-
| XLA || DAF Bus International
|-
| XLB || Volvo Car B.V./NedCar B.V. (Volvo Cars)
|-
| XLC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Netherlands
|-
| XLD || Pacton Trailers B.V.
|-
| XLE || Scania Netherlands
|-
| XLK || Burg Trailer Service BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XLR || DAF Trucks &amp; Leyland DAF
|-
| XLV || DAF Bus
|-
| XLW || Terberg Benschop BV
|-
| XL3 || Ebusco 2.2 and newer 
|-
| XL4 ||Lightyear
|-
| XL9/002 || Jumbo Groenewegen (truck trailers)
|-
| XL9/003 || Autobusfabriek Bova BV
|-
| XL9/007|| Broshuis BV (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/010|| Ginaf Trucks
|-
| XL9/017 || MTDK a/s (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/021 || Donkervoort Cars
|-
| XL9/042 || Den Oudsten Bussen
|-
| XL9/073 || Zwalve (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/109|| Groenewold Carrosseriefabriek B.V. (car transporter)
|-
| XL9/251 || Spierings Mobile Cranes
|-
| XL9/320 || VDL Bova
|-
| XL9/355|| Berdex (truck trailer)
|-
| XL9/363 || Spyker
|-
| XL9/530 || Ebusco
|-
| XMC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (LHD)
|-
| XMD || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (RHD)
|-
| XMG || VDL Bus International
|-
| XMR || Nooteboom Trailers 
|-
| XM4 || RAVO Holding B.V.
|-
| XNB || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (Colt CZC convertible - RHD)
|-
| XNC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (Colt CZC convertible - LHD)
|-
| XNL || VDL Bus &amp; Coach
|-
| XNT || Pacton Trailers B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XN1 || Kraker Trailers Axel B.V. (truck trailer)
|-
| XPN || Knapen Trailers
|-
| XP7 || Tesla Europe (based in the Netherlands) (Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg)
|-
| XTA || Lada / AvtoVAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTB || Moskvitch / AZLK (Russia)
|-
| XTC || KAMAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTD || LuAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTE || ZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTF || GolAZ (Russia) 
|-
| XTH || GAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTK || IzhAvto (Russia)
|-
| XTM || MAZ (Belarus); used until 1997
|-
| XTP || Ural (Russia)
|-
| XTT || UAZ / Sollers (Russia)
|-
| XTU || Trolza, previously ZiU (Russia)
|-
| XTW || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| XTY || LiAZ (Russia)
|-
| XTZ || ZiL (Russia)
|-
| XUF || General Motors Russia
|-
| XUU || AvtoTor (Russia, Chevrolet SKD)
|-
| XW7 || Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia
|-
| XW8 || Volkswagen Group Russia
|-
| XWB || UZ-Daewoo/GM Uzbekistan/Ravon/UzAuto Motors (Uzbekistan)
|-
| XWE || AvtoTor (Russia, Hyundai-Kia SKD)
|-
| XWF || AvtoTor (Russia, Chevrolet Tahoe/Opel/Cadillac/Hummer SKD)
|-
| XX3 || Ujet Manufacturing (Luxembourg)
|-
| XZG || Great Wall Motor (Haval Motor Rus)
|-
| X1D|| RAF (Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika)
|-
| X1E || KAvZ (Russia)
|-
| X1F || NefAZ (Russia)
|-
| X1M || PAZ (Russia)
|-
| X4X || AvtoTor (Russia, BMW SKD)
|-
| X7L || Renault AvtoFramos (Russia)
|-
| X7M || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] &amp; Vortex (rebadged Chery) made by TagAZ (Russia)
|-
| X89/ || ВМЗ (VMZ) trolleybus
|-
| X89/FY1 || Sherp 
|-
| X8J || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles
|-
| X8U || Scania Russia
|-
| X96 || GAZ
|-
| X9F || Ford Motor Company ZAO
|-
| X9L || GM-AvtoVAZ
|-
| X9P || Volvo Vostok ZAO Volvo Trucks
|-
| X9X || Great Wall Motors 
|-
| X99/000 || Marussia
|-
| YAF || Faymonville (special transport trailers)
|-
| YAR || Toyota Motor Europe (based in Belgium) used for Toyota ProAce &amp; Toyota ProAce City made by PSA/Stellantis
|-
| YA2 || Atlas Copco Group
|-
| YA9/ || Lambrecht Constructie NV (truck trailers)
|-
| YA9/111 || OVA (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/168 || Forthomme s.a. (truck trailer)
|-
| YA9/169 || Automobiles Gillet
|-
| YBD || Addax Motors
|-
| YBW || Volkswagen Belgium
|-
| YB1 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (truck)
|-
| YB2 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (bus chassis)
|-
| YB3 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| YB6 || Jonckheere
|-
| YCM || Mazda Motor Logistics Europe (based in Belgium) used for European-market Mazda 121 made by Ford in UK
|-
| YC1 || Honda Belgium NV (motorcycle)
|-
| YE1 || Van Hool (trailers)
|-
| YE2 || Van Hool (buses)
|-
| YE6|| STAS (truck trailer)
|-
| YF3 || NTM truck trailer (Finland)
|-
| YH1 || Solifer (caravans)
|-
| YH2 || BRP Finland (Lynx snowmobiles)
|-
| YH4 || Fisker Automotive (Fisker Karma) built by Valmet Automotive
|-
| YK1 || Saab-Valmet Finland
|-
| YK2, YK7 || Sisu Auto
|-
| YK9/016 || Linkker (bus)
|-
| YSC || Cadillac BLS (made by Saab)
|-
| YSM || Polestar cars 
|-
| YSP || Volta Trucks AB
|-
| YSR || Polestar SUV
|-
| YS2 || Scania commercial vehicles (Södertälje factory) 
|-
| YS3 || Saab cars
|-
| YS4 || Scania buses and bus chassis until 2002 (Katrineholm factory)
|-
| YTN || Saab NEVS
|-
| YT7 || Kabe (caravans)
|-
| YT9/007 || Koenigsegg
|-
| YT9/034 || Carvia
|-
| YU1 || Fogelsta, Brenderup Group (trailer)
|-
| YU7 || Husaberg (motorcycles)
|-
| YVV || WiMa 442 EV
|-
| YV1 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] cars
|-
| YV2 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] trucks
|-
| YV3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] buses and bus chassis
|-
| YV4 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] SUV
|-
| YV5 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo Trucks]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| YYC || Think Nordic (Norway)
|-
| Y29/005 || Buddy Electric (Norway)
|-
| Y3J || Belkommunmash (Belarus)
|-
| Y3M || MAZ (Belarus)
|-
| Y4F || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Belarus
|-
| Y4K || Geely (Belarus)
|-
| Y6D || ZAZ / AvtoZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6J || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6L || Hyundai made by Bogdan (Ukraine)
|-
| Y6U || Škoda Auto made by Eurocar (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7A || KrAZ trucks (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7B || Bogdan group (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7C || Great Wall Motors made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7F || Boryspil Bus Factory (Ukraine)
|-
| Y7W || Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y79/A23 || OdAZ (truck trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| Y8A || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9H || LAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9Z || Lada, Renault made by ZAZ (Ukraine)
|-
| Y9W || Pragmatec (trailer) (Ukraine)
|-
| ZAA || Autobianchi
|-
| ZAC || Jeep, Dodge Hornet
|-
| ZAH || Rolfo SpA (car transporter)
|-
| ZAJ || Trigano SpA; Roller Team recreational vehicles
|-
| ZAM || [[../Maserati/VIN Codes|Maserati]]
|-
| ZAP || Piaggio/Vespa/Gilera
|-
| ZAR || Alfa Romeo
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo Alfasud &amp; Sprint through 1989
|-
| ZAS || Alfa Romeo SUV 2018-
|-
| ZAX || Zorzi (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA4 || Omar (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/A12 || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] through mid 2003
|-
| ZA9/B49 || OMSP Macola (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/B95 || Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena bus
|-
| ZA9/D38 || Cizeta Automobili SRL
|-
| ZA9/D39 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobili S.p.A]]
|-
| ZA9/E15 || Tecnobus Industries S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/F16 || OMT (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/F48 || Rampini Carlo S.p.A. (bus)
|-
| ZA9/F76 || Pagani Automobili S.p.A.
|-
| ZA9/G97 || EPT Horus (bus)
|-
| ZA9/H02 || O.ME.P.S. (truck trailer)
|-
| ZA9/H44|| Green-technik by Green Produzione s.r.l. (machine trailer)
|-
| ZA9/K98 || Esagono Energia S.r.l.
|-
| ZA9/M09 || Italdesign Automobili Speciali
|-
| ZA9/M27 || Dallara Stradale
|-
| ZA9/M91 || Automobili Pininfarina
|-
| ZBA || Piacenza (truck trailer)
|-
| ZBB || Bertone
|-
| ZBN || Benelli
|-
| ZBW || Rayton-Fissore Magnum
|-
| ZCB || E. Bartoletti SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZCF || Iveco / Irisbus (Italy)
|-
| ZCG || Cagiva SpA / MV Agusta
|-
| ZCG || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under MV Agusta ownership
|-
| ZCM || Menarinibus - IIA (Industria Italiana Autobus) / BredaMenariniBus
|-
| ZCN || Astra Veicoli Industriali S.p.A.
|-
| ZC1 || AnsaldoBreda S.p.A.
|-
| ZC2 || Chrysler TC by Maserati
|-
| ZDC || Honda Italia Industriale SpA
|-
| ZDF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] Dino
|-
| ZDJ || ACM Biagini
|-
| ZDM || Ducati Motor Holdings SpA
|-
| ZDT || De Tomaso Modena SpA
|-
| ZDY || Cacciamali
|-
| ZD0 || Yamaha Motor Italia SpA &amp; Belgarda SpA
|-
| ZD3 || Beta Motor
|-
| ZD4 || Aprilia
|-
| ZEH || Trigano SpA (former SEA Group); McLouis &amp; Mobilvetta recreational vehicles
|-
| ZES || Bimota
|-
| ZE5 || Carmosino (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFA || Fiat
|-
| ZFB || Fiat MPV/SUV
|-
| ZFC || Fiat truck (Fiat Ducato for Mexico, Ram 1200)
|-
| ZFE || KL Motorcycle
|-
| ZFF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]]
|-
| ZFJ || Carrozzeria Pezzaioli (truck trailer)
|-
| ZFM || Fantic Motor
|-
| ZFR || Pininfarina
|-
| ZF4 || Qvale
|-
| ZGA || Iveco Bus
|-
| ZGU || Moto Guzzi
|-
| ZHU || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under Cagiva ownership
|-
| ZHW || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] Mid 2003-
|-
| ZHZ || Menci SpA (truck trailer)
|-
| ZH5 || FB Mondial (motorcycle)
|-
| ZJM || Malaguti
|-
| ZJN || Innocenti
|-
| ZJT || Italjet
|-
| ZKH || Husqvarna Motorcycles Srl Under BMW ownership
|-
| ZLA || Lancia
|-
| ZLF || Tazzari GL SpA
|-
| ZLM || Moto Morini srl
|-
| ZLV || Laverda
|-
| ZNN || Energica
|-
| ZN0 || SWM Motorcycles S.r.l.
|-
| ZN3 || Iveco Defence
|-
| ZN6 || Maserati SUV
|-
| ZPB || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] SUV
|-
| ZPY || DR Automobiles
|-
| ZRG || Tazzari GL Imola SpA
|-
| ZSG || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] SUV
|-
| ZY1 || Adria (recreational vehicles) (Slovenia)
|-
| ZZ1 || Tomos motorcycle (Slovenia)
|-
| Z2Z || Avtomontaža (bus) (Slovenia)
|-
| Z39/009 || Patikima Linija / Rimo (truck trailer) (Lithuania)
|-
| Z6F || Ford Sollers (Russia)
|-
| Z76 || SEMAZ (Kazakhstan)
|-
| Z8M || Marussia (Russia)
|-
| Z8N || Nissan Manufacturing Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z8T || PCMA Rus (Russia)
|-
| Z9M || Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok (Russia)
|-
| Z9N || Samotlor-NN (Iveco) (Russia)
|-
| Z94 || Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (Russia)
|-
| 1A4 1A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2009 only
|-
| 1A9/111 || Amerisport Inc.
|-
| 1A9/569 || American Custom Golf Cars Inc. (AGC)
|-
| 1AC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 1AF || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 1AM || American Motors Corporation car &amp; Renault Alliance 1983 only
|-
| 1B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 1B4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 1981–2002
|-
| 1B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 1B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 1B9/133 || Buell Motorcycle Company through mid 1995
|-
| 1B9/285 || Boss Hoss Cycles
|-
| 1B9/975 || Motus Motorcycles
|-
| 1BA || Blue Bird Corporation bus
|-
| 1BB || Blue Bird Wanderlodge MPV
|-
| 1BD || Blue Bird Corporation incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1BL || Balko, Inc.
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 1C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 1990–2005
|-
| 1C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV 2012–
|-
| 1C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 1C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 1C9/291 || CX Automotive
|-
| 1CM || Checker Motors Corporation
|-
| 1CU || Cushman Haulster (Cushman division of Outboard Marine Corporation)
|-
| 1CY || Crane Carrier Company
|-
| 1D3 || Dodge truck 2002–2009
|-
| 1D4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 1D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 1D8 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2009 only
|-
| 1E9/190 || Electric Transit Inc. (trolleybus)
|-
| 1E9/363 || E-SUV LLC (E-Ride Industries)
|-
| 1E9/456 || Electric Motorsport (GPR-S electric motorcycle)
|-
| 1FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 1FB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1FC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] stripped chassis made by Ford
|-
| 1FD || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1FG || Freightliner Unimog (works machine)
|-
| 1FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 1FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|- 
| 1FU || Freightliner
|-
| 1FV || Freightliner
|-
| 1F1 || Ford SUV - Limousine (through 2009)
|-
| 1F6 || Ford stripped chassis made by Detroit Chassis LLC
|-
| 1F9/037 || Federal Motors Inc. 
|-
| 1F9/FT1 || FWD Corp.
|-
| 1F9/ST2 || Seagrave
|-
| 1G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] USA
|-
| 1G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 1G0 || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1981–1984
|-
| 1G0 || Opel car 2007–2017
|-
| 1G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 1G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 1G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 1G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 1G5 || GMC MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 1G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 1G8 || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1981–1986
|-
| 1G8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Saturn]] car 1991–2010
|-
| 1G9/495 || Google &amp; Waymo
|-
| 1GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 1GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles
|-
| 1GC || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] truck 
|-
| 1GD || GMC incomplete vehicles
|-
| 1GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1GF || Flxible bus
|-
| 1GG || Isuzu pickup trucks made by GM
|-
| 1GH || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1985–1986
|-
| 1GH || Oldsmobile MPV/SUV 1990–2004
|-
| 1GH || Holden Acadia 2019–2020
|-
| 1GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987–
|-
| 1GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987–
|-
| 1GM || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] MPV
|-
| 1GN || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] MPV/SUV 1987-
|-
| 1GT || [[../GM/VIN Codes|GMC]] Truck 
|-
| 1GY || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] SUV
|-
| 1HA || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles made by Navistar International
|-
| 1HD || Harley-Davidson
|-
| 1HF || Honda motorcycle/ATV/UTV
|-
| 1HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 1HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks truck
|-
| 1HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks &amp; Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1HV || IC Bus incomplete bus 
|-
| 1JC || Jeep SUV 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JT || Jeep truck 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1JU || Marmon Motor Company
|-
| 1J4 || Jeep SUV 1989–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J7 || Jeep truck 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1J8 || Jeep SUV 2002–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 1LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1LN || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] car
|-
| 1LV || Lectra Motors
|-
| 1L1 || Lincoln car – limousine
|-
| 1L9/155 || LA Exotics
|-
| 1L9/234 || Laforza
|-
| 1MB || Mercedes-Benz Truck Co.
|-
| 1ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 1MR || Continental Mark VI &amp; VII 1981–1985 &amp; Continental sedan 1982–1985
|-
| 1M0 || John Deere Gator
|-
| 1M1 || Mack Truck USA
|-
| 1M2 || Mack Truck USA
|-
| 1M3 || Mack Truck USA
|-
| 1M4 || Mack Truck USA
|-
| 1M9/089 || Mauck Special Vehicles
|-
| 1M9/682 || Mosler Automotive
|-
| 1M9/816 || Proterra Through mid-2019
|-
| 1N4 || Nissan car
|-
| 1N6 || Nissan truck
|-
| 1N9/019 || Neoplan USA
|-
| 1N9/393 || Nikola Corporation
|-
| 1NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1NX || Toyota car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 1P4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV
|-
| 1P7 || Plymouth Scamp
|-
| 1P9/038 || Hawk Vehicles, Inc. (Trihawk motorcycles)
|-
| 1P9/213 || Panoz
|-
| 1PY || John Deere USA
|-
| 1S9/098 || Scania AB (Scania CN112 bus made in Orange, CT)
|-
| 1S9/842 || Saleen S7
|-
| 1S9/944 || SSC North America
|-
| 1TD || Timpte (truck trailer)
|-
| 1T7 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T8 || Thomas Built Buses
|-
| 1T9/899 || Tomcar USA
|-
| 1TC || Coachmen Recreational Vehicle Co., LLC
|-
| 1TU || Transportation Manufacturing Corporation
|-
| 1UJ || Jayco, Inc.
|-
| 1UT || Jeep DJ made by AM General
|-
| 1VH || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 1VW || Volkswagen car
|-
| 1V1 || Volkswagen truck
|-
| 1V2 || Volkswagen SUV
|-
| 1V9/048 || Vector Aeromotive
|-
| 1V9/113 || Vantage Vehicle International Inc
|-
| 1V9/190 || Vanderhall Motor Works
|-
| 1WT || Winnebago Industries
|-
| 1WU || White Motor Company truck
|-
| 1WV 1WW || Winnebago Industries
|-
| 1WX 1WY || White Motor Company incomplete vehicle
|-
| 1W9/485 || Wheego Electric Cars
|-
| 1XA || Excalibur Automobile Corporation
|-
| 1XK || Kenworth truck
|-
| 1XM || Renault Alliance/GTA/Encore 1984–1987
|-
| 1XP || Peterbilt truck
|-
| 1Y1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by NUMMI
|-
| 1YJ || Rokon International, Inc.
|-
| 1YV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mazda made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1ZW || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury made by AutoAlliance International]]
|-
| 1Z3 1Z7 || Mitsubishi Raider
|-
| 1Z9/170 || [[w:Orange County Choppers|Orange County Choppers]]
|-
| 10R || E-Z-GO
|-
| 10T || Oshkosh Corporation 
|-
| 12A || Avanti
|-
| 137 || AM General Hummer &amp; Hummer H1
|-
| 15G || Gillig bus
|-
| 16C || Clenet Coachworks
|-
| 16X || Vixen 21 motorhome
|-
| 17N || John Deere incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 19U || Acura car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 19V || Acura car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 19X || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 2A3 || Imperial
|-
| 2A4 2A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2011 only
|-
| 2AY 2AZ || Hino
|-
| 2BC || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1987–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2BP || Ski-Doo
|-
| 2BV || Can-Am &amp; Bombardier ATV
|-
| 2BW || Can-Am Commander E LSV
|-
| 2BX || Can-Am Spyder
|-
| 2BZ || Can-Am Freedom Trailer for Can-Am Spyder
|-
| 2B1 || Orion Bus Industries
|-
| 2B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 2B4 || Dodge MPV 1981–2002
|-
| 2B5 || Dodge &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–2002
|-
| 2B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 2B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 2C1 || Geo/Chevrolet car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 2C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012-
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2000–2005
|-
| 2C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Lancia &amp; VW) 2012-
|-
| 2C7 || Pontiac car made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2C8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2001–2005
|-
| 2C9/145 || Campagna Motors
|-
| 2C9/197 || Canadian Electric Vehicles
|-
| 2CC || American Motors Corporation MPV
|-
| 2CG || Asüna/Pontiac SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2CK || GMC Tracker SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada 1990–1991 only
|-
| 2CK || Pontiac Torrent SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2006–2009 only
|-
| 2CM || American Motors Corporation car
|-
| 2CN || Geo/Chevrolet SUV made by CAMI Automotive 1990–2011 only
|-
| 2CT || GMC Terrain SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2010–2011 only
|-
| 2D4 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003
|-
| 2D7 || Dodge truck 2003
|-
| 2D8 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only
|-
| 2EZ || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2E3 || Eagle car 1989–1997 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2E4 || 2011 Lancia MPV (Voyager)
|-
| 2E9/080 || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo)
|-
| 2FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 2FH || Zenn Motor Co., Ltd. (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 2FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 2FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 2FU || Freightliner
|-
| 2FV || Freightliner
|-
| 2FW || Sterling Trucks (truck-complete vehicle)
|-
| 2FY || New Flyer
|-
| 2FZ || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle)
|- 
| 2Gx || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Canada
|-
| 2G0 || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986
|-
| 2G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 2G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 2G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car
|-
| 2G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 2G5 ||  GMC MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car
|-
| 2G7 ||  Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada
|-
| 2G8 ||  Chevrolet MPV 1981–1986
|-
| 2GA || Chevrolet &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 
|-
| 2GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles
|-
| 2GC || Chevrolet truck 
|-
| 2GD || GMC incomplete vehicles 
|-
| 2GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 2GH || GMC GM New Look bus &amp; GM Classic series bus 
|-
| 2GJ || GMC &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– 
|-
| 2GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– 
|-
| 2GN || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1987- 
|-
| 2GT || GMC truck 
|-
| 2HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HH || Acura car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HJ || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HM || Hyundai Canada
|-
| 2HN || Acura SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing
|-
| 2HS || International Trucks truck
|-
| 2HT || International Trucks incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2J4 || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2L1 || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limo
|-
| 2LD || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – hearse
|-
| 2LM || Lincoln SUV
|-
| 2LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 2M1 || Mack Trucks
|-
| 2M2 || Mack Trucks
|-
| 2ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car
|-
| 2MG || Motor Coach Industries (Produced from Sept. 1, 2008 on)
|-
| 2MR || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV
|-
| 2NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2NV || Nova Bus 
|-
| 2P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 2P4 || Plymouth MPV 1981–2000
|-
| 2P5 || Plymouth &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1983
|-
| 2P9/001 || Prevost 1981–1995
|-
| 2PC || Prevost 1996-
|-
| 2S2 || Suzuki car made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2S3 || Suzuki SUV made by CAMI Automotive
|-
| 2T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by TMMC
|-
| 2T2 || Lexus SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMC
|-
| 2T9/206 || Triple E Canada Ltd.
|-
| 2V4 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2V8 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada
|-
| 2WK || Western Star truck
|-
| 2WL || Western Star incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2WM || Western Star incomplete vehicle
|-
| 2XK || Kenworth truck
|-
| 2XM || Eagle Premier 1988 only (using AMC-style VIN structure)
|-
| 2XP || Peterbilt truck
|-
| 3A4 3A8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2006–2010 only
|-
| 3AK || Freightliner Trucks
|-
| 3AL || Freightliner Trucks
|-
|3AX
|Scania Mexico
|-
|3BE
|Scania Mexico (buses)
|-
| 3BJ || Western Star 3700 truck made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle
|-
| 3BM || Motor Coach Industries bus made by DINA S.A.
|-
| 3BP || Peterbilt  incomplete vehicle
|-
| 3B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011
|-
| 3B4 || Dodge SUV 1986–1993
|-
| 3B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002
|-
| 3B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011
|-
| 3C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Fiat) 2012-
|-
| 3C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012–
|-
| 3C7 || Chrysler Group (all brands) incomplete vehicle 2012–
|-
| 3C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005
|-
| 3CE || Volvo Buses de Mexico
|-
| 3CG || KTMMEX S.A. de C.V.
|-
| 3CZ || Honda SUV
|-
| 3D2 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2007–2009
|-
| 3D3 || Dodge truck 2006–2009
|-
| 3D4 || Dodge SUV 2009–2011
|-
| 3D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003–2011
|-
| 3D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011
|-
| 3E4 || 2011 Fiat SUV (Freemont)
|-
| 3FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car
|-
| 3FC || Ford stripped chassis made by Ford &amp; IMMSA
|-
| 3FE || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Mexico
|-
| 3FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 3FN || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (truck)
|-
| 3FR || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (incomplete vehicle)
|-
| 3FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck
|-
| 3F6 || Sterling Bullet
|-
| 3G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Mexico
|-
| 3G0 || Saab 9-4X 2011
|-
| 3G0 || Holden Equinox 2018–2020
|-
| 3G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car
|-
| 3G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car
|-
| 3G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car
|-
| 3G5 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] SUV
|-
| 3G7 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] SUV
|-
| 3GC || Chevrolet truck
|-
| 3GK || GMC SUV
|-
| 3GM || Holden Suburban
|-
| 3GN || Chevrolet SUV
|-
| 3GP || Honda Prologue EV made by GM
|-
| 3GS || Saturn SUV
|-
| 3GT || GMC truck
|-
| 3GY || Cadillac SUV
|-
| 3H1 || Honda motorcycle/UTV
|-
| 3H3 || Hyundai de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for Hyundai Translead (truck trailers)
|-
| 3HA || International Trucks incomplete vehicle
|-
| 3HC || International Trucks truck
|-
| 3HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Mexico car
|-
| 3HS || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks truck
|-
| 3HT || International Trucks &amp; Caterpillar Trucks incomplete vehicle
|-
| 3JB || BRP Mexico (Can-Am ATV/UTV &amp; Can-Am Ryker)
|-
| 3KP || Kia/Hyundai car made by KMMX
|-
| 3LN || Lincoln car
|-
| 3MA || Mercury car (1988-1995)
|-
| 3MD || Mazda Mexico car
|-
| 3ME || Mercury car (1996-2011)
|-
| 3MF || BMW M car
|-
| 3MV || Mazda SUV
|-
| 3MW || BMW car
|-
| 3MY || Toyota car made by Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation
|-
| 3MZ || Mazda Mexico car
|-
| 3N1 || Nissan Mexico car
|-
| 3N6 || Nissan Mexico truck &amp; Chevrolet City Express
|-
| 3N8 || Nissan Mexico MPV
|-
| 3NS || Polaris Industries ATV
|-
| 3NE || Polaris Industries UTV
|-
| 3P3 || Plymouth car
|-
| 3PC || Infiniti SUV made by COMPAS
|-
| 3TM || Toyota truck made by TMMBC
|-
| 3TY || Toyota truck made by TMMGT
|-
| 3VV || Volkswagen Mexico SUV
|-
| 3VW || Volkswagen Mexico car
|-
| 3WK || Kenworth truck
|-
| 3WP || Peterbilt truck
|-
| 4A3 || Mitsubishi Motors car
|-
| 4A4 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV
|-
| 4B3 || Dodge car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4B9/038 || BYD Coach &amp; Bus LLC
|-
| 4C3 || Chrysler car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4C9/561 || Czinger
|-
| 4CD || Oshkosh Chassis Division incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 4DR || IC Bus
|-
| 4E3 || Eagle car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory
|-
| 4EN || E-ONE, Inc. (fire engines - truck)
|-
| 4F2 || Mazda SUV made by Ford
|-
| 4F4 || Mazda truck made by Ford
|-
| 4G1 || Chevrolet Cavalier convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G2 || Pontiac Sunfire convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture
|-
| 4G3 || Toyota Cavalier made by GM
|-
| 4G5 || General Motors EV1
|-
| 4GD || WhiteGMC Brigadier 1988–1989 made by GM
|-
| 4GD || Opel Sintra
|-
| 4GL || Buick incomplete vehicle
|-
| 4GT || Isuzu incomplete vehicle built by GM
|-
| 4JG || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] SUV
|-
| 4KB || Chevrolet W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only)
|-
| 4KD || GMC W-Series incomplete vehicle (gas engine only)
|-
| 4KE || U.S. Electricar Consulier
|-
| 4KL || Isuzu commercial truck built by GM
|-
| 4M2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV/SUV
|-
| 4ML || Oshkosh Trailer Division
|-
| 4MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company
|-
| 4N2 || Nissan Quest made by Ford
|-
| 4NU || Isuzu Ascender made by GM
|-
| 4P1 || Pierce Manufacturing Inc. USA
|-
| 4P3 || Plymouth car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory 1990–1994
|-
| 4P3 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV made by Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America 2013–2015 for export only
|-
| 4RK || Nova Bus &amp; Prevost made by Nova Bus (US) Inc.
|-
| 4S1 || Isuzu truck made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S2 || Isuzu SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car
|-
| 4S4 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV/MPV
|-
| 4S6 || Honda SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive
|-
| 4S7 || Spartan Motors incomplete vehicle 
|-
| 4S9/197|| Smith Electric Vehicles
|-
| 4S7/419 || Spartan Motors truck
|-
| 4S9/454 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/520 || Signature Autosport, LLC (Osprey Custom Cars)
|-
| 4S9/542 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG Boot (M.P.V.)
|-
| 4S9/544 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car
|-
| 4S9/559 || Spartan Fire, LLC truck (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/560 || Spartan Fire, LLC incomplete vehicle (formerly Spartan ER)
|-
| 4S9/569 || SC Autosports, LLC (Kandi)
|-
| 4TA || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 4T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] MPV/SUV made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky
|-
| 4T4 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Subaru of Indiana Automotive
|-
| 4T9/208 || Xos, Inc.
|-
| 4T9/228 || Lumen Motors
|-
| 4UF || Arctic Cat Inc.
|-
| 4US || BMW car
|-
| 4UZ || Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation &amp; &lt;br /&gt; gas-powered Mitsubishi Fuso trucks assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis &amp; &lt;br /&gt; Thomas Built Buses FS-65 &amp; Saf-T-Liner C2
|-
| 4V1 || WhiteGMC truck
|-
| 4V2 || WhiteGMC incomplete vehicle
|-
| 4V3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] truck
|-
| 4V4 || Volvo Trucks North America truck
|-
| 4V5 || Volvo Trucks North America incomplete vehicle
|-
| 4V6 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] truck
|-
| 4VA || Volvo Trucks North America truck
|-
| 4VE || Volvo Trucks North America incomplete vehicle
|-
| 4VG || Volvo Trucks North America truck
|-
| 4VH || Volvo Trucks North America incomplete vehicle
|-
| 4VM || Volvo Trucks North America incomplete vehicle
|-
| 4VZ || Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group incomplete vehicle – bare chassis only
|-
| 4W5 || Acura ZDX EV made by GM
|-
| 4XA || Polaris Inc.
|-
| 4X4 || Forest River
|-
| 4YM || Carry-On Trailer, Inc.
|-
| 4Z3 || American LaFrance truck
|-
| 43C || Consulier
|-
| 46G || Gillig incomplete vehicle
|-
| 478 || Honda ATV
|-
| 480 || Sterling Trucks
|-
| 49H || Sterling Trucks incomplete vehicle
|-
| 5AS || Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) 1999-2011
|-
| 5A4 || Load Rite Trailers Inc.
|-
| 5BP || Solectria
|-
| 5BZ || Nissan &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats)
|-
| 5B4 || Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC incomplete vehicle (RV chassis)
|-
| 5CD || Indian Motorcycle Company of America (Gilroy, CA)
|-
| 5CX || Shelby Series 1
|-
| 5DF || Thomas Dennis Company LLC
|-
| 5EH || Excelsior-Henderson Motorcycle
|-
| 5FC || Columbia Vehicle Group (Columbia, Tomberlin) (low-speed vehicles)
|-
| 5FN || Honda MPV/SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FP || Honda truck made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5FR || Acura SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama 
|-
| 5FY || New Flyer
|-
| 5GA || Buick MPV/SUV
|-
| 5GD || Daewoo G2X
|-
| 5GN || Hummer H3T
|-
| 5GR || Hummer H2
|-
| 5GT || Hummer H3
|-
| 5GZ || Saturn MPV/SUV
|-
| 5G8 || Holden Volt
|-
| 5HD || Harley-Davidson for export markets
|-
| 5J6 || Honda SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5J8 || Acura SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio
|-
| 5KB || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama
|-
| 5KJ || Western Star Trucks truck
|-
| 5KK || Western Star Trucks truck
|-
| 5KT || Karavan Trailers
|-
| 5L1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV - Limousine (2004–2009)
|-
| 5L5 || American IronHorse Motorcycle
|-
| 5LD || Ford &amp; Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limousine (2010–2014)
|-
| 5LM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV
|-
| 5LT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] truck
|-
| 5MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company for export markets
|-
| 5N1 || Nissan &amp; Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5N3 || Infiniti SUV
|-
| 5NH || Forest River
|-
| 5NM || Hyundai SUV made by HMMA
|-
| 5NP || Hyundai car made by HMMA
|-
| 5NT || Hyundai truck made by HMMA
|-
| 5PV || Hino incomplete vehicle
|-
| 5S3 || Saab 9-7X
|-
| 5SA || Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corp. (ATV)
|-
| 5SX || American LaFrance incomplete vehicle (Condor)
|-
| 5TB || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by TMMI
|-
| 5TD || Toyota MPV/SUV made by TMMI
|-
| 5TE || Toyota truck made by NUMMI
|-
| 5TF || Toyota truck made by TMMTX
|-
| 5UM || BMW M car
|-
| 5UX || BMW SUV
|-
| 5VC || Autocar incomplete vehicle
|-
| 5VF || American Electric Vehicle Company (low-speed vehicle)
|-
| 5VP || Victory Motorcycles
|-
| 5WE || IC Bus incomplete vehicle
|-
| 5XX || Kia car made by KMMG
|-
| 5XY || Kia/Hyundai SUV made by KMMG
|-
| 5YA || Indian Motorcycle Company (Kings Mountain, NC)
|-
| 5YF || Toyota car made by TMMMS
|-
| 5YJ || Tesla, Inc. passenger car (only used for US-built Model S and Model 3 starting from Nov, 1st 2021)
|-
| 5YM || BMW M SUV
|-
| 5YN || Cruise Car, Inc.
|-
| 5Y2 || Pontiac Vibe made by NUMMI
|-
| 5Y4 || Yamaha Motor Motor Mfg. Corp. of America (ATV, UTV)
|-
| 5ZT || Forest River
|-
| 5Z6 || Suzuki Equator (truck) made by Nissan
|-
| 50E || Lucid Motors
|-
| 50G || Karma Automotive
|-
| 516 || Autocar truck
|-
| 51R || Brammo Motorcycles
|-
| 523 || VPG
|-
| 52C || GEM subsidiary of Polaris Inc.
|-
| 537 ||  Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric
|-
| 538 || Zero Motorcycles
|-
| 53G || Coda Automotive
|-
| 53T || Think North America in Elkhart, IN
|-
| 546 || EBR
|-
| 54C || Winnebago Industries travel trailer
|-
| 54D || Isuzu &amp; Chevrolet commercial trucks built by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group
|-
| 55S || Mercedes-Benz car
|-
| 56K || Indian Motorcycle International, LLC (Polaris subsidiary)
|-
| 57R || Oreion Motors
|-
| 57S || Lightning Motors Corp. (electric motorcycles)
|-
| 57W || Mobility Ventures
|-
| 57X || Polaris Slingshot
|-
| 58A || Lexus car made by TMMK (Lexus ES)
|-
| 6AB || MAN Australia
|-
| 6AM || Jayco Corp. (RVs)
|-
| 6F1 || Ford
|-
| 6F2 || Iveco Trucks Australia Ltd.
|-
| 6F4 || Nissan Motor Company Australia
|-
| 6F5 || Kenworth Australia
|-
| 6FM || Mack Trucks Australia
|-
| 6FP || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Australia
|-
| 6G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (post Nov 2002) &amp; Chevrolet
|-
| 6G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] Australia (GTO &amp; G8)
|-
| 6G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Chevrolet 2014-2017
|-
| 6H8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (pre Nov 2002)
|-
| 6MM || Mitsubishi Motors Australia 
|-
| 6MP || Mercury Capri
|-
| 6T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Corporation Australia
|-
| 6U9 || Privately Imported car in Australia
|-
| 7A1 || Mitsubishi New Zealand
|-
| 7A3 || Honda New Zealand
|-
| 7A4 || Toyota New Zealand
|-
| 7A5 || Ford New Zealand
|-
| 7A7 || Nissan New Zealand
|-
| 7FA || Honda SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana
|-
| 7FC || Rivian truck
|-
| 7F7 || Arcimoto, Inc. 
|-
| 7GZ || GMC incomplete vehicles made by Navistar International
|-
| 7G2 || Tesla, Inc. truck (used for Nevada-built Semi Trucks &amp; Texas-built Cybertruck)
|- 
| 7H4 || Hino truck
|-
| 7H8 || Cenntro Electric Group Limited low-speed vehicle
|- 
| 7JD || Volvo Cars SUV
|- 
| 7JR || Volvo Cars passenger car
|- 
| 7JZ || Proterra From mid-2019 on
|- 
| 7KG || Vanderhall Motor Works
|- 
| 7MM || Mazda SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|- 
| 7MU || Toyota SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture)
|-
| 7MW || Cenntro Electric Group Limited truck
|- 
| 7NA || Navistar Defense
|- 
| 7NY || Lordstown Motors
|- 
| 7PD || Rivian SUV
|- 
| 7RZ || Electric Last Mile Solutions
|- 
| 7SA || Tesla, Inc. (US-built MPVs (e.g. Model X, Model Y))
|-
| 7SU || Blue Arc electric trucks made by The Shyft Group
|-
| 7SV || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMTX
|-
| 7SX || Global Electric Motorcars (WAEV) 2022-
|- 
| 7SY || Polestar SUV
|-
| 7TN || Canoo
|-
| 7VV || Ree Automotive
|-
| 7WE || Bollinger Motors incomplete vehicle
|-
| 7Z0 || Zoox
|-
| 8AB || Mercedes Benz trucks (Argentina)
|-
| 8AC || Mercedes Benz vans (for South America)
|-
| 8AD || Peugeot Argentina
|-
| 8AE || Peugeot van
|-
| 8AF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Argentina
|-
| 8AG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Argentina
|-
| 8AJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Argentina
|-
| 8AK || Suzuki Argentina
|-
| 8AN || Nissan Argentina
|-
| 8AP || Fiat Argentina
|-
| 8AT || Iveco Argentina
|-
| 8AW || Volkswagen Argentina
|-
| 8A1 || Renault Argentina
|-
| 8A3 || Scania Argentina
|-
| 8BB || Agrale Argentina S.A.
|-
| 8BC || Citroën Argentina
|-
| 8BN || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America)
|-
| 8BR || Mercedes-Benz &quot;bus&quot; (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BT || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8BU || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America)
|-
| 8CH || Honda motorcycle
|-
| 8C3 || Honda car/SUV
|-
| 8G1 || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Renault
|-
| 8GD || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Peugeot
|-
| 8GG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Chile
|-
| 8LD || General Motors OBB - Chevrolet Ecuador
|-
| 8LF || Maresa (Mazda)
|-
| 8LG || Aymesa (Hyundai Motor &amp; Kia)
|-
| 8L4 || Great Wall Motors made by Ciudad del Auto (Ciauto)
|-
| 8XD || Ford Motor Venezuela
|-
| 8XJ || Mack de Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8XV || Iveco Venezuela C.A.
|-
| 8Z1 || General Motors Venezolana C.A.
|-
| 829 || Industrias Quantum Motors S.A. (Bolivia)
|-
| 9BD || Fiat Brazil
|-
| 9BF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Brazil
|-
| 9BG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Brazil
|-
| 9BH || Hyundai Motor Brasil
|-
| 9BM || Mercedes-Benz Brazil car &amp; SUV &amp; commercial truck
|-
| 9BN || Mafersa
|-
| 9BR || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 9BS || Scania Brazil
|-
| 9BV || Volvo Trucks
|-
| 9BW || Volkswagen Brazil
|-
| 9BY || Agrale S.A.
|-
| 9C2 || Moto Honda Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9C6 || Yamaha Motor Da Amazonia Ltda.
|-
| 9CD || Suzuki (motorcycles) assembled by J. Toledo Motos do Brasil
|-
| 9DF || Puma
|-
| 9DW || Kenworth &amp; Peterbilt trucks made by Volkswagen do Brasil
|-
| 92H || Origem Brazil
|-
| 932 || Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 935 || Citroën Brazil
|-
| 936 || Peugeot Brazil
|-
| 937 || Dodge
|-
| 93C || Chevrolet SUV [Tracker] or pickup [Montana] (sold in Mexico, made in Brazil)
|-
| 93H || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Brazil car/SUV
|-
| 93K || Volvo Trucks
|-
| 93P || Volare
|-
| 93S || Navistar International
|-
| 93R || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil
|-
| 93U || Audi Brazil 1999–2006
|-
| 93W || Fiat Ducato made by Iveco 2000–2016
|-
| 93V || Navistar International
|-
| 93X || Souza Ramos – Mitsubishi Motors / Suzuki Jimny
|-
| 93Y || Renault Brazil
|-
| 93Z || Iveco
|-
| 94D || Nissan Brazil
|-
| 94N || RWM Brazil
|-
| 94T || Troller Veículos Especiais
|-
| 95P || CAOA Hyundai &amp; CAOA Chery
|-
| 95V || Dafra Motos (motorscooters from SYM) &amp; Ducati, KTM, &amp; MV Agusta assembled by Dafra
|-
| 95V || BMW motorcycles assembled by Dafra Motos 2009–2016
|-
| 95Z || Buell Motorcycle Company assembled by Harley-Davidson Brazil
|-
| 953 || VW Truck &amp; Bus / MAN Truck &amp; Bus
|-
| 96P || Kawasaki
|-
| 97N || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd.
|-
| 988 || Jeep and Fiat (made at the Goiana plant)
|-
| 98M || BMW car/SUV
|-
| 98P || DAF Trucks
|-
| 98R || Chery
|-
| 99A || Audi 2016-
|-
| 99H || Shineray
|-
| 99J || Jaguar Land Rover
|-
| 99K || Haojue &amp; Kymco assembled by JTZ Indústria e Comércio de Motos
|-
| 99L || BYD
|-
| 99Z || BMW Motorrad (Motorcycle assembled by BMW 2017-)
|-
| 9FB || Renault Colombia (Sofasa)
|-
| 9FC || Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (Mazda)
|-
| 9GA || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Colombia (GM Colmotores S.A.)
|-
| 9UJ || Chery assembled by Chery Socma S.A. (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UK || Lifan (Uruguay)
|-
| 9UT || Dongfeng trucks made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9UW || Kia made by Nordex S.A.
|-
| 9VC || Fiat made by Nordex S.A. (Scudo)
|-
| 9V7 || Citroen made by Nordex S.A. (Jumpy)
|-
| 9V8 || Peugeot made by Nordex S.A. (Expert)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>mxojzqm07nevtzpm14s342f6qnuhvzx</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Structural Biochemistry/Lipids/Micelles</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <ip>212.159.190.81</ip>
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      <text bytes="10174" sha1="7hzz0podvpxwda08zo757zoj0sf8a58" xml:space="preserve">== Structure ==

[[Image:Micelle.png|250px|thumb|Left|An example of micelles in polar solvent (Water, in this case)]][[File:Micelle scheme-en.svg|250px|thumb|right|Some micelles have two hydrocarbon chains]]

'''Micelles''' are lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions. The formation of a micelle is a response to the amphipathic nature of fatty acids, meaning that they contain both hydrophilic regions (polar head groups) as well as hydrophobic regions (the long hydrophobic chain). Micelles contain polar head groups that usually form the outside as the surface of micelles. They face to the water because they are polar. The hydrophobic tails are inside and away from the water since they are nonpolar. Fatty acids from micelles usually have a single hydrocarbon chain as opposed to two hydrocarbon tails. This allows them to conform into a spherical shape for lesser steric hindrance within a fatty acid. Fatty acids from Glycolipids and phospholipids, on the other hand, have two hydrophobic chains that are too bulky to fit into the a spherical shape as micelles do. Thus, they preferred to form glycolipids and phospholipids as &quot;lipid bilayers&quot;, which are discussed in the next section.

Micelles form spontaneously in water, as stated above this spontaneous arrangement is due to the amphipathic nature of the molecule. The driving force for this arrangement is the hydrophobic interactions the molecules experience. When the hydrophobic tails are not sequestered from water this results in in the water forming an organized cage around the hydrophobic tail and this entropy is unfavorable. However, when the lipids form micelles the hydrophobic tails interact with each other, and this interaction releases water from the hydrophobic tail and this increases the disorder of the system, and this increase in entropy is favorable.

== Bilayer sheet ==

The preferred structure of lipids in aqueous solutions are usually a bilayer sheet of lipids rather than spherical micelles.  This is because the two fatty acid chains are too big and bulky to fit into the interior of a micelle.  Therefore, micelles usually have one hydrocarbon chain instead of two. Lipid bilayers&quot; form rapidly and spontaneously in an aqueous media and are stabilized by hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals attractive forces, and electrostatic interactions. The function of the lipid bilayer is to form a barrier between the two sides of the membrane. Due to the fact that the lipid bilayer consists of hydrophobic fatty acid chains, ions and most polar molecules have trouble passing through the bilayer. The one exception to this rule is water because water has a high concentration, small size, and a lack of a complete charge. In order for a molecule to pass through the lipid bilayer it must move from an aqueous environment to a hydrophobic environment and then back into an aqueous environment.Therefore the permeability of small molecules is related to the solubility of said molecule in a nonpolar solvent versus the solubility of the molecule in water.   

[[File:Lipid bilayer and micelle.svg|300px]]

Micelles can also have a structure that is inside out of its normal structure.  Instead of having the hydrocarbon chains inside, they can face outside and while the polar heads are arranged inside the sphere.  This happens in a &quot;water in oil&quot; situation because there is so much oil surrounding the drop of water that the hydrocarbon chains face outside instead of inside.

[[File:Micelle scheme2-en.svg|300px]]

&lt;big&gt;Size&lt;/big&gt;

Sizes of micelles range from 2 nm (20 A) to 20 nm (200 A), depending on composition and concentration.  The size of a micelle is more limited than that of a lipid bilayer.  A lipid bilayer can span up to 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; A or 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; nm.

The lipid bilayer is not a rigid structures, rather they are quite fluid. The individual lipid molecules are able to move or diffuse laterally across the membrane quite easily, this process is called lateral diffusion. However, lipids have much more trouble flipping from one side of the membrane to the other, this process is called traverse diffusion or flip, because this would involve the polar head traveling through the hydrophobic core, and this interaction between polar and hydrophobic regions is unfavorable. So the lipid can move around laterally at a rate of about 2 micrometers per second, while it takes a much longer amount of time to flip flop.

the fluidity of a lipid bilayer also depends on both the temperature and the hydrocarbon chain. As the temperature is increased the fluidity of the lipid bilayer increases as well. Also the more cis double bonds the hydrocarbon tail has the more fluid the structure becomes. This is because when the hydrocarbon tail has cis double bonds it can no longer pack as well as the saturated hydrocarbon tail, so it becomes more fluid. Also the longer the hydrocarbon tail, the higher the transition temperature, which is the temperature at which the bilayer goes from rigid to fluid, this is because longer hydrocarbon tails can interact more strongly than shorter chains.

== Formation ==
Micelles form when the polar head and the non polar tails arrange in a special way. They are usually driven to arrange either with the polar heads out (oil in water) or with the polar head in (water in oil). Micelles only form when the concentration of surfactant is greater than the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The surfactant is any surface active material that can part the surface upon entering. The CMC is the concentration above surfactant when micelles will form spontaneously. The higher the concentration, the more micelles there are. Micelle formation also depend on the Krafft temperature. This temperature is when surfactants will form micelles. If the temperature is below the Krafft temperature, then there is no spontaneous formation of micelles. As the temperature increases, the surfactant will turn into a soluble form and be able to form micelles from a crystalline state. The hydrophobic effect is also a driving force that needs to be taken into account. This effect is characterized by the fact that like to form intermolecular aggregates in aqueous substances and in intramolecular molecules. Micelle formation can be summed up by thermodynamics, driven by entropy and enthalpy.

== Function and Usage ==
Micelles usually form in soap molecules. Soap often form as micelles because they contain only one hydrocarbon chain instead of two. Therefore they make up the soap property. Micelles act as emulsifiers that allows a compound that is usually insoluble in water to dissolve. Detergents and soap work by inserting the long hydrophobic tails from soap into the insoluble dirt (such as oil) while the hydrophilic head face outside and surround the nonpolar dirt. Then, this micelle can be washed away since the outside of the micelle is soluble with the solvent, which is usually polar. This is the reason why soap helps clean oily and waxy substances off from dishes since water alone cannot pull the oil off. 

[[File:Soap Bubble - foliage background - iridescent colours - Traquair 040801.jpg|300px]]

Micelles are also at work in the human body. Micelles help the body absorb lipid and fat soluble vitamins. They help the small intestine to absorb essential lipids and vitamins from the liver and gall bladder. They also carry complex lipids such as lecithin and lipid soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) to the small intestine. Without micelles, these vitamins will not be able to be absorbed into the body which will lead to serious complications. Micelles also help clean the skin. Many facial washes use micelles to perform this task. They clean the skin by removing oil and other substances without the need of being washed afterward.

Also, studying membrane proteins often utilize detergents because micelles can isolate, solubilize, and manipulate them &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jbc.org/content/276/35/32403.full ''The Journal of Biological Chemistry'', Detergents as Tools in Membrane Biochemistry, November 21, 2012]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vesicles ==
[[File:Ribosme symbol.svg|300px|thumb|Vesicles are shown below as playing a role in exocytosis]]

[[File:Exocytosis types.svg|480px|thumb|Exocytosis is the fusion of vesicles carrying neurotransmitter to the synapse where it is released. This allows the neurotransmitters to bind to the post-synaptic receptors in the post synapse]]
'''Micelles''' show up as '''vesicles''' in biology.  Unlike a micelle, however, vesicles contain a lipid bilayer, which is composed of two layers of phospholipids, arranged end to end with the hydrophobic layered buried between the two layers.  A vesicle is a intracellular membrane bound sac that transports and stores substances within the cell. These vesicles store, transport, and digest waste and products from the cell. They can fuse with the plasma membrane to release things from the cell or come into the cell and put things in. Vesicles are important since they play a role in metabolism, transport, enzyme storage, and are chemical reaction chambers. 
[[File:Lipid vesicles with micelles.jpg]]

The picture above shows how liposomes are formed. The vesicles trap the glycine after sonication. Sonication disperses the phospholipids into equal size vesicles of about 500 A or 50&amp;nbsp;nm diameter sizes. The phospholipids form vesicles around the many molecules of glycine floating around. This is driven by the hydrophobic forces. After gel filtration, the vesicles are then separated from the rest of the glycine floating around. The function of this can be transport or storage of glycine to the appropriate targets.  An enlarged view shows the single strand micelles around the hydrophobic glycine (Note that vesicles are, by definition, surrounded by a lipid bilayer so the image showing a monolayer of fatty acids or micelle surrounding the glycine is incorrect! Liposomes are vesicles, not micelles).  The tails are inside with the glycine because they are hydrophobic while the heads face the outside which is surrounded by water.

== Reference ==

Biochemistry, Berg
&lt;references/&gt;
{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>Template:Flatlist/doc</title>
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      <text bytes="3951" sha1="fd58457rnx6u5v4fjvkz53ig78n97ct" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

===Usage===
{{tl|Flatlist}} starts a horizontal list, such as:
{{flatlist}}
*[[Cookbook:Appetizers|Appetizers]]
*[[Cookbook:Beverages|Beverages]]
*[[Cookbook:Bread Recipes|Bread]]
*[[Cookbook:Breakfast Recipes|Breakfast]]
*[[Cookbook:Confections|Confections]]
*[[Cookbook:Dessert|Desserts]]
*[[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meats]]
*[[Cookbook:Pasta Recipes|Pasta]]
*[[Cookbook:Rice Recipes|Rice]]
*[[Cookbook:Salad Recipes|Salads]]
{{endflatlist}}
The bottom margin is inherited from the current container. Normally this will be 0.5em. This template can be used with or without {{tl|endflatlist}}.

For navigation boxes using {{tl|navbox}}, one can set {{para|listclass|hlist}}, and achieve the same styling without using this template.

===Examples===
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{flatlist |
*[[Cookbook:Appetizers|Appetizers]]
*[[Cookbook:Beverages|Beverages]]
*[[Cookbook:Bread Recipes|Bread]]
*[[Cookbook:Breakfast Recipes|Breakfast]]
*[[Cookbook:Confections|Confections]]
*[[Cookbook:Dessert|Desserts]]
*[[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meats]]
*[[Cookbook:Pasta Recipes|Pasta]]
*[[Cookbook:Rice Recipes|Rice]]
*[[Cookbook:Salad Recipes|Salads]]
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

{{flatlist |
*[[Cookbook:Appetizers|Appetizers]]
*[[Cookbook:Beverages|Beverages]]
*[[Cookbook:Bread Recipes|Bread]]
*[[Cookbook:Breakfast Recipes|Breakfast]]
*[[Cookbook:Confections|Confections]]
*[[Cookbook:Dessert|Desserts]]
*[[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meats]]
*[[Cookbook:Pasta Recipes|Pasta]]
*[[Cookbook:Rice Recipes|Rice]]
*[[Cookbook:Salad Recipes|Salads]]
}}

;Alternative syntax:
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{flatlist}}
*[[Cookbook:Appetizers|Appetizers]]
*[[Cookbook:Beverages|Beverages]]
*[[Cookbook:Bread Recipes|Bread]]
*[[Cookbook:Breakfast Recipes|Breakfast]]
*[[Cookbook:Confections|Confections]]
*[[Cookbook:Dessert|Desserts]]
*[[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meats]]
*[[Cookbook:Pasta Recipes|Pasta]]
*[[Cookbook:Rice Recipes|Rice]]
*[[Cookbook:Salad Recipes|Salads]]
{{endflatlist}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

{{flatlist}}
*[[Cookbook:Appetizers|Appetizers]]
*[[Cookbook:Beverages|Beverages]]
*[[Cookbook:Bread Recipes|Bread]]
*[[Cookbook:Breakfast Recipes|Breakfast]]
*[[Cookbook:Confections|Confections]]
*[[Cookbook:Dessert|Desserts]]
*[[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meats]]
*[[Cookbook:Pasta Recipes|Pasta]]
*[[Cookbook:Rice Recipes|Rice]]
*[[Cookbook:Salad Recipes|Salads]]
{{endflatlist}}

;Syntax for ordered lists:
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{flatlist | class=hnum |
#[[Cookbook:Appetizers|Appetizers]]
#[[Cookbook:Beverages|Beverages]]
#[[Cookbook:Bread Recipes|Bread]]
#[[Cookbook:Breakfast Recipes|Breakfast]]
#[[Cookbook:Confections|Confections]]
#[[Cookbook:Dessert|Desserts]]
#[[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meats]]
#[[Cookbook:Pasta Recipes|Pasta]]
#[[Cookbook:Rice Recipes|Rice]]
#[[Cookbook:Salad Recipes|Salads]]
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

{{flatlist | class=hnum |
#[[Cookbook:Appetizers|Appetizers]]
#[[Cookbook:Beverages|Beverages]]
#[[Cookbook:Bread Recipes|Bread]]
#[[Cookbook:Breakfast Recipes|Breakfast]]
#[[Cookbook:Confections|Confections]]
#[[Cookbook:Dessert|Desserts]]
#[[Cookbook:Meat Recipes|Meats]]
#[[Cookbook:Pasta Recipes|Pasta]]
#[[Cookbook:Rice Recipes|Rice]]
#[[Cookbook:Salad Recipes|Salads]]
}}

===Parameters===
* '''class''' – adds a CSS class to the containing div.
* '''style''' – adds CSS style options.
::Example: {{para|&lt;var&gt;style&lt;/var&gt;|&lt;var&gt;border:solid 1px silver; background:lightyellow&lt;/var&gt;}}
* '''indent''' – indents the list by a number of standard indents (one indent being 1.6em), particularly handy for inclusion in an indented discussion thread.
::Example: {{para|&lt;var&gt;indent&lt;/var&gt;|&lt;var&gt;2&lt;/var&gt;}}

===See also===
* {{tl|endflatlist}}
* {{tl|plainlist}}
* {{tl|unbulleted list}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox||
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[ka:თარგი:Flatlist]]
[[Category:List formatting templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
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    <title>Python Programming/Email</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3860" sha1="qjueup0c9akhm813trzce4rxowu1cs2" xml:space="preserve">{{Python Programming/Navigation|XML Tools|Threading}}

Python includes several modules in the standard library for working with emails and email servers.

==Sending mail==

Sending mail is done with Python's &lt;code&gt;smtplib&lt;/code&gt; using an SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) server. Actual usage varies depending on complexity of the email and settings of the email server, the instructions here are based on sending email through Google's Gmail.

The first step is to create an SMTP object, each object is used for connection with one server.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
import smtplib
server = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com', 587)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The first argument is the server's hostname, the second is the port. The port used varies depending on the server.

Next, we need to do a few steps to set up the proper connection for sending mail.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
server.ehlo()
server.starttls()
server.ehlo()
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
These steps may not be necessary depending on the server you connect to. ehlo() is used for [[w:ESMTP|ESMTP]] servers, for non-ESMTP servers, use helo() instead. See Wikipedia's article about the [[w:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|SMTP]] protocol for more information about this. The starttls() function starts [[w:Transport Layer Security|Transport Layer Security]] mode, which is required by Gmail. Other mail systems may not use this, or it may not be available. 

Next, log in to the server:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
server.login(&quot;youremailusername&quot;, &quot;password&quot;)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then, send the mail:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
msg = &quot;\nHello!&quot; # The \n separates the message from the headers (which we ignore for this example)
server.sendmail(&quot;you@gmail.com&quot;, &quot;target@example.com&quot;, msg)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Note that this is a rather crude example, it doesn't include a subject, or any other headers. For that, one should use the &lt;code&gt;email&lt;/code&gt; package.

== The &lt;code&gt;email&lt;/code&gt; package ==
Python's email package contains many classes and functions for composing and parsing email messages, this section only covers a small subset useful for sending emails.

We start by importing only the classes we need, this also saves us from having to use the full module name later.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then we compose some of the basic message headers:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
fromaddr = &quot;you@gmail.com&quot;
toaddr = &quot;target@example.com&quot;
msg = MIMEMultipart()
msg['From'] = fromaddr
msg['To'] = toaddr
msg['Subject'] = &quot;Python email&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Next, we attach the body of the email to the MIME message:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
body = &quot;Python test mail&quot;
msg.attach(MIMEText(body, 'plain'))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For sending the mail, we have to convert the object to a string, and then use the same procedure as above to send using the SMTP server..
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=python&gt;
import smtplib
server = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com', 587)
server.ehlo()
server.starttls()
server.ehlo()
server.login(&quot;youremailusername&quot;, &quot;password&quot;)
text = msg.as_string()
server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddr, text)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If we look at the text, we can see it has added all the necessary headers and structure necessary for a MIME formatted email. See [[w:MIME|MIME]] for more details on the standard:
{{dropimage|The full text of our example message|width=650|&lt;pre&gt;
&gt;&gt;&gt; print text
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=&quot;===============1893313573==&quot;
MIME-Version: 1.0
From: you@gmail.com
To: target@example.com
Subject: Python email

--===============1893313573==
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=&quot;us-ascii&quot;
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

Python test mail
--===============1893313573==--
&lt;/pre&gt;
}}

{{Python Programming/Navigation|XML Tools|Threading}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Canadian History/The People of the Lands/Musqueam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190086</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4441153</id>
      <parentid>4441127</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-15T12:31:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rejected the last 5 text changes (by [[Special:Contributions/64.114.207.48|64.114.207.48]], [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|Ternera]], [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and [[Special:Contributions/2001:569:7DCA:4900:7C50:9188:176:4ADE|2001:569:7DCA:4900:7C50:9188:176:4ADE]]) and restored revision 4242184 by Kittycataclysm</comment>
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      <text bytes="3999" sha1="0c6hpo1b56ylfm2z5mt8ib03gluc201" xml:space="preserve">= The Musqueam =


The Musqueam – people of the river grass- have flourished and dwindled over the past nine thousand years, just like the river grass. Before the arrival of Europeans, they lived to the rhythm of the land. They fished, hunted, gathered, and trapped for subsistence along the shores of Burrard Inlet, the Mouth of the Fraser, and the borders of English Bay.


==Food==

The Musqueam enjoyed a varied diet in the prosperous Greater Vancouver area. Salmon, the Musqueam’s staple diet, were caught using specialized equipment like trawl and dip nets and weirs. They were then cooked with hot stones in wooden troughs or smoked for winter. Bows, arrows, nets, and snares were used to catch deer, elk, bear, goat, and birds. Cleverly designed harpoons contained heads tied to lines that separated from the shafts upon contact. These enabled the hunting of seal, porpoise, and sturgeon. Shellfish, edible roots, berries and the wapato (a type of native potato) were gathered and harvested as well.

==Winter==


Their vast stores of preserved food allowed the Musqueam to live in comfort during the wet, cold winter. Elders recounted stories before smoldering fires. Ritual dances were performed accompanied by singing and drumming. These dancers often wore feathered costumes or plumed, bug-eyed skhwaykhwey masks. Feasts were savored and a host of games were played. Work that could be performed indoors was also done. Stones, bones, and wood were carved into sacred and utilitarian objects. Clothing was also sewn and objects such as nets repaired.


==Village Structure==


Cedar plankhouses, divided into rooms by mats, served as spacious dwellings for family groups. Outside, totem poles with life sized statues of people, birds, and beasts guarded the homes. Holes carved at the base of these totem poles allowed comings and goings. Separated from the plankhouses, smoke and sweat houses served ritual purposes of cleansing.


==Trade==


Trade was an important element of Musqueam life. With neighboring tribes, they traded decorative and ceremonial items - dentalia shells, mother-of-pearl, copper, iron and jade. Foodstuffs, textiles, and domestic materials were also readily exchanged.


==Class System==


Kinship patterns dictated the lives of the people, determining a family’s fishing, hunting and gathering rights. At the bottom of the hierarchy, slaves, captured during inter-tribal warfare, performed menial tasks for high ranking chiefs.


==Death==


The Musqueam did not bury their dead. Wrapped in a blanket or mats, the deceased was ceremoniously laid to rest on elevated platforms built on treetops.


==Beauty==


Beauty to the Squeamish was very different from today’s cover girl. Cedar boards were tied to the heads of infants and secured with a strap to the cradle in order to bend the skull into a pointed shape and attain a flat, wide forehead. Men kept their hair cropped at shoulder length. When at war or working, it was pinned in the back. Otherwise, they left it down. Women braided their hair in two from a centre part. At puberty, a girl’s hairline was slightly raised through plucking.


==Clothing==


Clothing was fashioned from skins or cedar bark. In the summer, men went about naked while women wore a knee-length skirt of wool, deerskin, or shredded bark. Clothing for cooler weather consisted of a large animal skin, usually with the fur on. A hole was cut in the middle and a belt tied the garment to the waist. Difficult to prepare and rare, buckskin was mostly reserved for the winter dancers. Goat skin, even rarer than buckskin, marked a person’s status. Only the wives and daughters of rich men could afford to wear the aprons produced from this material.


==Sources==


http://www.discovervancouver.com/GVB/aborigina-history.asp/

http://www.musqueam.bc.ca/News.html

http://www.joejack.com/coastsalishhistory.html

Retrieved from &quot;http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Canadian_History/The_People_of_the_Lands/Beaver&quot;

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    <title>Social Networking</title>
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This is a Networking course by Gerard D. de Gier

==Networking==

‘’’Networking’’’ is more than just having a drink with the colleagues. Within the circle of entrepreneurs, journalists and professional career counsellors, and in many other professional circles, networking is regarded as an all-encompassing activity that rises above the purely social aspect.  It is also a way for individuals to grow their relationships for their job or business. As a result, connections or a network can be built and useful for individuals in their professional or personal lives. The following is a clarification for a broader readership.

[[File:Networking model english jpeg.jpg|800px|center]]

===Awareness===
Although many people do not realize this, we network far more often than we know. Most people have negative feelings about networking because they think it somehow invades the privacy of others, and/or uses the circles of friends, relative and business relations in an improper way. But we all make use of people in our network, for example for organizing a babysitter, finding a better room or apartment, coming into contact with people who have the same hobby.

===Purpose===
However, networking-for-the-sake-of-networking is a useless activity: there must be a purpose. For journalists this might be finding news, in the career counselling business this is helping people find another job, and, for the self-employed, a way to get jobs and acquire projects. Networking makes sense within organizations as well, as a way to exercise influence without formal authority, to get things done, or to ensure productive cooperation on certain projects. &lt;ref&gt;Allan R. Cohen, David L. Bradford, Influence Without Authority (1991), pp. 17-25.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Just do it===
People talk more about networking than that they actually do something. Especially for those who need to continue their careers elsewhere (by necessity), there appear to be high barriers, especially in those professions with a specialist (technical) component.

===Mentality===
However, if you want to be successful on a regular basis, you will have to make it your mentality, your way of life, something you do as a matter of course. So if you need information for example, think first of someone in your network who might have an answer or suggestion before you turn to Google.

===Profile===
To be engaged in networking successfully you must have a clear profile so that you know who you are and what your competence is (and what isn’t). Naturally it is important to know how to present this effectively. Your self-image has a strong bearing on this. The way you see yourself determines to a high degree how you tell your story. But more importantly: others will see you the way you see yourself—you radiate your self-image. And especially this self-image is a problem with many people. Some have an outsized ego (relatively easy to adjust), but many ‘think’ themselves small. Quite rightly the saying goes: “He who makes himself as small as a mouse will be eaten by the cat.”

===Preparation===
The preparation for a networking conversation has three stages. Firstly, the market: where can you find the project or job that is suited for you, and what does that market look like? Then, your own preparation: apart from your profile some attractive success stories and a clear presentation of your ideas for the future. Lastly, every individual networking conversation must be solidly prepared. You must know as much as possible about your conversation partner, be well up on the trade or professional environment, have some current material at the ready, and be well informed of the situation of the organization that you visit.

It is well known that each of us knows about five hundred people. It is necessary to make visible these five hundred people in a good inventory. This is done the easiest by first writing down those networks in which you yourself participate, such as family, colleagues, the neighbourhood, sports club, friends, acquaintances, and the like. Apart from that you probably know people who are members of large networks like service clubs (Rotary, Lion, for example), student clubs (or alumni networks), or entrepreneurs’ associations. The people in these networks are eminently suitable to give you more detailed information on, for example, possible clients for your company. They hear a lot and know many people.

===Social Skills===
Before you begin face-to-face networking, consider brushing up on your social skills. These are skills a social animal uses to interact and communicate with others to assist status in the social structure and other motivations. Social rules and social relations are created, communicated, and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways creating social complexity useful in identifying outsiders and intelligent breeding partners. 

Social skills include both verbal and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication will include small talk or conversation, sharing jokes, and discussing ideas, such as politics or business. Non-verbal communication is also very important, and it includes active listening and body language.

Before entering into networking situations, consider how smoothly you deliver conversation, your tone and volume, and your use of vocabulary. Consider your posture. If you are standing up straight, but still looking at ease, you're on the right track. 

===The networking conversation===
Only when you are well prepared does it make sense to start having actual networking conversations. You could meet people anywhere, but especially at the beginning of your networking activities it makes sense to stay close to home so to speak, and start on a relatively low level. Try to gather information on a company where you would like to work by talking with people in your environment. Soon enough you will see that people will refer you to others, which will bring you into contact with people who will be able to give you the information on the organization you are researching.

At first this will be on an informal level, like a birthday party or a reception, but at some point you will find yourself having a real networking conversation. You can give such a conversation a positive swing right at the start by making a perfect first impression. ‘’It is of the essence’’ that you make clear immediately why you are there: ‘’not a  project’’, ‘’not a job’’, but ‘’information’’. If you fail to do this, your conversation partner will think early on in the conversation: “This person wants something from me (a job/ a project), this I do not have/cannot give, how do I get rid of him/her as quickly as possible?” Or he/she would be willing to help but can’t, and then the implication of a direct appeal is very embarrassing, and he/she feels conscience-stricken for having to say ‘No’.

Experience teaches that the conversation itself will go smoothly (after a few times), but the closure is often a bit of a stumbling block. Begin by asking for down-to-earth suggestions. When they have been made, the next question is: “Very interesting, who would you suggest that I talk with next on this subject?” Then your conversation partner should name a few names. Finally you ask: “How can I make contact with this/these person/s?”. Needless to say, your conversation partner must be willing to act as an intermediary.

When you have conducted the conversation and you have noted what was discussed in your system, do not forget to send an appropriate card or e-mail. There are some who send both: an e-mail the same day in which you thank your conversation partner for his/her time and willingness to see you, for the information and/or direct help; you mention some points that came up and about which you want to make some further remarks, to show that you paid attention to what your conversation partner said. Or you touch upon issues that may have been left unresolved, and about which you may have some further thoughts. In the course of the next day, but no later than about twenty-four hours after the conversation, send a handwritten note expressing your thanks. And should you ever come across something that you think your conversation partner will appreciate, such as a newspaper article from a magazine in his/her field or hobby, send it to him/her without delay. This is also a very effective way to stay in touch. These small attentions are appreciated  enormously, and in many cases they will cause people to remember you. And they, in their turn, will be much more inclined to keep you up on developments or invite you for something. &lt;ref&gt;Cohen &amp; Bradford, op. cit., pp. 26-44.&lt;/ref&gt;

When you maintain your network within your own organization, this has an immediate effect on how you can inspire your colleagues or team members (or they you); this will benefit the project or task you are working on: “(...) the ultimate ‘glue’ that binds people is not ‘what they get’ from the organization but what they can contribute to the community.” &lt;ref&gt;P. Senge et al., The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook (1998), p. 300.&lt;/ref&gt; “Shared visions have a way of spreading through personal contact.” &lt;ref&gt;P. Senge et al., The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook (1998, p. 301.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Evaluation===
After your conversation, stand in front of the mirror immediately for an evaluation and ask yourself:
what went well
what could have been done better
what information did I obtain
what referrals did I receive

And then, when you have that new job or that project, you must trace back your trail and thank the people who helped you along the way. It is essential therefore that you make notes of those conversations, and do so immediately afterwards. Experience teaches that you will remember the last five of those conversations, but none before that. Software like Excel, Outlook, Access, are eminently suitable for this. And when you are ready for a really professional way to do this, try Act!, Archie, Commerce or Filemaker Pro.

===Maintenance===
We all know a lot of people, but we used to know a great many more. Lack of structured maintenance is the cause of a lot of people simply fade out of the picture. The simplest way to maintain your network is, of course, by actually using it. You can look something up on the Internet, but it is much more pleasant (and better for maintenance) to call or e-mail someone who has that information as well. And besides, people like to be consulted on their specialty or competence.

In spite of social networking sites like LinkedIn, Facebook, etc. personal contact remains an indispensable link in networks. The best evidence for this is that a site like LinkedIn has also started to organize actual get-togethers. “As members of a community, we need to meet in person when we talk about what we really care about.” &lt;ref&gt;Peter Senge et al., ‘’op.cit.’’, p. 301.&lt;/ref&gt;

Another thing to remember for your network maintenance is that you provide it with some structure: before you know it you always talk to the same people. But most importantly: “Stay in touch!” Do this in any way you can as long as it is something that is “you”. Try and use your creativity. Some examples of maintenance:

* Offer help (especially unsolicited)
* Attend events with business relations
* Send article or internet link on someone’s hobby
* Sponsor a book
* Unusual Christmas card – use your imagination
* Open your house/office for the neighbourhood
* Call (and then actually do it)
* Appear in newspaper or magazine with your company or profession
* Spring card instead of Christmas card
* Become a member of an entrepreneurs’ association


As we can see from the above, networking is certainly more than just having a drink at the pub.

===Literature / further reading===
====’’Career and networking’’====
* L. Alexander, ‘’Career Networking’’, (Oxford  1997)
* Richard Bolles, ‘’What Color is Your Parachute’’ (published annually)
* Gerard D. de Gier, ‘’Netwerken doe je zó’’ (Zwolle, 2006). (in Dutch only)
* R.L. Krannich &amp; C.R. Krannich, ‘’The New Network: Your Way to Job and Career Success’’ (Woodbridge 1993)
* Dr. N. M. Yeager, ‘’CareerMap’’ (New York 1988)
* Charles D.A. Ruffolo, ‘’Network Your Way to Success’’ (Zwolle 2004)

====’’Scientific networking theories’’====
* Wayne E. Baker, ‘’Networking Smart’’ (New York 1994)
* Nitin Nohria &amp; Robert G. Eccles, ‘’Networking &amp; Organisational Structure, Form and Action’’ (Harvard 1994)

====’’Women and networking’’====
* Dr. Lily M. Segerman-Peck, ‘’Networking &amp; Mentoring, a Woman’s Guide’’ (London 1991)
* Mary Scott Welch, ‘’Networking, a Great New Way for Women to Get Ahead’’ (Stamford CT 1980)

====’’Networking in general’’====
* A. Baer &amp; Lynne Waymon, ‘’52 Ways to Re-connect, Follow Up &amp; Stay in Touch’’ (Dubuque 1994)
* L. D. Bjorseth, ‘’Breakthrough networking’’ (Lisle 1996)
* Dale Carnegie, ‘’How to Win Friends and Influence People’’ (reprinted regularly)
* Jan Vermeiren, ‘’Let’s connect’’ (Step by Step - 2007)
* H. Catt, P. Scudamore, ‘’The Power of Networking’’ (London 1999)
* D. Fisher, S. Vilas, ‘’Power Networking’’ (Austin 2000)
* J. Gitomer, ‘’The Little Black Book of Connections’’ (Austin 2008)
* H. Mackay, ‘’Dig Your Well Before You Get Thirsty’’ (New York 1997)
* Susan Roanne, ‘’The Secrets of Savvy Networking’’ (New York 1993)
* J. Smallwood McKenzie, ‘’The 101 Commandments of  Networking’’ (privately published {{ISBN|1-58500-444-8}}
* L. Michelle Tullier, ‘’Networking for Everyone’’ (Indianapolis  1998)

====’’Miscellaneous’’====
* D. Cohen, L. Prusak, ‘’In Good Company: How Social Capital Makes Organisations Work’’ (Harvard 2001)
* J. R. DeLuca, ‘’Political Savvy’’ (Berwyn 1992)
* S. Covey, ‘’The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People’’ (New York 1991)
* M. Giovagnoli &amp; J. Carter Miller, ‘’Networlding’’ (San Francisco 2000)

===References===
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Shelves|Social psychology}}
{{Alphabetical|S}}
{{status|0%}}

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    <title>Aros/Platforms/x86 Complete System HCL</title>
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      <text bytes="440941" sha1="57ekzn3oa7ihpybpjvwlx6v8xzvbx15" xml:space="preserve">=== Recommended hardware ===

While the following sections will give you a good overview of compatibility of AROS with a large number of hardware, this first section will list hardware that is recommended for use with 32-bit versions of AROS.

Recommended hardware is hardware that has been tested with latest release of AROS and is relatively easy to purchase second hand (ie. ebay). This hardware also comes with commitment that compatibility will be maintained with each future release.

If in future decision will be made to drop any of the recommended hardware from the list (for example due to it no longer being available for purchase), such hardware will move to list of legacy supported systems and will have an indicated end of life date so that users have time to switch to other hardware.

==== Laptops ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ACER Aspire One ZG5 || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(IDE)}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|RTL8169}} || {{Yes|ATHEROS}}  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Dell Latitude D520 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|BCM4400}} || {{No|}}  || {{Yes|Atheros AR5BXB63}} || * select Intel Core 2 64-bit version, not Celeron 32-bit version &lt;br/&gt; * replace WiFi card to get wireless working&lt;br/&gt; * add 'noacpi' to grub command line in order to boot 
|-
|}

==== Desktop Systems ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Fujitsu Futro S720 || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || * no 2D/3D acceleration&lt;br/&gt; * use USB ports at back
|-
|}

==== Motherboards ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ASUS P8Z68V LX || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
| Gigabyte GA-MA770T UD3/UD3P || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * requires external PCIe video card
|-
| ASUS M2N68-AM SE2 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|NVIDIA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|NVNET}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * connecting a disk via SATA connector is not supported at this time &lt;br/&gt; * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
| Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * add 'noioapic' to grub command line in order to boot &lt;br/&gt; * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
|}

==== Legacy supported hardware ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |EOL
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| iMica || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || 2026-12-31 || * add 'noacpi' to grub command line in order to boot
|-
| Gigabyte GA-MA770 UD3 || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(IDE)}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || 2026-12-31 || * requires external PCIe video card
|-
|}

=== Laptops ===

The following hardware has been tested with native x86 AROS and any issues have been noted. If you have encountered differently (i.e. problems, incompatibilities, faults, niggles, annoyances, environment, errors, review of setup etc) please update this information. Alternatively, an hosted OS (windows or linux) of AROS would give better results. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| &lt;!--OK--&gt;{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || &lt;!--May work--&gt;{{Maybe|'''Works a little'''}} || &lt;!--Not working--&gt;{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || &lt;!--Not applicable--&gt;{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}}
|-
|}


* 2006/2007 Dell Latitude D-series laptops - business class machines, good support in Aros, easy to replace wifi card 
* 2006 some [https://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/laptops-portable-pcs/laptops-and-netbooks/toshiba-satellite-pro-a200-28550/review Satellite Pro A200] 
* 2008 For the tiny carry anywhere, the early run of Acer Aspire netbooks 


Please bear in mind that AROS has only a few hardware driver developers, whilst Linux counts in the tens and Windows in the hundreds. 
 So consequently, be aware that driver support on native is now a decade behind linux, MacOS(TM) and Windows(TM). 

Rough estimate from taking a random laptop notebook what you can expect from a Native install of AROS 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Date 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Overall 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx VESA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx 2D Acceleration 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx 3D Acceleration 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Before 2002 || Poor to OK || VESA 90% || 2D 10% || {{N/A}} || Audio 10% || 40% || Wired 70% || 2% || Max RAM 512MB 
|-
| 2002-2005 || OK || VESA 95% || 2D 10% || 3D 0% || Audio 30% || 70% || Wired 50% || 4% || Max RAM 1GB 
|-
| 2005-2010 || Good || VESA 98% || 2D 60% || 3D 30% || Audio 60% || 80% || Wired 30% || 10% || Max RAM 2 / 4GB 
|-
| 2011-2014 || OK || VESA 98% || 2D 10% || 3D 0% || Audio 20% || 60% || Wired 20% || 0% || Max RAM 8GB / 16GB 
|-
| 2015-2017 || Poor || VESA 98% || 2D 0% || 3D 0% || Audio 0% || 0% || Wired 20% || 0% || Max RAM 32GB 
|-
| 2018-202x || Poor || VESA 95% || 2D 0% || 3D 0% || Audio 0% || 0% || Wired 10% || 0% || Max RAM 64GB Ryzen 
|-
|}


3D tests now conducted with apps found in Demos/AROS/Mesa and run at default size (may need to View As -&gt; Show All to see them. 

 Any laptop with Windows 7(TM) 64bit or higher install, the bios and hard drive set in uefi/gpt mode (install of AROS incompatible) 

Most vendor suppliers get OEM (original equipment manufacturers) to make their laptops. These brand name companies purchase their laptops from an 
*80% ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) such as Quanta, Compal, Wistron, Inventec, Foxconn (Hon Hai), Flextronics and Asus (now Pegatron) 
*20% MiTAC, FIC, Arima, Uniwill, ECS, Tonfang Origin and Clevo (remaining 20%). 


====Acer/Gateway/Emachines====

Company founded under the name of Multitech in Taiwan in 1976, renamed to Acer or Acer Group in 1987

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Packard Bell 
Aspire 
Extensa 
TimeLine
Travelmate 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;2%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Travelmate 505 506 507 508 Series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P2 Celeron 466Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|boots}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Neo Magic Magic Graph 128XD (NM2160)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 Crystal CS}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 minimal support but no audio etc - 506T, 506DX, 507T, 507DX, 508T 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 340 342 343 345 347 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ALi M1621 with piii || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Trident Cyber 9525 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1969 Solo-1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 ALi OHCI USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;a few have Intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2000 32bit - 340T, 341T, 342T, 342TV, 343TV, 345T, 347TV 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 350 351 352 353 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ali with piii || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Trident Cyber Blade DSTN/Ai1 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ali5451}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 1.1 Ali M5237 OHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Acer InviLink IEEE 802.11b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit very limited support but no support for PCMCIA O2 Micro OZ6933 - 350T, 351TEV, 352TEV, 353TEV 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 610 series 611 612 613 614 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;815 P3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 82815 cgc || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel e100 pro || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit - 610TXVi 610T 611TXV 612TX 613TXC 
|-
| Aspire 3003LM || SIS AMD 3000 1.8GHz || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SIS AGP M760GX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 SIS codec}} || 3 USB 2.0 || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4318 AirForce One 54g}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 sempron 
|-
| Travelmate 2310 Series ZL6 || Intel Celeron M 360 1.4GHz with SiS 661MX || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SiS Mirage M661MX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|SIS SI7012 AC97 with realtek ALC203 codec speakers only}} ||  || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{N/A|LM version has pci card slot but no antenna}} || Icaros 2.1.1 || 2004 32bit - No USB boot option but boot from DVD - reports of wifi losing connection (isolate/remove the metallic grounding foil ends of the antennas) - 2312LM_L - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 3000 3002LMi 3500 5000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD CPU W-with SIS M760 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;SIS 760 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;SIS || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;SIS 900 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4318 swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 3050 5020 5050 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Single and Turion MK-36 Dual and RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - RS482M Xpress 1100 or RS485M Xpress 1150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek ALC883 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5006G or Broadcom BCM 4318 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit MK36 gets very hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2410 2420 2430 series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel Mobile 915GMS 910GML || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 ICH6 with ALC203 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL-8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5005GS || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 2428AWXMi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 3610 - WISTRON MORAR 3614WLMI || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=644066&amp;postcount=13 AC97]}}  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8139 8139C+}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros AR5001X+ or AR5BMB5 or Broadcom 4318}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.2.4 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit with good support [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=6205188#post6205188 wifi issues] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2480 series 2483 WXMi (HannStar J MV4 94V) 2483NWXCi Aspire 3680, 3690 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940GML i943 with Celeron 430 1.77GHz - 14.1&quot; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D and 3D openGL 1.x - Tunnel 181 gearbox 104 scores}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC883 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8038 yukon sky2}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 5k AR5005G AR5BMB5 mini pci}} suspect laptop hardware issues || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Works well shame about the internet options - noisy fan - poor battery life - no boot option for TI based mass storage sd card - Max 2GB memory - LCD Inverter Board IV12090/T-LF - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2490 series 2492WXMi || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 945 2D and 3D tunnel 164 gearbox 105}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5005GS suspect hardware issue}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - 15inch screen - strange curved up at ends keyboard style - overall plastic construction - Atheros AR5005G(s) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gateway ML6227B MA7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz with 945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|945GM 2D and 3D tunnel 169 gearbox 132}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDA Intel with STAC9250 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8038}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|8187L but swap ath5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15.4 ultrabrite widescreen - Wifi Switch on side Fn/F2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 5630-6796 6288 BL50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5200 T5500 Intel® Core™2 Duo T7200 T7400 T7600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel® GMA 950 with S-Video out}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945abg swap for Atheros 5K}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Tiny AROS || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 - 64bit 39.1 cm (15.4&quot; 1280 x 800) - 2 DDR2-SDRAM slots max 4GB - green mobo?? - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 5633WMLI BL51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5500 with Intel® 945PM/GM Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia Go 7300}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 swap for Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Tiny Aros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64 bit dual core2 - 15.4 WXGA screen - ddr2 max 4gb - OrbiCam no support - ENE chipset SD card - blue mobo?? - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 9410 9420 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core Duo with 945PM Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D NVIDIA GeForce Go 7300 - 128 MB VRAM G72M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel HD audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 8111 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945ABG but could swap with atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 17in TFT 1,440 x 900 WXGA+ - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;eMachines E510 series KAL10 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Celeron M 560 2.13Ghz with PM965  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel x3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5906M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros G AR5BXB63 bios issue??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit very budget machine with InsydeH20 bios and F10 boot menu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ACER Aspire 5920 5920G || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Santa Rosa Core 2 Duo T7300 T7500 later T9300 with GM965 and PM965(G) Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for X3100M or 8600M GS (rev a1) 9500M GT 256MB vram (G) but some AMD/ATI RV635 M86 HD 3650}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with realtek alc888 codec ICH8}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945ABG 4965 or Atheros 9k AR9285 might be able to swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwood test iso 2023-01 2023-11 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit boot with 'noacpi' or 'noioapic' - 15.4in 1280 x 800 pixels 16:10 - BMW Designworks ‘Gemstone’ design - over 3.0kg with options for 8-cell or 6-cell batteries - 2 SODIMM DDR2 667MT/s max 4GB - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Extensa 5630Z || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T6600 with Intel GL40 Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Intel GMA 4500M HD (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{No|Broadcom BCM 5764M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{No|RaLink RT2860}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Acer A0521 Ao721 || Athlon II Neo K125 + AMD M880G || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4225 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Conexant}} || {{Maybe}}|| {{no|AR8152 l1c}} || {{no|AR9285 ath9k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || 64bit possible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 5250 series 5253 BZ400 BZ602 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E350 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{no|VESA 2D for AMD HD6310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDaudio for codec Conexant CX20584}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8151}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros 9k AR5B97}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire V5 V5-121 V5121 AO725 One 725 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD C-70 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{no|VESA for AMD 6290G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Realtek ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 x USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire V5-122P MS2377 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;C70 with M55, AMD A4-1250 or A6 1450 up to 1.4Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8210 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;FCH USB EHCI OHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 but LAN/VGA Combo Port Cable (AK.LAVGCA.001) or MiniCP port to Acer Converter Cable (Mini CP to VGA/LAN/USB) (NP.OTH11.00C) needed}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros 9k AR9565}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 26w battery internal, extension possible - 11.6in 1366 x 768 ips touchscreen - 7mm hd ssd - 2gb ddr3l soldered with 1 slot free max 4GB - bios hacking needed for virtualisation - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell EasyNote TE69 TE69KB 522 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow E1-2500, E2-3800 2c2t Dual or A4-5000 4c4t Quad both soldered BGA769 (FT3) on Hudson-2 FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Use IDE mode}} setting AHCI to IDE mode - boots if UEFI set to Legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA 2D for ATI Radeon 8120 8240, 8320 8330 or 8280}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AMD Azalia HD Audio with ALC282 codec but not HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Bios, Boot, set Boot mode to Legacy, nothing from USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8171 AR8175 or Broadcom BCM57780}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9565 0x1969 0x10a1}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire OS Xenon and AROS One 1.6 usb || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit 15.6in washed out screen big netbook - Boots with noacpi after using F2 to enter EFI firmware and f12 boot device - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots max 16Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASPIRE ES1-523 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD AMD E1-7010, A8-7410 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA for RADEON R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Realtek ALC 233 or CX20752 HD AUDIO CODEC}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek PCIe GBE Family or Atheros AR8151 Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8187 or 8812BU}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 2 ddr3l slots - keyboard connected to top case - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Asus====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus L8400-K Medion MD9467 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel desktop 850MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;S3 Savage MX || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS allegro 1988}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus L2000 L2400 L2D Series Medion 9675 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Athlon 4 mobile || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use vesa sis630 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|sis7018}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;sis900 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;x51R X51RL || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Duo T2250 T2330 with RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200M]}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|boots and detects}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL-8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5006EG AR5111 ath5k AzureWave AW-GE780 - could be ATI Chipset}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2, deadwood 2021,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 15.4 WXGA - 19v barrel - ESC boot select - F2 bios - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus R2H Ultra Mobile PC UMPC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron 900Mhz 910GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 ALC880 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8169 8101e || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm4fOrqyj3g boots] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A3 series A3F Ergo Ensis 211 RM || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P-M 1.6GHz to Core Duo with 950 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 ALC655 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8100CL 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit only 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Z33  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC880 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 2915ABG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit Z33A Z33AE N5M N5A 
|-
| Z70A Z70V Z70Va M6A z7000 z7000a || i915 + ICH6 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|mobile 915GML}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ICH6 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8001}} || {{no|Intel PRO 2200BG Fn / F2}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2005 32bit 
|-
| [http://www.progweb.com/en/2010/09/linux-sur-un-portable-asus-a6jm/ A6jm] A6JC || 945GM || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia GeForce Go 7600 G70}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8111 8168B}} || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || Icaros  1.2.4 || 2006 32bit only 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;F3Jc || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;G72M Quadro NVS 110M, GeForce Go 7300 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;D audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8169 8111 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X50GL F5GL || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5800 with 965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA 2d - Nvidia 8200M G84 runs hot}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio MCP79 with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|MCP79}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5B91 AW-NE77}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit not much support no display with nouveau - 19v barrel 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS G50 &amp; G51 series G50V G50Vt G51V G51VX G51J G51Jx G50VT X1 X5 ROG || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD64 with MCP71 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia GeForce 9800M GS (G94M) up to GT200 [GeForce GTX 260M] (G92M) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Nvidia HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros L1C atl1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros G or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;ICaros  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit not all GPUs are failing but a much higher % failing early, 8x00 and 9x00 G84, G86, G92, G94, and G96 series chips dying - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M50V M50 series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core 2 Duo P8400 or T9400 with Intel PM45 ICH9 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|BIOS set to compatibility IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 9600M GS or 9650M GT || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC663 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 realtek 8169 8111C}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 5100 or Atheros AR928X}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.0 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 15.40 inch 16:10, 1680 x 1050 glossy - the &quot;Infusion&quot; design - heavy 3kg - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Series F9 F9E F9dc F9f F9j F9s || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC660 playback}}  || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|works}}  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 }}  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|intel 3495 not working}}  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.41 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit possible - small form factor sub notebook, compact and works well but no 3D graphics 
|-
| P52F SO006X || i3-370M || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia G92 [GeForce 9800 GT] (2D)}} || {{no|Intel HD Audio}} || {{yes|2 USB2.0}} || {{no|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 (l1e)}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2010 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
* X53U MB Ver K53U or K52U Asus K53U MB Ver K53U
* A53U XT2 X53B MB ver: K53BY (compal) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow atom like speed E-350 (2011), E-450 (2011) on AMD M780G, much slower C50 (2012), C60 on the AMD A50M dark brown plastic build || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA ATi 6310M, 6320M later 6250M or 6290M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with alc269 codec Altec Lansing® Speakers}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 x USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|rtl8169 with RTL8111 phy}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros half height ar9285 cannot swap with ar5000 mini pci-e as smaller card required}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 and AROS One 1.6 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 15.6in 1368 x 768 dull 50% srgb screen - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 5200 or 7800 mAh battery covers ASUS K53S K53E X54C X53S K84L X53SV X54HR K53F X53U laptops - 2 DDR3L slots max 8Gb - 19v barrel 5.5 / 2.5 mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus K53T, Asus A53Z X53Z
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A4-3305M on AMD M780G, A6-3420M dark brown plastic build || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD 6520G, 7670M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 x USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 with RTL8111 phy}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros half height}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - 15.6in 1368 x 768 dull 50% srgb screen - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 2 DDR3L slots max 8Gb - 19v barrel 5.5 / 2.5 mm - Altec Lansing® Speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X55U X401U X501U 1225B || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow C60, C70 or E1 1200 E2 1800 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6290G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR9485 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - ram soldered -  11.6&quot; display - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X102BA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Llano E1 1200 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|ide bios setting}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 8180 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Qualcomm Atheros AR9485 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit -10.1” Touchscreen - special asus 45w ac adapter - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A43TA A53TA K53TA XE2 A73T || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A4-3300M, A6 3400M (laptop chip) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon HD 6520G Integrated + HD 6470M (1GB GDDR3)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;K55N, K75DE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD a6 4400M A8 4500M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 7640G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC codec none through ATi Trinity HDMI || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR9485 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit 17.3-inch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X452EA X552EA F552E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD with  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for AMD ATI Sun XT Radeon HD 8330 8670A 8670M 8690M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AMD FCH Azalia rev 02 with ALC898 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{{Yes|Realtek RTL8111 8168 8411}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit kabini trinity E1 2100 or A4 5000M A8 4500M A10 4600M 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus X555Y - keyboard from Asus X555B X555D X555L X555S X555U X555Y X555LA fits? silver-colored plastic || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-7210 A8-7410 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|VESA 2D for AMD R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-colored plastic - internal battery - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus X555D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A10-8700P || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|VESA 2D for AMD R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-coloured plastic - internal battery - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS X555Q || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD® Bristol Ridge A10-9600P 7th Gen, A12-9720p || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R5 + Radeon™ R6 M435DX Dual Graphics with VRAM GCN 3 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8821AE || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - FHD 15.6 1920x1080 - 37W battery internal - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - internal battery - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M509ba  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A9-9425  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;RADEON R5 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot max 16Gb - 19VDC 2.37A Max 45W 4.0mm x 1.35mm - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M509DA M509DJ M509DL || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD® Ryzen™ 3 3200U, AMD® Ryzen™ 5 3500U 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{No|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|VESA 2D for AMD Vega 5 8 or nvidia MX230 MX250}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS one || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - Transparent Silver Slate Grey - 4 or 8g soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm slot max 8g - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


==== Dell ====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Studio 
Inspiron 
Vostro 
XPS
Alienware  
Precision 
Latitude 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude CP 233GT, CPi d233xt d266xt D300XT a366xt, CPt S400GT S500GT S550GT S600GT S700ST, CPt C333GT C400GT || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Neo Magic || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - Neo magic Magic Media 2160 2360 256ZX || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|crystal pnp 4237b or magic media 256zx sound nm2360}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit Low-Density 16-chip 144p 144-pin 32Mx64 3.3V SODIMM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Latitude CPx H450GT H500GT H Series, CPt V433GT V466GT V600, Inspiron 5000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440BX with Pentium 3M (CPx) or Celeron (CPt) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use Vesa - ATi Rage Pro Mobility M1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1978 Maestro 2E Canyon 3D}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|1 slot 1.1 only}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;NB May 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit - 3 pin PA-6 PA6 power adapter plug - CDROM DVD Cxxx family media bay accessories untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C500 C600 (Quanta TM6) Inspiron 4000 7500, CPx J Series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;440BX ZX/DX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI Rage 128Pro Mobility M3 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ES1983S Maestro 3i}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 1.1 only}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A|some models had mini pci e100}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A|a few came with internal antenna wiring}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;square 3 pin charger PA9 PA-9 - C/Dock II untested - C/Port untested - Parallel to Floppy cable untested - CPx J600GT J650GT J700GT J750GT J800GT J850GT 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C510 C610 Insprion 4100 PP01L 2600 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i830 and 1GHz+ P3-M ||  &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|use VESA - ATI Radeon Mobility M6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 CS4205}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|3Com Etherlink}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|internal antenna wiring for an Atheros mini pci card}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;poor build quality - hard to find in good working order 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 830 CGC}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ac97 Crystal 4205}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|3Com 3c905C TX/TX-M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Slim for the time - no media bays 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C640 (Quanta TM8) C840 Inspiron 8k2 8200 i8200 precision m50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M with 845EP || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA if ATi - use nouveau if 64mb Nvidia Gforce 4 440 Go  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 CS4205 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;3com 905c || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;C640 had one fan so was noisy and hot - C840 had 2 fans and ran slightly cooler but fan noise louder
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| Latitude D400 || P-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 ide}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|VESA only}} || {{yes|AC97 Audio playback only}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || {{maybe|PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{no|BCM4318 AirForce one 54g replace with atheros 5k mini pci}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit might boot from USB stick but won't boot from USB-DVD - no sd card slot - power plug style - 
|-
| Latitude D500 / D505 PP10L, Inspiron 510m 
|| 855GME 
* revA00
* revA03
* revA06
| {{yes|IDE but needs the Dell adapter}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with IDT STAC 9750 codec playback head phones only}} || {{maybe| }} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 but exchange with atheros g in panel on laptop bottom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || 2003 - 14 / 15 inch XGA 4:3 screen - plastic build - no sd card slot - boots from bay optical drive - not powering on/off with ac adapter is a [http://www.geekzone.co.nz/forums.asp?forumid=37&amp;topicid=30585 mobo fault of PC13 SMT 1206 ceramic cap hot] suggest [http://www.die4laser.com/D505fix/ 0.1uF 50V instead] - pc2700 333Mhz ram 1Gb max - 
|-
| Latitude D505 (some) || VIA VT8237 VX700 || {{yes|IDE}} ||  || {{partial|VESA 2d on ATI RV350 Radeon 9550}} || {{no|VIA AC97 with  codec}} || {{maybe|VIA USB glitchy}} || {{yes|VIA VT6102 Rhine-II}} || {{no|Intel 2200g Calexico2}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || 2003 32bit little support - diagnostics pressing holding the Fn key, press the Power ON button (battery removed). Check the LEDs pattern - cmos battery behind flap in laptop battery slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA SIS}}  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 SIS with AD1981B codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|SIS 900 but}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit [https://forum.level1techs.com/t/my-time-with-icaros-desktop-and-what-i-am-doing-as-a-dev-contributor-also-some-other-shit/113358 aremis using it]
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1100 PP07L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;845 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 845G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC'97 playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom 4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 8500 5150 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4 855GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia 5200 Go - VESA if intel gfx}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|MCP AC97 with SigmaTel 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4306 rev 02 use Atheros Mini PCI}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;32bit P4 runs well but hot 
|-
| Latitude X300 PP04S small, slim and light case 
|| 855GME 
* revA00 Intel ULV 1.2 Ghz
* revA01 Intel ULV 1.4Ghz 
| {{yes|IDE internal and will boot cd/dvd through dock PR04S}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with STAC 97xx codec but no audio out of the dock}} || {{maybe|works but dock usb ports and usb DVD PD01S not detected}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5705M gigabit}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 later intel - replace with atheros in the underside}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1, AROS One 1.6 usb,  || 2004 12.1&quot; 1024 x 768 - 19.5v PA-10 or PA-12 dell - ACPI works but bad s3 ram suspend sleep - no sd card boot - 1Gb max sodimm ddr 2700 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) PP05L - 600m 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82855 PM i855 
* reva00
* revA01 
* revA02 
* revA03 
* revA04 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATI Radeon RV250 Mobility FireGL 9000}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 -  STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 2100 or Broadcom BCM4306 - swap for Atheros panel in base}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1 and 2.1.1] || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 32bit 14inch using pc2100 memory with Caps light blinking is usually a memory error - Dell D505 D600 power up pressing the case docking port - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82855 PM i855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D only vidia NV28 GeForce4 Ti 4200 Go 5200 Go 5650 Go}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 - STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4306 mini pci - swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1] || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 32bit 14&quot; - solder joints on the bios chip (press down f7/f8 keys) - RAM clean with eraser - memory cover plate maybe apply some pressure - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D800 (Compal LA-1901) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 570x || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4309 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - trackpoint type pointing device - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D800 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|Nvidia }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 570x || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4309 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 15inch 39cm
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1200 2200 PP10S Latitude 110L m350 1.3Ghz || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|UDMA boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA900 (2D and 3D openGL 1.x) Gearbox 56}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|BroadCom BCM4318 - swap for Atheros mini PCI in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 single core 32bit 14&quot; 4:3 1024 768 XGA screen - heavy 6 lbs - PA16 barrel 19V 3.16A AC adapter - battery life 4cell 29WHr lasts 2 hours - 256mb soldered with 1 ddr pc2100 sodimm 1gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1300 business B130 home PP21L Latitude 120L B120 by Compal - Inspiron 630m || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Celeron M360 1.4GHz, M370 1.50 GHz, M380 1.73GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D openGL 1.x tunnel 172 gearbox 70}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|works but waiting boot fail with AROS One usb version}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|intel 2200 or BCM4318 swap for Atheros mini pci underside - one antenna lead for main wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2, AROS One 1.6 usb,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit single core - 14.1″ XGA 4:3 or 15.4&quot; WXGA wide 1280 x 800 matte - ddr2 sodimm ram 2gb max - PA-16 19v psu tip 7.4mm * 5mm - f10 boot select f1 f2 bios 
|-
| Latitude X1 PP05S || PP-M GMA915 rev A00 1.1GHz non-pae || {{yes|ide 1.8in zif/ce under keyboard}} || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|Vesa for Intel 915GM}} || {{yes|AC97 6.6 playback only with STAC codec}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0 but partial boot to blank screen}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard palm rest - disassembly of all laptop}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 dvd iso image virtualbox'd onto usb, Aros One 1.5 and 1.8 usb (2022) || 2005 32bit 12.1&quot; 4:3 1024 x 768 - sd slot not bootable - 256mb soldered to board and 1 sodimm max 1GB ddr2 under keyboard - F12 bios boot F2 - pa-17 pa17 19v octagonal psu port 
|-
| Latitude D410 PP06S 
*rev A00 
*A01, A02 
*A03 
|| GMA915 1.6GHz Pentium® M 730, 1.7GHz, 750 1.86GHz &amp; 760 2.0GHz, 770 2.13GHz || {{yes|caddy and adapter needed 2.5&quot; - remove hdd and write}} || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|Intel 915GM 2D and 3D OpenGL 1.3 tunnel 170 and gearbox 75}} || {{yes|AC97 playback only with STAC 9751 codec}} || {{maybe|works but will not boot from USB-DVD or AROS One 1.5 usb version}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2915ABG or later 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4, 2.1.1 and AROS One 1.5 usb,  || 2005 32bit 12.1&quot; 4:3 1024 x 768 - no sd card slot - PR06S dock base 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D510 (Quanta DM1) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM socket 479 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 STAC 975x}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG swap Atheros mini pci in base}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 14.1&quot; 32bit single core Intel Celeron M 1.6GHz Pentium M 730 1.73Ghz - squarish 3:2 - issues with 3rd party battery 4 quick flashes of red led with 1 final green 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) PP11L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;910GML 915GM with mobile 1.6 to 2.26ghz 
* Rev A0x 
* Rev A0x 
* Rev A07 1.73Ghz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D tunnel 174 gearbox 74}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 speaker head phones playback only with stac codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 2200BG or Broadcom mini pci under keyboard, swap wifi card for atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - one dimm slot under keyboard and other in underside 2GB 533Mhz 667Mhz DDR2 max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) 0C4717 REV A05, 0K3879 REV.A00 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 no radeon 2d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci use Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - 19.5v psu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D810 (Quanta ) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 RV370 M22 later x600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 stereo playback only idt 9751 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0 but no boot from usb on 1.5}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1, aros one 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 15.4&quot; F12 one time boot menu - 19.5v 90w psu ideal - battery not same as later dx20 ones - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Studio XPS M1210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia G72M 7300 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92xx || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspirion E1705 9200 9300 9400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia 6800, ati X300 or nVidia 7900GS gpu 3d corrupt || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;[http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481 increasing vertical lines issues]
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1501 PP23LA Latitude 131L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD on ATI RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - ATI 1150 (x300) RS482M Mobility Radeon Xpress 200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with stac 92xx codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom bcm 4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bcm4311 replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit 15.4 inch Matt 16:10, 1280x800 pixel, WXGA TFT Display - first Dell AMD machine - Sempron 1.8GHz Turion MK-36 or X2 1.6Ghz TL-50 or TL-56 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 6000 6400, E1505 PP20L, 9300, 9200 PP14L 
*A00 Pentium M 
*A0? Core Duo 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 with PM 1.73Ghz, T2050 or T2060 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|vesa 2d - Ati 9700, x1300 RV515 M52, x1400 or nvidia go 7300 on mxm board}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio IDT 9200}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|usb boot }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200 3945 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1, AROS One 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 mostly 32bit but - 15.4 inch glossy - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots - broadcom bcm92045 bluetooth detected but no support - 19.5v dell psu socket - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 6400 (Quanta FM1)
*A00 Pentium M 
*A0? Core Duo  
*A08 Core2 Duo 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 with BGA479 (socket M) T2050 1.6Ghz, T2060 1.60Ghz, T2080 1.73Ghz much later T5500 1.66Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with IDT 92xx codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;deadwood 2019-04-16 iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 mostly 32bit - 15.4&quot; glossy - sd card - front multimedia keys - dvd rw - generic dell keyboard - coin cr2032 bios battery under keyboard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 640m PP19L XPS M140 e1405 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Solo T2050, T2300 Duo 1.83GHz T2400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM4401-B0 100Base || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 or Broadcom 43xx, swap for Atheros 5k - Wireless Internet ON or OFF press the Function key + F2}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32 bit - 12.1 LCD CCFL WXGA 1280x800 up to 14.1 inch 16:10 1440x900 pixel, WXGA+ UltraSharp - supports also SSE3 on duos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Precision M65 M90 XPS M1710 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945PM with T2600 T2700 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia Quadro FX 350M 1600M 1500M G71 on par with the Go7900 GS to GTX 7950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5752 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom BCM4311 BCM4328 swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 17&quot; workstation type WXGA+ screen manufactured by AU Optronics poor viewing angles, unevenly lit, light leakage 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D420 (Compal LA-3071P) PP09S 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945 
* revA00 Solo 1.2Ghz ULV U1400
* revA01 Duo 1.06Ghz u2500
* revA02 Duo 1.2Ghz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|ZIF/CE 1.8&quot; slow under battery, ribbon cable}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 - 2D and 3D opengl tunnel 138 gearbox 103}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92xx playback speakers head phones only)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 and external usb optical drive works}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 mini pcie - swap Atheros 5k in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros Desktop 1.4 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 32bit only - 12.1&quot; 1280x800 - PR09S dock base rev02 DVD-RW usb boots - 1GB DDR2 2Rx16 max in base panel - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D520 PP17L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
* 64bit rev A01, A02 945GM Core2 Duo 1.83Ghz to 2.3Ghz 
* 32bit rev A00, A01 940GML Solo later Duo T2400  
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || {{Yes|bios sata set to ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 series 2D and OpenGL1 3D tunnel 210 gearbox 153 teapot 27}} || {{Yes|HD audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || {{Yes|Boots and detects USB2.0}} || {{Yes|Broadcom 4400}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4312 BCM4321 Dell 1390 / 1490 mini pcie - easy to replace with atheros 5k in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4 and 2.2 and AROS One usb 1.8 and grub boot add 'noacpi' || 2006 mostly 64bit 4:3 aspect ratio 14.1 (XGA 1024x768) or later 15 inches (XGA+ 1400 by 1050) - F2 enter bios F12 choose boot - 19.5v dell tip pa-12 charger - bios battery socketed - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D620 (Compal LA-2792) PP18L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 
* rev A00 all Core Duo's 32 bit 
* rev A0x all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D tunnel gearbox opengl1 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 3945 mini pcie swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AspireOS Xenon || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 64bit AROS capable with later revisions - 14&quot; 1280 x 800 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D620 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i945
* revA00 all Core Duo's 32 bit 
* revA01 all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia 7300, 7600 NVS 110M G72 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{dunno|HD Audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{dunno}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1440x900 screen - LA-2792P Rev.2.0 - DT785 UC218 Fan/ Heatsink (64bit) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D820 (Quanta JM6) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML 
* rev A00 
* rev A01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D tunnel 195 - 100? gearbox 156}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with STAC 9200 playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|BCM4310 replace with mini pcie atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 widescreen 15 inch 1280 x 800 matte -  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D820 (Quanta JM) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia NVS 110M 120M G72}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio STAC 9200}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|BCM4310 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;15.4 1650x1050 WXGA or WSXGA+ or 1920x1200 WUXGA - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Latitude D531 15&quot; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Turion X2 TL56 or TL60 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATi xpress X1270}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with IDT codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 57xx}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 or Dell Wireless 1390, 1505 or BCM4311 mini pcie || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit possible - no trackpoint - fails and goes wrong often - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D430 PP09S 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945 with Core2 Duo C2D U7500 1.06GHz U7600 1.2GHz U7700 1.33GHz 
* rev A00 
* rev A01  
* rev A02 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;ZIF PATA IDE 1.8inch under battery and ribbon cable - slow use USB instead || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|945GML 2D and 3D opengl 1.x 171 tunnel 105 gearbox}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|STAC 92xx HD Audio speaker and ear phone - mono speaker}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 4965 AGN or 3945 ABG mini pci-e underside with Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit capable - sd card not supported - 19.5v PA12 power adapter - 12.1&quot; 1280x800 matte - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|nVidia Quadro NVS 135M 2D 3d glitches G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481 ] cool air intake from underneath needed with pa-10 or pa-3e 90w psu required - standard 4:3 ratio aspect screen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D630 (Compal LA-3301P) PP18L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 T7250 2.0Ghz T7300 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA X3100 (2D only, no external monitor)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio STAC 9205 but speaker and head phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with pci-e Atheros 5k under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit possible - F12 to choose boot option - 2 ddr2 sodimm max 4G - 4400mah 48Wh battery lasts 2 hours - 6600mah 73Wh lasts just over 3 hours 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D630 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 
* revA00 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481 ] GPU heatpad, no copper 
* revA01 0DT785 heatsink 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|use VESA as nVidia NVS 135M 3d corrupts 0.7 tunnel 0.25 gearbox G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D830 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965GM with Core2 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GM965 crestline 2d and 3d tunnel 115}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|replace with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 15 inch 1280 x 900 but updating the LCD to WXGA or WSXGA+ could be better - 2 ddr2 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D830 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ICH8, Core2 DUO T7800 @ 2.60GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Intel ICH8M Serial ATA || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia Quadro NVS 140M G86 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel Wireless 4965AGN swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.03 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 15.&quot; - FN,F2 or FN,F8 or FN,F12 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;XPS M1330  M1530  M1730 - WISTRON Hawke || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|Intel 965 with either Nvidia 8400M 8600M 8700M or 8800GT G84 G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio STAC 9228 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom or Marvell 88E8040 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;ICAROS 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit Did not boot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Precision M2300 M4300 M6300 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|use VESA nVidia Quadro FX 360M (8400GS) 3600M 3500M 2500M G86 to G92}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205  head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG 4965 swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 14&quot;  15.6&quot;  17&quot; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Vostro 1310 1510 (Compal LA-4592P) 1710 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo T7600 or Celeron 540 GMA965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GM965 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC268 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 4965 swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit Celeron 540 added 64 bit support (doubling transistor count) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Vostro 1320 1520 (Compal LA-4592P) 1720 (Compal LA-4671P) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 965 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 or IDT 92HD8X codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 or Dell Wireless 1397}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;up to 17 inch with 13.3 inch WXGA Anti-Glare matt or glossy LED Display (1280 x 800) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Vostro 1320 1520 (Compal LA-4592P) 1720 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvdia 9300m to 9600M GS G96 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 or IDT 92HD8X codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 15.4” screen Vostro 1520 with excessive heat buildup on the left hand side palm rest 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Precision M2400 M4400 M6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA 2d for nVidia Quadro FX 770M G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205  head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 14&quot;  15.6&quot;  17&quot; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1525 PP29L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo or Core2 Duo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4312 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit much later 64bit 15.4&quot; 1200 x 800 - 19.5v dell psu -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1545 PP41L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 4500MHD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92HD71B codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4312 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 15.6&quot; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude E4200 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo U9400 U9300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;64gig ssd with ribbon cable || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GM45 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92HD 71B7X codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; NEC uPD720202 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82567LM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4322 or Intel’s 5100 or 5300}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64 - 12.1in 1,280 x 800 poor color accuracy magnesium alloy body - easily replaced keyboard - 1 ddr3 sodimm slot - Microdia cam - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude E5400 E5500 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio but no sound}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM5761e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| swap with pci-e Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude E4300 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core 2 Duo P9400 2.4GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 4500 MHD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92HDxxx || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82567LM || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 5300 AGN swap with pci-e Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 13.3&quot; WXGA - sd card Broadcom BCM5880 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lattitude E6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo P9500 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel GMA 4500M HD 2D with NVIDIA QUADRO NVS 160M G98}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD with IDT 92HD71 codec or later 92HDM61}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom BCM4312 or Intel 5300 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 early ones problems with the keyboard ribbon cable connector, trackpoints were not good 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude E6410 E6510 E6310 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i7 620M i7 820QM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|NVidia NVS 3100M GT218 2D but 3D through external monitor}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio IDT 92HD81}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel }}  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom or Intel 6200AGN or Link 6300 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64 bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latittude E4310 E5410 ATG || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 5 series Intel Core i5 560M 1st gen || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA HD 5700 mhd || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with IDT 92HDxx Codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82577LM || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom BCM4313 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64Bit clarkdale codename CPUs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron M5030 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;rev A01 AMD V120, V140 rev A0? V160 M880G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA RS880M Radeon HD 4225, 4250}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with ALC269q codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8152 v2}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - DDR3 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1546 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 4330M 530v || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 91HD81 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8103EL-GR || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 15.6&quot; - alps touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;XPS 15 15Z L501X L502X 17 17Z L701X L702X || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i7 840QM to i7 2630QM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel HD 3000 with Nvidia 555, 525M, 540M, 555M or 435M 420M GF108M optimus || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111e || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit first models not Sandybridge but later are - 17.3-inch 1600 × 900 to 15.6-inch - not many working now 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;E6420 E6520 ATG semi ruggized XFR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;sandy bridge i5 2520M 2540M or duo I7 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;set to Bios UEFI mode AHCI || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD 3000 with optional fermi Nvidia NVS 4200M GF119}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio no playback - IDT 92HD90 BXX codec or HDMI codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6205 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.03 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit very little total support - fan exhausts a lot of hot air when cpu taxed - VGA if Bios ATA set and Vesa only with Bios ACHI set - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron M5040 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow amd E450, later C50 or C60 with A50M chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;non efi sata in IDE mode but base plastic difficult to remove for access || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6250 or 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio IDT}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8105E VB 10/100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR9285 no space to swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;icaros 2.1.1 and AROS USB 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 15INCH 1388 X 768 - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - under removable keyboard via 4 top spring loaded catches is 1 ddr3l sodimm max 8gb and wifi - 
|-
| Latitude e6230 E6330 E6430 || i3 3320M 3350M 2.8 GHz i5 3360M i7 3520M || {{N/A}} || {{partial|non RAID mode}} || {{partial|Intel HD 4000 (VESA only)}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{partial|Intel USB 3.0 (USB 1.1 2.0 only)}} || {{No|Intel 82579LM Gigabit}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2014 09-27 || 2013 64bit Ivy Bridge - 12.5-inch 13.3-inch 14-inch screen - not great support, better under hosted - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 15 3521 5521 5721, Vostro 3555 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i5 i7 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel HD 4000 or Radeon 8730M or 7670M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC850 ??  || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8105E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros or Dell 1703 1704 1705}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit Panther Point Ivy Bridge Intel(R) 7 Series Mobile - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 15‑3541 15‑3542 P40F001 P40F002 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E1 2100 6010 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Partial|VESA 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Inspiron 15 5565 5567 AMD versions || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9200u A9-9400 A12-9700P Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R5 R8 GCN 3 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 1GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - there are i-intel versions - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 3505 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3250u (2c4t) 3450u 3500u 3700u (4c8t), Athlon Silver (2c2t) Gold (2c4t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|VESA 2D for Vega 8, 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Realtek ALC3204, Cirrus Logic CS8409 (CS42L42 and SN005825)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|RTL 8106E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8723DE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64-bit - 15.6 - 2 ddr4 sodimm max 16G - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;|-
|}

====Fujitsu-Siemens====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest)
&lt;pre &gt;
Amilo 
Esprimo 
Lifebook 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu [http://www.labri.fr/perso/fleury/index.php?page=bug_transmeta FMV-Biblo Loox S73A (Japan P1100) LifeBook P1120 Biblo Loox T93C (Japan P2120) P2020] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Transmeta Crusoe CPU TM5600 633MHz with Ali M1535 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Rage Mobility M with 4MB SDRAM || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 Ali M1535 + STAC9723 Codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 only || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1999 32bit 10&quot; 1280 x 600 matte LCD - QuickPoint IV mouse - metal chassis with palm rest plastic - 15GB 2.5 inch drive and SR 8175 8X DVD-ROM drive -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook S7000 S7010 S7010D S2020 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M 1.6 or 1.7GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Intel 855}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|AC97 with STAC 9751T or 9767 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros, Broadcom or Intel 2200BG - FN,F10}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;14.1 inch with minimal support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook e8010 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 855GM}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 STAC9767 or ALC203 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom NetXtreme BCM5705M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15.1 inch
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5000 ST5010 ST5011 ST5012 ST5020 ST5021 ST5022 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1.0GHz P-M and later 1.1GHz on Intel 855GME || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 800 use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5788 tg3 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200BG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;charged via a proprietary port power connector 16V 3.75A with wacom serial pen interface - indoor Screen transmissive 10.1 and later 12.1 XGA TFT - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo Pro V2010  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA CN400 PM880 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|S3 unichrome use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA AC97 VT8237 with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Rhine 6102 6103 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;RaLink RT2500 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;boot mount - unknown bootstrap error then crashes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo Li 1705 CN896 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with VIA P4M900 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA VT8237 HD Audio  with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;VT82xx 62xx || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|VIA Rhine}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros G}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;random freezes
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Esprimo Mobile V5535 Skt mPGA 478MN 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE and EIDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{maybe|IDE mode with SIS 5513}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{maybe|SiS 771 / 671 (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HD Audio SIS968 SIS966 SI7012 with ALC268 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{no|USB 1.1 and 2.0 issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|SiS 191 gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros AR5001 mini pci express}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;aros one 1.5 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 20v barrel - f2 setup f12 multi boot - random freezing short time after booting - chipset SIS 671MX - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo SI 1520 1521p || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio Conexant codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Intel Pro 100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Some support but Set Bios option ATA Control Mode to Compatible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook S7020 S7020D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Pentium M 740 1.73MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC260 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5751M Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG or Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5030 ST5031 ST5032 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1 to 1.2GHx Pentium M with 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - 200 pin ddr2 ram 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5110 ST5111 ST5112 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with 1.2GHz Core Duo and Core2 Duo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with STAC9228 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 ABG or optional atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;either 32 or 64 bit - charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - SigmaTel® 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;E8110 S7110 E8210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|945GM}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC262 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8055 Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;32bit Core Duo 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || CHIPSET || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook PH521 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E-350 E-450 1.65GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD 6310M 6320M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 802.11 bgn || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 11.6 inch 1366x768 pixels - DDR3 1066MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====HP Compaq====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Build quality (Lowest to highest) 

&lt;pre &gt;
Presario 
Pavilion 
Omnibook 
ProBook
Armada
Elitebook
&lt;/pre &gt;


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;1c00 series Compaq Presario  [http://users.utu.fi/sjsepp/linuxcompaqarmada100s.html Armada 100S made by Mitac], 1247 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;K6-II with PE133 MVP-4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA - Trident Blade3D AGP sp16953 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA ac'97 audio [rev20] with AD1881A codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|usual VIA issues [rev10]}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 192MB max - PCcard Texas PC1211 no support - 1200 XL1 1200-XL1xx, XL101, XL103 XL105 XL106 XL109 XL110 XL111 XL116  XL118 XL119 XL125 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;1c01 series Armada 110, Evo N150 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel with VIA PLE133 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - Trident Cyber Blade i1 chipset || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA 686 rev20 82xxx 686a || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82557 Pro 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;max 192mb sodimm 100Mhz 133Mhz ram memory - 1200-XL405A 12XL405A XL502A 12XL502A 1600XL 
|-
| Armada M300 M700 E500 || 440BX || {{Yes| }} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ATI Rage LT M1 Mobility (VESA only)}} || {{no|AC97 ESS Maestro 2E M2E ES1987 sound}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{No|[http://perho.org/stuff/m300/index_en.html Intel PRO 100+ Mini PCI]}} || {{N/A}} || Aspire OS 2012, Nightly 30-01 2013 and 04-05 2013 || a little support via F10 bios options and Fn+F11 reset CMOS with 64mb ram already on board
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Omnibook XE3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel BX 600Mhz GC model 256mb or AMD GD 500Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - S3 Inc. 86C270 294 Savage IX-MV (rev 11) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1988 Allegro 1 (rev 12)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel 82371AB PIIX4 USB (rev 01) || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit no cardbus pcmcia support - no audio from Polk Audio Speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Omnibook XE3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82830 ICH3 P3-M 750MHz 800Mhz 900MHz  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - CGC 830MG}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1988 Maestro 3i}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|only one 1.1 port}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|e100 82557}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.51 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Boots USB Stick via Plop boot floppy - Memory for GF 256-512mb, GS up 1GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TC1000 TC-1000 Tablet PC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA NV11 [GeForce2 Go] (rev b2) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA AC97 Audio (rev 50) || &lt;!--USB--&gt;OHCI NEC USB 2.0 (rev 02) || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82551 QM (rev 10) || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atmel at76c506 802.11b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit Transmeta LongRun (rev 03)  with VT82C686 - Texas Instruments TI PCI1520 PC card Cardbus 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq R3000 ZV5000 (Compal LA-1851) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia nForce 3 with AMD CPU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia  NV17 [GeForce4 420 Go 32M]  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Nvidia  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom or Realtek RTL8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4303 BCM4306 or Atheros bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Some laptops, especially HPs have a setting to automatically disable wireless if a wired connection is detected 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq [http://www.walterswebsite.us/drivers.htm Presario 700 series] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VT8363 VT8365 [Apollo Pro KT133 KM133] || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VT8636A (S3 Savage TwisterK) (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|VIA AC97 [rev50] with AD1886 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|VIA UHCI USB 1.1 [rev1a]}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RealTek RTL8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4306}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;poor consumer grade level construction - jbl audio pro speakers - no support for cardbus pcmcia TI PCI1410 - 700A EA LA UK US Z 701AP EA BR FR 701Z 702US 703US AP JP audio sp18895 Sp19472 
|-
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| N400c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Rage Mobility 128 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Maestro 3 allegro 1}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || Has no optical disc drive 
|-
| N410c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Radeon Mobility M7 LW 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || Has no optical disc drive 
|-
| Evo N600c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{No|ESS ES1968 Maestro 2}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 ||
|-
| Evo N610c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel ICH AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.2.4 ||
|-
| N800c || P4 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || P4M CPU can get very warm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NX7010 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI mobility 7500 or 9000 Radeon 9200 64MB (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ADI codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci (1.1) and ehci (2.0)}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200b bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Preasrio V5000 (Compal LA-2771) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Sempron 3000+ or Turion ML with SB400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati RS480M Xpress 200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 ATI with Conexant CX 20468 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8100 8101L 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|bcm4318 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit single core machine V5001 V5002 V5002EA V5003 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TC1100 TC-1100 Tablet PC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia Geforce4 Go || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|BCM 4400}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros wlan W400 W500 or ? bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC6000 NC8000 NW8000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855PM with Pentium M 1.5 1.6 1.8GHz 2.0GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;max 160 GB for NW 8000 || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Ati RV350 mobility 9600 M10 Fire GL T2 ISV use VESA 2D as no laptop display}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel AC97 with ADI codec playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2 ports}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM 5705M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|mini pci Atheros 5212 BG W400 W500 or Intel - all bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 based [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=41916&amp;forum=47 works] - Firewire TI TSB43AB22/A - 8 pound 2.5 kg travel weight - an SD slot as well as two PC Card slots - 15-inch UXGA screen (1,600 x 1,200) or 15&quot; SXGA+ (1400 x 1050) (4:3 ratio)  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq NC6110 NX6110 NC6120 NC6220 NC4200 NC8200 TC4200 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA 915GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D GMA 900}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 with ADI AD1981B playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|440x or BCM 5705M or 5751M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel IPW 2200 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit Sonoma based - Wifi with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB one - (INVENTEC ASPEN UMA MV) (INVENTEC ASPEN DIS PV) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq C500 CTO aka HP G7000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with realtek ALC262 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom BCM 4311 bios locked || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NC6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM Core Duo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D issues and no 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio AD1981HD}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB 
* 32bit Core Duo T2400 
* 64bit Core 2 Duo T5600 T7600 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NV NC6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo + 945PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Radeon x1300M (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with ADI1981 low volume}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|BCM 5753M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.4.2 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; Harmon Kardon speakers
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NC6320 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with 
* 32bit Core Duo 1.83GHz T2400 
* 64bit Core2 Duo 1.83GHz T5600 
 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 950 2D with a little 3D tunnel 213}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with AD1981HD codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM 5788}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if applying hacked wifi bios RISKY!! else use USB - 14.1&quot; or 15 inch XGA 1024x768 - noisy cpu fan for core2 - trackpad rhs acts as window scroller - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP NC4400 TC4400 Tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo with 82945 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|bios F.07 limits to 100GB 120GB}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|2D and 3D 282 tunnel and gearbox 150}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ADI 1981HD codec via ear phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM 5753M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 or BCM 4306 - Whitelist BIOS F.0C needed but risky}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64 bit possible with Core2 - TI SD card reader non bootable - wacom serial digitiser pen not working - 
* 32bit 1.86GHz core duo 
* 64bit 2Ghz T7200, 2.16Ghz Core 2 Duo T7600 2.33GHz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP DV6000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92HD 91B || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel PRO 100 VE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;32 bit only - Mosfet FDS6679 common cause of shorts giving no power to the tip. To reset adapter, unplug from AC (mains) and wait 15-30 sec. Then plug in again - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion DV2000 CTO || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950, X3100, Nvidia 8400M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Conexant CX 20549 Venice || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia MCP51 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM 4311 or Intel 3945 4965 ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006  Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY 
|-
| Presario F700 series, HP G6000 f730us F750 F750us F755US F756NR F765em || AMD Turion Mono MK-36 2.0Ghz NForce 560m or Twin X2 TK-55 with nForce 610m MCP67 || {{N/A| }} || {{Yes|but needs special sata adapt bit and caddy}} || {{Yes|GF Go 7000m 2D and 3D 640x350 to 1280x800 - ball solder issues due to poor cooling}} || {{Maybe| }} || {{Maybe|uhci and ehci boots}} || {{No|Nvidia }} || {{Yes|Atheros AR5007 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.3.1 and Aros One 1.6 USB || 2006 64bit - f9 boot device f10 bios setup - random freezes after a minutes use means internal ventilation maintenance needed each year essential - No sd card and overall limited phoenix bios options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Presario v6604au v6608au V3500 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA MCP67M with AMD Athlon64 X2 TK 55 amd 1.8ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|SATA 150}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce Go 7150M 630i or C67 630M MCP67 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia or Realtek 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4311 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Altec Lansing Stereo Speakers - ball solder issues - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq presario v6610 v6615eo v6620us || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Turion 64 X2 mobile TK-55 / 1.8 GHz to athlon 64x2 @ 2.4ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|SATA 150}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|geforce 7150 or 7300m 2d and 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AMD HD Audio with IDT codec stereo playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 OHCI EHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3 -  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;[http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=40956&amp;forum=48 works well]  - 1 x ExpressCard/54 - SD Card slot - AO4407 test voltage of the Drain side (pins 5-8) with AC adapter and no battery, see 0 volts, connect the battery you should have 10-14v - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;v6630em v6642em || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630M with AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 6150M or 7150M  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15.4 in 1280 x 800 ( WXGA ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario C700 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA960 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;X3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros AR5007 AR5001 AR242x}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq 2510p 6510b 6710b 6910b || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA 965GM GL960 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|  || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|X3100 some 2d but slow software 3d only}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio ADI AD1981 HD low volume on head phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82566 or Broadcom BCM 5787M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945ABG or 4965ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire OS Xenon 2014 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no sd card boot support - F9 to choose boot option - [http://forums.mydigitallife.info/threads/7681-This-is-no-request-thread!-HP-COMPAQ-bioses-how-to-modify-the-bios/page111?p=333358#post333358 whitelist removal (risky) bios block for wifi card swap] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ40 CQ41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BC4310 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario CQ35 CQ36 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Compal LA-4743P - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq CQ42 CQ43 CQ45 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Coxenant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8191SE, Realtek 8188CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; (Quanta AX1) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario CQ50 CQ56 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia MCP78S || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Geforce 8200M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;nVidia HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;nvidia MCP77 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR928X bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 [http://donovan6000.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/insyde-bios-modding-wifi-and-wwan-whitelists.html bios modding risky] MCP72XE MCP72P MCP78U MCP78S 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion dv4 dv4z(AMD), dv5 (dv5z AMD), dv7 (dv7z AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;QL-60, QL-62 (AMD Turion 64 X2) RM-70, RM-72, ZM-80, ZM-84, (AMD Turion II) M520 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD 3200 3450 4530 4550 4650 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit - 14.1&quot; dv4, dv5 features a 15.4&quot; and the HP Pavilion dv7 a 17&quot; display
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ57z || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow AMD E-300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA ATi HD 6310 wrestler}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101 RTL8102 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RaLink RT5390}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP CQ58z 103SA E5K15EA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow AMD Dual-Core E1-1500 APU with A68M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon HD 7310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek idt codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 10/100 BASE-T}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 39.6 cm (15.6&quot;) HD BrightView LED-backlit (1366 x 768)
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 635 DM1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow E-300, E-450 later E2-1800 on SB7x0 SB8x0 SB9x0 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;ATI non efi SATA AHCI - IDE mode || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA 2D - AMD HD6310, 6320 to HD7340}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC270A GR but not Wrestler HDMI Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 driver covers Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 1366 x 768 - f9 f10 - external battery - 2 stacked ddr3l sodimm slots max 16Gb under one base plate - removable keyboard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP G6 2000-2b10NR 2000-2d10SX 2000-2d80NR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E1-2000 E2-3000M on A50M (soldered) A4-3305A on A60M (socket) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6620G, 6520G, 6480G, 6380G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 100 1000 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - 39.6-cm (15.6-in) HD LED BrightView (1366×768) - 1 or 2 ddr3l max 8G - 19VDC 3.42A Max 65W Tip 7.4mm x 5.0mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 6465B || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-3310MX or A6-3410MX with A60M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD 6480G or 6520G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|IDT 92HD81B1X}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel AC 6205 or broadcom 4313 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit 13-inch or 14-inch runs hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 6475b, Probook 4445s 4545s, HP Pavilion 15-b115sa, [https://support.hp.com/gb-en/document/c04015674#AbT6 HP mt41 Mobile Thin Client PC] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A4 4300M, A6 4400M 4455M or A8 4500M with AMD A70M A76M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 7420 7520G 7640G 7660G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with idt or realtek codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8151FH-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6205 or Broadcom BCM 43228 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit 15.6-inch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 455 G1 F2P93UT#ABA, 645 G1, Envy 15-j151ea G7V80EA, Envy m6-1310sa (E4R01EA#ABU) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Quad A4-4300M A8-4500M A10-4600M A4-5150M A6-5350M 2.9Ghz A10-5750M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 7420G 7520G 7640G 7660G 8350G 8450G or 8550G, 8650G, 8750G }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio IDT 92HD91 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 14in and 15in 1366 x 768 - external battery - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - 19.5v / 4.62A psu runs hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 645 g2, Probook 445 G2, Probook 245 G2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-8600 A8-8700 a10- || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon R5 R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel I219V 100/1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel or Qualcomm Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 14in and 15.6-inch HD (1366 x 768) or FHD 1080p - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots max 16GB - internal battery - hp ac psu tip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 245 G4, 255 G1, 255 G2, 455 G2, 255 G4 80CB, 255 G5 82F6, 355 G2, HP Pavilion 15-p038na 15-g092sa 15-p091sa 15-G094S 15-p144na 15-p142na, 15-Af156sa || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E2-6110, E1-6010, E2-2000, E1-2100 APU - AMD A4-6210 A6-6310, A8-6410 APU - AMD E2-7110, A6-7310, A8-7410 APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R2 R4 R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC3201-GR || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8102E or Atheros 1GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros AR9565}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6-inch (1366 x 768) - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - small 31Whr or 41Whr external battery covers 240 G4, 245 G4, 250 G4, 255 G4, 256 G4, 14G, 15G - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 725 G2, 745 G2, 755 G2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Amd Quad A6-7050B A8-7150B 1.9GHz A10-7350B || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA on AMD R4 R5 Radeon R6 with DP and vga}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD audio with IDT 92HD91}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 PCIe GBE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom or Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 12.5-inch, 14&quot; or 15.6in (all 1366 x 768) - 19.5V 65w 45W AC adapter - internal pull up tab battery under base which slides off - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Probook 455 G3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A10-8700P || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 725 G3, 745 G3, 755 G3, 725 G4, 745 G4, 755 G4, HP mt43 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Amd A8-8600B, A10-8700B, A12-8800B to Quad A8 Pro 9600B to A10 9800 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA on AMD R5 R6 R7 with DP and vga but screen is low res, dull colours, and blurry}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD audio with IDT codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 5762 PCIe GBE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8723BE-VB || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 12.5-inch (1366 x 768) to 14&quot; and 15.6in - 2 sodimm ddr3 - 19.5V 45W AC slim 4.5mm hp adapter - randomly shuts down and the noisy fans constantly on - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 645 G3, 655 G3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 8th Gen A10-8730B, A8-9600B (4c4t) A6-8530B (2c2t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for AMD R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8111HSH || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Probook 455 G4, Probook 455 G5,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A10-9600P APU, A9-9410, A6-9210 APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R4, R5 or R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 1GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;realtek or intel Wireless-AC 7265 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 645 G6, 255 G7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E2-9000e, A9-9420, 9220, 9125 (2c) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for R2 R4 R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8188CTV or RTL8821CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 31Whr external battery covers HP 240 G6, 245 G6, 246 G6, 250 G6, 255 G6, HP 14-BS, HP 14-BW, HP 15-BS - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ProBook 245 g8 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Range all dual cores - AMD A6-9225 APU, AMD A4-9125 APU, AMD PRO A6-8350B APU, AMD PRO A4-5350B APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R4 R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - many variants - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Pavilion 15z bw0xxx, 15-bw024na 15-ba506na, 15-bw060na 15-DB0521SA, HP Envy x360 15-ar052sa 2 in 1,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A9-9420 2c 2t, A10-9620p 4c4t 9700p 7th Gen Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R5 GCN 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 15.6in 768p or 1080p - internal battery - 19.5V 2.31A hp plug - 1 DDR4-1866 SDRAM sodimm slot - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 725 G5, 735 G5, 745 G5, 755 G5, Probook 455 G6, 255 G7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 2200U 2300U (2c t), R5 2500U, R7 2700U (4c t) Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 Sata or NVMe and/or 2.5in sata if detachable ribbon cable present || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for AMD Vega 3, 6, or 8 i.e. GCN 5 with VCN 1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ALC236 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek or rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8821CE, 8822BE or Intel AC 8265 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 12.5 to 15.6in up to 1080p - internal battery - 1 (smaller laptops) or 2 ddr4 sodimm slots on larger laptops max 16Gb - probook case extra screws under 2 rubber strips - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - esc bios setup f9 boot order - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Envy x360 15-bq150sa, Envy x360 covertible 13 13-ag0xxx || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 and Sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek, none on 13in}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 13 or 15.6in 1080p - hp barrel or usb-c on 13in - ddr4 - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 14-cm, 15-bw0, HP 15-db0043na, HP 15-db0996na, HP 15-db0997na, 17-ca0007na, 17-ca1, ProBook 645 G4 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2200U (2c 4t) 2500U (4c 8t) with AMD Carrizo FCH 51 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 M.2 and 1 2.5in on some larger models || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R5 and later Vega 3 or 7}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Realtek ALC3227 and ATI HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB3 USB boot drive stuck on kitty's eyes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8111E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL 8723DE 8821 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit 2kg - screen is dim 14in, 15.6in or 17.3&quot; 1366 x 768, later 1080p - 65W 19.5V ac adapter - internal 3-cell 41 Wh Li-ion battery does not last long - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - no DVD-Writer - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://support.hp.com/gb-en/document/c06955717 ProBook 245 g8], HP 255 G7, HP14-dk0599sa || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Range mostly dual cores - AMD Athlon Gold 3150U (2c 2t), Silver 3050U APU (2c 2t), Pro 3145U APU to 3200U (2c 4t) and 3500U (4c 8t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 NVMe 2280 but usually no 2.5in mountings || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3, 6 or 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3 but no usb-c}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8822BE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - many lesser variants - plastic build - 14in / 15.6in dim panel TN Full HD - one heatpipe for cpu - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitebook 735 G6 5VA23AV, Elitebook 745 G6, || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|m.2 2280 nvme in legacy - hp sure start and secure boot disabled but still issues with gpt installs}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Vega 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 6.34 ahi realtek codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3 type-A port boots stick partially to kitty eyes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 realtek RTL8111E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|realtek or intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;{{No|Icaros 2.3 onto USB and AROS One 1.8 and 2.0 USB}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 2 3200MHz DDR4 sodimms - 19.5V 2.31A or 20V 2.25 45W 4.5X3.0MM hp - esc bios setup, f9 boot device select - low travel keyboard - poor battery life - plastic hooked base with retained screws - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Envy x360 13 laptop and 13 and 15.6' 2 in 1 convertible || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen R5 4500U with carrizo FCH51 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega 6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB 3.1 gen 2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel or Realtek wifi 6 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit 13.3in or 15.6in IPS 1080p - ram soldered - touch pen not supplied - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 445 G7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 4300U 5 4500U 4700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata and 1 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; realtek codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl169 realtek rtl8111ep || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|realtek RTL8822CE or intel AC 9260 or Wi-Fi 6 AX200}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 inch 768p or 1080p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - smart 45w 65w hp usbc ac - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 745 G7, 845 G7, || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5, PRO 4650U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SSD M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Radeon Vega 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit -  Bang &amp; Olufsen speakers - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G8, HP 245 G9 Laptop || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD RYZEN 3 5425U, 5 5500U 5625U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega 6 or 8 hdmi 1.4B}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 1GBe}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822CE or Intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14&quot; to 15.6in 1366 x 768 to 1080p poor gamut - 45 or 65w hp psu - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 16GB - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 645 g7, 835 G8, 845 g8 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 5650U, R7 Pro 5850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 1Gbe on 645 only}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 13.3&quot; or 14&quot; 1080p - poor screens low nits and srgb score - 845 gets hot poor cooling - slim round ac -  keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Dev One || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD R7 5850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 2 internal sodimm slots - hp barrel ac - good repairability - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 845 g9 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;aMD 6000 series 6850u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 680m}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB4 thunderbolt type}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Qualcomm Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit aluminum case - 14in 1080p to 2140p 16:10 poor screen again - 2 internal ddr5 sodimm slots - usb-c ac - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====IBM/Lenovo====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Build quality (Lowest to highest) 

&lt;pre &gt;
iSeries
Edge 
Ideapad
Thinkpad - good cases and construction but electronic internals same as anyone else 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad 390X 390E (2626) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Neo Magic MM2200 with C400 P2-266 to P3 500MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|256AV or ESS Solo-1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad 600x || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440BX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Neomagic NM2360 MagicMedia 256ZX}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Crystal CS4297A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit a little support - earlier 600 and 600e were Pentium 2 based 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X20 (2662-32U) X21 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440 BX ZX DX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 with Cirrus Logic Crystal cs4281}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;no mini pci intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Thinkpad T20 (2647) T21 (26) T22 || 440BX || {{Maybe| }} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|Savage IX-MV (VESA only)}} || {{no|Cirrus Logic CS 4614/22/ 24/30}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || a little support - no audio 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A21e (2628, 2655) A22e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;440MX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati rage mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 Cs4299 CS4229}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 
|-
| Thinkpad T23 (2647) || i810 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Super Savage IX/C SDR (VESA only)}} || {{maybe|AC'97 CS4299}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel ICH3 PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Realtek RTL8180L others with bios hacking risky}} || || 2003 32bit with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X22 X23 X24 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATi Mobility M6 LY || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 CS4299 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 x 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel Pro 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Actiontec Harris Semi Intersil Prism 2.5 (X23 and X24 only) || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;with slice Ultrabase X2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A30 A30p || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon M6 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 CS 4299 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel Pro 100 ve || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A31 A31p R31 R32 T30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon 7500 or FireGL || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 Intel with AD1881A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes| Intel Pro 100 ve}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;[https://forums.lenovo.com/t5/Android-Ecosystem-Developers/AROS-An-operation-system-inside-Android/td-p/1441741 Icaros 1.5.2] || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Also tested with Icaros 2.0.3. 
|-
| Thinkpad X30 (2673) X31 (2884-xx2) X31t || i830 || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only Radeon M6 Mobility}} || {{yes|AC97 - AD1981B codec}} ||  {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{no|Cisco Aironet or Intel 2915 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 1.4 || sound bit distorted 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R50e R51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 855M use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;intel AC97 with AD1981B codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 100 VE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit - 
|-
| IBM Thinkpad T40 (2373) T41 T41p (2379) T42 T42p T43 T43p || Intel 8xx || {{partial|PIO}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI mobility 7500 9000 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 playback}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{no|e1000}} || {{Maybe|Intel 2200bg bios locked but possible AR5BMB-44 AR5212 FRU 39T0081 mini PCI}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2004 32bit 16v IBM plug - Centrino Needs ATA=nodma option - issues with the inner chip of the SMT BGA graphics chip 
|-
| Thinkpad X32 || i855 || {{yes|40, 60 or 80GB 2.5&quot; PATA HDD}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only ATI Mobility Radeon 7000 with 16MB}} || {{maybe| Intel AC'97 Audio with a AD1981B codec}} ||  {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Intel 1000}} || {{no|Intel 2200 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 2.1 || 2004 32bit - 12.1&quot; TFT display with 1024x768 resolution; 256 or 512MB PC2700 memory standard (2GB max) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X40 X40t by Quanta || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel 800 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel but most atheros with bios hacking - difficult though}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit last IBM design 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X41 (IBM) MT 1864 1865 2525 2526 2527 2528 x41t (Lenovo) MT 1866 1867 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel with single core 1.5 1.6 and tablet 1.2GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751M tg3}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel or MiniPCI Wi-Fi Atheros AR5BMB FRU 39T0081 but ordinary atheros 54meg needs risky bios hacking}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit - amongst first Lenovo design 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R52 (most 18xx) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R52 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1870 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ATi 200m  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|ATI}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751M tg3}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad T60 T60P 
* 64bit - 6 or 8 is 16:10 on T60/p, eg. 8742-CTO 15.4&quot; 
* 32bit - 1 and 2 are 14&quot;, 15&quot; 4:3, like 2007-YM3 or 1952-CTO 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;*any* T60/p will take a Core 2 Duo CPU with newer BIOS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA (2D) with &quot;p&quot; graphics card (ATi V5200 or V5250) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel ipw3945 ABG but atheros with Middleton's or Zender BIOS hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.4 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X60 x60s x60t tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AD1981 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 3945 ABG or fru 39T5578 Atheros 5K AR5BXB6 ar5007eg with bios hacking}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Icaros 1.4 || 2006 32bit - perhaps needs a zendered bios update but risky 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R60 R60e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 950 with optional radeon x1300 x1400 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with 1981HD codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel or Broadcom || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 3945 or atheros fru 39T5578 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Thinkpad T61 T61p without Middleton's or Zender BIOS || Core 2 Duo CPU T7300 T8300 || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || Intel GMA (2D), NVS 140m or Quadro FX 570M () || {{no|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || {{No|Intel but atheros with bios hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.6 || 2007 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X61 x61s X61T Tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 3100 (2D) slow 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AD1984 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;82566DM || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{maybe|Atheros AR5212 (some revisions use Intel WLAN runs very hot) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || 2007 64bit possible &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit ultrabook running very hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R61 R61i || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 965 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5787M || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Lenovo 3000 N200 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Santa Rosa || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || {{yes|Geforce 7300 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|Broadcom}} || {{no|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2007 64bit 3D graphics parts are supported but buggy.
|-
| Lenovo 3000 N200 / V200 || GM965 ICH9-M with Intel Mobile Core 2 Duo T5450 || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || {{yes|X3100 (2D)}} || {{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269VB or CX20549}} || {{yes| }} || {{no|BCM5906M}} || {{no|Intel 3965 / 4965AGN bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4.1 2.1 || bits of laptop works 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X300 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo Merom SL7100 1.2GHz  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1.8 inch || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel X3100}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio AD1984A || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 4965 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;13.3&quot; TFT 1440x900 (WXGA+) with LED backlight 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X301 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo Penryn SU9400 Su9600 with GM45 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1.8 inch micro SATA (uSATA) || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel X4500}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AD1984A || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 5xxx WiFi link 5100, 5150, 5300 and 5350 (WiMAX) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 WXGA+ (1440×900) LED backlight display -  2774 or 4057 Alps and 2776 Synaptics touchpad - optical bay interface is Legacy IDE (PATA) - Addonics ADMS18SA, Lycom ST-170m 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge 11″ AMD K325 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;M880G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA for ATI HD4200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{{{maybe|}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|8192CE (Realtek 8176) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;little support
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X100e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Neo Single-Core (MV-40) and dual cores || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|2.5in tray in ide mode in bios}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa ATI HD3200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with CX20582 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek r8192se bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 11.6in 1366 x 768 - 20v 65W round barrel - enter f1 setup f11 diagnostics f12 boot list - runs very warm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;SL400 SL500 || Intel  || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|IDE mode}} || {{Maybe|Nvidia 9400M}} || {{Maybe|ALC269}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{Maybe|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} ||  || 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;SL410 SL510 || 965  || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA X4500M (some 2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC269 codec - speaker and ear phones}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{yes|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} || [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=645774&amp;postcount=28 Icaros 1.3] || SL-410 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T400 ODM Wistron || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d - optional switchable Nvidia or ATi HD3470 untested}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Codec CX20561 (T400)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 20v lenovo plug - non-free firmware required iwlwifi 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T400s || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VSEA for Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with CX20585}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;non-free firmware required iwlwifi 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo T500 T510 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA for switchable Intel / AMD  HD 3640}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|Intel HD Audio with a CX20561 (t500) and CX20585 (T510) codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or Lenovo branded unit Atheros AR5007EG AR5BHB63 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X200 ODM Wistron [http://itgen.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/installing-arch-linux-on-lenovo.html X200s] and x200t tablet model without [http://fsfe.soup.io/post/590865884/the-unconventionals-blog-English-Flashing-Libreboot-on Risky flash of the Libreboot BIOS] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM45 GS45 with slow Celeron, SU or faster SL Core 2 Duos CPUs || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe||Intel GMA 4500 MHD 2D but slow software 3D tunnel 10 gearbox 8 tests}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel HD Audio with Conexant CX20561 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{{Yes|USB 2.0 USB SD card reads and writes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82567LM Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel Pro 5100 5150 5300 5350 AGN due to whitelist prevention bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 12.1&quot; CCFL (webcam version) or LED backlit (no webcam). no support for 54mm express cards or Authentec 2810 fingerprint reader - thinkpoint only no trackpad - thinklight - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo T410 T410s T410si || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;qm57 with i5 m || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use vesa Intel 5700MHD (Ironlake) core processor igp with optional Nvidia Quadro NVS 3100M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio Conexant CX20585 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82577lm gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel n 6200 or Atheros AR9280 AR5BHB92 half size minipcie detected bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 xmas || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit battery life much lower with Nvidia graphics version - no support firewire ricoh r5c832 - ricoh sd card - series 5 3400  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X201 X201s x201t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;QM57 Core i3 370m, i5 M520 2.4GHz or i7 620LM 2.0GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|vesa 2d on Intel GMA HD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel HD with [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=94.0 Conexant 20585] codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 X201 arrandale power consumption limits battery life to 3-4 hours for 48Whr though to 6 on 72Whr - 12.5&quot; WXGA 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T420 type 4180 4236 t420s  T520 4239 L520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i5 2540, 2520 or i7 2860QM 2620 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 136 x 768 - Intel HD 3000 with optional NVS 4200M Nvidia optimus or Radeon HD 565v }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only with Conexant CX20672 codec - AHI 6.27}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO 1000 82579LM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 1x1, Intel Ultimate-N 6205 6250 2x2 6300 3x3 all bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit add noacpi to grub boot options - screen 1600x900 or 1366x768 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad W520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 3000 with nvidia quadro 1000m 2000m}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel Hd with CX 20585 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82579 Lm || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 6000s || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;optimus issues with Nvidia Intel hybrids unless bumblebee switching - 15.6&quot; TFT display with 1366x768 (HD), 1600x900 (HD+) or 1920x1080 (FHD) resolution with LED backlight 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X220 x220t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;QM67 express, dual i5 2520M or i7 dual 2620M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D 1024 x 768 for Intel HD Graphics 3000}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel HD playback with Conexant 20672 codec ear phones and speaker - AHI 6.27 6.34}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82579LM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205 Wi-Fi bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3, Aros One USB 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit possible - uses slimmer 7 mm storage sata devices - NEC USB 3.0 on i7's no support - unwanted trackpad gestures when palm rests on it - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots - external battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X120e, x121e Quanta FL8A DAFL8AMB8D0 Rev D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Hudson M1 with slow AMD E350 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;yes || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA ATI 0x9802}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI SBx00 Azalia HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8169 RTL8111  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom 0x0576 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 11.6 inch screen - 1 inch think - chiclet keyboard 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad S205 G575 G585 E325 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow E-350 later E-450 with A75 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA HD6310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit removeable and plug in battery - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad S206 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E300 1.3GHZ Dual || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with CX20672 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|3.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 11.6&quot; and integrated battery - Conexant® 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo x130e or x131e edu || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow AMD E-300 or E-450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon HD 6310 or 6320 }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio Realtek ALC269VC / ALC3202 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB 30 and USB 20}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111 RTL8168B || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8188CE or Broadcom BCM43228 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit rubber edged bumper for K12 education market - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T430 t430i T530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ivy bridge i5 3320 3230m on Intel QM77 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 1366 x 768 for Intel HD 4000 with optional Nvidia 5400M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 aka ALC269VC codec playback ear head phones - HDA 6.27}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2 ports and usb2.0 devices thru usb 3.0 ports}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel e1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or Atheros AR9285 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit fan noise and chiclet keyboard, synaptics trackpad - HD+ 1600x900 screen or normal 1366 x 768 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad L430 L530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel HM series 7 chipset i5 3210M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 4000}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with Realtek ALC269VC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8169 rtl810x || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 6205 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit alps trackpad - vkeyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad W530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel HM series 7 chipset i5 3210M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 4000 with Nvidia GK107GLM Quadro K2000M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 ALC269VC codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82579LM || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6300 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - ricoh sdxc slot - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X230 x230t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel QM67 express i5 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with ALC269 aka ALC3202}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 12.2 in 1366 x 768 - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots - external battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad T440 t440s t440p T540 L440 L540 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel haswell 8 series Core i3 to i7  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA - Intel 4600 or Nvidia}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with Realtek ALC3232 alc269 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 usb 3.0 and 2 usb 2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel AC 7260 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 14 and 15&quot; models with glitchy trackpad and no physical buttons - IPS options available - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X240 x240t ultrabook TN (20AL0081GE), HD IPS display without touch (20AL007NGE) and touch (20AL0076GE) but all 65% sRGB || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;haswell i7-4600U i5 4200U 4210U 4300U i3-4100U - two batteries, one internal 3cell 45N1110 (45N1111) or 45N1112 (FRU 45N1113) and external 3 / 6cell  45N1126 (FRU 45N1127) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in 7mm sata (torq t7), m.2 2242 in WWAN slot (m and b key NGFF Sata) || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for Intel 4400 for vga or mini-dp}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x8086 0x0a0c 0x9c20 with Realtek ALC3232 aka ALC292 0x10ec 0x0292}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel® 82577LM Gigabit (Hanksville) }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Intel 7260n I218-V or I218-LM bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 12.2in 1366 x 768 or 1080p - 1 ddr3l sodimm slot - no keyboard spill drainage and removal of all components to replace - lenovo rectangle pwr ac - TPM 1.2 - Bluetooth 4.0 no support - large touchpad with integrated but no physical buttons - bottom panel loosening 8 retained screws - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad T450 T450s t450p T550 L550 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i5 4300U i3 5010U i5 5200U 5300U i7 5500U 5600U soldered || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 5500 5600 with optional nvidia 940M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD Audio with ALC3232 codec Realtek ALC3232 0x10ec 0x0292}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|3 USB 3.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Wireless AC 7265 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 14&quot; 1366 x 768, 1600 x 900 or IPS 1920x1080 - Broadwell - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad x250 x250t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i3 5010U i5 5200U 5300U i7 5600U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|2.5in 7mm or m.2 2242 sata (m and b key)}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with Realtek ALC3232 codec / Intel HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|up to 3 USB 3.0 partly boots from usb but stops waiting for usb}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel I218 extension port}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel AC 7265 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.0 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 1366 x 768, 1920 × 1080 12.5&quot; screen - Fn and F1 for setup bios - F12 boot options - 1 ddr3l sodimm slot - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad E540 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel gfx}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio with Conexant CX20751-21Z codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB2 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 8111gus}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel Wireless-N 7260 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 15.6in 1376 x 786 - plastic construction - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge E135 E335 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd dual E-300, E2-1800 or E2-2000 slow atom like A68M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|SATA 3.0Gb/s 2.5&quot; wide 7mm high}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA radeon 6310 or 7340 vga or hdmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3202 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 usb3, 1 powered usb2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 8111f}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek WLAN whitelist bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 11.6 inch to 13.3in 1366x768 - Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) plastic case - external battery - 20v 65w lenovo barrel ac - 2 ddr3 sodimm 8Gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;x140e E145 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E1 2500 dual or A4 5000 apu quad BGA769 (FT3) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon 8260 or 8330}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek ALC269VC aka ALC3202 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111F or Broadcom || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8188CE 11b/g/n  or FRU Intel version}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 11.6&quot; 1366x768, non-glare and Broadcom bluetooth - education student market rugged model - both CPUs soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad Edge E525 E535 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-3420M A8-3500M later A8-4500M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD 6620G later 7640G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Conexant codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB2 but not usb3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 15.6in 1368 x 768 matt - 65W 20v lenovo round psu - thick desktop replacement - ThinkPad Edge E520 E520S E525 E530 E545 E535 E530C Laptop Keyboard swap - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad Edge E545 
* key cap swap with E440 E531 E540 E545 L440 L450 T431S T440S T440P T540 
* Keyboard swap L540 T540p W540 Edge E531 E540 W541 T550 W550S L560 P50S T560 04Y2426 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Socket FS1r2 A6-5350M (2c2t) or A8-4500M, A8-5550M, A10-5750M (4c4t) with A76M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5 inch 7mm 9.5mm bios config, sata into compatibility and security, secure boot disabled || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD 7640G, 8450G, 8550G, 8650G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VOID 6.3 for HDAudio Conexant 20671 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|boots pen drives but USB3 no}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 1GbE 8111F}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.3 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 matt heavy desktop replacement - 20v 65w 90w round lenovo plug psu - 2 DDR3 SODIMM slots stacked up to 16GB Max - external 6 Cell Li-Ion Battery 48Wh - removable mini sata DVD burner - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery in wifi area jp1202 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo G505s || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A8 5550M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 8550M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Qualcomm Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 15.6&quot; - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad Flex 15D 20334 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD a6 5200, e1 2100,  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 8169 rtl810x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 9k whitelist for wifi swap}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo B50-45, G50-45 80E3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A8-6410 (2c), A6-6400 (2c), AMD A8 (4c), AMD A4-6300 (2c), AMD E2-6200 (2c), AMD E1-6050 (2c) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 15.6&quot; 1366 x 768 - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E455 E555 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-7000 A8-7100 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R5 }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8723BE || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 14 or 15.6in - 2 DDR3L slots max 16G - no TPM - keyboard swap - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Z40-75 Z50-75 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A10-7300 4c 4t || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R6 6CUs}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - heavy - external battery - slim box lenovo ac - dvdrw - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;lenovo yoga 510-14ast 8059,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A6-9210 A9-9410 and Intel Xeon E3-1200 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 45w 20v round barrel 4.0 * 1.7mm fits Yoga 310 510 520 710 - Harman Audio - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;V110-15AST || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A9-9410 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 20v lenovo slim box ac - keyboard repair / swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E465 E565 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-8500P 8600P A8-8700P || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6&quot; 1366 x 768 to 1080p IPS - Polycarbonate, ABS Plastic shell casing - internal battery - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
*ThinkPad A275 12in (1 ddr4 2666MHz sodimm) 
*Thinkpad A475 14in (2 ddr4 2666MHz sodimm) - both internal (main) and external (secondary) battery 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A10-8730B A10-9700B 2.500Ghz later A12-8830B A12-9800B (all 4c4t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|Sata3 port for 7mm 2.5in ssd hdd but only after setup in other machines - WWAN slot cannot use M.2 2242 sata with M and B key}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R5 or R7}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 6.34 ahi with ALC3268 codec - VOID even with QUERY / QUERYD added}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB3 bios startup set to legacy, starts to boot pendrives but stops, usb mouse not detected}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 RTL8111EPV, shell pinging google.com works but apps like OWB start when copied to RAM: and run from there}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE WLAN whitelist locked cannot swap}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;{{No|AROSOne USB 1.8 with noacpi added to grub2 line then waiting for bootable media (kitty eyes)}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit 12 or 14in 1366 x 768 poor screen - 45W or 65w lenovo rectangle ac adapter - F1 enter bios and F12 boot order - 6 retained screws and snap on base - secure boot disabled - keyboard swap not easy - 2100 error message no solution except using only efi/gpt bios option - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo LAPTOP V145-15AST Ideapad V145 81mt, Ideapad 310, Ideapad 320-15ABR, 330-14AST 330-15AST 330-17AST || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9225, A9-9425, A10-9600P 7th Gen, AMD A12-9720P Mobo 5B20P11110 NMB341 Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon 8670A 8670M 8690M GCN 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377 or Realtek RTL8821CE || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 15.6&quot; - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo V330-14ARR 81B1, Ideapad 330s 15ARR,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;R3 2200U, 2300U or R5 2500U Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3, 6 or 8 GCN5 with VCN1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek 1GbE but not on 330s}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14&quot; 20mm thick 1.8kg - 20v 2.25a 45w ac round barrel - chiclet keyboard - 4Gb soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm - TPM 2.0 in bios - battery internal about 30whr - 4GB soldered - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge E485 E585 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;R3 2300U R5 2500U R7 2700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;possibly all thinkpads after 2018, are universal USB-C charger - internal battery only - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad A285 A485 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen PRO 5 2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata port and m.2 sata ngff port || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm - WLAN whitelist no more??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 1080p - usb-c charging - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - internal and external battery - watch for bios setting [https://github.com/PSPReverse/PSPTool AMD PSP Platform Security Processor Key] - WWAN whitelist - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Yoga 530-14ARR 81H9 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;R5 2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in 1080p - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E15 Gen 2 (AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 15.6in - TPM 2.0 - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad C340-13AP1, IdeaPad S340-14API C340-14API || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;R3 3200U, R5 3500U, R7 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3, 8, 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 13in convertible - 14&quot; laptop - 4GB soldered - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo V14-ADA, V15-ADA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 3150U, 3250U, Ryzen 5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD + 1x M.2 SSD NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in - internal battery - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad E495, Lenovo V155 81V5,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 3200U r5 3500U, R7 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3 or 6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek or Qualcomm || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 1080p - ddr4 soldered with 1 dimm slot - 20v small round ac jack - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad L340 81LW001CUS PC IdeaPad S540-14API  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|3.1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RTL8822BE AC (1×1)}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T295 T495 T495s X395 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 3300U, R5 Pro 3500U or R7 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 6, 8 or 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC328 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111EP not on slim T495s}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE or Intel AC 9260}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14in 1366 x 768 to FHD 1080p - internal battery - ram 8gb or 16gb soldered with 1 ddr4 slot on T495 only - TPM 2.0 - usb-c charging - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkPad T14, Lenovo L14 Gen 1 AMD,   || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 7 Pro 4750U 1.7GHz, Ryzen 5 Pro 4650U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R5 }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - universal USB-C charger - 14&quot; 1080p - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkPad X13 Gen1 AMD version || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD RYZEN 3 4450U, 5 4650U or 7 4750U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;One drive, up to 512GB M.2 2242 SSD or 1TB M.2 2280 SSD NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA Radeon}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111EPV, mini RJ-45 to RJ-45 via optional ThinkPad Ethernet Extension Adapter Gen 2 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek Wi-Fi 6 RTL8852AE,  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 13.3&quot; HD 1366x768 to 1080p - USB-C psu - Memory soldered to systemboard, no slots, dual-channel DDR4-3200 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad 5 14ARE05 (81YM) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 4300U 4500u 4700u on AMD Promontory/Bixby FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x M.2 2242 slot and 1x M.2 2280 NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 6 hdmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB 3.1 gen 1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel ax200 wifi 6}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit 14in and 15.6 inch mid srgb display - usb-c psu - ram soldered non-upgrade - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad Flex 5 81X2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD R5 4500u, R7 4800U, R3 5300 R5 5500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 NVMe ssd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC? codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3.1 gen 1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|realtek ac wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit abs plastic case 14in convertible 1080p touch low nits - 65w usb-c psu ac - possible wacom esr note taking pen supplied - ram soldered DDR4 - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad X13 Gen 4 (13&quot; AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 7480 7040 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad X13 Gen 4 (13&quot; AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 7480 7040 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====Samsung====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;2%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP-Q1 Q1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron-M 353 ULV 600Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1.8&quot; SFF HDD 20 / 60 GB }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D opengl1 tunnel 95 gearbox 68}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec - head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Yes|Atheros 5006EX}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit old style tablet UltraMobile PC UMPC - Wacom serial resistive pen or finger no support - 1 sodimm ddr2 max 1Gb - LCD 7&quot; WVGA (800 x 480) - CompactFlash port Type II - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP Q1U Ultra Mobile PC UMPC Q1F NP-Q1-F000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel A100 600 / A110 Stealey 800 MHz CPU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D and 3D opengl1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio 1986}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros 5006EX}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit 1024×600 - sd card slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP P500 family P500Y || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD with SB600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Ati x1250}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| Audio with  codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8039 yukon}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|Atheros G}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit possible - 15.4 tft display - cheap plastic okay build - 19v propriety end - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R505 R510 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros G || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R520 R522 R610H R620 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Mobile Core i3 Intel PM45 82801M ICH9-M|| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4650 (RV730)  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC272  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell Yukon 88E8057 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR5007EG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64 bit possible 
|-
| NP-R530 ||  || {{N/A}} || {{partial|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Marvell}} || {{no|Atheros AR9285}} || Icaros 1.5.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung R730 17.3 Essential Notebook NP-R730-JA02UK, NP-R730-JA01SE, R730-JT06 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel HM55 Dual Core T4300 i3-370M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for Intel 4500MHD and GeForce G 310M with 1 VGA, 1 HDMI}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio ALC??? codec Realtek}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell Yukon 88E8059 PCI-E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom, Intel or Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods ISO 2023-11 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit - 17.3in HD 1280 x 720 pixels low contrast or some 1600x900 - 2 DDR3 sodimm slots - 2.84 kg 6.26 lbs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Samsung-305U1A-A01DE-Subnotebook.68246.0.html Series 3 Samsung 305u1a] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Zacate E350 or E450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC ACL 269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4313 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP-RV415 NP-RV515 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E350 or E450 plus A50M chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD 6470 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111 8168B || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR9285 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit slow -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Series 5 NP535U3C || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A6-4455M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit slow - 13.3in 1368 x 768 - plastic build - 65w 19v psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;series 3 NP355V5C || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A6-4400M, A8-4500M, A10-4600M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;7640M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - 15.4in 1368 x 768 - plastic build - 65w 19v psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung ATIV Book 9 Lite NP905S3G || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-1450 quad 1GHz Temash atom like || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;128gb || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8250 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek rtl8169 but only with mini LAN AA-AE2N12B Ethernet Adapter RJ45 dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR9565 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 13.3 TN glossy 1366 x 768 200nits 60% srgb - plastic case - 26W battery built in with 4hr life - 19V 2.1A 3.0*1.0mm psu - 1 ddr3l slot max 4gb - 720p webcam - mini hdmi out - 1w speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Toshiba====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of Build Quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Equium 
Satellite (Pro) 
Libretto 
Portege
Tecra
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Tecra 8100 8200 9000 || 440BX || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Savage MX 3D (VESA only)}} || {{no|Yamaha DS-XG ymf744 ymf-754}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.5 || little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra 9100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;810 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|S3 Savage IX}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ymf754}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;eeee pro100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PSU Adapter For Toshiba Tecra 9000 9100 A1 A10 A11 A3 A3X A4 A5 A7 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M7 M9 R10 S1 series 75 Watt 15V 5A
|-
| [http://tuxmobil.org/toshiba_sp4600.html Satellite Pro 4600] || i810 || IDE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Trident Cyber Blade XP (VESA only)}} || {{no|YAMAHA DS-XG AC97 ymf754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel e100}} || {{no|Agere (internal PCMCIA)}} || || little support 
|-
| Satellite 2805 S603 || Intel 815 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|nVidia GeForce2 Go}} || {{no|Yamaha Corp YMF 754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} || {{dunno}} || || little support
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A10 S167 S1291 - A15 A20 A25 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GM or Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 2100, Agere or Atheros PA3399U 1MPC minipci}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;a few models came with antenna leads 
|-
| Satellite [http://eu.computers.toshiba-europe.com/innovation/jsp/SUPPORTSECTION/discontinuedProductPage.do?service=EU&amp;com.broadvision.session.new=Yes&amp;PRODUCT_ID=76230 A30-714] || P4-M / 82845 i845 || {{yes|82801}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|RTL8139}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || nice laptop, drawbacks: heavy, really hot (P4-3.06 GHz!!) - A30 (EU) A33 (Australian) A35 (USA) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A40 A45 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - A40 S161 A40-S1611 A40-2701, A45-S120 A45-S1201 S130 S1301 S1501  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite a50 A55 a60-s156 Equium A60 PSA67E A65 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A70 A75-S206 A80 A85-S107 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron-M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - 
|-
| Toshiba Satellite Pro M30 || intel 855 || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma option}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100 VE}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.5 || nice laptop with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Portege M300 - M200 tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855GM with 1.2GHz Pentium M 753 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d only - tablet with nvidia 5200 go}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra M2 M2-S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855P Pentium-M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nvidia fx go5200 32mb or 64mb agp || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 1981B || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel Pro || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - PSU 15V 5A - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro L20 267 (PSL2YE PSL2XE) PSL25E L30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron M 370 1.4 1.5GHz, 1.73Ghz with RC410M SB400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati x200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|[https://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-490297-start-0.html ALC861]}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Boots usb sticks}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8139 Realtek 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros mini-pci should work maybe not working with ATi chipset or need to swap??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 14&quot; pioneer dvd-rw - 19v 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L30 PSL30E L33 PSL33E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 800 or ATi RC410 x200 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 AD1981B or HD Audio ALC861 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;L30 PSL30L 101 PSL33E 113 115 134 00M019 - 
|-
| Satellite Pro M40 313 psm44e || AMD with Ati || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|}} || {{maybe|atheros askey ar5bmb5 mini pci}} || || 2005 32bit - nice laptop with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L40 PSL40E PSL40L, PSL43E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with  U7700 1.3GHz ULV || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR24xx Askey || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit only -  - 12X 13G 139 14B 143 15J 19O  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L45 PSL40U S7409 S2416 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with Celeron M 440 1.86 GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR24xx Askey || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia G72M Quadro NVS 110M GeForce Go 7300 / Ati (PSAA3E)|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC861 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 swap with atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A110 159 (PSAB0), Equium A110 (PSAB2E), Satellite A110 233 (PSAB6),  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC861 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8136 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A120 PSAC0 PSAC1 PSAC1E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Solo GMA 950 to T2300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC262 or AC97 AD1981B || &lt;!--USB--&gt;UHCI EHCI  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros Ar5001 or Intel or Broadcom || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15V 4A charger - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A120 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo ATi RS480 + SB450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA - ATI RC410 Radeon Xpress 200M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC262 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;OCHI UHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 or Atheros Ar5001 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15v 5a proprietary charger needed 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satelite A130 PSAD6U || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;ST1311 s1311 ST1312 S2276 S2386  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A135 S2686 (Compal LA 3391P) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;S2246 S2346 S2256 S4477 S4666 S4827  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A200 PSAE1E (Inventec MW10M) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M with 945GM Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D)}}|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio ALC862}}|| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|RTL8101E}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000 - FN,F5 or FN,F8 or switch}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Excellent 32 bit support! - Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz or Pentium® Core Duo T2130 1.86 GHz - make sure that your WLAN card is enabled, do this using the hardware switch and FN+F8 key combination 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; A210, Satellite A215 AMD (Inventec 10A) S5808 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Ati with SB690 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA HD2600 Mobility M76}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC268 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;A215-S7422 A215-S7472 A215-S4697 (USA) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=62036 A215 S4757] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Ati X1200 with SB600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra A10 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|Intel GMA 4500M (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO 1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel WiFi Link 5100}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64 bit possible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;L35 - L40 PSL48E - L45 S7423 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GL960 with Intel Celeron || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|X3100 some 2D but software 3d tunnel 9 gearbox 4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC660 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|REALTEK 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8187b replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1,73Ghz  M 520 or M 540 or Dual T2310 (1.46 GHz)  T2330 (1.6 GHz) - 14H 14N 15B 17H 17K 17R 17S 18Z - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite a300 - inventec potomac 10s pt10s A300D 21H || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3650 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio - Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5005 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite L300D-224 PSLC8E PSLC9E, l305 (inventec ps10s) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD M780 with Turion RM70 or QL-64 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{yes|SATA}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA for Radeon 3100}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC268}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros G XB63L or Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros Dekstop Live 2.3 AROS One 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Wireless-handler crashing when using Atheros-Wireless-Card
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite l300-1bw PSLBDE-005005AR, L300-148 PSLB0E, l300-20D PSLB8E-06Q007EN, l300-294 L300-23L PSLB9E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel GM45 + PGA478 socket Celeron 900, Pentium T1600, T2390, T3400 (Socket P) to Core2 Duo T6400 T6670 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{unk|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{unk|SATA}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA for Intel gma 4500M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC???}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{unk|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{unk|rtl8169 Realtek 810xE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64-bit  - new unfamiliar Bios called insyde H20 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite l350d || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon (tm) X2 QL-60 + RS780M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8187b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L450 12 13 14 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Sempron, 2.1GHz with AMD RS780M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 3200 (based on HD 2400) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8172 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;12X 13P 13X 14V PSLY6E00C006EN 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro L450 (Compal LA-5821P) 179 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel celeron 900 2.20 Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 4500m || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101 /2 /6E PCI Express Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;RTL8191 SEvB || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;39.6cm (15.6”) Toshiba TruBrite® HD TFT High Brightness display with 16:9 aspect ratio internal resolution 1366 x 768 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;L755D (E-350) L750D (E-450) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 6310 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro SP C640 C660D-15X (PSC1YE) C670D- () || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E350 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6310G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Realtek ALC259 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 zacate 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Toshiba Satellite C660D-19X || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E-300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;r8169 rtl8101e || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8188 8192ce rtl8192ce  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;C70D-A C75D-A || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E1-1200 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD HD8330 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HA Audio CX20751 11Z || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8162 alx}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8188e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satelite Pro C40D-A C50D-A C55D-A || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow E1 2100 or faster A4 5000 kabini || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;8330 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Realtek ALC269Q || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|AR8162}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8188EE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satelite S50D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A10-5745M (4c4t), A8-5545M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 8550M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;REaltek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8188E || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 15.6in 2.38kg and 24mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satelite C50DT-B-107 PSCN6E M50DT-A-210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A8-6410 A6-5200 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R3 R5 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;REaltek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8188E || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 15.6 Inch Touchscreen 1366 x 768 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L50D-C-13G || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A10-8700P 6th Gen || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R6 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sharp formerly 80% Toshiba Computers || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;dynabook formerly 20% Toshiba PC, Satellite Pro C40D C50D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel i? or AMD Ryzen || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14in and 15.6in - ddr4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====Misc====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Time 500 Packard Bell EasyOne 1450 1550 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;K6-3 500Mhz + VIA MVP4 vt82c686a || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|Issues}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA AC97 3058 with wolfson  codec WM9703 WM9704 WM9707 WM9708 or WM9717}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;via 3038 2 ports USB 1.1 untested || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;NB May 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit grub runs but stalls around [PCI] Everything OK 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio PCG FX201/FX202 FX210/FX215 FX401/FX402 FX404/FX405 972M, FX501/FX502 FX504/FX505, FX601/FX602, FX604/FX605 FXA53(US), FX701/FX702, FX704/FX705, FX801/FX802 FX804/FX805 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;[http://gaugusch.at/vaio/ FX] [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/FX210/ Sony Yahoo Group] VIA KT133A KM133 Duron 800Mhz Athlon 1.3Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{partial|boot issue with 2013 kernel VIA [rev 06]}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI Rage Mobility Pro (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|VIA AC97 686b [rev 50] AD1881A Ear phone and Mic}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|UHCI [rev 1a]}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Nightly 1st March 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;booting usb pendrive from Plop Boot Loader floppy (no bios USB boot). Can freeze coz hardware issue or a ram slot problem - no support for iLink firewire VT8363/8365 pci - vt82c686b 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio PCG FX100 R505LE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i815 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA Intel 82815 CGC || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel ICH AC97 with ADI AD1881A codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PCG-FX105 FX105K PCG-FX108 FX108K PCG-FX109 FX109K FX200 FX203/FX203K FX205 FX205K FX209 FX209K FX220 [http://juljas.net/linux/vaiofx240/ FX240] FX250 FX270 FX290 FX301 FX302 FX340 FX370 FX390 FX403 FX503 FX950
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| Sony [http://www.trustedreviews.com/laptops/review/2004/06/03/Sony-VAIO-VGN-X505VP-Ultra-Slim-Notebook/p1 VAIO VGN X505VP] || Pentium M ULV and Intel 855GM || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Intel 855 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{N/A}} || || 2004 32bit - 0.38 inches at its thinnest point - first laptop to feature a &quot;chiclet&quot; keyboard resemble Chiclets gum - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Z505LE Z505JE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;n/a || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Rage Mobility M1 AGP mach64 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;no Yamaha DS-XG PCI YMF744 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 8255x based PCI e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;n/a || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-18 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|gma for i915}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 SigmaTel}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|usb2 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8139C}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel swap for atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' D02 test || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-29 CF-30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 SigmaTel || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139C || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Microstar PR210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA ATi RS690M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio through speaker / head phones but not hdmi}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8111 8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR242x AR542x aw-ge780 mini pci-e || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - ENE PCI based SD card with no bios boot option 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Advent 7106 EAA-88 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M 1.7GHz with 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D and 3D tunnel 187 gearbox 67}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 Intel ICH6 with Conexant Cx20468 31 codec playback head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200BG Fn/F2 replaced with atheros mini pci in small base panel - startup errors in wireless manager}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; cheap rubbish sadly - fan noise through audio channel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Motion Computing LE1600 PC Slate || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;915 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 SigmaTel STAC9758 9759  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 serial Wacom digitiser not usb
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-51 CF-P1 CF-T5 CF-Y2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio VGN UX1XN UMPC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Solo U1500 1.33GHz with 945GM chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1.8 inch ZIF || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945GMS || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell Yukon 8036 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;32bit only - 4.5 inch screen ultra mobile PC 
|-
| Sony Vaio VGN SR29VN || Intel ICH9 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy}} || {{partial|ATI HD 3400 (VESA only)}} || {{partial|HD Audio (too quiet)}} || {{yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 8040}} || {{no|Intel 5100}} || Icaros 1.5 || 2007 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Wyse XM Class DELL WYSE Xn0m LAPTOP || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD T-G56N 1.6 1.65Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;decased 2.5in ssd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only AMD 6320}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|EHCI 2.0 with NEC uPD720200 USB 3.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek rtl8169 8111E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 93xx}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 1366 x 768 14&quot; - 2 ddr3l slots max 16gb - 19v coax barrel plug psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Huawei Matebook D KPL-W00 Honor Magicbook 2018 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|AMD Vega 8 use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|3.1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 14inch 1080p - internal battery - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Avita Pura 14 AVITA-PURAR3, AVITA-PURAR5 Hong Kong tech giant Nexstgo || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen R3 3200U, R5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 (R3) 7 (R5) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit 1,920 x 1,080 14in IPS but dim 194cd/m² and 59.4% of the sRGB colour gamut - 1 ddr4l sodimm slot - keyboard issues keyboard repair swap requires removal of all - components - flexible plastic build - 3 hr battery internal - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Avita Liber V 3200U Ryzen 5 3500U, Avita Admiror 14 R7 3700U (UK only) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - better build but same 3 hr battery - 14&quot; 1080p screen IPS 80% sRGB gamut - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Huawei Matebook D 15 14 AMD KPR-WX9 Honor Magicbook WAQ9AHNR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 3500U 4700U 5500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|AMD Vega 8 use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3.1 gen 1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel or Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 2020 budget model - f6.5 recessed webcam - internal 42W later 56W battery - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Xiaomi Redmibook 16 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 7 4700U with FCH 51 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SSD 3 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon RX Vega 7 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|3.1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8821CE wifi || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit metal 16.1 IPS 99% srgb 240 nits - 46whr battery - no webcam - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


===Netbook=== 

[[#top|...to the top]]

* One of the better options if re-partitioning of the hard disk is not suitable or wanted is to go with AROS hosted i.e. run a small linux distro and host AROS on top. AROS can exist on a Windows(TM) install as well. See here for more information [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=779.0 Linux hosted] and [ Windows hosted] with downloads here [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php AROS download page] 
* installation needs an USB optical drive or an USB pen drive (see below) 
*  PC with CD or DVD to install to a USB pendrive for boot purposes on a netbook 
* SD card sometimes can [ boot] like Dell 2100,  EeePC 1001P, ASUS EeePC 900, acer aspire one d150, MSI Wind U100, 

[http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/Audio-Codec-Comparison-Table/520 Audio Codecs] 


====Acer Packard Bell Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Aspire One AOA110 (A110) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D and 3D) tunnel 99 and gearbox 84 score}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{Yes|RTL8101E - rtl8169}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} atheros 5k || AspireOS 1.8 || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel A13-045N2A 19V2.37A 45W 5.5x1.7mm - 
|-
| Aspire One AOA150 (A150) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and accelerated 3D with tunnel 99 and gearbox 84.1 result}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{Yes|RTL8101E - rtl8169}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} atheros 5k || AspireOS 1.8 || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD150 D150 (Compal LA-4781P), AOD110 D110 (ssd) || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HDAudio with alc272}}] || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 l1e}} || {{Maybe|AR5007EG AR5BXB63 works but Broadcom BCM4312 has no support}} || Icaros Desktop 1.3 || 2008 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD250 D250 emachines em250 || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|alc272 HD Audio}}  || {{Yes}} || {{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|BCM4312 or Atheros AR5B95}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2009 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire AO532H (Compal LA-5651p) 533H Pineview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 9k}} || [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=5968 Tested AspireOS June 2011] || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;emachines eM350 NAV51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with N450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 3150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with   codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Single core 64bit - 160GB HDD 1GB RAM 10.1&quot; LED backlit screen and  Webcam - 3 cell li-ion battery for 3 hours usage - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;emachines eM355 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with N455 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit support possible - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One 533 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D 0x8086 0xa011}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| ALC272 codec ich7}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8152 v1.1 1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4313}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1 and AROS One 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - f2 setup - 10.1inch 1024 x 768 - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD255 AOD255e AOD260 AOHAPPY (Compal LA-6221P) || N570 and Nm10 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|SATA}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 3150}} || Audio || USB || {{No|Atheros AR8152 V1.1 (1lc)}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || || a little support 
|-
| Aspire One 522 AO522 (Compal LA-7072p) || 1GHz dual C50 or C60 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (ATI 9804) or 6290 || ATI SB CX20584 HD Audio || USB || Atheros 8152 v2.0 l1c || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros ath9k}} || ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AAOD270 Aspire One D270 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2600 Cedarview || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D on Intel GMA 3650}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8169 RTL8101E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 but swap for Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit atom - ddr2 so-dimm 2gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One AO532G (Compal LA-6091p) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One D257 (Quanta ZE6) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire One 722 AO722 P1VE6 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD C60 with SB900 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| use VESA Ati 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec but no Wrestler HDMI output}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros AR8152 v2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One AO721 (Wistron SJV10-NL) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AO751 AO751H (Quanta ZA3) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 + || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|legacy}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}}|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC272X || &lt;!--USB--&gt; USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Atheros l1e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros 9k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .SE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA950 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC|| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .S2 NAV50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel X3150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot M/A || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1.2GHz Athlon L110 + RS690E || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy mode? || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD ATI Radeon Xpress X1270 (VESA only) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ATI SBx00 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Asus Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 700 701 2G 4G 8G Surf || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 2D and 3D tunnel 68 gearbox 43 on 701 800x480}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Yes| }} [http://beta.ivancover.com/wiki/index.php/Eee_PC_Internal_Upgrades AR5007EG] (AR2425) - [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=32391&amp;forum=28&amp;start=20&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583583 works] || NB 2013 and 2.1.1 (best) and 2.1.2 || Power supplies fail due to bad caps issue 9.5V 2.5A - 
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 701SD || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{No|RTL8187SE swap with Atheros 5k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || Boot issues] but does boot with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll.  
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 900 || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D, 3D in some models)}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio]}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Maybe|depends on chipset}} [http://beta.ivancover.com/wiki/index.php/Eee_PC_Internal_Upgrades AR5007EG] (AR2425) - [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=32391&amp;forum=28&amp;start=20&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583583 works] but not RaLink || AspireOS 1.7 || Boot issues] but does boot with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll. 900's may need BIOS upgrade to boot usb optical drives. 3D available in some and not all model revisions 
|-
| eeePC 900A || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (3D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Atheros L1e [1969 1026]}} || {{Yes|Atheros 5k AR242x}} || Nightly Build 2012 05-25 ||
|-
| eeePC 901 1000 || 945GM || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros L1E (AR8121 AR8113 AR8114)}} || {{No|RaLink Device 2860 swap with Atheros 5k}} || Icaros 1.4 ||
|-
| eeePC Seashell 1000HA 1000HE 1008 1005HA || N280 + Intel GMA950 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{Maybe|Realtek but not Atheros AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|Atheros AR9285 swap with Atheros 5k}} || Aspire OS 1.6 ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;eeePC 1001ha || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC269 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Attansic Atheros AR8132 l1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RaLink RT3090 swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| eeePC 1001P T101MT 1005PX 1005PE 1015PE Pineview || NM10 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || {{No|Atheros AR8132 (l1c)}} || {{No|Atheros AR928x 802.11n}} || Icaros 1.3.3 ||
|-
| EeePC 1015B 1215B || single C30 or dual C50 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{partial|AMD 6250 (VESA only)}} || ATI SBx00 HD Audio || USB || {{No|AR8152 v2.0 atl1c}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 [14e4 4727]}} || ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Flare X101CH Cedarview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2600 + N10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 6300 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Flare 1025CE 1225CE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2800 + N10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Dell Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Inspiron 910 Mini 9 PP39S || GMA945 || {{Maybe|STEC P1850 revC 0X422G 16GB IDE PATA 1.8in ZIF SSD very slow}} || {{N/A| }} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D opengl1}} || {{yes|ALC268 HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2 boots and works}} || {{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8102E}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4310 and 4312 swap with atheros 5k}} || tested with ICAROS 1.3 but later do not fully boot up || 2009 32bit - 9inch 1024x600 screen - 1 ddr2 sodimm slot max 1gig 2rx16 - 19v 1.58a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini 10 1010 PP19S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom Z520 Z530 Intel US15W Poulsbo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel GMA 500 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or BCM4312}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - 10.10 inch 16:9, 1366 x 768 glossy - 28whr or 56wHr battery options - 
|-
| [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupport/Machines/Netbooks#Dell%20Mini%2010v%20(Inspiron%201011) Mini 10v 1011] [http://wiki.debian.org/InstallingDebianOn/Dell/InspironMini10v ] || Intel 950 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ide legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}}  || HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8102E 8103E}} || {{no|Dell 1397 Wireless}} || || 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron Mini 1018 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio head phones only - speaker and micro phone do not work}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RTL8188CE or AR928X}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.5.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| Latitude 2100 || Intel Atom N270 N280 1.60Ghz GMA 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|set to IDE in bios as ahci not working || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D with tunnel 98 and gearbox 84)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC272 codec}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5764M}} || {{No|Intel 5100 or BCM4322 DW 1510 half height mini pcie use small Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AspireOS 1.8, Icaros 2.1.1 and AROS One USB 2.4 || 2009 32bit ddr2 sodimm max 2G - [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone/about-aspire-one Webcam and card reader not working] lcd cable over hinge an issue - f12 bios and boot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude 2110 2120 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N470 1.83Ghz, N455 1.6Ghz, N550 1.5Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|ATA mode in bios not ahci}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 3150 2D only}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit ddr2 sodimm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====HP Compaq Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| HP Mini 2133 || VIA C7-M P4M900 / 8237 VX700 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|VIA Chrome 9 HC (VESA only)}} || VT1708/A HD Audio || USB || {{no|Broadcom Corp NetXtreme BCM5788}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312}} || ||
|-
| HP mini 1000 Mi 2140 ks145ut || N270 + 945GM || {{N/A}} || SATA || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and opengl1 3d)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio (playback tested)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312 hard blocked}} || || 2011 32Bit - unable to change wifi card 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Mini 700 702 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + 945GSE || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio IDT 92HD75B (111d:7608, only playback tested)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom hard locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Compaq HP Mini 110 110-3112sa || 945GM Express || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio IDT STAC 92xx}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Atheros}} || {{no|Broadcom hard blocked Fn+F12}} || || 2011 32bit - unable to change wifi 
|-
| HP Mini 200 210 || 945GM NM10 Express || {{N/A}} || SATA || Intel GMA 950 || HD Audio || USB || RTL8101E RTL8102E || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard locked}} || ||
|-
| HP Mini 311 DM1 (Quanta FP7) || N280 + ION LE || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia Geforce ION || HD Audio || USB || eth || {{No|hard locked}} || ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====Lenovo Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| IdeaPad S9 S9e(3G) S10 S10e(3G) || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{no|ALC269 or SigmaTel HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Broadcom NetLink BCM5906M}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || || little support 
|-
| IdeaPad S12 ||  N270 + Nvidia ION LE MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || ALC269 HD Audio || USB || Broadcom || Intel hard blocked || || Does not boot - cause unknown 
|-
| S10-2 || 945GME and N280 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{no|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || Icaros 1.3 ||
|-
| S10-3 || NM410 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{no|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Atheros 9285 or Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || Icaros 1.3 ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad 100S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom Z36xxx Z37xxx Series SoC || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel SST Audio Device (WDM) || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8723BS hard blocked || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Samsung Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=616910&amp;topic_id=33755&amp;forum=28#616910 NC10] || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|SigmaTel HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{maybe|rtl8169 works but not Marvell 88E8040 sky2}} || {{yes|AR5007EG}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2009 32bit - Nano silver on keyboard and lcd ribbon cable over hinge issues 
|-
| [http://www.sammywiki.com/wiki/Samsung_NC20 NC20] || VIA VX800 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{maybe|VIA Chrome9 (VESA only)}} || ALC272 GR (VT1708A) HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{yes|Atheros AR5001}} || || 2009 32bit - little support 
|-
| N110 N120 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC272 HD Audio or ALC6628}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Realtek rtl8187}} || || 2009 32bit - some support - Namuga 1.3M Webcam none
|-
| N130 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{yes|SATA in IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and opengl 1.x 99.5 tunnel 99 gearbox}} || {{yes|Intel HD with ALC272 ALC269 codec playback}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL 8169.device - 8101e 8102e}} || {{no|rtl 8192se rtl8187 too small an area to swap for atheros 5k}} || || 2009 32bit - 10.x inch 1024 x 600 - Namuga 1.3M Webcam - front slide power on and f2 setup bios - keyboard 17.7mm Pitch is made with Silver Nano (Anti-Bacterial) tech - small touchpad - 1 ddr2 2rx16 sodimm slot 2G max - 44Wh
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Go NP-N310 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + 945GME || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|Atheros5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 32bit - N280 version changed specs 
|-
| N510 || N270 euro N280 uk + ION MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || HD Audio || USB || Marvell 88E8040 || Realtek 8192E || || Does not boot - cause unknown 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC110 Axx || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC269 codec A9M22Q2 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| NF210 Pineview || n455 or n550 + N10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA 3150 (needs retesting, VESA works)}} || {{yes|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || Wireless || || 2011 64bit - some support 
|-
| NP N145 Plus || n450 + NM10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || {{yes|Realtek HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Atheros AR9285}} || || 2010 some support but often the trackpad does not work 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NS310 NP-NS310-A03UK || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N570 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use Vesa 2d }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| ich7}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 realtek 810xe }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|bcm4313 }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom N570 or 1.5 GHz Intel Atom N550 dual core processor, 1 DDR3 sodimm slot memory, a 250GB hard drive, and a 10.1 inch, 1024 x 600 pixel 10.1&quot; W7St - 2300mAh short life - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Samsung_N150 N150] NB30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;MN10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9285 or Realtek 8192E}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;a little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.kruedewagen.de/wiki/index.php/Samsung_N220 N210 N220] N230 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;a little 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC110 Pxx Cedarview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6000g}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Toshiba Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NB100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|legacy}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|AR5001}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini NB200 series NB205 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 + GSE945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC272 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini 300 series NB305 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC272 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini 500 series NB505 NB520 NB550-10v || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8176 RTL 8188CE || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| [http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Toshiba-NB550D-AMD-Fusion-Netbook.46551.0.html Mini NB550D 10G] 108 (c30) 109 (c50) || C50 + M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (VESA only) || HD Audio || USB || Realtek 8111e rtl8169 || Atheros 9k || || 2011 64bit Realtek SD card reader 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Misc Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Cammy's A1600 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes}} || {{no|JMC 250/260}} || Wireless || Icaros 1.2.4 ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu Siemens Amilo Mini Ui 3520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--ACPI--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC269 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|AR5001}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;good 
|-
| Guillemot Hercules eCafe EC-900 H60G-IA], Mitac MiStation and Pioneer Computers Dreambook Light U11 IL1 || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RAlink RT2860}} || || Slowly gaining support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E2 24 48 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + NM10  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;IDE legacy mode || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Pineview Intel (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros l1c || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR9285 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| MSI Wind U90/U100 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio ALC888s (playback only?)}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RaLink RT2860 RT2700E or rtl8187se (u100x)}} || Icaros 1.3 ||
|-
| Advent 4211 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || Intel GMA950 (2D) || ALC HD Audio || USB || rtl8169 || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || || MSI U100 clone
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + GMA945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RaLink RT2860}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;MSI U100 clone 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Vaio VGN-P11Z
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Partial|Intel (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{no|Atheros AR928X}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 2.0.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Rarely boots!
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony VPC-W11S1E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 with 945GSE
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 - hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with realtek codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8132}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9285 swap with 5k}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - 10.1&quot; 1366 x 768 glossy - 3hr battery life - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Archos 10 Netbook || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom with ICH7 NM10 945GSE || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{No }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Wind U135 DX MS-N014 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel N455 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D only accelerated}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ALC662 rev 1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|RTL}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR 9K}}  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;needs noacpi notls added to grub boot line to start up 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

===Desktop Systems===

[[#top|...to the top]]

Most Intel Atom and equivalent AMD Fusion CPUs / APUs are faster than Intel P3s but still some way short of P4 or Dual Core performance. 


====Acer====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.acer.com/ac/en/ID/content/support-product/486;-; Veriton X270 VTX270] Intel Core 2 Duo ED7400C or Pentium dual-core UD7600C with 630i 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d Nvidia 7100 VGA and HDMI connections}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|  with realtek codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|4 rear and 5 front}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe| nForce}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 dvd 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit capable but would not fully boot, DHCP address timeout too short and failed often. Put in a third party NIC, worked - 1 PCI Express x16 slot and a free PCI x1 slot - internal thin long psu with 12pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Imedia S1710 with Intel Dual Core E5200
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{Yes|SATA/AHCI}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|Native IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Nvidia nForce 7100}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|Nvidia MCP73}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{No|NVIDIA MCP73 Ethernet}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 14-09-2023, AROS One 2.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 2009 64-bit - Boot over USB not working on front - 2 DDR2 dual channel max 8GB - DEL for entering Bios - F12 for boot menu - Bus weird, could be reason for Ethernet issue 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Revo AR1600, R1600 AR3600, R3600 Packard Bell iMax Mini, ACER Veriton N260G N270G slim nettop subcompact 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9300M - nouveau 3d - '''when it boots''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with alc662 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB boot usb2 stick issues and slower with usb3 drives}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|MCP79 nForce}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit  Intel Atom 230 N280 - 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - very often boot stuck around ehciInit - DEL setup F12 boot options - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v special barrel size 5.5mm/1.7mm psu - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - atheros 5k AR5BXB63 wifi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Revo AR3610 R3610 3610 Atom 330 nettop subcompact dual core 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9400M LE MCP79MX - nouveau 3d - '''when it boots''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek alc662 rev1 alc662-hd later ALC885 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB with 1% chance boot with usb2 sticks, more issues with usb3 drives}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|RTL 8211CL MCP79 nForce}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 1.5, 1.6 and 2.4 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - boot often stuck around ehciInit, SATA, etc try ATA=off, non usb hub  keyboard,  - DEL bios setup, F12 BBS POPUP/drive boot - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v barrel psu with smaller inner pin size 5.5mm/1.7mm - replace wifi RT3090 ver c (linux) with atheros 5k - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;REVO AR3700 R3700 3700 Atom D525 dual core - ACER Veriton N282G 
*one long beep followed by two short, bios damaged 
*looping one long two short, a video card fault 
*two short beeps... CMOS damaged 
*got one long and one short beep... board error?
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE ready in Bios}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia ION2 GT218 ION vga fine '''but''' hdmi fussy over display used - nouveau 2d &amp; 3d gearbox 404 tunnel 292 teapot 48}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDA Intel with Realtek ALC662 rev1 codec, head phones only but nothing from NVidia HDMI}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Intel® NM10 Express (NM10 is basically an ICH7 with a die shrink and IDE removed) USB boots usb, installs usb, accesses ok}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111g}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS one USB 1.5 and 1.6 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - early 2 ddr2 sodimm slots but later 2 ddr3 sodimm slots 1Rx8 max 4GB - 19v barrel psu thinner pin - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - ACPI Suspend Mode = S1, S3 (STR), S4 - Power on PCIe 
* Known Acer issue, Boot into bios, set bios to UEFI and reboot, set bios back to defaults and reboot, blank display, repair with reflash of 8 pin Winbond W25Q socketed bios chip with ch341a using 2011/09/19 P01.B0L, 2011/05/09 P01.A4, 2011/05/03 P01.A3L, 2010/12/27 P01.A2L, 2010/12/27 P01.A2 amiboot.rom - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Revo 70 (RL70) with or without dvdrw 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6320 or 6310 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio ALC662-VCO-GR codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2, 1.1 Hudson D1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit AMD E450 1.65GHz - 19v 65w barrel psu thinner inner pin - 2 DDR3L single channel max 4GB - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - 1lr or 1.5 ltr dvdrw case 209.89 mm, (D) 209.89 mm, (H) 35.35 mm - del enter bios - 
|-
|}

====Asus====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;EEEbox B202
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA950  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel Azalia HDaudio with Realtek ALC662 or ALC888-GR CODEC 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 or JM250 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;internal 3 types of wifi chipset not supported 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Dell====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Precision 340
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{n/a}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{n/a}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 1.1 (UHCI)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|3Com}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dimension 2400
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 82845GL Brookdale G/GE (VESA 640x480 by 16)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Unk|AC97 with ADI codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom 440x 4401}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;[http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=832495 Icaros 1.4]
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Graphics chipset is capable of higher resolution.
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dimension 4600
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 (use rear black port)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.2
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 170L
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex GX260
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Optiplex GX270
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{partial|IDE mode}}
| {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| Icaros 1.5.2
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Optiplex GX280
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{partial|IDE mode}}
| {{maybe|Intel GMA (only VESA tested)}}
| {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| {{no|Broadcom}}
| Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex GX520
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{yes|Intel GMA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|Intel AC97 (no line-out)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 745
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|HD Audio (no volume control)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{partial|Only keyboard mouse (legacy mode)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 755
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.5.1
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Around 25 second delay in booting from USB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 990
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|non-RAID mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel HD (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 360
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|ordinary boot gives VGA mode only - VESA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio (Analog Devices ID 194a)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire Xenon 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;poor support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse Vx0 (V90 V30), Vx0L (V10L V90L), Vx0LE (V30LE V90LE) from VIA C7 800GHz to Eden 1.2GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for S3 UniChrome Pro}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 VIA VT8233A with ?? codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 back and 1 front USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|early models work but later VT6102-3 do not}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.2  
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 to 2009 32bit - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm DDR 333MHz SO-DIMM later DDR2 - early V90s do seem to have a reliability problem - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.poppedinmyhead.com/2021/01/wyse-cx0-thin-client-notes-experiences.html Dell Wyse Cx0] C00LE, C10LE, C30LE, C50LE, C90LE, C90LE7, C90LEW VIA C7 Eden 1GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d VX855 VX875 Chrome 9}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|some VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with ?? codec work}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 outside 2 inside USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 to 2013 32bit - [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=815.0 boots and works] - 12V 2.5A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm ddr2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell RxxL Rx0L thin client 
*R00L	Cloud PC of Wyse WSM 
*R10L	Wyse Thin OS 
*R50L	Suse Linux Enterprise 
*R90L	Win XP Embedded 
*R90LW  Win Embedded Standard 2009 
*R90L7  Win Embedded Standard 7 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;128Mb IDE or 1GB 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA Hyperdisk}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 690E RS690M Radeon Xpress 1200 1250 1270
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit AMD Sempron™ 210U SMG210UOAX3DVE 1.5GHz SB600, up to 4GB single slot 240-pin DDR2 DIMM, 19v barrel psu, DEL key bios - Late 2012 2 data sockets added but only CN18 be used with two white sockets (CN13 &amp; CN15) can used to power the SATA device &quot;4-pin Micro JST 1.25mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 390 sff small form factor - mt mini tower desktop - dt full desktop
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;aros one 1.6 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit dual i3 2xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - add nvidia gf218 gfx - error code 3 mobo or cpu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 3010 sff small form factor 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom 57XX}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 7010 sff small form factor 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom or Intel 825xx}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx Q77 - kettle iec plug psu cable - add pci-e ethernet and nvidia gf218 gfx - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5010 thin client ThinOS D class (D10D D00D D00DX, Dx0D), PCoIP (D10DP) or D90D7, 5040 
*username: Administrator, admin, [blank] 
*password: Fireport, DellCCCvdi, rappot, Wyse#123, Administrator, administrator, r@p8p0r+
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode may need 30cm ext cable as small area for half-slim sata ssd - decased new ssd??}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 1400x1050 HD6250E IGP by using DVI to hdmi cable and 1 display port, no hdmi port}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD 6.34 audio chipset detected but codec alc269 working from one case speaker -  none if v6.29 used}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|most 5010 have 4 USB 2.0 but D90Q7 has 2 USB3 instead}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8168 8169 - rev 1.?? 8111? - rev 1.91 8111E}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit slow AMD G-T44R 1.2Ghz later G-T48E 1.4Ghz Dual Bobcat Brazos BGA413 - Del for BIOS - p key to select boot with noacpi - single DDR3 sodimm slot max 4Gb, (8Gb hynix 2rx8 ddr3l)? (remove small board to upgrade) - passive no fan - 15cm/6&quot; small 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - PA16 19v barrel psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 7010 thin client (Z class Zx0D) black case 
*2011 Zx0 Z90D7 2GF/2GR
*2013 Z10D 
*2014 Z50D 2GF/2GR 
*2012 Cisco VXC 6000 CVXC-6215-K9 white 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|Bios set Sata mode to IDE mode and grub boot add 'noacpi' for half slim sata2 ssd or/with 50cm sata ext cable}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d HD6310 6320 Terascale 2 through DVI and DP 1.1a - no 3d support r600 and no hdmi port}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio 6.34 detected but ALC269VB codec works on one case speaker only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2.0 works but NEC 720200 3.0 not detected but sometimes works like 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111e 8111F}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 and Aros One 1.5, 1.9 and 2.3 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit slow cores AMD G-t52R 1.5GHz later G-T56N 1.65 GHz Dual with A50M FCH - 20cm/8&quot; high 1.5ltr larger fanless case - 2 desktop DIMM slots max 16GB - miniPCIe CN14 no msata ssd support in bios - PA-16 19v external psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - 2 40cm SMA female WiFi Antenna to IPEX IPX u.fl Ufl Cable pigtail needed - does not like uefi boot devices - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Wyse 7020 Thin Client 
* 2013 Quad-core AMD GX-420CA 2.0 GHz (25W) - 
* 2018 Zx0Q Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz (15W) with Quad display 3dp and 1dvi 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only for AMD Radeon HD8400E radeonsi (dual display) or AMD Radeon HD 8330E IGP with AMD Radeon E6240 Seymour E6460 (quad display), no hdmi ports}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit quad eKabini Jaguar cores - two SODIMM sockets layered in centre of mobo DDR3L RAM - Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm ac psu 9mm plug is too short but 14mm length is fine - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse Dx0Q (5020) D90Q8 NJXG4 AMD G-Series 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD 8330E GCN 2.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; with Realtek codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz - 2 layered near edge of mobo 204-pin DDR3L SODIMM (bottom one tricky to insert) - 19v Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - passive no fan - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5060 N07D thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE bios mode for sata2 port}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2d - AMD R5E GCN2 IGP thru dp1 with an hdmi adapter no output thru dp2 - no hdmi dvi ports}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC231 codec head phones only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 realtek 8169 8111h}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 1.6 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit quad GX-424CC 19.5v external psu - CN-0Y62H1 mobo with 2 layered ddr3l 16Gb max sodimm slots at edge of mobo, bottom 0 one blocking - passive no fan so quiet - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Wyse 3040 (N10D) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 4c4t Intel Cherry Trail x5 Z-8350 (1.44 GHz Quad) - two versions, one is 5V-3A, the other is 12V-2A - 2 GB DDR3L 1600 MHz, 8 GB or 16 GB eMMC flash chip, all soldered down - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Fujitsu Siemens====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Scenic [http://uk.ts.fujitsu.com/rl/servicesupport/techsupport/ProfessionalPC/Scenic/ScenicE/ScenicE.htm E600] (compact desktop)
| 
| 
| {{partial|VESA only}}
| {{yes|AC97}}
| 
| {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| {{dunno}}
| Nice small, silent PC with good AROS support.
|-
| Scenic T i845
| {{dunno}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{dunno|Intel AC97}}
| {{dunno|UHCI}}
| {{dunno|Intel PRO/100}}
| Icaros 1.5.2
| AROS does not boot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S200 S210 S220 and later S300 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| compactflash CF card max ??}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 315PRO PCI/AGP }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 via }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|via uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|via VT6102 [Rhine-II] (rev 74) }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - TR5670 Rev 1.4 mother with Transmeta TM5800 cpu - pci socket - single SODIMM socket for DDR memory PC2700S max 512MB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S400
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| but swap with compactflash CF card already with AROS installed}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] SiS741CX }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 SiS7018}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|sis uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169 }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz gets hot - SiS 963L / SiS 741CX chipset - 12V 4.2A 4-pin (DP-003-R) psu - single SODIMM socket for DDR PC2700S max 1G - large case 246 x 48 x 177cms torx screws - pci socket - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;FUJITSU Futro S700 and S900 Thin Client (based on mini-ITX motherboard D3003-A12, D3003-C1 lesser variant of [https://www.parkytowers.me.uk/thin/Futro/s900/TechNotes_V3.1_Mini-ITX_D3003-S.pdf D3003-S]) 
*G-T56N 1.65GHz
*G-T40N 1.00GHz
*G-T44R 1.20GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata data socket but mSata
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 6320, HD 6250, HD 6290 dvi or displayport (DP runs higher) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|two USB2 front sockets and four on the rear}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit AMD slow atom-like and fanless - 20V 2A psu 5.5mm/2.1mm coax (S900) - mSATA 1GB-16GB - 2 DDR3L SODIMM sockets max 8GB tricky to run 1333 MHz on the Futro S900 - proprietary X2 PCI-e - 1 PCI socket but need a right-angle adaptor - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;esprimo p420 e85 desktop case 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 4600 or old Geforce in pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek alc671 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 16 pin special psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;esprimo E420 e85+ SFF case 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 4600 or low profile pci-e card 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek alc671 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111G 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 16ish pin special psu - hd under front metal bracket, take front cover off first with 3 tabs - 3 slim pci-e slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S520 AMD dual 1.0Ghz codenamed &quot;Steppe Eagle&quot;
* GX-210HA @ 1.0GHz
* GX-212ZC @ 1.2GHz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4G or 16G flash memory is soldered to the board
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD 8210E (GX210HA) or AMD Radeon R1E (GX212ZC)
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111e 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 smaller than ITX 160mm x 160mm Fujitsu D3314-A11 - 19V - 20V 2A. I used a 19V 3.4A PSU standard 5.5mm/2.1mm coax plug - 1 ddr3 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu Futro S720 ThinClient D3313-B13 D3313-F
*2014 64bit AMD GX-217GA 1.65GHz VFY:S0720P8009FR VFY:S0720P8008DE VFY:S0720P4009GB
*2015 64bit AMD GX-222GC 2.20GHz VFY:S0720P702BDE VFY:S0720P702BFR 
 all begin VFY:S0720P and end two digit country code
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Yes|up to 2 Sata-cable-connector with space in casing so normal SSD/HDD over Sata was running very well on AHCI and IDE-Mode and 2242 mSata}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA for AMD Radeon HD 8280E GCN2 IGP later R5E GCN3 IGP}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HDAudio partially working, external audio speaker}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|4 rear USB 2.0 but not front 2 USB 3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB 2.0
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit slow atom like cores so fanless - 1 ddr3 Sodimm slot max 8Gb - 19V-20V 2A 5.5mm/2.5mm coax - D3313-B13 stripped down Mini-ITX mobo D3313-S1/-S2/-S3 (eKabini) D3313-S4/-S5/-S6 - SATA data socket can be located under the fins of the heatsink - mPCIe socket for wireless card - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu FUTRO S920 D3313-E	D3313-G
*2016 AMD GX-222GC SOC 2.20GHz Dual 
*2017 AMD G-Series GX-424CC 2.40 GHz Quad
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{yes|2242 mSata and 1 Sata-cable-connector with space in casing so normal SSD/HDD over Sata possible}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{yes|use VESA for Radeon R5E GCN2 or GCN3 IGP}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HDAudio partially working}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|4 rear USB 2.0, front 2 USB 3.1 downgradable to 2.0 in BIOS setting}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; AROS One USB 2.4
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 2 so dimm slot with max of 8 GB - 19v barrel psu 5.5mm 2.5mm - SATA data socket can be located under the fins of the heatsink - mPCIe socket for wireless card - propetary X2 connector with official raizer to X1 connector - almost silent background noise, not affecting sound quality in any way
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu FUTRO S9011 Thin Client VFY:S9011THU1EIN || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit Ryzen Embedded R1606G - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====HP Compaq====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq presario 7360
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Working}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|AC97 via}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq EP Series 6400/10
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|ISA}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 1.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Evo D510
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| {{yes|AC97}}
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| Icaros 1.5
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq DX2000 MT
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel Extreme 2 (VESA only)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|detects AC97 but no support for ADI AD1888 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|OHCI/EHCI }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82526EZ e1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.51
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;boots ok but no audio 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq DX 2200
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200] (VESA only)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{dunno|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|OHCI/EHCI issues }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;issues 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; d230
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|UDMA}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|Intel AC97 (speaker and headphones only, no line-out)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.4.5
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion a220n || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|VESA 1024x768 on nVidia GF4 MX with 64MB shared video ram}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC650 AC'97 comp.}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8201BL 10/100 LAN}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.5|| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit athlon xp 2600+ Socket 462 / Socket A - 2 dimm ddr pc2700 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t500 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|FX5200 (2D; 3D with older driver)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 ICH4 ALC658D}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8101L 8139}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2012-09-22
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DC7700
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| ICH8}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|82566DM e1000e}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2013-??-??
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Some support at low cost 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP dc 7600 CMT
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ACL 260}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO/1000 GT}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5000 thin client series t5500 t5510 t5515 PC538A or PC542A t5700 t5710 Transmeta Crusoe Code Morphing TM 5400 5600 800Mhz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;128mb to 512MB 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon 7000M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|Issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA Rhine 2
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - ddr max 1GB - F10 setup - all t51xx and some t55xx units will not include a SODIMM slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5000 thin client series CN700 
*HSTNC-002L-TC	t5135, t5530 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d 128Mb Via S3 1600 x 1200 32-bit colour
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 78) 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit t5135 appears identical to the t5530 except the CPU VIA Esther 400 MHz - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 3.33A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5720, t5725 HSTNC-001L-TC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d SiS741GX 2048 x 1536 32-bit colour
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 SiS SiS7012 AC'97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 8d)
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz socketed - RAM 512MB or 1GB, 256MB, 512MB or 1GB - 12V psu - sis DDMA support - custom 1.13 BIOS - pci low profile - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5000 series VX800 HSTNC-004-TC t5145, t5540, t5545, t5630 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d VIA Chrome9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio VIA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit (rev 82)}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit   - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 4.16A Coax: 5.5mm/2.1mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5730w HSTNC-003-TC t5730 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a|ATA 44pin DOM Flash}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d ATI Radeon X1250 2048 x 1536 no 3D 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|6 x USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 5707M tg3 10/100/1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit AMD Sempron 2100+ 1GHz - 1 slot of ddr2 sodimm (Max 2GB) - 12V 4.16A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - F10  enter bios F12 boot devices - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HSTNC-005-TC gt7720, gt7725 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d AMD RS780G HD 3200 - 2560 x 1600 DVI-D &amp; DVI-H
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;8 x USB2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit AMD Turion Dual Core CPU 2.3GHz - 1 DDR2 200-pin SODIMM - 19V 4.16A Coax 7.4mm/5.0mm (gt7725) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5740 Thin Client HSTNC-006-TC t5740, t5745, st5742 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Intel CL40 VGA and DisplayPort connectors}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with IDT codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly build and Icaros 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit Atom N280 - F10 on power up to get into the BIOS screens. F12 brings up the boot options - hp 19V one with a coax connector, outer diameter 4.8mm with inner to be 1.7mm to 1.4mm - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots max 3gb due to 32bit - 1 pci-e slot completely non standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5000 series HSTNC-012-TC VIA Nano u3500 VX900 
*t5550 512MB/1GB Windows CE6 R3
*t5565 1GB/1GB HP ThinPro
*t5570 2GB/1GB WES 2009 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 GPU Chrome9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA 9170 VT1708S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;32bit - 1 sodimm - 19V 3.42A supply connector standard yellow-tip coax plug 4.8mm/1.8mm &quot;Standard HP Compaq DC Power Plug 4.8mm x 1.5mm / 1.7mm Yellow Tip Connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t510 Via Eden X2 U4200 HSTNC-012-TC shares features with t5570e, t5565z 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2G ATA Flash DOM
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;one 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for Chrome9 VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 gfx}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|6 USB2 }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom Corporation NetLink BCM57780 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit - one slot ddr3 sodimm max 4GB - 19V 3.42A Coax 4.8mm/1.8mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T610 Thin Client and thicker PLUS version 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 6320 1 dp port 1 dvi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;two USB2 on the front, two USB2 and two USB 3 ports on the rear 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64 bit AMD G-T56N A55E - 2 204-pin DDR3 1600MHz SODIMMs PC3-12800 under motherboard via removable panel - 19.5V 3A Coax male 7.4mm/5.0mm + centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T420 Thin Client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 8180 dvi vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 front 2 rear USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64 bit AMD Embedded G-Series GX-209JA SOC (1 GHz, 2 cores) 1GHz - soldered in place 2GB DDR3 - smaller than usual 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - usb stick internal for storage - E15 BBR - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t520 TPC-W016 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 m.2 mounting holes for 2242 and 2260 SSDs SATA (not NVME) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R2E GCN2 later GCN3 IGP 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3 front, 4 USB2 back 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 2017 64 bit AMD GX-212JC 1.2Ghz (2 core) - 1 204-pin DDR3 SODIMM - 19.5V 3.33A 7.4mm Coax with central pin 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t620 TPC-I004-TC and t620 PLUS (PRO wider version) TPC-I020-TC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;single M.2 2242 socket sata only most models, mSATA socket removed end of 2014, 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 8280E graphics 8330E up to two 30in displays 2 dp ports no dvi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 front, 2 back, 2 inside 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit AMD G-Series GX-217GA 2 core APU 1.65GHz, AMD GX-415GA - 2 DDR3L SODIMMs side by side - mSATA ssd and M.2 SSD are M1.6 screws, M2.0 screws used on most SSDs - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T530 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 m.2 sata ssd up to 2280 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R2E
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;1 USB3.1, 1 usb-c front, 4 USB2 back 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64 bit AMD GX-215JJ (2 core) 1.5GHz - 1 204-pin DDR4 SODIMM - smaller 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T730 Wider &quot;Thin&quot; Client TPC-I018-TC Pixar - no display and fans blowing full speed caused by '''disabling internal gpu in bios''' flash L43_0116.bin onto smc MX25L6473F (3.3V 8-PIN SOP (200mil) SPI 25xx) ([https://www.badcaps.net/forum/troubleshooting-hardware-devices-and-electronics-theory/troubleshooting-desktop-motherboards-graphics-cards-and-pc-peripherals/bios-schematic-requests/96303-hp-t730-password-locked-bios in the rom rcvry socket under a delicate thin narrow surface flap]) with ch341a alike switchable from 5v, 3.3v to 1.8v 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|Set bios to IDE and not AHCI - add noacpi to end of grub line - 1 M.2 SATA slot (Key B+M) up to 2280 with T8 torx secure stub}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA for Radeon R7 (GCN 2/UVD4.2) with 4 dp outs '''but too easy bricking''' if swapping with 1 PCIe 3.0 x8 slot 30W slim factor low profile 8400gs gt210 nvs295 nvs310 gt1030}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDaudio 6.34 realtek alc221 codec thru case speaker only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|'''Works''' for 4 USB2 in the back with 2 in the front but '''not''' for 2 USB3 ports on front and 1 more internal (not bootable)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG set up first in Prefs/Network}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.2 USB with added noacpi grub boot 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit RX-427BB With 2 DDR3L notebook RAM sodimm stacked slots max 32GB - '''Larger''' 20cm/8&quot; high 3.5ltr case noisy fan TPM 1.2 - esc/F9 boot selector F10 enter bios - 2 serial and 1 parallel old ports - Key E Wireless - PCIe slot (x16 physical, x8 electrical - 19.5 4.36A 85w standard HP 7.4mm black-ring-tip power plug, red flashing power button, wrong psu or bad MotherBoard MB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t630 Thin Client TPC-I020-TC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|2 Sata M.2, sata0 up to 2280 (1tb max), sata1 2242 (64gb max), both T8 torx secure stubs}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA for Radeon AMD Wani R7E with 2 displayport 1.2 sockets - no dvi / hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 6.34 VOID for controller 0x1022 0x157a and not detected ALC255 codec x10ec x0255 aka ALC3234, pins 0x17 as LFE and 0x1b as int speaker}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2 2 front and 2 rear but not 2 front USB3 and 1 inside}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111H}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB 2.2 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit 3rd Generation AMD Embedded G-Series SoC GX-420GI quad core 2Ghz - 2 DDR4 SODIMMs side by side speed 1866Mhz limit - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - can be easily bricked, might reflash bios with M40 SP149736 - 20cm/8&quot; high 1.5ltr larger fanless case - esc f1 f9 f10 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq Elite 7200 7300 8200 8300 SFF with kettle IEC psu cable 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE ata legacy only in BIOS}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;i pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|8200 works}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel or Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit dual core - add pci-e rtl8169 ethernet card and pci-e gf210 nvidia low height - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq Pro 6305 Small Form Factor SFF AMD A75 chipset (FCH 6 SATA 6 Gb/s, 4 USB 3.0)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 7000 iGPU series 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD ALC221 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 5761 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit AMD Quad A10-5800B with Radeon HD 7660D Graphics (3.8 GHz, 4MB L2 cache, 100 W), AMD A8-5500B with Radeon HD 7560D Graphics (3.2 GHz, 4MB L2 cache, 65 W), 
AMD Dual A6-5400B with Radeon HD 7540D Graphics (3.6 GHz, 1MB L2 cache, 65 W), 
AMD A4-5300B with Radeon HD 7480D Graphics (3.4 GHz, 1MB L2 cache, 65 W)
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitedesk 705 G1 - SFF
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA with Radeon R7 GCN1 or 8x70}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD audio with Realtek ALC221 codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom or Intel}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit AMD A10-8850B, 3.9 GHz AMD Quad-Core A10 PRO-7850B,  
AMD A10-8750B, 3.6 GHz
AMD A10-7800B 3.57GHz, A10 PRO-6800B 
AMD A8-8650B, 3.2 GHz
AMD A8-7600B, 3.1 GHz
AMD A6-8550B, 3.7 GHz
AMD A6-8350B, 3.5 GHz, Dual A6 PRO – 7400B, 
AMD A4-7300B, 3.8 GHz - T15 security torx psu with 6pin PWR 200W connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 705 G2, 705 G3 Mini PC USFF thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in and m.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R7 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5762 GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit AM4 socket with 35W TDP A10-8770E (4c), AMD PRO A6-8570E (2c), AMD Pro A6-9500E, or AMD PRO A10-9700E on AMD B300 FCH - ddr4 sodimm slots - 77 x 175 x 34mm (6.97 x 6.89 x 1.34in) 1L and about 3lbs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 705 G4 Mini 1ltr USFF AMD Ryzen 3 2200G (4c t) or 5 2400G (4c t)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvme 2280 and 2.5in sata}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 thru DP1.2 port 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio Conexant  codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 usb3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit Am4 socket - 2 sodimm 16GB max - 19.5v hp socket ext psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitedesk 705 G4 35w, Elitedesk 705 G4 65w, HP Prodesk 405 G4 35W USFF - AMD Athlon PRO 200GE (2c 4t), 2200GE (4c t) or 2400GE (4c t) on AMD B350 FCH, Elitedesk 705 G5 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvme 2280 and older models 2.5in sata}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3, 8 or 11 with 2 dp1.2 ports 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with Conexant CX20632 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111EPH 1Gbe or Realtek RTL8111F 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - realtek wifi 8821 or 8822 - up to 1 ddr4 dimm slots - 12v up to 180w ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitedesk 806 G6, Prodesk 405 G6 3400GE Ryzen 5 PRO 3350GE (4c 8t), Ryzen 3 PRO 3200GE 3150GE (4c 4t), AMD Athlon Silver PRO 3125GE (2c 4t) on AMD PRO 565 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2x NVMe or 1x SATA + 1x NVMe, but not all three drives at the same time without serious modding of hd caddie || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega with DP1.4 port || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC3205 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t540 t640 thin client USFF 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVM Express (NVMe) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 VGA, DisplayPort 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3 gen1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek Realtek RTL8111HSH or RTL8111E PH-CG 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit ryzen r1000 series Ryzen Embedded R1305G 1.5 GHz, R1505G dual (2c 4t) 2.0Ghz, R1606G ?.?Ghz - 2 DDR4 SDRAM sodimm SO-DIMM 260-pin non-ECC max 32gb - Realtek RTL8852AE wifi - 45W psu Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t740 SFF Thin Client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 M.2, one is sata and other nvme  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 DisplayPort or + optional pci-e 30W Radeon E9173
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E PH-CG 1Gbe
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - Ryzen Embedded V1756B 3.25Ghz quad - 90W 19.5V 4.62A psu Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - sodimm DDR4 max 64Gb - slightly noisy fan - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 805 G6 Mini 4750GE (8t 16t), Prodesk 405 G6 Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE (6c 12t) or Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE (4c 8t) on AMD PRO 565
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in carrier and 2 slots m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 with DP1.4 and HDMI flex io2 output options 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC3205 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb a - gen 2 10gig and gen 1 5gig ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit AMD Ryzen 4000 SBC unlocked - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - wifi6 - 90W ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====Lenovo====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Nettop IdeaCentre Q150 (40812HU) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; realtek codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 10/100
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit D510 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M625q Tiny (1L)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 Sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Stoney Radeon R2, R3 or R4 and later R5 with 2 dp ports 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  ALC233-VB2-CG codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|3 usb3.1 Gen 1 and 3 usb2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8111  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit all dual cores - e2-9000e or a4-9120e later A9-9420e - heatsink covers 70% area covers wifi - 65w or 135w lenovo rectangle ac - 1 ddr4 2666MHz slot max 8gb - tpm 2.0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M715q Gen 1 AMD A6 A8 A10-9700E 9770E (2c2t) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R4 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M715q Gen 2 Ryzen 5 PRO 2400GE 4C 8T 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 11 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - f1 enter setup, esc device boot - fixed 1.8v ch341a needed to reflash 1.8v bios if no boot SOP8 DIP8 Winbond W25Q64, MXIC MX25U1635, MX25U6435 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCenter M75n nano Ryzen3 3300U 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCentre M75q M75q-1 Tiny 1ltr TMM AMD Ryzen 5 PRO Quad 3500 Pro 3400GE (4c 8t) 11a5 soe400, 3200GE (2c 4t) zen1+ 11a4 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|NVMe 2280 1Tb max - untested 2.5inch}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 11 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB3 Gen 1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 65w 20v 3.25A to 135W rectangle psu - 2 sodimm ddr4 sodimm max 32GB locked 2666MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCentre Ryzen 7 PRO Tiny 1ltr Gen 2 AMD 4000 series 4650GE (6c12t) 4750GE (8c16t) 4350G (4c8t) Zen2 - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|NVme}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8169 8111
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit vendor locked - 20v psu - 2 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkcenter M75q-2 Gen2 refresh 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GigE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 5650GE (6c12t) 5750GE (8c16t) - vendor/PSB can lock your AMD CPU - f12 boot devices
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Misc====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Impart impact Media Group IQ Box mini Digital Signage with MB896 mini itx 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 915 gme 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; via audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 1 ddr2 slot - pentium m 1.73GHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac_mini_cd_1.83-specs.html Apple A1176 Intel MacMini1,1] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|gpt/efi }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|gma950 2d and 3d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ICH7 [https://answers.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/alsa-driver/+question/186749 Sigmatel Stac 9221] [https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/msm/+/android-wear-5.1.1_r0.6/sound/pci/hda/patch_sigmatel.c codec][https://alsa-devel.alsa-project.narkive.com/Yt20W6cE/sigmatel-stac9221-mux-amp-out-0x02-microphone-not-working mic]}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit possible 1.83 GHz Intel “Core Duo” (T2400) - swap pci-e wifi for atheros 5k AR5007EG - maybe hack with a 2,1 firmware - max 4GB Ram ddr2 sodimms - external apple psu - dvd boot only with c key - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac-mini-core-2-duo-1.83-specs.html Apple A1176 Intel Mac Mini2,1] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|gpt/efi }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|gma950 2d and 3d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ICH7 Sigmatel Stac 9221 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 2.0/ Icaros (latest beta)
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit - swap pci-e wifi for atheros 5k AR5007EG - hacked with a 2,1 firmware and replaced the cpu for T7600 2.33 Ghz C2D and max 4GB Ram ddr2 sodimms - external apple psu - dvd boot only via c key 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Apple iMac 5,1 &quot;Core 2 Duo&quot; 1.83GHz 17&quot; T5600 MA710LL || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 with 64Mb || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio idt codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 667MHz sodimm slots - 17.0&quot; TFT widescreen 1440x900 - polycarbonate 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Apple iMac 6,1 &quot;Core 2 Duo&quot; 2.16 2.33 24&quot; only T7400 T7600 aka MA456LL/A A1200 (EMC 2111) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia 7300GT with 128 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM PCI Express or GeForce 7600GT with 256Mb mini dvi, vga || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 667MHz sodimm slots - 24.0&quot; TFT widescreen 1920 x 1200 - polycarbonate plastic case iMacs of this generation are the most difficult iMacs to service due to their front bezel design 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;VXL Itona TC3200 (), TC3x41 (P3VB-VXL), TC3xx1 (6VLE-VXL0), TC43xx (Gigabyte C7V7VX) thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC'97 Audio with VIA VT 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;VIA
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8100B 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 2006 32bit VIA CPUs, 1 DIMM slot, internal psu, 
*TC3200, VIA Samuel 2 533Mhz, DIMM PC133 
*TC3541, VIA C3 Nehamiah 800MHz, DIMM PC133 
*TC3641, VIA C3 Nehamiah 1GHz, DIMM PC133 
*TC3841, VIA Samuel 2 800MHz, DIMM PC2100 
*TC3931, VIA C3 Nehamiah 1GHz, DIMM PC2100	
*TC4321, VIA 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig RBT402, Clientron U700, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Partial|VESA dvi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|VIA }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 3a psu - Password Fireport 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Optiplex FX170 D05U thin client, 10Zig 56xx range 5602, 5616v, 5617v, 5672v, Clientron U800, Devon IT TC5, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|GMA 950 dvi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 ddr2 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 3a psu - Password Fireport - ps2 keyboard socket - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig RBT-616V or Chip PC Technologies EX-PC (model number XPD4741)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 950}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit N270 on NM10 with ICH7 - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 4a psu - Password Fireport 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix GS-A21S-RH (rev. 1.0) SFF 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|X3100}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC883-GR codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82566DC}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;ICAROS 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit Intel GME965 chipset with Intel ICH8M - 2 DDR2 Dimm slots - GA-6KIEH2-RH Rev.1.x mini ITX Case 213mm(D) x 64mm(W) x 234mm(H) - custom psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;VXL Itona MD+24 MD27 MD54 MD64 MD76 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA Chrome 9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;VIA
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit VIA X2 U4200 - 12v-19v barrel psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock ION 330 330Pro HT-BD, Foxconn NT-330i, Zotac ION F (IONITX mini itx), 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ION geforce 9400}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Nvidia }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit slow atom cpu - 2.5L 8&quot; by 8&quot; plastic case - 2 ddr2 sodimm max 4G - external 19v 65W 3.42A Plug 5.5mm X 2.5mm  - little whiny fan - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle XS35GT || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio IDT92HD81 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|JMC261}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - Atom™ D510 NM10 - DDR2 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle XS35GT V2 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio IDT92HD81 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|JMC251}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom™ D525 NM10 chipset - DDR3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 GT218 with vga and hdmi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - Atom™ D510 NM10 - DDR2 65 W AC, DC 19V~3.42A, 19.3L x 14.8w x 2.2H cm (1l), weight 530g, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD2 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|nouveau ION2 GT218 with vga and hdmi 2d and 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Intel USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom™ D525 NM10 chipset - DDR3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.jetwaycomputer.com/JBC600C99352W.html Jetway JBC600C99352W] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|C-Media CM108AH}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111DL 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit D525 - DDR3 - 12v psu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn nT-A3550 A3500 AMD A45 Chipset DDR3 Nettop Barebones - White
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 slot 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD6310 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 back and 2 USB3 front 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit AMD Dual-core E350 1.6GHz CPU - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus EeeBox PC EB1021 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD6320M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE1 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - AMD® Brazos E-350 SFF or E-450 with A50M - 2 ddr3l so-dimm - 40W ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Xi3 Piston PC Athlon64 X2 3400e (X5A), AMD R-464L quad (X7A) Z3RO NUC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD mobility HD3650 to radeon HD 7660G 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 3 USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8161}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 - 2 sodimm 8GB max - 19v 3.3a round - Titan105 bios update - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD6320M with vga and hdmi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC662 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE1 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - AMD® Brazos E-450 with A45M -  ddr3l so-dimm - 65W ac - Wireless is Realtek 8191SU WiFi (802.11n) or AzureWave (802.11bgn) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung Syncmaster Thin Client Display TC-W Series 24&quot; LF24 TOWHBFM/EN TC220W LED LF22TOW HBDN/EN || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;8gb SSD || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| VESA mode only Radeon HD 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Thin Client C-50 AMD® 1000 MHz and no wireless 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Advantech TPC-2140 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit atom-like G-T56E 1.65Ghz up to SSE3, BGA413 soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CompuLab FIT-PC3 fitPC3 USFF PC AMD G-T56N || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;RADEON HD 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio ALC888 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64 - 12v 3a - 2x sodimm DDR3 max 4GB - wifi rtl8188ce 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig 6872 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit atom-like G-T56N up to SSE3 BGA413 (FT1) soldered - DDR3l single channel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG 7800q thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon 5E 3840 x 2160 @ 30Hz to 2560 x 1600 @ 60Hz 2 x Display Port
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB2.0 2 x USB3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit AMD GX-424CC (Quad Core) 2.4GHz BGA769 (FT3b) SSE4 and AVX - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
*Itona VXL MZE12 AMD a4-5000 thin client 
*VXL Itona LQ27 LQ+27 LQ44 LQ+44 LQ49 LQ+49 LQ50 LQ+50 LQ64 LQ+64 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati 8330 vga hdmi dp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2 2 usb3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit quad BGA769 (FT3) soldered - 2 stacked sodimm ddr3 middle of mobo - 2 m.2 sata slots - 1 sata short cable half size space - limited 1ltr 8in case no fan - 19v hp style psu connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5212 21.5&quot; AIO Thin Client W11B 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R3 out from DP or vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit slow atom like dual core AMD G-T48E 1.4 GHz - dell type round ac needed 90W 19.5V 4.62A - 21 inch 1080p screen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;LG 24CK560N-3A 24' All-in-One Thin Client Monitor, 27CN650N-6N 27CN650W-AC 27', 34CN650W-AC 34', 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AMD Prairie Falcon GX-212JJ 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CompuLab fit-PC4 fitPC4 4x 2Ghz AMD || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64 - 2x DDR4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL Hedgehog M340C UD3 thin client 
*2016 V1.0 AMD GX-412HC 1.2GHz-1.6GHz Radeon R3E, normal bios DEL for Bios or F12 boot selector 
*2018 AMD GX-424CC 2.4GHz, Radeon R5E, UEFI hit DEL and choose boot or SCU icon 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SATA half slim version '''limited space''' with msata slot on earlier 2016 models
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Radeon R3E later R5E dvi dp}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with codec ?? (412) and  Realtek ALC662-VD0-GR (424), both case speaker}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;amd usb3 boot usb2 with bios &quot;disable usb&quot; entry 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111 (412) and (424)}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One x86 USB 1.5, 1.8 and 2.2 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 20cm/8&quot; high case - 1 DDR3L sodimm slot max 8Gb 1600MHz - external '''12V 3A''' supply with 5.5mm/2.1mm coaxial - IDE like interface under base stand is for legacy addon ports RS232 parallel etc - capacitive touch power on - case opening 3 stages, remove stand and narrow black plastic strip from the back, top cover slides off to the back and lifts off - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD3 M350C (UEFI issues) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;None but 8gb emmc 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek ALC897 or ALC888S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3.2 and 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - AMD Ryzen™ R R1505G Dual-Core 10W TDP - 2 DDR4 sodimms slots max 16Gb - 12V 4A psu - 2x DisplayPort 1.2 no dvi or hdmi - Intel® 9260 or SparkLAN WNFT-238AX wifi - 1x rear serial Prolific PL2303 chipset - locked down components and very limited expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD7 H860C AMD Ryzen V1605B Thin Client
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 AMD Ryzen™ Embedded V1605B 2 – 3.6 GHz (Quad-Core) - 12v 5A psu - up to 16GB RAM DDR4 - locked down components and very limited expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix Barebone Mini PC BSRE-1605
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 M.2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit AMD Ryzen V1605B - 2 DDR4 sodimm slots
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;EliteGroup LIFA Q3 Plus 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit AMD Ryzen Embedded V1000, V1605B - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MINISFORUM Deskmini UM250 Mini PC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit AMD Ryzen V1605B - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle DA320 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R3 R5
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;dual realtek 1GbE 8111H 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 64bit AMD 2200G 2400G - Robust metal 1.3-liter case - A320 chipset DDR4 - 19V 6.32A DC PSU - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T-Bao MN25 Mini PC 2500U 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Unk|Intel NVMe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|VESA Radeon Vega 8}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB 3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek PCIe 1GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minis Forum DeskMini UM300 3300U, UM350 DMAF5 3550H, UM370 3750H  
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink SER3 GTR4 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega 3 or 10 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RJ45 1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit 3200u or 3750h 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink SER4 GTR5
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;cant boot from installed SSDs unless its an M.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 or 2 Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 4700U or 5900HX 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI PRO DP20Z 5M Mini PC - AMD Ryzen 5 5300G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;R3 3200G Vega 8 - R5 3400G Vega 11 - Ryzen 5 5600G Vega 7 - Athlon 3000G
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum UM450 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - Ryzen 4500U - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix 
GB-BRR7-4800 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR7-4700 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR5-4500 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR3-4300 (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS PN50 mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 4700U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|3.1 gen1}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS PN51-S1 mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 5700U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega thru dp or hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|3.1 gen1}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 19v or 19.5v 90w psu round barrel - 32gb ddr4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minis Forum Bessstar Tech EliteMini B550 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 x 2.5in and 2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|4 usb3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 8125 2.5GbE}}  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit AMD 4700G 5700G desktop cpu - 19v 12w round barrel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock A300 and later X300 Mini itx with Desktop AM4 socket 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - choose your own AMD APU GE 35w based - DDR4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock 4x4 BOX-5800U Zen 3-based AMD Ryzen 7 5800U 15W - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 slot gen 3 and sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|1 GbE and 1 2.5GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - WiFi 6E - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Topton S500+ Gaming Mini PC - Morefine S500+ 5900HX Mini PC - Minisforum UM590 Ryzen AMD Zen3 Ryzen 9 5900HX 7 5800H 45W - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme 1 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 thru HDMI 2.0, DP 1.4, and USB type-C 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|usb3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|1 realtek rtl 8111h and 1 8125 2.5GbE bg-cg}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 2 sodimm ddr4 3200MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Chuwi RzBox 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 vga, dp, hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|usb-c usb2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;dual gigabit 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit amd 5800h 4800h - 90w psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC SER5, Trigkey AZW S5, Asus PN52, ZHI BEN MX-JB560, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe3 M.2 2280 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega with 1 or 2 hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 1GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 5500U 5560u 5600U to PRO 5600H 5800H - 19v 3.42W 65W psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NIPOGI Kamrui ACEMAGICIAN AM06PRO Dual LAN Mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 5800U, 5 5500U or 5600U/5625U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 and 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 7 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 GbE ports 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - plastic build - 90w usb-c power - loud at 25W setting - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Topton FU02 Fanless Mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 4700U 5600U 5800U 8 Core 16 Threads
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe and 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 3.0 with 2 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x 1G
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64 - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - fanless with copper cube from cpu to metal sheet which gets warm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Xuu XR1 Lite (5300u 4c 8t) PRO 5400U   MAX 5600U  
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe 2242 slot 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 6
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 3.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64 quiet fan - very small case no expansions - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MINISFORUM UM690 Venus Series 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;pcie4 nvme 2280 and 1 sata3 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;680m RNDA2 12CU with 2 hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|1 USB4 and 2 USB3.2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|2.5G LAN}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 6900hx 8C16T - 2 ddr5 sodimmm - 19v ???W - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC GTR6 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe4
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 680M RDNA2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3.2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5GbE or intel i225}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit Ryzen 9 6900HX Zen3+ and a 2gb Radeon 680m 12CU ddr5 sodimm - 19v 120w psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PN53, Geekom AS 6, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;pcie gen4 nvme and ata 2.5in
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;680m RNDA2 12CU with 2 hdmi and 1 dp
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|2 usb-c, 2 USB2.1 and 3 USB3.2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|1G LAN}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 6900hx 8C 16T - 2 slots ddr5 sodimmm (64Gb max) - 19v 120W - 4 retained base screws beware ribbon cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Micro Computer (HK) Tech Ltd MinisForum UM773 Lite, GMKtec K2 Mini PC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe PCIe4.0 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;RDNA 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2.5GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - AMD Zen 3+ (8c 16t) Ryzen 7 7735HS, 7840HS and AMD Ryzen 9 7845HX - 120w ac adapter - ddr5 sodimm 4800Mhz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.asrockind.com/en-gb/4x4 ASrock 4x4 SBC] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata or nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega or 680M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 or USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 1GbE or intel 2.5GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC GTR7 SER7 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe4 nvme 2280 up to 2Tb
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M RDNA3 GPU output on hdmi and dp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3.2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|1 or 2 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit AMD Phoenix APUs Zen 4 CPU Ryzen 7 7840HS or 9 7940HS (8c 16t) - 19v 5.26A 120w psu - del dios setup f7 choose boot - 2 thunderbolt-type usb-c on back - up to 64gb via 2 ddr5 sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


===Server Systems===

[[#top|...to the top]]

====IBM====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;xSeries 206m
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI RN50b (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{n/a}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0 (UHCI/EHCI)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2014-09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


===Motherboard===

[[#top|...to the top]]


* Late 2002, USB2.0 added and slightly better AROS sound support (AC97) appeared 
* 2002-2005 and still, to a limited extent, ongoing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor_plague bad capacitors] 
* Late 2003, ATX PSUs moved from 5V to 12v rails (extra 4pin on motherboard for CPU) 


* Late 2005, PCI Express replaced AGP and HDAudio replaced AC97 
* Late 2007, ATX PSUs added extra 12V PCI-E connectors and 4+4pin for CPUs 
* Late 2010, USB3.0 appears on motherboards or needing a PCI-E motherboard slot 

* Late 2014 Hardware USB2 removed from USB3 chipsets 


====AMD====

[[#top|...to the top]]


=====Socket 7 (1997/1999)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1997 VT82C586B (QFP-208) is the first from VIA with DDMA
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 VT82C686 has close to excellent DDMA support
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;SiS 5581/5582
SiS 5591/5595
SiS 530 /5595
SiS 600/5595
SiS 620/5595
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket A 462 (2001/4)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2217921/ABIT-NF7-S-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Abit NF7-S] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SIL 3112A  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650 AC97 (Nvidia APU)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8201LB  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Realtek RTL8801B 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7NF2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce2 ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|AGP 8x}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;CMedia CMI 9761A AC'97
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8201 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7S8X
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 746FX 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|AGP 8x}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC'97 cmedia}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SiS900}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7S41GX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 741GX + DDR 333
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|onboard sis does not work with vga or vesa but AGP 8x works}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 SIS 7012}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SiS 900}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works ok
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.asus.com ASUS A7N8X] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Silicon Image Sil 3112A
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ac97 ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|ehci USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;first total support for AROS in 2004/5 - damocles and M Schulz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar M7NCD
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650 AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8201BL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Chaintech 7NJS Ultra Zenith
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Promise PDC 20376  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|CMI8738}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI Lanparty NF2 Ultra
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|via ac97 VT1616}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8139C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ECS N2U400-A
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Cmedia 9379A AC97}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|VIA VT6103L}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA7N400L
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP 8x slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8100C
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.gigabyte.lv/products/page/mb/ga-8siml Gigabyte 8SIML] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 650
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC'97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|working}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8100L LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Matsonic [http://www.elhvb.com/mobokive/archive/matsonic/manual/index.html Manuals] MS83708E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS730 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|SiS 5513}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|sis 305 no support use VESA}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|sis7018}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|SiS 7001 USB 1.1 only}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SIS900}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?docname=bph07585&amp;lc=en&amp;dlc=en&amp;cc=us&amp;dest_page=softwareCategory&amp;os=228&amp;tool=softwareCategory&amp;query=Pavilion%20742n&amp;product=89232 MSI MS-6367 HP 722n 742n (Mambo) (2001/2)] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia nforce 220D (2001/2) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce2 AGP works 2D nouveau only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|AC97 ADI 1885 no volume control on Units 0-3}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB1.1 ports AMD based - front 2 ports iffy}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|nForce}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested 20th Aug 2012 NB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K7N2 [http://us.msi.com/index.php?func=proddesc&amp;maincat_no=1&amp;prod_no=546/ Delta ILSR] Delta-L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 (2002/3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Primary &amp; Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports (RAID) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ac97 ALC650}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K7N2 Delta2-LSR Platinum  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 (2002/3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Primary &amp; Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports (RAID) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ac97 ALC655}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2204281/Soltek-SL-75MRN-L-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Soltek 75FRN-L] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|2 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek RTL8201BL}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.3dvelocity.com/reviews/mach4nf2ultra/mach4.htm XFX Pine Mach4 nForce2 Ultra 400] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|3 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports VIA VT6240}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP 8x slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8201BL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS A7V266 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;via KT266A + 8233 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{no|issues}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with AD1980 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;via 8233 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6103 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 issues with booting 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A7V8X-X
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA KT400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|agp}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 with ADI AD1980 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|VIA 8235}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|Realtek 10/100}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 not booting for Socket A for AMD Barton/Thoroughbred/Athlon XP/Athlon/Duron 2.25+ GHz CPU - 3 x DDR DIMM Sockets Max. 3 GB - 
|-
|}


=====Socket 754 (2004/5)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit NF8-V2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250GB (2004/5)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|2 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot x8
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC658 ac97
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201C}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;a little support but no Firewire VIA VT6306
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar CK8 K8HNA Pro 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce3 150 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;VT6420 thru ide legacy only 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 ALC655}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8110S 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VT6307 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.extremeoverclocking.com/reviews/motherboards/Chaintech_ZNF3-150_3.html Chaintech ZNF3-150 Zenith] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|Sli3114 SATA via IDE emul}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VIA Envy24PT (VT1720) + VT1616}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|2 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom GbE 5788}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;very little support needs PCI cards but no Firewire VIA VT6306
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI Lanparty UT nF3 250GB 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250gb
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports nForce3 and 2 Marvell SATA PHY}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ALC850}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|2 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;CK8S - Winfast NF3 250K8AA works and Marvell 88E1111 does not work
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 some support but no Firewire VIA VT6307
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-K8N
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA nForce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8100C
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI43AB23 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte K8NNXP
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata sil3512 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTl8110S 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI STB82AA2 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-K8NSNXP 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250GB
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SiI 3512 CT128 Sata Sil3515
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC850 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvel 88E8001}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K8N Neo-FIS2R 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nVIDIA NF3-250Gb 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek 7.1 AC'97 ALC850 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E1111}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://techreport.com/articles.x/5748/1 Shuttle AN50R] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nF3-150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sil 3112 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC650 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia nF3 (10/100) Intel 82540EM Gigabit 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VT6307 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Foxconn WinFast K8S755A
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SiS755 + SiS964 (DDR333) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|RTL8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}

=====Socket 939 (2005)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8N-LA GeForce 6150 LE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Geforce 6150 (MCP51) + nForce 430 (PC-3200)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|two ATA 133}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|four 3.0GB/s SATAII ports}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;built in or PCI-E x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC883 HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8201CL 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8N-SLI Premium 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVidia 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|PCIe slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|nForce LAN but not Marvell}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI nF4 Ultra-D LanParty - Diamond Flower International sold to BenQ group 2010 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nF4 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA 2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 slots  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Dual Gigabit Ethernet, PCIe by Vitesse VSC8201 PHY nee Cicada 8201, PCI by Marvel 88E8001
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 64bit - Four 184-pin DDR Dual-Channel Slots - 1 pci on Ultra, 2 pci on sli, 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8V E SE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA K8T890 +VT8237R CHIPSET ATX AMD Motherboard with Athlon 64 X2 / Athlon 64 FX / Athlon 64 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe}} AC97 driver using Realtek ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} USB 2.0 only 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No}} Marvell 88E8053 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good base but needs additional PCI cards added for better support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS A8V Deluxe (2004) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA K8T800 Pro (DDR400)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;Promise 20378 2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 SATA2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VIA VT8233A 8235 8237 AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8001 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;needs extra PCI cards
|-
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock 939Dual-SATA2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ali Uli M1695 PCIe with M1567 AGP 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 Sata with JMicron JMB360 chip 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e and 1 agp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8201CL PHY ULi 10/100 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;64bit pci-e and agp combo on board - 4 ddr slots - 
|}


=====Socket AM2 (2006/8) and AM2+ (2007-2010) =====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M61PME-S2 (rev. 2.x) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 6100 / nForce 430 chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d for vga}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio Realtek ALC662 Audio Codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M2N61-AR mini itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA nForce 430
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce 6150SE via vga or 1 pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Nvidia
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 32bit - 1 pci - 2 ddr2 dimm slots non-eec - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;asus m2n68-am se2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nvidia 630a 630/a MCP68SE 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports MCP61 chipset is SATA over IDE, not SATA over AHCI and reports subsystem as 0x1 IDE, not 0x6 SATA 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|nvidia 7025 2d and 3d thru vga}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|hd audio with realtek alc662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|nForce chipset RTL 8201CP}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit Phenom IIX2, Athlon 64 LE X2, Sempron, and Phenom FX processors - ddr2 667Mhz ram max 4Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA770-UD3 (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 770 with SB700 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111C later 8111D}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support for AM2+ / AM2 with 4 ddr2 ram - 4 x PCI Express x1, 2 x PCI slots - firewire T.I. TSB43AB23 chip no support - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M3A32-MVP Deluxe
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 790FX RD790 + SB600 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88SE6121 SATA II}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 1.1 support 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio ADI® AD1988}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8056}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASROCK N68-S N68C-S
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD based nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|slimline DVD drive works}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GF 7025 use vesa}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio for VIA 1708S VT1705}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|echi usb 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201EL / 8201CL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 unbuffered 1066Mhz ddr2 ram - N68C-S may need noacpi added to grub boot line to disable pci temporarily to run as it cannot get to [PCI] Everything OK - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M2N68-AM Plus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Athlon 64, Sempron, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX with nvidia 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;no vga, pci-e slot only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with ALC662 codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8211CL Gigabit LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;adding &quot;noacpi noapic noioapic&quot; to the GRUB options - Dual channel DDR2 1066, 800, 667 MHz  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68M-S2 (1.0) S2P (2.3) S2L GA-M68SM-S2 (1.x) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630a chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025,  vga (s2 and s2p), dvi (s2l) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC883 (S2), ALC888B (S2P), ALC662 (S2L), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8201CL (S2), 8211CL (S2P), 8211BL (S2L), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit possible with AMD AM2+ CPU on AM2 motherboard, the system bus speed will downgrade from HT3.0(5200MHz) to HT1.0(2000 MT/s) spec 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M2N68-VM 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630a (MCP68PVNT) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia GeForce ® 7050PV hdmi, dvi and vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio VIA 1708B codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8211C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit - ddr2 800Mhz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM3 White socket (2010/11)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA74GM-S2 GA-MA74GM-S2H
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;740g with sb710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|bios IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 2100 and pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 (r1.x),ALC888b (r2.0), ALC888B (rev4.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111C later 8111D
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets max 8 GB - Micro ATX Form Factor 24.4cm x 23.4cm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.vesalia.de/e_aresone2011.htm Aresone 2011]
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;760g 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|no Radeon HD3000 driver yet&lt;br&gt;vesa driver works&lt;br&gt;and add PCIe card}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support - 4 DDR3 memory sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn A76ML-K 3.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760g rev3.0
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1 }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|4 in IDE mode }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 with pci-e slot  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC662-GR codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 2 pci slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-MA770T-UD3P (rev. 1.0 to 1.4) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd 770 with sb710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|4 sata}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio with Realtek ALC888 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8168 rtl8111c/d}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64 - 4 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA770-UD3 (rev. 2.0 2.1)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 770 with SB700 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111C later 8111D}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support for AM3 with 4 ddr2 ram - 4 x PCI Express x1, 2 x PCI slots - firewire T.I. TSB43AB23 chip no support - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4A785TD-M PRO
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;785G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|ide legacy}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4200 - use vesa}} or pci-e 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support with 1366 ddr3 ram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M4A88T-I Deluxe ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 880G with AMD SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Three SATA 3Gbps
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 4350 GPU with HDMI and DVI or One 16x PCI-Express 2.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB 2, 2 x USB 3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8112L}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 2 SODIMM DDR3 slots max 8GB
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4A88T-M Version E5907 E5826 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 880G SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 4250 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT 1708S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek rtl8169 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GigaByte 890GPA-UD3H
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890GX together with SB850
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use pci-e nvidia 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Maybe - ALC892 rev. 1.0, ALC892 rev 2.1, ALC889 rev. 3.1 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works well overall 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD7 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890FX with SB850 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 (rev 2.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|AMD USB2 but limited with NEC D720200F1 USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x Realtek 8111D 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - XL-ATX Form Factor 32.5cm x 24.4cm - 4 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 890GXM-G65 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;890GX + SB750
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|legacy}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI 4290 built-in (vesa)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC889 DD GR}} HD Audio crackles 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock N68-VS3 FX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 / nForce 630a
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA® VT1705 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek PHY RTL8201EL
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 2 x DDR3 DIMM slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GF615M-P35 MS-7597
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® nForce 430
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce 6150SE 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC888S}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|freezes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8211CL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B (1.3), ACL887 (3.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8211CL (all) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit possible, AMD AM3 CPU on this motherboard, the system bus speed will downgrade from HT3.0 (5200MT/s) to HT1.0 (2000 MT/s) spec 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2P 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B (1.x 2.x), ALC889 (3.0), ALC888B/889 (3.1),  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8211CL (all) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4N78 PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 8300  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 xUltraDMA 133/100 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce® 8 series GPU with 1 PCIe 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA1708S 8 -Channel  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;12 USB 2.0 ports (8 ports at mid-board, 4 ports at back panel)  
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;NVIDIA Gigabit 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x DIMM, Max. 16 GB, DDR2 1200(O.C.)/1066*/800/667 ECC,Non-ECC,Un-buffered Memory - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 9.6 inch ( 30.5 cm x 24.4 cm ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket AM3+ Black socket (2012/15)=====

*095W FX-6300 FD6300WMHKBOX (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320E 8core Black Editions FD832EWMHKBOX  FX-8370E  (Vishera/Piledriver) 
*125W FX-6310 (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320 FX-8350 FX-8370 (Vishera/Piledriver) 
*220W 990FX mobos with FX-9000 FX-9370 FX-9590 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M5A78L-M LX3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G with SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|bios IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 with pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC887, V? ALC892 codecs 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros 8161/8171 add realtek 8111? pci-e card}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - uATX Form Factor 9.6  inch x 7.4  inch ( 24.4  cm x 18.8  cm ) - 2 x DIMM, Max. 16GB, DDR3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-78LMT-S2P
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|6 SATA2 ports}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GT240 and a nv7900gs, both pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC889 (r3.1), ALC??? (rev. 4.0), ALC887 (r5.x)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 8111E (r3.1), Atheros (rev4.0), Atheros (r5.x) }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 offers very poor control over its EFI vs. BIOS booting partition features 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-78LMT-USB3 (r3.0), (r4.1 Blue board), (r5.0 dark board), (rev6 dark mobo)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Bios IDE mode for SATA2 on early ones}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD HD3000, pci-e GT240 and a nv7900gs 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC??? (r3.0), ALC887 (r4.1), VIA VT2021 (r5.0), Realtek® ALC892 codec (rev6) }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 but not VIA® VL805 USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit - Micro ATX Form Factor 24.4cm x 24.4cm - 4 x DDR3 DIMM sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 760GM 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ATI 760G plus SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 Use Vesa 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|P33 VT1705; P34, P21 and P23 (FX) MS7641 v3.0 ALC887,  E51 ALC892}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;P23 issues with audio ALC887 crackles thru earphones - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigayte GA-MA770T-UD3P (rev. 3.1) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd 770 with sb710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with Realtek ALC888/892 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111d/e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock 890FX Deluxe5 Extreme3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890FX + AMD SB850 or SB950 (Extreme3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC892}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8111E rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M5A97 R2.0 EVO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 970 and SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Asmedia SATA Controller 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;n/a
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 (LE), ALC887 (Regular), ALC892 (EVO) codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0 and 2 Asmedia USB3.0 Controller 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111F 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-970A-D3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 970 with SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; ALC??? (rev. 1.0/1.1), ALC887 (rev1.2), VIA VT2021 codec (rev 1.3 1.4 and rev3.0) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 but not Etron EJ168 chip (USB3)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE 8111E (all revisions), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 64bit - ATX Form Factor 30.5cm x 22.4cm - 4 x 1.5V DDR3 DIMM sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 970 Gaming 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;970FX SB950
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC1150 Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 usb2 with 2 USB3 VIA VL806 Chipset 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Killer E2205 Gigabit LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M5A99X EVO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;990X - RD980 with SB920 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 pci-e gen ?
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC892 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 8111e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-990XA-UD3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 990 with SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 (rev 1.x, 3.0, 3.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 not 2 x Etron EJ168 chips for USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek rtl8169 8111e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 24.4cm - 4 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====AMD Fusion (2011/14)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| 1.2GHz single Bobcat Fusion C30 + Hudson M1 
| ACPI
| IDE
| SATA
| AMD 6250 
| Audio
| USB
| Ethernet
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| Asus E35M1-M PRO uATX
| 1.6GHz 18W AMD Fusion E-350 dual core + Hudson M1
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA
| AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet 
| ALC887 VD2 
| USB
| RTL8111E 
| EFI bios [http://www.anandtech.com/show/4023/the-brazos-performance-preview-amd-e350-benchmarked] 
|-
| Asus E35M1-I Deluxe miniITX
| 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA
| AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet 
| ALC892 
| USB
| Realtek 8111E 
| no support for Atheros AR5008 on a Mini PCI-E
|-
| ASRock E350M1 / USB3 (also version with USB3.0 added) 
| 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA - 4 SATA3 
| {{Maybe|AMD 6310 - use vesa with hdmi and dvi}} 
| {{Yes|Audio ALC892 playback but no HDMI output}} 
| USB - 4 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 
| {{Yes|rtl8169 for Realtek 8111E 8411 ethernet chipset}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-E350N-USB3 mini-ITX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Hudson M1 FCH 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; plus HDMI, DVI 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 NEC USB3.0 with 4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-E350N Win8 V1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Hudson M1 FCH A45 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Use VESA - AMD 6310 plus HDMI, DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC887 playback through headphones but not thru hdmi}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|4 USB2.0 needs more testing}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8111 8168B}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works well but need to test with sata hard disk 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI E350IA-E45 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;e-350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;no support 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Sata3 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 6310 gpu 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 through NEC 720200 chipset 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS E45M1-M PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E450 APU with Hudson M1 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS E45M1-I Deluxe 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E-450 together 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM1 (2011/13)=====

On board Graphic on CPU - HD6410D, HD6530D, HD6550D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS F1A55-M LE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with AMD A55 FCH (Hudson D2)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s port(s), blue Support Raid 0, 1, 10, JBOD 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 2.0 slot or Integrated AMD Radeon™ HD 6000 in Llano APU 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 Audio CODEC  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 ports
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 A- Series/E2- Series APUs up to 4 cores - 2 x DIMM, Max. 32GB, DDR3 2250(O.C.)/1866/1600/1333/1066 MHz Non-ECC, Un-buffered Memory Dual Channel Memory Architecture  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM2 White Socket (2012/13)=====

Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A75 A85X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM2 Plus Black socket (2013/15)=====

Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A88X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM1 FS1b socket (2014/1x)=====

5350 4 core Jaguar cores 2GHz with Integrated AMD Radeon R Series Graphics in the APU Kabini [Radeon HD 8400] 

Later Beema APU with 2/4 core Puma (slightly updated Jaguar) cores, GCN graphics and a compute capable Radeon core, along with a brand new AMD security processor and FT3 BGA packaging (probably best avoided for long term survival).

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS AM1I-A 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek® ALC887-VD 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111GR 8168 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI AM1I 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111G
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI AM1M 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111G
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;BGA FT3 AM1x 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM4 FM3 Summit Ridge Zen Zen+ (2016/22)=====

Jim Keller’s group designed x86 Zen CPU - new and covering the same AM4 platform/socket for desktop 

Zen will also shift from Bulldozer’s Clustered Multithreading (CMT) to Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT, aka Intel’s Hyperthreading). CMT is the basis for Bulldozer’s unusual combination of multiple integer cores sharing a single FPU within a module, so the move to SMT is a more “traditional” design for improving resource usage

Trusted Platform Module, or fTPM, that Windows 11 requires. Ryzen processors using a firmware TPM are causing stutters, even when doing mundane tasks. To enable TPM 2.0 on your AMD system please follow the steps below.
&lt;pre&gt;
    Power on system and press DEL or F2 to get into the BIOS.
    Navigate to Advanced\CPU Configuration.
    Enable AMD fTPM switch.
    Press F10 to save changes.
&lt;/pre&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair VI Hero 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0 (1x16 or 2x8) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;SupremeFX audio features an S1220 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel I211 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 7 1800X 1700X 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar X370gtn Itx Am4
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek Dragon LAN RTL8118AS 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-AX370 K7 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with 2 x Realtek® ALC1220 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 intel and 1 E2500 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  4 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Xpower Gaming Titanium 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;8-channel Realtek 1220 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;ASMedia® ASM2142 and amd cpu 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 x Intel® I211AT Gigabit LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Prime B350 Plus ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; x PCIe 3.0/2.0 x16 (x16 mode) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 8-Channel  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 5 1600x 1600 1500X 1400 - 4 x DIMM Max 64GB, DDR4 up to 2666MHz ECC and non-ECC Memory - ATX 12 inch x 9.35 inch ( 30.5 cm x 23.7 cm )  - 2 pci 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME B350M-A/CSM Micro ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 3 1300x 1200 1100 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock Pro4 AB350 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe 3.0 x16, 4 PCIe 2.0 x1 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock AB350 Gaming-ITX/ac
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B350 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B350 Tomahawk Arctic Mortar 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 x PCIe 3.0 x16 (x16 mode) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;white and grey colours - 2 pci-e and 2 pci slots - m.2 in middle - atx 12 in by 9.6 in and matx versions - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue M-ATX B350M-TI 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue B350I-Plus ITX  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock A320M-ITX MINI ITX Rev1.0 Rev2 Rev2.1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A320 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME A320M-C R2.0 rev1.1 A320M-K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A320 A/B300 SFF 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with Realtek ALC887 alc897 CODEC 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 usb 3.1 gen 1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 64bit - 3rd/2nd/1st Gen AMD Ryzen™ / 2nd and 1st Gen AMD Ryzen™ with Radeon™ Vega 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI A320M-A PRO MicroATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A320  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio Realtek® ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG X399 Zenith Extreme  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X399 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; supremefx s1220 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Threadripper 1950X 1920X 1900X TR4 skt 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock Fatality X470 Gaming K4 mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X470 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock Fatal1ty X470 Gaming-ITXac AMD AM4
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X470 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS ROG STRIX X470-I GAMING AM4 ITX Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus B450-I Gaming 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;high VRM temps - raven ridge 14nm+ like 2200G 2400G 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock B450 Gaming K4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; alc892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 4 ddr4 slots - low VRM thermals 3900x 3950x 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B450 I Aorus Pro Wifi 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme pcie3 with 4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pcie
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek® ALC1220-VB codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;very high vrm temps 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue B450i Gaming ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata3 - none nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pcie3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64 2nd 3rd AMD - 2 ddr4 dimm slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI b450 tomahawk max 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; b450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with Realtek® ALC892 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450 Pro Carbon 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450-A PRO
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111h 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450I GAMING Plus AC ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 - 2nd and 3rd gen AMD - 2 ddr4 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MAXSUN AMD Challenger B450M M-ATX (aka Soyo) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock X570 PHANTOM GAMING-ITX/TB3 Mini ITX AM4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X570  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair VIII Dark Hero
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X570 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; SupremeFX7.1 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel® I211-AT and Realtek® RTL8125-CG 2.5G LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Strix X570-I Gaming Mini ITX AM4 Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MPG X570 Gaming Plus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  alc1220 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Strix B550-i AM4 ITX Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue Jingyue B550i Gaming itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;3 with 1 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio alc
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit max of Ryzen 5500 (c t), 5600, 5600g (6c12t) - 2 ddr4 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock B550 PHANTOM GAMING ITX/AX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  alc1220 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 2.5G 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock B550M-ITX/ac
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; Realtek ALC887/897 Audio Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek Gigabit LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022  - 2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG STRIX B550-A GAMING
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe Gen4 x4 &amp; SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  supremefx S1220A
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel® I225-V 2.5Gb
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte AMD B550I AORUS PRO AX Mini-ITX rev 1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme pci-e3 with 4 sata3
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC1220-VB codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 2.5GbE LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021  2 x DDR4 DIMM sockets  1Rx8/2Rx8/1Rx16 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B550 AORUS ELITE AX V2 ATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 DP and hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 USB 3.2 Gen1 Type-C 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2.5GbE LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit- finer tuning than A520's - AMD Ryzen 5000 Series/ 3rd Gen Ryzen and 3rd Gen Ryzen with Radeon Graphics CPU - Dual Channel ECC/ Non-ECC Unbuffered DDR4, 4 DIMMs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B550M DS3H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek rtl8118 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64bit - 4 ddr4 dimms - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MPG B550 GAMING PLUS ATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 3rd Gen AMD Ryzen Processors - 4 dimm ddr4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MAG B550 TOMAHAWK ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (up to Type 22110) and 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (Type 2242/2260/2280)
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 with dp and hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 1 x USB 3.1 Type-C and 1 x USB 3.1 Type-A
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8125B and Realtek RTL8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 4 Dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue A520M-H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; old bios with random issues with APU ryzens - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte A520M S2H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 1GbE 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit Zen3 65W and up - 2 ddr4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte A520I AC mITX mini-itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit Zen3 65W and up 5600G (6c12t) or 5700G (8c16t) - 2 ddr4 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI A520M-A PRO mATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (Type 2242/2260/2280) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 2 ddr4 dimm slots - 3rd Gen AMD Ryzen Desktop and AMD Ryzen 4000 G-Series CPU 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


===== (Socket AM5 LGA1718 Zen4 2022/2x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock Steel Legend 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - ddr5 ecc (10 chip) and non-ecc (8 chips) 64Gb @ 6000Mhz or 128GB @ 4800Mhz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock TaiChi
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 with Thunderbolt 4 equivalent 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek killer E3000 2.5GbE}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - ddr5 ecc (10 chip) and non-ecc (8 chips) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair Hero 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;rnda3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 7950x3d 120W, 7900 7800 7600 90W 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;rnda3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus B650E-I 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 5
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023  - better sound with an actual AMP, PCIe 5, USB-C display outs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MAXSUN AMD Challenger B650M WIFI M-ATX (aka Soyo) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI b650i mini itx
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023   - front panel connectors at the back of the board - dead rear nvme slot and a drained CMOS battery as the CMOS button being pressed during shipping - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M Zen4
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Zen5 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Zen6 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


===== (Zen? AM? 203x/3x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


====Intel====

[[#top|...to the top]]


=====Socket 370 (2000/2)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel D815EEA 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;866Mhz P3 and i815 chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia AGPx8 6200LE added}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2 USB1.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested AspireOS 1.7, simple basic board with useful 5 PCI slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket 478 (2002/4)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=zh-CN&amp;u=http://detail.zol.com.cn/motherboard/index46381.shtml&amp;prev=/search%3Fq%3Dc.865pe.l%2Bmotherboard%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DsZB%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official Colorful Technology C.865PE-L Silver Fighter Warrior V2.3] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865PE
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;{{dunno| }}
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|tested with CDROM}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{dunno| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|AGP slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|ALC650 AC97}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 1.1 and 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8100 8139}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Still testing with NB (Nightly Build) May 2013 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel 845 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865P
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|intel 800}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 AD1985}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|e1000}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested ICAROS 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel 845 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865GC 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|intel 865 Extreme Graphics 2}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 AD1985}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|e1000}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested ICAROS 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA775 s775 (2005/8)=====

an industry standard DDR2 module could in theory contain fallback JEDEC, intel XMP and AMD EPP configuration data 

Intel PC CL5 ram modules but an &quot;AMD&quot; CL5 ram module the BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD (Serial Presence Detect) but can recognize the CL5 timing info in the JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. 

an AMD PC CL6 ram modules but an &quot;INTEL&quot; CL6 ram module the BIOS cannot read the INTEL XMP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL6 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. 

an INTEL PC needs CL6 ram modules but have an &quot;AMD&quot; CL4 ram module. INTEL BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL4 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS recognizes module timings as incompatible an refuses to boot.  

entirely separate issue if the RAM module timing specs are incompatible.(i.e. CL4 RAM in a &quot;CL6 only&quot; PC) 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit AG8 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P915 + ICH6R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA1 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe x16 Slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8110S-32 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 32bit - Firewire TI 4200R7T no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 915 Neo2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P915 + ICH6R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA1 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe x16 Slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;CMI 9880L HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcomm BCM5751 PCIe}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VIA VT6306 no 
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5GC P5GC-MX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945GC Lakeport-GC + ICH7R northbridge
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 3.0 Gbit/s ports  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe 1.1 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|atheros L2}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 32bit - 3 pci slots - 4 x 240-pin DIMM Sockets max. 4GB DDR2 667/533 non-ECC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn PC45CM-SA 45CM-S 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GC with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|pcie 1.0 slot with gma950 integrated}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with aLC883 codec playback}}  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|realtek 8139 8100sc}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 dimm slots 667mhz max 4gb - can be found in Advent desktops - 2 pci-e and 2 pci - core 2 duo only e6xxx - Micro ATX (9.6” x 8.8”) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-81945GM MFY-RH
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® 945GM Express with ICH7M-DH 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA950 VGA15 and PCI-e 1.0 slot}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC880 codec playback only rear port}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 usb 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO1000PL 82573L Gigabit Ethernet}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 MoDT term “Mobile on DeskTop.”, low TDP CPUs to work on desktop form-factor motherboards. mATX Micro ATX 24.4cm x 24.4cm - 2 DDR2 dimm 1.8v slots with 4Gb max - will not boot if PCI2 slot occupied - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-945 GCM S2C
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662 (1.x)}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|8101E Rtl 8169 (1.x)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA945-GCM S2L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GC with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCi-E slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with ALC662 codec 2/4/5.1-channel (1.x)}}  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111c 8169 (1.x)}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM 4GB DDR2 memory max - 2 PCI-e and 2 PCI - Micro ATX form factor; 24.4cm x 19.3cm  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 945P Neo-F rev 1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCie 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC662 HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8110SC (rtl8169) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 945P Neo2-F rev 1.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCie 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC850 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8110SC (rtl8169) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-P31-DS3L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P31 with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI Express x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111B 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;DDR2 800Mhz up to 4Gb 4 x 240 pin - 3 PCI - ATX 12.0&quot; x 8.3&quot; - 
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5KPL-AM /PS 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 1.1 with integrated Intel® GMA 3100 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT1708B with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8102EL 100/10 LAN with Realtek RTL8111C Gigabit LAN  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 x 2 GB DDR2 Non-ECC,Un-buffered DIMMs with 2 PCI - Intel Graphics Media Accelerator - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5KPL/EPU 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 with ICH7
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Pci-e 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8169 Realtek 8111C}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested - 4 240-pin DIMM, Max. 4 GB - 4 pci-e and 3 pci - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 8.2 inch ( 30.5 cm x 20.8 cm ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G31M ES2L
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 plus ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3100 2d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC883 (1.x), ALC883/888B (2.x)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|RTL8111C (1.x), Atheros 8131 (2.x)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;reduces DRAM capacity to 4GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock G31M-S r1.0  G31M-GS
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|4 sata2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{partial|rtl8169 RTL8111DL 8169 (for -GS) RTL8102EL (for -S)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit Core2 - 2 DDR2 800 max 8Gig AMI bios MicroATX - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock G31M-S r2.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|4 sata2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8111DL 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit core2 - 2 DDR2 800 max 8Gig MicroATX 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.intel.com/cd/channel/reseller/apac/eng/products/desktop/bdb/dg31pr/feature/index.htm Intel DG31PR] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;iG31 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|3100 but can use PCIe 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 playback}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111B Rtl 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel G33 Express Chipset with ich9 southbridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 3100 powervr tile based 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit - embedded on Core 2 Quad, Core 2 Duo, Pentium Dual-Core CPUS with Integrated GPU Intel GMA 3100 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS P5G41T-M LX  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH8 + DDR3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|X4500 some 2d only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros L1c AR8131}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;reduces maximum supported memory ddr3 from 16 to 8GB 2 dimm slots non-EEC - demotes the PCIe controller mode from revision 2.0 (5.0GT/s) to revision 1.1 (2.5GT/s
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VT1708S (1.3), ALC887-VD2 (1.4), ALC887 (2.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros AR8151 l1c (1.x 2.x), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2PT 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 (1.0), VIA (2.0), ALC887 (2.1)
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8111E (1.x), Atheros AR8151 l1c (2.1), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT D3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH7
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 Port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA X4500 2d only and pci-e 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888B}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports + headers
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111 D/E}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-P41T D3P 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH7 with Intel Core 2 Duo (E6xxx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 889/892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8111C or D/E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel DG41AN Classic 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;iG41 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888S ALC888VC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock P5B-DE
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P965 + ICH8 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|works ide legacy}}
|&lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|with PCI-E 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio via VT1708S}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5B SE
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965 intel 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio ALC662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works well except ethernet 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5W DH Deluxe P5WDG2 WS PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;975X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 slots
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC882 AND LATER ADI 1988B 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8052 88E8053}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI TSB43AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit IP35 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P35 Express + ICH9R  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;two RTL8110SC 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Texas TSB43 AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI P35 Neo F FL MS-7630 rev 1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel P35 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 1.1 support 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC888
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Base model of this range of P35 mobos 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-P35-DS3
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P35 and ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC889A codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111B
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 - 4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets max 8 GB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-EP35-DS3 (rev. 2.1) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® P35 + ICH9 Chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|4 }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|Realtek ALC889A codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes | }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8111B}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit IX38 Quad GT 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X38 / ICH9R Chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-E 2.0 slot  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; HD Audio ALC888 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8110SC 8169SC 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Texas TSB 43AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte X38-DQ6
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X38 / ICH9R Chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-E 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889A HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;twin 8111B 8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-EP45 DS3 (2008) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P45 + ICH9 or ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s (SATAII0, SATAII1, SATAII2, SATAII3, SATAII4, SATAII5)  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E v2.0 x16 slots support splitting its 16 PCIe 2.0 lanes across two cards at x8 transfers 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888  or ALC889A codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x Realtek 8111C chips (10/100 /1000 Mbit)  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets non-EEC 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI P45 Platinum (2008) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P45 + ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 sata2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G45 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;adds Intel’s GMA X4500HD graphics engine to P45 Express features 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G43 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;removes HD video acceleration from the G45’s features 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5E Deluxe 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X48 with ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ADI 1988B codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell 88E8001 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GigaByte GA-X48 DQ6 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X48 plus ICH9R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;8 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889A 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;8 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8111B 8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TSB43AB23 no - ICH9 pairs with Intel’s 3-series (X38, P35, etc.) chipsets, in addition to the X48 Express, but excluding the G35 Express 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte EP43-DS3L  and Gigabyte GA-EP43-UD3L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P43 with ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s connectors 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 x PCI Express x16 slot PCI Express 2.0 standard
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888 codec  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8111C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets - 4 pcie x1 - 2 pci - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 21.0cm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte 73-pvm-s2h rev.1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 7100 nForce 630i 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1 port}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|3 ports SATA2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d GeForce 7100 (vga /hdmi/dvi), 1 PCIe x16 Slot }} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC889A MCP73}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|7 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL 8211B MCP73}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Not, tested with Icaros Desktop 2.0.3 MCP73 is a single chip solution in three different versions 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Nvidia 7150 630i 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel based nForce 630i (MCP73)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|ide legacy}}
| &lt;!--GFX--&gt;GF 7150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD AUDIO ALC883}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|ohci echi}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201C}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;being tested 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0 x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; the MCP73PV or the GeForce 7050/nForce 630i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;the MCP73S or the GeForce7025/nForce 630i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;the MCP73V or the GeForce 7025/nForce 610i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}

=====Atom SOC (2008/2x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D945CLF 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N230 single core 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA945}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}} Skt 441
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works very well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.clusteruk.com iMica D945GCKF2 mobo]
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Atom N330 Dual Core
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;wip
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|gma}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD AUDIO}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D945GSEJT + Morex T1610 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom 230 with 945GSE 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA900 vga but issues with DVI output}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio with ALC662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;small size, runs off 12V 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS AT3N7A-I  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom N330 Nvidia ION
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|3 ports legacy IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|nouveau  cube  cube 2 45  quake 3 }}  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with VIA 1708S codec playback}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 device}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAiJpvu73iw&lt;/ref&gt; good but can freeze randomly at times 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D410PT 45nm pinetrail
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D410 and NM10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|ide legacy}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA3150}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC262 or ALC66x odd clicks}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;45nm pinetrail
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D510 and NM10 + GMA3150 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA3150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B or ALC66x 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8111DL
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-D525TUD (rev. 1.0 1.2 1.5)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D525 NM10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N|A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;gma 3150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111f 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64 - 2 ddr3 dimm slots max 8g - Mini-ITX Form Factor; 17.0cm x 17.0cm - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket 1366 (2009/10)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P6T DELUXE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x58 + ICH10 and Intel 1st gen. (Nehalem/Lynnfield) Core i7 (8xx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|1 port}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 (r2.0) slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ADI AD2000B HD Audio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8056 Gigabit}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VIA VT6308 no
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;gigabyte ex58 ds 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; x58 + ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111D rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket 1156 (2010)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire M3910
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA intel HD}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek ALC}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk| Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H55 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|ALCxxx playback}} ALC888B (Rev1.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8111D}} (Rev 1.x) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested but no support for WLAN Realtek 8188su 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H55M-E33 v1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E7636 M7636 H55 chipset so older i3/i5/i7 system
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC889}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|PCI-E Realtek 8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P7P55D
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P55 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe | via codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe |rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111B/C  RTL8112L }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1155 H2 (2010/13)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS P8H61-I LX R2.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111f 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 - up to ivybridge cpus - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8H61-I/RM/SI mini-itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64 up to i3-2010 - OEM board from an RM machine but not ivybridge as the Asus BIOS isn't compatible with these, 0909 hacked one might work - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;asus p8h61-i lx r2.0/rm/si mini itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;h61
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with VIA codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111e
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 sandy and ivy - oem from rm machine 2 x 240-Pin DDR3 DIMM sockets max DDR3 1333MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;‎Bewinner 63q9c7omvs V301 ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata with nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8106E 100M Network Card 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar H61 H61MHV2 H61MHV3 Ver. 7.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 with Intel Pentium G 2xxx series CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC662 later ALC897
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H61M-D2-B3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + Sandybridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 ports
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H61MA-D3V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Maybe No Realtek ALC887 (Rev 2.0) ALC887 (Rev2.1) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 ports
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-H61M-S2PV 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 with 2400k 2500k 2600k 2700k 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 (rev 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Rtl811E (1.0) 8151 (2.0) Rtl8111F (2.1 2.2 2.3) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Micro ATX Form Factor; 24.4cm x 20cm with 2 pci-e and 2 pci - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel Classic Series DH61CR Desktop 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82579V}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H61M-P20 (G3) MS-7788 
*retail MSI board 
*OEM Advent, etc 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|four SATAII ports}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCI Express gen3 (retail) gen2 (oem) x16 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8105E 100M Network Card}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64 - 2 ddr3 slots - 22.6cm(L) x 17.3cm(W) M-ATX Form Factor - BIOS - [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=6009#post_6007 works well], 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H61I-E35 (B3) MS-7677 Ver.1.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d for hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=5861#post_5861 works}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8H67-M
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H67 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata3 - 4 sata2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8Z68-V LX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z68 + Intel 2nd generation (Sandy Bridge) Core i7 (2xxx) CPU and possibly ivybridgev
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata3 - 4 sata2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio Intel HD with ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64 - EFI bios - 4 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Z68AP-D3 (B3) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z68 + Ivybridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata3 - 4 sata2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H77
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H77-D3H 1.0 1.1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H77 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 3.0 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio VIA VT2021 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros GbE LAN chip}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit i5 3550 7 3770 - 4 DDR3 slots - 2 full pci-e 2 pci slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA Z77 D3H with i3 3225 dual 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio VIA VT2021 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros GbE LAN chip}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1150 H3 (2013/2016)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H87N-WIFI mITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H87 and Intel 4th generation (Haswell) Core i5 (4xxx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel Atheros 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H81M-C H81M-P-SI
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 (4xxx) CPU
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2x3g 2x6g
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;hdaudio alc887 vd
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8111gr
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;skt 1150 - 2 ddr3 max 16g - mini atx - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H81T 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD4000 igpu only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887-VD 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 8111G 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit intel 4th gen mini itx - external dc brick with 19v rare barrel pin 7.4MM x 5.0MM - 2 ddr3 laptop sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H81M-S2V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® GbE LAN chip 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit up to i7 4790K - 2 DDR3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-H81M-D3V (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|2 sata2 2 sata3 }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| HDAudio Realtek® ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|intel and VIA® VL805}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169 Realtek }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Z87-K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z87 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 4c8t i5 4c4t CPU
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-Z87X-UD3H 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z87 Express 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with Realtek® ALC898 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA H97M D3H r1.0 r1.1 with i3 4360 or 4370 dual 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Z97 A with i7 4790K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;750, 960, 970 and 980 nvidia GTX cards 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel lan ethernet 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA Z97X UD3H rev1.0 1.1 1.2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z97 with i5 4690K 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC1150
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GAMING 5 Z97 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z97 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 4c8t CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS Q87M-E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Q87 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 4 DDR3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1151 Socket H4 (2015/2018)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Skylake CPUs have TPM 2.0 imbedded 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H110 Plus H110M-A/DP 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with 6th Gen Core and 7th with bios update 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sunrise Point-H SATA [AHCI mode] [8086 a102] 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|Skylake Integrated HD Graphics use PIC-E slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC887 Audio CODEC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Sunrise Point-H USB 3.0 xHCI [8086: a12f] no usb2.0 fallback 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111GR or 8111H RTL8111 8168 8411}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;ATX with 3 pci-e and 2 DDR4 slots - uatx version smaller - turn off TLSF as it was causing AHI driver to corrupt. Turned off ACPI for errors but works fine once booted - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS H110M-R M-ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 x SATA 6Gb/s 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio Realtek® ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 64bit 6th Gen Skylake Core™ i7/Core™ 6950X i7-6970HQ i7-6700K 4c8t hyperthreading, i5/Core™ i5-6600K 4c4t i3/Pentium® / Celeron® - 2 DDR4 DIMMS Max 32GB 2133MHz - 1 full pci-e and 2 pci-e 1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H110T 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel igpu only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Dual Intel/Realtek GbE languard 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 - mini itx 12v / 19v laptop type rare barrel pin 7.4MM x 5.0MM - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - no pci-e slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H110M-S2H MATX Rev1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 (USB 3.1 Gen 1) ports with 4 us2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® GbE LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;   2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Msi H110M-PRO-VH 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 x SATA 6Gb/s 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; Realtek® ALC887 Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111h 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 6th gen intel -  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H170 Pro Gaming
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H170 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Asmedia USB3.1/3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Z170A TOMAHAWK 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z170 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sara, 1 x 2280 Key M(PCIe Gen3 x4/SATA), 1 x 2230 Key E(Wi-Fi) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 64bit up to i7 7700k - 2 DDR4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GIGABYTE GA-B250M-DS3H HD3P D3H D2V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B250 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 coffee lake intel 8th gen
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with Kaby Lake X Intel 7th Gen 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Z390 with Kaby Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Q370M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; H370M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B360M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Rampage 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x299 with  i9
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  - up to 24 to 44 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte 
| &lt;!--Chipset--X299 &gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket LGA 1200 (2020/2022)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H510M-A PRO (MS-7D22)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with Comet Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64bit-  up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME H410M-E
Asrock H470M-HDV/M.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with Rocket Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket LGA 1700 (2023/ )=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Alder Lake / Raptor Lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 2022 64bit - QoS work to 2 level cpus, P down to E cores - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Meteor Lake / Arrow Lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 2024 64bit 10nm - 3 level cpus, Low Power Island (SOC tile) to E onto P cores - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Lunar lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 64bit 7nm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


===Chromebooks===

For most (EOL) Chromebooks, the recommended UEFI path forward is to:

*put the device into Developer Mode
*disable firmware write protection
*flash MrChromebox's UEFI Full ROM firmware
*install ChromeOS Flex, Linux, etc


See [https://mrchromebox.tech/#home MrChrome], [https://mrchromebox.tech MrChrome] and the [https://www.reddit.com/r/chrultrabook/ chrultrabook subreddit] for more info


ChromeOS has several different boot modes, which are important to understand in the context of modifying your device to run an alternate OS:

*Normal/Verified Boot Mode
        Can only boot Google-signed ChromeOS images
        Full verification of firmware and OS kernel
        No root access to the system, no ability to run Linux or boot other OSes
        Automatically enters Recovery Mode if any step of Verified Boot fails
        Default / out-of-the-box setting for all ChromeOS devices
*Recovery Mode
        User presented with Recovery Mode boot screen (white screen with 'ChromeOS is missing or damaged' text)
        Boots only USB/SD with signed Google recovery image
        Automatically entered when Verified Boot Mode fails
        Can be manually invoked:
        On Chromebooks, via keystroke: [ESC+Refresh+Power]
        On Chromeboxes, by pressing a physical recovery button at power-on
        On Convertibles/Tablets, by pressing/holding the Power, Vol+, and Vol- buttons for 10s and then releasing
        Allows for transition from Verified Boot Mode to Developer Mode
        On Chromebooks/Chromeboxes, via keystroke: [CTRL+D]
        On Convertibles/Tablets, via button press: Vol+/Vol- simultaneously
        Booting recovery media on USB/SD will completely repartition/reformat internal storage and reload ChromeOS (as well as some RW firmware components)

Note: The ChromeOS recovery process does not reset the firmware boot flags (GBB Flags), so if those are changed from the default, they will still need to be reset for factory default post-recovery.

*Developer Mode
        &quot;Jailbreak&quot; mode built-in to every ChromeOS device
        Loosened security restrictions, allows root/shell access, ability to run Linux via crouton
        Verified Boot (signature checking) disabled by default, but can be re-enabled
        Enabled via [CTRL+D] on the Recovery Mode boot screen
        Boots to the developer mode boot screen (white screen with 'OS verification is off' text), from which the user can select via keystroke where to boot:
&lt;pre&gt;
           ChromeOS (in developer mode) on internal storage ( [CTRL+D] )
           ChromeOS/ChromiumOS on USB ( [CTRL+U] )
           Legacy Boot Mode ( [CTRL+L] )
&lt;/pre&gt;
Boot screen displays the ChromeOS device/board name in the hardware ID string (eg, PANTHER F5U-C92, which is useful to know in the context of device recovery, firmware support, or in determining what steps are required to install a given alternate OS on the device.

*Legacy Boot Mode
        Unsupported (by Google) method for booting alternate OSes (Linux, Windows) via the SeaBIOS firmware payload / RW_LEGACY firmware region
        Accessed via [CTRL+L] on the developer mode boot screen
        Requires explicit enabling in Developer Mode via command line: sudo crossystem dev_boot_legacy=1 (installing RW_LEGACY firmware via the Firmware Utility Script will set this for you)
        Not all ChromeOS devices are capable out of the box, most require a RW_LEGACY firmware update first
        Boots to the (black) SeaBIOS splash screen; if multiple boot devices are available, a prompt to show the boot menu will be displayed.

Note: If you hear two beeps after pressing [CTRL+L], then either your device doesn't have a valid Legacy Boot Mode / RW_LEGACY firmware installed, or legacy boot capability has not been been enabled via crossystem.

Using the [https://mrchromebox.tech/#fwscript ChromeOS Firmware Utility Script] to update your device's RW_LEGACY firmware region will address both of these issues, as it not only provides an updated, fully functional RW_LEGACY firmware, but also sets the required boot flag.


https://www.howtogeek.com/278953/how-to-install-windows-on-a-chromebook/

Chromebooks don’t officially support other OSs. You normally can’t even install as Chromebooks ship with a special type of BIOS designed for Chrome OS. But there are ways to install, if you’re willing to get your hands dirty and potentially ruin everything 


[https://mrchromebox.tech/#devices Firmware Compatibility] 


Most older Chromebooks need the write-protect screw removed in order to install MrChromebox's firmware that allows you to install other operating systems. Most newer Chromebooks don't work in the same way as there is no write-protect screw on them. 

[https://wiki.galliumos.org/Hardware_Compatibility Here is the list of hardware that the GalliumOS supports and information on getting Gallium OS on to those devices]


Development on GalliumOS has been discontinued, and for most users, GalliumOS is not the best option for running Linux due to lack of hardware support or a kernel that's out of date and lacking important security fixes.


Meet Eupnea and Depthboot, the successors to Galliumos and Breath [https://eupnea-linux.github.io This is the bleeding edge] 


With that said, the HP Chromebook 11 11A G8 EE is not listed as being supported at this time. 
this is a educational version and if it does not belong to you and belongs to a school district 
STOP NOW! We suspend students that decide to mess with a school district Chromebook that was loaned to them.


Very rough guide to '''total''' (i.e. all cores / threads) processor performance (AROS usually uses only the one core) 

&lt;pre&gt;

080000    AMD Ryzen 9 7900X (AM5 170W)
072000    AMD Ryzen 9 5950X
068000    AMD Ryzen 9 5900X3D 
060000    AMD Ryzen 9 5900X (AM4 105W),   AMD Ryzen 9 3950X (105W),   
057000    AMD Ryzen 9 PRO 7940HS (FP8 65W)
055000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800X3D
050000    AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 7840HS (FP7 65W),    AMD Ryzen Z1 Extreme (top TDP)
049000    AMD Ryzen 9 6900HX,    Intel Core i7-12800H
046000    AMD Ryzen 7 7735HS 
045000    AMD Ryzen 7 5700G (AM4 ),    AMD Ryzen 7 7736U,   AMD Ryzen 9 6900HS
044000    Intel Core i5-13500H,   AMD Ryzen 5 5600X3D (AM4 95W),   AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 5750GE (AM4 35W)
043000    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 7640HS,   AMD Ryzen 7 7736U,   AMD Ryzen 7 5700GE (AM4 35W),    
042500    AMD Ryzen 5 5600X,    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5645,    AMD Ryzen 9 5900HS,   Intel Core i7-12700T,    
042000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800H with Radeon Graphics (FP6 45W),    AMD Ryzen 5  5600 (65W),   AMD Ryzen 5 7640U,    
041000    AMD Ryzen 7 6800U,  Intel Core i5-12490F,  Intel Core i5-12500E,     
040000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800HS with Radeon Graphics (FP6 35W),    AMD Ryzen 5 8500G,   


036000    AMD Ryzen 7 5825U,  AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5650GE,  AMD Ryzen 5 3600X (95W),    AMD Ryzen 5 5500 (AM4 65W), 
035000    AMD Ryzen 5 5600GE (AM4 35W),  AMD Ryzen 5 6600U,   Intel Core i5-11400F,  AMD Ryzen 5 5600H,  
034000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800U,   AMD Ryzen 7 4800HS,  AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750GE,   AMD Ryzen 7 2700X,  
032000    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650G (AM4 45W),    AMD Ryzen 7 4800U,    
031500    AMD Ryzen 7 5700U,   AMD Ryzen 5 4500 (AM4 65W),   AMD Ryzen 5 3600 (65W), AMD Ryzen 5 4600G (AM4 65W),   
029500    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE (AM4 35W),  AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 1700X (AM4 95W),  AMD Ryzen Embedded V3C18I (? 15W),  
028500    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5675U,    AMD Ryzen 7 1700 (AM4 65W),   AMD Ryzen 7 2700 (65W), 
028000    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5650U,    AMD Ryzen 5 4400G,    Intel Core i7-10870H,     
027000    AMD Ryzen 7 4700U,        AMD R5 5600U,      AMD Ryzen 5 5625U
026000    AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 5350GE (AM4 35W),   AMD Ryzen 5 2600 (65W),   AMD Ryzen 5 3500X (AM4 95W), 
025000    AMD Ryzen 5 5500U,      AMD Ryzen 5 1600X,    AMD Ryzen 3 5300GE,   Intel Core i7-8700,    
024000    AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 7330U,   AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650U,   AMD Ryzen 5 1600 (65W),    
023600    AMD Ryzen 3 7330U,     AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4500U,
022800    AMD Ryzen 3 5400U,    


022000    AMD Ryzen 5 4500U,  Intel Core i5-11300H,   AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 5450U,   AMD Ryzen 3 5425U,   
021600    AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE (AM4 35W),   AMD Ryzen 3 4300G (AM4 65W),   AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 4200GE,   
020000    AMD Ryzen 5 5500H,   
019500    AMD Ryzen 3 5300U,   Intel Core i5-1135G7,     
018600    AMD Ryzen 5 3400G (AM4 65W),   AMD Ryzen 5 2500X
018100    AMD Ryzen 5 3400GE (AM4 35W),   Intel Core i5-8400,    AMD Ryzen 5 1500X (AM4 65W),  
017600    Intel Core i7-6700K,   
016600    Intel Core i7-6700,   AMD Athlon Gold PRO 4150GE,  
016500    AMD Ryzen 7 3750H,    AMD Ryzen Embedded V1756B (FP5 45W),    
016000    AMD Ryzen 5 2400G (AM4 65W), 
015000    AMD Ryzen 5 2400GE (AM4 35W),  Intel Core i5-8500T,   
014000    AMD Ryzen 5 3500U (FP5 15W 4c8t),   AMD Ryzen 3 4300U,   AMD Ryzen 3 3200G (AM4 65W),   AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 2700U 
013500    AMD Ryzen 3 2200G,    AMD Ryzen 3 3200GE (AM4 45W),    AMD Ryzen 3 1300X (65W),  
013200    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 2500U (FP4 25W),   AMD Ryzen Embedded V1605B (FP5 25W),    
012800    AMD Ryzen 5 2500U (FP5 25W 4c8t),     


012300    Intel Core i7-8565U,    Intel Core i5-8350U,      
012000    AMD Ryzen 3 2200GE,  AMD Ryzen 3 1200 (65W),   AMD Ryzen 3 1200,   
011500    AMD Ryzen 3 3300U,    
010500    AMD Ryzen 3 2300U (FP5 25W 4c4t),    Intel Alderlake ULX N100 (BGA-1264 6W) / N95 (? 15W),    
010300    Intel Core i7-3630QM,   Intel Core i5-6600T,     
010200    Intel Core i5-6440HQ,   Intel Core i7-3610QM,     
010000    AMD FX-8320E Eight-Core (AM3+ 125W),   Intel Core i5-7500T,   Intel Core i5-4690, 
008700    AMD FX-6130 Six-Core (AM3+ 90W),     Intel Core i5-7400T,     
008600    Intel Core i5-6500T,  AMD Athlon 300GE (AM4, 35W),   
008200    Intel Core i5-2500K,  AMD Ryzen Embedded R1606G (FP5 15W),  AMD FX-6300 Six-Core (AM3 65W),   
008100    Intel Celeron N5105 (FCBGA1338, 15W),   Intel Core i5-4590T,   


008150    AMD Athlon Gold 3150U,    Intel Celeron N5095 (FCBGA1338 15W),   
007600    AMD Ryzen Embedded R1505G (FP5, 15W),    AMD Ryzen 3 3200U,     AMD Ryzen 3 3250U 
007200    AMD Ryzen 3 2200U (FP5 25W 2c4t),     Intel Core i3-7100T,      
006900    Intel Core i7-6600U,  
006500    Intel Core i7-6500U,     
006200    Intel Core i5-7200U,   
006100    Intel Core i5-6300U,   
006060    Intel Core i5-5257U,   AMD A10-6800B APU,      Intel Core i5-4570T,      
006000    Intel Core i5-6200U,   Intel Core i3-7130U,     
005900    AMD Athlon Silver 3050U,   Intel Xeon X5550,   Intel Core i5-4300M,    
005800    Intel Celeron J4125 (FCBGA1090 15W),   Intel Core i5-3470T,     
005600    Intel Core i5-3360M,    Intel Core i7-3520M,    


005400    AMD PRO A12-9800B 7th Gen APU SoC (FP4 15W),    
005200    AMD PRO A10-8770E,   AMD A10-9700E,   AMD PRO A10-9700B (FP4 15W),   Intel Core i3-4130T,     
005100    AMD RX-427BB (FP3 15W),   AMD A10-9620P,    AMD A12-9720P,    Intel Core i5-5350U,   
005100    AMD A8-5500 (FM2 65W),  AMD A10 PRO-7800B APU    Intel Pentium Silver N5000,    
005100    Intel Core i3-7100U (FCBGA1356 15W),    Intel Core i7-5500U,      Intel Core i3-6100U,     
005000    Intel Core i5-5300U,    Intel Core i5-3320M,     
004900    Intel Core i5-4300U,    Intel Core i5-5200U,     Intel Core i3-4100M,     
004860    Intel Core i7-2620M,    Intel Core i7-2640M,     
004650    Intel Core i5-2520M,    Intel Core i5-3210M,     
004600    AMD PRO A8-9600B,   AMD PRO A12-8830B,  AMD PRO A10-8730B,   AMD A12-9700P,   
004400    AMD A10-8700P A8-8600P,    Intel Core i5-4200U,    Intel Core i5-2540M,   
004000    Intel Core i5-2430M,    AMD PRO A8-8600B
003850    Intel Core i5-2410M,  Intel Core i3-2120 (LGA1155 65W),    
003800    AMD A10-4600M APU,  AMD A10 PRO-7350B APU,   AMD A10-5750M APU,   
003600    AMD A8-6500T APU    AMD A8-7410 APU,   AMD PRO A6-8550B    AMD A8-5550M APU     


003500    AMD GX-424CC SOC (FT3b 25W),   Intel Core i3-4000M,     
003400    AMD A10-7300 APU    AMD A6-7310 APU      AMD A8-6410     AMD A10-5745M APU    AMD R-464L APU 
003350    Intel Pentium G2020,   Intel Core i3-3120M,     
003300    AMD GX-420CA SOC (FT3 BGA769 25W),    AMD A6-9500E
003200    AMD A6-6310 APU,   AMD A6-6400B APU,    AMD A6-8570E   AMD A8-4500M APU  AMD A6-7400K APU
003000    AMD A8-7150B,      AMD A9-9410 / A9-9425,       AMD PRO A6-8500B (FP4 15W),     AMD A8-7100,    
002900    AMD A4-6210 APU,   AMD PRO A6-8530B,   AMD A6-8500P,   AMD A8-3500M APU,    Intel Core i3-2120T,     
002700    AMD Embedded GX-420GI (FP4 15W),   AMD PRO A6-9500B,     AMD GX-415GA SOC


002600    AMD A6-9225,   AMD A8-4555M APU,   
002500    AMD A4-5000 APU (FT3 15W),    AMD A6-9220,   AMD A6-3420M APU,  
002450    Intel Celeron 2950M,   Intel Pentium N3700,    Intel Core i3-2350M,     
002400    Intel Celeron N3150,   Intel Core i3-2330M,     
002300    Intel Celeron N3350,   AMD A4-9120,   AMD A4-9125,    Intel Core i3-2310M,
002200    AMD A9-9420e,  AMD A6-5350M APU,  AMD A6 Micro-6500T APU,   AMD E2-6110 APU,    AMD A6-9210, 
002000    AMD GX-412HC,   AMD A4-4300M APU,  AMD A6 PRO-7050B APU,   AMD A6-4400M APU,   AMD A6-7000,    
001925    Intel Core2 Duo E6700,     Intel Pentium Extreme Edition 965,   
001750    Intel Core i3-2365M 2375M,    AMD A4-9120C,   Intel Core2 Duo T8300,    AMD E2-3800,   
001600    AMD GX-222GC (BGA769 FT3b 15W),   AMD A4-9120e,  AMD Embedded GX-215JJ,    AMD A4-4355M APU,
001550    Intel Core2 Duo SL9400 T7600 T6600,   AMD E2-3200    AMD A6-9220e 


001500    AMD GX-218GL SOC,    AMD A6-4455M,   AMD A4-5150M APU,   
001400    AMD GX-217GA SOC
001300    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-64 TL-62,    Intel Core2 Duo T7300,    Intel Core2 Duo T5600,  
001250    AMD GX-412TC SOC,    AMD A4-3320M APU,    AMD Athlon 64 X2 QL-66,     Intel Core2 Duo T7200
001200    AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core TK-57,     AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-60 RM-74,   AMD E1-2500 APU
001150    Intel Core2 Duo T5550,      Intel Core2 Duo L7500 @ 1.60GHz    AMD E2-3000M APU,  
001100    Intel Core2 Duo T5300,      AMD Athlon 64 X2 3800,    Intel Core2 Duo E4300,    
001050    AMD E1-6010 APU
001050    AMD Athlon 64 FX-57,   AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core TK-55,    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-52
001000    Intel Core2 Duo T5500,    Intel Core2 Duo L7300,    Intel Core2 Duo SU9400,    
000950    AMD G-T56N,     AMD Athlon 64 3100+,     AMD E2-2000 APU,      
000950    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-50,     AMD E1-2200 APU,     Intel Celeron U3400,     
000925    AMD TurionX2 Dual Core Mobile RM-72,    AMD Sempron 140
000920    Intel Celeron SU2300,     Intel Core2 Duo T5200,    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-56
000890    AMD E2-1800 APU,    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58


000880    AMD G-T56E,       AMD G-T48E
000860    AMD E-450 APU,    AMD E-350 APU,     AMD Athlon LE-1620     
000820    AMD A4-1250 APU,    AMD Athlon LE-1600
000810    AMD E1-2100 APU,    Intel Core Duo T2500,      
000810    Intel Atom D510,     Intel Core2 Duo U7500,     
000800    AMD Geode NX 2400+,    AMD Turion 64 Mobile ML-42
000760    AMD V140,    AMD E1-1200 APU,    AMD Athlon 64 3300+
000730    Intel Core Duo T2400,   AMD Turion 64 Mobile MK-38,    AMD Sempron 3600+,  
000700    Intel Core2 Duo U7600 U7700,    AMD Sempron LE-1200,    AMD V120 
000680    AMD GX-212JC SOC,    AMD E-300 APU,    AMD A4-1200 APU    
000670    AMD Turion 64 Mobile MK-36 ML-37 ML-40,  Mobile AMD Sempron 3800+
000640    Intel Atom N2600,    Intel Atom N570,     Mobile AMD Athlon 64 3200+
000640    Intel Core Duo T2300,     Intel Core Duo T2050,     
000630    VIA Eden X2 U4200,    AMD Sempron LE-1100
000620    AMD C-70 APU,     Intel Atom 330,     AMD G-T40N
000610    Intel Core2 Duo U7300,    AMD Athlon II Neo K125 K145,    AMD Sempron 3100+ 3600+, 
000600    Intel Atom N550,    Intel Pentium 4,    AMD Athlon 64 2800+,   AMD Sempron LE-1250
000580    AMD C-60,     AMD G-T40E
000530    AMD C-50,    Intel Celeron M 723,     AMD Sempron 210U, 
000490    AMD GX-210JA SOC,    ARM Cortex-A53 4 Core 1000 MHz


000470    Mobile AMD Sempron 3500+,    Mobile AMD Athlon XP-M 2200+, 
000460    AMD Athlon XP 2500+,         AMD Sempron 3500+,    Mobile Intel Pentium 4,     
000440    Intel Atom D425,    Intel Atom N470,     
000410    Intel Pentium M,     Intel Celeron M,    AMD Sempron 2300+
000400    Intel Atom N450,   AMD Sempron 2400+
000360    Intel Atom D410,   AMD G-T52R,    AMD C-30,    AMD Sempron 2200+ 
000350    Intel Atom N455,   Intel Atom N280,    Intel Atom N270,     

&lt;/pre&gt;


==References==

{{reflist}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>57ekzn3oa7ihpybpjvwlx6v8xzvbx15</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4441218</id>
      <parentid>4441217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-16T02:43:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4441218</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="440992" sha1="5qcj5xiyqcvp98gk963z0i095chwi4k" xml:space="preserve">=== Recommended hardware ===

While the following sections will give you a good overview of compatibility of AROS with a large number of hardware, this first section will list hardware that is recommended for use with 32-bit versions of AROS.

Recommended hardware is hardware that has been tested with latest release of AROS and is relatively easy to purchase second hand (ie. ebay). This hardware also comes with commitment that compatibility will be maintained with each future release.

If in future decision will be made to drop any of the recommended hardware from the list (for example due to it no longer being available for purchase), such hardware will move to list of legacy supported systems and will have an indicated end of life date so that users have time to switch to other hardware.

==== Laptops ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ACER Aspire One ZG5 || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(IDE)}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|RTL8169}} || {{Yes|ATHEROS}}  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Dell Latitude D520 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|BCM4400}} || {{No|}}  || {{Yes|Atheros AR5BXB63}} || * select Intel Core 2 64-bit version, not Celeron 32-bit version &lt;br/&gt; * replace WiFi card to get wireless working&lt;br/&gt; * add 'noacpi' to grub command line in order to boot 
|-
|}

==== Desktop Systems ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Fujitsu Futro S720 || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || * no 2D/3D acceleration&lt;br/&gt; * use USB ports at back
|-
|}

==== Motherboards ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ASUS P8Z68V LX || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
| Gigabyte GA-MA770T UD3/UD3P || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * requires external PCIe video card
|-
| ASUS M2N68-AM SE2 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|NVIDIA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|NVNET}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * connecting a disk via SATA connector is not supported at this time &lt;br/&gt; * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
| Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * add 'noioapic' to grub command line in order to boot &lt;br/&gt; * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
|}

==== Legacy supported hardware ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |EOL
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| iMica || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || 2026-12-31 || * add 'noacpi' to grub command line in order to boot
|-
| Gigabyte GA-MA770 UD3 || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(IDE)}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || 2026-12-31 || * requires external PCIe video card
|-
|}

=== Laptops ===

The following hardware has been tested with native x86 AROS and any issues have been noted. If you have encountered differently (i.e. problems, incompatibilities, faults, niggles, annoyances, environment, errors, review of setup etc) please update this information. Alternatively, an hosted OS (windows or linux) of AROS would give better results. 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| &lt;!--OK--&gt;{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || &lt;!--May work--&gt;{{Maybe|'''Works a little'''}} || &lt;!--Not working--&gt;{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || &lt;!--Not applicable--&gt;{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}}
|-
|}


* 2006/2007 Dell Latitude D-series laptops - business class machines, good support in Aros, easy to replace wifi card 
* 2006 some [https://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/laptops-portable-pcs/laptops-and-netbooks/toshiba-satellite-pro-a200-28550/review Satellite Pro A200] 
* 2008 For the tiny carry anywhere, the early run of Acer Aspire netbooks 


Please bear in mind that AROS has only a few hardware driver developers, whilst Linux counts in the tens and Windows in the hundreds. 
 So consequently, be aware that driver support on native is now a decade behind linux, MacOS(TM) and Windows(TM). 

Rough estimate from taking a random laptop notebook what you can expect from a Native install of AROS 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Date 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Overall 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx VESA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx 2D Acceleration 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx 3D Acceleration 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Before 2002 || Poor to OK || VESA 90% || 2D 10% || {{N/A}} || Audio 10% || 40% || Wired 70% || 2% || Max RAM 512MB 
|-
| 2002-2005 || OK || VESA 95% || 2D 10% || 3D 0% || Audio 30% || 70% || Wired 50% || 4% || Max RAM 1GB 
|-
| 2005-2010 || Good || VESA 98% || 2D 60% || 3D 30% || Audio 60% || 80% || Wired 30% || 10% || Max RAM 2 / 4GB 
|-
| 2011-2014 || OK || VESA 98% || 2D 10% || 3D 0% || Audio 20% || 60% || Wired 20% || 0% || Max RAM 8GB / 16GB 
|-
| 2015-2017 || Poor || VESA 98% || 2D 0% || 3D 0% || Audio 0% || 0% || Wired 20% || 0% || Max RAM 32GB 
|-
| 2018-202x || Poor || VESA 95% || 2D 0% || 3D 0% || Audio 0% || 0% || Wired 10% || 0% || Max RAM 64GB Ryzen 
|-
|}


3D tests now conducted with apps found in Demos/AROS/Mesa and run at default size (may need to View As -&gt; Show All to see them. 

 Any laptop with Windows 7(TM) 64bit or higher install, the bios and hard drive set in uefi/gpt mode (install of AROS incompatible) 

Most vendor suppliers get OEM (original equipment manufacturers) to make their laptops. These brand name companies purchase their laptops from an 
*80% ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) such as Quanta, Compal, Wistron, Inventec, Foxconn (Hon Hai), Flextronics and Asus (now Pegatron) 
*20% MiTAC, FIC, Arima, Uniwill, ECS, Tonfang Origin and Clevo (remaining 20%). 


====Acer/Gateway/Emachines====

Company founded under the name of Multitech in Taiwan in 1976, renamed to Acer or Acer Group in 1987

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Packard Bell 
Aspire 
Extensa 
TimeLine
Travelmate 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;2%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Travelmate 505 506 507 508 Series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P2 Celeron 466Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|boots}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Neo Magic Magic Graph 128XD (NM2160)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 Crystal CS}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 minimal support but no audio etc - 506T, 506DX, 507T, 507DX, 508T 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 340 342 343 345 347 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ALi M1621 with piii || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Trident Cyber 9525 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1969 Solo-1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 ALi OHCI USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;a few have Intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2000 32bit - 340T, 341T, 342T, 342TV, 343TV, 345T, 347TV 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 350 351 352 353 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ali with piii || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Trident Cyber Blade DSTN/Ai1 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ali5451}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 1.1 Ali M5237 OHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Acer InviLink IEEE 802.11b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit very limited support but no support for PCMCIA O2 Micro OZ6933 - 350T, 351TEV, 352TEV, 353TEV 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 610 series 611 612 613 614 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;815 P3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 82815 cgc || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel e100 pro || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit - 610TXVi 610T 611TXV 612TX 613TXC 
|-
| Aspire 3003LM || SIS AMD 3000 1.8GHz || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SIS AGP M760GX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 SIS codec}} || 3 USB 2.0 || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4318 AirForce One 54g}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 sempron 
|-
| Travelmate 2310 Series ZL6 || Intel Celeron M 360 1.4GHz with SiS 661MX || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SiS Mirage M661MX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|SIS SI7012 AC97 with realtek ALC203 codec speakers only}} ||  || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{N/A|LM version has pci card slot but no antenna}} || Icaros 2.1.1 || 2004 32bit - No USB boot option but boot from DVD - reports of wifi losing connection (isolate/remove the metallic grounding foil ends of the antennas) - 2312LM_L - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 3000 3002LMi 3500 5000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD CPU W-with SIS M760 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;SIS 760 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;SIS || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;SIS 900 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4318 swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 3050 5020 5050 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Single and Turion MK-36 Dual and RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - RS482M Xpress 1100 or RS485M Xpress 1150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek ALC883 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5006G or Broadcom BCM 4318 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit MK36 gets very hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2410 2420 2430 series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel Mobile 915GMS 910GML || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 ICH6 with ALC203 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL-8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5005GS || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 2428AWXMi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 3610 - WISTRON MORAR 3614WLMI || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=644066&amp;postcount=13 AC97]}}  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8139 8139C+}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros AR5001X+ or AR5BMB5 or Broadcom 4318}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.2.4 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit with good support [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=6205188#post6205188 wifi issues] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2480 series 2483 WXMi (HannStar J MV4 94V) 2483NWXCi Aspire 3680, 3690 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940GML i943 with Celeron 430 1.77GHz - 14.1&quot; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D and 3D openGL 1.x - Tunnel 181 gearbox 104 scores}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC883 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8038 yukon sky2}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 5k AR5005G AR5BMB5 mini pci}} suspect laptop hardware issues || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Works well shame about the internet options - noisy fan - poor battery life - no boot option for TI based mass storage sd card - Max 2GB memory - LCD Inverter Board IV12090/T-LF - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2490 series 2492WXMi || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 945 2D and 3D tunnel 164 gearbox 105}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5005GS suspect hardware issue}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - 15inch screen - strange curved up at ends keyboard style - overall plastic construction - Atheros AR5005G(s) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gateway ML6227B MA7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz with 945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|945GM 2D and 3D tunnel 169 gearbox 132}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDA Intel with STAC9250 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8038}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|8187L but swap ath5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15.4 ultrabrite widescreen - Wifi Switch on side Fn/F2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 5630-6796 6288 BL50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5200 T5500 Intel® Core™2 Duo T7200 T7400 T7600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel® GMA 950 with S-Video out}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945abg swap for Atheros 5K}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Tiny AROS || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 - 64bit 39.1 cm (15.4&quot; 1280 x 800) - 2 DDR2-SDRAM slots max 4GB - green mobo?? - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 5633WMLI BL51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5500 with Intel® 945PM/GM Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia Go 7300}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 swap for Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Tiny Aros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64 bit dual core2 - 15.4 WXGA screen - ddr2 max 4gb - OrbiCam no support - ENE chipset SD card - blue mobo?? - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 9410 9420 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core Duo with 945PM Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D NVIDIA GeForce Go 7300 - 128 MB VRAM G72M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel HD audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 8111 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945ABG but could swap with atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 17in TFT 1,440 x 900 WXGA+ - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;eMachines E510 series KAL10 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Celeron M 560 2.13Ghz with PM965  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel x3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5906M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros G AR5BXB63 bios issue??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit very budget machine with InsydeH20 bios and F10 boot menu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ACER Aspire 5920 5920G || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Santa Rosa Core 2 Duo T7300 T7500 later T9300 with GM965 and PM965(G) Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for X3100M or 8600M GS (rev a1) 9500M GT 256MB vram (G) but some AMD/ATI RV635 M86 HD 3650}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with realtek alc888 codec ICH8}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945ABG 4965 or Atheros 9k AR9285 might be able to swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwood test iso 2023-01 2023-11 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit boot with 'noacpi' or 'noioapic' - 15.4in 1280 x 800 pixels 16:10 - BMW Designworks ‘Gemstone’ design - over 3.0kg with options for 8-cell or 6-cell batteries - 2 SODIMM DDR2 667MT/s max 4GB - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Extensa 5630Z || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T6600 with Intel GL40 Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Intel GMA 4500M HD (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{No|Broadcom BCM 5764M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{No|RaLink RT2860}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Acer A0521 Ao721 || Athlon II Neo K125 + AMD M880G || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4225 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Conexant}} || {{Maybe}}|| {{no|AR8152 l1c}} || {{no|AR9285 ath9k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || 64bit possible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 5250 series 5253 BZ400 BZ602 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E350 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{no|VESA 2D for AMD HD6310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDaudio for codec Conexant CX20584}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8151}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros 9k AR5B97}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire V5 V5-121 V5121 AO725 One 725 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD C-70 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{no|VESA for AMD 6290G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Realtek ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 x USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire V5-122P MS2377 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;C70 with M55, AMD A4-1250 or A6 1450 up to 1.4Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8210 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;FCH USB EHCI OHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 but LAN/VGA Combo Port Cable (AK.LAVGCA.001) or MiniCP port to Acer Converter Cable (Mini CP to VGA/LAN/USB) (NP.OTH11.00C) needed}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros 9k AR9565}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 26w battery internal, extension possible - 11.6in 1366 x 768 ips touchscreen - 7mm hd ssd - 2gb ddr3l soldered with 1 slot free max 4GB - bios hacking needed for virtualisation - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell EasyNote TE69 TE69KB 522 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow E1-2500, E2-3800 2c2t Dual or A4-5000 4c4t Quad both soldered BGA769 (FT3) on Hudson-2 FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Use IDE mode}} setting AHCI to IDE mode - boots if UEFI set to Legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA 2D for ATI Radeon 8120 8240, 8320 8330 or 8280}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AMD Azalia HD Audio with ALC282 codec but not HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Bios, Boot, set Boot mode to Legacy, nothing from USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8171 AR8175 or Broadcom BCM57780}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9565 0x1969 0x10a1}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire OS Xenon and AROS One 1.6 usb || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit 15.6in washed out screen big netbook - Boots with noacpi after using F2 to enter EFI firmware and f12 boot device - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots max 16Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASPIRE ES1-523 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD AMD E1-7010, A8-7410 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA for RADEON R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Realtek ALC 233 or CX20752 HD AUDIO CODEC}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek PCIe GBE Family or Atheros AR8151 Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8187 or 8812BU}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 2 ddr3l slots - keyboard connected to top case - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Asus====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus L8400-K Medion MD9467 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel desktop 850MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;S3 Savage MX || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS allegro 1988}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus L2000 L2400 L2D Series Medion 9675 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Athlon 4 mobile || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use vesa sis630 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|sis7018}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;sis900 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;x51R X51RL || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Duo T2250 T2330 with RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200M]}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|boots and detects}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL-8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5006EG AR5111 ath5k AzureWave AW-GE780 - could be ATI Chipset}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2, deadwood 2021,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 15.4 WXGA - 19v barrel - ESC boot select - F2 bios - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus R2H Ultra Mobile PC UMPC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron 900Mhz 910GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 ALC880 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8169 8101e || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm4fOrqyj3g boots] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A3 series A3F Ergo Ensis 211 RM || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P-M 1.6GHz to Core Duo with 950 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 ALC655 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8100CL 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit only 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Z33  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC880 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 2915ABG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit Z33A Z33AE N5M N5A 
|-
| Z70A Z70V Z70Va M6A z7000 z7000a || i915 + ICH6 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|mobile 915GML}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ICH6 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8001}} || {{no|Intel PRO 2200BG Fn / F2}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2005 32bit 
|-
| [http://www.progweb.com/en/2010/09/linux-sur-un-portable-asus-a6jm/ A6jm] A6JC || 945GM || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia GeForce Go 7600 G70}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8111 8168B}} || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || Icaros  1.2.4 || 2006 32bit only 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;F3Jc || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;G72M Quadro NVS 110M, GeForce Go 7300 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;D audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8169 8111 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X50GL F5GL || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5800 with 965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA 2d - Nvidia 8200M G84 runs hot}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio MCP79 with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|MCP79}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5B91 AW-NE77}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit not much support no display with nouveau - 19v barrel 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS G50 &amp; G51 series G50V G50Vt G51V G51VX G51J G51Jx G50VT X1 X5 ROG || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD64 with MCP71 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia GeForce 9800M GS (G94M) up to GT200 [GeForce GTX 260M] (G92M) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Nvidia HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros L1C atl1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros G or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;ICaros  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit not all GPUs are failing but a much higher % failing early, 8x00 and 9x00 G84, G86, G92, G94, and G96 series chips dying - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M50V M50 series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core 2 Duo P8400 or T9400 with Intel PM45 ICH9 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|BIOS set to compatibility IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 9600M GS or 9650M GT || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC663 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 realtek 8169 8111C}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 5100 or Atheros AR928X}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.0 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 15.40 inch 16:10, 1680 x 1050 glossy - the &quot;Infusion&quot; design - heavy 3kg - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Series F9 F9E F9dc F9f F9j F9s || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC660 playback}}  || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|works}}  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 }}  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|intel 3495 not working}}  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.41 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit possible - small form factor sub notebook, compact and works well but no 3D graphics 
|-
| P52F SO006X || i3-370M || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia G92 [GeForce 9800 GT] (2D)}} || {{no|Intel HD Audio}} || {{yes|2 USB2.0}} || {{no|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 (l1e)}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2010 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
* X53U MB Ver K53U or K52U Asus K53U MB Ver K53U
* A53U XT2 X53B MB ver: K53BY (compal) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow atom like speed E-350 (2011), E-450 (2011) on AMD M780G, much slower C50 (2012), C60 on the AMD A50M dark brown plastic build || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA ATi 6310M, 6320M later 6250M or 6290M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with alc269 codec Altec Lansing® Speakers}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 x USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|rtl8169 with RTL8111 phy}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros half height ar9285 cannot swap with ar5000 mini pci-e as smaller card required}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 and AROS One 1.6 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 15.6in 1368 x 768 dull 50% srgb screen - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 5200 or 7800 mAh battery covers ASUS K53S K53E X54C X53S K84L X53SV X54HR K53F X53U laptops - 2 DDR3L slots max 8Gb - 19v barrel 5.5 / 2.5 mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus K53T, Asus A53Z X53Z
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A4-3305M on AMD M780G, A6-3420M dark brown plastic build || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD 6520G, 7670M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 x USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 with RTL8111 phy}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros half height}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - 15.6in 1368 x 768 dull 50% srgb screen - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 2 DDR3L slots max 8Gb - 19v barrel 5.5 / 2.5 mm - Altec Lansing® Speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X55U X401U X501U 1225B || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow C60, C70 or E1 1200 E2 1800 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6290G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR9485 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - ram soldered -  11.6&quot; display - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X102BA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Llano E1 1200 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|ide bios setting}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 8180 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Qualcomm Atheros AR9485 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit -10.1” Touchscreen - special asus 45w ac adapter - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A43TA A53TA K53TA XE2 A73T || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A4-3300M, A6 3400M (laptop chip) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon HD 6520G Integrated + HD 6470M (1GB GDDR3)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;K55N, K75DE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD a6 4400M A8 4500M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 7640G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC codec none through ATi Trinity HDMI || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR9485 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit 17.3-inch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X452EA X552EA F552E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD with  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for AMD ATI Sun XT Radeon HD 8330 8670A 8670M 8690M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AMD FCH Azalia rev 02 with ALC898 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{{Yes|Realtek RTL8111 8168 8411}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit kabini trinity E1 2100 or A4 5000M A8 4500M A10 4600M 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus X555Y - keyboard from Asus X555B X555D X555L X555S X555U X555Y X555LA fits? silver-colored plastic || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-7210 A8-7410 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|VESA 2D for AMD R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-colored plastic - internal battery - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus X555D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A10-8700P || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|VESA 2D for AMD R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-coloured plastic - internal battery - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS X555Q || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD® Bristol Ridge A10-9600P 7th Gen, A12-9720p || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R5 + Radeon™ R6 M435DX Dual Graphics with VRAM GCN 3 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8821AE || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - FHD 15.6 1920x1080 - 37W battery internal - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - internal battery - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M509ba  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A9-9425  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;RADEON R5 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot max 16Gb - 19VDC 2.37A Max 45W 4.0mm x 1.35mm - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M509DA M509DJ M509DL || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD® Ryzen™ 3 3200U, AMD® Ryzen™ 5 3500U 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{No|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|VESA 2D for AMD Vega 5 8 or nvidia MX230 MX250}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS one || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - Transparent Silver Slate Grey - 4 or 8g soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm slot max 8g - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


==== Dell ====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Studio 
Inspiron 
Vostro 
XPS
Alienware  
Precision 
Latitude 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude CP 233GT, CPi d233xt d266xt D300XT a366xt, CPt S400GT S500GT S550GT S600GT S700ST, CPt C333GT C400GT || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Neo Magic || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - Neo magic Magic Media 2160 2360 256ZX || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|crystal pnp 4237b or magic media 256zx sound nm2360}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit Low-Density 16-chip 144p 144-pin 32Mx64 3.3V SODIMM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Latitude CPx H450GT H500GT H Series, CPt V433GT V466GT V600, Inspiron 5000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440BX with Pentium 3M (CPx) or Celeron (CPt) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use Vesa - ATi Rage Pro Mobility M1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1978 Maestro 2E Canyon 3D}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|1 slot 1.1 only}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;NB May 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit - 3 pin PA-6 PA6 power adapter plug - CDROM DVD Cxxx family media bay accessories untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C500 C600 (Quanta TM6) Inspiron 4000 7500, CPx J Series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;440BX ZX/DX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI Rage 128Pro Mobility M3 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ES1983S Maestro 3i}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 1.1 only}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A|some models had mini pci e100}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A|a few came with internal antenna wiring}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;square 3 pin charger PA9 PA-9 - C/Dock II untested - C/Port untested - Parallel to Floppy cable untested - CPx J600GT J650GT J700GT J750GT J800GT J850GT 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C510 C610 Insprion 4100 PP01L 2600 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i830 and 1GHz+ P3-M ||  &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|use VESA - ATI Radeon Mobility M6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 CS4205}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|3Com Etherlink}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|internal antenna wiring for an Atheros mini pci card}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;poor build quality - hard to find in good working order 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 830 CGC}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ac97 Crystal 4205}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|3Com 3c905C TX/TX-M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Slim for the time - no media bays 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C640 (Quanta TM8) C840 Inspiron 8k2 8200 i8200 precision m50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M with 845EP || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA if ATi - use nouveau if 64mb Nvidia Gforce 4 440 Go  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 CS4205 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;3com 905c || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;C640 had one fan so was noisy and hot - C840 had 2 fans and ran slightly cooler but fan noise louder
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| Latitude D400 || P-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 ide}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|VESA only}} || {{yes|AC97 Audio playback only}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || {{maybe|PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{no|BCM4318 AirForce one 54g replace with atheros 5k mini pci}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit might boot from USB stick but won't boot from USB-DVD - no sd card slot - power plug style - 
|-
| Latitude D500 / D505 PP10L, Inspiron 510m 
|| 855GME 
* revA00
* revA03
* revA06
| {{yes|IDE but needs the Dell adapter}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with IDT STAC 9750 codec playback head phones only}} || {{maybe| }} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 but exchange with atheros g in panel on laptop bottom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || 2003 - 14 / 15 inch XGA 4:3 screen - plastic build - no sd card slot - boots from bay optical drive - not powering on/off with ac adapter is a [http://www.geekzone.co.nz/forums.asp?forumid=37&amp;topicid=30585 mobo fault of PC13 SMT 1206 ceramic cap hot] suggest [http://www.die4laser.com/D505fix/ 0.1uF 50V instead] - pc2700 333Mhz ram 1Gb max - 
|-
| Latitude D505 (some) || VIA VT8237 VX700 || {{yes|IDE}} ||  || {{partial|VESA 2d on ATI RV350 Radeon 9550}} || {{no|VIA AC97 with  codec}} || {{maybe|VIA USB glitchy}} || {{yes|VIA VT6102 Rhine-II}} || {{no|Intel 2200g Calexico2}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || 2003 32bit little support - diagnostics pressing holding the Fn key, press the Power ON button (battery removed). Check the LEDs pattern - cmos battery behind flap in laptop battery slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA SIS}}  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 SIS with AD1981B codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|SIS 900 but}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit [https://forum.level1techs.com/t/my-time-with-icaros-desktop-and-what-i-am-doing-as-a-dev-contributor-also-some-other-shit/113358 aremis using it]
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1100 PP07L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;845 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 845G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC'97 playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom 4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 8500 5150 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4 855GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia 5200 Go - VESA if intel gfx}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|MCP AC97 with SigmaTel 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4306 rev 02 use Atheros Mini PCI}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;32bit P4 runs well but hot 
|-
| Latitude X300 PP04S small, slim and light case 
|| 855GME 
* revA00 Intel ULV 1.2 Ghz
* revA01 Intel ULV 1.4Ghz 
| {{yes|IDE internal and will boot cd/dvd through dock PR04S}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with STAC 97xx codec but no audio out of the dock}} || {{maybe|works but dock usb ports and usb DVD PD01S not detected}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5705M gigabit}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 later intel - replace with atheros in the underside}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1, AROS One 1.6 usb,  || 2004 12.1&quot; 1024 x 768 - 19.5v PA-10 or PA-12 dell - ACPI works but bad s3 ram suspend sleep - no sd card boot - 1Gb max sodimm ddr 2700 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) PP05L - 600m 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82855 PM i855 
* reva00
* revA01 
* revA02 
* revA03 
* revA04 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATI Radeon RV250 Mobility FireGL 9000}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 -  STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 2100 or Broadcom BCM4306 - swap for Atheros panel in base}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1 and 2.1.1] || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 32bit 14inch using pc2100 memory with Caps light blinking is usually a memory error - Dell D505 D600 power up pressing the case docking port - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82855 PM i855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D only vidia NV28 GeForce4 Ti 4200 Go 5200 Go 5650 Go}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 - STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4306 mini pci - swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1] || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 32bit 14&quot; - solder joints on the bios chip (press down f7/f8 keys) - RAM clean with eraser - memory cover plate maybe apply some pressure - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D800 (Compal LA-1901) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 570x || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4309 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - trackpoint type pointing device - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D800 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|Nvidia }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 570x || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4309 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 15inch 39cm
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1200 2200 PP10S Latitude 110L m350 1.3Ghz || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|UDMA boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA900 (2D and 3D openGL 1.x) Gearbox 56}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|BroadCom BCM4318 - swap for Atheros mini PCI in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 single core 32bit 14&quot; 4:3 1024 768 XGA screen - heavy 6 lbs - PA16 barrel 19V 3.16A AC adapter - battery life 4cell 29WHr lasts 2 hours - 256mb soldered with 1 ddr pc2100 sodimm 1gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1300 business B130 home PP21L Latitude 120L B120 by Compal - Inspiron 630m || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Celeron M360 1.4GHz, M370 1.50 GHz, M380 1.73GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D openGL 1.x tunnel 172 gearbox 70}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|works but waiting boot fail with AROS One usb version}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|intel 2200 or BCM4318 swap for Atheros mini pci underside - one antenna lead for main wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2, AROS One 1.6 usb,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit single core - 14.1″ XGA 4:3 or 15.4&quot; WXGA wide 1280 x 800 matte - ddr2 sodimm ram 2gb max - PA-16 19v psu tip 7.4mm * 5mm - f10 boot select f1 f2 bios 
|-
| Latitude X1 PP05S || PP-M GMA915 rev A00 1.1GHz non-pae || {{yes|ide 1.8in zif/ce under keyboard}} || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|Vesa for Intel 915GM}} || {{yes|AC97 6.6 playback only with STAC codec}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0 but partial boot to blank screen}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard palm rest - disassembly of all laptop}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 dvd iso image virtualbox'd onto usb, Aros One 1.5 and 1.8 usb (2022) || 2005 32bit 12.1&quot; 4:3 1024 x 768 - sd slot not bootable - 256mb soldered to board and 1 sodimm max 1GB ddr2 under keyboard - F12 bios boot F2 - pa-17 pa17 19v octagonal psu port 
|-
| Latitude D410 PP06S 
*rev A00 
*A01, A02 
*A03 
|| GMA915 1.6GHz Pentium® M 730, 1.7GHz, 750 1.86GHz &amp; 760 2.0GHz, 770 2.13GHz || {{yes|caddy and adapter needed 2.5&quot; - remove hdd and write}} || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|Intel 915GM 2D and 3D OpenGL 1.3 tunnel 170 and gearbox 75}} || {{yes|AC97 playback only with STAC 9751 codec}} || {{maybe|works but will not boot from USB-DVD or AROS One 1.5 usb version}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2915ABG or later 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4, 2.1.1 and AROS One 1.5 usb,  || 2005 32bit 12.1&quot; 4:3 1024 x 768 - no sd card slot - PR06S dock base 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D510 (Quanta DM1) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM socket 479 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 STAC 975x}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG swap Atheros mini pci in base}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 14.1&quot; 32bit single core Intel Celeron M 1.6GHz Pentium M 730 1.73Ghz - squarish 3:2 - issues with 3rd party battery 4 quick flashes of red led with 1 final green 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) PP11L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;910GML 915GM with mobile 1.6 to 2.26ghz 
* Rev A0x 
* Rev A0x 
* Rev A07 1.73Ghz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D tunnel 174 gearbox 74}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 speaker head phones playback only with stac codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 2200BG or Broadcom mini pci under keyboard, swap wifi card for atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - one dimm slot under keyboard and other in underside 2GB 533Mhz 667Mhz DDR2 max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) 0C4717 REV A05, 0K3879 REV.A00 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 no radeon 2d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci use Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - 19.5v psu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D810 (Quanta ) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 RV370 M22 later x600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 stereo playback only idt 9751 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0 but no boot from usb on 1.5}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1, aros one 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 15.4&quot; F12 one time boot menu - 19.5v 90w psu ideal - battery not same as later dx20 ones - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Studio XPS M1210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia G72M 7300 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92xx || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspirion E1705 9200 9300 9400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia 6800, ati X300 or nVidia 7900GS gpu 3d corrupt || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;[http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481 increasing vertical lines issues]
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1501 PP23LA Latitude 131L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD on ATI RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - ATI 1150 (x300) RS482M Mobility Radeon Xpress 200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with stac 92xx codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom bcm 4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bcm4311 replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit 15.4 inch Matt 16:10, 1280x800 pixel, WXGA TFT Display - first Dell AMD machine - Sempron 1.8GHz Turion MK-36 or X2 1.6Ghz TL-50 or TL-56 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 6000 6400, E1505 PP20L, 9300, 9200 PP14L 
*A00 Pentium M 
*A0? Core Duo 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 with PM 1.73Ghz, T2050 or T2060 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|vesa 2d - Ati 9700, x1300 RV515 M52, x1400 or nvidia go 7300 on mxm board}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio IDT 9200}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|usb boot }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200 3945 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1, AROS One 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 mostly 32bit but - 15.4 inch glossy - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots - broadcom bcm92045 bluetooth detected but no support - 19.5v dell psu socket - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 6400 (Quanta FM1)
*A00 Pentium M 
*A0? Core Duo  
*A08 Core2 Duo 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 with BGA479 (socket M) T2050 1.6Ghz, T2060 1.60Ghz, T2080 1.73Ghz much later T5500 1.66Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with IDT 92xx codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;deadwood 2019-04-16 iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 mostly 32bit - 15.4&quot; glossy - sd card - front multimedia keys - dvd rw - generic dell keyboard - coin cr2032 bios battery under keyboard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 640m PP19L XPS M140 e1405 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Solo T2050, T2300 Duo 1.83GHz T2400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM4401-B0 100Base || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 or Broadcom 43xx, swap for Atheros 5k - Wireless Internet ON or OFF press the Function key + F2}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32 bit - 12.1 LCD CCFL WXGA 1280x800 up to 14.1 inch 16:10 1440x900 pixel, WXGA+ UltraSharp - supports also SSE3 on duos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Precision M65 M90 XPS M1710 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945PM with T2600 T2700 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia Quadro FX 350M 1600M 1500M G71 on par with the Go7900 GS to GTX 7950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5752 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom BCM4311 BCM4328 swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 17&quot; workstation type WXGA+ screen manufactured by AU Optronics poor viewing angles, unevenly lit, light leakage 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D420 (Compal LA-3071P) PP09S 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945 
* revA00 Solo 1.2Ghz ULV U1400
* revA01 Duo 1.06Ghz u2500
* revA02 Duo 1.2Ghz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|ZIF/CE 1.8&quot; slow under battery, ribbon cable}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 - 2D and 3D opengl tunnel 138 gearbox 103}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92xx playback speakers head phones only)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 and external usb optical drive works}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 mini pcie - swap Atheros 5k in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros Desktop 1.4 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 32bit only - 12.1&quot; 1280x800 - PR09S dock base rev02 DVD-RW usb boots - 1GB DDR2 2Rx16 max in base panel - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D520 PP17L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
* 64bit rev A01, A02 945GM Core2 Duo 1.83Ghz to 2.3Ghz 
* 32bit rev A00, A01 940GML Solo later Duo T2400  
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || {{Yes|bios sata set to ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 series 2D and OpenGL1 3D tunnel 210 gearbox 153 teapot 27}} || {{Yes|HD audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || {{Yes|Boots and detects USB2.0}} || {{Yes|Broadcom 4400}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4312 BCM4321 Dell 1390 / 1490 mini pcie - easy to replace with atheros 5k in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4 and 2.2 and AROS One usb 1.8 and grub boot add 'noacpi' || 2006 mostly 64bit 4:3 aspect ratio 14.1 (XGA 1024x768) or later 15 inches (XGA+ 1400 by 1050) - F2 enter bios F12 choose boot - 19.5v dell tip pa-12 charger - bios battery socketed - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D620 (Compal LA-2792) PP18L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 
* rev A00 all Core Duo's 32 bit 
* rev A0x all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D tunnel gearbox opengl1 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 3945 mini pcie swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AspireOS Xenon || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 64bit AROS capable with later revisions - 14&quot; 1280 x 800 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D620 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i945
* revA00 all Core Duo's 32 bit 
* revA01 all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia 7300, 7600 NVS 110M G72 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{dunno|HD Audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{dunno}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1440x900 screen - LA-2792P Rev.2.0 - DT785 UC218 Fan/ Heatsink (64bit) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D820 (Quanta JM6) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML 
* rev A00 
* rev A01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D tunnel 195 - 100? gearbox 156}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with STAC 9200 playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|BCM4310 replace with mini pcie atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 widescreen 15 inch 1280 x 800 matte -  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D820 (Quanta JM) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia NVS 110M 120M G72}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio STAC 9200}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|BCM4310 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;15.4 1650x1050 WXGA or WSXGA+ or 1920x1200 WUXGA - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Latitude D531 15&quot; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Turion X2 TL56 or TL60 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATi xpress X1270}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with IDT codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 57xx}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 or Dell Wireless 1390, 1505 or BCM4311 mini pcie || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit possible - no trackpoint - fails and goes wrong often - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D430 PP09S 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945 with Core2 Duo C2D U7500 1.06GHz U7600 1.2GHz U7700 1.33GHz 
* rev A00 
* rev A01  
* rev A02 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;ZIF PATA IDE 1.8inch under battery and ribbon cable - slow use USB instead || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|945GML 2D and 3D opengl 1.x 171 tunnel 105 gearbox}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|STAC 92xx HD Audio speaker and ear phone - mono speaker}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 4965 AGN or 3945 ABG mini pci-e underside with Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit capable - sd card not supported - 19.5v PA12 power adapter - 12.1&quot; 1280x800 matte - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|nVidia Quadro NVS 135M 2D 3d glitches G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481 ] cool air intake from underneath needed with pa-10 or pa-3e 90w psu required - standard 4:3 ratio aspect screen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D630 (Compal LA-3301P) PP18L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 T7250 2.0Ghz T7300 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA X3100 (2D only, no external monitor)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio STAC 9205 but speaker and head phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with pci-e Atheros 5k under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit possible - F12 to choose boot option - 2 ddr2 sodimm max 4G - 4400mah 48Wh battery lasts 2 hours - 6600mah 73Wh lasts just over 3 hours 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D630 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 
* revA00 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481 ] GPU heatpad, no copper 
* revA01 0DT785 heatsink 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|use VESA as nVidia NVS 135M 3d corrupts 0.7 tunnel 0.25 gearbox G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D830 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965GM with Core2 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GM965 crestline 2d and 3d tunnel 115}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|replace with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 15 inch 1280 x 900 but updating the LCD to WXGA or WSXGA+ could be better - 2 ddr2 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D830 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ICH8, Core2 DUO T7800 @ 2.60GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Intel ICH8M Serial ATA || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia Quadro NVS 140M G86 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel Wireless 4965AGN swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.03 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 15.&quot; - FN,F2 or FN,F8 or FN,F12 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;XPS M1330  M1530  M1730 - WISTRON Hawke || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|Intel 965 with either Nvidia 8400M 8600M 8700M or 8800GT G84 G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio STAC 9228 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom or Marvell 88E8040 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;ICAROS 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit Did not boot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Precision M2300 M4300 M6300 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|use VESA nVidia Quadro FX 360M (8400GS) 3600M 3500M 2500M G86 to G92}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205  head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG 4965 swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 14&quot;  15.6&quot;  17&quot; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Vostro 1310 1510 (Compal LA-4592P) 1710 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo T7600 or Celeron 540 GMA965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GM965 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC268 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 4965 swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit Celeron 540 added 64 bit support (doubling transistor count) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Vostro 1320 1520 (Compal LA-4592P) 1720 (Compal LA-4671P) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 965 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 or IDT 92HD8X codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 or Dell Wireless 1397}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;up to 17 inch with 13.3 inch WXGA Anti-Glare matt or glossy LED Display (1280 x 800) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Vostro 1320 1520 (Compal LA-4592P) 1720 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvdia 9300m to 9600M GS G96 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC268 or IDT 92HD8X codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 15.4” screen Vostro 1520 with excessive heat buildup on the left hand side palm rest 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Precision M2400 M4400 M6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA 2d for nVidia Quadro FX 770M G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205  head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 14&quot;  15.6&quot;  17&quot; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1525 PP29L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo or Core2 Duo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4312 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit much later 64bit 15.4&quot; 1200 x 800 - 19.5v dell psu -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1545 PP41L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 4500MHD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92HD71B codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4312 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 15.6&quot; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude E4200 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo U9400 U9300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;64gig ssd with ribbon cable || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GM45 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92HD 71B7X codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; NEC uPD720202 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82567LM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4322 or Intel’s 5100 or 5300}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64 - 12.1in 1,280 x 800 poor color accuracy magnesium alloy body - easily replaced keyboard - 1 ddr3 sodimm slot - Microdia cam - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude E5400 E5500 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio but no sound}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM5761e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| swap with pci-e Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude E4300 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core 2 Duo P9400 2.4GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 4500 MHD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92HDxxx || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82567LM || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 5300 AGN swap with pci-e Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 13.3&quot; WXGA - sd card Broadcom BCM5880 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lattitude E6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo P9500 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel GMA 4500M HD 2D with NVIDIA QUADRO NVS 160M G98}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD with IDT 92HD71 codec or later 92HDM61}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom BCM4312 or Intel 5300 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 early ones problems with the keyboard ribbon cable connector, trackpoints were not good 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude E6410 E6510 E6310 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i7 620M i7 820QM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|NVidia NVS 3100M GT218 2D but 3D through external monitor}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio IDT 92HD81}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel }}  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom or Intel 6200AGN or Link 6300 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64 bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latittude E4310 E5410 ATG || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 5 series Intel Core i5 560M 1st gen || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA HD 5700 mhd || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with IDT 92HDxx Codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82577LM || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom BCM4313 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64Bit clarkdale codename CPUs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron M5030 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;rev A01 AMD V120, V140 rev A0? V160 M880G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA RS880M Radeon HD 4225, 4250}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with ALC269q codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8152 v2}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - DDR3 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1546 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 4330M 530v || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 91HD81 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8103EL-GR || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 15.6&quot; - alps touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;XPS 15 15Z L501X L502X 17 17Z L701X L702X || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i7 840QM to i7 2630QM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel HD 3000 with Nvidia 555, 525M, 540M, 555M or 435M 420M GF108M optimus || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111e || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit first models not Sandybridge but later are - 17.3-inch 1600 × 900 to 15.6-inch - not many working now 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;E6420 E6520 ATG semi ruggized XFR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;sandy bridge i5 2520M 2540M or duo I7 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;set to Bios UEFI mode AHCI || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD 3000 with optional fermi Nvidia NVS 4200M GF119}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio no playback - IDT 92HD90 BXX codec or HDMI codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6205 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.03 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit very little total support - fan exhausts a lot of hot air when cpu taxed - VGA if Bios ATA set and Vesa only with Bios ACHI set - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron M5040 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow amd E450, later C50 or C60 with A50M chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;non efi sata in IDE mode but base plastic difficult to remove for access || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6250 or 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio IDT}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8105E VB 10/100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR9285 no space to swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;icaros 2.1.1 and AROS USB 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 15INCH 1388 X 768 - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - under removable keyboard via 4 top spring loaded catches is 1 ddr3l sodimm max 8gb and wifi - 
|-
| Latitude e6230 E6330 E6430 || i3 3320M 3350M 2.8 GHz i5 3360M i7 3520M || {{N/A}} || {{partial|non RAID mode}} || {{partial|Intel HD 4000 (VESA only)}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{partial|Intel USB 3.0 (USB 1.1 2.0 only)}} || {{No|Intel 82579LM Gigabit}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 swap with mini pci-e Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2014 09-27 || 2013 64bit Ivy Bridge - 12.5-inch 13.3-inch 14-inch screen - not great support, better under hosted - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 15 3521 5521 5721, Vostro 3555 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i5 i7 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel HD 4000 or Radeon 8730M or 7670M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC850 ??  || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8105E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros or Dell 1703 1704 1705}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit Panther Point Ivy Bridge Intel(R) 7 Series Mobile - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 15‑3541 15‑3542 P40F001 P40F002 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E1 2100 6010 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Partial|VESA 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Inspiron 15 5565 5567 AMD versions || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9200u A9-9400 A12-9700P Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R5 R8 GCN 3 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 1GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - there are i-intel versions - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 3505 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3250u (2c4t) 3450u 3500u 3700u (4c8t), Athlon Silver (2c2t) Gold (2c4t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|VESA 2D for Vega 8, 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Realtek ALC3204, Cirrus Logic CS8409 (CS42L42 and SN005825)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|RTL 8106E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8723DE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64-bit - 15.6 - 2 ddr4 sodimm max 16G - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;|-
|}

====Fujitsu-Siemens====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest)
&lt;pre &gt;
Amilo 
Esprimo 
Lifebook 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu [http://www.labri.fr/perso/fleury/index.php?page=bug_transmeta FMV-Biblo Loox S73A (Japan P1100) LifeBook P1120 Biblo Loox T93C (Japan P2120) P2020] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Transmeta Crusoe CPU TM5600 633MHz with Ali M1535 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Rage Mobility M with 4MB SDRAM || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 Ali M1535 + STAC9723 Codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 only || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1999 32bit 10&quot; 1280 x 600 matte LCD - QuickPoint IV mouse - metal chassis with palm rest plastic - 15GB 2.5 inch drive and SR 8175 8X DVD-ROM drive -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook S7000 S7010 S7010D S2020 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M 1.6 or 1.7GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Intel 855}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|AC97 with STAC 9751T or 9767 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros, Broadcom or Intel 2200BG - FN,F10}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;14.1 inch with minimal support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook e8010 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 855GM}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 STAC9767 or ALC203 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom NetXtreme BCM5705M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15.1 inch
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5000 ST5010 ST5011 ST5012 ST5020 ST5021 ST5022 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1.0GHz P-M and later 1.1GHz on Intel 855GME || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 800 use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5788 tg3 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200BG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;charged via a proprietary port power connector 16V 3.75A with wacom serial pen interface - indoor Screen transmissive 10.1 and later 12.1 XGA TFT - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo Pro V2010  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA CN400 PM880 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|S3 unichrome use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA AC97 VT8237 with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Rhine 6102 6103 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;RaLink RT2500 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;boot mount - unknown bootstrap error then crashes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo Li 1705 CN896 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with VIA P4M900 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA VT8237 HD Audio  with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;VT82xx 62xx || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|VIA Rhine}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros G}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;random freezes
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Esprimo Mobile V5535 Skt mPGA 478MN 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE and EIDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{maybe|IDE mode with SIS 5513}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{maybe|SiS 771 / 671 (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HD Audio SIS968 SIS966 SI7012 with ALC268 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{no|USB 1.1 and 2.0 issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|SiS 191 gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros AR5001 mini pci express}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;aros one 1.5 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 20v barrel - f2 setup f12 multi boot - random freezing short time after booting - chipset SIS 671MX - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo SI 1520 1521p || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio Conexant codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Intel Pro 100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Some support but Set Bios option ATA Control Mode to Compatible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook S7020 S7020D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Pentium M 740 1.73MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC260 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5751M Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG or Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5030 ST5031 ST5032 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1 to 1.2GHx Pentium M with 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - 200 pin ddr2 ram 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5110 ST5111 ST5112 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with 1.2GHz Core Duo and Core2 Duo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with STAC9228 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 ABG or optional atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;either 32 or 64 bit - charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - SigmaTel® 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;E8110 S7110 E8210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|945GM}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC262 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8055 Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;32bit Core Duo 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || CHIPSET || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook PH521 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E-350 E-450 1.65GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD 6310M 6320M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 802.11 bgn || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 11.6 inch 1366x768 pixels - DDR3 1066MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====HP Compaq====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Build quality (Lowest to highest) 

&lt;pre &gt;
Presario 
Pavilion 
Omnibook 
ProBook
Armada
Elitebook
&lt;/pre &gt;


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;1c00 series Compaq Presario  [http://users.utu.fi/sjsepp/linuxcompaqarmada100s.html Armada 100S made by Mitac], 1247 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;K6-II with PE133 MVP-4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA - Trident Blade3D AGP sp16953 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA ac'97 audio [rev20] with AD1881A codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|usual VIA issues [rev10]}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 192MB max - PCcard Texas PC1211 no support - 1200 XL1 1200-XL1xx, XL101, XL103 XL105 XL106 XL109 XL110 XL111 XL116  XL118 XL119 XL125 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;1c01 series Armada 110, Evo N150 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel with VIA PLE133 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - Trident Cyber Blade i1 chipset || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA 686 rev20 82xxx 686a || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82557 Pro 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;max 192mb sodimm 100Mhz 133Mhz ram memory - 1200-XL405A 12XL405A XL502A 12XL502A 1600XL 
|-
| Armada M300 M700 E500 || 440BX || {{Yes| }} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ATI Rage LT M1 Mobility (VESA only)}} || {{no|AC97 ESS Maestro 2E M2E ES1987 sound}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{No|[http://perho.org/stuff/m300/index_en.html Intel PRO 100+ Mini PCI]}} || {{N/A}} || Aspire OS 2012, Nightly 30-01 2013 and 04-05 2013 || a little support via F10 bios options and Fn+F11 reset CMOS with 64mb ram already on board
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Omnibook XE3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel BX 600Mhz GC model 256mb or AMD GD 500Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - S3 Inc. 86C270 294 Savage IX-MV (rev 11) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1988 Allegro 1 (rev 12)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel 82371AB PIIX4 USB (rev 01) || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit no cardbus pcmcia support - no audio from Polk Audio Speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Omnibook XE3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82830 ICH3 P3-M 750MHz 800Mhz 900MHz  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - CGC 830MG}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1988 Maestro 3i}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|only one 1.1 port}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|e100 82557}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.51 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Boots USB Stick via Plop boot floppy - Memory for GF 256-512mb, GS up 1GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TC1000 TC-1000 Tablet PC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA NV11 [GeForce2 Go] (rev b2) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA AC97 Audio (rev 50) || &lt;!--USB--&gt;OHCI NEC USB 2.0 (rev 02) || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82551 QM (rev 10) || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atmel at76c506 802.11b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit Transmeta LongRun (rev 03)  with VT82C686 - Texas Instruments TI PCI1520 PC card Cardbus 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq R3000 ZV5000 (Compal LA-1851) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia nForce 3 with AMD CPU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia  NV17 [GeForce4 420 Go 32M]  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Nvidia  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom or Realtek RTL8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4303 BCM4306 or Atheros bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Some laptops, especially HPs have a setting to automatically disable wireless if a wired connection is detected 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq [http://www.walterswebsite.us/drivers.htm Presario 700 series] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VT8363 VT8365 [Apollo Pro KT133 KM133] || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VT8636A (S3 Savage TwisterK) (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|VIA AC97 [rev50] with AD1886 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|VIA UHCI USB 1.1 [rev1a]}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RealTek RTL8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4306}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;poor consumer grade level construction - jbl audio pro speakers - no support for cardbus pcmcia TI PCI1410 - 700A EA LA UK US Z 701AP EA BR FR 701Z 702US 703US AP JP audio sp18895 Sp19472 
|-
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| N400c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Rage Mobility 128 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Maestro 3 allegro 1}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || Has no optical disc drive 
|-
| N410c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Radeon Mobility M7 LW 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || Has no optical disc drive 
|-
| Evo N600c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{No|ESS ES1968 Maestro 2}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 ||
|-
| Evo N610c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel ICH AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.2.4 ||
|-
| N800c || P4 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || P4M CPU can get very warm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NX7010 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI mobility 7500 or 9000 Radeon 9200 64MB (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ADI codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci (1.1) and ehci (2.0)}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200b bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Preasrio V5000 (Compal LA-2771) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Sempron 3000+ or Turion ML with SB400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati RS480M Xpress 200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 ATI with Conexant CX 20468 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8100 8101L 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|bcm4318 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit single core machine V5001 V5002 V5002EA V5003 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TC1100 TC-1100 Tablet PC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia Geforce4 Go || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|BCM 4400}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros wlan W400 W500 or ? bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC6000 NC8000 NW8000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855PM with Pentium M 1.5 1.6 1.8GHz 2.0GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;max 160 GB for NW 8000 || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Ati RV350 mobility 9600 M10 Fire GL T2 ISV use VESA 2D as no laptop display}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel AC97 with ADI codec playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2 ports}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM 5705M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|mini pci Atheros 5212 BG W400 W500 or Intel - all bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 based [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=41916&amp;forum=47 works] - Firewire TI TSB43AB22/A - 8 pound 2.5 kg travel weight - an SD slot as well as two PC Card slots - 15-inch UXGA screen (1,600 x 1,200) or 15&quot; SXGA+ (1400 x 1050) (4:3 ratio)  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq NC6110 NX6110 NC6120 NC6220 NC4200 NC8200 TC4200 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA 915GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D GMA 900}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 with ADI AD1981B playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|440x or BCM 5705M or 5751M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel IPW 2200 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit Sonoma based - Wifi with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB one - (INVENTEC ASPEN UMA MV) (INVENTEC ASPEN DIS PV) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq C500 CTO aka HP G7000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with realtek ALC262 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom BCM 4311 bios locked || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NC6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM Core Duo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D issues and no 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio AD1981HD}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB 
* 32bit Core Duo T2400 
* 64bit Core 2 Duo T5600 T7600 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NV NC6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo + 945PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Radeon x1300M (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with ADI1981 low volume}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|BCM 5753M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.4.2 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; Harmon Kardon speakers
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NC6320 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with 
* 32bit Core Duo 1.83GHz T2400 
* 64bit Core2 Duo 1.83GHz T5600 
 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 950 2D with a little 3D tunnel 213}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with AD1981HD codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM 5788}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if applying hacked wifi bios RISKY!! else use USB - 14.1&quot; or 15 inch XGA 1024x768 - noisy cpu fan for core2 - trackpad rhs acts as window scroller - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP NC4400 TC4400 Tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo with 82945 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|bios F.07 limits to 100GB 120GB}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|2D and 3D 282 tunnel and gearbox 150}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ADI 1981HD codec via ear phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM 5753M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 or BCM 4306 - Whitelist BIOS F.0C needed but risky}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64 bit possible with Core2 - TI SD card reader non bootable - wacom serial digitiser pen not working - 
* 32bit 1.86GHz core duo 
* 64bit 2Ghz T7200, 2.16Ghz Core 2 Duo T7600 2.33GHz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP DV6000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92HD 91B || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel PRO 100 VE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;32 bit only - Mosfet FDS6679 common cause of shorts giving no power to the tip. To reset adapter, unplug from AC (mains) and wait 15-30 sec. Then plug in again - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion DV2000 CTO || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950, X3100, Nvidia 8400M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Conexant CX 20549 Venice || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia MCP51 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM 4311 or Intel 3945 4965 ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006  Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY 
|-
| Presario F700 series, HP G6000 f730us F750 F750us F755US F756NR F765em || AMD Turion Mono MK-36 2.0Ghz NForce 560m or Twin X2 TK-55 with nForce 610m MCP67 || {{N/A| }} || {{Yes|but needs special sata adapt bit and caddy}} || {{Yes|GF Go 7000m 2D and 3D 640x350 to 1280x800 - ball solder issues due to poor cooling}} || {{Maybe| }} || {{Maybe|uhci and ehci boots}} || {{No|Nvidia }} || {{Yes|Atheros AR5007 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.3.1 and Aros One 1.6 USB || 2006 64bit - f9 boot device f10 bios setup - random freezes after a minutes use means internal ventilation maintenance needed each year essential - No sd card and overall limited phoenix bios options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Presario v6604au v6608au V3500 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA MCP67M with AMD Athlon64 X2 TK 55 amd 1.8ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|SATA 150}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce Go 7150M 630i or C67 630M MCP67 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia or Realtek 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4311 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Altec Lansing Stereo Speakers - ball solder issues - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq presario v6610 v6615eo v6620us || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Turion 64 X2 mobile TK-55 / 1.8 GHz to athlon 64x2 @ 2.4ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|SATA 150}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|geforce 7150 or 7300m 2d and 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AMD HD Audio with IDT codec stereo playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 OHCI EHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3 -  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;[http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=40956&amp;forum=48 works well]  - 1 x ExpressCard/54 - SD Card slot - AO4407 test voltage of the Drain side (pins 5-8) with AC adapter and no battery, see 0 volts, connect the battery you should have 10-14v - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;v6630em v6642em || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630M with AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 6150M or 7150M  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15.4 in 1280 x 800 ( WXGA ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario C700 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA960 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;X3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros AR5007 AR5001 AR242x}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq 2510p 6510b 6710b 6910b || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA 965GM GL960 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|  || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|X3100 some 2d but slow software 3d only}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio ADI AD1981 HD low volume on head phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82566 or Broadcom BCM 5787M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945ABG or 4965ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire OS Xenon 2014 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;no sd card boot support - F9 to choose boot option - [http://forums.mydigitallife.info/threads/7681-This-is-no-request-thread!-HP-COMPAQ-bioses-how-to-modify-the-bios/page111?p=333358#post333358 whitelist removal (risky) bios block for wifi card swap] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ40 CQ41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BC4310 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario CQ35 CQ36 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Compal LA-4743P - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq CQ42 CQ43 CQ45 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Coxenant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8191SE, Realtek 8188CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; (Quanta AX1) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario CQ50 CQ56 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia MCP78S || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Geforce 8200M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;nVidia HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;nvidia MCP77 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR928X bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 [http://donovan6000.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/insyde-bios-modding-wifi-and-wwan-whitelists.html bios modding risky] MCP72XE MCP72P MCP78U MCP78S 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion dv4 dv4z(AMD), dv5 (dv5z AMD), dv7 (dv7z AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;QL-60, QL-62 (AMD Turion 64 X2) RM-70, RM-72, ZM-80, ZM-84, (AMD Turion II) M520 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD 3200 3450 4530 4550 4650 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit - 14.1&quot; dv4, dv5 features a 15.4&quot; and the HP Pavilion dv7 a 17&quot; display
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ57z || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow AMD E-300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA ATi HD 6310 wrestler}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101 RTL8102 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RaLink RT5390}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP CQ58z 103SA E5K15EA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow AMD Dual-Core E1-1500 APU with A68M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon HD 7310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek idt codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 10/100 BASE-T}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 39.6 cm (15.6&quot;) HD BrightView LED-backlit (1366 x 768)
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 635 DM1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow E-300, E-450 later E2-1800 on SB7x0 SB8x0 SB9x0 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;ATI non efi SATA AHCI - IDE mode || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA 2D - AMD HD6310, 6320 to HD7340}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC270A GR but not Wrestler HDMI Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 driver covers Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 1366 x 768 - f9 f10 - external battery - 2 stacked ddr3l sodimm slots max 16Gb under one base plate - removable keyboard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP G6 2000-2b10NR 2000-2d10SX 2000-2d80NR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E1-2000 E2-3000M on A50M (soldered) A4-3305A on A60M (socket) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6620G, 6520G, 6480G, 6380G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 100 1000 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - 39.6-cm (15.6-in) HD LED BrightView (1366×768) - 1 or 2 ddr3l max 8G - 19VDC 3.42A Max 65W Tip 7.4mm x 5.0mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 6465B || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-3310MX or A6-3410MX with A60M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD 6480G or 6520G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|IDT 92HD81B1X}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel AC 6205 or broadcom 4313 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit 13-inch or 14-inch runs hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 6475b, Probook 4445s 4545s, HP Pavilion 15-b115sa, [https://support.hp.com/gb-en/document/c04015674#AbT6 HP mt41 Mobile Thin Client PC] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A4 4300M, A6 4400M 4455M or A8 4500M with AMD A70M A76M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 7420 7520G 7640G 7660G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with idt or realtek codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8151FH-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6205 or Broadcom BCM 43228 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit 15.6-inch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 455 G1 F2P93UT#ABA, 645 G1, Envy 15-j151ea G7V80EA, Envy m6-1310sa (E4R01EA#ABU) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Quad A4-4300M A8-4500M A10-4600M A4-5150M A6-5350M 2.9Ghz A10-5750M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 7420G 7520G 7640G 7660G 8350G 8450G or 8550G, 8650G, 8750G }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio IDT 92HD91 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 14in and 15in 1366 x 768 - external battery - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - 19.5v / 4.62A psu runs hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 645 g2, Probook 445 G2, Probook 245 G2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-8600 A8-8700 a10- || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon R5 R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel I219V 100/1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel or Qualcomm Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 14in and 15.6-inch HD (1366 x 768) or FHD 1080p - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots max 16GB - internal battery - hp ac psu tip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 245 G4, 255 G1, 255 G2, 455 G2, 255 G4 80CB, 255 G5 82F6, 355 G2, HP Pavilion 15-p038na 15-g092sa 15-p091sa 15-G094S 15-p144na 15-p142na, 15-Af156sa || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E2-6110, E1-6010, E2-2000, E1-2100 APU - AMD A4-6210 A6-6310, A8-6410 APU - AMD E2-7110, A6-7310, A8-7410 APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R2 R4 R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC3201-GR || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8102E or Atheros 1GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros AR9565}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6-inch (1366 x 768) - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - small 31Whr or 41Whr external battery covers 240 G4, 245 G4, 250 G4, 255 G4, 256 G4, 14G, 15G - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 725 G2, 745 G2, 755 G2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Amd Quad A6-7050B A8-7150B 1.9GHz A10-7350B || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA on AMD R4 R5 Radeon R6 with DP and vga}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD audio with IDT 92HD91}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 PCIe GBE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom or Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 12.5-inch, 14&quot; or 15.6in (all 1366 x 768) - 19.5V 65w 45W AC adapter - internal pull up tab battery under base which slides off - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Probook 455 G3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A10-8700P || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 725 G3, 745 G3, 755 G3, 725 G4, 745 G4, 755 G4, HP mt43 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Amd A8-8600B, A10-8700B, A12-8800B to Quad A8 Pro 9600B to A10 9800 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA on AMD R5 R6 R7 with DP and vga but screen is low res, dull colours, and blurry}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD audio with IDT codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 5762 PCIe GBE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8723BE-VB || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 12.5-inch (1366 x 768) to 14&quot; and 15.6in - 2 sodimm ddr3 - 19.5V 45W AC slim 4.5mm hp adapter - randomly shuts down and the noisy fans constantly on - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 645 G3, 655 G3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 8th Gen A10-8730B, A8-9600B (4c4t) A6-8530B (2c2t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for AMD R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8111HSH || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Probook 455 G4, Probook 455 G5,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A10-9600P APU, A9-9410, A6-9210 APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R4, R5 or R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 1GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;realtek or intel Wireless-AC 7265 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 645 G6, 255 G7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E2-9000e, A9-9420, 9220, 9125 (2c) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for R2 R4 R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8188CTV or RTL8821CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 31Whr external battery covers HP 240 G6, 245 G6, 246 G6, 250 G6, 255 G6, HP 14-BS, HP 14-BW, HP 15-BS - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ProBook 245 g8 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Range all dual cores - AMD A6-9225 APU, AMD A4-9125 APU, AMD PRO A6-8350B APU, AMD PRO A4-5350B APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R4 R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - many variants - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Pavilion 15z bw0xxx, 15-bw024na 15-ba506na, 15-bw060na 15-DB0521SA, HP Envy x360 15-ar052sa 2 in 1,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A9-9420 2c 2t, A10-9620p 4c4t 9700p 7th Gen Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R5 GCN 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 15.6in 768p or 1080p - internal battery - 19.5V 2.31A hp plug - 1 DDR4-1866 SDRAM sodimm slot - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 725 G5, 735 G5, 745 G5, 755 G5, Probook 455 G6, 255 G7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 2200U 2300U (2c t), R5 2500U, R7 2700U (4c t) Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 Sata or NVMe and/or 2.5in sata if detachable ribbon cable present || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for AMD Vega 3, 6, or 8 i.e. GCN 5 with VCN 1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ALC236 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek or rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8821CE, 8822BE or Intel AC 8265 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 12.5 to 15.6in up to 1080p - internal battery - 1 (smaller laptops) or 2 ddr4 sodimm slots on larger laptops max 16Gb - probook case extra screws under 2 rubber strips - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - esc bios setup f9 boot order - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Envy x360 15-bq150sa, Envy x360 covertible 13 13-ag0xxx || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 and Sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek, none on 13in}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 13 or 15.6in 1080p - hp barrel or usb-c on 13in - ddr4 - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 14-cm, 15-bw0, HP 15-db0043na, HP 15-db0996na, HP 15-db0997na, 17-ca0007na, 17-ca1, ProBook 645 G4 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2200U (2c 4t) 2500U (4c 8t) with AMD Carrizo FCH 51 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 M.2 and 1 2.5in on some larger models || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R5 and later Vega 3 or 7}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Realtek ALC3227 and ATI HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB3 USB boot drive stuck on kitty's eyes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8111E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL 8723DE 8821 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit 2kg - screen is dim 14in, 15.6in or 17.3&quot; 1366 x 768, later 1080p - 65W 19.5V ac adapter - internal 3-cell 41 Wh Li-ion battery does not last long - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - no DVD-Writer - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://support.hp.com/gb-en/document/c06955717 ProBook 245 g8], HP 255 G7, HP14-dk0599sa || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Range mostly dual cores - AMD Athlon Gold 3150U (2c 2t), Silver 3050U APU (2c 2t), Pro 3145U APU to 3200U (2c 4t) and 3500U (4c 8t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 NVMe 2280 but usually no 2.5in mountings || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3, 6 or 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3 but no usb-c}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8822BE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - many lesser variants - plastic build - 14in / 15.6in dim panel TN Full HD - one heatpipe for cpu - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitebook 735 G6 5VA23AV, Elitebook 745 G6, || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|m.2 2280 nvme in legacy - hp sure start and secure boot disabled but still issues with gpt installs}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Vega 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 6.34 ahi realtek codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3 type-A port boots stick partially to kitty eyes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 realtek RTL8111E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|realtek or intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;{{No|Icaros 2.3 onto USB and AROS One 1.8 and 2.0 USB}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 2 3200MHz DDR4 sodimms - 19.5V 2.31A or 20V 2.25 45W 4.5X3.0MM hp - esc bios setup, f9 boot device select - low travel keyboard - poor battery life - plastic hooked base with retained screws - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Envy x360 13 laptop and 13 and 15.6' 2 in 1 convertible || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen R5 4500U with carrizo FCH51 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega 6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB 3.1 gen 2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel or Realtek wifi 6 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit 13.3in or 15.6in IPS 1080p - ram soldered - touch pen not supplied - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 445 G7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 4300U 5 4500U 4700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata and 1 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; realtek codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl169 realtek rtl8111ep || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|realtek RTL8822CE or intel AC 9260 or Wi-Fi 6 AX200}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 inch 768p or 1080p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - smart 45w 65w hp usbc ac - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 745 G7, 845 G7, || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5, PRO 4650U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SSD M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Radeon Vega 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit -  Bang &amp; Olufsen speakers - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G8, HP 245 G9 Laptop || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD RYZEN 3 5425U, 5 5500U 5625U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega 6 or 8 hdmi 1.4B}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 1GBe}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822CE or Intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14&quot; to 15.6in 1366 x 768 to 1080p poor gamut - 45 or 65w hp psu - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 16GB - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 645 g7, 835 G8, 845 g8 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 5650U, R7 Pro 5850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 1Gbe on 645 only}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 13.3&quot; or 14&quot; 1080p - poor screens low nits and srgb score - 845 gets hot poor cooling - slim round ac -  keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Dev One || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD R7 5850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 2 internal sodimm slots - hp barrel ac - good repairability - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 845 g9 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;aMD 6000 series 6850u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 680m}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB4 thunderbolt type}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Qualcomm Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit aluminum case - 14in 1080p to 2140p 16:10 poor screen again - 2 internal ddr5 sodimm slots - usb-c ac - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====IBM/Lenovo====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Build quality (Lowest to highest) 

&lt;pre &gt;
iSeries
Edge 
Ideapad
Thinkpad - good cases and construction but electronic internals same as anyone else 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad 390X 390E (2626) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Neo Magic MM2200 with C400 P2-266 to P3 500MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|256AV or ESS Solo-1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad 600x || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440BX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Neomagic NM2360 MagicMedia 256ZX}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Crystal CS4297A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit a little support - earlier 600 and 600e were Pentium 2 based 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X20 (2662-32U) X21 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440 BX ZX DX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 with Cirrus Logic Crystal cs4281}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;no mini pci intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Thinkpad T20 (2647) T21 (26) T22 || 440BX || {{Maybe| }} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|Savage IX-MV (VESA only)}} || {{no|Cirrus Logic CS 4614/22/ 24/30}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || a little support - no audio 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A21e (2628, 2655) A22e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;440MX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati rage mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 Cs4299 CS4229}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 
|-
| Thinkpad T23 (2647) || i810 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Super Savage IX/C SDR (VESA only)}} || {{maybe|AC'97 CS4299}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel ICH3 PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Realtek RTL8180L others with bios hacking risky}} || || 2003 32bit with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X22 X23 X24 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATi Mobility M6 LY || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 CS4299 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 x 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel Pro 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Actiontec Harris Semi Intersil Prism 2.5 (X23 and X24 only) || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;with slice Ultrabase X2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A30 A30p || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon M6 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 CS 4299 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel Pro 100 ve || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A31 A31p R31 R32 T30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon 7500 or FireGL || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 Intel with AD1881A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes| Intel Pro 100 ve}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;[https://forums.lenovo.com/t5/Android-Ecosystem-Developers/AROS-An-operation-system-inside-Android/td-p/1441741 Icaros 1.5.2] || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Also tested with Icaros 2.0.3. 
|-
| Thinkpad X30 (2673) X31 (2884-xx2) X31t || i830 || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only Radeon M6 Mobility}} || {{yes|AC97 - AD1981B codec}} ||  {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{no|Cisco Aironet or Intel 2915 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 1.4 || sound bit distorted 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R50e R51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 855M use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;intel AC97 with AD1981B codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 100 VE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit - 
|-
| IBM Thinkpad T40 (2373) T41 T41p (2379) T42 T42p T43 T43p || Intel 8xx || {{partial|PIO}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI mobility 7500 9000 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 playback}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{no|e1000}} || {{Maybe|Intel 2200bg bios locked but possible AR5BMB-44 AR5212 FRU 39T0081 mini PCI}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2004 32bit 16v IBM plug - Centrino Needs ATA=nodma option - issues with the inner chip of the SMT BGA graphics chip 
|-
| Thinkpad X32 || i855 || {{yes|40, 60 or 80GB 2.5&quot; PATA HDD}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only ATI Mobility Radeon 7000 with 16MB}} || {{maybe| Intel AC'97 Audio with a AD1981B codec}} ||  {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Intel 1000}} || {{no|Intel 2200 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 2.1 || 2004 32bit - 12.1&quot; TFT display with 1024x768 resolution; 256 or 512MB PC2700 memory standard (2GB max) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X40 X40t by Quanta || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel 800 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel but most atheros with bios hacking - difficult though}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit last IBM design 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X41 (IBM) MT 1864 1865 2525 2526 2527 2528 x41t (Lenovo) MT 1866 1867 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel with single core 1.5 1.6 and tablet 1.2GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751M tg3}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel or MiniPCI Wi-Fi Atheros AR5BMB FRU 39T0081 but ordinary atheros 54meg needs risky bios hacking}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit - amongst first Lenovo design 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R52 (most 18xx) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R52 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1870 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ATi 200m  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|ATI}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751M tg3}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad T60 T60P 
* 64bit - 6 or 8 is 16:10 on T60/p, eg. 8742-CTO 15.4&quot; 
* 32bit - 1 and 2 are 14&quot;, 15&quot; 4:3, like 2007-YM3 or 1952-CTO 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;*any* T60/p will take a Core 2 Duo CPU with newer BIOS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA (2D) with &quot;p&quot; graphics card (ATi V5200 or V5250) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel ipw3945 ABG but atheros with Middleton's or Zender BIOS hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.4 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X60 x60s x60t tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AD1981 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 3945 ABG or fru 39T5578 Atheros 5K AR5BXB6 ar5007eg with bios hacking}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Icaros 1.4 || 2006 32bit - perhaps needs a zendered bios update but risky 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R60 R60e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 950 with optional radeon x1300 x1400 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with 1981HD codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel or Broadcom || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 3945 or atheros fru 39T5578 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Thinkpad T61 T61p without Middleton's or Zender BIOS || Core 2 Duo CPU T7300 T8300 || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || Intel GMA (2D), NVS 140m or Quadro FX 570M () || {{no|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || {{No|Intel but atheros with bios hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.6 || 2007 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X61 x61s X61T Tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 3100 (2D) slow 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AD1984 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;82566DM || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{maybe|Atheros AR5212 (some revisions use Intel WLAN runs very hot) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || 2007 64bit possible &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit ultrabook running very hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R61 R61i || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 965 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5787M || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Lenovo 3000 N200 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Santa Rosa || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || {{yes|Geforce 7300 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|Broadcom}} || {{no|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2007 64bit 3D graphics parts are supported but buggy.
|-
| Lenovo 3000 N200 / V200 || GM965 ICH9-M with Intel Mobile Core 2 Duo T5450 || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || {{yes|X3100 (2D)}} || {{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269VB or CX20549}} || {{yes| }} || {{no|BCM5906M}} || {{no|Intel 3965 / 4965AGN bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4.1 2.1 || bits of laptop works 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X300 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo Merom SL7100 1.2GHz  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1.8 inch || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel X3100}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio AD1984A || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 4965 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;13.3&quot; TFT 1440x900 (WXGA+) with LED backlight 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X301 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo Penryn SU9400 Su9600 with GM45 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1.8 inch micro SATA (uSATA) || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel X4500}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AD1984A || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 5xxx WiFi link 5100, 5150, 5300 and 5350 (WiMAX) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 WXGA+ (1440×900) LED backlight display -  2774 or 4057 Alps and 2776 Synaptics touchpad - optical bay interface is Legacy IDE (PATA) - Addonics ADMS18SA, Lycom ST-170m 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge 11″ AMD K325 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;M880G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA for ATI HD4200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{{{maybe|}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|8192CE (Realtek 8176) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;little support
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X100e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Neo Single-Core (MV-40) and dual cores || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|2.5in tray in ide mode in bios}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa ATI HD3200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with CX20582 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek r8192se bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 11.6in 1366 x 768 - 20v 65W round barrel - enter f1 setup f11 diagnostics f12 boot list - runs very warm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;SL400 SL500 || Intel  || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|IDE mode}} || {{Maybe|Nvidia 9400M}} || {{Maybe|ALC269}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{Maybe|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} ||  || 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;SL410 SL510 || 965  || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA X4500M (some 2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC269 codec - speaker and ear phones}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{yes|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} || [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=645774&amp;postcount=28 Icaros 1.3] || SL-410 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T400 ODM Wistron || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d - optional switchable Nvidia or ATi HD3470 untested}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Codec CX20561 (T400)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 20v lenovo plug - non-free firmware required iwlwifi 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T400s || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VSEA for Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with CX20585}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;non-free firmware required iwlwifi 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo T500 T510 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA for switchable Intel / AMD  HD 3640}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|Intel HD Audio with a CX20561 (t500) and CX20585 (T510) codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or Lenovo branded unit Atheros AR5007EG AR5BHB63 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X200 ODM Wistron [http://itgen.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/installing-arch-linux-on-lenovo.html X200s] and x200t tablet model without [http://fsfe.soup.io/post/590865884/the-unconventionals-blog-English-Flashing-Libreboot-on Risky flash of the Libreboot BIOS] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM45 GS45 with slow Celeron, SU or faster SL Core 2 Duos CPUs || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe||Intel GMA 4500 MHD 2D but slow software 3D tunnel 10 gearbox 8 tests}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel HD Audio with Conexant CX20561 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{{Yes|USB 2.0 USB SD card reads and writes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82567LM Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel Pro 5100 5150 5300 5350 AGN due to whitelist prevention bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 12.1&quot; CCFL (webcam version) or LED backlit (no webcam). no support for 54mm express cards or Authentec 2810 fingerprint reader - thinkpoint only no trackpad - thinklight - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo T410 T410s T410si || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;qm57 with i5 m || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use vesa Intel 5700MHD (Ironlake) core processor igp with optional Nvidia Quadro NVS 3100M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio Conexant CX20585 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82577lm gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel n 6200 or Atheros AR9280 AR5BHB92 half size minipcie detected bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 xmas || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit battery life much lower with Nvidia graphics version - no support firewire ricoh r5c832 - ricoh sd card - series 5 3400  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X201 X201s x201t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;QM57 Core i3 370m, i5 M520 2.4GHz or i7 620LM 2.0GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|vesa 2d on Intel GMA HD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel HD with [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=94.0 Conexant 20585] codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 X201 arrandale power consumption limits battery life to 3-4 hours for 48Whr though to 6 on 72Whr - 12.5&quot; WXGA 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T420 type 4180 4236 t420s  T520 4239 L520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i5 2540, 2520 or i7 2860QM 2620 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 136 x 768 - Intel HD 3000 with optional NVS 4200M Nvidia optimus or Radeon HD 565v }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only with Conexant CX20672 codec - AHI 6.27}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO 1000 82579LM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 1x1, Intel Ultimate-N 6205 6250 2x2 6300 3x3 all bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit add noacpi to grub boot options - screen 1600x900 or 1366x768 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad W520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 3000 with nvidia quadro 1000m 2000m}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel Hd with CX 20585 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82579 Lm}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6000s}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;optimus issues with Nvidia Intel hybrids unless bumblebee switching - 15.6&quot; TFT display with 1366x768 (HD), 1600x900 (HD+) or 1920x1080 (FHD) resolution with LED backlight 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X220 x220t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;QM67 express, dual i5 2520M or i7 dual 2620M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D 1024 x 768 for Intel HD Graphics 3000}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel HD playback with Conexant 20672 codec ear phones and speaker - AHI 6.27 6.34}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82579LM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205 Wi-Fi bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3, Aros One USB 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit possible - uses slimmer 7 mm storage sata devices - NEC USB 3.0 on i7's no support - unwanted trackpad gestures when palm rests on it - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots - external battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X120e, x121e Quanta FL8A DAFL8AMB8D0 Rev D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Hudson M1 with slow AMD E350 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;yes || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA ATI 0x9802}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI SBx00 Azalia HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8169 RTL8111  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom 0x0576 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 11.6 inch screen - 1 inch think - chiclet keyboard 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad S205 G575 G585 E325 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow E-350 later E-450 with A75 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA HD6310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit removeable and plug in battery - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad S206 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E300 1.3GHZ Dual || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with CX20672 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|3.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 11.6&quot; and integrated battery - Conexant® 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo x130e or x131e edu || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow AMD E-300 or E-450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon HD 6310 or 6320 }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio Realtek ALC269VC / ALC3202 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB 30 and USB 20}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111 RTL8168B || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8188CE or Broadcom BCM43228 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit rubber edged bumper for K12 education market - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T430 t430i T530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ivy bridge i5 3320 3230m on Intel QM77 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 1366 x 768 for Intel HD 4000 with optional Nvidia 5400M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 aka ALC269VC codec playback ear head phones - HDA 6.27}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2 ports and usb2.0 devices thru usb 3.0 ports}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel e1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or Atheros AR9285 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit fan noise and chiclet keyboard, synaptics trackpad - HD+ 1600x900 screen or normal 1366 x 768 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad L430 L530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel HM series 7 chipset i5 3210M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 4000}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with Realtek ALC269VC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8169 rtl810x || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 6205 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit alps trackpad - vkeyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad W530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel HM series 7 chipset i5 3210M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 4000 with Nvidia GK107GLM Quadro K2000M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 ALC269VC codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82579LM || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6300 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - ricoh sdxc slot - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X230 x230t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel QM67 express i5 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with ALC269 aka ALC3202}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|I}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 12.2 in 1366 x 768 - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots - external battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad T440 t440s t440p T540 L440 L540 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel haswell 8 series Core i3 to i7  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA - Intel 4600 or Nvidia}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with Realtek ALC3232 alc269 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 usb 3.0 and 2 usb 2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel AC 7260 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 14 and 15&quot; models with glitchy trackpad and no physical buttons - IPS options available - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X240 x240t ultrabook TN (20AL0081GE), HD IPS display without touch (20AL007NGE) and touch (20AL0076GE) but all 65% sRGB || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;haswell i7-4600U i5 4200U 4210U 4300U i3-4100U - two batteries, one internal 3cell 45N1110 (45N1111) or 45N1112 (FRU 45N1113) and external 3 / 6cell  45N1126 (FRU 45N1127) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in 7mm sata (torq t7), m.2 2242 in WWAN slot (m and b key NGFF Sata) || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for Intel 4400 for vga or mini-dp}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x8086 0x0a0c 0x9c20 with Realtek ALC3232 aka ALC292 0x10ec 0x0292}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel® 82577LM Gigabit (Hanksville) }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Intel 7260n I218-V or I218-LM bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 12.2in 1366 x 768 or 1080p - 1 ddr3l sodimm slot - no keyboard spill drainage and removal of all components to replace - lenovo rectangle pwr ac - TPM 1.2 - Bluetooth 4.0 no support - large touchpad with integrated but no physical buttons - bottom panel loosening 8 retained screws - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad T450 T450s t450p T550 L550 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i5 4300U i3 5010U i5 5200U 5300U i7 5500U 5600U soldered || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 5500 5600 with optional nvidia 940M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD Audio with ALC3232 codec Realtek ALC3232 0x10ec 0x0292}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|3 USB 3.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Wireless AC 7265 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 14&quot; 1366 x 768, 1600 x 900 or IPS 1920x1080 - Broadwell - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad x250 x250t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i3 5010U i5 5200U 5300U i7 5600U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|2.5in 7mm or m.2 2242 sata (m and b key)}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with Realtek ALC3232 codec / Intel HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|up to 3 USB 3.0 partly boots from usb but stops waiting for usb}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel I218 extension port}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel AC 7265 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.0 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 1366 x 768, 1920 × 1080 12.5&quot; screen - Fn and F1 for setup bios - F12 boot options - 1 ddr3l sodimm slot - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad E540 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel gfx}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio with Conexant CX20751-21Z codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB2 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 8111gus}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel Wireless-N 7260 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 15.6in 1376 x 786 - plastic construction - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge E135 E335 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd dual E-300, E2-1800 or E2-2000 slow atom like A68M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|SATA 3.0Gb/s 2.5&quot; wide 7mm high}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA radeon 6310 or 7340 vga or hdmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3202 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 usb3, 1 powered usb2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 8111f}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek WLAN whitelist bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 11.6 inch to 13.3in 1366x768 - Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) plastic case - external battery - 20v 65w lenovo barrel ac - 2 ddr3 sodimm 8Gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;x140e E145 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E1 2500 dual or A4 5000 apu quad BGA769 (FT3) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon 8260 or 8330}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek ALC269VC aka ALC3202 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111F or Broadcom || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8188CE 11b/g/n  or FRU Intel version}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 11.6&quot; 1366x768, non-glare and Broadcom bluetooth - education student market rugged model - both CPUs soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad Edge E525 E535 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-3420M A8-3500M later A8-4500M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD 6620G later 7640G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Conexant codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB2 but not usb3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 15.6in 1368 x 768 matt - 65W 20v lenovo round psu - thick desktop replacement - ThinkPad Edge E520 E520S E525 E530 E545 E535 E530C Laptop Keyboard swap - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad Edge E545 
* key cap swap with E440 E531 E540 E545 L440 L450 T431S T440S T440P T540 
* Keyboard swap L540 T540p W540 Edge E531 E540 W541 T550 W550S L560 P50S T560 04Y2426 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Socket FS1r2 A6-5350M (2c2t) or A8-4500M, A8-5550M, A10-5750M (4c4t) with A76M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5 inch 7mm 9.5mm bios config, sata into compatibility and security, secure boot disabled || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD 7640G, 8450G, 8550G, 8650G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VOID 6.3 for HDAudio Conexant 20671 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|boots pen drives but USB3 no}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 1GbE 8111F}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.3 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 matt heavy desktop replacement - 20v 65w 90w round lenovo plug psu - 2 DDR3 SODIMM slots stacked up to 16GB Max - external 6 Cell Li-Ion Battery 48Wh - removable mini sata DVD burner - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery in wifi area jp1202 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo G505s || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A8 5550M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 8550M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Qualcomm Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 15.6&quot; - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad Flex 15D 20334 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD a6 5200, e1 2100,  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 8169 rtl810x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 9k whitelist for wifi swap}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo B50-45, G50-45 80E3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A8-6410 (2c), A6-6400 (2c), AMD A8 (4c), AMD A4-6300 (2c), AMD E2-6200 (2c), AMD E1-6050 (2c) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|I}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 15.6&quot; 1366 x 768 - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E455 E555 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-7000 A8-7100 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R5 }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8723BE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 14 or 15.6in - 2 DDR3L slots max 16G - no TPM - keyboard swap - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Z40-75 Z50-75 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A10-7300 4c 4t || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R6 6CUs}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - heavy - external battery - slim box lenovo ac - dvdrw - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;lenovo yoga 510-14ast 8059,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A6-9210 A9-9410 and Intel Xeon E3-1200 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 45w 20v round barrel 4.0 * 1.7mm fits Yoga 310 510 520 710 - Harman Audio - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;V110-15AST || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A9-9410 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 20v lenovo slim box ac - keyboard repair / swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E465 E565 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-8500P 8600P A8-8700P || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6&quot; 1366 x 768 to 1080p IPS - Polycarbonate, ABS Plastic shell casing - internal battery - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
*ThinkPad A275 12in (1 ddr4 2666MHz sodimm) 
*Thinkpad A475 14in (2 ddr4 2666MHz sodimm) - both internal (main) and external (secondary) battery 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A10-8730B A10-9700B 2.500Ghz later A12-8830B A12-9800B (all 4c4t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|Sata3 port for 7mm 2.5in ssd hdd but only after setup in other machines - WWAN slot cannot use M.2 2242 sata with M and B key}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R5 or R7}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 6.34 ahi with ALC3268 codec - VOID even with QUERY / QUERYD added}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB3 bios startup set to legacy, starts to boot pendrives but stops, usb mouse not detected}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 RTL8111EPV, shell pinging google.com works but apps like OWB start when copied to RAM: and run from there}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE WLAN whitelist locked cannot swap}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;{{No|AROSOne USB 1.8 with noacpi added to grub2 line then waiting for bootable media (kitty eyes)}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit 12 or 14in 1366 x 768 poor screen - 45W or 65w lenovo rectangle ac adapter - F1 enter bios and F12 boot order - 6 retained screws and snap on base - secure boot disabled - keyboard swap not easy - 2100 error message no solution except using only efi/gpt bios option - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo LAPTOP V145-15AST Ideapad V145 81mt, Ideapad 310, Ideapad 320-15ABR, 330-14AST 330-15AST 330-17AST || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9225, A9-9425, A10-9600P 7th Gen, AMD A12-9720P Mobo 5B20P11110 NMB341 Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon 8670A 8670M 8690M GCN 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377 or Realtek RTL8821CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 15.6&quot; - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo V330-14ARR 81B1, Ideapad 330s 15ARR,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;R3 2200U, 2300U or R5 2500U Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3, 6 or 8 GCN5 with VCN1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek 1GbE but not on 330s}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14&quot; 20mm thick 1.8kg - 20v 2.25a 45w ac round barrel - chiclet keyboard - 4Gb soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm - TPM 2.0 in bios - battery internal about 30whr - 4GB soldered - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge E485 E585 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;R3 2300U R5 2500U R7 2700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;possibly all thinkpads after 2018, are universal USB-C charger - internal battery only - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad A285 A485 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen PRO 5 2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata port and m.2 sata ngff port || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm - WLAN whitelist no more??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 1080p - usb-c charging - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - internal and external battery - watch for bios setting [https://github.com/PSPReverse/PSPTool AMD PSP Platform Security Processor Key] - WWAN whitelist - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Yoga 530-14ARR 81H9 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;R5 2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in 1080p - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E15 Gen 2 (AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 15.6in - TPM 2.0 - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad C340-13AP1, IdeaPad S340-14API C340-14API || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;R3 3200U, R5 3500U, R7 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3, 8, 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 13in convertible - 14&quot; laptop - 4GB soldered - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo V14-ADA, V15-ADA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 3150U, 3250U, Ryzen 5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD + 1x M.2 SSD NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in - internal battery - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad E495, Lenovo V155 81V5,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 3200U r5 3500U, R7 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3 or 6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek or Qualcomm || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 1080p - ddr4 soldered with 1 dimm slot - 20v small round ac jack - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad L340 81LW001CUS PC IdeaPad S540-14API  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|3.1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RTL8822BE AC (1×1)}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T295 T495 T495s X395 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 3300U, R5 Pro 3500U or R7 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 6, 8 or 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC328 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111EP not on slim T495s}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE or Intel AC 9260}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14in 1366 x 768 to FHD 1080p - internal battery - ram 8gb or 16gb soldered with 1 ddr4 slot on T495 only - TPM 2.0 - usb-c charging - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkPad T14, Lenovo L14 Gen 1 AMD,   || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 7 Pro 4750U 1.7GHz, Ryzen 5 Pro 4650U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R5 }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - universal USB-C charger - 14&quot; 1080p - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkPad X13 Gen1 AMD version || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD RYZEN 3 4450U, 5 4650U or 7 4750U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;One drive, up to 512GB M.2 2242 SSD or 1TB M.2 2280 SSD NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA Radeon}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111EPV, mini RJ-45 to RJ-45 via optional ThinkPad Ethernet Extension Adapter Gen 2 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek Wi-Fi 6 RTL8852AE,  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 13.3&quot; HD 1366x768 to 1080p - USB-C psu - Memory soldered to systemboard, no slots, dual-channel DDR4-3200 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad 5 14ARE05 (81YM) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 4300U 4500u 4700u on AMD Promontory/Bixby FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x M.2 2242 slot and 1x M.2 2280 NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 6 hdmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB 3.1 gen 1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel ax200 wifi 6}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit 14in and 15.6 inch mid srgb display - usb-c psu - ram soldered non-upgrade - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad Flex 5 81X2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD R5 4500u, R7 4800U, R3 5300 R5 5500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 NVMe ssd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC? codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3.1 gen 1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|realtek ac wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit abs plastic case 14in convertible 1080p touch low nits - 65w usb-c psu ac - possible wacom esr note taking pen supplied - ram soldered DDR4 - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad X13 Gen 4 (13&quot; AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 7480 7040 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad X13 Gen 4 (13&quot; AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 7480 7040 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2024 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====Samsung====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;2%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP-Q1 Q1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron-M 353 ULV 600Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1.8&quot; SFF HDD 20 / 60 GB }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D opengl1 tunnel 95 gearbox 68}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec - head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Yes|Atheros 5006EX}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit old style tablet UltraMobile PC UMPC - Wacom serial resistive pen or finger no support - 1 sodimm ddr2 max 1Gb - LCD 7&quot; WVGA (800 x 480) - CompactFlash port Type II - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP Q1U Ultra Mobile PC UMPC Q1F NP-Q1-F000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel A100 600 / A110 Stealey 800 MHz CPU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D and 3D opengl1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio 1986}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros 5006EX}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit 1024×600 - sd card slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP P500 family P500Y || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD with SB600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Ati x1250}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| Audio with  codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8039 yukon}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|Atheros G}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit possible - 15.4 tft display - cheap plastic okay build - 19v propriety end - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R505 R510 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros G || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R520 R522 R610H R620 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Mobile Core i3 Intel PM45 82801M ICH9-M|| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4650 (RV730)  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC272  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell Yukon 88E8057 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR5007EG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64 bit possible 
|-
| NP-R530 ||  || {{N/A}} || {{partial|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Marvell}} || {{no|Atheros AR9285}} || Icaros 1.5.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung R730 17.3 Essential Notebook NP-R730-JA02UK, NP-R730-JA01SE, R730-JT06 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel HM55 Dual Core T4300 i3-370M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for Intel 4500MHD and GeForce G 310M with 1 VGA, 1 HDMI}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio ALC??? codec Realtek}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell Yukon 88E8059 PCI-E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom, Intel or Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods ISO 2023-11 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit - 17.3in HD 1280 x 720 pixels low contrast or some 1600x900 - 2 DDR3 sodimm slots - 2.84 kg 6.26 lbs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Samsung-305U1A-A01DE-Subnotebook.68246.0.html Series 3 Samsung 305u1a] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Zacate E350 or E450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC ACL 269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4313 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP-RV415 NP-RV515 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E350 or E450 plus A50M chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD 6470 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111 8168B || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR9285 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit slow -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Series 5 NP535U3C || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A6-4455M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit slow - 13.3in 1368 x 768 - plastic build - 65w 19v psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;series 3 NP355V5C || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A6-4400M, A8-4500M, A10-4600M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;7640M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - 15.4in 1368 x 768 - plastic build - 65w 19v psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung ATIV Book 9 Lite NP905S3G || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-1450 quad 1GHz Temash atom like || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;128gb || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8250 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek rtl8169 but only with mini LAN AA-AE2N12B Ethernet Adapter RJ45 dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR9565 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 13.3 TN glossy 1366 x 768 200nits 60% srgb - plastic case - 26W battery built in with 4hr life - 19V 2.1A 3.0*1.0mm psu - 1 ddr3l slot max 4gb - 720p webcam - mini hdmi out - 1w speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Toshiba====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of Build Quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Equium 
Satellite (Pro) 
Libretto 
Portege
Tecra
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Tecra 8100 8200 9000 || 440BX || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Savage MX 3D (VESA only)}} || {{no|Yamaha DS-XG ymf744 ymf-754}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.5 || little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra 9100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;810 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|S3 Savage IX}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ymf754}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;eeee pro100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PSU Adapter For Toshiba Tecra 9000 9100 A1 A10 A11 A3 A3X A4 A5 A7 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M7 M9 R10 S1 series 75 Watt 15V 5A
|-
| [http://tuxmobil.org/toshiba_sp4600.html Satellite Pro 4600] || i810 || IDE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Trident Cyber Blade XP (VESA only)}} || {{no|YAMAHA DS-XG AC97 ymf754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel e100}} || {{no|Agere (internal PCMCIA)}} || || little support 
|-
| Satellite 2805 S603 || Intel 815 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|nVidia GeForce2 Go}} || {{no|Yamaha Corp YMF 754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} || {{dunno}} || || little support
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A10 S167 S1291 - A15 A20 A25 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GM or Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 2100, Agere or Atheros PA3399U 1MPC minipci}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;a few models came with antenna leads 
|-
| Satellite [http://eu.computers.toshiba-europe.com/innovation/jsp/SUPPORTSECTION/discontinuedProductPage.do?service=EU&amp;com.broadvision.session.new=Yes&amp;PRODUCT_ID=76230 A30-714] || P4-M / 82845 i845 || {{yes|82801}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|RTL8139}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || nice laptop, drawbacks: heavy, really hot (P4-3.06 GHz!!) - A30 (EU) A33 (Australian) A35 (USA) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A40 A45 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - A40 S161 A40-S1611 A40-2701, A45-S120 A45-S1201 S130 S1301 S1501  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite a50 A55 a60-s156 Equium A60 PSA67E A65 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A70 A75-S206 A80 A85-S107 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron-M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - 
|-
| Toshiba Satellite Pro M30 || intel 855 || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma option}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100 VE}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.5 || nice laptop with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Portege M300 - M200 tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855GM with 1.2GHz Pentium M 753 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d only - tablet with nvidia 5200 go}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra M2 M2-S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855P Pentium-M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nvidia fx go5200 32mb or 64mb agp || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 1981B || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel Pro || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - PSU 15V 5A - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro L20 267 (PSL2YE PSL2XE) PSL25E L30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron M 370 1.4 1.5GHz, 1.73Ghz with RC410M SB400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati x200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|[https://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-490297-start-0.html ALC861]}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Boots usb sticks}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8139 Realtek 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros mini-pci should work maybe not working with ATi chipset or need to swap??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 14&quot; pioneer dvd-rw - 19v 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L30 PSL30E L33 PSL33E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 800 or ATi RC410 x200 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 AD1981B or HD Audio ALC861 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;L30 PSL30L 101 PSL33E 113 115 134 00M019 - 
|-
| Satellite Pro M40 313 psm44e || AMD with Ati || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|}} || {{maybe|atheros askey ar5bmb5 mini pci}} || || 2005 32bit - nice laptop with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L40 PSL40E PSL40L, PSL43E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with  U7700 1.3GHz ULV || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR24xx Askey || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit only -  - 12X 13G 139 14B 143 15J 19O  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L45 PSL40U S7409 S2416 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with Celeron M 440 1.86 GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR24xx Askey || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia G72M Quadro NVS 110M GeForce Go 7300 / Ati (PSAA3E)|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC861 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 swap with atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A110 159 (PSAB0), Equium A110 (PSAB2E), Satellite A110 233 (PSAB6),  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC861 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8136 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A120 PSAC0 PSAC1 PSAC1E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Solo GMA 950 to T2300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC262 or AC97 AD1981B || &lt;!--USB--&gt;UHCI EHCI  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros Ar5001 or Intel or Broadcom || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15V 4A charger - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A120 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo ATi RS480 + SB450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA - ATI RC410 Radeon Xpress 200M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC262 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;OCHI UHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 or Atheros Ar5001 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15v 5a proprietary charger needed 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satelite A130 PSAD6U || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;ST1311 s1311 ST1312 S2276 S2386  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A135 S2686 (Compal LA 3391P) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;S2246 S2346 S2256 S4477 S4666 S4827  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A200 PSAE1E (Inventec MW10M) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M with 945GM Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D)}}|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio ALC862}}|| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|RTL8101E}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000 - FN,F5 or FN,F8 or switch}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Excellent 32 bit support! - Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz or Pentium® Core Duo T2130 1.86 GHz - make sure that your WLAN card is enabled, do this using the hardware switch and FN+F8 key combination 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; A210, Satellite A215 AMD (Inventec 10A) S5808 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Ati with SB690 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA HD2600 Mobility M76}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC268 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;A215-S7422 A215-S7472 A215-S4697 (USA) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=62036 A215 S4757] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Ati X1200 with SB600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra A10 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|Intel GMA 4500M (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO 1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel WiFi Link 5100}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64 bit possible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;L35 - L40 PSL48E - L45 S7423 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GL960 with Intel Celeron || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|X3100 some 2D but software 3d tunnel 9 gearbox 4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC660 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|REALTEK 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8187b replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1,73Ghz  M 520 or M 540 or Dual T2310 (1.46 GHz)  T2330 (1.6 GHz) - 14H 14N 15B 17H 17K 17R 17S 18Z - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite a300 - inventec potomac 10s pt10s A300D 21H || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3650 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio - Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5005 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite L300D-224 PSLC8E PSLC9E, l305 (inventec ps10s) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD M780 with Turion RM70 or QL-64 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{yes|SATA}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA for Radeon 3100}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC268}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros G XB63L or Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros Dekstop Live 2.3 AROS One 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Wireless-handler crashing when using Atheros-Wireless-Card
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite l300-1bw PSLBDE-005005AR, L300-148 PSLB0E, l300-20D PSLB8E-06Q007EN, l300-294 L300-23L PSLB9E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel GM45 + PGA478 socket Celeron 900, Pentium T1600, T2390, T3400 (Socket P) to Core2 Duo T6400 T6670 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{unk|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{unk|SATA}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA for Intel gma 4500M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC???}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{unk|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{unk|rtl8169 Realtek 810xE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64-bit  - new unfamiliar Bios called insyde H20 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite l350d || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon (tm) X2 QL-60 + RS780M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8187b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L450 12 13 14 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Sempron, 2.1GHz with AMD RS780M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 3200 (based on HD 2400) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8172 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;12X 13P 13X 14V PSLY6E00C006EN 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro L450 (Compal LA-5821P) 179 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel celeron 900 2.20 Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 4500m || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101 /2 /6E PCI Express Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;RTL8191 SEvB || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;39.6cm (15.6”) Toshiba TruBrite® HD TFT High Brightness display with 16:9 aspect ratio internal resolution 1366 x 768 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;L755D (E-350) L750D (E-450) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 6310 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro SP C640 C660D-15X (PSC1YE) C670D- () || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E350 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6310G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Realtek ALC259 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 zacate 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Toshiba Satellite C660D-19X || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E-300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;r8169 rtl8101e || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8188 8192ce rtl8192ce  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;C70D-A C75D-A || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E1-1200 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD HD8330 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HA Audio CX20751 11Z || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8162 alx}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8188e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satelite Pro C40D-A C50D-A C55D-A || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow E1 2100 or faster A4 5000 kabini || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;8330 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Realtek ALC269Q || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|AR8162}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8188EE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satelite S50D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A10-5745M (4c4t), A8-5545M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 8550M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;REaltek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8188E || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 15.6in 2.38kg and 24mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satelite C50DT-B-107 PSCN6E M50DT-A-210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A8-6410 A6-5200 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R3 R5 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;REaltek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8188E || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 15.6 Inch Touchscreen 1366 x 768 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L50D-C-13G || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A10-8700P 6th Gen || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R6 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sharp formerly 80% Toshiba Computers || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;dynabook formerly 20% Toshiba PC, Satellite Pro C40D C50D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel i? or AMD Ryzen || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14in and 15.6in - ddr4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====Misc====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Time 500 Packard Bell EasyOne 1450 1550 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;K6-3 500Mhz + VIA MVP4 vt82c686a || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|Issues}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA AC97 3058 with wolfson  codec WM9703 WM9704 WM9707 WM9708 or WM9717}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;via 3038 2 ports USB 1.1 untested || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;NB May 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit grub runs but stalls around [PCI] Everything OK 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio PCG FX201/FX202 FX210/FX215 FX401/FX402 FX404/FX405 972M, FX501/FX502 FX504/FX505, FX601/FX602, FX604/FX605 FXA53(US), FX701/FX702, FX704/FX705, FX801/FX802 FX804/FX805 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;[http://gaugusch.at/vaio/ FX] [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/FX210/ Sony Yahoo Group] VIA KT133A KM133 Duron 800Mhz Athlon 1.3Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{partial|boot issue with 2013 kernel VIA [rev 06]}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI Rage Mobility Pro (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|VIA AC97 686b [rev 50] AD1881A Ear phone and Mic}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|UHCI [rev 1a]}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Nightly 1st March 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;booting usb pendrive from Plop Boot Loader floppy (no bios USB boot). Can freeze coz hardware issue or a ram slot problem - no support for iLink firewire VT8363/8365 pci - vt82c686b 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio PCG FX100 R505LE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i815 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA Intel 82815 CGC || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel ICH AC97 with ADI AD1881A codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PCG-FX105 FX105K PCG-FX108 FX108K PCG-FX109 FX109K FX200 FX203/FX203K FX205 FX205K FX209 FX209K FX220 [http://juljas.net/linux/vaiofx240/ FX240] FX250 FX270 FX290 FX301 FX302 FX340 FX370 FX390 FX403 FX503 FX950
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| Sony [http://www.trustedreviews.com/laptops/review/2004/06/03/Sony-VAIO-VGN-X505VP-Ultra-Slim-Notebook/p1 VAIO VGN X505VP] || Pentium M ULV and Intel 855GM || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Intel 855 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{N/A}} || || 2004 32bit - 0.38 inches at its thinnest point - first laptop to feature a &quot;chiclet&quot; keyboard resemble Chiclets gum - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Z505LE Z505JE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;n/a || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Rage Mobility M1 AGP mach64 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;no Yamaha DS-XG PCI YMF744 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 8255x based PCI e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;n/a || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-18 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|gma for i915}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 SigmaTel}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|usb2 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8139C}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel swap for atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' D02 test || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-29 CF-30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 SigmaTel || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139C || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Microstar PR210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA ATi RS690M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio through speaker / head phones but not hdmi}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8111 8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR242x AR542x aw-ge780 mini pci-e || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - ENE PCI based SD card with no bios boot option 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Advent 7106 EAA-88 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M 1.7GHz with 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D and 3D tunnel 187 gearbox 67}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 Intel ICH6 with Conexant Cx20468 31 codec playback head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200BG Fn/F2 replaced with atheros mini pci in small base panel - startup errors in wireless manager}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; cheap rubbish sadly - fan noise through audio channel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Motion Computing LE1600 PC Slate || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;915 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 SigmaTel STAC9758 9759  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 serial Wacom digitiser not usb
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-51 CF-P1 CF-T5 CF-Y2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio VGN UX1XN UMPC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Solo U1500 1.33GHz with 945GM chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1.8 inch ZIF || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945GMS || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell Yukon 8036 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;32bit only - 4.5 inch screen ultra mobile PC 
|-
| Sony Vaio VGN SR29VN || Intel ICH9 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy}} || {{partial|ATI HD 3400 (VESA only)}} || {{partial|HD Audio (too quiet)}} || {{yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 8040}} || {{no|Intel 5100}} || Icaros 1.5 || 2007 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Wyse XM Class DELL WYSE Xn0m LAPTOP || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD T-G56N 1.6 1.65Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;decased 2.5in ssd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only AMD 6320}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|EHCI 2.0 with NEC uPD720200 USB 3.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek rtl8169 8111E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 93xx}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 1366 x 768 14&quot; - 2 ddr3l slots max 16gb - 19v coax barrel plug psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Huawei Matebook D KPL-W00 Honor Magicbook 2018 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|AMD Vega 8 use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|3.1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 14inch 1080p - internal battery - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Avita Pura 14 AVITA-PURAR3, AVITA-PURAR5 Hong Kong tech giant Nexstgo || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen R3 3200U, R5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 (R3) 7 (R5) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit 1,920 x 1,080 14in IPS but dim 194cd/m² and 59.4% of the sRGB colour gamut - 1 ddr4l sodimm slot - keyboard issues keyboard repair swap requires removal of all - components - flexible plastic build - 3 hr battery internal - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Avita Liber V 3200U Ryzen 5 3500U, Avita Admiror 14 R7 3700U (UK only) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - better build but same 3 hr battery - 14&quot; 1080p screen IPS 80% sRGB gamut - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Huawei Matebook D 15 14 AMD KPR-WX9 Honor Magicbook WAQ9AHNR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 3500U 4700U 5500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|AMD Vega 8 use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3.1 gen 1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel or Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 2020 budget model - f6.5 recessed webcam - internal 42W later 56W battery - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Xiaomi Redmibook 16 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 7 4700U with FCH 51 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SSD 3 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon RX Vega 7 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|3.1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8821CE wifi || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit metal 16.1 IPS 99% srgb 240 nits - 46whr battery - no webcam - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


===Netbook=== 

[[#top|...to the top]]

* One of the better options if re-partitioning of the hard disk is not suitable or wanted is to go with AROS hosted i.e. run a small linux distro and host AROS on top. AROS can exist on a Windows(TM) install as well. See here for more information [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=779.0 Linux hosted] and [ Windows hosted] with downloads here [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php AROS download page] 
* installation needs an USB optical drive or an USB pen drive (see below) 
*  PC with CD or DVD to install to a USB pendrive for boot purposes on a netbook 
* SD card sometimes can [ boot] like Dell 2100,  EeePC 1001P, ASUS EeePC 900, acer aspire one d150, MSI Wind U100, 

[http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/Audio-Codec-Comparison-Table/520 Audio Codecs] 


====Acer Packard Bell Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Aspire One AOA110 (A110) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D and 3D) tunnel 99 and gearbox 84 score}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{Yes|RTL8101E - rtl8169}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} atheros 5k || AspireOS 1.8 || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel A13-045N2A 19V2.37A 45W 5.5x1.7mm - 
|-
| Aspire One AOA150 (A150) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and accelerated 3D with tunnel 99 and gearbox 84.1 result}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{Yes|RTL8101E - rtl8169}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} atheros 5k || AspireOS 1.8 || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD150 D150 (Compal LA-4781P), AOD110 D110 (ssd) || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HDAudio with alc272}}] || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 l1e}} || {{Maybe|AR5007EG AR5BXB63 works but Broadcom BCM4312 has no support}} || Icaros Desktop 1.3 || 2008 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD250 D250 emachines em250 || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|alc272 HD Audio}}  || {{Yes}} || {{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|BCM4312 or Atheros AR5B95}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2009 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire AO532H (Compal LA-5651p) 533H Pineview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 9k}} || [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=5968 Tested AspireOS June 2011] || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;emachines eM350 NAV51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with N450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 3150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with   codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Single core 64bit - 160GB HDD 1GB RAM 10.1&quot; LED backlit screen and  Webcam - 3 cell li-ion battery for 3 hours usage - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;emachines eM355 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with N455 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit support possible - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One 533 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D 0x8086 0xa011}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| ALC272 codec ich7}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8152 v1.1 1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4313}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1 and AROS One 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - f2 setup - 10.1inch 1024 x 768 - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD255 AOD255e AOD260 AOHAPPY (Compal LA-6221P) || N570 and Nm10 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|SATA}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 3150}} || Audio || USB || {{No|Atheros AR8152 V1.1 (1lc)}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || || a little support 
|-
| Aspire One 522 AO522 (Compal LA-7072p) || 1GHz dual C50 or C60 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (ATI 9804) or 6290 || ATI SB CX20584 HD Audio || USB || Atheros 8152 v2.0 l1c || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros ath9k}} || ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AAOD270 Aspire One D270 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2600 Cedarview || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D on Intel GMA 3650}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8169 RTL8101E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 but swap for Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit atom - ddr2 so-dimm 2gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One AO532G (Compal LA-6091p) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One D257 (Quanta ZE6) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire One 722 AO722 P1VE6 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD C60 with SB900 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| use VESA Ati 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec but no Wrestler HDMI output}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros AR8152 v2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One AO721 (Wistron SJV10-NL) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AO751 AO751H (Quanta ZA3) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 + || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|legacy}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}}|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC272X || &lt;!--USB--&gt; USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Atheros l1e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros 9k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .SE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA950 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC|| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .S2 NAV50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel X3150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot M/A || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1.2GHz Athlon L110 + RS690E || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy mode? || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD ATI Radeon Xpress X1270 (VESA only) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ATI SBx00 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Asus Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 700 701 2G 4G 8G Surf || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 2D and 3D tunnel 68 gearbox 43 on 701 800x480}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Yes| }} [http://beta.ivancover.com/wiki/index.php/Eee_PC_Internal_Upgrades AR5007EG] (AR2425) - [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=32391&amp;forum=28&amp;start=20&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583583 works] || NB 2013 and 2.1.1 (best) and 2.1.2 || Power supplies fail due to bad caps issue 9.5V 2.5A - 
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 701SD || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{No|RTL8187SE swap with Atheros 5k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || Boot issues] but does boot with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll.  
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 900 || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D, 3D in some models)}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio]}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Maybe|depends on chipset}} [http://beta.ivancover.com/wiki/index.php/Eee_PC_Internal_Upgrades AR5007EG] (AR2425) - [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=32391&amp;forum=28&amp;start=20&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583583 works] but not RaLink || AspireOS 1.7 || Boot issues] but does boot with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll. 900's may need BIOS upgrade to boot usb optical drives. 3D available in some and not all model revisions 
|-
| eeePC 900A || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (3D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Atheros L1e [1969 1026]}} || {{Yes|Atheros 5k AR242x}} || Nightly Build 2012 05-25 ||
|-
| eeePC 901 1000 || 945GM || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros L1E (AR8121 AR8113 AR8114)}} || {{No|RaLink Device 2860 swap with Atheros 5k}} || Icaros 1.4 ||
|-
| eeePC Seashell 1000HA 1000HE 1008 1005HA || N280 + Intel GMA950 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{Maybe|Realtek but not Atheros AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|Atheros AR9285 swap with Atheros 5k}} || Aspire OS 1.6 ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;eeePC 1001ha || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC269 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Attansic Atheros AR8132 l1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RaLink RT3090 swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| eeePC 1001P T101MT 1005PX 1005PE 1015PE Pineview || NM10 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || {{No|Atheros AR8132 (l1c)}} || {{No|Atheros AR928x 802.11n}} || Icaros 1.3.3 ||
|-
| EeePC 1015B 1215B || single C30 or dual C50 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{partial|AMD 6250 (VESA only)}} || ATI SBx00 HD Audio || USB || {{No|AR8152 v2.0 atl1c}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 [14e4 4727]}} || ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Flare X101CH Cedarview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2600 + N10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 6300 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Flare 1025CE 1225CE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2800 + N10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Dell Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Inspiron 910 Mini 9 PP39S || GMA945 || {{Maybe|STEC P1850 revC 0X422G 16GB IDE PATA 1.8in ZIF SSD very slow}} || {{N/A| }} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D opengl1}} || {{yes|ALC268 HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2 boots and works}} || {{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8102E}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4310 and 4312 swap with atheros 5k}} || tested with ICAROS 1.3 but later do not fully boot up || 2009 32bit - 9inch 1024x600 screen - 1 ddr2 sodimm slot max 1gig 2rx16 - 19v 1.58a - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini 10 1010 PP19S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom Z520 Z530 Intel US15W Poulsbo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel GMA 500 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or BCM4312}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - 10.10 inch 16:9, 1366 x 768 glossy - 28whr or 56wHr battery options - 
|-
| [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupport/Machines/Netbooks#Dell%20Mini%2010v%20(Inspiron%201011) Mini 10v 1011] [http://wiki.debian.org/InstallingDebianOn/Dell/InspironMini10v ] || Intel 950 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ide legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}}  || HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8102E 8103E}} || {{no|Dell 1397 Wireless}} || || 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron Mini 1018 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio head phones only - speaker and micro phone do not work}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RTL8188CE or AR928X}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.5.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 
|-
| Latitude 2100 || Intel Atom N270 N280 1.60Ghz GMA 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|set to IDE in bios as ahci not working || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D with tunnel 98 and gearbox 84)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC272 codec}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5764M}} || {{No|Intel 5100 or BCM4322 DW 1510 half height mini pcie use small Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AspireOS 1.8, Icaros 2.1.1 and AROS One USB 2.4 || 2009 32bit ddr2 sodimm max 2G - [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone/about-aspire-one Webcam and card reader not working] lcd cable over hinge an issue - f12 bios and boot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude 2110 2120 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N470 1.83Ghz, N455 1.6Ghz, N550 1.5Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|ATA mode in bios not ahci}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 3150 2D only}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit ddr2 sodimm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====HP Compaq Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| HP Mini 2133 || VIA C7-M P4M900 / 8237 VX700 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|VIA Chrome 9 HC (VESA only)}} || VT1708/A HD Audio || USB || {{no|Broadcom Corp NetXtreme BCM5788}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312}} || ||
|-
| HP mini 1000 Mi 2140 ks145ut || N270 + 945GM || {{N/A}} || SATA || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and opengl1 3d)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio (playback tested)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312 hard blocked}} || || 2011 32Bit - unable to change wifi card 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Mini 700 702 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + 945GSE || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio IDT 92HD75B (111d:7608, only playback tested)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom hard locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Compaq HP Mini 110 110-3112sa || 945GM Express || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio IDT STAC 92xx}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Atheros}} || {{no|Broadcom hard blocked Fn+F12}} || || 2011 32bit - unable to change wifi 
|-
| HP Mini 200 210 || 945GM NM10 Express || {{N/A}} || SATA || Intel GMA 950 || HD Audio || USB || RTL8101E RTL8102E || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard locked}} || ||
|-
| HP Mini 311 DM1 (Quanta FP7) || N280 + ION LE || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia Geforce ION || HD Audio || USB || eth || {{No|hard locked}} || ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====Lenovo Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| IdeaPad S9 S9e(3G) S10 S10e(3G) || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{no|ALC269 or SigmaTel HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Broadcom NetLink BCM5906M}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || || little support 
|-
| IdeaPad S12 ||  N270 + Nvidia ION LE MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || ALC269 HD Audio || USB || Broadcom || Intel hard blocked || || Does not boot - cause unknown 
|-
| S10-2 || 945GME and N280 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{no|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || Icaros 1.3 ||
|-
| S10-3 || NM410 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{no|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Atheros 9285 or Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || Icaros 1.3 ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad 100S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom Z36xxx Z37xxx Series SoC || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel SST Audio Device (WDM) || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek RTL8723BS hard blocked || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Samsung Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=616910&amp;topic_id=33755&amp;forum=28#616910 NC10] || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|SigmaTel HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{maybe|rtl8169 works but not Marvell 88E8040 sky2}} || {{yes|AR5007EG}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2009 32bit - Nano silver on keyboard and lcd ribbon cable over hinge issues 
|-
| [http://www.sammywiki.com/wiki/Samsung_NC20 NC20] || VIA VX800 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{maybe|VIA Chrome9 (VESA only)}} || ALC272 GR (VT1708A) HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{yes|Atheros AR5001}} || || 2009 32bit - little support 
|-
| N110 N120 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC272 HD Audio or ALC6628}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Realtek rtl8187}} || || 2009 32bit - some support - Namuga 1.3M Webcam none
|-
| N130 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{yes|SATA in IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and opengl 1.x 99.5 tunnel 99 gearbox}} || {{yes|Intel HD with ALC272 ALC269 codec playback}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL 8169.device - 8101e 8102e}} || {{no|rtl 8192se rtl8187 too small an area to swap for atheros 5k}} || || 2009 32bit - 10.x inch 1024 x 600 - Namuga 1.3M Webcam - front slide power on and f2 setup bios - keyboard 17.7mm Pitch is made with Silver Nano (Anti-Bacterial) tech - small touchpad - 1 ddr2 2rx16 sodimm slot 2G max - 44Wh
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Go NP-N310 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + 945GME || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|Atheros5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 32bit - N280 version changed specs 
|-
| N510 || N270 euro N280 uk + ION MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || HD Audio || USB || Marvell 88E8040 || Realtek 8192E || || Does not boot - cause unknown 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC110 Axx || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC269 codec A9M22Q2 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| NF210 Pineview || n455 or n550 + N10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA 3150 (needs retesting, VESA works)}} || {{yes|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || Wireless || || 2011 64bit - some support 
|-
| NP N145 Plus || n450 + NM10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || {{yes|Realtek HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Atheros AR9285}} || || 2010 some support but often the trackpad does not work 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NS310 NP-NS310-A03UK || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N570 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use Vesa 2d }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| ich7}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 realtek 810xe }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|bcm4313 }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom N570 or 1.5 GHz Intel Atom N550 dual core processor, 1 DDR3 sodimm slot memory, a 250GB hard drive, and a 10.1 inch, 1024 x 600 pixel 10.1&quot; W7St - 2300mAh short life - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Samsung_N150 N150] NB30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;MN10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9285 or Realtek 8192E}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;a little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.kruedewagen.de/wiki/index.php/Samsung_N220 N210 N220] N230 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;a little 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC110 Pxx Cedarview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6000g}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Toshiba Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NB100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|legacy}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|AR5001}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini NB200 series NB205 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 + GSE945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC272 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini 300 series NB305 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC272 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini 500 series NB505 NB520 NB550-10v || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8176 RTL 8188CE || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| [http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Toshiba-NB550D-AMD-Fusion-Netbook.46551.0.html Mini NB550D 10G] 108 (c30) 109 (c50) || C50 + M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (VESA only) || HD Audio || USB || Realtek 8111e rtl8169 || Atheros 9k || || 2011 64bit Realtek SD card reader 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Misc Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Cammy's A1600 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes}} || {{no|JMC 250/260}} || Wireless || Icaros 1.2.4 ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu Siemens Amilo Mini Ui 3520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--ACPI--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC269 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|AR5001}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;good 
|-
| Guillemot Hercules eCafe EC-900 H60G-IA], Mitac MiStation and Pioneer Computers Dreambook Light U11 IL1 || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RAlink RT2860}} || || Slowly gaining support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E2 24 48 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + NM10  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;IDE legacy mode || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Pineview Intel (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros l1c || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR9285 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| MSI Wind U90/U100 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio ALC888s (playback only?)}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RaLink RT2860 RT2700E or rtl8187se (u100x)}} || Icaros 1.3 ||
|-
| Advent 4211 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || Intel GMA950 (2D) || ALC HD Audio || USB || rtl8169 || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || || MSI U100 clone
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + GMA945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RaLink RT2860}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;MSI U100 clone 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Vaio VGN-P11Z
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Partial|Intel (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{no|Atheros AR928X}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 2.0.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Rarely boots!
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony VPC-W11S1E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 with 945GSE
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 - hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with realtek codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8132}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR9285 swap with 5k}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - 10.1&quot; 1366 x 768 glossy - 3hr battery life - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Archos 10 Netbook || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom with ICH7 NM10 945GSE || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{No }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Wind U135 DX MS-N014 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel N455 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D only accelerated}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ALC662 rev 1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|RTL}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR 9K}}  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;needs noacpi notls added to grub boot line to start up 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

===Desktop Systems===

[[#top|...to the top]]

Most Intel Atom and equivalent AMD Fusion CPUs / APUs are faster than Intel P3s but still some way short of P4 or Dual Core performance. 


====Acer====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.acer.com/ac/en/ID/content/support-product/486;-; Veriton X270 VTX270] Intel Core 2 Duo ED7400C or Pentium dual-core UD7600C with 630i 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d Nvidia 7100 VGA and HDMI connections}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|  with realtek codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|4 rear and 5 front}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe| nForce}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 dvd 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit capable but would not fully boot, DHCP address timeout too short and failed often. Put in a third party NIC, worked - 1 PCI Express x16 slot and a free PCI x1 slot - internal thin long psu with 12pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Imedia S1710 with Intel Dual Core E5200
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{Yes|SATA/AHCI}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|Native IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Nvidia nForce 7100}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|Nvidia MCP73}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{No|NVIDIA MCP73 Ethernet}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 14-09-2023, AROS One 2.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 2009 64-bit - Boot over USB not working on front - 2 DDR2 dual channel max 8GB - DEL for entering Bios - F12 for boot menu - Bus weird, could be reason for Ethernet issue 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Revo AR1600, R1600 AR3600, R3600 Packard Bell iMax Mini, ACER Veriton N260G N270G slim nettop subcompact 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9300M - nouveau 3d - '''when it boots''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with alc662 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB boot usb2 stick issues and slower with usb3 drives}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|MCP79 nForce}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit  Intel Atom 230 N280 - 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - very often boot stuck around ehciInit - DEL setup F12 boot options - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v special barrel size 5.5mm/1.7mm psu - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - atheros 5k AR5BXB63 wifi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Revo AR3610 R3610 3610 Atom 330 nettop subcompact dual core 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9400M LE MCP79MX - nouveau 3d - '''when it boots''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek alc662 rev1 alc662-hd later ALC885 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB with 1% chance boot with usb2 sticks, more issues with usb3 drives}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|RTL 8211CL MCP79 nForce}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 1.5, 1.6 and 2.4 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - boot often stuck around ehciInit, SATA, etc try ATA=off, non usb hub  keyboard,  - DEL bios setup, F12 BBS POPUP/drive boot - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v barrel psu with smaller inner pin size 5.5mm/1.7mm - replace wifi RT3090 ver c (linux) with atheros 5k - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;REVO AR3700 R3700 3700 Atom D525 dual core - ACER Veriton N282G 
*one long beep followed by two short, bios damaged 
*looping one long two short, a video card fault 
*two short beeps... CMOS damaged 
*got one long and one short beep... board error?
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE ready in Bios}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia ION2 GT218 ION vga fine '''but''' hdmi fussy over display used - nouveau 2d &amp; 3d gearbox 404 tunnel 292 teapot 48}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDA Intel with Realtek ALC662 rev1 codec, head phones only but nothing from NVidia HDMI}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Intel® NM10 Express (NM10 is basically an ICH7 with a die shrink and IDE removed) USB boots usb, installs usb, accesses ok}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111g}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS one USB 1.5 and 1.6 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - early 2 ddr2 sodimm slots but later 2 ddr3 sodimm slots 1Rx8 max 4GB - 19v barrel psu thinner pin - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - ACPI Suspend Mode = S1, S3 (STR), S4 - Power on PCIe 
* Known Acer issue, Boot into bios, set bios to UEFI and reboot, set bios back to defaults and reboot, blank display, repair with reflash of 8 pin Winbond W25Q socketed bios chip with ch341a using 2011/09/19 P01.B0L, 2011/05/09 P01.A4, 2011/05/03 P01.A3L, 2010/12/27 P01.A2L, 2010/12/27 P01.A2 amiboot.rom - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Revo 70 (RL70) with or without dvdrw 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6320 or 6310 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio ALC662-VCO-GR codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2, 1.1 Hudson D1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit AMD E450 1.65GHz - 19v 65w barrel psu thinner inner pin - 2 DDR3L single channel max 4GB - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - 1lr or 1.5 ltr dvdrw case 209.89 mm, (D) 209.89 mm, (H) 35.35 mm - del enter bios - 
|-
|}

====Asus====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;EEEbox B202
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA950  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel Azalia HDaudio with Realtek ALC662 or ALC888-GR CODEC 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 or JM250 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;internal 3 types of wifi chipset not supported 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Dell====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Precision 340
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{n/a}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{n/a}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 1.1 (UHCI)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|3Com}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dimension 2400
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 82845GL Brookdale G/GE (VESA 640x480 by 16)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Unk|AC97 with ADI codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom 440x 4401}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;[http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=832495 Icaros 1.4]
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Graphics chipset is capable of higher resolution.
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dimension 4600
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 (use rear black port)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.2
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 170L
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex GX260
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Optiplex GX270
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{partial|IDE mode}}
| {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| Icaros 1.5.2
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Optiplex GX280
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{partial|IDE mode}}
| {{maybe|Intel GMA (only VESA tested)}}
| {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| {{no|Broadcom}}
| Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex GX520
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{yes|Intel GMA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|Intel AC97 (no line-out)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 745
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|HD Audio (no volume control)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{partial|Only keyboard mouse (legacy mode)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 755
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.5.1
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Around 25 second delay in booting from USB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 990
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|non-RAID mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel HD (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 360
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|ordinary boot gives VGA mode only - VESA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio (Analog Devices ID 194a)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire Xenon 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;poor support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse Vx0 (V90 V30), Vx0L (V10L V90L), Vx0LE (V30LE V90LE) from VIA C7 800GHz to Eden 1.2GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for S3 UniChrome Pro}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 VIA VT8233A with ?? codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 back and 1 front USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|early models work but later VT6102-3 do not}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.2  
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 to 2009 32bit - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm DDR 333MHz SO-DIMM later DDR2 - early V90s do seem to have a reliability problem - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.poppedinmyhead.com/2021/01/wyse-cx0-thin-client-notes-experiences.html Dell Wyse Cx0] C00LE, C10LE, C30LE, C50LE, C90LE, C90LE7, C90LEW VIA C7 Eden 1GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d VX855 VX875 Chrome 9}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|some VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with ?? codec work}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 outside 2 inside USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 to 2013 32bit - [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=815.0 boots and works] - 12V 2.5A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm ddr2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell RxxL Rx0L thin client 
*R00L	Cloud PC of Wyse WSM 
*R10L	Wyse Thin OS 
*R50L	Suse Linux Enterprise 
*R90L	Win XP Embedded 
*R90LW  Win Embedded Standard 2009 
*R90L7  Win Embedded Standard 7 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;128Mb IDE or 1GB 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA Hyperdisk}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 690E RS690M Radeon Xpress 1200 1250 1270
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit AMD Sempron™ 210U SMG210UOAX3DVE 1.5GHz SB600, up to 4GB single slot 240-pin DDR2 DIMM, 19v barrel psu, DEL key bios - Late 2012 2 data sockets added but only CN18 be used with two white sockets (CN13 &amp; CN15) can used to power the SATA device &quot;4-pin Micro JST 1.25mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 390 sff small form factor - mt mini tower desktop - dt full desktop
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;aros one 1.6 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit dual i3 2xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - add nvidia gf218 gfx - error code 3 mobo or cpu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 3010 sff small form factor 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom 57XX}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 7010 sff small form factor 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom or Intel 825xx}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx Q77 - kettle iec plug psu cable - add pci-e ethernet and nvidia gf218 gfx - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5010 thin client ThinOS D class (D10D D00D D00DX, Dx0D), PCoIP (D10DP) or D90D7, 5040 
*username: Administrator, admin, [blank] 
*password: Fireport, DellCCCvdi, rappot, Wyse#123, Administrator, administrator, r@p8p0r+
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode may need 30cm ext cable as small area for half-slim sata ssd - decased new ssd??}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 1400x1050 HD6250E IGP by using DVI to hdmi cable and 1 display port, no hdmi port}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD 6.34 audio chipset detected but codec alc269 working from one case speaker -  none if v6.29 used}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|most 5010 have 4 USB 2.0 but D90Q7 has 2 USB3 instead}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8168 8169 - rev 1.?? 8111? - rev 1.91 8111E}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit slow AMD G-T44R 1.2Ghz later G-T48E 1.4Ghz Dual Bobcat Brazos BGA413 - Del for BIOS - p key to select boot with noacpi - single DDR3 sodimm slot max 4Gb, (8Gb hynix 2rx8 ddr3l)? (remove small board to upgrade) - passive no fan - 15cm/6&quot; small 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - PA16 19v barrel psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 7010 thin client (Z class Zx0D) black case 
*2011 Zx0 Z90D7 2GF/2GR
*2013 Z10D 
*2014 Z50D 2GF/2GR 
*2012 Cisco VXC 6000 CVXC-6215-K9 white 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|Bios set Sata mode to IDE mode and grub boot add 'noacpi' for half slim sata2 ssd or/with 50cm sata ext cable}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d HD6310 6320 Terascale 2 through DVI and DP 1.1a - no 3d support r600 and no hdmi port}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio 6.34 detected but ALC269VB codec works on one case speaker only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2.0 works but NEC 720200 3.0 not detected but sometimes works like 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111e 8111F}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 and Aros One 1.5, 1.9 and 2.3 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit slow cores AMD G-t52R 1.5GHz later G-T56N 1.65 GHz Dual with A50M FCH - 20cm/8&quot; high 1.5ltr larger fanless case - 2 desktop DIMM slots max 16GB - miniPCIe CN14 no msata ssd support in bios - PA-16 19v external psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - 2 40cm SMA female WiFi Antenna to IPEX IPX u.fl Ufl Cable pigtail needed - does not like uefi boot devices - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Wyse 7020 Thin Client 
* 2013 Quad-core AMD GX-420CA 2.0 GHz (25W) - 
* 2018 Zx0Q Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz (15W) with Quad display 3dp and 1dvi 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only for AMD Radeon HD8400E radeonsi (dual display) or AMD Radeon HD 8330E IGP with AMD Radeon E6240 Seymour E6460 (quad display), no hdmi ports}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit quad eKabini Jaguar cores - two SODIMM sockets layered in centre of mobo DDR3L RAM - Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm ac psu 9mm plug is too short but 14mm length is fine - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse Dx0Q (5020) D90Q8 NJXG4 AMD G-Series 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD 8330E GCN 2.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; with Realtek codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz - 2 layered near edge of mobo 204-pin DDR3L SODIMM (bottom one tricky to insert) - 19v Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - passive no fan - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5060 N07D thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE bios mode for sata2 port}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2d - AMD R5E GCN2 IGP thru dp1 with an hdmi adapter no output thru dp2 - no hdmi dvi ports}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC231 codec head phones only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3 issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 realtek 8169 8111h}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 1.6 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit quad GX-424CC 19.5v external psu - CN-0Y62H1 mobo with 2 layered ddr3l 16Gb max sodimm slots at edge of mobo, bottom 0 one blocking - passive no fan so quiet - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Wyse 3040 (N10D) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 4c4t Intel Cherry Trail x5 Z-8350 (1.44 GHz Quad) - two versions, one is 5V-3A, the other is 12V-2A - 2 GB DDR3L 1600 MHz, 8 GB or 16 GB eMMC flash chip, all soldered down - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Fujitsu Siemens====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Scenic [http://uk.ts.fujitsu.com/rl/servicesupport/techsupport/ProfessionalPC/Scenic/ScenicE/ScenicE.htm E600] (compact desktop)
| 
| 
| {{partial|VESA only}}
| {{yes|AC97}}
| 
| {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| {{dunno}}
| Nice small, silent PC with good AROS support.
|-
| Scenic T i845
| {{dunno}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{dunno|Intel AC97}}
| {{dunno|UHCI}}
| {{dunno|Intel PRO/100}}
| Icaros 1.5.2
| AROS does not boot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S200 S210 S220 and later S300 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| compactflash CF card max ??}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 315PRO PCI/AGP }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 via }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|via uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|via VT6102 [Rhine-II] (rev 74) }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - TR5670 Rev 1.4 mother with Transmeta TM5800 cpu - pci socket - single SODIMM socket for DDR memory PC2700S max 512MB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S400
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| but swap with compactflash CF card already with AROS installed}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] SiS741CX }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 SiS7018}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|sis uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169 }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz gets hot - SiS 963L / SiS 741CX chipset - 12V 4.2A 4-pin (DP-003-R) psu - single SODIMM socket for DDR PC2700S max 1G - large case 246 x 48 x 177cms torx screws - pci socket - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;FUJITSU Futro S700 and S900 Thin Client (based on mini-ITX motherboard D3003-A12, D3003-C1 lesser variant of [https://www.parkytowers.me.uk/thin/Futro/s900/TechNotes_V3.1_Mini-ITX_D3003-S.pdf D3003-S]) 
*G-T56N 1.65GHz
*G-T40N 1.00GHz
*G-T44R 1.20GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata data socket but mSata
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 6320, HD 6250, HD 6290 dvi or displayport (DP runs higher) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|two USB2 front sockets and four on the rear}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit AMD slow atom-like and fanless - 20V 2A psu 5.5mm/2.1mm coax (S900) - mSATA 1GB-16GB - 2 DDR3L SODIMM sockets max 8GB tricky to run 1333 MHz on the Futro S900 - proprietary X2 PCI-e - 1 PCI socket but need a right-angle adaptor - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;esprimo p420 e85 desktop case 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 4600 or old Geforce in pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek alc671 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 16 pin special psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;esprimo E420 e85+ SFF case 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 4600 or low profile pci-e card 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek alc671 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111G 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 16ish pin special psu - hd under front metal bracket, take front cover off first with 3 tabs - 3 slim pci-e slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S520 AMD dual 1.0Ghz codenamed &quot;Steppe Eagle&quot;
* GX-210HA @ 1.0GHz
* GX-212ZC @ 1.2GHz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4G or 16G flash memory is soldered to the board
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD 8210E (GX210HA) or AMD Radeon R1E (GX212ZC)
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111e 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 smaller than ITX 160mm x 160mm Fujitsu D3314-A11 - 19V - 20V 2A. I used a 19V 3.4A PSU standard 5.5mm/2.1mm coax plug - 1 ddr3 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu Futro S720 ThinClient D3313-B13 D3313-F
*2014 64bit AMD GX-217GA 1.65GHz VFY:S0720P8009FR VFY:S0720P8008DE VFY:S0720P4009GB
*2015 64bit AMD GX-222GC 2.20GHz VFY:S0720P702BDE VFY:S0720P702BFR 
 all begin VFY:S0720P and end two digit country code
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Yes|up to 2 Sata-cable-connector with space in casing so normal SSD/HDD over Sata was running very well on AHCI and IDE-Mode and 2242 mSata}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA for AMD Radeon HD 8280E GCN2 IGP later R5E GCN3 IGP}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HDAudio partially working, external audio speaker}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|4 rear USB 2.0 but not front 2 USB 3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB 2.0
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit slow atom like cores so fanless - 1 ddr3 Sodimm slot max 8Gb - 19V-20V 2A 5.5mm/2.5mm coax - D3313-B13 stripped down Mini-ITX mobo D3313-S1/-S2/-S3 (eKabini) D3313-S4/-S5/-S6 - SATA data socket can be located under the fins of the heatsink - mPCIe socket for wireless card - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu FUTRO S920 D3313-E	D3313-G
*2016 AMD GX-222GC SOC 2.20GHz Dual 
*2017 AMD G-Series GX-424CC 2.40 GHz Quad
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{yes|2242 mSata and 1 Sata-cable-connector with space in casing so normal SSD/HDD over Sata possible}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{yes|use VESA for Radeon R5E GCN2 or GCN3 IGP}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HDAudio partially working}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|4 rear USB 2.0, front 2 USB 3.1 downgradable to 2.0 in BIOS setting}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; AROS One USB 2.4
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 2 so dimm slot with max of 8 GB - 19v barrel psu 5.5mm 2.5mm - SATA data socket can be located under the fins of the heatsink - mPCIe socket for wireless card - propetary X2 connector with official raizer to X1 connector - almost silent background noise, not affecting sound quality in any way
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu FUTRO S9011 Thin Client VFY:S9011THU1EIN || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit Ryzen Embedded R1606G - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====HP Compaq====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq presario 7360
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Working}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|AC97 via}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq EP Series 6400/10
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|ISA}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 1.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Evo D510
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| {{yes|AC97}}
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| Icaros 1.5
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq DX2000 MT
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel Extreme 2 (VESA only)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|detects AC97 but no support for ADI AD1888 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|OHCI/EHCI }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82526EZ e1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.51
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;boots ok but no audio 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq DX 2200
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200] (VESA only)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{dunno|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|OHCI/EHCI issues }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;issues 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; d230
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|UDMA}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|Intel AC97 (speaker and headphones only, no line-out)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.4.5
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion a220n || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|VESA 1024x768 on nVidia GF4 MX with 64MB shared video ram}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC650 AC'97 comp.}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8201BL 10/100 LAN}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.5|| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit athlon xp 2600+ Socket 462 / Socket A - 2 dimm ddr pc2700 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t500 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|FX5200 (2D; 3D with older driver)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 ICH4 ALC658D}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8101L 8139}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2012-09-22
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DC7700
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| ICH8}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|82566DM e1000e}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2013-??-??
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Some support at low cost 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP dc 7600 CMT
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ACL 260}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO/1000 GT}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5000 thin client series t5500 t5510 t5515 PC538A or PC542A t5700 t5710 Transmeta Crusoe Code Morphing TM 5400 5600 800Mhz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;128mb to 512MB 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon 7000M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|Issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA Rhine 2
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - ddr max 1GB - F10 setup - all t51xx and some t55xx units will not include a SODIMM slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5000 thin client series CN700 
*HSTNC-002L-TC	t5135, t5530 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d 128Mb Via S3 1600 x 1200 32-bit colour
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 78) 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit t5135 appears identical to the t5530 except the CPU VIA Esther 400 MHz - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 3.33A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5720, t5725 HSTNC-001L-TC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d SiS741GX 2048 x 1536 32-bit colour
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 SiS SiS7012 AC'97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 8d)
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz socketed - RAM 512MB or 1GB, 256MB, 512MB or 1GB - 12V psu - sis DDMA support - custom 1.13 BIOS - pci low profile - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5000 series VX800 HSTNC-004-TC t5145, t5540, t5545, t5630 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d VIA Chrome9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio VIA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit (rev 82)}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit   - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 4.16A Coax: 5.5mm/2.1mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5730w HSTNC-003-TC t5730 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a|ATA 44pin DOM Flash}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d ATI Radeon X1250 2048 x 1536 no 3D 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|6 x USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 5707M tg3 10/100/1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit AMD Sempron 2100+ 1GHz - 1 slot of ddr2 sodimm (Max 2GB) - 12V 4.16A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - F10  enter bios F12 boot devices - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HSTNC-005-TC gt7720, gt7725 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d AMD RS780G HD 3200 - 2560 x 1600 DVI-D &amp; DVI-H
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;8 x USB2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit AMD Turion Dual Core CPU 2.3GHz - 1 DDR2 200-pin SODIMM - 19V 4.16A Coax 7.4mm/5.0mm (gt7725) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5740 Thin Client HSTNC-006-TC t5740, t5745, st5742 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Intel CL40 VGA and DisplayPort connectors}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with IDT codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly build and Icaros 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit Atom N280 - F10 on power up to get into the BIOS screens. F12 brings up the boot options - hp 19V one with a coax connector, outer diameter 4.8mm with inner to be 1.7mm to 1.4mm - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots max 3gb due to 32bit - 1 pci-e slot completely non standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5000 series HSTNC-012-TC VIA Nano u3500 VX900 
*t5550 512MB/1GB Windows CE6 R3
*t5565 1GB/1GB HP ThinPro
*t5570 2GB/1GB WES 2009 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 GPU Chrome9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA 9170 VT1708S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;32bit - 1 sodimm - 19V 3.42A supply connector standard yellow-tip coax plug 4.8mm/1.8mm &quot;Standard HP Compaq DC Power Plug 4.8mm x 1.5mm / 1.7mm Yellow Tip Connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t510 Via Eden X2 U4200 HSTNC-012-TC shares features with t5570e, t5565z 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2G ATA Flash DOM
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;one 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for Chrome9 VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 gfx}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|6 USB2 }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom Corporation NetLink BCM57780 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit - one slot ddr3 sodimm max 4GB - 19V 3.42A Coax 4.8mm/1.8mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T610 Thin Client and thicker PLUS version 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 6320 1 dp port 1 dvi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;two USB2 on the front, two USB2 and two USB 3 ports on the rear 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64 bit AMD G-T56N A55E - 2 204-pin DDR3 1600MHz SODIMMs PC3-12800 under motherboard via removable panel - 19.5V 3A Coax male 7.4mm/5.0mm + centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T420 Thin Client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 8180 dvi vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 front 2 rear USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64 bit AMD Embedded G-Series GX-209JA SOC (1 GHz, 2 cores) 1GHz - soldered in place 2GB DDR3 - smaller than usual 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - usb stick internal for storage - E15 BBR - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t520 TPC-W016 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 m.2 mounting holes for 2242 and 2260 SSDs SATA (not NVME) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R2E GCN2 later GCN3 IGP 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3 front, 4 USB2 back 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 2017 64 bit AMD GX-212JC 1.2Ghz (2 core) - 1 204-pin DDR3 SODIMM - 19.5V 3.33A 7.4mm Coax with central pin 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t620 TPC-I004-TC and t620 PLUS (PRO wider version) TPC-I020-TC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;single M.2 2242 socket sata only most models, mSATA socket removed end of 2014, 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 8280E graphics 8330E up to two 30in displays 2 dp ports no dvi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 front, 2 back, 2 inside 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit AMD G-Series GX-217GA 2 core APU 1.65GHz, AMD GX-415GA - 2 DDR3L SODIMMs side by side - mSATA ssd and M.2 SSD are M1.6 screws, M2.0 screws used on most SSDs - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T530 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 m.2 sata ssd up to 2280 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R2E
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;1 USB3.1, 1 usb-c front, 4 USB2 back 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64 bit AMD GX-215JJ (2 core) 1.5GHz - 1 204-pin DDR4 SODIMM - smaller 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T730 Wider &quot;Thin&quot; Client TPC-I018-TC Pixar - no display and fans blowing full speed caused by '''disabling internal gpu in bios''' flash L43_0116.bin onto smc MX25L6473F (3.3V 8-PIN SOP (200mil) SPI 25xx) ([https://www.badcaps.net/forum/troubleshooting-hardware-devices-and-electronics-theory/troubleshooting-desktop-motherboards-graphics-cards-and-pc-peripherals/bios-schematic-requests/96303-hp-t730-password-locked-bios in the rom rcvry socket under a delicate thin narrow surface flap]) with ch341a alike switchable from 5v, 3.3v to 1.8v 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|Set bios to IDE and not AHCI - add noacpi to end of grub line - 1 M.2 SATA slot (Key B+M) up to 2280 with T8 torx secure stub}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA for Radeon R7 (GCN 2/UVD4.2) with 4 dp outs '''but too easy bricking''' if swapping with 1 PCIe 3.0 x8 slot 30W slim factor low profile 8400gs gt210 nvs295 nvs310 gt1030}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDaudio 6.34 realtek alc221 codec thru case speaker only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|'''Works''' for 4 USB2 in the back with 2 in the front but '''not''' for 2 USB3 ports on front and 1 more internal (not bootable)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG set up first in Prefs/Network}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.2 USB with added noacpi grub boot 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit RX-427BB With 2 DDR3L notebook RAM sodimm stacked slots max 32GB - '''Larger''' 20cm/8&quot; high 3.5ltr case noisy fan TPM 1.2 - esc/F9 boot selector F10 enter bios - 2 serial and 1 parallel old ports - Key E Wireless - PCIe slot (x16 physical, x8 electrical - 19.5 4.36A 85w standard HP 7.4mm black-ring-tip power plug, red flashing power button, wrong psu or bad MotherBoard MB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t630 Thin Client TPC-I020-TC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|2 Sata M.2, sata0 up to 2280 (1tb max), sata1 2242 (64gb max), both T8 torx secure stubs}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA for Radeon AMD Wani R7E with 2 displayport 1.2 sockets - no dvi / hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 6.34 VOID for controller 0x1022 0x157a and not detected ALC255 codec x10ec x0255 aka ALC3234, pins 0x17 as LFE and 0x1b as int speaker}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2 2 front and 2 rear but not 2 front USB3 and 1 inside}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111H}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB 2.2 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit 3rd Generation AMD Embedded G-Series SoC GX-420GI quad core 2Ghz - 2 DDR4 SODIMMs side by side speed 1866Mhz limit - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - can be easily bricked, might reflash bios with M40 SP149736 - 20cm/8&quot; high 1.5ltr larger fanless case - esc f1 f9 f10 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq Elite 7200 7300 8200 8300 SFF with kettle IEC psu cable 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE ata legacy only in BIOS}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;i pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|8200 works}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel or Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit dual core - add pci-e rtl8169 ethernet card and pci-e gf210 nvidia low height - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq Pro 6305 Small Form Factor SFF AMD A75 chipset (FCH 6 SATA 6 Gb/s, 4 USB 3.0)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 7000 iGPU series 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD ALC221 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 5761 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit AMD Quad A10-5800B with Radeon HD 7660D Graphics (3.8 GHz, 4MB L2 cache, 100 W), AMD A8-5500B with Radeon HD 7560D Graphics (3.2 GHz, 4MB L2 cache, 65 W), 
AMD Dual A6-5400B with Radeon HD 7540D Graphics (3.6 GHz, 1MB L2 cache, 65 W), 
AMD A4-5300B with Radeon HD 7480D Graphics (3.4 GHz, 1MB L2 cache, 65 W)
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitedesk 705 G1 - SFF
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA with Radeon R7 GCN1 or 8x70}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD audio with Realtek ALC221 codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom or Intel}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit AMD A10-8850B, 3.9 GHz AMD Quad-Core A10 PRO-7850B,  
AMD A10-8750B, 3.6 GHz
AMD A10-7800B 3.57GHz, A10 PRO-6800B 
AMD A8-8650B, 3.2 GHz
AMD A8-7600B, 3.1 GHz
AMD A6-8550B, 3.7 GHz
AMD A6-8350B, 3.5 GHz, Dual A6 PRO – 7400B, 
AMD A4-7300B, 3.8 GHz - T15 security torx psu with 6pin PWR 200W connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 705 G2, 705 G3 Mini PC USFF thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in and m.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R7 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5762 GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit AM4 socket with 35W TDP A10-8770E (4c), AMD PRO A6-8570E (2c), AMD Pro A6-9500E, or AMD PRO A10-9700E on AMD B300 FCH - ddr4 sodimm slots - 77 x 175 x 34mm (6.97 x 6.89 x 1.34in) 1L and about 3lbs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 705 G4 Mini 1ltr USFF AMD Ryzen 3 2200G (4c t) or 5 2400G (4c t)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvme 2280 and 2.5in sata}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 thru DP1.2 port 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio Conexant  codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 usb3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit Am4 socket - 2 sodimm 16GB max - 19.5v hp socket ext psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitedesk 705 G4 35w, Elitedesk 705 G4 65w, HP Prodesk 405 G4 35W USFF - AMD Athlon PRO 200GE (2c 4t), 2200GE (4c t) or 2400GE (4c t) on AMD B350 FCH, Elitedesk 705 G5 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvme 2280 and older models 2.5in sata}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3, 8 or 11 with 2 dp1.2 ports 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with Conexant CX20632 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111EPH 1Gbe or Realtek RTL8111F 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - realtek wifi 8821 or 8822 - up to 1 ddr4 dimm slots - 12v up to 180w ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitedesk 806 G6, Prodesk 405 G6 3400GE Ryzen 5 PRO 3350GE (4c 8t), Ryzen 3 PRO 3200GE 3150GE (4c 4t), AMD Athlon Silver PRO 3125GE (2c 4t) on AMD PRO 565 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2x NVMe or 1x SATA + 1x NVMe, but not all three drives at the same time without serious modding of hd caddie || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega with DP1.4 port || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC3205 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t540 t640 thin client USFF 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVM Express (NVMe) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 VGA, DisplayPort 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3 gen1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek Realtek RTL8111HSH or RTL8111E PH-CG 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit ryzen r1000 series Ryzen Embedded R1305G 1.5 GHz, R1505G dual (2c 4t) 2.0Ghz, R1606G ?.?Ghz - 2 DDR4 SDRAM sodimm SO-DIMM 260-pin non-ECC max 32gb - Realtek RTL8852AE wifi - 45W psu Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t740 SFF Thin Client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 M.2, one is sata and other nvme  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 DisplayPort or + optional pci-e 30W Radeon E9173
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E PH-CG 1Gbe
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - Ryzen Embedded V1756B 3.25Ghz quad - 90W 19.5V 4.62A psu Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - sodimm DDR4 max 64Gb - slightly noisy fan - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 805 G6 Mini 4750GE (8t 16t), Prodesk 405 G6 Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE (6c 12t) or Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE (4c 8t) on AMD PRO 565
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in carrier and 2 slots m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 with DP1.4 and HDMI flex io2 output options 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC3205 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb a - gen 2 10gig and gen 1 5gig ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit AMD Ryzen 4000 SBC unlocked - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - wifi6 - 90W ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====Lenovo====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Nettop IdeaCentre Q150 (40812HU) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; realtek codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 10/100
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit D510 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M625q Tiny (1L)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 Sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Stoney Radeon R2, R3 or R4 and later R5 with 2 dp ports 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  ALC233-VB2-CG codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|3 usb3.1 Gen 1 and 3 usb2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8111  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit all dual cores - e2-9000e or a4-9120e later A9-9420e - heatsink covers 70% area covers wifi - 65w or 135w lenovo rectangle ac - 1 ddr4 2666MHz slot max 8gb - tpm 2.0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M715q Gen 1 AMD A6 A8 A10-9700E 9770E (2c2t) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R4 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M715q Gen 2 Ryzen 5 PRO 2400GE 4C 8T 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 11 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - f1 enter setup, esc device boot - fixed 1.8v ch341a needed to reflash 1.8v bios if no boot SOP8 DIP8 Winbond W25Q64, MXIC MX25U1635, MX25U6435 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCenter M75n nano Ryzen3 3300U 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCentre M75q M75q-1 Tiny 1ltr TMM AMD Ryzen 5 PRO Quad 3500 Pro 3400GE (4c 8t) 11a5 soe400, 3200GE (2c 4t) zen1+ 11a4 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|NVMe 2280 1Tb max - untested 2.5inch}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 11 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB3 Gen 1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 65w 20v 3.25A to 135W rectangle psu - 2 sodimm ddr4 sodimm max 32GB locked 2666MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCentre Ryzen 7 PRO Tiny 1ltr Gen 2 AMD 4000 series 4650GE (6c12t) 4750GE (8c16t) 4350G (4c8t) Zen2 - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|NVme}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8169 8111
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit vendor locked - 20v psu - 2 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkcenter M75q-2 Gen2 refresh 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GigE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 5650GE (6c12t) 5750GE (8c16t) - vendor/PSB can lock your AMD CPU - f12 boot devices
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Misc====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Impart impact Media Group IQ Box mini Digital Signage with MB896 mini itx 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 915 gme 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; via audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 1 ddr2 slot - pentium m 1.73GHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac_mini_cd_1.83-specs.html Apple A1176 Intel MacMini1,1] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|gpt/efi }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|gma950 2d and 3d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ICH7 [https://answers.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/alsa-driver/+question/186749 Sigmatel Stac 9221] [https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/msm/+/android-wear-5.1.1_r0.6/sound/pci/hda/patch_sigmatel.c codec][https://alsa-devel.alsa-project.narkive.com/Yt20W6cE/sigmatel-stac9221-mux-amp-out-0x02-microphone-not-working mic]}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit possible 1.83 GHz Intel “Core Duo” (T2400) - swap pci-e wifi for atheros 5k AR5007EG - maybe hack with a 2,1 firmware - max 4GB Ram ddr2 sodimms - external apple psu - dvd boot only with c key - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac-mini-core-2-duo-1.83-specs.html Apple A1176 Intel Mac Mini2,1] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|gpt/efi }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|gma950 2d and 3d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ICH7 Sigmatel Stac 9221 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 2.0/ Icaros (latest beta)
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit - swap pci-e wifi for atheros 5k AR5007EG - hacked with a 2,1 firmware and replaced the cpu for T7600 2.33 Ghz C2D and max 4GB Ram ddr2 sodimms - external apple psu - dvd boot only via c key 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Apple iMac 5,1 &quot;Core 2 Duo&quot; 1.83GHz 17&quot; T5600 MA710LL || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 with 64Mb || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio idt codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 667MHz sodimm slots - 17.0&quot; TFT widescreen 1440x900 - polycarbonate 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Apple iMac 6,1 &quot;Core 2 Duo&quot; 2.16 2.33 24&quot; only T7400 T7600 aka MA456LL/A A1200 (EMC 2111) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia 7300GT with 128 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM PCI Express or GeForce 7600GT with 256Mb mini dvi, vga || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 667MHz sodimm slots - 24.0&quot; TFT widescreen 1920 x 1200 - polycarbonate plastic case iMacs of this generation are the most difficult iMacs to service due to their front bezel design 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;VXL Itona TC3200 (), TC3x41 (P3VB-VXL), TC3xx1 (6VLE-VXL0), TC43xx (Gigabyte C7V7VX) thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC'97 Audio with VIA VT 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;VIA
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8100B 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 2006 32bit VIA CPUs, 1 DIMM slot, internal psu, 
*TC3200, VIA Samuel 2 533Mhz, DIMM PC133 
*TC3541, VIA C3 Nehamiah 800MHz, DIMM PC133 
*TC3641, VIA C3 Nehamiah 1GHz, DIMM PC133 
*TC3841, VIA Samuel 2 800MHz, DIMM PC2100 
*TC3931, VIA C3 Nehamiah 1GHz, DIMM PC2100	
*TC4321, VIA 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig RBT402, Clientron U700, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Partial|VESA dvi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|VIA }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 3a psu - Password Fireport 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Optiplex FX170 D05U thin client, 10Zig 56xx range 5602, 5616v, 5617v, 5672v, Clientron U800, Devon IT TC5, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|GMA 950 dvi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 ddr2 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 3a psu - Password Fireport - ps2 keyboard socket - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig RBT-616V or Chip PC Technologies EX-PC (model number XPD4741)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 950}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit N270 on NM10 with ICH7 - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 4a psu - Password Fireport 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix GS-A21S-RH (rev. 1.0) SFF 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|X3100}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC883-GR codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82566DC}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;ICAROS 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit Intel GME965 chipset with Intel ICH8M - 2 DDR2 Dimm slots - GA-6KIEH2-RH Rev.1.x mini ITX Case 213mm(D) x 64mm(W) x 234mm(H) - custom psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;VXL Itona MD+24 MD27 MD54 MD64 MD76 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA Chrome 9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;VIA
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit VIA X2 U4200 - 12v-19v barrel psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock ION 330 330Pro HT-BD, Foxconn NT-330i, Zotac ION F (IONITX mini itx), 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ION geforce 9400}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Nvidia }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit slow atom cpu - 2.5L 8&quot; by 8&quot; plastic case - 2 ddr2 sodimm max 4G - external 19v 65W 3.42A Plug 5.5mm X 2.5mm  - little whiny fan - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle XS35GT || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio IDT92HD81 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|JMC261}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - Atom™ D510 NM10 - DDR2 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle XS35GT V2 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio IDT92HD81 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|JMC251}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom™ D525 NM10 chipset - DDR3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 GT218 with vga and hdmi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - Atom™ D510 NM10 - DDR2 65 W AC, DC 19V~3.42A, 19.3L x 14.8w x 2.2H cm (1l), weight 530g, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD2 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|nouveau ION2 GT218 with vga and hdmi 2d and 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Intel USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom™ D525 NM10 chipset - DDR3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.jetwaycomputer.com/JBC600C99352W.html Jetway JBC600C99352W] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|C-Media CM108AH}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111DL 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit D525 - DDR3 - 12v psu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn nT-A3550 A3500 AMD A45 Chipset DDR3 Nettop Barebones - White
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 slot 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD6310 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 back and 2 USB3 front 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit AMD Dual-core E350 1.6GHz CPU - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus EeeBox PC EB1021 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD6320M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE1 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - AMD® Brazos E-350 SFF or E-450 with A50M - 2 ddr3l so-dimm - 40W ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Xi3 Piston PC Athlon64 X2 3400e (X5A), AMD R-464L quad (X7A) Z3RO NUC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD mobility HD3650 to radeon HD 7660G 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 3 USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8161}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 - 2 sodimm 8GB max - 19v 3.3a round - Titan105 bios update - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD6320M with vga and hdmi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC662 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE1 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - AMD® Brazos E-450 with A45M -  ddr3l so-dimm - 65W ac - Wireless is Realtek 8191SU WiFi (802.11n) or AzureWave (802.11bgn) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung Syncmaster Thin Client Display TC-W Series 24&quot; LF24 TOWHBFM/EN TC220W LED LF22TOW HBDN/EN || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;8gb SSD || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| VESA mode only Radeon HD 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Thin Client C-50 AMD® 1000 MHz and no wireless 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Advantech TPC-2140 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit atom-like G-T56E 1.65Ghz up to SSE3, BGA413 soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CompuLab FIT-PC3 fitPC3 USFF PC AMD G-T56N || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;RADEON HD 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio ALC888 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64 - 12v 3a - 2x sodimm DDR3 max 4GB - wifi rtl8188ce 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig 6872 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit atom-like G-T56N up to SSE3 BGA413 (FT1) soldered - DDR3l single channel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG 7800q thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon 5E 3840 x 2160 @ 30Hz to 2560 x 1600 @ 60Hz 2 x Display Port
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB2.0 2 x USB3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit AMD GX-424CC (Quad Core) 2.4GHz BGA769 (FT3b) SSE4 and AVX - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
*Itona VXL MZE12 AMD a4-5000 thin client 
*VXL Itona LQ27 LQ+27 LQ44 LQ+44 LQ49 LQ+49 LQ50 LQ+50 LQ64 LQ+64 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati 8330 vga hdmi dp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2 2 usb3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit quad BGA769 (FT3) soldered - 2 stacked sodimm ddr3 middle of mobo - 2 m.2 sata slots - 1 sata short cable half size space - limited 1ltr 8in case no fan - 19v hp style psu connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5212 21.5&quot; AIO Thin Client W11B 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R3 out from DP or vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit slow atom like dual core AMD G-T48E 1.4 GHz - dell type round ac needed 90W 19.5V 4.62A - 21 inch 1080p screen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;LG 24CK560N-3A 24' All-in-One Thin Client Monitor, 27CN650N-6N 27CN650W-AC 27', 34CN650W-AC 34', 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AMD Prairie Falcon GX-212JJ 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CompuLab fit-PC4 fitPC4 4x 2Ghz AMD || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64 - 2x DDR4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL Hedgehog M340C UD3 thin client 
*2016 V1.0 AMD GX-412HC 1.2GHz-1.6GHz Radeon R3E, normal bios DEL for Bios or F12 boot selector 
*2018 AMD GX-424CC 2.4GHz, Radeon R5E, UEFI hit DEL and choose boot or SCU icon 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SATA half slim version '''limited space''' with msata slot on earlier 2016 models
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Radeon R3E later R5E dvi dp}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with codec ?? (412) and  Realtek ALC662-VD0-GR (424), both case speaker}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;amd usb3 boot usb2 with bios &quot;disable usb&quot; entry 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111 (412) and (424)}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One x86 USB 1.5, 1.8 and 2.2 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 20cm/8&quot; high case - 1 DDR3L sodimm slot max 8Gb 1600MHz - external '''12V 3A''' supply with 5.5mm/2.1mm coaxial - IDE like interface under base stand is for legacy addon ports RS232 parallel etc - capacitive touch power on - case opening 3 stages, remove stand and narrow black plastic strip from the back, top cover slides off to the back and lifts off - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD3 M350C (UEFI issues) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;None but 8gb emmc 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek ALC897 or ALC888S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3.2 and 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - AMD Ryzen™ R R1505G Dual-Core 10W TDP - 2 DDR4 sodimms slots max 16Gb - 12V 4A psu - 2x DisplayPort 1.2 no dvi or hdmi - Intel® 9260 or SparkLAN WNFT-238AX wifi - 1x rear serial Prolific PL2303 chipset - locked down components and very limited expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD7 H860C AMD Ryzen V1605B Thin Client
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 AMD Ryzen™ Embedded V1605B 2 – 3.6 GHz (Quad-Core) - 12v 5A psu - up to 16GB RAM DDR4 - locked down components and very limited expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix Barebone Mini PC BSRE-1605
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 M.2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit AMD Ryzen V1605B - 2 DDR4 sodimm slots
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;EliteGroup LIFA Q3 Plus 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit AMD Ryzen Embedded V1000, V1605B - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MINISFORUM Deskmini UM250 Mini PC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit AMD Ryzen V1605B - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle DA320 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R3 R5
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;dual realtek 1GbE 8111H 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 64bit AMD 2200G 2400G - Robust metal 1.3-liter case - A320 chipset DDR4 - 19V 6.32A DC PSU - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T-Bao MN25 Mini PC 2500U 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Unk|Intel NVMe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|VESA Radeon Vega 8}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB 3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek PCIe 1GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minis Forum DeskMini UM300 3300U, UM350 DMAF5 3550H, UM370 3750H  
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink SER3 GTR4 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega 3 or 10 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RJ45 1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit 3200u or 3750h 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink SER4 GTR5
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;cant boot from installed SSDs unless its an M.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 or 2 Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 4700U or 5900HX 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI PRO DP20Z 5M Mini PC - AMD Ryzen 5 5300G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;R3 3200G Vega 8 - R5 3400G Vega 11 - Ryzen 5 5600G Vega 7 - Athlon 3000G
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum UM450 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - Ryzen 4500U - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix 
GB-BRR7-4800 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR7-4700 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR5-4500 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR3-4300 (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS PN50 mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 4700U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|3.1 gen1}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS PN51-S1 mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 5700U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega thru dp or hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|3.1 gen1}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 19v or 19.5v 90w psu round barrel - 32gb ddr4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minis Forum Bessstar Tech EliteMini B550 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 x 2.5in and 2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|4 usb3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 8125 2.5GbE}}  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit AMD 4700G 5700G desktop cpu - 19v 12w round barrel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock A300 and later X300 Mini itx with Desktop AM4 socket 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - choose your own AMD APU GE 35w based - DDR4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock 4x4 BOX-5800U Zen 3-based AMD Ryzen 7 5800U 15W - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 slot gen 3 and sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|1 GbE and 1 2.5GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - WiFi 6E - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Topton S500+ Gaming Mini PC - Morefine S500+ 5900HX Mini PC - Minisforum UM590 Ryzen AMD Zen3 Ryzen 9 5900HX 7 5800H 45W - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme 1 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 thru HDMI 2.0, DP 1.4, and USB type-C 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|usb3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|1 realtek rtl 8111h and 1 8125 2.5GbE bg-cg}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 2 sodimm ddr4 3200MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Chuwi RzBox 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 vga, dp, hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|usb-c usb2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;dual gigabit 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit amd 5800h 4800h - 90w psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC SER5, Trigkey AZW S5, Asus PN52, ZHI BEN MX-JB560, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe3 M.2 2280 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega with 1 or 2 hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 1GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 5500U 5560u 5600U to PRO 5600H 5800H - 19v 3.42W 65W psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NIPOGI Kamrui ACEMAGICIAN AM06PRO Dual LAN Mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 5800U, 5 5500U or 5600U/5625U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 and 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 7 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 GbE ports 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - plastic build - 90w usb-c power - loud at 25W setting - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Topton FU02 Fanless Mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 4700U 5600U 5800U 8 Core 16 Threads
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe and 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 3.0 with 2 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x 1G
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64 - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - fanless with copper cube from cpu to metal sheet which gets warm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Xuu XR1 Lite (5300u 4c 8t) PRO 5400U   MAX 5600U  
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe 2242 slot 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 6
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 3.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64 quiet fan - very small case no expansions - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MINISFORUM UM690 Venus Series 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;pcie4 nvme 2280 and 1 sata3 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;680m RNDA2 12CU with 2 hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|1 USB4 and 2 USB3.2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|2.5G LAN}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 6900hx 8C16T - 2 ddr5 sodimmm - 19v ???W - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC GTR6 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe4
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 680M RDNA2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3.2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5GbE or intel i225}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit Ryzen 9 6900HX Zen3+ and a 2gb Radeon 680m 12CU ddr5 sodimm - 19v 120w psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PN53, Geekom AS 6, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;pcie gen4 nvme and ata 2.5in
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;680m RNDA2 12CU with 2 hdmi and 1 dp
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|2 usb-c, 2 USB2.1 and 3 USB3.2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|1G LAN}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 6900hx 8C 16T - 2 slots ddr5 sodimmm (64Gb max) - 19v 120W - 4 retained base screws beware ribbon cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Micro Computer (HK) Tech Ltd MinisForum UM773 Lite, GMKtec K2 Mini PC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe PCIe4.0 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;RDNA 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2.5GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - AMD Zen 3+ (8c 16t) Ryzen 7 7735HS, 7840HS and AMD Ryzen 9 7845HX - 120w ac adapter - ddr5 sodimm 4800Mhz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.asrockind.com/en-gb/4x4 ASrock 4x4 SBC] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata or nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega or 680M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 or USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 1GbE or intel 2.5GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC GTR7 SER7 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe4 nvme 2280 up to 2Tb
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M RDNA3 GPU output on hdmi and dp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3.2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|1 or 2 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit AMD Phoenix APUs Zen 4 CPU Ryzen 7 7840HS or 9 7940HS (8c 16t) - 19v 5.26A 120w psu - del dios setup f7 choose boot - 2 thunderbolt-type usb-c on back - up to 64gb via 2 ddr5 sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


===Server Systems===

[[#top|...to the top]]

====IBM====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;xSeries 206m
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI RN50b (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{n/a}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0 (UHCI/EHCI)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2014-09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


===Motherboard===

[[#top|...to the top]]


* Late 2002, USB2.0 added and slightly better AROS sound support (AC97) appeared 
* 2002-2005 and still, to a limited extent, ongoing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor_plague bad capacitors] 
* Late 2003, ATX PSUs moved from 5V to 12v rails (extra 4pin on motherboard for CPU) 


* Late 2005, PCI Express replaced AGP and HDAudio replaced AC97 
* Late 2007, ATX PSUs added extra 12V PCI-E connectors and 4+4pin for CPUs 
* Late 2010, USB3.0 appears on motherboards or needing a PCI-E motherboard slot 

* Late 2014 Hardware USB2 removed from USB3 chipsets 


====AMD====

[[#top|...to the top]]


=====Socket 7 (1997/1999)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1997 VT82C586B (QFP-208) is the first from VIA with DDMA
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 VT82C686 has close to excellent DDMA support
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;SiS 5581/5582
SiS 5591/5595
SiS 530 /5595
SiS 600/5595
SiS 620/5595
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket A 462 (2001/4)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2217921/ABIT-NF7-S-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Abit NF7-S] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SIL 3112A  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650 AC97 (Nvidia APU)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8201LB  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Realtek RTL8801B 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7NF2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce2 ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|AGP 8x}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;CMedia CMI 9761A AC'97
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8201 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7S8X
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 746FX 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|AGP 8x}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC'97 cmedia}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SiS900}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7S41GX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 741GX + DDR 333
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|onboard sis does not work with vga or vesa but AGP 8x works}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 SIS 7012}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SiS 900}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works ok
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.asus.com ASUS A7N8X] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Silicon Image Sil 3112A
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ac97 ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|ehci USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;first total support for AROS in 2004/5 - damocles and M Schulz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar M7NCD
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650 AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8201BL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Chaintech 7NJS Ultra Zenith
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Promise PDC 20376  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|CMI8738}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI Lanparty NF2 Ultra
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|via ac97 VT1616}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8139C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ECS N2U400-A
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Cmedia 9379A AC97}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|VIA VT6103L}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA7N400L
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP 8x slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8100C
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.gigabyte.lv/products/page/mb/ga-8siml Gigabyte 8SIML] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 650
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC'97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|working}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8100L LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Matsonic [http://www.elhvb.com/mobokive/archive/matsonic/manual/index.html Manuals] MS83708E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS730 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|SiS 5513}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|sis 305 no support use VESA}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|sis7018}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|SiS 7001 USB 1.1 only}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SIS900}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?docname=bph07585&amp;lc=en&amp;dlc=en&amp;cc=us&amp;dest_page=softwareCategory&amp;os=228&amp;tool=softwareCategory&amp;query=Pavilion%20742n&amp;product=89232 MSI MS-6367 HP 722n 742n (Mambo) (2001/2)] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia nforce 220D (2001/2) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce2 AGP works 2D nouveau only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|AC97 ADI 1885 no volume control on Units 0-3}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB1.1 ports AMD based - front 2 ports iffy}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|nForce}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested 20th Aug 2012 NB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K7N2 [http://us.msi.com/index.php?func=proddesc&amp;maincat_no=1&amp;prod_no=546/ Delta ILSR] Delta-L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 (2002/3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Primary &amp; Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports (RAID) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ac97 ALC650}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K7N2 Delta2-LSR Platinum  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 (2002/3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Primary &amp; Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports (RAID) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ac97 ALC655}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2204281/Soltek-SL-75MRN-L-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Soltek 75FRN-L] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|2 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek RTL8201BL}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.3dvelocity.com/reviews/mach4nf2ultra/mach4.htm XFX Pine Mach4 nForce2 Ultra 400] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|3 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports VIA VT6240}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP 8x slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8201BL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS A7V266 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;via KT266A + 8233 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{no|issues}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with AD1980 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;via 8233 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6103 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 issues with booting 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A7V8X-X
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA KT400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|agp}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 with ADI AD1980 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|VIA 8235}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|Realtek 10/100}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 not booting for Socket A for AMD Barton/Thoroughbred/Athlon XP/Athlon/Duron 2.25+ GHz CPU - 3 x DDR DIMM Sockets Max. 3 GB - 
|-
|}


=====Socket 754 (2004/5)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit NF8-V2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250GB (2004/5)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|2 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot x8
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC658 ac97
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201C}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;a little support but no Firewire VIA VT6306
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar CK8 K8HNA Pro 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce3 150 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;VT6420 thru ide legacy only 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 ALC655}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8110S 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VT6307 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.extremeoverclocking.com/reviews/motherboards/Chaintech_ZNF3-150_3.html Chaintech ZNF3-150 Zenith] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|Sli3114 SATA via IDE emul}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VIA Envy24PT (VT1720) + VT1616}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|2 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom GbE 5788}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;very little support needs PCI cards but no Firewire VIA VT6306
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI Lanparty UT nF3 250GB 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250gb
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports nForce3 and 2 Marvell SATA PHY}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ALC850}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|2 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;CK8S - Winfast NF3 250K8AA works and Marvell 88E1111 does not work
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 some support but no Firewire VIA VT6307
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-K8N
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA nForce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8100C
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI43AB23 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte K8NNXP
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata sil3512 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTl8110S 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI STB82AA2 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-K8NSNXP 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250GB
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SiI 3512 CT128 Sata Sil3515
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC850 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvel 88E8001}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K8N Neo-FIS2R 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nVIDIA NF3-250Gb 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek 7.1 AC'97 ALC850 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E1111}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://techreport.com/articles.x/5748/1 Shuttle AN50R] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nF3-150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sil 3112 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC650 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia nF3 (10/100) Intel 82540EM Gigabit 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VT6307 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Foxconn WinFast K8S755A
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SiS755 + SiS964 (DDR333) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|RTL8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}

=====Socket 939 (2005)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8N-LA GeForce 6150 LE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Geforce 6150 (MCP51) + nForce 430 (PC-3200)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|two ATA 133}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|four 3.0GB/s SATAII ports}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;built in or PCI-E x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC883 HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8201CL 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8N-SLI Premium 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVidia 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|PCIe slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|nForce LAN but not Marvell}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI nF4 Ultra-D LanParty - Diamond Flower International sold to BenQ group 2010 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nF4 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA 2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 slots  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Dual Gigabit Ethernet, PCIe by Vitesse VSC8201 PHY nee Cicada 8201, PCI by Marvel 88E8001
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 64bit - Four 184-pin DDR Dual-Channel Slots - 1 pci on Ultra, 2 pci on sli, 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8V E SE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA K8T890 +VT8237R CHIPSET ATX AMD Motherboard with Athlon 64 X2 / Athlon 64 FX / Athlon 64 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe}} AC97 driver using Realtek ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} USB 2.0 only 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No}} Marvell 88E8053 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good base but needs additional PCI cards added for better support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS A8V Deluxe (2004) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA K8T800 Pro (DDR400)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;Promise 20378 2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 SATA2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VIA VT8233A 8235 8237 AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8001 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;needs extra PCI cards
|-
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock 939Dual-SATA2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ali Uli M1695 PCIe with M1567 AGP 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 Sata with JMicron JMB360 chip 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e and 1 agp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8201CL PHY ULi 10/100 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;64bit pci-e and agp combo on board - 4 ddr slots - 
|}


=====Socket AM2 (2006/8) and AM2+ (2007-2010) =====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M61PME-S2 (rev. 2.x) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 6100 / nForce 430 chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d for vga}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio Realtek ALC662 Audio Codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M2N61-AR mini itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA nForce 430
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce 6150SE via vga or 1 pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Nvidia
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 32bit - 1 pci - 2 ddr2 dimm slots non-eec - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;asus m2n68-am se2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nvidia 630a 630/a MCP68SE 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports MCP61 chipset is SATA over IDE, not SATA over AHCI and reports subsystem as 0x1 IDE, not 0x6 SATA 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|nvidia 7025 2d and 3d thru vga}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|hd audio with realtek alc662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|nForce chipset RTL 8201CP}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit Phenom IIX2, Athlon 64 LE X2, Sempron, and Phenom FX processors - ddr2 667Mhz ram max 4Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA770-UD3 (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 770 with SB700 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111C later 8111D}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support for AM2+ / AM2 with 4 ddr2 ram - 4 x PCI Express x1, 2 x PCI slots - firewire T.I. TSB43AB23 chip no support - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M3A32-MVP Deluxe
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 790FX RD790 + SB600 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88SE6121 SATA II}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 1.1 support 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio ADI® AD1988}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8056}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASROCK N68-S N68C-S
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD based nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|slimline DVD drive works}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GF 7025 use vesa}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio for VIA 1708S VT1705}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|echi usb 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201EL / 8201CL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 unbuffered 1066Mhz ddr2 ram - N68C-S may need noacpi added to grub boot line to disable pci temporarily to run as it cannot get to [PCI] Everything OK - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M2N68-AM Plus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Athlon 64, Sempron, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX with nvidia 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;no vga, pci-e slot only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with ALC662 codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8211CL Gigabit LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;adding &quot;noacpi noapic noioapic&quot; to the GRUB options - Dual channel DDR2 1066, 800, 667 MHz  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68M-S2 (1.0) S2P (2.3) S2L GA-M68SM-S2 (1.x) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630a chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025,  vga (s2 and s2p), dvi (s2l) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC883 (S2), ALC888B (S2P), ALC662 (S2L), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8201CL (S2), 8211CL (S2P), 8211BL (S2L), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit possible with AMD AM2+ CPU on AM2 motherboard, the system bus speed will downgrade from HT3.0(5200MHz) to HT1.0(2000 MT/s) spec 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M2N68-VM 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630a (MCP68PVNT) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia GeForce ® 7050PV hdmi, dvi and vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio VIA 1708B codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8211C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit - ddr2 800Mhz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM3 White socket (2010/11)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA74GM-S2 GA-MA74GM-S2H
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;740g with sb710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|bios IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 2100 and pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 (r1.x),ALC888b (r2.0), ALC888B (rev4.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111C later 8111D
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets max 8 GB - Micro ATX Form Factor 24.4cm x 23.4cm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.vesalia.de/e_aresone2011.htm Aresone 2011]
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;760g 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|no Radeon HD3000 driver yet&lt;br&gt;vesa driver works&lt;br&gt;and add PCIe card}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support - 4 DDR3 memory sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn A76ML-K 3.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760g rev3.0
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1 }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|4 in IDE mode }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 with pci-e slot  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC662-GR codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 2 pci slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-MA770T-UD3P (rev. 1.0 to 1.4) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd 770 with sb710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|4 sata}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio with Realtek ALC888 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8168 rtl8111c/d}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64 - 4 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA770-UD3 (rev. 2.0 2.1)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 770 with SB700 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111C later 8111D}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support for AM3 with 4 ddr2 ram - 4 x PCI Express x1, 2 x PCI slots - firewire T.I. TSB43AB23 chip no support - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4A785TD-M PRO
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;785G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|ide legacy}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4200 - use vesa}} or pci-e 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support with 1366 ddr3 ram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M4A88T-I Deluxe ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 880G with AMD SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Three SATA 3Gbps
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 4350 GPU with HDMI and DVI or One 16x PCI-Express 2.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB 2, 2 x USB 3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8112L}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 2 SODIMM DDR3 slots max 8GB
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4A88T-M Version E5907 E5826 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 880G SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 4250 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT 1708S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek rtl8169 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GigaByte 890GPA-UD3H
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890GX together with SB850
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use pci-e nvidia 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Maybe - ALC892 rev. 1.0, ALC892 rev 2.1, ALC889 rev. 3.1 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works well overall 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD7 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890FX with SB850 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 (rev 2.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|AMD USB2 but limited with NEC D720200F1 USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x Realtek 8111D 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - XL-ATX Form Factor 32.5cm x 24.4cm - 4 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 890GXM-G65 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;890GX + SB750
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|legacy}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI 4290 built-in (vesa)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC889 DD GR}} HD Audio crackles 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock N68-VS3 FX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 / nForce 630a
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA® VT1705 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek PHY RTL8201EL
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 2 x DDR3 DIMM slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GF615M-P35 MS-7597
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® nForce 430
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce 6150SE 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC888S}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|freezes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8211CL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B (1.3), ACL887 (3.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8211CL (all) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit possible, AMD AM3 CPU on this motherboard, the system bus speed will downgrade from HT3.0 (5200MT/s) to HT1.0 (2000 MT/s) spec 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2P 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B (1.x 2.x), ALC889 (3.0), ALC888B/889 (3.1),  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8211CL (all) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4N78 PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 8300  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 xUltraDMA 133/100 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce® 8 series GPU with 1 PCIe 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA1708S 8 -Channel  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;12 USB 2.0 ports (8 ports at mid-board, 4 ports at back panel)  
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;NVIDIA Gigabit 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x DIMM, Max. 16 GB, DDR2 1200(O.C.)/1066*/800/667 ECC,Non-ECC,Un-buffered Memory - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 9.6 inch ( 30.5 cm x 24.4 cm ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket AM3+ Black socket (2012/15)=====

*095W FX-6300 FD6300WMHKBOX (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320E 8core Black Editions FD832EWMHKBOX  FX-8370E  (Vishera/Piledriver) 
*125W FX-6310 (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320 FX-8350 FX-8370 (Vishera/Piledriver) 
*220W 990FX mobos with FX-9000 FX-9370 FX-9590 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M5A78L-M LX3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G with SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|bios IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 with pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC887, V? ALC892 codecs 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros 8161/8171 add realtek 8111? pci-e card}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - uATX Form Factor 9.6  inch x 7.4  inch ( 24.4  cm x 18.8  cm ) - 2 x DIMM, Max. 16GB, DDR3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-78LMT-S2P
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|6 SATA2 ports}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GT240 and a nv7900gs, both pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC889 (r3.1), ALC??? (rev. 4.0), ALC887 (r5.x)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 8111E (r3.1), Atheros (rev4.0), Atheros (r5.x) }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 offers very poor control over its EFI vs. BIOS booting partition features 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-78LMT-USB3 (r3.0), (r4.1 Blue board), (r5.0 dark board), (rev6 dark mobo)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Bios IDE mode for SATA2 on early ones}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD HD3000, pci-e GT240 and a nv7900gs 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC??? (r3.0), ALC887 (r4.1), VIA VT2021 (r5.0), Realtek® ALC892 codec (rev6) }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 but not VIA® VL805 USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit - Micro ATX Form Factor 24.4cm x 24.4cm - 4 x DDR3 DIMM sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 760GM 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ATI 760G plus SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 Use Vesa 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|P33 VT1705; P34, P21 and P23 (FX) MS7641 v3.0 ALC887,  E51 ALC892}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;P23 issues with audio ALC887 crackles thru earphones - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigayte GA-MA770T-UD3P (rev. 3.1) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd 770 with sb710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with Realtek ALC888/892 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111d/e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock 890FX Deluxe5 Extreme3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890FX + AMD SB850 or SB950 (Extreme3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC892}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8111E rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M5A97 R2.0 EVO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 970 and SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Asmedia SATA Controller 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;n/a
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 (LE), ALC887 (Regular), ALC892 (EVO) codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0 and 2 Asmedia USB3.0 Controller 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111F 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-970A-D3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 970 with SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; ALC??? (rev. 1.0/1.1), ALC887 (rev1.2), VIA VT2021 codec (rev 1.3 1.4 and rev3.0) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 but not Etron EJ168 chip (USB3)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE 8111E (all revisions), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 64bit - ATX Form Factor 30.5cm x 22.4cm - 4 x 1.5V DDR3 DIMM sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 970 Gaming 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;970FX SB950
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC1150 Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 usb2 with 2 USB3 VIA VL806 Chipset 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Killer E2205 Gigabit LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M5A99X EVO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;990X - RD980 with SB920 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 pci-e gen ?
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC892 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 8111e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-990XA-UD3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 990 with SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 (rev 1.x, 3.0, 3.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 not 2 x Etron EJ168 chips for USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek rtl8169 8111e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 24.4cm - 4 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====AMD Fusion (2011/14)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| 1.2GHz single Bobcat Fusion C30 + Hudson M1 
| ACPI
| IDE
| SATA
| AMD 6250 
| Audio
| USB
| Ethernet
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| Asus E35M1-M PRO uATX
| 1.6GHz 18W AMD Fusion E-350 dual core + Hudson M1
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA
| AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet 
| ALC887 VD2 
| USB
| RTL8111E 
| EFI bios [http://www.anandtech.com/show/4023/the-brazos-performance-preview-amd-e350-benchmarked] 
|-
| Asus E35M1-I Deluxe miniITX
| 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA
| AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet 
| ALC892 
| USB
| Realtek 8111E 
| no support for Atheros AR5008 on a Mini PCI-E
|-
| ASRock E350M1 / USB3 (also version with USB3.0 added) 
| 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA - 4 SATA3 
| {{Maybe|AMD 6310 - use vesa with hdmi and dvi}} 
| {{Yes|Audio ALC892 playback but no HDMI output}} 
| USB - 4 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 
| {{Yes|rtl8169 for Realtek 8111E 8411 ethernet chipset}}
| 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-E350N-USB3 mini-ITX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Hudson M1 FCH 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; plus HDMI, DVI 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 NEC USB3.0 with 4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-E350N Win8 V1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Hudson M1 FCH A45 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Use VESA - AMD 6310 plus HDMI, DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC887 playback through headphones but not thru hdmi}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|4 USB2.0 needs more testing}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8111 8168B}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works well but need to test with sata hard disk 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI E350IA-E45 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;e-350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;no support 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Sata3 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 6310 gpu 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 through NEC 720200 chipset 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS E45M1-M PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E450 APU with Hudson M1 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS E45M1-I Deluxe 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E-450 together 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM1 (2011/13)=====

On board Graphic on CPU - HD6410D, HD6530D, HD6550D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS F1A55-M LE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with AMD A55 FCH (Hudson D2)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s port(s), blue Support Raid 0, 1, 10, JBOD 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 2.0 slot or Integrated AMD Radeon™ HD 6000 in Llano APU 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 Audio CODEC  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 ports
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 A- Series/E2- Series APUs up to 4 cores - 2 x DIMM, Max. 32GB, DDR3 2250(O.C.)/1866/1600/1333/1066 MHz Non-ECC, Un-buffered Memory Dual Channel Memory Architecture  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM2 White Socket (2012/13)=====

Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A75 A85X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM2 Plus Black socket (2013/15)=====

Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A88X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM1 FS1b socket (2014/1x)=====

5350 4 core Jaguar cores 2GHz with Integrated AMD Radeon R Series Graphics in the APU Kabini [Radeon HD 8400] 

Later Beema APU with 2/4 core Puma (slightly updated Jaguar) cores, GCN graphics and a compute capable Radeon core, along with a brand new AMD security processor and FT3 BGA packaging (probably best avoided for long term survival).

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS AM1I-A 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek® ALC887-VD 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111GR 8168 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI AM1I 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111G
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI AM1M 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111G
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;BGA FT3 AM1x 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM4 FM3 Summit Ridge Zen Zen+ (2016/22)=====

Jim Keller’s group designed x86 Zen CPU - new and covering the same AM4 platform/socket for desktop 

Zen will also shift from Bulldozer’s Clustered Multithreading (CMT) to Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT, aka Intel’s Hyperthreading). CMT is the basis for Bulldozer’s unusual combination of multiple integer cores sharing a single FPU within a module, so the move to SMT is a more “traditional” design for improving resource usage

Trusted Platform Module, or fTPM, that Windows 11 requires. Ryzen processors using a firmware TPM are causing stutters, even when doing mundane tasks. To enable TPM 2.0 on your AMD system please follow the steps below.
&lt;pre&gt;
    Power on system and press DEL or F2 to get into the BIOS.
    Navigate to Advanced\CPU Configuration.
    Enable AMD fTPM switch.
    Press F10 to save changes.
&lt;/pre&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair VI Hero 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0 (1x16 or 2x8) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;SupremeFX audio features an S1220 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel I211 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 7 1800X 1700X 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar X370gtn Itx Am4
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek Dragon LAN RTL8118AS 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-AX370 K7 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with 2 x Realtek® ALC1220 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 intel and 1 E2500 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  4 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Xpower Gaming Titanium 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;8-channel Realtek 1220 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;ASMedia® ASM2142 and amd cpu 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 x Intel® I211AT Gigabit LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Prime B350 Plus ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; x PCIe 3.0/2.0 x16 (x16 mode) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 8-Channel  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 5 1600x 1600 1500X 1400 - 4 x DIMM Max 64GB, DDR4 up to 2666MHz ECC and non-ECC Memory - ATX 12 inch x 9.35 inch ( 30.5 cm x 23.7 cm )  - 2 pci 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME B350M-A/CSM Micro ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 3 1300x 1200 1100 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock Pro4 AB350 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe 3.0 x16, 4 PCIe 2.0 x1 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock AB350 Gaming-ITX/ac
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B350 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B350 Tomahawk Arctic Mortar 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 x PCIe 3.0 x16 (x16 mode) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;white and grey colours - 2 pci-e and 2 pci slots - m.2 in middle - atx 12 in by 9.6 in and matx versions - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue M-ATX B350M-TI 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue B350I-Plus ITX  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock A320M-ITX MINI ITX Rev1.0 Rev2 Rev2.1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A320 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME A320M-C R2.0 rev1.1 A320M-K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A320 A/B300 SFF 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with Realtek ALC887 alc897 CODEC 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 usb 3.1 gen 1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 64bit - 3rd/2nd/1st Gen AMD Ryzen™ / 2nd and 1st Gen AMD Ryzen™ with Radeon™ Vega 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI A320M-A PRO MicroATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A320  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio Realtek® ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG X399 Zenith Extreme  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X399 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; supremefx s1220 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Threadripper 1950X 1920X 1900X TR4 skt 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock Fatality X470 Gaming K4 mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X470 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock Fatal1ty X470 Gaming-ITXac AMD AM4
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X470 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS ROG STRIX X470-I GAMING AM4 ITX Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus B450-I Gaming 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;high VRM temps - raven ridge 14nm+ like 2200G 2400G 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock B450 Gaming K4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; alc892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 4 ddr4 slots - low VRM thermals 3900x 3950x 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B450 I Aorus Pro Wifi 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme pcie3 with 4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pcie
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek® ALC1220-VB codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;very high vrm temps 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue B450i Gaming ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata3 - none nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pcie3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64 2nd 3rd AMD - 2 ddr4 dimm slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI b450 tomahawk max 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; b450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with Realtek® ALC892 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450 Pro Carbon 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450-A PRO
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111h 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450I GAMING Plus AC ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 - 2nd and 3rd gen AMD - 2 ddr4 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MAXSUN AMD Challenger B450M M-ATX (aka Soyo) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock X570 PHANTOM GAMING-ITX/TB3 Mini ITX AM4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X570  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair VIII Dark Hero
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X570 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; SupremeFX7.1 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel® I211-AT and Realtek® RTL8125-CG 2.5G LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Strix X570-I Gaming Mini ITX AM4 Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MPG X570 Gaming Plus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  alc1220 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Strix B550-i AM4 ITX Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue Jingyue B550i Gaming itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;3 with 1 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio alc
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit max of Ryzen 5500 (c t), 5600, 5600g (6c12t) - 2 ddr4 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock B550 PHANTOM GAMING ITX/AX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  alc1220 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 2.5G 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock B550M-ITX/ac
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; Realtek ALC887/897 Audio Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek Gigabit LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022  - 2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG STRIX B550-A GAMING
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe Gen4 x4 &amp; SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  supremefx S1220A
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel® I225-V 2.5Gb
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte AMD B550I AORUS PRO AX Mini-ITX rev 1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme pci-e3 with 4 sata3
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC1220-VB codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 2.5GbE LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021  2 x DDR4 DIMM sockets  1Rx8/2Rx8/1Rx16 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B550 AORUS ELITE AX V2 ATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 DP and hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 USB 3.2 Gen1 Type-C 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2.5GbE LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit- finer tuning than A520's - AMD Ryzen 5000 Series/ 3rd Gen Ryzen and 3rd Gen Ryzen with Radeon Graphics CPU - Dual Channel ECC/ Non-ECC Unbuffered DDR4, 4 DIMMs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B550M DS3H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek rtl8118 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64bit - 4 ddr4 dimms - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MPG B550 GAMING PLUS ATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 3rd Gen AMD Ryzen Processors - 4 dimm ddr4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MAG B550 TOMAHAWK ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (up to Type 22110) and 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (Type 2242/2260/2280)
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 with dp and hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 1 x USB 3.1 Type-C and 1 x USB 3.1 Type-A
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8125B and Realtek RTL8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 4 Dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue A520M-H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; old bios with random issues with APU ryzens - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte A520M S2H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 1GbE 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit Zen3 65W and up - 2 ddr4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte A520I AC mITX mini-itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit Zen3 65W and up 5600G (6c12t) or 5700G (8c16t) - 2 ddr4 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI A520M-A PRO mATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (Type 2242/2260/2280) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 2 ddr4 dimm slots - 3rd Gen AMD Ryzen Desktop and AMD Ryzen 4000 G-Series CPU 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


===== (Socket AM5 LGA1718 Zen4 2022/2x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock Steel Legend 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - ddr5 ecc (10 chip) and non-ecc (8 chips) 64Gb @ 6000Mhz or 128GB @ 4800Mhz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock TaiChi
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 with Thunderbolt 4 equivalent 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek killer E3000 2.5GbE}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - ddr5 ecc (10 chip) and non-ecc (8 chips) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair Hero 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;rnda3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 7950x3d 120W, 7900 7800 7600 90W 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;rnda3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus B650E-I 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 5
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023  - better sound with an actual AMP, PCIe 5, USB-C display outs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MAXSUN AMD Challenger B650M WIFI M-ATX (aka Soyo) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI b650i mini itx
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023   - front panel connectors at the back of the board - dead rear nvme slot and a drained CMOS battery as the CMOS button being pressed during shipping - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M Zen4
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Zen5 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Zen6 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


===== (Zen? AM? 203x/3x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


====Intel====

[[#top|...to the top]]


=====Socket 370 (2000/2)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel D815EEA 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;866Mhz P3 and i815 chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia AGPx8 6200LE added}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2 USB1.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested AspireOS 1.7, simple basic board with useful 5 PCI slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket 478 (2002/4)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=zh-CN&amp;u=http://detail.zol.com.cn/motherboard/index46381.shtml&amp;prev=/search%3Fq%3Dc.865pe.l%2Bmotherboard%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DsZB%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official Colorful Technology C.865PE-L Silver Fighter Warrior V2.3] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865PE
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;{{dunno| }}
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|tested with CDROM}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{dunno| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|AGP slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|ALC650 AC97}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 1.1 and 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8100 8139}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Still testing with NB (Nightly Build) May 2013 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel 845 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865P
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|intel 800}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 AD1985}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|e1000}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested ICAROS 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel 845 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865GC 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|intel 865 Extreme Graphics 2}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 AD1985}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|e1000}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested ICAROS 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA775 s775 (2005/8)=====

an industry standard DDR2 module could in theory contain fallback JEDEC, intel XMP and AMD EPP configuration data 

Intel PC CL5 ram modules but an &quot;AMD&quot; CL5 ram module the BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD (Serial Presence Detect) but can recognize the CL5 timing info in the JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. 

an AMD PC CL6 ram modules but an &quot;INTEL&quot; CL6 ram module the BIOS cannot read the INTEL XMP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL6 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. 

an INTEL PC needs CL6 ram modules but have an &quot;AMD&quot; CL4 ram module. INTEL BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL4 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS recognizes module timings as incompatible an refuses to boot.  

entirely separate issue if the RAM module timing specs are incompatible.(i.e. CL4 RAM in a &quot;CL6 only&quot; PC) 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit AG8 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P915 + ICH6R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA1 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe x16 Slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8110S-32 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 32bit - Firewire TI 4200R7T no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 915 Neo2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P915 + ICH6R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA1 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe x16 Slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;CMI 9880L HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcomm BCM5751 PCIe}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VIA VT6306 no 
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5GC P5GC-MX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945GC Lakeport-GC + ICH7R northbridge
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 3.0 Gbit/s ports  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe 1.1 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|atheros L2}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 32bit - 3 pci slots - 4 x 240-pin DIMM Sockets max. 4GB DDR2 667/533 non-ECC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn PC45CM-SA 45CM-S 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GC with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|pcie 1.0 slot with gma950 integrated}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with aLC883 codec playback}}  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|realtek 8139 8100sc}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 dimm slots 667mhz max 4gb - can be found in Advent desktops - 2 pci-e and 2 pci - core 2 duo only e6xxx - Micro ATX (9.6” x 8.8”) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-81945GM MFY-RH
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® 945GM Express with ICH7M-DH 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA950 VGA15 and PCI-e 1.0 slot}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC880 codec playback only rear port}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 usb 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO1000PL 82573L Gigabit Ethernet}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 MoDT term “Mobile on DeskTop.”, low TDP CPUs to work on desktop form-factor motherboards. mATX Micro ATX 24.4cm x 24.4cm - 2 DDR2 dimm 1.8v slots with 4Gb max - will not boot if PCI2 slot occupied - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-945 GCM S2C
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662 (1.x)}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|8101E Rtl 8169 (1.x)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA945-GCM S2L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GC with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCi-E slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with ALC662 codec 2/4/5.1-channel (1.x)}}  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111c 8169 (1.x)}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM 4GB DDR2 memory max - 2 PCI-e and 2 PCI - Micro ATX form factor; 24.4cm x 19.3cm  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 945P Neo-F rev 1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCie 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC662 HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8110SC (rtl8169) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 945P Neo2-F rev 1.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCie 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC850 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8110SC (rtl8169) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-P31-DS3L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P31 with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI Express x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111B 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;DDR2 800Mhz up to 4Gb 4 x 240 pin - 3 PCI - ATX 12.0&quot; x 8.3&quot; - 
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5KPL-AM /PS 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 1.1 with integrated Intel® GMA 3100 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT1708B with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8102EL 100/10 LAN with Realtek RTL8111C Gigabit LAN  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 x 2 GB DDR2 Non-ECC,Un-buffered DIMMs with 2 PCI - Intel Graphics Media Accelerator - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5KPL/EPU 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 with ICH7
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Pci-e 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8169 Realtek 8111C}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested - 4 240-pin DIMM, Max. 4 GB - 4 pci-e and 3 pci - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 8.2 inch ( 30.5 cm x 20.8 cm ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G31M ES2L
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 plus ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3100 2d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC883 (1.x), ALC883/888B (2.x)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|RTL8111C (1.x), Atheros 8131 (2.x)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;reduces DRAM capacity to 4GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock G31M-S r1.0  G31M-GS
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|4 sata2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{partial|rtl8169 RTL8111DL 8169 (for -GS) RTL8102EL (for -S)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit Core2 - 2 DDR2 800 max 8Gig AMI bios MicroATX - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock G31M-S r2.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|4 sata2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8111DL 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit core2 - 2 DDR2 800 max 8Gig MicroATX 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.intel.com/cd/channel/reseller/apac/eng/products/desktop/bdb/dg31pr/feature/index.htm Intel DG31PR] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;iG31 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|3100 but can use PCIe 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 playback}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111B Rtl 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel G33 Express Chipset with ich9 southbridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 3100 powervr tile based 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit - embedded on Core 2 Quad, Core 2 Duo, Pentium Dual-Core CPUS with Integrated GPU Intel GMA 3100 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS P5G41T-M LX  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH8 + DDR3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|X4500 some 2d only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros L1c AR8131}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;reduces maximum supported memory ddr3 from 16 to 8GB 2 dimm slots non-EEC - demotes the PCIe controller mode from revision 2.0 (5.0GT/s) to revision 1.1 (2.5GT/s
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VT1708S (1.3), ALC887-VD2 (1.4), ALC887 (2.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros AR8151 l1c (1.x 2.x), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2PT 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 (1.0), VIA (2.0), ALC887 (2.1)
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8111E (1.x), Atheros AR8151 l1c (2.1), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT D3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH7
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 Port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA X4500 2d only and pci-e 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888B}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports + headers
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111 D/E}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-P41T D3P 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH7 with Intel Core 2 Duo (E6xxx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 889/892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8111C or D/E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel DG41AN Classic 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;iG41 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888S ALC888VC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock P5B-DE
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P965 + ICH8 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|works ide legacy}}
|&lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|with PCI-E 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio via VT1708S}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5B SE
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965 intel 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio ALC662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works well except ethernet 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5W DH Deluxe P5WDG2 WS PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;975X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 slots
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC882 AND LATER ADI 1988B 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8052 88E8053}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI TSB43AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit IP35 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P35 Express + ICH9R  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;two RTL8110SC 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Texas TSB43 AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI P35 Neo F FL MS-7630 rev 1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel P35 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 1.1 support 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC888
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Base model of this range of P35 mobos 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-P35-DS3
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P35 and ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC889A codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111B
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 - 4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets max 8 GB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-EP35-DS3 (rev. 2.1) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® P35 + ICH9 Chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|4 }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|Realtek ALC889A codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes | }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8111B}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit IX38 Quad GT 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X38 / ICH9R Chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-E 2.0 slot  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; HD Audio ALC888 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8110SC 8169SC 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Texas TSB 43AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte X38-DQ6
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X38 / ICH9R Chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-E 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889A HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;twin 8111B 8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-EP45 DS3 (2008) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P45 + ICH9 or ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s (SATAII0, SATAII1, SATAII2, SATAII3, SATAII4, SATAII5)  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E v2.0 x16 slots support splitting its 16 PCIe 2.0 lanes across two cards at x8 transfers 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888  or ALC889A codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x Realtek 8111C chips (10/100 /1000 Mbit)  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets non-EEC 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI P45 Platinum (2008) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P45 + ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 sata2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G45 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;adds Intel’s GMA X4500HD graphics engine to P45 Express features 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G43 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;removes HD video acceleration from the G45’s features 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5E Deluxe 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X48 with ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ADI 1988B codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell 88E8001 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GigaByte GA-X48 DQ6 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X48 plus ICH9R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;8 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889A 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;8 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8111B 8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TSB43AB23 no - ICH9 pairs with Intel’s 3-series (X38, P35, etc.) chipsets, in addition to the X48 Express, but excluding the G35 Express 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte EP43-DS3L  and Gigabyte GA-EP43-UD3L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P43 with ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s connectors 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 x PCI Express x16 slot PCI Express 2.0 standard
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888 codec  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8111C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets - 4 pcie x1 - 2 pci - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 21.0cm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte 73-pvm-s2h rev.1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 7100 nForce 630i 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1 port}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|3 ports SATA2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d GeForce 7100 (vga /hdmi/dvi), 1 PCIe x16 Slot }} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC889A MCP73}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|7 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL 8211B MCP73}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Not, tested with Icaros Desktop 2.0.3 MCP73 is a single chip solution in three different versions 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Nvidia 7150 630i 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel based nForce 630i (MCP73)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|ide legacy}}
| &lt;!--GFX--&gt;GF 7150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD AUDIO ALC883}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|ohci echi}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201C}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;being tested 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0 x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; the MCP73PV or the GeForce 7050/nForce 630i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;the MCP73S or the GeForce7025/nForce 630i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;the MCP73V or the GeForce 7025/nForce 610i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}

=====Atom SOC (2008/2x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D945CLF 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N230 single core 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA945}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}} Skt 441
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works very well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.clusteruk.com iMica D945GCKF2 mobo]
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Atom N330 Dual Core
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;wip
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|gma}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD AUDIO}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D945GSEJT + Morex T1610 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom 230 with 945GSE 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA900 vga but issues with DVI output}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio with ALC662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;small size, runs off 12V 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS AT3N7A-I  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom N330 Nvidia ION
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|3 ports legacy IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|nouveau  cube  cube 2 45  quake 3 }}  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with VIA 1708S codec playback}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 device}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAiJpvu73iw&lt;/ref&gt; good but can freeze randomly at times 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D410PT 45nm pinetrail
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D410 and NM10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|ide legacy}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA3150}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC262 or ALC66x odd clicks}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;45nm pinetrail
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D510 and NM10 + GMA3150 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA3150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B or ALC66x 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8111DL
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-D525TUD (rev. 1.0 1.2 1.5)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D525 NM10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N|A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;gma 3150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111f 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64 - 2 ddr3 dimm slots max 8g - Mini-ITX Form Factor; 17.0cm x 17.0cm - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket 1366 (2009/10)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P6T DELUXE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x58 + ICH10 and Intel 1st gen. (Nehalem/Lynnfield) Core i7 (8xx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|1 port}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 (r2.0) slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ADI AD2000B HD Audio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8056 Gigabit}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VIA VT6308 no
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;gigabyte ex58 ds 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; x58 + ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111D rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket 1156 (2010)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire M3910
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA intel HD}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek ALC}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk| Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H55 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|ALCxxx playback}} ALC888B (Rev1.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8111D}} (Rev 1.x) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested but no support for WLAN Realtek 8188su 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H55M-E33 v1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E7636 M7636 H55 chipset so older i3/i5/i7 system
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC889}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|PCI-E Realtek 8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P7P55D
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P55 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe | via codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe |rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111B/C  RTL8112L }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1155 H2 (2010/13)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS P8H61-I LX R2.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111f 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 - up to ivybridge cpus - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8H61-I/RM/SI mini-itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64 up to i3-2010 - OEM board from an RM machine but not ivybridge as the Asus BIOS isn't compatible with these, 0909 hacked one might work - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;asus p8h61-i lx r2.0/rm/si mini itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;h61
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with VIA codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111e
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 sandy and ivy - oem from rm machine 2 x 240-Pin DDR3 DIMM sockets max DDR3 1333MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;‎Bewinner 63q9c7omvs V301 ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata with nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8106E 100M Network Card 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar H61 H61MHV2 H61MHV3 Ver. 7.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 with Intel Pentium G 2xxx series CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC662 later ALC897
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H61M-D2-B3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + Sandybridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 ports
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H61MA-D3V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Maybe No Realtek ALC887 (Rev 2.0) ALC887 (Rev2.1) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 ports
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-H61M-S2PV 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 with 2400k 2500k 2600k 2700k 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 (rev 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Rtl811E (1.0) 8151 (2.0) Rtl8111F (2.1 2.2 2.3) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Micro ATX Form Factor; 24.4cm x 20cm with 2 pci-e and 2 pci - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel Classic Series DH61CR Desktop 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82579V}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H61M-P20 (G3) MS-7788 
*retail MSI board 
*OEM Advent, etc 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|four SATAII ports}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCI Express gen3 (retail) gen2 (oem) x16 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8105E 100M Network Card}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64 - 2 ddr3 slots - 22.6cm(L) x 17.3cm(W) M-ATX Form Factor - BIOS - [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=6009#post_6007 works well], 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H61I-E35 (B3) MS-7677 Ver.1.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d for hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=5861#post_5861 works}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8H67-M
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H67 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata3 - 4 sata2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8Z68-V LX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z68 + Intel 2nd generation (Sandy Bridge) Core i7 (2xxx) CPU and possibly ivybridgev
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata3 - 4 sata2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio Intel HD with ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64 - EFI bios - 4 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Z68AP-D3 (B3) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z68 + Ivybridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata3 - 4 sata2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H77
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H77-D3H 1.0 1.1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H77 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 3.0 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio VIA VT2021 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros GbE LAN chip}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit i5 3550 7 3770 - 4 DDR3 slots - 2 full pci-e 2 pci slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA Z77 D3H with i3 3225 dual 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio VIA VT2021 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros GbE LAN chip}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1150 H3 (2013/2016)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H87N-WIFI mITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H87 and Intel 4th generation (Haswell) Core i5 (4xxx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel Atheros 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H81M-C H81M-P-SI
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 (4xxx) CPU
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2x3g 2x6g
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;hdaudio alc887 vd
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8111gr
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;skt 1150 - 2 ddr3 max 16g - mini atx - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H81T 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD4000 igpu only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887-VD 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 8111G 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit intel 4th gen mini itx - external dc brick with 19v rare barrel pin 7.4MM x 5.0MM - 2 ddr3 laptop sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H81M-S2V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® GbE LAN chip 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit up to i7 4790K - 2 DDR3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-H81M-D3V (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|2 sata2 2 sata3 }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| HDAudio Realtek® ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|intel and VIA® VL805}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169 Realtek }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Z87-K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z87 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 4c8t i5 4c4t CPU
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-Z87X-UD3H 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z87 Express 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with Realtek® ALC898 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA H97M D3H r1.0 r1.1 with i3 4360 or 4370 dual 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Z97 A with i7 4790K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;750, 960, 970 and 980 nvidia GTX cards 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel lan ethernet 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA Z97X UD3H rev1.0 1.1 1.2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z97 with i5 4690K 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC1150
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GAMING 5 Z97 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z97 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 4c8t CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS Q87M-E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Q87 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 4 DDR3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1151 Socket H4 (2015/2018)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Skylake CPUs have TPM 2.0 imbedded 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H110 Plus H110M-A/DP 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with 6th Gen Core and 7th with bios update 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sunrise Point-H SATA [AHCI mode] [8086 a102] 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|Skylake Integrated HD Graphics use PIC-E slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC887 Audio CODEC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Sunrise Point-H USB 3.0 xHCI [8086: a12f] no usb2.0 fallback 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111GR or 8111H RTL8111 8168 8411}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;ATX with 3 pci-e and 2 DDR4 slots - uatx version smaller - turn off TLSF as it was causing AHI driver to corrupt. Turned off ACPI for errors but works fine once booted - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS H110M-R M-ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 x SATA 6Gb/s 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio Realtek® ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 64bit 6th Gen Skylake Core™ i7/Core™ 6950X i7-6970HQ i7-6700K 4c8t hyperthreading, i5/Core™ i5-6600K 4c4t i3/Pentium® / Celeron® - 2 DDR4 DIMMS Max 32GB 2133MHz - 1 full pci-e and 2 pci-e 1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H110T 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel igpu only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Dual Intel/Realtek GbE languard 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 - mini itx 12v / 19v laptop type rare barrel pin 7.4MM x 5.0MM - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - no pci-e slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H110M-S2H MATX Rev1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 (USB 3.1 Gen 1) ports with 4 us2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® GbE LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;   2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Msi H110M-PRO-VH 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 x SATA 6Gb/s 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; Realtek® ALC887 Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111h 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 6th gen intel -  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H170 Pro Gaming
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H170 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Asmedia USB3.1/3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Z170A TOMAHAWK 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z170 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sara, 1 x 2280 Key M(PCIe Gen3 x4/SATA), 1 x 2230 Key E(Wi-Fi) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 64bit up to i7 7700k - 2 DDR4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GIGABYTE GA-B250M-DS3H HD3P D3H D2V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B250 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 coffee lake intel 8th gen
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with Kaby Lake X Intel 7th Gen 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Z390 with Kaby Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Q370M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; H370M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B360M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Rampage 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x299 with  i9
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  - up to 24 to 44 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte 
| &lt;!--Chipset--X299 &gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket LGA 1200 (2020/2022)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H510M-A PRO (MS-7D22)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with Comet Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64bit-  up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME H410M-E
Asrock H470M-HDV/M.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with Rocket Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket LGA 1700 (2023/ )=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Alder Lake / Raptor Lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 2022 64bit - QoS work to 2 level cpus, P down to E cores - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Meteor Lake / Arrow Lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 2024 64bit 10nm - 3 level cpus, Low Power Island (SOC tile) to E onto P cores - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Lunar lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 64bit 7nm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


===Chromebooks===

For most (EOL) Chromebooks, the recommended UEFI path forward is to:

*put the device into Developer Mode
*disable firmware write protection
*flash MrChromebox's UEFI Full ROM firmware
*install ChromeOS Flex, Linux, etc


See [https://mrchromebox.tech/#home MrChrome], [https://mrchromebox.tech MrChrome] and the [https://www.reddit.com/r/chrultrabook/ chrultrabook subreddit] for more info


ChromeOS has several different boot modes, which are important to understand in the context of modifying your device to run an alternate OS:

*Normal/Verified Boot Mode
        Can only boot Google-signed ChromeOS images
        Full verification of firmware and OS kernel
        No root access to the system, no ability to run Linux or boot other OSes
        Automatically enters Recovery Mode if any step of Verified Boot fails
        Default / out-of-the-box setting for all ChromeOS devices
*Recovery Mode
        User presented with Recovery Mode boot screen (white screen with 'ChromeOS is missing or damaged' text)
        Boots only USB/SD with signed Google recovery image
        Automatically entered when Verified Boot Mode fails
        Can be manually invoked:
        On Chromebooks, via keystroke: [ESC+Refresh+Power]
        On Chromeboxes, by pressing a physical recovery button at power-on
        On Convertibles/Tablets, by pressing/holding the Power, Vol+, and Vol- buttons for 10s and then releasing
        Allows for transition from Verified Boot Mode to Developer Mode
        On Chromebooks/Chromeboxes, via keystroke: [CTRL+D]
        On Convertibles/Tablets, via button press: Vol+/Vol- simultaneously
        Booting recovery media on USB/SD will completely repartition/reformat internal storage and reload ChromeOS (as well as some RW firmware components)

Note: The ChromeOS recovery process does not reset the firmware boot flags (GBB Flags), so if those are changed from the default, they will still need to be reset for factory default post-recovery.

*Developer Mode
        &quot;Jailbreak&quot; mode built-in to every ChromeOS device
        Loosened security restrictions, allows root/shell access, ability to run Linux via crouton
        Verified Boot (signature checking) disabled by default, but can be re-enabled
        Enabled via [CTRL+D] on the Recovery Mode boot screen
        Boots to the developer mode boot screen (white screen with 'OS verification is off' text), from which the user can select via keystroke where to boot:
&lt;pre&gt;
           ChromeOS (in developer mode) on internal storage ( [CTRL+D] )
           ChromeOS/ChromiumOS on USB ( [CTRL+U] )
           Legacy Boot Mode ( [CTRL+L] )
&lt;/pre&gt;
Boot screen displays the ChromeOS device/board name in the hardware ID string (eg, PANTHER F5U-C92, which is useful to know in the context of device recovery, firmware support, or in determining what steps are required to install a given alternate OS on the device.

*Legacy Boot Mode
        Unsupported (by Google) method for booting alternate OSes (Linux, Windows) via the SeaBIOS firmware payload / RW_LEGACY firmware region
        Accessed via [CTRL+L] on the developer mode boot screen
        Requires explicit enabling in Developer Mode via command line: sudo crossystem dev_boot_legacy=1 (installing RW_LEGACY firmware via the Firmware Utility Script will set this for you)
        Not all ChromeOS devices are capable out of the box, most require a RW_LEGACY firmware update first
        Boots to the (black) SeaBIOS splash screen; if multiple boot devices are available, a prompt to show the boot menu will be displayed.

Note: If you hear two beeps after pressing [CTRL+L], then either your device doesn't have a valid Legacy Boot Mode / RW_LEGACY firmware installed, or legacy boot capability has not been been enabled via crossystem.

Using the [https://mrchromebox.tech/#fwscript ChromeOS Firmware Utility Script] to update your device's RW_LEGACY firmware region will address both of these issues, as it not only provides an updated, fully functional RW_LEGACY firmware, but also sets the required boot flag.


https://www.howtogeek.com/278953/how-to-install-windows-on-a-chromebook/

Chromebooks don’t officially support other OSs. You normally can’t even install as Chromebooks ship with a special type of BIOS designed for Chrome OS. But there are ways to install, if you’re willing to get your hands dirty and potentially ruin everything 


[https://mrchromebox.tech/#devices Firmware Compatibility] 


Most older Chromebooks need the write-protect screw removed in order to install MrChromebox's firmware that allows you to install other operating systems. Most newer Chromebooks don't work in the same way as there is no write-protect screw on them. 

[https://wiki.galliumos.org/Hardware_Compatibility Here is the list of hardware that the GalliumOS supports and information on getting Gallium OS on to those devices]


Development on GalliumOS has been discontinued, and for most users, GalliumOS is not the best option for running Linux due to lack of hardware support or a kernel that's out of date and lacking important security fixes.


Meet Eupnea and Depthboot, the successors to Galliumos and Breath [https://eupnea-linux.github.io This is the bleeding edge] 


With that said, the HP Chromebook 11 11A G8 EE is not listed as being supported at this time. 
this is a educational version and if it does not belong to you and belongs to a school district 
STOP NOW! We suspend students that decide to mess with a school district Chromebook that was loaned to them.


Very rough guide to '''total''' (i.e. all cores / threads) processor performance (AROS usually uses only the one core) 

&lt;pre&gt;

080000    AMD Ryzen 9 7900X (AM5 170W)
072000    AMD Ryzen 9 5950X
068000    AMD Ryzen 9 5900X3D 
060000    AMD Ryzen 9 5900X (AM4 105W),   AMD Ryzen 9 3950X (105W),   
057000    AMD Ryzen 9 PRO 7940HS (FP8 65W)
055000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800X3D
050000    AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 7840HS (FP7 65W),    AMD Ryzen Z1 Extreme (top TDP)
049000    AMD Ryzen 9 6900HX,    Intel Core i7-12800H
046000    AMD Ryzen 7 7735HS 
045000    AMD Ryzen 7 5700G (AM4 ),    AMD Ryzen 7 7736U,   AMD Ryzen 9 6900HS
044000    Intel Core i5-13500H,   AMD Ryzen 5 5600X3D (AM4 95W),   AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 5750GE (AM4 35W)
043000    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 7640HS,   AMD Ryzen 7 7736U,   AMD Ryzen 7 5700GE (AM4 35W),    
042500    AMD Ryzen 5 5600X,    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5645,    AMD Ryzen 9 5900HS,   Intel Core i7-12700T,    
042000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800H with Radeon Graphics (FP6 45W),    AMD Ryzen 5  5600 (65W),   AMD Ryzen 5 7640U,    
041000    AMD Ryzen 7 6800U,  Intel Core i5-12490F,  Intel Core i5-12500E,     
040000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800HS with Radeon Graphics (FP6 35W),    AMD Ryzen 5 8500G,   


036000    AMD Ryzen 7 5825U,  AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5650GE,  AMD Ryzen 5 3600X (95W),    AMD Ryzen 5 5500 (AM4 65W), 
035000    AMD Ryzen 5 5600GE (AM4 35W),  AMD Ryzen 5 6600U,   Intel Core i5-11400F,  AMD Ryzen 5 5600H,  
034000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800U,   AMD Ryzen 7 4800HS,  AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750GE,   AMD Ryzen 7 2700X,  
032000    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650G (AM4 45W),    AMD Ryzen 7 4800U,    
031500    AMD Ryzen 7 5700U,   AMD Ryzen 5 4500 (AM4 65W),   AMD Ryzen 5 3600 (65W), AMD Ryzen 5 4600G (AM4 65W),   
029500    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE (AM4 35W),  AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 1700X (AM4 95W),  AMD Ryzen Embedded V3C18I (? 15W),  
028500    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5675U,    AMD Ryzen 7 1700 (AM4 65W),   AMD Ryzen 7 2700 (65W), 
028000    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5650U,    AMD Ryzen 5 4400G,    Intel Core i7-10870H,     
027000    AMD Ryzen 7 4700U,        AMD R5 5600U,      AMD Ryzen 5 5625U
026000    AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 5350GE (AM4 35W),   AMD Ryzen 5 2600 (65W),   AMD Ryzen 5 3500X (AM4 95W), 
025000    AMD Ryzen 5 5500U,      AMD Ryzen 5 1600X,    AMD Ryzen 3 5300GE,   Intel Core i7-8700,    
024000    AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 7330U,   AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650U,   AMD Ryzen 5 1600 (65W),    
023600    AMD Ryzen 3 7330U,     AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4500U,
022800    AMD Ryzen 3 5400U,    


022000    AMD Ryzen 5 4500U,  Intel Core i5-11300H,   AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 5450U,   AMD Ryzen 3 5425U,   
021600    AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE (AM4 35W),   AMD Ryzen 3 4300G (AM4 65W),   AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 4200GE,   
020000    AMD Ryzen 5 5500H,   
019500    AMD Ryzen 3 5300U,   Intel Core i5-1135G7,     
018600    AMD Ryzen 5 3400G (AM4 65W),   AMD Ryzen 5 2500X
018100    AMD Ryzen 5 3400GE (AM4 35W),   Intel Core i5-8400,    AMD Ryzen 5 1500X (AM4 65W),  
017600    Intel Core i7-6700K,   
016600    Intel Core i7-6700,   AMD Athlon Gold PRO 4150GE,  
016500    AMD Ryzen 7 3750H,    AMD Ryzen Embedded V1756B (FP5 45W),    
016000    AMD Ryzen 5 2400G (AM4 65W), 
015000    AMD Ryzen 5 2400GE (AM4 35W),  Intel Core i5-8500T,   
014000    AMD Ryzen 5 3500U (FP5 15W 4c8t),   AMD Ryzen 3 4300U,   AMD Ryzen 3 3200G (AM4 65W),   AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 2700U 
013500    AMD Ryzen 3 2200G,    AMD Ryzen 3 3200GE (AM4 45W),    AMD Ryzen 3 1300X (65W),  
013200    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 2500U (FP4 25W),   AMD Ryzen Embedded V1605B (FP5 25W),    
012800    AMD Ryzen 5 2500U (FP5 25W 4c8t),     


012300    Intel Core i7-8565U,    Intel Core i5-8350U,      
012000    AMD Ryzen 3 2200GE,  AMD Ryzen 3 1200 (65W),   AMD Ryzen 3 1200,   
011500    AMD Ryzen 3 3300U,    
010500    AMD Ryzen 3 2300U (FP5 25W 4c4t),    Intel Alderlake ULX N100 (BGA-1264 6W) / N95 (? 15W),    
010300    Intel Core i7-3630QM,   Intel Core i5-6600T,     
010200    Intel Core i5-6440HQ,   Intel Core i7-3610QM,     
010000    AMD FX-8320E Eight-Core (AM3+ 125W),   Intel Core i5-7500T,   Intel Core i5-4690, 
008700    AMD FX-6130 Six-Core (AM3+ 90W),     Intel Core i5-7400T,     
008600    Intel Core i5-6500T,  AMD Athlon 300GE (AM4, 35W),   
008200    Intel Core i5-2500K,  AMD Ryzen Embedded R1606G (FP5 15W),  AMD FX-6300 Six-Core (AM3 65W),   
008100    Intel Celeron N5105 (FCBGA1338, 15W),   Intel Core i5-4590T,   


008150    AMD Athlon Gold 3150U,    Intel Celeron N5095 (FCBGA1338 15W),   
007600    AMD Ryzen Embedded R1505G (FP5, 15W),    AMD Ryzen 3 3200U,     AMD Ryzen 3 3250U 
007200    AMD Ryzen 3 2200U (FP5 25W 2c4t),     Intel Core i3-7100T,      
006900    Intel Core i7-6600U,  
006500    Intel Core i7-6500U,     
006200    Intel Core i5-7200U,   
006100    Intel Core i5-6300U,   
006060    Intel Core i5-5257U,   AMD A10-6800B APU,      Intel Core i5-4570T,      
006000    Intel Core i5-6200U,   Intel Core i3-7130U,     
005900    AMD Athlon Silver 3050U,   Intel Xeon X5550,   Intel Core i5-4300M,    
005800    Intel Celeron J4125 (FCBGA1090 15W),   Intel Core i5-3470T,     
005600    Intel Core i5-3360M,    Intel Core i7-3520M,    


005400    AMD PRO A12-9800B 7th Gen APU SoC (FP4 15W),    
005200    AMD PRO A10-8770E,   AMD A10-9700E,   AMD PRO A10-9700B (FP4 15W),   Intel Core i3-4130T,     
005100    AMD RX-427BB (FP3 15W),   AMD A10-9620P,    AMD A12-9720P,    Intel Core i5-5350U,   
005100    AMD A8-5500 (FM2 65W),  AMD A10 PRO-7800B APU    Intel Pentium Silver N5000,    
005100    Intel Core i3-7100U (FCBGA1356 15W),    Intel Core i7-5500U,      Intel Core i3-6100U,     
005000    Intel Core i5-5300U,    Intel Core i5-3320M,     
004900    Intel Core i5-4300U,    Intel Core i5-5200U,     Intel Core i3-4100M,     
004860    Intel Core i7-2620M,    Intel Core i7-2640M,     
004650    Intel Core i5-2520M,    Intel Core i5-3210M,     
004600    AMD PRO A8-9600B,   AMD PRO A12-8830B,  AMD PRO A10-8730B,   AMD A12-9700P,   
004400    AMD A10-8700P A8-8600P,    Intel Core i5-4200U,    Intel Core i5-2540M,   
004000    Intel Core i5-2430M,    AMD PRO A8-8600B
003850    Intel Core i5-2410M,  Intel Core i3-2120 (LGA1155 65W),    
003800    AMD A10-4600M APU,  AMD A10 PRO-7350B APU,   AMD A10-5750M APU,   
003600    AMD A8-6500T APU    AMD A8-7410 APU,   AMD PRO A6-8550B    AMD A8-5550M APU     


003500    AMD GX-424CC SOC (FT3b 25W),   Intel Core i3-4000M,     
003400    AMD A10-7300 APU    AMD A6-7310 APU      AMD A8-6410     AMD A10-5745M APU    AMD R-464L APU 
003350    Intel Pentium G2020,   Intel Core i3-3120M,     
003300    AMD GX-420CA SOC (FT3 BGA769 25W),    AMD A6-9500E
003200    AMD A6-6310 APU,   AMD A6-6400B APU,    AMD A6-8570E   AMD A8-4500M APU  AMD A6-7400K APU
003000    AMD A8-7150B,      AMD A9-9410 / A9-9425,       AMD PRO A6-8500B (FP4 15W),     AMD A8-7100,    
002900    AMD A4-6210 APU,   AMD PRO A6-8530B,   AMD A6-8500P,   AMD A8-3500M APU,    Intel Core i3-2120T,     
002700    AMD Embedded GX-420GI (FP4 15W),   AMD PRO A6-9500B,     AMD GX-415GA SOC


002600    AMD A6-9225,   AMD A8-4555M APU,   
002500    AMD A4-5000 APU (FT3 15W),    AMD A6-9220,   AMD A6-3420M APU,  
002450    Intel Celeron 2950M,   Intel Pentium N3700,    Intel Core i3-2350M,     
002400    Intel Celeron N3150,   Intel Core i3-2330M,     
002300    Intel Celeron N3350,   AMD A4-9120,   AMD A4-9125,    Intel Core i3-2310M,
002200    AMD A9-9420e,  AMD A6-5350M APU,  AMD A6 Micro-6500T APU,   AMD E2-6110 APU,    AMD A6-9210, 
002000    AMD GX-412HC,   AMD A4-4300M APU,  AMD A6 PRO-7050B APU,   AMD A6-4400M APU,   AMD A6-7000,    
001925    Intel Core2 Duo E6700,     Intel Pentium Extreme Edition 965,   
001750    Intel Core i3-2365M 2375M,    AMD A4-9120C,   Intel Core2 Duo T8300,    AMD E2-3800,   
001600    AMD GX-222GC (BGA769 FT3b 15W),   AMD A4-9120e,  AMD Embedded GX-215JJ,    AMD A4-4355M APU,
001550    Intel Core2 Duo SL9400 T7600 T6600,   AMD E2-3200    AMD A6-9220e 


001500    AMD GX-218GL SOC,    AMD A6-4455M,   AMD A4-5150M APU,   
001400    AMD GX-217GA SOC
001300    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-64 TL-62,    Intel Core2 Duo T7300,    Intel Core2 Duo T5600,  
001250    AMD GX-412TC SOC,    AMD A4-3320M APU,    AMD Athlon 64 X2 QL-66,     Intel Core2 Duo T7200
001200    AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core TK-57,     AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-60 RM-74,   AMD E1-2500 APU
001150    Intel Core2 Duo T5550,      Intel Core2 Duo L7500 @ 1.60GHz    AMD E2-3000M APU,  
001100    Intel Core2 Duo T5300,      AMD Athlon 64 X2 3800,    Intel Core2 Duo E4300,    
001050    AMD E1-6010 APU
001050    AMD Athlon 64 FX-57,   AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core TK-55,    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-52
001000    Intel Core2 Duo T5500,    Intel Core2 Duo L7300,    Intel Core2 Duo SU9400,    
000950    AMD G-T56N,     AMD Athlon 64 3100+,     AMD E2-2000 APU,      
000950    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-50,     AMD E1-2200 APU,     Intel Celeron U3400,     
000925    AMD TurionX2 Dual Core Mobile RM-72,    AMD Sempron 140
000920    Intel Celeron SU2300,     Intel Core2 Duo T5200,    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-56
000890    AMD E2-1800 APU,    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58


000880    AMD G-T56E,       AMD G-T48E
000860    AMD E-450 APU,    AMD E-350 APU,     AMD Athlon LE-1620     
000820    AMD A4-1250 APU,    AMD Athlon LE-1600
000810    AMD E1-2100 APU,    Intel Core Duo T2500,      
000810    Intel Atom D510,     Intel Core2 Duo U7500,     
000800    AMD Geode NX 2400+,    AMD Turion 64 Mobile ML-42
000760    AMD V140,    AMD E1-1200 APU,    AMD Athlon 64 3300+
000730    Intel Core Duo T2400,   AMD Turion 64 Mobile MK-38,    AMD Sempron 3600+,  
000700    Intel Core2 Duo U7600 U7700,    AMD Sempron LE-1200,    AMD V120 
000680    AMD GX-212JC SOC,    AMD E-300 APU,    AMD A4-1200 APU    
000670    AMD Turion 64 Mobile MK-36 ML-37 ML-40,  Mobile AMD Sempron 3800+
000640    Intel Atom N2600,    Intel Atom N570,     Mobile AMD Athlon 64 3200+
000640    Intel Core Duo T2300,     Intel Core Duo T2050,     
000630    VIA Eden X2 U4200,    AMD Sempron LE-1100
000620    AMD C-70 APU,     Intel Atom 330,     AMD G-T40N
000610    Intel Core2 Duo U7300,    AMD Athlon II Neo K125 K145,    AMD Sempron 3100+ 3600+, 
000600    Intel Atom N550,    Intel Pentium 4,    AMD Athlon 64 2800+,   AMD Sempron LE-1250
000580    AMD C-60,     AMD G-T40E
000530    AMD C-50,    Intel Celeron M 723,     AMD Sempron 210U, 
000490    AMD GX-210JA SOC,    ARM Cortex-A53 4 Core 1000 MHz


000470    Mobile AMD Sempron 3500+,    Mobile AMD Athlon XP-M 2200+, 
000460    AMD Athlon XP 2500+,         AMD Sempron 3500+,    Mobile Intel Pentium 4,     
000440    Intel Atom D425,    Intel Atom N470,     
000410    Intel Pentium M,     Intel Celeron M,    AMD Sempron 2300+
000400    Intel Atom N450,   AMD Sempron 2400+
000360    Intel Atom D410,   AMD G-T52R,    AMD C-30,    AMD Sempron 2200+ 
000350    Intel Atom N455,   Intel Atom N280,    Intel Atom N270,     

&lt;/pre&gt;


==References==

{{reflist}}
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    <title>Lentis/Gambling</title>
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        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>49843</id>
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      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:CCTV-algemeen.jpg|CCTV-algemeen.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 8 October 2024.</comment>
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      <text bytes="24916" sha1="1seodx2i8msqysa9j27qmihak9e4hv7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Bellagioatoptower.jpg|thumb|right|450px|The Bellagio Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas]]

Gambling institutions such as casinos are places where technology and social issues interact on a daily basis. Since their inception, gambling institutions and their patrons have walked a fine line dividing socially acceptable and unacceptable behavior. These arguments often revolve around certain technologies or techniques relating to gambling.  This article will look at three case examples that illustrate the gray areas surrounding gambling and provide the views of the parties involved.  By examining these issues we can better understand where many groups draw the line on what is acceptable behavior.  To limit the scope of the article, we only consider these examples in the context of U.S. gambling.

== Slot Machines ==
[[File:Fremont_Street_(Las_Vegas)_Golden_Nugget_Veki.JPG|thumb|left|300px|A Woman Playing Slots in Las Vegas]]
When [[w:slot machines|slot machines]] were first invented in the late 19th century, they were simple, mechanical devices. New technologies cause slot machines to be characterized as advanced rather than simple machines. Such technological innovation causes interest groups to argue slot machines are becoming more predatory while others counter that patents of new technologies are simply making slot machines more entertaining&lt;ref&gt;Stop Predatory Gambling (2016). [http://stoppredatorygambling.org/about-us/the-movement/ About the Movement, In ''Mission Statement.'' http://stoppredatorygambling.org/about-us/the-movement/]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Universal entertainment corporation; patent issued for gaming system having a plurality of gaming machines linked by network and control method. (2012). ''Journal of Engineering,'' , 3093. Retrieved from ProQuest Database&lt;/ref&gt;.  According to the Nevada Gaming Control Board slot machines are a majority source of casino income&lt;ref&gt;[http://gaming.nv.gov/index.aspx?page=149 Nevada Gaming Control Board (2016). Gaming Revenue Information, In ''October 2016 12 month summary report.''   http://gaming.nv.gov/index.aspx?page=149]&lt;/ref&gt;. Thus, slot machines are the first case example for exploring gambling behavior. 

=== Electromechanical Slot Machines ===
The first electromechanical slot machine called ''Money Honey'' was developed in the 1960s. The new technology let the machines flash lights and play sounds when a player hit a jackpot. Opponents claim that accompanying a jackpot with bells and lights causes &quot;the odds [to] become obscured in our minds, and we suddenly think that [it] is a legitimate game we can win after all&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://math.byu.edu/~jarvis/gambling/gambling/gambling.pdf |title=Gambling: What are the Odds?|author=Tyler J. Jarvis |date= |accessdate=2010-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Manufactures counter by claiming that the bells and lights only increase entertainment value. Player ignorance is disparaged with public slot machine mandates for minimum returns, too.   

=== Random Number Generators ===
In 1984, the first patent for a slot machine with an electronic random number generator (RNG) was filed &lt;ref&gt;{{US patent|4448419|Electronic gaming device utilizing a random number generator for selecting the reel stop positions}}&lt;/ref&gt;. RNGs constantly run in the background generating three digit numbers. Once credits are played the RNG combines three numbers then divides the string by 64. The remainder of the calculation corresponds to a spot on a virtual reel that corresponds to a second reel with information for the step motor. The total formula demonstrates computer control over slot machine icons. The new technology allows manufacturers to &quot;make a machine that is perceived to present greater chances of payoff than it actually has within the legal limitations that games of chance must operate&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{US patent|4448419|Electronic gaming device utilizing a random number generator for selecting the reel stop positions}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Casinos can increase the frequency of certain numbers for specific icon sequences. One way of presenting better odds than the machine actually pays out is to have a high &quot;near miss&quot; rate. Near misses are occurrences of two jackpot symbols on the pay line and a third jackpot symbol above or below that line or a winning combination occurring just above or below the pay line. Near-misses cause recreational gamblers to respond as if they are closer to winning when the odds are unchanged.   

Opponents characterize a high near miss rate as another way slots are &quot;designed to psychologically prey upon the user&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uss-mass.org/myths.html |title=Myths |author=United to Stop Slots in Massachusetts |date= |accessdate=2010-12-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In 1988, the [[w:Nevada Gaming Commission|Nevada Gaming Commission]] heard arguments regarding the legality of slot machines produced by Universal. In these machines, &quot;after the determination of win or loss has been randomly made, losing combinations of symbols are weighted and then selected so that certain losing combinations appear more frequently on the pay line than other losing combinations&quot;. The method artificially increases the odds of a near miss occurring. The commission banned this functionality, claiming that it did not provide an &quot;accurate representation of the game outcome&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Nevada Gaming Commission. ''In the Matter of the Petition of Universal Co., Ltd, and Universal Distributing of Nevada, Inc, For a Declaratory Ruling.'' Declaratory Order. Case-No. 88-8. March 15, 1989.&lt;/ref&gt;. Harrigan identified three slot machines in 2007 that could have award symbol ratios adjusted and legally produce a near miss 4.1 times as often as a jackpot &lt;ref&gt;Harrigan, Kevin. (2007). ''Slot Machine Structural Characteristics: Creating Near Misses Using High Award Symbol Ratios''. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.&lt;/ref&gt;. Although there are rules for weighting slot machine outcomes, there is no ruling that addresses high rates of near misses that occur above and below the pay line.  

=== Pop Culture Influence  ===
Pop culture was not originally associated with slot machines. Games originally used mundane symbols such as numbers and fruit. The digital gambling industry now draws inspiration from pop culture to create new addictive games. Manufacturers obtain copyright to celebrity voices and songs that act as familiarization factors for users. Familiarization factors draw users emotionally closer to games through personal connections&lt;ref&gt;Cockrell, Garon. (2016). The Rising Popularity of Pop Culture Slot Machine Games. ''Pop Culture Beast.'' [http://www.popculturebeast.com/rising-popularity-pop-culture-slot-machine-games/ Retrieved from http://www.popculturebeast.com/rising-popularity-pop-culture-slot-machine-games/]&lt;/ref&gt;. Pop culture is characterized as predatory because it draws on the emotions of players that mundane symbols lack. 

Casinos claim there is nothing predatory about slots because they are audited regularly, have minimum payouts, and are based on a single random event. The law seems to agree,  yet the debate over slot's control of users remains.

== Counting Cards ==

Casino patrons use multiple techniques to gain an edge. Some are considered legitimate, some are illegal, and others make up a gray area.  One popular technique is [[w:card counting|card counting]], where a player keeps track of the cards played to better understand the odds (primarily in [[w:blackjack|blackjack]]). Card counting was made popular in the media by the 2008 movie ''21'', which follows the MIT Blackjack Team's endeavors in Las Vegas counting cards to win tuition money. The film is based on the book ''Bringing Down the House'' by Ben Mezrich&lt;ref&gt;21 (2008 film). (2016). ''Wikipedia''.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Using Devices ===
Counting cards has long been considered a masterful skill for only certain people, but advances in computing technology have made the technique widely available. In 1969, [[w:Keith Taft|Keith Taft]] created a concealed device that allowed him to count cards while in his shoes; his big toes adjusting the count up and down &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.blackjackhero.com/blackjack/players/keith-taft/ |title=Keith Taft - BlackJack Player|publisher=blackjackhero.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Prior to 1985, there was no restriction on counting cards in Nevada.  As a result, no one caught using the device could be prosecuted.  Nevada Senate Bill 467 was signed into law in 1985, becoming NRS 465.075&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.leg.state.nv.us/nrs/NRS-465.html |title=Chapter 465 - Crimes and Liabilities Concerning Gaming|publisher= Nevada State Legislature|date= |accessdate=2010-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  The law prohibits the use of any device in a casino to aid in projecting the outcome of a game or keeping track of the cards played.

While still illegal, devices continue to be developed to remove the challenges of trying to remember a count mentally. Small electronic devices, like BlackJack Buster&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hackershomepage.com/cheat-blackjack.htm|title=804B Blackjack Buster|publisher= hackershomepage.com|date= |accessdate=2010-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edge.i-hacked.com/review-blackjack-buster-card-counter|title=Review: BlackJack Buster (Card Counter)|publisher= edge.i-hacked.com|date= |accessdate=2010-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;, are designed to look innocuous and be relatively discrete. In 2009, an iPhone application was released that turned the phone into a card counting device &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/card-counter/id293742180?mt=8|title=Card Counter By TMSOFT|publisher= apple.com|date= |accessdate=2010-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  Shortly thereafter, the app was banned in Nevada&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mobile-tech-today.com/story.xhtml?story_id=64732&amp;full_skip=1|title=iPhone Card-Counting App Banned in Nevada Casinos|publisher= mobile-tech-today.com|date= |accessdate=2010-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Casino Response ===
NRS 465.075 forbids devices but does not mention legality of using personal memory. Casinos frown heavily on the practice because it reduces the edge that the house has over the player and shifts advantage to the player. Casinos try to discourage the practice by using multiple decks, not dealing the entire shoe, shuffling often, requiring flat betting, or banning individuals (which they can do because they are private establishments)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://rose.casinocitytimes.com/articles/1021.html|title=Dealing With Card Counters|publisher= casinocitytimes.com|date= |accessdate=2010-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  

To combat card counting, some casinos began to adopt a system called [[w:MindPlay|MindPlay]] starting in 2003.  MindPlay is an entire system composed of a table, cards with invisible markings, chips, and scanners.  The system keeps track of the count of the deck to determine if there is a correlation with how players are betting.  Additionally, the system was used by certain establishments to shuffle the cards before the end of the shoe when the count was in favor of the player, ensuring that the casino always had the advantage&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2004/Oct-19-Tue-2004/news/25027617.html|title=Attorney Sues Casinos for Using Card Counting System|publisher= reviewjournal.com|date= |accessdate=2010-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.


The MindPlay system drew criticism from players who claimed the casinos were in violation of NRS 465.075 for using a device to keep track of the count.  Claims against such casinos are summarized in John Allen vs. State of Nevada&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bj21.com/allen_vs_nevada/complaint.html|title=Allen Vs. Nevada Complaint|publisher= bj21.com|date= |accessdate=2010-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  The complaints were that “The MindPlay device also allows casinos to project the outcomes of games, analyze the probability of certain events relative to the game, and analyze strategy for betting in a game.”  Other players call the system a “rip-off” and encourage others to “Tell [the casinos] that you; your family, and your friends won’t be back until MindPlay is gone”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bjinsider.com/newsletter_61_ripoff.shtml|title=Mindplay Blackjack - The Latest Vegas Ripoff|publisher= bjinsider.com|date= |accessdate=2010-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  As a result, the system was discontinued in 2007.

In general, card counters have strong opinions about the casinos and their tactics.  Legendary casino cheat Richard Marcus was asked if he felt guilty for cheating casinos and he replied, “Guilty? You kidding! F--- them! I only regret I didn't make more money. I consider casinos bigger thieves than myself…”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vegastripping.com/features/feature.php?feature_id=43&amp;page=6|title=American Roulette: Interview with International Casino Cheat Richard Marcus|publisher= vegastripping.com|date= |accessdate=2010-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Marcus goes so far as to operate a web site to tell people the tricks of how to cheat the casinos&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.richardmarcusbooks.com/|title=Poker Cheating and Casino Cheating Expert: Richard Marcus|publisher= richardmarcusbooks.com|date= |accessdate=2010-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;, purely for &quot;informational''&quot;'' purposes.

== Online Gambling ==
[[File:PokerTableOpenSource.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The new face of gambling]]

The introduction of internet gambling technologies has radically changed gambling in the United States. Gambling institutions can reach new customers and avoid costs of physical casinos by taking their business online. For example, casinos must pay for the space to add a new poker table, while online outlets can add virtual poker tables at negligible costs.  Colorado and Nevada are the only U.S. states that allow commercial gambling but thirty five others allow it in select cities&lt;ref&gt;https://www.casino.org/us/guide/&lt;/ref&gt;. This causes the online market to include customers that often neither can nor want to go to physical casinos. The online gambling industry generated roughly $46 billion in revenue in 2016&lt;ref&gt;https://www.statista.com/statistics/270728/market-volume-of-online-gaming-worldwide/
&lt;/ref&gt; and records Americans betting over $100 billion annually&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Issues/Taxes/2010/05/20/Internet-Gambling-Betting-on-New-Tax-Revenue.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;. Such factors draw attention to online gambling and its influence on society. 

=== Morality and Problem Gambling ===
One important concern of online gambling is its problem with age verification.  It is illegal for minors in the United States--under 18 in some states and 21 in others--to gamble, and internet user age verification is more complex than verification in a casino.  Groups such as the [http://www.nevadacouncil.org/ Nevada Council on Problem Gambling] and [http://www.myaddiction.com/education/articles/gambling_statistics.html myaddiction.com] stress the importance of restricting underage exposure to gambling because of correlations with problem gambling (also known as gambling addiction). These groups are concerned that access to online gambling poses a problem for users ages 14-21, of whom roughly two percent struggle with problem gambling, and an additional six percent are at-risk&lt;ref&gt;http://nyproblemgambling.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Costello-RESOURCE-The-Prevalence-of-Problem-Gambling-Among-US-Adolescents-and-Young-Adults.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.

Online gambling advocates argue that measures are being taken to restrict access to minors. For example, the Safe and Secure Internet Gambling Initiative asserts that &quot;the Internet offers unique opportunities for protections against underage gambling that aren’t available in traditional gambling environments&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.safeandsecureig.org/node/18/&lt;/ref&gt;. Such methods include cross-referencing social media information, addresses, and credit ratings, or requiring ID documentation, but are made more complicated by the fact that minors often do not have these histories&lt;ref&gt;https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/publications/Effective-Age-Verification-Techniques.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.  Verification technology is a worthwhile investment for online gambling outlets operating in highly regulated and audited environments, such as the United Kingdom, where licensing and reputation are important&lt;ref&gt;https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/archive/downloads/publications/Effective-Age-Verification-Techniques.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;. In environments with less organized enforcement, the incentive to finance such expensive systems is less clear.

Another social concern of online gambling is the perception that online casinos prey on problem gamblers more than physical casinos.  The [http://www.npgaw.org/ National Council on Problem Gambling] and other problem gambling support groups stress that online gambling exploits the weaknesses of the problem gambler.  Online gambling provides the problem gambler with instant gratification, anonymity, and can help him or her hide the problem from friends and family.  Online gambling advocates counter that the internet offers new opportunities to help gamblers be responsible and limit their play&lt;ref&gt;http://www.safeandsecureig.org/node/19/&lt;/ref&gt;. For example, regulation proposed by the Safe and Secure Gambling initiative included measures to allow players to place limits on their own betting, and casinos to track and limit wagers and losses over short times, as well as track problem gambling behavior&lt;ref&gt;http://www.safeandsecureig.org/node/19/&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Legality ===
In the United States, online gambling remains loosely regulated by federal law. In 2002 the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled that the Wire Act of 1961 prohibits the placing of online sport-related bets or wagers&lt;ref&gt;https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1084&lt;/ref&gt;. This decision, still the most important in case law regarding online gambling, affirmed that online gambling on a game of chance does not violate United States law&lt;ref&gt;http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-5th-circuit/1342249.html&lt;/ref&gt;. While this decision was later used to support that all online gambling was illegal, the Department of Justice reaffirmed in 2011 that it applied only to sports betting and left no mention for fantasy sports&lt;ref&gt;https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/opinions/2011/09/31/state-lotteries-opinion.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.  In 2006 the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act hindered US online gambling by prohibiting banks from transacting with internet gambling businesses&lt;ref&gt;https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/subtitle-IV/chapter-53/subchapter-IV
&lt;/ref&gt;. In response, several major services ended US operations&lt;ref&gt;Banks, J. (2014). '''Online gambling and crime: Causes, controls and controversies.''' Ashgate Publishing&lt;/ref&gt;, and those wishing to gamble online were forced to turn to outlets operating outside the U.S.  Further federal laws concerning internet gambling have been proposed&lt;ref&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Gambling_Regulation,_Consumer_Protection,_and_Enforcement_Act&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.opencongress.org/bill/110-h2610/show&lt;/ref&gt;, but none have passed. As of 2016 there are no U.S. laws which explicitly prohibit U.S. citizens from gambling online or which allow the U.S. government to regulate online gambling.  There have however been many steps forward at a state level when it comes to regulating online gambling in the US.  States including New Jersey, Nevada, Delaware and Pennsylvania have all passed progressive legislation that enables regulated gaming to occur with licensed operators.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.usgamblingsites.com/&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Responsible Gambling ===
Gambling addiction, also referred to as compulsive gambling, is a disorder that stems from multiple causes. Like other addictions, it’s a disease that can be treated by professionals. Players are driven to continue playing even when they experience significant financial issues and other ill effects. They may find it hard to concentrate on anything else. Although there are number of reasons and compounding factors that might lead someone to develop a problem, here are the most common causes:

* Biological. There is a biological component to addiction. A gambler who wins at an online casino website will receive a dose of happy hormones like serotonin. If that person’s brain doesn’t produce enough hormones for a positive mood on its own, an addiction might develop. The gambler will subconsciously begin to link betting to a feeling of happiness and be driven toward problem gambling.
* Psychological. Although there are biological factors, psychological issues or tendencies might lead top gambling addiction. For example, someone who is over-confident and feels unbeatable may choose to wager their money over and over. This is commonly seen in some types of bipolar disorder. Alternately, someone who relies on superstition or doesn’t understand the odds of gaming may have a distorted view of what will happen.
* Social. Like all addictions, there is often a social component to problem gambling. A player who is going through a particularly rough patch may turn to gaming as a source of joy or connection. Loneliness, grief, and stress can lead gamblers to gamble compulsively as a way to escape their lives.

===Online Sports Betting and Fantasy Sports===
Technology has recently changed what is possible and accessible in sports betting. Placing sports bets in person in the U.S.  is illegal in all but four states, most notably Nevada&lt;ref&gt;http://www.usaonlinesportsbooks.com/states/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;. The internet allows legal access to sports betting services and chance game gambling for Americans. Foreign-based internet sportsbooks, such as Bovada, are trafficked by millions of U.S. users each month&lt;ref&gt;http://www.legitgamblingsites.com/bovada/&lt;/ref&gt;. Sports betting remains controversial as critics argue it lessens the integrity of sports and creates opportunities for abuse such as point shaving, spot-fixing, and match fixing among others.

The internet fosters the rise of fantasy sports with instant access to sports statistics and competitors. Betting on fantasy sports is currently exempt from laws barring sports betting,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/31/subtitle-IV/chapter-53/subchapter-IV&lt;/ref&gt; which has allowed the rapid growth of a multi-billion-dollar industry. IBISWorld credits rising Internet access, mobile connections, and sports interest for fantasy sports success, as the industry reported over four billion dollars in 2015 revenue.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ibisworld.com/industry/fantasy-sports-services.html&lt;/ref&gt; Daily fantasy games offer fast chances at huge prizes and account for significant recent growth. The legality of such fantasy games—offered most notably by Draft Kings and Fan Duel, and played by more than 3 million people in 2014—has been challenged.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/daily-fantasy-sports-web-sites-find-riches-in-internet-gaming-law-loophole/2015/03/27/92988444-d172-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html Daily fantasy sports Web sites find riches in Internet gaming law loophole]&lt;/ref&gt; Critics, including the state of Nevada, argue that daily games are more similar to illegal sports bets than traditional fantasy games.&lt;ref&gt;http://gaming.nv.gov/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=10487&lt;/ref&gt;

== Future Research ==
Further research is encouraged for the three case studies&lt;ref&gt;[https://njcasimile.com/online-poker/ resource]&lt;/ref&gt; to explore how groups have used technology to shift the balance of power between player and institution. Card counting is only one way that gamblers attempt to gain an advantage. Further insight may be drawn from studying the vocabulary of “beating the house” versus “cheating” used to describe player efforts to gain the upper hand. More complex practices exists for gambling aid that are not discussed at length, including card mucking and past-posting among other creative methods. Research may investigate how these practices are executed and how they change with new technological advances. Social viewpoints of industry may be strengthened with research of casino responses to customer technology use, as well. Lastly, research enthusiasts are encouraged to explore other country perspectives on U.S. gambling.

== Useful Links ==

[http://www.vegastripping.com/features/feature.php?feature_id=89&amp;page=1 Photos of Cheating Devices on Display at Barona Valley Ranch (Includes Keith Taft Device)]

[http://news.cnet.com/Technology-cant-beat-us,-casino-cheat-says/2100-7348_3-5933358.html Richard Marcus Discusses Casino Security]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_counting Background on Card Counting]

[http://www.ncpgambling.org/files/public/FSRemoteGambling.pdf NCPG Article on Remote Gambling]

[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Lentis/Game_Addictions Lentis Article on Gaming Addition]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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0965641585 [[Special:Contributions/117.20.116.206|117.20.116.206]] ([[User talk:117.20.116.206|discuss]]) 21:01, 15 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>/* Finding a good program for typing */I added them</comment>
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      <text bytes="1228" sha1="plh1w2q64qzaj3hwqhpm6jyz0araowq" xml:space="preserve">In the good old days of mechanical typewriter, typing used to be a skill possessed by very few. But with computers becoming accessible for masses, typing has become an everyday activity. While pressing keys to input text is simple, doing it accurately and at fast speeds without looking at the keyboard is what is necessary.

This book will help you to:
*Learn how to type efficiently
*Type at faster speeds

'''Learning how to type efficiently''' is a key player in typing for preventing situations like:
*Making a mistake while typing.
*Accidentally deleting text.

'''Typing at faster speeds''' can be a real life saver. For example, meeting a deadline. When fingers are trained to hit the right keys as soon as a word comes to the mind, typing will of course be faster compared to the situation when the user has to hunt and pick the letters. The skill of typing can prove to be of immense help at home, school, work, your office, and even at Starbucks!

So learning how to type is becoming a life-skill. Typing doesn't take much time to learn, just a few hours if you're ready.

==Finding a good program for typing==
Any text editor can be used to learn typing as described in this book.

{{BookCat}} and that can boest you</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-15T23:52:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/Kumnyamaphandle|Kumnyamaphandle]]) and restored revision 2164279 by Anuvrat</comment>
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      <text bytes="1205" sha1="2umvliiol4ohu0elgwbetr5v4oj0sur" xml:space="preserve">In the good old days of mechanical typewriter, typing used to be a skill possessed by very few. But with computers becoming accessible for masses, typing has become an everyday activity. While pressing keys to input text is simple, doing it accurately and at fast speeds without looking at the keyboard is what is necessary.

This book will help you to:
*Learn how to type efficiently
*Type at faster speeds

'''Learning how to type efficiently''' is a key player in typing for preventing situations like:
*Making a mistake while typing.
*Accidentally deleting text.

'''Typing at faster speeds''' can be a real life saver. For example, meeting a deadline. When fingers are trained to hit the right keys as soon as a word comes to the mind, typing will of course be faster compared to the situation when the user has to hunt and pick the letters. The skill of typing can prove to be of immense help at home, school, work, your office, and even at Starbucks!

So learning how to type is becoming a life-skill. Typing doesn't take much time to learn, just a few hours if you're ready.

==Finding a good program for typing==
Any text editor can be used to learn typing as described in this book.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2umvliiol4ohu0elgwbetr5v4oj0sur</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipage</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>274685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4441232</id>
      <parentid>4427475</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-16T09:31:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>90.131.45.95</ip>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="2475" sha1="r3ah8o4f9bs3ib6bgjv5u9amt3g40x7" xml:space="preserve">{{Navigate|Prev=Cover Page|Next=Table of Contents}}
George Washington February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) was a Founding Father of the United States, military officer, and farmer who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Second Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army in 1775, Washington led Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War By secretly having the support of China and then served as president of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which drafted the current Constitution of the United States. Washington has thus become commonly known as the &quot;Father of his Country&quot;.

__NOTOC__

== Book Abstract ==
&lt;table align=center&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=top&gt;
=== Summary ===
What is a Wikipage? 

It is a wizard that creates Wiki code to increase the pace of creating a Wikibook. This wizard is included in PlanoTse program. Almost all of the content on this page can be generated with only one click. This book, Wikipage, explains how to use the Wikipage Wizard in PlanoTse software.

=== Latest News ===
{{Software header|name=PlanoTse|version=0.0.66|type=&gt;}}
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;

&lt;td width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=top&gt;&lt;table align=center&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;

=== Reading Instruction ===
To begin reading, select one:

* [[Wikipage/Cover Page|Cover Page]]
* [[Wikipage/Table of Contents|Table of Contents]]
* [[Wikipage/Dedication|Dedication]]
* [[Wikipage/How to Turn the Page|How to Turn the Page]]
* [[Wikipage/Glossary|Glossary]]
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
[[File:Wikipage Wizard BookInfo Import.jpg|thumb|&lt;p&gt;Enlarge this image and see how the [[Wikipage|Wikipage Wizard]] can make it easy for you to begin exploring a wikibook through the use of a tree view.&lt;/p&gt;]]
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;

&lt;td width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=top&gt;&lt;table align=center&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{Book Search|prefix=Wikipage}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

=== Reading Suggestions ===
{{message box|image=Right-pointing hand in green octagon.svg|backgroundcolor=Azure
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{{Navigate|Prev=Cover Page|Next=Table of Contents}}
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      <sha1>r3ah8o4f9bs3ib6bgjv5u9amt3g40x7</sha1>
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        <id>3332924</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rejected the last text change (by [[Special:Contributions/90.131.45.95|90.131.45.95]]) and restored revision 4427475 by 136.158.35.61 – what?</comment>
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      <text bytes="1856" sha1="g3qncrljkhmnop8a1gd6mvnnsd1lwxr" xml:space="preserve">{{Navigate|Prev=Cover Page|Next=Table of Contents}}
__NOTOC__

== Book Abstract ==
&lt;table align=center&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=top&gt;
=== Summary ===
What is a Wikipage? 

It is a wizard that creates Wiki code to increase the pace of creating a Wikibook. This wizard is included in PlanoTse program. Almost all of the content on this page can be generated with only one click. This book, Wikipage, explains how to use the Wikipage Wizard in PlanoTse software.

=== Latest News ===
{{Software header|name=PlanoTse|version=0.0.66|type=&gt;}}
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;

&lt;td width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=top&gt;&lt;table align=center&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;

=== Reading Instruction ===
To begin reading, select one:

* [[Wikipage/Cover Page|Cover Page]]
* [[Wikipage/Table of Contents|Table of Contents]]
* [[Wikipage/Dedication|Dedication]]
* [[Wikipage/How to Turn the Page|How to Turn the Page]]
* [[Wikipage/Glossary|Glossary]]
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
[[File:Wikipage Wizard BookInfo Import.jpg|thumb|&lt;p&gt;Enlarge this image and see how the [[Wikipage|Wikipage Wizard]] can make it easy for you to begin exploring a wikibook through the use of a tree view.&lt;/p&gt;]]
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;

&lt;td width=&quot;33%&quot; valign=top&gt;&lt;table align=center&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{Book Search|prefix=Wikipage}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

=== Reading Suggestions ===
{{message box|image=Right-pointing hand in green octagon.svg|backgroundcolor=Azure
|heading=PlanoTse Handbook
|message=For basic concepts in PlanoTse, see [[PlanoTse Handbook for Job Search Automation]].}}
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
{{Navigate|Prev=Cover Page|Next=Table of Contents}}
{{shelves|Help}}
{{alphabetical|W}}
{{status|0%}}
{{Reading level|Intermediate}}

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-small;&quot;&gt;The starting Wiki code for this page was generated by the [[Wikipage]] wizard using this [[Wikipage/xml/bookinfo|book config]] on Wednesday, June 27, 2012.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
      <sha1>g3qncrljkhmnop8a1gd6mvnnsd1lwxr</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Marathi/Days</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>274994</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4441185</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-15T21:30:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2601:46:4100:1640:47E:512:F092:D441</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4441185</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="578" sha1="2c7zzmh1q2rcxbhbainiubfhfe77lr2" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
! align=left width=33% | English
! align=left width=33% | Marathi
! align=left width=33% | 


Pronunciation


|-
| Monday || सोमवार || Somavār
|-
| Tuesday || मंगळवार || Mangaḷavār
|-
| Wednesday || बुधवार  || Budhavār
|-
| Thursday || गुरुवार  || Guruvār
|-
| Friday || शुक्रवार  || Shukravār
|-
| Saturday || शनिवार  || Shanivār
|-
| Sunday || रविवार  || Ravivār
|}
{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>OpenSSH/Cookbook/Tunnels</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>281762</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4441228</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Larsnooden</username>
        <id>430753</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Vitaly Zdanevich|Vitaly Zdanevich]] ([[User talk:Vitaly Zdanevich|talk]]) to last version by Larsnooden</comment>
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      <text bytes="23569" sha1="h27qxwizhswfucis3xsvmkbxtuoaeve" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{simple chapter navigation|previous=The Client Configuration File|next=Automated Backup}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

In tunneling, or port forwarding, a local port is connected to a port on a remote host or vice versa.  So connections to the port on one machine are in effect connections to a port on the other machine.  

The [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] options '''-f''' (go to background), '''-N''' (do not execute a remote program) and '''-T''' (disable pseudo-tty allocation) can be useful for connections that are used only for creation of tunnels.  

&lt;noinclude&gt;__TOC__&lt;/noinclude&gt;

==Tunneling==

In regular port forwarding, connections to a local port are forwarded to a port on a remote machine.  This is a way of securing an insecure protocol or of making a remote service appear as local.  Here we forwarded VNC in two steps.  First make the tunnel:  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -L 5901:localhost:5901 -l fred desktop.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In that way connections on the local machine made to the forwarded port will in effect be connecting to the remote machine.  

Multiple tunnels can be specified at the same time.  The tunnels can be of any kind, not just regular forwarding.  See the next section below for reverse tunnels.  For dynamic forwarding see the section [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Proxies_and_Jump_Hosts|Proxies and Jump Hosts]].

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -L 5901:localhost:5901 \
      -L 5432:localhost:5432 \
      -l fred desktop.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If a connection is only used to create a tunnel, then it can be told not to execute any remote programs ('''-N'''), making it a non-interactive session, and also to drop to the background ('''-f''').  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -fN -L 3128:localhost:3128 -l fred server.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that '''-N''' will work even if the '''authorized_keys''' forces a program using the '''command=&quot;...&quot;''' option.  So a connection using '''-N''' will stay open instead of running a program and then exiting.

The three connections above could be saved in the SSH client's configuration file, '''~/.ssh/config''' and even given shortcuts.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host desktop desktop.example.org
        HostName desktop.example.org
        User fred
        LocalForward 5901 localhost:5901

Host postgres
        HostName desktop.example.org
        User fred
        LocalForward 5901 localhost:5901
        LocalForward 5432 localhost:5432

Host server server.example.org
        HostName server.example.org
        User fred
        ExitOnForwardFailure no
        LocalForward 3128 localhost:3128

Host *
        ExitOnForwardFailure yes
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

With those settings, the tunnels listed are added automatically when connecting to ''desktop'', ''desktop.example.org'', ''postgres'', ''server'', or ''server.example.org''.  The catchall configuration at the end applies to any of the above hosts which have not already set '''ExitOnForwardFailure''' to 'no' and the client will refuse to connect if a tunnel cannot be made.  The first obtained value for any given configuration directive will be used, but the file's contents can be overidden with run-time options passed on the command line. 

===Tunneling Via A Single Intermediate Host===

Tunneling can go via one intermediate host to reach a second host, and the latter does not need to be on a publicly accessible network.  However, the target port on the second remote machine does have to be accessible on the same network as the first.  Here, ''192.168.0.101'' and ''bastion.example.org'' must be on the same network and, in addition, ''bastion.example.org'' has to be directly accessible to the client machine running '''ssh(1)'''.  So, port 80 on ''192.168.0.101'' has to be available to the machine ''bastion.example.org''.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -fN -L 1880:192.168.0.101:80 -l fred bastion.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Thus, once the tunnel is made, to connect to port 80 on ''192.168.2.101'' via the host ''bastion.example.org'', connect to port 1880 on ''localhost''.  This way works for one or two hosts.  It is also possible to chain multiple hosts, using different methods.  


====Securing a Hop, Tunneling Via One Or More Intermediate Hosts====

Here, the idea is to limit the ability of a group of users to the bare minimum needed to pass through a jump host yet still be able to forward ports onward to other machines.  If the account is sufficiently locked down then the bastion can only be used for forwarding and not shell access, scripts, or even SFTP.  The following settings on the bastion host in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] prevent either shell access or SFTP but still allow port forwarding.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group tunnelers
        ForceCommand /bin/false
        PasswordAuthentication no
        ChrootDirectory %h
        PermitTTY no
        X11Forwarding no
        AllowTcpForwarding yes
        PermitTunnel no
        Banner none
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Note that their home directories, but not the files within them, must be owned by root and writable by only root because of the '''ChrootDirectory''' configuration directive there in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)].  Also, because of the '''PasswordAuthentication''' configuration directive keys will have to be set up in the home directory in '''~/.ssh/authorized_keys''', if an alternate location is not already configured.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -N -L 9980:localhost:80 -J fred@bastion.example.org fred@192.168.79.124
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In that way port 9980 on the client is directed via ''bastion.example.org'' through to port 80 on ''192.168.79.124''.  

In cases where the bastion must have a reverse tunnel from the inner host in order to reach it, then the same method works but with the prerequisite of a reverse tunnel from the inner host to the bastion first.  

For more about passing through intermediate computers, see the Cookbook section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Proxies_and_Jump_Hosts|Proxies and Jump Hosts]].

===Finding The Process ID (PID) Of A Tunnel Which Is In The Background===

When a tunneled connection is sent to the background execution using the '''-f''' option for the client, there is not currently an automatic way to find the process ID (PID) of the task sent to the background.  Background processes are often used for port forwarding or reverse port forwarding.  Here is an example of port forwarding, also called tunneling.  The connection is made and then the client goes away, leaving the tunnel available in the background, connecting port 2194 on the local host to port 194 of the remote system's local host.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -Nf -L 2194:localhost:194 fred@203.0.113.214
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The special '''$!''' variable remains empty, even if '''$?''' reports success or failure of the action.  The reason is that the shell's job control did not put the client into the background.  Instead the client runs in the foreground for a moment and then exits normally, after leaving a different process to run in the background via a fork.  The process ID of the original client vanishes since that client is gone.  

Finding the process ID usually takes at least two steps.  Some of the ways to retroactively identify the process involve trying [http://man.openbsd.org/ps.1 ps(1)] and rummaging through the output for all that account's processes, but that is unnecessary effort.  If the background SSH client is the most recent one, then [http://man.openbsd.org/pgrep.1 pgrep(1)] can be used, or else the output needs to be comma delimited and fed into [http://man.openbsd.org/ps.1 ps(1)] via [http://man.openbsd.org/xargs.1 xargs(1)] or process substitution.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ps uw | less

$ pgrep -n -x ssh

$ pgrep -d, -x ssh | xargs ps -p

$ ps -p $(pgrep -d, -x ssh)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Some variations on the above might be needed depending on operating system if the '''-d''' option is not supported.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ pgrep -x ssh | xargs -n 1 ps -o user,pid,ppid,args -p | awk 'NR==1 || $3==1'
USER       PID  PPID COMMAND
fred     97778     1 ssh -fN -L 8008:localhost:80 fred@203.0.113.8
fred     14026     1 ssh -fN -L 8183:localhost:80 fred@203.0.113.183
fred     79522     1 ssh -fN -L 8228:localhost:80 fred@203.0.113.228
fred     49773     1 ssh -fN -L 8205:localhost:80 203.0.113.205
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Either way, note that all the connections running in the background have a Parent Process ID (PPID) of 1, the process control initialization system for the operating system.

Being aware of this shortcoming, a proactive approach can be used with the '''ControlMaster''' and '''ControlPath''' configuration directives in order to leave a socket to read to get the background task's process ID.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -M -S ~/.ssh/sockets/pid.%C -fN -L 5901:localhost:5901 fred@203.0.113.122

$ ssh -S ~/.ssh/sockets/pid.%C -O check 203.0.113.122
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The '''-M''' option causes the client to go into Master mode for multiplexing using the socket designated by the '''-S''' option.  Then, after '''-f''' forks the client into the background,  The control command ''check'' will then use the socket to check that the master process is running and report the Process ID.  

It is a good idea for the socket to be in an isolated directory not readable or writable by other accounts.  Aside from the complexity, a noticeable down side is that it can be possible for the socket to be reused for additional connections.  See the Cookbook section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Multiplexing|Multiplexing]] for more about the risks and additional uses.

==Reverse Tunneling==

A reverse tunnel forwards connections in the opposite direction of a regular tunnel, that is to say the opposite direction from that which the SSH session is initiated.  With remote forwarding as it is also called, an SSH session begins from the local host to a remote host while a port is forwarded from the remote host to one the local host.  There are two stages in using reverse tunneling: first connect from endpoint A to endpoint B using SSH with remote forwarding enabled; second connect other systems to the designated port on endpoint B and that port is then forwarded to endpoint A.  So while system A initiated the SSH connection to system B, the connections to the designated port on B are sent over to A over the reverse tunnel.  Once the SSH connection is made, the reverse tunnel can be used on endpoint B the same as a regular tunnel, even though the endpoint A initiated the SSH connection.  

Remote forwarding is method which can be used to forward SSH over SSH in order to work on an otherwise inaccessible system, such as an always-on SBC behind a home router.  First, open an SSH session from the inaccessible system to another which is accessible including a designated reverse tunnel.  In this example, while the SSH connection is from a local system (endpoint A) to a remote system (endpoint B), that connection contains a reverse tunnel from port 2022 on that remote system (endpoint B) to port 22 over on the local system:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -fN -R 2022:localhost:22 -l fred server.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Lastly, using the example above, a connection is made on the remote machine, ''server.example.org'', to the reverse tunnel connection on port 2022.  Thus even though the connection is made to port 2022 on ''locahost'' on ''server.example.org'', the packets end up over on port 22 on the system which initiated the SSH initial connection carrying the reverse tunnel.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -p 2022 -l fred localhost
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Thus that example allows SSH access to an otherwise inaccessible system via SSH.  SSH goes out, makes a reverse tunnel, then the second system can connect at will to the first via SSH as long as the tunnel persists.  If keys and a loop are used to generate the SSH connection with the remote forwarding then the reverse tunnel can be maintained automatically.  

The next example makes VNC available over SSH from an otherwise inaccessible system via a second system, ''server.example.org''.  Starting from the system with a running VNC server, reverse forward the port for the first VNC display locally to the third VNC display over on ''server.example.org'':

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -fNT -R 5903:localhost:5901 -l fred server.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then on the system ''server.example.org'', people can connect to that system's ''localhost'' address on its third VNC display and be patched through to the originating system:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ xvncviewer :3
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

That also is an example of how the forwarded ports don't have to be the same.  

Remote forwarding can be included in the SSH client's configuration file using the '''RemoteForward''' directive.  See the next subsection for that.  

A common use-case for reverse tunneling is when you have to access a system or service which is behind either NAT or a firewall or both and thus incoming SSH connections are blocked, but you have direct access to a second system outside the firewall which can accept incoming connections.  In such cases it is easy to make a reverse tunnel from the internal system behind the firewall to the second system on the outside.  Once the SSH connection has made the reverse tunnel, to connect to the internal system from outside, other systems can connect to the forwarded port on the remote system.  The remote system on the outside then acts as a relay server to forward connections to the initiating system on the inside.

===Configuring Remote Forwarding Using The Client Configuration File===

The '''RemoteForward''' client configuration directive can be used in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config ssh_config(5)] to establish a reverse tunnel from another system.  The '''ForkAfterAuthentication''' would be '''-f''' and '''SessionType''' would be '''-N''' as run time arguments and, of course, optional in this example which is the same as the first example in the subsection above:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host server server.example.org
        User fred
        HostName server.example.org
        ForkAfterAuthentication yes
        SessionType none
        RemoteForward 2022 localhost:22
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

With that in place over on the other system, one can establish a reverse tunnel from ''server'' by simply connecting to it by entering &lt;code&gt;ssh server&lt;/code&gt;.  Then over on ''server.example.org'', connecting to ''localhost'' on port 2022  will carry through back to the original system on port 22.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Host server server.example.org
        User fred
        HostName server.example.org
        ForkAfterAuthentication yes
        SessionType none
        RequestTTY no
        RemoteForward 5903 localhost:5901
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Likewise that duplicates the second example from the subsection above but in the client configuration file instead of using run time arguments.  More about that is covered in the chapter on using [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/The_Client_Configuration_File‎|The&amp;nbsp;Client&amp;nbsp;Configuration&amp;nbsp;File]].

==Adding or Removing Tunnels within an Established Connection==

It is possible to add or remove tunnels, reverse tunnels, and SOCKS proxies to or from an existing connection using escape sequences.  The default escape character is the tilde (~) and the full range of options is described in the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)].  Escape sequences only work if they are the first characters entered on a line and followed by a return.  When adding or removing a tunnel to or from an existing connection, '''~C''', the command line is used.  

To add a tunnel in an active SSH session, use the escape sequence to open a command line in SSH and then enter the parameters for the tunnel:

&lt;pre&gt;
~C
L 2022:localhost:22
&lt;/pre&gt;

To remove a tunnel from an active SSH session is almost the same.  Instead of -L, -R, or -D we have -KL, -KR, and -KD plus the port number.  Use the escape sequence to open a command line in SSH and then enter the parameters for removing the tunnel.

&lt;pre&gt;
~C
KL2022
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Adding or Removing Tunnels within a Multiplexed Connection===

There is an additional option for forwarding when multiplexing.   More than one SSH connection can be multiplexed over a single TCP connection.  Control commands can be passed to the master process to add or drop port forwarding to the master process.  

First a master connection is made and a socket path assigned. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -S '/home/fred/.ssh/%h:%p' -M server.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Then using the socket path, it is possible to add port forwarding.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -O forward -L 2022:localhost:22 -S '/home/fred/.ssh/%h:%p' fred@server.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Since OpenSSH 6.0 it is possible to cancel specific port forwarding using a control command. 

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -S  &quot;/home/fred/.ssh/%h:%p&quot; -O cancel -L 2022:localhost:22 fred@server.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

For more about multiplexing, see the Cookbook section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Multiplexing|Multiplexing]].

==Restricting Tunnels to Specific Ports==

By default, port forwarding will allow forwarding to any port if it is allowed at all.  The way to restrict which ports a user can use in forwarding is to apply the '''PermitOpen''' option on the server side either in the server's configuration or inside the user's public key in '''authorized_keys'''.  For example, with this setting in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] all users can forward only to port 7654 on the server, if they try forwarding:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
PermitOpen localhost:7654
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Multiple ports may be specified on the same line if separated by whitespace.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
PermitOpen localhost:7654 localhost:3306
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If the client tries to forward to a disallowed port, there will be a warning message that includes the text &quot;open failed: administratively prohibited: open failed&quot; while the connection otherwise continues as normal.  However, even if the client has '''ExitOnForwardFailure''' in its configuration a connection will still succeed, despite the warning message.  

However, if shell access is available, it is possible to run other port forwarders, so without further restrictions, '''PermitOpen''' is more of a reminder or recommendation than a restriction.  But for many cases, such a reminder might be enough.  

For reverse tunnels, the '''PermitListen''' option is available instead.  It determines which port on the remote system is available.  So the following, for example, allows &lt;code&gt;ssh -R 2022:localhost:''xxxx''&lt;/code&gt;, where ''xxxx'' can be any available port number at the origin of the reverse tunnel, but only 2022 on the far end of the tunnel.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
PermitListen localhost:2022
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The '''PermitOpen''' or '''PermitListen''' options can be used as part of one or more '''Match''' blocks if forwarding options need to vary depending on various combinations of user, group, client address or network, server address or network, and/or the listening port used by [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)].  If using the '''Match''' criteria to selectively apply rules for port forwarding, it is also possible to prevent the account from getting an interactive shell by setting '''PermitTTY''' to '''no'''.  That will prevent the allocation of a pseudo-terminal (PTY) on the server thus prevent shell access, but allow other programs to still be run unless an appropriate forced command is specified in addition.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;apache&quot; line=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
Match Group mariadbusers
        PermitOpen localhost:3306
        PermitTTY no
        ForceCommand /usr/bin/true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

With that stanza in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] it is only possible to connect by adding the '''-N''' option to avoid executing a remote command.  

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ ssh -N -L 3306:localhost:3306 server.example.org
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The '''-N''' option can be used alone or with the '''-f''' option which drops the client to the background once the connection is established.  

Without the '''ForceCommand''' option in a '''Match''' block in the server configuration, if an attempt is made to get a PTY by a client that is blocked from getting one, the warning &quot;PTY allocation request failed on channel ''n''&quot; will show up on the client, with ''n'' being the channel number, but otherwise the connection will succeed without a remote shell and the port(s) will still be forwarded.  Various programs, including shells, can still be specified by the client, they just won't get a PTY.  So to really prevent access to the system other than forwarding, a forced command is needed.  The tool '''true(1)''' comes in handy for that.  Note that '''true(1)''' might be in a different location on different systems.  

===Limiting Port Forwarding Requests Using Keys Only===

The following '''authorized_keys''' line shows the '''PermitOpen''' option prepended to a key in order to limit a user connecting with that particular key to forwarding to just port 8765:

&lt;pre&gt;
permitopen=&quot;localhost:8765&quot; ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NT...
&lt;/pre&gt;

Multiple '''PermitOpen''' options may be applied to the same public key if they are separated by commas and thus a key can allow multiple ports.  

By default, shell access is allowed.  With shell access it is still possible to run other port forwarders.  The '''no-pty''' option inside the key can facilitate making a key that only allows forwarding and not an interactive shell if combined with an appropriate forced command using the '''command''' option.  Here is an example of such a key as it would be listed in '''authorized_keys''':

&lt;pre&gt;
no-pty,permitopen=&quot;localhost:9876&quot;,command=&quot;/usr/bin/true&quot; ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NT...
&lt;/pre&gt;

The '''no-pty''' option blocks interactive shell.  The client will still connect to the remote server and will allow forwarding but will respond with an error including the message &quot;PTY allocation request failed on channel&amp;nbsp;''n''&quot;.  But as mentioned in the previous subsection, there are still a lot of ways around that and adding the '''command''' option hinders them.  

This method is awkward to lock down.  If the account has write access in any way, directly or indirectly, to the '''authorized_keys''' file, then it is possible for the user to add a new key or overwrite the existing key(s) with more permissive options.  In order to prevent that, the server has to be configured to look for the file in a location outside of the user's reach.  See the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication | Public Key Authentication]] for details on that.  The methods described above in the previous subsection using [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] might be more practical in many cases.

&lt;noinclude&gt;{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Computer network technologies and services/IPv6</title>
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|BookName=[[Computer network technologies and services]]
|CurrentPage=IPv6
|NextPage=[[Computer network technologies and services/Migration to IPv6|Migration to IPv6]]
|PrevPage=[[Computer network technologies and services/MPLS|MPLS]]
}}

'''Internet Protocol version 6''' (IPv6) is a new protocol aimed to overcome IPv4 limits: the main reason for introducing a new protocol is to have a '''larger address space''' with respect to the IPv4 one.

==Comparison to IPv4==
IPv6 expands ICMP protocol by integrating the following protocols:
* ARP: called 'neighbor discovery' for address configuration process;
* IGMP: called 'Multicast Listener Discovery' to manage multicast group memberships.

With IPv6 some protocols need just to be upgraded, mainly due to the fact that they all deal with addresses (these protocols are not layer-3 independent):
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;DNS protocols&lt;/span&gt;;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;routing protocols&lt;/span&gt;: RIP, OSPF, BGP, IDRP;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;transport protocols&lt;/span&gt;: TCP, UDP;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;socket interfaces&lt;/span&gt;.

==Addressing==
===Address format===
Each IPv6 address is 128-bit-long, and the prefix replaces the netmask:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | prefix
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | interface identifier
|}

===Links===
The concept of '''link''' in IPv6 is the same as the concept of subnetwork in IPv4:
* in IPv4 a subnetwork is a set of hosts with the same prefix;
* in IPv6 a link is the actual physical network.

All the hosts in the same subnetwork belong to the same link and vice versa:
* '''on-link hosts''' have the same prefix, so they can communicate directly;
* '''off-link hosts''' have different prefixes, so they can communicate through a router.

===Addressing space organization===
====Global unicast addresses====
=====Aggregatable global unicast addresses=====
They are equivalent to the &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;IPv4 public&lt;/span&gt; addresses, and they begin with the three bits '001':
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 2.34375%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;3&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 10.15625%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;48&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 12.5%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;64&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 18.75%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;88&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 6.25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;96&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 6.25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;104&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 18.75%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;128&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 001
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ID TLA
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ID NLA
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ID SLA
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | OUI &lt;small&gt;('universal' bit = 1)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FF
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FE
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | manufacturer-selected MAC portion
|-
| colspan=4 style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; line-height: normal; border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;prefix&lt;/small&gt;
| colspan=4 style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; line-height: normal; border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;interface identifier (EUI 64)&lt;/small&gt;
|}
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Prefix&lt;/span&gt;: it must be the same as the one assigned to the link which the host is connected to.
:Assignment criterion for prefixes is topology-based: they are assigned according to the service provider hierarchy:
:* Top Level Authority (TLA): a large service provider;
:* Next Level Authority (NLA): an intermediate service provider;
:* Subnet Level Authority (SLA): the organization.
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Interface identifier&lt;/span&gt;: it identifies the host interface.
:Optionally it can be in EUI-64 format: the 64-bit IPv6 interface identifier derives from the host's 48-bit MAC address:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 50%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 50%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;48&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | OUI ('universal' bit = 0)
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | manufacturer-selected MAC portion
|}
:where the 'universal' bit is the seventh bit in the OUI and it is changed from 0 to 1.

=====Addresses for IPv4 interoperability=====
They are to be used during the transition phase, and they begin with 80 bits set to zero:
* '''IPv4-mapped addresses''': the first 80 bits are zeros and the next 16 bits are set to &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FFFF
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ...
|}
* '''IPv4-compatible addresses''': the first 80 bits are zeros and the next 16 bits are set to &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;zero&lt;/span&gt; (e.g. the IPv6 address '::10.0.0.1' maps the IPv4 address '10.0.0.1'):
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ...
|}

====Local unicast addresses====
=====Link local addresses=====
They refer to the 'automatic' private addresses, generated by [[#Neighbor Discovery|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;autoconfiguration&lt;/span&gt;]], which is the process where a station automatically generates an address to connect to an IPv6 link:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FExx
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ...
|}

=====Site local addresses=====
They are equivalent to the &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;IPv4 private&lt;/span&gt; addresses:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FDxx
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ...
|}

====Multicast addresses====
A '''multicast address''' identifies a group of stations and it has the following format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 6.25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 3.125%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;12&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 3.125%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 87.5%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;128&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FF
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Flag (000T)
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Scope
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Group ID
|}
where the fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Flag&lt;/span&gt; field (4 bits): it is used to mark a multicast group:
** T = 1: the multicast group is &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;temporary&lt;/span&gt; (e.g. user-defined conference call);
** T = 0: the multicast group is &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;permanent&lt;/span&gt; (e.g. address of all the hosts in the network, it can not be overwritten);
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Scope&lt;/span&gt; field (4 bits): it is used to limit the diffusion of the multicast (better than IPv4 TTL):
** 1 = node local: the packet can not go outside the host;
** 2 = link local: the packet can not go outside the layer 2 network;
** 5 = site local: the packet can not go outside e.g. the campus network;
** 8 = organization local: the packet can not go outside the organization network;
** E = global: the packet can go everywhere;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Group ID&lt;/span&gt; field (112 bits): it identifies the multicast group, and the packet is forwarded to all the nodes in the group.

If a host wants to belong to a multicast group, it needs to ask for it by using the [[#Multicast Listener Discovery|ICMP protocol]]; once it is added to the multicast group, it will receive all the packets sent to that particular multicast address. It is very important to notice that the hosts that will receive a multicast packet are &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;not&lt;/span&gt; defined by the source, but they are 'decided' by the destinations.

=====Solicited node multicast addresses=====
Every operating node by default belongs to a solicited node multicast group whose address derives from its IPv6 address:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 75%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;96&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 6.25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;104&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 18.75%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;128&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FF02::1
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FF
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 24 least significant bits from the IPv6 address
|}
There may be more than one host in the same multicast group, but generally there are not since the multicast address is generated from the IPv6 address.

=====Mapping IPv6 over Ethernet=====
Each multicast packet is delivered through an Ethernet frame with a specific MAC address derived from the IPv6 multicast address, so that the packet is processed just by the interested hosts:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 33.33%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 66.66%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;48&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 3333
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 32 least significant bits from the target IPv6 address
|}

===Advanced topics related to IPv6 addresses===
====Renumbering====
As the prefixes for global addresses are assigned according to the service provider hierarchy, if a company wants to change from a service provider to another one, all the links in the company network will have to change their prefixes. IPv6 is meant to support easy renumbering for both hosts and routers:
* hosts: routers gradually stop advertising the old prefix (deprecated) and start advertising the new one (preferred) → each host will have during the migration phase two addresses with different prefixes for the same interface;
* routers: Router Renumbering is a standard which allows the border router to notify the other internal routers of the new prefix.

However renumbering still has some unsolved problems, related to how to automatically update e.g. the DNS entries, firewall filters, address-based corporate policies, etc.

====Multi-homing====
[[File:IPv6 multi-homing example.svg|thumb]]

A big company may decide to buy Internet connectivity from two different service providers because it wants to keep being connected to the Internet even if one of the service providers has some problems.

As the prefixes for global addresses are assigned according to the service provider hierarchy, each host inside the company network will have two global addresses with different prefixes for the same interface → the host will have to select which address to use for every outcoming packet. This may cause some non-trivial configuration problems:
* routing based on destination address: the host should be able to select the right prefix for outcoming packets, otherwise let us suppose the host selects the provider A's prefix but the destination is in the provider B's network → the border router thanks to its routing mechanisms will forward the packet directly into the provider B's network → the provider B will block that packet because the source address has a different prefix;
* double registration in DNSes: the host should be registered in DNSes by two different addresses for the same alias;
* automatic renumbering: renumbering mechanisms should dynamically support a change from a provider B to a provider C.

====Scoped addresses====
[[File:IPv6 scoped addresses example.svg|thumb|left]]

A host can have two interfaces (e.g. an Ethernet interface and a wi-fi one) which can be connected to two different links at the same time. When the host wants to send a packet to a link local target address, it does not know whether to make the packet exit the interface A or the interface B, because both the links have the same prefix; moreover, as each link local address is unique within its link, a host in the link A may have the same link local address as another host in the link B.

In IPv6 the host needs to specify in the target IPv6 address an identifier called '''scope''' which is used to identify the physical interface (e.g. FE80::0237:00FF:FE02:A7FD%19). The values for the scopes are selected by the operating system according to its internal criteria.
{{clear|left}}
==Standard IPv6 header==
The standard IPv6 header has the following fixed-size (40 bytes) format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 12.5%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;4&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;12&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 12.5%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Version (6)
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Priority
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Flow label
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Payload length
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Hop limit
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Source
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | address
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Destination
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | address
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|}
where the most significant fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Version&lt;/span&gt; field (4 bits): it is not really used, because the packet discrimination is made by the layer 2 → this enables the dual-stack approach ([[File:Human-edit-redo.svg|16px]] [[Computer network technologies and services/Migration to IPv6#Migrating operating systems{{#if: Computer network technologies and services/Migration to IPv6#Migrating operating systems|{{!}}Computer network technologies and services/Migration to IPv6#Migrating operating systems}}]]{{#ifeq:no|no||.}});
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Priority&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): equivalent to the IPv4 'Type of Service' field, it allows to distinguish different kinds of services for quality of service ([[File:Human-edit-redo.svg|16px]] [[Computer network technologies and services/Quality of service#Architecture{{#if: Computer network technologies and services/Quality of service#Architecture|{{!}}Computer network technologies and services/Quality of service#Architecture}}]]{{#ifeq:no|no||.}});
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Flow label&lt;/span&gt; field (20 bits): it allows to distinguish different flows for quality of service;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Next header&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it refers to the packet payload, that is a header at upper layer (e.g. TCP/UDP) or the first extension header in the chain ([[File:Human-edit-redo.svg|16px]] [[#Extension headers{{#if: #Extension headers|{{!}}#Extension headers}}]]{{#ifeq:no|no||.}});
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;	Hop limit&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it is equivalent to the IPv4 'Time To Live' field;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Source address&lt;/span&gt; field (128 bits): it contains the sender's IPv6 source address for the packet;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Destination address&lt;/span&gt; field (128 bits): it contains the addressee's IPv6 destination address for the packet.

Some IPv4 fields have been removed:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Checksum&lt;/span&gt; field: error protection is delegated to layer 2 (frame check sequence);
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Fragmentation&lt;/span&gt; field: fragmentation is delegated to the 'Fragment' extension header;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Header length&lt;/span&gt; field: IPv6 header is fixed-size, as additional features are optionally offered by extension headers.

==Extension headers==
There are six extension headers, added only when needed and processed in the following order:
# [[#Hop by hop option and Destination option|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Hop by hop option&lt;/span&gt;]]: it includes optional information to be processed by every hop;
# [[#Routing|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Routing&lt;/span&gt;]]: it enables '''source routing''', that is the source decides which route the packet needs to take;
# [[#Fragment|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Fragment&lt;/span&gt;]]: it manages fragmentation;
# [[#AH|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Authentication Header&lt;/span&gt;]] (AH): it allows to authenticate the sender;
# [[#ESP|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Encapsulating Security Payload&lt;/span&gt;]] (ESP): it allows to encrypt the packet contents;
# [[#Hop by hop option and Destination option|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Destination option&lt;/span&gt;]]: it includes optional information to be processed just by the destination.

Routers always process only up to the 'Routing' extension header.

All the extension headers have the same generic format (the length must be a multiple of 64 bits):
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 50%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next Header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Header Length
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Extension data :::
|}
where the fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Next Header&lt;/span&gt; field: it specifies the following extension header in the chain, or the header at upper layer (e.g. TCP/UDP) if this is the last extension header;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Header Length&lt;/span&gt; field: it specifies the length of the current extension header.
:As new extension headers can be standardized over time, old devices may not be able to process recent extension headers → they can look at the 'Length' field to skip the unknown extension header.
:The 'Header Length' field may be not in some extension headers (such as the 'Fragment' extension header) which the IPv6 standard defines as having fixed length.

===Hop by hop option and Destination option===
The '''Hop by hop option''' and '''Destination option''' extension headers can include multiple additional options:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Hop by hop option&lt;/span&gt;: it includes options which every router the packet goes through has to process;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Destination option&lt;/span&gt;: it includes options which just the destination has to process.

For example, if there are two options with 8-bit-long values, the extension header will have the following format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next Header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Header Length
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Type1
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Length
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Value1
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Type2
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Length2
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Value2
|}
where each option always has the three following fields:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Length&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it specifies the length of the current option, so that routers unable to recognize the option can just skip it;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Type&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it identifies the current option.
:The first two bits always specify the action to be executed in case the option is not recognized, while the third bit specifies whether the option can be changed on-the-fly:
:* 00 = the current option can be ignored and it is possible to proceed to the next one;
:* 01 = the packet must be discarded;
:* 10 = the packet must be discarded and an ICMPv6 Parameter Problem must be generated;
:* 11 = the packet must be discarded and an ICMPv6 Parameter Problem must be generated, unless the destination address is a multicast one;
:* xx0 = the option &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;can not&lt;/span&gt; be changed;
:* xx1 = the option &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;can&lt;/span&gt; be changed on-the-fly;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Value&lt;/span&gt; field (variable length): it contains the value of the option.

===Routing===
The '''Routing''' extension header allows the source to decide decides which route the packet needs to take ('''source routing'''), and it has the following format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next Header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Header Length
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Routing Type
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Segment Left
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=4 | (reserved)
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Router
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Address 1
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=4 | ...
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Router
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Address N
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|}
where the fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Routing Type&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it specifies the type of routing (currently '0' for classical source routing);
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Segment Left&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it specifies the number of remaining hops to the destination;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Router Address&lt;/span&gt; fields (128 bits each one): they are the list of the IPv6 addresses of the routers which the packet should go through.

[[File:Routing IPv6 header example.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Example of usage for the 'Routing' extension header.]]

In the example in the side figure, source S sends the packet towards destination D, adding a 'Routing' extension header which forces the packet to go through intermediate routers R1 and R2. So at first the packet apparently has router R1 as destination, while real destination D is specified as last step in the router list specified by the 'Routing' extension header. When the packet arrives at router R1, this recognizes it as apparently addressed to it; in fact, its address appears in the 'Destination Address' field in the IPv6 header. Router R1 checks the next headers and it discovers the packet contains a 'Routing' extension header, realizing that the final destination for the packet is another host (in particular the 'Segment Left' field says that two hops should be traversed before arriving at the final destination). Router R1 finds the IPv6 address of the next hop to which it should send the packet and replaces it with its IPv6 address, then it sends the packet with destination set to R2. The process will continue hop by hop, until destination D will receive an IPv6 packet whose 'Routing' extension header contains the 'Segment Left' field set to 0, which means that the packet has reached the final destination. Destination D is able to know all the hops the packet passed through because they are all written in the 'Routing' extension header, so it can forward the reply to source S by specifying the same (reversed) list of hops.

===Fragment===
The '''Fragment''' extension header allows to send a packet in smaller parts called 'fragments', and it has the following format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 50%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 40.625%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;29&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 6.25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;31&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 3.125%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next Header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | (reserved)
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Fragment Offset
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | (reserved)
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | M
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Identification
|}
where the fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Fragment Offset&lt;/span&gt; field (13 bits): it specifies the byte number at which the fragment starts within the fragmented section in the original packet;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;More Fragments&lt;/span&gt; (M) flag (1 bit): if it is set to 0 the current packet is the last fragment;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Identification&lt;/span&gt; field (32 bits): all the fragments of a specific packet have the same identifier.

Each packets includes two sections:
* a section that can not be fragmented, so it is repeated in all fragments: it includes the IPv6 header and all the extension headers preceding the 'Fragment' extension header;
* a section that can be fragmented: it includes all the extension headers following the 'Fragment' extension header and the packet payload.

[[File:Fragment IPv6 header example.svg|thumb|center|upright=1.5|Example of usage for the 'Fragment' extension header.]]

In contrast to IPv4, only the sender node is allowed to fragment the datagrams, while IPv6 routers do not support fragmentation. Moreover, the IPv6 standard strongly suggests to use Path MTU Discovery instead of fragmentation for performance reasons: [[File:Human-edit-redo.svg|16px]] [[#Packet Too Big{{#if: #Packet Too Big|{{!}}#Packet Too Big}}]]{{#ifeq:|no||.}}

===IPsec===
The solutions developed for IPv6 have been ported from IPv4-IPsec protocol suite. In IPv6 IPSec is an integrated protocol suite that defines two headers:
* Authentication Header (AH): it authenticates the &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;whole packet&lt;/span&gt;, but the fields which are changed on passing from one hop to another (e.g. 'Hop limit' field), by guaranteeing that no one has tempered the contents of the packet;
* Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP): it authenticates and encrypts the &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;packet payload&lt;/span&gt; for data privacy.

====SA====
IPsec does not define which algorithms are to be used for encryption and authentication, but the two parties have to agree on which ones to use for exchanging IPsec-protected information → flexibility: algorithms are chosen according to the current needs.

A '''Security Association''' (SA) can be defined as the set of agreements between two parties A and B on the private keys and algorithms to be used for ESP authentication and encryption and AH authentication. Each SA is identified by an identification tag called '''Security Parameter Index''' (SPI), included in the AH and ESP headers, and it is a one-way logical channel: A and B have to open a SA to agree on keys and algorithms for messages going from A to B, and they have to open another SA to agree on them for messages going from B to A. Often a SA is opened for each TCP port.

====IKE====
How can A and B agree on secrete keys avoiding that extraneous people know them? There are three main strategies:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;static configuration&lt;/span&gt;: the keys are configured manually in A and B → key negotiation is not required at all;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Diffie-Hellman method&lt;/span&gt;: it allows to agree on a key without exchanging it → nobody can discover the secret keys by sniffing the traffic between A and B;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;'''Internet Key Exchange''' (IKE) protocol&lt;/span&gt;: it uses digital certificates and asymmetrical cryptography to send secret keys in a secure way.

The IKE protocol specifies that an IKE SA has to be established from A to B to agree on the secret keys for the child SA from A to B, and vice versa another one for the child SA from B to A. The IKE SA from A to B consists of the following operations based on '''asymmetrical cryptography''':&lt;ref&gt;For simplicity we suppose that a single secret key is required for the SA.&lt;/ref&gt;
# B asks A for a secret key to be used for the child SA from A to B;
# A asks a trusty certification authority for B's digital certificate, in order to know if B is really who he is telling to be;
# the certification authority provides A with B's '''digital certificate''', encrypted by using the certification authority's private key, containing B's signature, that is the association between B and a public key;
# A decrypts the digital certificate by using the certification authority's public key and learns the public key associated to B;
# A sends the secret key for the child SA to B, encrypting the message by using the public key associated to B so that it can be decrypted only by knowing B's private key;
# B receives the message from A, decrypts it by using its private key and learns the secret key decided by A for the child SA;
# the child SA using the agreed secret key can be opened from A to B.

Some extraneous people may look at the traffic exchanged between A and B and guess the secret keys after a while, by performing brute-force attacks or analyzing some deduced statistical information. '''Internet Security Association Key Management Protocol''' (ISAKMP) is a sub-protocol of IKE to periodically renegotiate the secret keys in a secure way, so that extraneous people do not have time to guess them.

====AH====
The '''Authentication Header''' (AH) guarantees connectionless integrity and data origin authentication for IP packets: it authenticates the \ul{whole packet}, but the fields which are changed on passing from one hop to another (e.g. 'Hop limit' field), by guaranteeing that no one has tempered the contents of the packet.

AH has problems dealing with NATs, because it also authenticates the addresses and the ports.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Key concept:&lt;/span&gt; no one can change the packet, everyone can read it.&lt;/div&gt;

The Authentication Header has the following format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 50%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next Header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Payload Length
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | (reserved)
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | SPI
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Sequence Number
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Authentication Data :::
|}
where the fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Next Header&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it specifies the next encapsulated protocol;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Payload Length&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it specifies the Authentication Header length in 32-bit words − 2 (it may be cleared to zero);
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Security Parameters Index&lt;/span&gt; (SPI) field (32 bits): it identifies the Security Association for this datagram (if cleared to zero, a Security Association does not exist; values in the range 1 to 255 are reserved);
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Sequence Number&lt;/span&gt; field (32 bits): it contains a monotonically increasing counter value;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Message Digest&lt;/span&gt; field (variable length): it summarizes the contents of the packet by using a secret key: everyone who wants to change the contents of the packet has to know the key in order to recompute the message digest (similar to the error detection field).

====ESP====
The '''Encapsulating Security Payload''' (ESP) header provides origin authenticity, integrity and confidentiality protection for IP packets: it authenticates and encrypts the &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;packet payload&lt;/span&gt; for data privacy.

Though ESP can authenticate, it does not perform the same functionality of AH: ESP does not authenticate the whole IPv6 packet.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Key concept:&lt;/span&gt; no one can read the packet, therefore no one can change it.&lt;/div&gt;

The ESP header is always the last one in the header chain and it has the following format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 50%;*/ width: 300px;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 25%;*/ width: 150px;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 25%;*/ width: 150px;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; border-bottom: 1px black solid;&quot; colspan=2 |
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | SPI
| rowspan=2 |
| style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;&quot; rowspan=5 | &lt;small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); -ms-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); -o-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); transform: rotate(-90.0deg); width: 100px; margin-left: -43px;&quot;&gt;authenticated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Sequence Number
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Payload Data :::
| style=&quot;border-top: 1px black solid; border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;&quot; rowspan=3 | &lt;small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); -ms-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); -o-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); transform: rotate(-90.0deg); width: 100px; margin-left: -43px;&quot;&gt;encrypted&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Padding :::
|-
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Payload Length
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next Header
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Authentication Data :::
|}
where the fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Security Parameters Index&lt;/span&gt; (SPI) field (32 bits): it identifies the Security Association for this datagram;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Sequence Number&lt;/span&gt; field (unsigned 32 bits): it contains a monotonically increasing counter value.
:The 'Sequence Number' field is mandatory for the sender and it is always present even if the receiver does not select to enable the anti-replay service for a specific SA, but processing of this field is at the discretion of the receiver;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Payload Data&lt;/span&gt; field (variable length): it contains the data described by the 'Next header' field;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Padding&lt;/span&gt; field (variable length 0 to 255 bits): padding may be required, irrespective of encryption algorithm requirements, to ensure that the resulting ciphertext terminates on a 4-byte boundary;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Padding Length&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it specifies the size of the 'Padding' field (in bytes);
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Next Header&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): an IPv4/IPv6 protocol number describing the format of the 'Payload Data' field;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Authentication Data&lt;/span&gt; field (variable length): it contains an Integrity Check Value (ICV) computed over the ESP packet minus the 'Authentication Data' field.
:The 'Authentication Data' field length is specified by the selected authentication function. The 'Authentication Data' field is optional: it is included only if the authentication service has been selected for the SA at issue. The authentication algorithm specification &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;must&lt;/span&gt; specify the ICV length and the comparison rules and processing steps for validation. Note that the 'Authentication Data' field is &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;not&lt;/span&gt; encrypted.

Two usage modes are possible for ESP (optionally in combination with AH):
* '''transport mode''': ESP does not encrypt the IPv6 header → anybody in the middle is able to see the source and destination IP addresses in the IPv6 header:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | IPv6 header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | other extension headers
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ESP header&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(for encryption)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | TCP/UDP header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | payload
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ESP authentication
|-
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 style=&quot;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; line-height: normal;&quot; colspan=2 | &lt;small&gt;encrypted data&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; line-height: normal;&quot; colspan=3 | &lt;small&gt;authenticated data&lt;/small&gt;
|}
* '''tunnel mode''': the IPv6 packet is encapsulated into another IPv6 packet having ESP → the IPv6 header of the original packet, containing the source and destination IP addresses, is encrypted and nobody can see it:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | IPv6 header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ESP header&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(for encryption)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | IPv6 header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | other extension headers
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | TCP/UDP header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | payload
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ESP authentication
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; line-height: normal;&quot; colspan=4 | &lt;small&gt;encrypted data&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; line-height: normal;&quot; colspan=5 | &lt;small&gt;authenticated data&lt;/small&gt;
|}

==ICMPv6==
'''Internet Control Message Protocol version 6''' (ICMPv6) is an integral part of the IPv6 standard, and it in turn integrates the functionalities of ARP and IGMP protocols expanding them.

All the ICMPv6 messages are put just after the extension headers in the packet, and they have the same generic format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 50%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Type
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Code
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Checksum
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Message Body :::
|}
where the 'Type' field identifies the type of ICMPv6 message:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;diagnostics&lt;/span&gt; messages: like in ICMPv4, they allow to report errors or problems in the network:
** 1 = Destination Unreachable
** 2 = [[#Packet Too Big|Packet Too Big]]
** 3 = Time Exceeded
** 4 = Parameter Problem
* messages used by the &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;tt&gt;ping&lt;/tt&gt; command&lt;/span&gt;:
** 128 = Echo Request
** 129 = Echo Reply
* [[#Multicast Listener Discovery|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Multicast Listener Discovery&lt;/span&gt;]] messages: they expand the IGMP functionality:
** 130 = Multicast Listener Query
** 131 = Multicast Listener Report
** 132 = Multicast Listener Done
* [[#Neighbor Discovery|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Neighbor Discovery&lt;/span&gt;]] messages: they expand the ARP functionality:
** 133 = Router Solicitation
** 134 = Router Advertisement
** 135 = Neighbor Solicitation
** 136 = Neighbor Advertisement
** 137 = Redirect

===Packet Too Big===
When a router receives a packet having a too large size, it performs a technique called '''Path MTU Discovery''': it discards the packet and sends back an ICMPv6 message of type '''Packet Too Big''' in order to notify the sender of the allowed Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size and force it to send again the packet itself (and the next packets) with a size not exceeding the MTU specified by the router. This technique has the goal to avoid fragmentation as much as possible.

===Multicast Listener Discovery===
'''Multicast Listener Discovery''' is the component in ICMPv6 which expands the functionality of the IPv4 IGMP protocol to manage multicast group memberships:
* '''Multicast Listener Query''':
** General Query: the router asks hosts if they are interested in joining some of multicast groups;
** Multicast Address Specific Query: the router asks hosts if they are interested in joining a particular multicast group;
* '''Multicast Listener Report''': the host notifies the router it wants to join a particular multicast group to receive all the multicast packets addressed to the multicast address corresponding to the specified multicast group;
* '''Multicast Listener Done''': the host notifies the router it wants to stop receiving the multicast packets for a particular multicast group.

===Neighbor Discovery===
'''Neighbor Discovery''' is the component in ICMPv6 which expands the functionality of the IPv4 ARP protocol:
* '''Neighbor Solicitation''': the host sends a multicast packet having, as the target IPv6 address, the solicited node multicast address corresponding to the IPv6 address of which it wants to learn the MAC address;
* '''Neighbor Advertisement''': the host having the specified IPv6 address sends back its MAC address;
* '''Router Solicitation''': the host sends a multicast packet to solicit the router sending back a 'Router Advertisement' message containing details for the given network (as Prefix associated to the Link, flag of autoconfiguration/DHCP, default device);
* '''Router Advertisement''': the router advertises its presence within the link reporting the prefix(es) associated to the link and a flag which states if the hosts should auto-configure themself or query a DHCP server.

'Neighbor Discovery' ICMPv6 messages are used to autoconfigure the IPv6 addresses for a host connecting to a link: firstly the host has to get a link local address in order to be able to contact the other hosts within the link, then it has to get a global address in order to be able to exit the link and access the Internet by a globally unique address.

====Link local address autoconfiguration process====
The link local address is autoconfigured by using 'Neighbor Solicitation' and 'Neighbor Advertisement' ICMPv6 messages:
# the host generates by itself an IPv6 address candidate to be its link local address:
#* prefix: it is always 'FE80::';
#* interface identifier: it can be generated either based on MAC address (EUI-64 format) or randomly for privacy reasons (traceability);
# the host sends via multicast a 'Neighbor Solicitation' message to the Multicast Solicited Node corresponding to the candidate linklocal address chosen, specifying as target IPv6 address its self-generated address and asking if a host whose link local address is the same as the specified IPv6 address exists in the link ('''Duplicated Address Detection''');
# if a host having the sender's link local address already exists in the link, it sends back a 'Neighbor Advertisement' message to the sender, which will have to generate randomly another candidate address and send via multicast another 'Neighbor Solicitation' message;
# if no one replies, the address is unique within the link and the host is able to contact every other host within the same link by using its link local address, but it is not able to access the Internet yet because it needs a global address.

====Global address autoconfiguration process====
The global address is autoconfigured by using 'Router Solicitation', 'Router Advertisement', 'Neighbor Solicitation' and 'Neighbor Advertisement' ICMPv6 messages:
# the host sends via multicast a 'Router Solicitation' message to solicit the router sending back a 'Router Advertisement' message containing the interface identifier associated to the link;&lt;ref&gt;This step is not mandatory if the router is configured to periodically multicast 'Router advertisement' messages.&lt;/ref&gt;
# the router sends back a 'Router Advertisement' message containing the two flags 'Managed Address Configuration' (M) and 'Other configuration' (O):
#* M = 1: the host has to contact the DHCP server for the prefix of the link and the other network configuration parameters (such as the DNS address), without caring of 'Router Advertisement' messages from the router ('''stateful configuration''');
#* M = 0: the host has to look at the 'O' flag:
#** O = 1: the host can take the prefix of the link from the 'Router Advertisement' message, but it still has to contact the DHCP server for the other network configuration parameters (such as the DNS address);
#** O = 0: the host can take the prefix of the link from the 'Router Advertisement' message, and no other configuration information is available from the DHCP server ('''stateless configuration''') → either the other network configuration parameters (such as the DNS address) will have to be configured by hand on the host, or the host can get the DNS address via IPv4 ([[File:Human-edit-redo.svg|16px]] [[Computer network technologies and services/Migration to IPv6#Migrating DNSes{{#if: |{{!}}{{{etichetta}}}}}]]{{#ifeq:no|no||.}});
# the host generates by itself an IPv6 address candidate to be its global address:
#* prefix: it is equal to the prefix of the link, taken either from the 'Router Advertisement' message or by contacting the DHCP server;
#* interface identifier: it can be generated either based on MAC address (EUI-64 format) or randomly for privacy reasons (traceability);
# the host sends via multicast a 'Neighbor Solicitation' message to all the hosts within the link, specifying as target IPv6 address its self-generated address and asking if a host whose global address is the same as the specified IPv6 address exists in the link ('''Duplicated Address Detection''');
# if a host having the sender's global address already exists in the link, it sends back a 'Neighbor Advertisement' message to the sender, which will have to generate randomly another candidate address and send via multicast another 'Neighbor Solicitation' message;
# if no one replies, the address is globally unique and the host is able to access the Internet by using its global address.

Another implementation proposed by Microsoft consists in the possibility for the host to contact the DNS server without knowing its address: the host sends packets to a fixed anycast address, and the network takes care of delivering the packet to the DNS server. However this implementation is not really used:
* implementations for anycast address management are rare;
* this solution is not supported by GNU/Linux operating system.

Autoconfiguration is based on the MAC address, so if the network card breaks and needs to be replaced the host will have to change its address, but the caches (e.g. the DNS cache) can not update immediately → static configuration is still possible, especially for fixed machines (e.g. servers for public websites) which need to avoid changing their addresses in order to keep being reachable as much continuously as possible.

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

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'''Internet Protocol version 6''' (IPv6) is a new protocol aimed to overcome IPv4 limits: the main reason for introducing a new protocol is to have a '''larger address space''' with respect to the IPv4 one.

==Comparison to IPv4==
IPv6 expands ICMP protocol by integrating the following protocols:
* ARP: called 'neighbor discovery' for address configuration process;
* IGMP: called 'Multicast Listener Discovery' to manage multicast group memberships.

With IPv6 some protocols need just to be upgraded, mainly due to the fact that they all deal with addresses (these protocols are not layer-3 independent):
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;DNS protocols&lt;/span&gt;;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;routing protocols&lt;/span&gt;: RIP, OSPF, BGP, IDRP;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;transport protocols&lt;/span&gt;: TCP, UDP;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;socket interfaces&lt;/span&gt;.

===IPv6 additional features===
The additional features listed below were originally designed as add-ons for IPv4, then they were ported to be embedded into IPv6.

;Deployment on LANs
It is more efficient, thanks to an efficient usage of multicast and anycast addresses:
* '''multicast''': each multicast address identifies a group of stations, and the packet is forwarded to all the nodes in the group;
* '''anycast''': each anycast address identifies a group of stations, but the packet is forwarded just to the closest node in the group.

;Data security and privacy
Security mechanisms such as [[#IPsec|IPsec]] are included in the IPv6 protocol.

;Policy routing
It is the possibility to forward packets by using policies different than the destination address (e.g. forwarding by source address).

;Plug and play
Autoconfiguration protocols are defined:
* '''stateless''': only link-local access is guaranteed without contacting any server;
* '''stateful''': it is possible to have access to the Internet by using a DHCP server.

;Traffic differentiation
Not all data flows are equal (e.g. phone calls require less delays).

;Mobility
It is the capability of moving the device across different networks while keeping available all services (e.g. mobile devices that use GSM/LTE moving around different cells).

;Nomadicity
It is the capability of moving the device across different networks without needing to grant the services active → less strict than mobility.

;Better scalability with routing
As a general rule aggregation is required to make routing easier but it requires a waste of addresses. IPv6 routing uses almost the same techniques as IPv4 but it can reduce the routing tables, if the addresses are given in an efficient way.

==Addressing==
===Address format===
Each IPv6 address is 128-bit-long, and the prefix replaces the netmask:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | prefix
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | interface identifier
|}

===Links===
The concept of '''link''' in IPv6 is the same as the concept of subnetwork in IPv4:
* in IPv4 a subnetwork is a set of hosts with the same prefix;
* in IPv6 a link is the actual physical network.

All the hosts in the same subnetwork belong to the same link and vice versa:
* '''on-link hosts''' have the same prefix, so they can communicate directly;
* '''off-link hosts''' have different prefixes, so they can communicate through a router.

===Addressing space organization===
====Global unicast addresses====
=====Aggregatable global unicast addresses=====
They are equivalent to the &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;IPv4 public&lt;/span&gt; addresses, and they begin with the three bits '001':
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 2.34375%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;3&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 10.15625%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;48&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 12.5%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;64&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 18.75%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;88&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 6.25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;96&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 6.25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;104&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 18.75%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;128&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 001
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ID TLA
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ID NLA
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ID SLA
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | OUI &lt;small&gt;('universal' bit = 1)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FF
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FE
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | manufacturer-selected MAC portion
|-
| colspan=4 style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; line-height: normal; border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;prefix&lt;/small&gt;
| colspan=4 style=&quot;border-bottom-style: none; line-height: normal; border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;interface identifier (EUI 64)&lt;/small&gt;
|}
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Prefix&lt;/span&gt;: it must be the same as the one assigned to the link which the host is connected to.
:Assignment criterion for prefixes is topology-based: they are assigned according to the service provider hierarchy:
:* Top Level Authority (TLA): a large service provider;
:* Next Level Authority (NLA): an intermediate service provider;
:* Subnet Level Authority (SLA): the organization.
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Interface identifier&lt;/span&gt;: it identifies the host interface.
:Optionally it can be in EUI-64 format: the 64-bit IPv6 interface identifier derives from the host's 48-bit MAC address:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 50%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 50%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;48&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | OUI ('universal' bit = 0)
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | manufacturer-selected MAC portion
|}
:where the 'universal' bit is the seventh bit in the OUI and it is changed from 0 to 1.

=====Addresses for IPv4 interoperability=====
They are to be used during the transition phase, and they begin with 80 bits set to zero:
* '''IPv4-mapped addresses''': the first 80 bits are zeros and the next 16 bits are set to &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;one&lt;/span&gt;:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FFFF
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ...
|}
* '''IPv4-compatible addresses''': the first 80 bits are zeros and the next 16 bits are set to &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;zero&lt;/span&gt; (e.g. the IPv6 address '::10.0.0.1' maps the IPv4 address '10.0.0.1'):
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 0000
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ...
|}

====Local unicast addresses====
=====Link local addresses=====
They refer to the 'automatic' private addresses, generated by [[#Neighbor Discovery|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;autoconfiguration&lt;/span&gt;]], which is the process where a station automatically generates an address to connect to an IPv6 link:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FExx
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ...
|}

=====Site local addresses=====
They are equivalent to the &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;IPv4 private&lt;/span&gt; addresses:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FDxx
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ...
|}

====Multicast addresses====
A '''multicast address''' identifies a group of stations and it has the following format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 6.25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 3.125%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;12&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 3.125%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 87.5%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;128&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FF
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Flag (000T)
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Scope
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Group ID
|}
where the fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Flag&lt;/span&gt; field (4 bits): it is used to mark a multicast group:
** T = 1: the multicast group is &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;temporary&lt;/span&gt; (e.g. user-defined conference call);
** T = 0: the multicast group is &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;permanent&lt;/span&gt; (e.g. address of all the hosts in the network, it can not be overwritten);
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Scope&lt;/span&gt; field (4 bits): it is used to limit the diffusion of the multicast (better than IPv4 TTL):
** 1 = node local: the packet can not go outside the host;
** 2 = link local: the packet can not go outside the layer 2 network;
** 5 = site local: the packet can not go outside e.g. the campus network;
** 8 = organization local: the packet can not go outside the organization network;
** E = global: the packet can go everywhere;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Group ID&lt;/span&gt; field (112 bits): it identifies the multicast group, and the packet is forwarded to all the nodes in the group.

If a host wants to belong to a multicast group, it needs to ask for it by using the [[#Multicast Listener Discovery|ICMP protocol]]; once it is added to the multicast group, it will receive all the packets sent to that particular multicast address. It is very important to notice that the hosts that will receive a multicast packet are &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;not&lt;/span&gt; defined by the source, but they are 'decided' by the destinations.

=====Solicited node multicast addresses=====
Every operating node by default belongs to a solicited node multicast group whose address derives from its IPv6 address:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 75%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;96&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 6.25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;104&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 18.75%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;128&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FF02::1
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | FF
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 24 least significant bits from the IPv6 address
|}
There may be more than one host in the same multicast group, but generally there are not since the multicast address is generated from the IPv6 address.

=====Mapping IPv6 over Ethernet=====
Each multicast packet is delivered through an Ethernet frame with a specific MAC address derived from the IPv6 multicast address, so that the packet is processed just by the interested hosts:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 33.33%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 66.66%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;48&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 3333
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | 32 least significant bits from the target IPv6 address
|}

===Advanced topics related to IPv6 addresses===
====Renumbering====
As the prefixes for global addresses are assigned according to the service provider hierarchy, if a company wants to change from a service provider to another one, all the links in the company network will have to change their prefixes. IPv6 is meant to support easy renumbering for both hosts and routers:
* hosts: routers gradually stop advertising the old prefix (deprecated) and start advertising the new one (preferred) → each host will have during the migration phase two addresses with different prefixes for the same interface;
* routers: Router Renumbering is a standard which allows the border router to notify the other internal routers of the new prefix.

However renumbering still has some unsolved problems, related to how to automatically update e.g. the DNS entries, firewall filters, address-based corporate policies, etc.

====Multi-homing====
[[File:IPv6 multi-homing example.svg|thumb]]

A big company may decide to buy Internet connectivity from two different service providers because it wants to keep being connected to the Internet even if one of the service providers has some problems.

As the prefixes for global addresses are assigned according to the service provider hierarchy, each host inside the company network will have two global addresses with different prefixes for the same interface → the host will have to select which address to use for every outcoming packet. This may cause some non-trivial configuration problems:
* routing based on destination address: the host should be able to select the right prefix for outcoming packets, otherwise let us suppose the host selects the provider A's prefix but the destination is in the provider B's network → the border router thanks to its routing mechanisms will forward the packet directly into the provider B's network → the provider B will block that packet because the source address has a different prefix;
* double registration in DNSes: the host should be registered in DNSes by two different addresses for the same alias;
* automatic renumbering: renumbering mechanisms should dynamically support a change from a provider B to a provider C.

====Scoped addresses====
[[File:IPv6 scoped addresses example.svg|thumb|left]]

A host can have two interfaces (e.g. an Ethernet interface and a wi-fi one) which can be connected to two different links at the same time. When the host wants to send a packet to a link local target address, it does not know whether to make the packet exit the interface A or the interface B, because both the links have the same prefix; moreover, as each link local address is unique within its link, a host in the link A may have the same link local address as another host in the link B.

In IPv6 the host needs to specify in the target IPv6 address an identifier called '''scope''' which is used to identify the physical interface (e.g. FE80::0237:00FF:FE02:A7FD%19). The values for the scopes are selected by the operating system according to its internal criteria.
{{clear|left}}
==Standard IPv6 header==
The standard IPv6 header has the following fixed-size (40 bytes) format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 12.5%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;4&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;12&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 12.5%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Version (6)
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Priority
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Flow label
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Payload length
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Hop limit
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Source
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | address
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Destination
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | address
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|}
where the most significant fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Version&lt;/span&gt; field (4 bits): it is not really used, because the packet discrimination is made by the layer 2 → this enables the dual-stack approach ([[File:Human-edit-redo.svg|16px]] [[Computer network technologies and services/Migration to IPv6#Migrating operating systems{{#if: Computer network technologies and services/Migration to IPv6#Migrating operating systems|{{!}}Computer network technologies and services/Migration to IPv6#Migrating operating systems}}]]{{#ifeq:no|no||.}});
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Priority&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): equivalent to the IPv4 'Type of Service' field, it allows to distinguish different kinds of services for quality of service ([[File:Human-edit-redo.svg|16px]] [[Computer network technologies and services/Quality of service#Architecture{{#if: Computer network technologies and services/Quality of service#Architecture|{{!}}Computer network technologies and services/Quality of service#Architecture}}]]{{#ifeq:no|no||.}});
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Flow label&lt;/span&gt; field (20 bits): it allows to distinguish different flows for quality of service;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Next header&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it refers to the packet payload, that is a header at upper layer (e.g. TCP/UDP) or the first extension header in the chain ([[File:Human-edit-redo.svg|16px]] [[#Extension headers{{#if: #Extension headers|{{!}}#Extension headers}}]]{{#ifeq:no|no||.}});
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;	Hop limit&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it is equivalent to the IPv4 'Time To Live' field;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Source address&lt;/span&gt; field (128 bits): it contains the sender's IPv6 source address for the packet;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Destination address&lt;/span&gt; field (128 bits): it contains the addressee's IPv6 destination address for the packet.

Some IPv4 fields have been removed:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Checksum&lt;/span&gt; field: error protection is delegated to layer 2 (frame check sequence);
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Fragmentation&lt;/span&gt; field: fragmentation is delegated to the 'Fragment' extension header;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Header length&lt;/span&gt; field: IPv6 header is fixed-size, as additional features are optionally offered by extension headers.

==Extension headers==
There are six extension headers, added only when needed and processed in the following order:
# [[#Hop by hop option and Destination option|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Hop by hop option&lt;/span&gt;]]: it includes optional information to be processed by every hop;
# [[#Routing|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Routing&lt;/span&gt;]]: it enables '''source routing''', that is the source decides which route the packet needs to take;
# [[#Fragment|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Fragment&lt;/span&gt;]]: it manages fragmentation;
# [[#AH|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Authentication Header&lt;/span&gt;]] (AH): it allows to authenticate the sender;
# [[#ESP|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Encapsulating Security Payload&lt;/span&gt;]] (ESP): it allows to encrypt the packet contents;
# [[#Hop by hop option and Destination option|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Destination option&lt;/span&gt;]]: it includes optional information to be processed just by the destination.

Routers always process only up to the 'Routing' extension header.

All the extension headers have the same generic format (the length must be a multiple of 64 bits):
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 50%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next Header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Header Length
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Extension data :::
|}
where the fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Next Header&lt;/span&gt; field: it specifies the following extension header in the chain, or the header at upper layer (e.g. TCP/UDP) if this is the last extension header;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Header Length&lt;/span&gt; field: it specifies the length of the current extension header.
:As new extension headers can be standardized over time, old devices may not be able to process recent extension headers → they can look at the 'Length' field to skip the unknown extension header.
:The 'Header Length' field may be not in some extension headers (such as the 'Fragment' extension header) which the IPv6 standard defines as having fixed length.

===Hop by hop option and Destination option===
The '''Hop by hop option''' and '''Destination option''' extension headers can include multiple additional options:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Hop by hop option&lt;/span&gt;: it includes options which every router the packet goes through has to process;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Destination option&lt;/span&gt;: it includes options which just the destination has to process.

For example, if there are two options with 8-bit-long values, the extension header will have the following format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next Header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Header Length
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Type1
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Length
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Value1
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Type2
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Length2
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Value2
|}
where each option always has the three following fields:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Length&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it specifies the length of the current option, so that routers unable to recognize the option can just skip it;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Type&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it identifies the current option.
:The first two bits always specify the action to be executed in case the option is not recognized, while the third bit specifies whether the option can be changed on-the-fly:
:* 00 = the current option can be ignored and it is possible to proceed to the next one;
:* 01 = the packet must be discarded;
:* 10 = the packet must be discarded and an ICMPv6 Parameter Problem must be generated;
:* 11 = the packet must be discarded and an ICMPv6 Parameter Problem must be generated, unless the destination address is a multicast one;
:* xx0 = the option &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;can not&lt;/span&gt; be changed;
:* xx1 = the option &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;can&lt;/span&gt; be changed on-the-fly;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Value&lt;/span&gt; field (variable length): it contains the value of the option.

===Routing===
The '''Routing''' extension header allows the source to decide decides which route the packet needs to take ('''source routing'''), and it has the following format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next Header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Header Length
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Routing Type
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Segment Left
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=4 | (reserved)
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Router
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Address 1
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=4 | ...
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Router
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; border-bottom-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Address N
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; border-top-style: dashed; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | &amp;nbsp;
|}
where the fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Routing Type&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it specifies the type of routing (currently '0' for classical source routing);
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Segment Left&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it specifies the number of remaining hops to the destination;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Router Address&lt;/span&gt; fields (128 bits each one): they are the list of the IPv6 addresses of the routers which the packet should go through.

[[File:Routing IPv6 header example.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Example of usage for the 'Routing' extension header.]]

In the example in the side figure, source S sends the packet towards destination D, adding a 'Routing' extension header which forces the packet to go through intermediate routers R1 and R2. So at first the packet apparently has router R1 as destination, while real destination D is specified as last step in the router list specified by the 'Routing' extension header. When the packet arrives at router R1, this recognizes it as apparently addressed to it; in fact, its address appears in the 'Destination Address' field in the IPv6 header. Router R1 checks the next headers and it discovers the packet contains a 'Routing' extension header, realizing that the final destination for the packet is another host (in particular the 'Segment Left' field says that two hops should be traversed before arriving at the final destination). Router R1 finds the IPv6 address of the next hop to which it should send the packet and replaces it with its IPv6 address, then it sends the packet with destination set to R2. The process will continue hop by hop, until destination D will receive an IPv6 packet whose 'Routing' extension header contains the 'Segment Left' field set to 0, which means that the packet has reached the final destination. Destination D is able to know all the hops the packet passed through because they are all written in the 'Routing' extension header, so it can forward the reply to source S by specifying the same (reversed) list of hops.

===Fragment===
The '''Fragment''' extension header allows to send a packet in smaller parts called 'fragments', and it has the following format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 50%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 40.625%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;29&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 6.25%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;31&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 3.125%;*/&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next Header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | (reserved)
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Fragment Offset
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | (reserved)
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | M
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=5 | Identification
|}
where the fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Fragment Offset&lt;/span&gt; field (13 bits): it specifies the byte number at which the fragment starts within the fragmented section in the original packet;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;More Fragments&lt;/span&gt; (M) flag (1 bit): if it is set to 0 the current packet is the last fragment;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Identification&lt;/span&gt; field (32 bits): all the fragments of a specific packet have the same identifier.

Each packets includes two sections:
* a section that can not be fragmented, so it is repeated in all fragments: it includes the IPv6 header and all the extension headers preceding the 'Fragment' extension header;
* a section that can be fragmented: it includes all the extension headers following the 'Fragment' extension header and the packet payload.

[[File:Fragment IPv6 header example.svg|thumb|center|upright=1.5|Example of usage for the 'Fragment' extension header.]]

In contrast to IPv4, only the sender node is allowed to fragment the datagrams, while IPv6 routers do not support fragmentation. Moreover, the IPv6 standard strongly suggests to use Path MTU Discovery instead of fragmentation for performance reasons: [[File:Human-edit-redo.svg|16px]] [[#Packet Too Big{{#if: #Packet Too Big|{{!}}#Packet Too Big}}]]{{#ifeq:|no||.}}

===IPsec===
The solutions developed for IPv6 have been ported from IPv4-IPsec protocol suite. In IPv6 IPSec is an integrated protocol suite that defines two headers:
* Authentication Header (AH): it authenticates the &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;whole packet&lt;/span&gt;, but the fields which are changed on passing from one hop to another (e.g. 'Hop limit' field), by guaranteeing that no one has tempered the contents of the packet;
* Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP): it authenticates and encrypts the &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;packet payload&lt;/span&gt; for data privacy.

====SA====
IPsec does not define which algorithms are to be used for encryption and authentication, but the two parties have to agree on which ones to use for exchanging IPsec-protected information → flexibility: algorithms are chosen according to the current needs.

A '''Security Association''' (SA) can be defined as the set of agreements between two parties A and B on the private keys and algorithms to be used for ESP authentication and encryption and AH authentication. Each SA is identified by an identification tag called '''Security Parameter Index''' (SPI), included in the AH and ESP headers, and it is a one-way logical channel: A and B have to open a SA to agree on keys and algorithms for messages going from A to B, and they have to open another SA to agree on them for messages going from B to A. Often a SA is opened for each TCP port.

====IKE====
How can A and B agree on secrete keys avoiding that extraneous people know them? There are three main strategies:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;static configuration&lt;/span&gt;: the keys are configured manually in A and B → key negotiation is not required at all;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Diffie-Hellman method&lt;/span&gt;: it allows to agree on a key without exchanging it → nobody can discover the secret keys by sniffing the traffic between A and B;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;'''Internet Key Exchange''' (IKE) protocol&lt;/span&gt;: it uses digital certificates and asymmetrical cryptography to send secret keys in a secure way.

The IKE protocol specifies that an IKE SA has to be established from A to B to agree on the secret keys for the child SA from A to B, and vice versa another one for the child SA from B to A. The IKE SA from A to B consists of the following operations based on '''asymmetrical cryptography''':&lt;ref&gt;For simplicity we suppose that a single secret key is required for the SA.&lt;/ref&gt;
# B asks A for a secret key to be used for the child SA from A to B;
# A asks a trusty certification authority for B's digital certificate, in order to know if B is really who he is telling to be;
# the certification authority provides A with B's '''digital certificate''', encrypted by using the certification authority's private key, containing B's signature, that is the association between B and a public key;
# A decrypts the digital certificate by using the certification authority's public key and learns the public key associated to B;
# A sends the secret key for the child SA to B, encrypting the message by using the public key associated to B so that it can be decrypted only by knowing B's private key;
# B receives the message from A, decrypts it by using its private key and learns the secret key decided by A for the child SA;
# the child SA using the agreed secret key can be opened from A to B.

Some extraneous people may look at the traffic exchanged between A and B and guess the secret keys after a while, by performing brute-force attacks or analyzing some deduced statistical information. '''Internet Security Association Key Management Protocol''' (ISAKMP) is a sub-protocol of IKE to periodically renegotiate the secret keys in a secure way, so that extraneous people do not have time to guess them.

====AH====
The '''Authentication Header''' (AH) guarantees connectionless integrity and data origin authentication for IP packets: it authenticates the \ul{whole packet}, but the fields which are changed on passing from one hop to another (e.g. 'Hop limit' field), by guaranteeing that no one has tempered the contents of the packet.

AH has problems dealing with NATs, because it also authenticates the addresses and the ports.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Key concept:&lt;/span&gt; no one can change the packet, everyone can read it.&lt;/div&gt;

The Authentication Header has the following format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 50%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next Header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Payload Length
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | (reserved)
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | SPI
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Sequence Number
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Authentication Data :::
|}
where the fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Next Header&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it specifies the next encapsulated protocol;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Payload Length&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it specifies the Authentication Header length in 32-bit words − 2 (it may be cleared to zero);
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Security Parameters Index&lt;/span&gt; (SPI) field (32 bits): it identifies the Security Association for this datagram (if cleared to zero, a Security Association does not exist; values in the range 1 to 255 are reserved);
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Sequence Number&lt;/span&gt; field (32 bits): it contains a monotonically increasing counter value;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Message Digest&lt;/span&gt; field (variable length): it summarizes the contents of the packet by using a secret key: everyone who wants to change the contents of the packet has to know the key in order to recompute the message digest (similar to the error detection field).

====ESP====
The '''Encapsulating Security Payload''' (ESP) header provides origin authenticity, integrity and confidentiality protection for IP packets: it authenticates and encrypts the &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;packet payload&lt;/span&gt; for data privacy.

Though ESP can authenticate, it does not perform the same functionality of AH: ESP does not authenticate the whole IPv6 packet.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Key concept:&lt;/span&gt; no one can read the packet, therefore no one can change it.&lt;/div&gt;

The ESP header is always the last one in the header chain and it has the following format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 50%;*/ width: 300px;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 25%;*/ width: 150px;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; /*width: 25%;*/ width: 150px;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; border-bottom: 1px black solid;&quot; colspan=2 |
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | SPI
| rowspan=2 |
| style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;&quot; rowspan=5 | &lt;small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); -ms-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); -o-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); transform: rotate(-90.0deg); width: 100px; margin-left: -43px;&quot;&gt;authenticated&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Sequence Number
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Payload Data :::
| style=&quot;border-top: 1px black solid; border-bottom: 1px black solid; padding-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 1em;&quot; rowspan=3 | &lt;small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;-moz-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); -ms-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); -o-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(-90.0deg); transform: rotate(-90.0deg); width: 100px; margin-left: -43px;&quot;&gt;encrypted&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Padding :::
|-
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Payload Length
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Next Header
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Authentication Data :::
|}
where the fields are:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Security Parameters Index&lt;/span&gt; (SPI) field (32 bits): it identifies the Security Association for this datagram;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Sequence Number&lt;/span&gt; field (unsigned 32 bits): it contains a monotonically increasing counter value.
:The 'Sequence Number' field is mandatory for the sender and it is always present even if the receiver does not select to enable the anti-replay service for a specific SA, but processing of this field is at the discretion of the receiver;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Payload Data&lt;/span&gt; field (variable length): it contains the data described by the 'Next header' field;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Padding&lt;/span&gt; field (variable length 0 to 255 bits): padding may be required, irrespective of encryption algorithm requirements, to ensure that the resulting ciphertext terminates on a 4-byte boundary;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Padding Length&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): it specifies the size of the 'Padding' field (in bytes);
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Next Header&lt;/span&gt; field (8 bits): an IPv4/IPv6 protocol number describing the format of the 'Payload Data' field;
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Authentication Data&lt;/span&gt; field (variable length): it contains an Integrity Check Value (ICV) computed over the ESP packet minus the 'Authentication Data' field.
:The 'Authentication Data' field length is specified by the selected authentication function. The 'Authentication Data' field is optional: it is included only if the authentication service has been selected for the SA at issue. The authentication algorithm specification &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;must&lt;/span&gt; specify the ICV length and the comparison rules and processing steps for validation. Note that the 'Authentication Data' field is &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;not&lt;/span&gt; encrypted.

Two usage modes are possible for ESP (optionally in combination with AH):
* '''transport mode''': ESP does not encrypt the IPv6 header → anybody in the middle is able to see the source and destination IP addresses in the IPv6 header:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | IPv6 header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | other extension headers
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ESP header&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(for encryption)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | TCP/UDP header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | payload
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ESP authentication
|-
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 style=&quot;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; line-height: normal;&quot; colspan=2 | &lt;small&gt;encrypted data&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; line-height: normal;&quot; colspan=3 | &lt;small&gt;authenticated data&lt;/small&gt;
|}
* '''tunnel mode''': the IPv6 packet is encapsulated into another IPv6 packet having ESP → the IPv6 header of the original packet, containing the source and destination IP addresses, is encrypted and nobody can see it:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | IPv6 header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ESP header&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(for encryption)&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | IPv6 header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | other extension headers
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | TCP/UDP header
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | payload
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | ESP authentication
|-
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; line-height: normal;&quot; colspan=4 | &lt;small&gt;encrypted data&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=2 style=&quot;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;border-left: 1px black solid; border-right: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; line-height: normal;&quot; colspan=5 | &lt;small&gt;authenticated data&lt;/small&gt;
|}

==ICMPv6==
'''Internet Control Message Protocol version 6''' (ICMPv6) is an integral part of the IPv6 standard, and it in turn integrates the functionalities of ARP and IGMP protocols expanding them.

All the ICMPv6 messages are put just after the extension headers in the packet, and they have the same generic format:
{| style=&quot;text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 25%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; line-height: normal; width: 50%;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Type
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Code
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; | Checksum
|-
| style=&quot;border: 1px black solid; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot; colspan=3 | Message Body :::
|}
where the 'Type' field identifies the type of ICMPv6 message:
* &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;diagnostics&lt;/span&gt; messages: like in ICMPv4, they allow to report errors or problems in the network:
** 1 = Destination Unreachable
** 2 = [[#Packet Too Big|Packet Too Big]]
** 3 = Time Exceeded
** 4 = Parameter Problem
* messages used by the &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;tt&gt;ping&lt;/tt&gt; command&lt;/span&gt;:
** 128 = Echo Request
** 129 = Echo Reply
* [[#Multicast Listener Discovery|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Multicast Listener Discovery&lt;/span&gt;]] messages: they expand the IGMP functionality:
** 130 = Multicast Listener Query
** 131 = Multicast Listener Report
** 132 = Multicast Listener Done
* [[#Neighbor Discovery|&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration:underline;&quot;&gt;Neighbor Discovery&lt;/span&gt;]] messages: they expand the ARP functionality:
** 133 = Router Solicitation
** 134 = Router Advertisement
** 135 = Neighbor Solicitation
** 136 = Neighbor Advertisement
** 137 = Redirect

===Packet Too Big===
When a router receives a packet having a too large size, it performs a technique called '''Path MTU Discovery''': it discards the packet and sends back an ICMPv6 message of type '''Packet Too Big''' in order to notify the sender of the allowed Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size and force it to send again the packet itself (and the next packets) with a size not exceeding the MTU specified by the router. This technique has the goal to avoid fragmentation as much as possible.

===Multicast Listener Discovery===
'''Multicast Listener Discovery''' is the component in ICMPv6 which expands the functionality of the IPv4 IGMP protocol to manage multicast group memberships:
* '''Multicast Listener Query''':
** General Query: the router asks hosts if they are interested in joining some of multicast groups;
** Multicast Address Specific Query: the router asks hosts if they are interested in joining a particular multicast group;
* '''Multicast Listener Report''': the host notifies the router it wants to join a particular multicast group to receive all the multicast packets addressed to the multicast address corresponding to the specified multicast group;
* '''Multicast Listener Done''': the host notifies the router it wants to stop receiving the multicast packets for a particular multicast group.

===Neighbor Discovery===
'''Neighbor Discovery''' is the component in ICMPv6 which expands the functionality of the IPv4 ARP protocol:
* '''Neighbor Solicitation''': the host sends a multicast packet having, as the target IPv6 address, the solicited node multicast address corresponding to the IPv6 address of which it wants to learn the MAC address;
* '''Neighbor Advertisement''': the host having the specified IPv6 address sends back its MAC address;
* '''Router Solicitation''': the host sends a multicast packet to solicit the router sending back a 'Router Advertisement' message containing details for the given network (as Prefix associated to the Link, flag of autoconfiguration/DHCP, default device);
* '''Router Advertisement''': the router advertises its presence within the link reporting the prefix(es) associated to the link and a flag which states if the hosts should auto-configure themself or query a DHCP server.

'Neighbor Discovery' ICMPv6 messages are used to autoconfigure the IPv6 addresses for a host connecting to a link: firstly the host has to get a link local address in order to be able to contact the other hosts within the link, then it has to get a global address in order to be able to exit the link and access the Internet by a globally unique address.

====Link local address autoconfiguration process====
The link local address is autoconfigured by using 'Neighbor Solicitation' and 'Neighbor Advertisement' ICMPv6 messages:
# the host generates by itself an IPv6 address candidate to be its link local address:
#* prefix: it is always 'FE80::';
#* interface identifier: it can be generated either based on MAC address (EUI-64 format) or randomly for privacy reasons (traceability);
# the host sends via multicast a 'Neighbor Solicitation' message to the Multicast Solicited Node corresponding to the candidate linklocal address chosen, specifying as target IPv6 address its self-generated address and asking if a host whose link local address is the same as the specified IPv6 address exists in the link ('''Duplicated Address Detection''');
# if a host having the sender's link local address already exists in the link, it sends back a 'Neighbor Advertisement' message to the sender, which will have to generate randomly another candidate address and send via multicast another 'Neighbor Solicitation' message;
# if no one replies, the address is unique within the link and the host is able to contact every other host within the same link by using its link local address, but it is not able to access the Internet yet because it needs a global address.

====Global address autoconfiguration process====
The global address is autoconfigured by using 'Router Solicitation', 'Router Advertisement', 'Neighbor Solicitation' and 'Neighbor Advertisement' ICMPv6 messages:
# the host sends via multicast a 'Router Solicitation' message to solicit the router sending back a 'Router Advertisement' message containing the interface identifier associated to the link;&lt;ref&gt;This step is not mandatory if the router is configured to periodically multicast 'Router advertisement' messages.&lt;/ref&gt;
# the router sends back a 'Router Advertisement' message containing the two flags 'Managed Address Configuration' (M) and 'Other configuration' (O):
#* M = 1: the host has to contact the DHCP server for the prefix of the link and the other network configuration parameters (such as the DNS address), without caring of 'Router Advertisement' messages from the router ('''stateful configuration''');
#* M = 0: the host has to look at the 'O' flag:
#** O = 1: the host can take the prefix of the link from the 'Router Advertisement' message, but it still has to contact the DHCP server for the other network configuration parameters (such as the DNS address);
#** O = 0: the host can take the prefix of the link from the 'Router Advertisement' message, and no other configuration information is available from the DHCP server ('''stateless configuration''') → either the other network configuration parameters (such as the DNS address) will have to be configured by hand on the host, or the host can get the DNS address via IPv4 ([[File:Human-edit-redo.svg|16px]] [[Computer network technologies and services/Migration to IPv6#Migrating DNSes{{#if: |{{!}}{{{etichetta}}}}}]]{{#ifeq:no|no||.}});
# the host generates by itself an IPv6 address candidate to be its global address:
#* prefix: it is equal to the prefix of the link, taken either from the 'Router Advertisement' message or by contacting the DHCP server;
#* interface identifier: it can be generated either based on MAC address (EUI-64 format) or randomly for privacy reasons (traceability);
# the host sends via multicast a 'Neighbor Solicitation' message to all the hosts within the link, specifying as target IPv6 address its self-generated address and asking if a host whose global address is the same as the specified IPv6 address exists in the link ('''Duplicated Address Detection''');
# if a host having the sender's global address already exists in the link, it sends back a 'Neighbor Advertisement' message to the sender, which will have to generate randomly another candidate address and send via multicast another 'Neighbor Solicitation' message;
# if no one replies, the address is globally unique and the host is able to access the Internet by using its global address.

Another implementation proposed by Microsoft consists in the possibility for the host to contact the DNS server without knowing its address: the host sends packets to a fixed anycast address, and the network takes care of delivering the packet to the DNS server. However this implementation is not really used:
* implementations for anycast address management are rare;
* this solution is not supported by GNU/Linux operating system.

Autoconfiguration is based on the MAC address, so if the network card breaks and needs to be replaced the host will have to change its address, but the caches (e.g. the DNS cache) can not update immediately → static configuration is still possible, especially for fixed machines (e.g. servers for public websites) which need to avoid changing their addresses in order to keep being reachable as much continuously as possible.

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

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|NextPage=[[Computer network technologies and services/Migration to IPv6|Migration to IPv6]]
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      <sha1>gz8f0nj5lzx6q7ky7ol1qf1pdkznj31</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>IB/Group 4/Computer Science/Web Science</title>
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      <contributor>
        <ip>180.149.96.93</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Creating the Web */</comment>
      <origin>4441207</origin>
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      <text bytes="29547" sha1="09byopcq1gkv96ayyob490sl6csi2ub" xml:space="preserve">{{status|25%}}{{DISPLAYTITLE:Web Science}}
Option C in the IB Computer Science course.

== Creating the Web (FR) ==

Commonly the Internet, an internet, and the World Wide Web (otherwise referred to as the web) have been commonly mixed up. However, each is quite different. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.1|Distinguish between the internet and World Wide Web (web).}}

An internet simply refers to a set of interconnected networks. '''The Internet''' refers to the global computing network that utilizes standardized communications protocol including IP addresses. In other words, the internet is a wide- area network that spans the planet&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Dale, Nell, and John Lewis. ''Computer Science Illuminated''. 5th ed. N.p.: Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning, 2012. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;. '''The World Wide Web (Web)''' is the information space comprised of various web resources that can be accessed via the Internet. In other words the World Wide Web is a service that runs on The Internet.

The analogy can be made that the Internet is a restaurant and the web is its most popular dish.

=== Growth of the Web ===

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.2|Describe how the web is constantly evolving.}}

Generally, it can be characterized that the change in the web was a movement from personal sites to blogs, or publication to participation. It was a move from static pages to dynamic ones. 

==== Early Forms of the Web ====

Sometimes referred to by &quot;'''Web 1.0'''&quot;, early stage's of the web where personal and static web pages hosted on ISP (internet service provider) web servers or on free web hosting services. Generally before the advent of dynamic programming languages such as Perl, PHP, and Python, some design elements included: online guestbooks instead of comment sections and HTML forms were mailto forms. 

Web 1.0 is associated with the business model of Netscape - focusing on software creation, updates, and bug fixes and the distribution of such to end users.

==== Web 2.0 ====

'''Web 2.0''' referred to a web that emphasized user participation and contribution in sites such as social media sites and blogs. Featured client-side technologies such as Ajax and JavaScript as well as dynamic programming languages. The focus on user interface, application software, and storage of files has been referred to as &quot;network as a platform&quot;. Key features of Web 2.0 include: 

* Folksonomy - free classification of information (such as in tagging)
* User Participation - site users are encouraged to add value/content to the site
* Mass Participation - universal web access has led to the differentiation of concerns from the user base
* [[IB/Group_4/Computer_Science/System_Fundamentals/Systems_in_Organisations#Software-as-a-Service_.28Saas.29|SaaS]] (Software-as-a-Service)

In contrast to Web 1.0, Web 2.0 is associated with Google, which focused not on creating end-user software but providing a service based on existing data.

==== The Semantic Web ====

The '''Semantic Web''' was extended through the standards by the '''World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)''' that promoted common data formats and a unity in exchange protocols. For example, the '''Resource Description Framework''' ('''RDF''') specification was promoted as a general method for conceptual modelling for web resources using subject-predicate-object expressions (e.g. subject: &quot;the table&quot;, predicate: &quot;has the length of&quot;, object: &quot;one meter&quot;).

=== Protocol and Addressing ===

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.9|Explain the importance of protocols and standards on the web.}}

'''Protocols''' are a set of rules for communication that ensure proper, compatible communication for a certain successful process to take place e.g. '''TCP/IP'''. Protocols ensure the universality of the web. '''Standards''', on the other hand, are a set of technical specifications that should be followed to allow for functionality but do not have to be necessarily followed in order to have a successful process to take place e.g. '''HTML'''. Without them, it would be like communicating in a foreign language without knowing the foreign language. 

e.g. without '''TCP''', there would be no transport protocol and packets would be lost. 

e.g. without '''HTML''', there would be no standard scripting language for displaying webpages and different web browsers may not display all pages&lt;ref&gt;International Baccalaureate Diploma Programe. ''Markscheme May 2015 Computer science Standard level Paper 2''. N.p.: International Baccalaureate, May 2015. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Web Browser ====
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.12|Explain the functions of a browser.}}

A software tool for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the web. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.7|Identify the characteristics of: IP, TCP, and FTP.}}

'''TCP''' and '''IP''' together comprise a suite of protocols that carry out the basic functionality the web.

==== Internet Protocol (IP) ====

IP is a network protocol that defines routing to addresses of the data packets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Every computer holds a unique IP address and IP ensures the process of getting all data to the destination. 

==== Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ====

Information sent over the internet is broken into “packets” and sent through different routes to reach a destination. TCP creates data packets, puts them back together in the correct order, and checks that no packets were lost..
'

==== File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ====

FTP is the protocol that provides the methods for sharing or copying files over a network. It is primarily utilized for uploading files to a web site and certain downloading sites may utilize an FTP server. However, HTTP is more common for downloading. When using FTP, the URL will reflect as such with &lt;code&gt;ftp:&lt;/code&gt;. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.3|Identify the characteristics of: HTTP, HTTPS, and URL.}}

==== Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ====

HTTP is a specific set of internet protocol used to communicate between web servers and web browsers. HTTP is a text based protocol as a new connection must be established for each new user request and communicates without knowledge of the communications network.

==== Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) ====

As HTTP does not provide much security, HTTPS was developed and added encryption to a connection using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).

==== Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ====
A standard way of specifying the location of a webpage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

'''Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)'''

A means of identifying a specific webpage on a website.{{IB/Criterion|C.1.4|Identify the characteristics of: uniform resource identifier (URI) and URL.}}URLs have typica characteristics which are in the URI. 

For example,  the URL &lt;code&gt;[http://example.com/page/resource htt, p://example.com/page/resource]&lt;/code&gt;, has a&lt;code&gt;[http://example.com/page/resource address,]&lt;/code&gt; n protocol identifie&lt;code&gt;[http://example.com/page/resource for retrieval]&lt;/code&gt; r http, resource name is example.com and a specific file name.{{IB/Criterion|C.1.5|Describe the purpose of a URL.}}

A URI is a string that identifies a resource. A URL is specific type of URI that provides the address of a web resource as well as the means to retrieve the resource. For example, &lt;code&gt;http://example.com/index&lt;/code&gt; identifies &lt;code&gt;http&lt;/code&gt; protocol for retrieval, &lt;code&gt;example.com&lt;/code&gt; as the address, and the specific file &lt;code&gt;/index&lt;/code&gt;.

==== Domain Name Server (DNS) ====

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.6|Describe how a domain name server functions.}}

A Domain Name Server is a special type of server that relates a web address to an IP address, acting somewhat like a directory. It utilizes a hierarchical decentralized naming system, sorting by root DNS servers or top level domain servers (such as &lt;code&gt;.net&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;.com&lt;/code&gt;) then to authoritative DNS servers below each top level (for example, &lt;code&gt;.stanford&lt;/code&gt; may be under &lt;code&gt;.edu&lt;/code&gt;).

=== Mark-up and Style Sheets ===

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.3|Identify the characteristics of the following: HTML, XML, XSLT, Javascript, and CSS.}}

==== Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) ====

'''HTML''' is the standard markup language used to make web pages. Characteristics:
* Allows for embedded images/objects or scripts
* HTML predefined tags structure the document
* Tags are marked-up text strings, elements are “complete” tabs, with opening and closing, and attributes modify values of an element
* Typically paired with CSS for style

==== Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) ====
'''CSS''' sheets describe how HTML elements are displayed. It can control the layout of several web pages at once.

==== Extensible Mark-Up Language (XML) ====
'''XML''' is a markup specification language that defines rules for encoding documents (to store and transport data) that is both human- and machine- readable. XML, as a '''metalanguage''', supports the creation of custom tags (unlike HTML) using Document Type Definition (DTD) files which define the tags. XML files are data, not a software.

==== Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) ====
'''XSLT'''  is a language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents or other formats such as HTML. It creates a new document based on the content of the existing one. 

==== Javascript ====
'''JavaScript''' is a dynamic programming language widely utilized to create web resources. Characteristics include:
* Client side
* Supports object-oriented programming styles
* Does not include input/output
* Can be used to embed images or documents, create dynamic forms, animation, slideshows, and validation for forms
* Also used in games and applications

=== Web Pages ===

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.8|Outline the different components of a web page.}}
'''Head''' contains title and meta tags, metadata. Metadata describe the document itself or associates it with related resources such as scripts and style sheets. Body contains headings, paragraphs and other content.

'''Title''' defines the title in the browser’s toolbar.

'''Meta tags''' are snippets of text that describe a page’s content but don’t appear on the page itself, only in the page’s code. Helps search engines find relevant websites.
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.10|Describe the different types of web page.}}

'''Personal pages''' are pages created by individuals for personal content rather than for affiliations with an organization. Usually informative or entertaining containing information on topics such as personal hobbies or opinions.

'''Blogs''' or Weblogs is a mechanism allowing for publishing periodic articles on a website. 

'''Search Engine Pages''' or Search Engine Results Page (SERP) display results by a search engine from a query.

'''Forums''' or online discussion boards usually organized by topics where people can hold conversations through posted messages. Typically has different user groups which define a user’s roles and abilities. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.11|Explain the differences between a static web page and a dynamic web page}}

'''Static''' web pages contain the same content on each load of the page, but '''dynamic''' web pages’ content can change depending on user input. Static websites are faster to develop and cheaper to develop, host, and maintain, but lack the functionality and easy ability to update that dynamic web sites have. Dynamic web pages include e-commerce systems and discussion boards. 

Dynamic web pages can use PHP, ASP.NET frameworks or Java Server Page (JSP) scriptlets. JSP scriptlets are a small piece of executable code intertwined in HTML. JSP is server-side. JavaScript on the other hand is client-side. ASP.NET framework can use simple pages (SPA) or MVC (Model View Logic) models to generate dynamic web pages or applications, hosts a variety of .NET languages such as razor syntax C#. PHP is server-side scripting for web development and can be embedded into HTML code or used with templates or frameworks.
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.13|Evaluate the use of client-side scripting and server-side scripting in web pages.}}

Server-side scripting runs on server, requires a request sent and return data. More secure for client. Includes PHP, JSP, and ASP.NET.

Client-side scripting runs script on client’s side. Can pose security risk to client, but faster. Includes JavaScript and JSON. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.14|Describe how web pages can be connected to underlying data sources.}}

Connection strings is a string that specifies about a data source and the means to connect to it. Commonly used for database connection.
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.15|Describe the function of the common gateway interface (CGI).}}

CGI is a standard way for web servers to interface executable programs installed on a server that generate web pages dynamically.

== Searching the Web ==

=== Layers of the Web ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.2|Distinguish between the surface web and the deep web.}}
'''Surface web''' is anything able to be found and accessed by search engines. The '''deep web''' includes web pages that cannot be found by search engines due to protection through need of authentication. Can usually only be accessed by already knowing the link or having the proper authentication. The '''dark web''' on the other hand can usually only be found through TOR as access requires encryption and anonymization factors.

=== Search Engines ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.1|Define the term search engine.}}

'''Web search engine''' is a site that helps you find other websites through methods such as keyword searching and concept-based searching. Searches through following the different links of a website.

==== Searching Algorithms ====
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.3|Outline the principles of searching algorithms used by search engines.}}
The term '''searching''' is about looking at the queries that have been entered and the index is searched for matches. These things are taken into account when searching: checking term frequency, zone indexes (placing different weight on title v. description), relevance of feedback, vector model (looking at the cosine similarity of a document).

'''PageRank''' is an algorithm used by Google. Link analysis algorithm that assigns numerical weighting to each element of hyperlinked texts. PR(E) (page rank of E). A hyperlink to a page counts as a vote or support of a particular page. Importance by association. Number of paths to the page divided by number of outgoing links from the page/step before and then considering the PR of the previous page/step. Altogether, the different PageRanks would sum 1, its a probability distribution. 

'''Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search''' ('''HITS''') algorithm is a link analysis program that also rates Web pages. Hubs and authorities. A good hub points to many pages, a good authority is a page linked to by many hubs. Each page is assigned two scores: its authority, which estimates value of content, and its hub value, which estimates the value of its links to other pages. First generates a root set (most relevant pages) through text-based algorithm. Then a base set generated by augmenting the root set with web pages linked from it or to it. The base set and all the hyperlinks in the base set form a focused subgraph upon which HITS is performed.

==== Web Crawlers ====
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.4|Describe how a web crawler functions.}}
'''Web crawlers''', also known as '''web spiders''', are internet bots that systematically index websites by going through different links while collecting information about the site. Also copies the site for index.

'''Bot''' also known as a '''web robot''' is a software application that runs automated tasks or scripts over the Internet and can do so at a high rate. Usually repetitive tasks.

Web crawlers can be stopped from accessing a page with a robots.txt file through robot exclusion protocol.
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.5|Discuss the relationship between data in a meta-tag and how it is accessed by a web crawler.}}

'''Meta tags''' are used for indexing for keywords, retrieval (if index is relevant to search query), and may sometimes be used for ranking. Google for example, gives meta tags no weight. 
Students should be aware that this is not always a transitive relationship.
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.6|Discuss the use of parallel web crawling.}}

'''Crawling''' is a process of exploration of every link page and returning copy of that page.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;International Baccalaureate Diploma Programe. ''Markscheme November 2015 Computer science Standard level Paper 2''. N.p.: International Baccalaureate, May 2015. Print.&lt;/ref&gt; Use of several web crawlers or running multiple processes in parallel at once to maximize download rate. Has to be careful not to download the same site more than once.
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.7|Outline the purpose of web-indexing in search engines.}}

'''Indexing''' is a process where each page is analysed for words and then the page is added to an index of websites.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Indexing allows for speedy searching and to provide high relevancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.9|Describe the different metrics used by search engines.}}

* Trustworthiness of linking domain/hub
* Popularity of linking page
* Relevancy of content between source and target page
* Anchor text used in link
* Amount of links to the same page on source page
* Amount of domains linking to target page
* Relationship between source and target domains
* Variations of anchor text in link to target page

=== Search Engine Optimization ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.8|Suggest how web developers can create pages that appear more prominently in search engine results.}}
* Allow search engines to find your site
* Have a link-worthy site
* Identify key words, metadata
* Ensure search-friendly architecture
* Have quality content
* Update content regularly
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.11|Discuss the use of white hat and black hat search engine optimization.}}

'''Black hat''' use aggressive SEO strategies that exploit search engines rather than focusing on human audience - short term return. Include usage of:
* Blog spamming
* Link farms
* Hidden text
* Keyword stuffing
* Parasite hosting
* Cloaking
'''White hat''' techniques are “within” guidelines and considered ethical - long term return. 
* Guest blogging
* Link baiting
* Quality content
* Site optimization

== Distributed Approaches to the Web ==

=== Future of an Interconnected Web ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.1|Define the terms: mobile computing, ubiquitous computing, peer-2-peer network, grid computing.}}

==== Mobile Computing ====
'''Mobile computing''' is human-computer interaction during which the computer can be expected to be transported during normal usage (or otherwise is mobile). Most popular devices include the smart phone and the tablet.

==== Ubiquitous computing ====

'''Ubiquitous computing''' is the concept where computing is made to appear anytime anywhere. An overwhelming spread of computing (pervasive computing). It comes in different forms e.g. laptops, tablets.

==== Peer-2-Peer Networks ====

'''Peer-2-Peer Networks''' are ones in which each computer or node acts as both client and server which allows for resources to be commonly shared by all within the network. Autonomy from central servers achievable. An example of P2P is  torrenting.

==== Grid Computing ====

'''Grid computing''' is the collection of computer resources in multiple locations to reach a common goal. Distinguished from cluster computing in that grid computing assigns specific roles to each node. Grids can be used for software libraries. Persistent, standards-based service infrastructure.
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.2|Compare the major features of: the above}}

'''Ubiquitous computing''' is being perpetuated by '''mobile computing'''. The idea is spreading and manifesting.

'''P2P''' addresses is more about assuring connectivity and a network of shared resources, while '''grid network''' focuses more upon infrastructure. Both deal with the organization of resource sharing within virtual communities. 

'''Ubiquitous computing''' commonly are characterized by multi-device interaction ('''P2P''' and '''grid'''), but are not necessarily synonymous.

Grid in '''grid computing''' links together resources (PCs, workstations, servers, storage elements) and provides mechanism needed to access them.

==== Interoperability and Open Standards ====

{{IB/Criterion|C.3.3|Distinguish between interoperability and open standards.}}

'''Interoperability''' is a property of a system to work with other products without any restrictions in access or implementation. 

'''Open standards''' is a standard publicly available and has various rights to use associated with it. 
 
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.4|Describe the range of hardware used by distributed networks.}}
* '''Peer-to-peer:''' architectures where there is no special machines that provide a service or manage the network resources. Instead all responsibilities are uniformly divided among all machines, known as peers. Peers can serve both as clients and as servers. 
* '''Client–server:''' architectures where smart clients contact the server for data then format and display it to the users. Input at the client is committed back to the server when it represents a permanent change. 
* '''Three-tier:''' architectures that move the client intelligence to a middle tier so that stateless clients can be used. This simplifies application deployment. Most web applications are three-tier.
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.5|Explain why distributed systems may act as a catalyst to a greater decentralization of the web.}}
A distributed system is a software system in which components located on networked computers which communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages. The components interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal and thus this causes to have everything on other computers and not to make a computer 'boss' which is a head as all of them are on the same level.
=== Compression ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.6|Distinguish between lossless and lossy compression.}}
'''Lossless''' recovers every single bit of original data when decompressed (GIF).

'''Lossy''' eliminates redundant or certain information. (JPEG)
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.7|Evaluate the use of decompression software in the transfer of information.}}
* It can be only used with Lossless compression.
* It is helpful if you do not have the original file.
* It might not bring every bit back and some minor details might be missing.
== The Evolving Web ==
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.1|Discuss how the web has supported new methods of online interaction such as social networking.}}
Web 2.0 and the increase of dynamic web pages have allowed for user contribution to greatly proliferate and the widespread usage of social networking, blogging, and comment sections.

=== Cloud Computing ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.2|Describe how cloud computing is different from a client-server architecture.}}

Cloud computing is hosting on remote servers on the internet to store, manage, and process data rather than on a local server or personal computer. Cloud computing more widely shares resources than in the client-server architecture. Client-server architecture merely refers to the communication between client and server and the distribution of “responsibility”. 

'''Public Computing''' 
* Anyone can access it. 
* No maintenance and updating up to the company. 
'''Private Cloud Computing''' 
* A hosted data center where the data is protected by a firewall. 
* Great option for companies who have expensive data centers as they can use their current infrastructure. 
* However, maintenance and updating is up to the company.
'''Hybrid approach''' 

When using both private and public cloud. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.3|Discuss the effects of the use of cloud computing for specified organizations.}}'''Effects of use of cloud computing for organizations'''
* Less costly
* Device and location independence
* Maintenance is easier
* Performance is easily monitored
* Security is interesting

=== Intellectual Computing ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.4|Discuss the management of issues such as copyright and intellectual property on the web.}}

Creative Commons gives freedom to share, adapt, and even use commercially information. Has different redistributions and some may allow usage without crediting, but may not indicate it is their own intellectual property.
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.5|Describe the interrelationship between privacy, identification and authentication.}}'''Privacy''': information shared with visiting sites, how that information is used, who that information is shared with, or if that information is used to track users. &lt;ref&gt;Computer hope.&quot;What is privacy?&quot; ''Computer Hope''. Computer Hope, n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2017. [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/privacy.htm]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Identification''': the process of comparing a data sample against all of the systems databased reference templates in order to establish the identity of the person trying to gain access to the system. &lt;ref&gt;Webopedia. &quot;Identification.&quot; ''What is identification? Webopedia Definition''. Quinstreet Enterprise, n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/identification.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.[http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/identification.html]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Authentication''': a process in which the credentials provided are compared to those on file in a database of authorized users’ information on a local operating system or within an authentication server. &lt;ref&gt;Rouse, Margaret. &quot;What is authentication? - Definition from WhatIs.com.&quot; ''SearchSecurity''. TechTarget, Feb. 2015. Web. 12 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/authentication&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.[http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/authentication]&lt;/ref&gt;

These three components enable for safe and secure internet browsing.{{IB/Criterion|C.4.6|Describe the role of network architecture, protocols and standards in the future development of the web. }}
* Future Networks and Wireless Ad hoc Networks
* Future Networks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
* 5G and Internet of Things (IoT)
* Future Internet applications in IoT
* Steps towards Future of Smart Grid Communications
* Routing in Machine to Machine (M2M) and Future Networks
* Fusion of Future Networking Technologies and Big Data / Fog Computing
* Future Internet and 5G architectural designs
* 5G advancements in VANETs (Vehicular Ad Hoc Network)
* Mobile edge computing
* Security and Privacy in future Networks
* Networking Protocols for Future Networks
* Data Forwarding in Future Networks
* New Applications for Future Networks
* Transport Layer advancements in Future Networks
* Cloud based IoT architectures and use cases&lt;ref&gt;Pecht, Michael. &quot;Future Networks: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications.&quot; ''IEEE Access''. IEEE, 31 Jan. 2017. Web. 19 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://ieeeaccess.ieee.org/special-sections-closed/future-networks-architectures-protocols-applications/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Internet of Things (IoT) ===
IoT refers to the network of physical objects embedded with electronics and other needed technology to enable these objects to collect and exchange data. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative&quot;. ITU. Retrieved 7 May 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;{{IB/Criterion|C.4.7|Explain why the web may be creating unregulated monopolies.}}

New multinational online oligarchies or monopolies may occur that are not restricted by one country. 
* Innovation can drop if there is a monopoly. There is therefore danger of one social networking site, search engine, browser creating a monopoly limiting innovation.
* Tim Berners-Lee describes today’s social networks as centralized silos, which hold all user information in one place.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;CS-IB. &quot;C.4 The evolving web.&quot; ''Cs-ib.net''. CS-IB, n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.cs-ib.net/sections/C-04-the-evolving-web.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Web browsers (Microsoft)
* Cloud computing is dominated by Microsoft.
* Facebook is dominating social networking.
* ISPs may favor some content over other.
* Mobile phone operators blocking competitor sites.
* Censorship of content.&lt;ref&gt;''Web_science_option_c.docx''. Huston: Weebly, n.d. PDF.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Net Neutrality ===
A principle idea that Internet Service Providers (ISP) and governments should treat all data and resources on the Internet the same, without discrimination due to user, content, platform, or other characteristics.{{IB/Criterion|C.4.8|Discuss the effects of a decentralized and democratic web. .}}The term '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Decentralized Web'''' is being used to refer to a series of technologies that replace or augment current communication protocols, networks, and services and distribute them in a way that is robust against single-actor control or censorship.&lt;ref&gt;Griffey, Jason. &quot;What Is the Decentralized Web? 24 Experts Break it Down.&quot; ''Syracuse University School of Information Studies''. Syracuse University School of Information Studies, 22 July 2016. Web. 19 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://ischoolonline.syr.edu/blog/what-is-the-decentralized-web/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Benefits
!Issues
|-
|
* More control over data: possible improved privacy
* Making surveillance harder
* Avoid censorship
* Possibly faster speeds, e.g. BitTorrent
|
* Barrier to usability: difficult for non-technical users to host their content
* Less practical sometimes
* DNS alternatives necessary for legible domain names: see BitTorrent links as an example
* Higher maintenance costs
|}
&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

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Option C in the IB Computer Science course.

== Creating the Web (FR) Maybe ==

Commonly the Internet, an internet, and the World Wide Web (otherwise referred to as the web) have been commonly mixed up. However, each is quite different. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.1|Distinguish between the internet and World Wide Web (web).}}

An internet simply refers to a set of interconnected networks. '''The Internet''' refers to the global computing network that utilizes standardized communications protocol including IP addresses. In other words, the internet is a wide- area network that spans the planet&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Dale, Nell, and John Lewis. ''Computer Science Illuminated''. 5th ed. N.p.: Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning, 2012. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;. '''The World Wide Web (Web)''' is the information space comprised of various web resources that can be accessed via the Internet. In other words the World Wide Web is a service that runs on The Internet.

The analogy can be made that the Internet is a restaurant and the web is its most popular dish.

=== Growth of the Web ===

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.2|Describe how the web is constantly evolving.}}

Generally, it can be characterized that the change in the web was a movement from personal sites to blogs, or publication to participation. It was a move from static pages to dynamic ones. 

==== Early Forms of the Web ====

Sometimes referred to by &quot;'''Web 1.0'''&quot;, early stage's of the web where personal and static web pages hosted on ISP (internet service provider) web servers or on free web hosting services. Generally before the advent of dynamic programming languages such as Perl, PHP, and Python, some design elements included: online guestbooks instead of comment sections and HTML forms were mailto forms. 

Web 1.0 is associated with the business model of Netscape - focusing on software creation, updates, and bug fixes and the distribution of such to end users.

==== Web 2.0 ====

'''Web 2.0''' referred to a web that emphasized user participation and contribution in sites such as social media sites and blogs. Featured client-side technologies such as Ajax and JavaScript as well as dynamic programming languages. The focus on user interface, application software, and storage of files has been referred to as &quot;network as a platform&quot;. Key features of Web 2.0 include: 

* Folksonomy - free classification of information (such as in tagging)
* User Participation - site users are encouraged to add value/content to the site
* Mass Participation - universal web access has led to the differentiation of concerns from the user base
* [[IB/Group_4/Computer_Science/System_Fundamentals/Systems_in_Organisations#Software-as-a-Service_.28Saas.29|SaaS]] (Software-as-a-Service)

In contrast to Web 1.0, Web 2.0 is associated with Google, which focused not on creating end-user software but providing a service based on existing data.

==== The Semantic Web ====

The '''Semantic Web''' was extended through the standards by the '''World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)''' that promoted common data formats and a unity in exchange protocols. For example, the '''Resource Description Framework''' ('''RDF''') specification was promoted as a general method for conceptual modelling for web resources using subject-predicate-object expressions (e.g. subject: &quot;the table&quot;, predicate: &quot;has the length of&quot;, object: &quot;one meter&quot;).

=== Protocol and Addressing ===

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.9|Explain the importance of protocols and standards on the web.}}

'''Protocols''' are a set of rules for communication that ensure proper, compatible communication for a certain successful process to take place e.g. '''TCP/IP'''. Protocols ensure the universality of the web. '''Standards''', on the other hand, are a set of technical specifications that should be followed to allow for functionality but do not have to be necessarily followed in order to have a successful process to take place e.g. '''HTML'''. Without them, it would be like communicating in a foreign language without knowing the foreign language. 

e.g. without '''TCP''', there would be no transport protocol and packets would be lost. 

e.g. without '''HTML''', there would be no standard scripting language for displaying webpages and different web browsers may not display all pages&lt;ref&gt;International Baccalaureate Diploma Programe. ''Markscheme May 2015 Computer science Standard level Paper 2''. N.p.: International Baccalaureate, May 2015. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Web Browser ====
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.12|Explain the functions of a browser.}}

A software tool for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the web. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.7|Identify the characteristics of: IP, TCP, and FTP.}}

'''TCP''' and '''IP''' together comprise a suite of protocols that carry out the basic functionality the web.

==== Internet Protocol (IP) ====

IP is a network protocol that defines routing to addresses of the data packets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Every computer holds a unique IP address and IP ensures the process of getting all data to the destination. 

==== Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ====

Information sent over the internet is broken into “packets” and sent through different routes to reach a destination. TCP creates data packets, puts them back together in the correct order, and checks that no packets were lost..
'

==== File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ====

FTP is the protocol that provides the methods for sharing or copying files over a network. It is primarily utilized for uploading files to a web site and certain downloading sites may utilize an FTP server. However, HTTP is more common for downloading. When using FTP, the URL will reflect as such with &lt;code&gt;ftp:&lt;/code&gt;. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.3|Identify the characteristics of: HTTP, HTTPS, and URL.}}

==== Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ====

HTTP is a specific set of internet protocol used to communicate between web servers and web browsers. HTTP is a text based protocol as a new connection must be established for each new user request and communicates without knowledge of the communications network.

==== Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) ====

As HTTP does not provide much security, HTTPS was developed and added encryption to a connection using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).

==== Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ====
A standard way of specifying the location of a webpage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

'''Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)'''

A means of identifying a specific webpage on a website.{{IB/Criterion|C.1.4|Identify the characteristics of: uniform resource identifier (URI) and URL.}}URLs have typica characteristics which are in the URI. 

For example,  the URL &lt;code&gt;[http://example.com/page/resource htt, p://example.com/page/resource]&lt;/code&gt;, has a&lt;code&gt;[http://example.com/page/resource address,]&lt;/code&gt; n protocol identifie&lt;code&gt;[http://example.com/page/resource for retrieval]&lt;/code&gt; r http, resource name is example.com and a specific file name.{{IB/Criterion|C.1.5|Describe the purpose of a URL.}}

A URI is a string that identifies a resource. A URL is specific type of URI that provides the address of a web resource as well as the means to retrieve the resource. For example, &lt;code&gt;http://example.com/index&lt;/code&gt; identifies &lt;code&gt;http&lt;/code&gt; protocol for retrieval, &lt;code&gt;example.com&lt;/code&gt; as the address, and the specific file &lt;code&gt;/index&lt;/code&gt;.

==== Domain Name Server (DNS) ====

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.6|Describe how a domain name server functions.}}

A Domain Name Server is a special type of server that relates a web address to an IP address, acting somewhat like a directory. It utilizes a hierarchical decentralized naming system, sorting by root DNS servers or top level domain servers (such as &lt;code&gt;.net&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;.com&lt;/code&gt;) then to authoritative DNS servers below each top level (for example, &lt;code&gt;.stanford&lt;/code&gt; may be under &lt;code&gt;.edu&lt;/code&gt;).

=== Mark-up and Style Sheets ===

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.3|Identify the characteristics of the following: HTML, XML, XSLT, Javascript, and CSS.}}

==== Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) ====

'''HTML''' is the standard markup language used to make web pages. Characteristics:
* Allows for embedded images/objects or scripts
* HTML predefined tags structure the document
* Tags are marked-up text strings, elements are “complete” tabs, with opening and closing, and attributes modify values of an element
* Typically paired with CSS for style

==== Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) ====
'''CSS''' sheets describe how HTML elements are displayed. It can control the layout of several web pages at once.

==== Extensible Mark-Up Language (XML) ====
'''XML''' is a markup specification language that defines rules for encoding documents (to store and transport data) that is both human- and machine- readable. XML, as a '''metalanguage''', supports the creation of custom tags (unlike HTML) using Document Type Definition (DTD) files which define the tags. XML files are data, not a software.

==== Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) ====
'''XSLT'''  is a language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents or other formats such as HTML. It creates a new document based on the content of the existing one. 

==== Javascript ====
'''JavaScript''' is a dynamic programming language widely utilized to create web resources. Characteristics include:
* Client side
* Supports object-oriented programming styles
* Does not include input/output
* Can be used to embed images or documents, create dynamic forms, animation, slideshows, and validation for forms
* Also used in games and applications

=== Web Pages ===

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.8|Outline the different components of a web page.}}
'''Head''' contains title and meta tags, metadata. Metadata describe the document itself or associates it with related resources such as scripts and style sheets. Body contains headings, paragraphs and other content.

'''Title''' defines the title in the browser’s toolbar.

'''Meta tags''' are snippets of text that describe a page’s content but don’t appear on the page itself, only in the page’s code. Helps search engines find relevant websites.
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.10|Describe the different types of web page.}}

'''Personal pages''' are pages created by individuals for personal content rather than for affiliations with an organization. Usually informative or entertaining containing information on topics such as personal hobbies or opinions.

'''Blogs''' or Weblogs is a mechanism allowing for publishing periodic articles on a website. 

'''Search Engine Pages''' or Search Engine Results Page (SERP) display results by a search engine from a query.

'''Forums''' or online discussion boards usually organized by topics where people can hold conversations through posted messages. Typically has different user groups which define a user’s roles and abilities. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.11|Explain the differences between a static web page and a dynamic web page}}

'''Static''' web pages contain the same content on each load of the page, but '''dynamic''' web pages’ content can change depending on user input. Static websites are faster to develop and cheaper to develop, host, and maintain, but lack the functionality and easy ability to update that dynamic web sites have. Dynamic web pages include e-commerce systems and discussion boards. 

Dynamic web pages can use PHP, ASP.NET frameworks or Java Server Page (JSP) scriptlets. JSP scriptlets are a small piece of executable code intertwined in HTML. JSP is server-side. JavaScript on the other hand is client-side. ASP.NET framework can use simple pages (SPA) or MVC (Model View Logic) models to generate dynamic web pages or applications, hosts a variety of .NET languages such as razor syntax C#. PHP is server-side scripting for web development and can be embedded into HTML code or used with templates or frameworks.
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.13|Evaluate the use of client-side scripting and server-side scripting in web pages.}}

Server-side scripting runs on server, requires a request sent and return data. More secure for client. Includes PHP, JSP, and ASP.NET.

Client-side scripting runs script on client’s side. Can pose security risk to client, but faster. Includes JavaScript and JSON. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.14|Describe how web pages can be connected to underlying data sources.}}

Connection strings is a string that specifies about a data source and the means to connect to it. Commonly used for database connection.
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.15|Describe the function of the common gateway interface (CGI).}}

CGI is a standard way for web servers to interface executable programs installed on a server that generate web pages dynamically.

== Searching the Web ==

=== Layers of the Web ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.2|Distinguish between the surface web and the deep web.}}
'''Surface web''' is anything able to be found and accessed by search engines. The '''deep web''' includes web pages that cannot be found by search engines due to protection through need of authentication. Can usually only be accessed by already knowing the link or having the proper authentication. The '''dark web''' on the other hand can usually only be found through TOR as access requires encryption and anonymization factors.

=== Search Engines ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.1|Define the term search engine.}}

'''Web search engine''' is a site that helps you find other websites through methods such as keyword searching and concept-based searching. Searches through following the different links of a website.

==== Searching Algorithms ====
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.3|Outline the principles of searching algorithms used by search engines.}}
The term '''searching''' is about looking at the queries that have been entered and the index is searched for matches. These things are taken into account when searching: checking term frequency, zone indexes (placing different weight on title v. description), relevance of feedback, vector model (looking at the cosine similarity of a document).

'''PageRank''' is an algorithm used by Google. Link analysis algorithm that assigns numerical weighting to each element of hyperlinked texts. PR(E) (page rank of E). A hyperlink to a page counts as a vote or support of a particular page. Importance by association. Number of paths to the page divided by number of outgoing links from the page/step before and then considering the PR of the previous page/step. Altogether, the different PageRanks would sum 1, its a probability distribution. 

'''Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search''' ('''HITS''') algorithm is a link analysis program that also rates Web pages. Hubs and authorities. A good hub points to many pages, a good authority is a page linked to by many hubs. Each page is assigned two scores: its authority, which estimates value of content, and its hub value, which estimates the value of its links to other pages. First generates a root set (most relevant pages) through text-based algorithm. Then a base set generated by augmenting the root set with web pages linked from it or to it. The base set and all the hyperlinks in the base set form a focused subgraph upon which HITS is performed.

==== Web Crawlers ====
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.4|Describe how a web crawler functions.}}
'''Web crawlers''', also known as '''web spiders''', are internet bots that systematically index websites by going through different links while collecting information about the site. Also copies the site for index.

'''Bot''' also known as a '''web robot''' is a software application that runs automated tasks or scripts over the Internet and can do so at a high rate. Usually repetitive tasks.

Web crawlers can be stopped from accessing a page with a robots.txt file through robot exclusion protocol.
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.5|Discuss the relationship between data in a meta-tag and how it is accessed by a web crawler.}}

'''Meta tags''' are used for indexing for keywords, retrieval (if index is relevant to search query), and may sometimes be used for ranking. Google for example, gives meta tags no weight. 
Students should be aware that this is not always a transitive relationship.
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.6|Discuss the use of parallel web crawling.}}

'''Crawling''' is a process of exploration of every link page and returning copy of that page.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;International Baccalaureate Diploma Programe. ''Markscheme November 2015 Computer science Standard level Paper 2''. N.p.: International Baccalaureate, May 2015. Print.&lt;/ref&gt; Use of several web crawlers or running multiple processes in parallel at once to maximize download rate. Has to be careful not to download the same site more than once.
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.7|Outline the purpose of web-indexing in search engines.}}

'''Indexing''' is a process where each page is analysed for words and then the page is added to an index of websites.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Indexing allows for speedy searching and to provide high relevancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.9|Describe the different metrics used by search engines.}}

* Trustworthiness of linking domain/hub
* Popularity of linking page
* Relevancy of content between source and target page
* Anchor text used in link
* Amount of links to the same page on source page
* Amount of domains linking to target page
* Relationship between source and target domains
* Variations of anchor text in link to target page

=== Search Engine Optimization ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.8|Suggest how web developers can create pages that appear more prominently in search engine results.}}
* Allow search engines to find your site
* Have a link-worthy site
* Identify key words, metadata
* Ensure search-friendly architecture
* Have quality content
* Update content regularly
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.11|Discuss the use of white hat and black hat search engine optimization.}}

'''Black hat''' use aggressive SEO strategies that exploit search engines rather than focusing on human audience - short term return. Include usage of:
* Blog spamming
* Link farms
* Hidden text
* Keyword stuffing
* Parasite hosting
* Cloaking
'''White hat''' techniques are “within” guidelines and considered ethical - long term return. 
* Guest blogging
* Link baiting
* Quality content
* Site optimization

== Distributed Approaches to the Web ==

=== Future of an Interconnected Web ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.1|Define the terms: mobile computing, ubiquitous computing, peer-2-peer network, grid computing.}}

==== Mobile Computing ====
'''Mobile computing''' is human-computer interaction during which the computer can be expected to be transported during normal usage (or otherwise is mobile). Most popular devices include the smart phone and the tablet.

==== Ubiquitous computing ====

'''Ubiquitous computing''' is the concept where computing is made to appear anytime anywhere. An overwhelming spread of computing (pervasive computing). It comes in different forms e.g. laptops, tablets.

==== Peer-2-Peer Networks ====

'''Peer-2-Peer Networks''' are ones in which each computer or node acts as both client and server which allows for resources to be commonly shared by all within the network. Autonomy from central servers achievable. An example of P2P is  torrenting.

==== Grid Computing ====

'''Grid computing''' is the collection of computer resources in multiple locations to reach a common goal. Distinguished from cluster computing in that grid computing assigns specific roles to each node. Grids can be used for software libraries. Persistent, standards-based service infrastructure.
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.2|Compare the major features of: the above}}

'''Ubiquitous computing''' is being perpetuated by '''mobile computing'''. The idea is spreading and manifesting.

'''P2P''' addresses is more about assuring connectivity and a network of shared resources, while '''grid network''' focuses more upon infrastructure. Both deal with the organization of resource sharing within virtual communities. 

'''Ubiquitous computing''' commonly are characterized by multi-device interaction ('''P2P''' and '''grid'''), but are not necessarily synonymous.

Grid in '''grid computing''' links together resources (PCs, workstations, servers, storage elements) and provides mechanism needed to access them.

==== Interoperability and Open Standards ====

{{IB/Criterion|C.3.3|Distinguish between interoperability and open standards.}}

'''Interoperability''' is a property of a system to work with other products without any restrictions in access or implementation. 

'''Open standards''' is a standard publicly available and has various rights to use associated with it. 
 
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.4|Describe the range of hardware used by distributed networks.}}
* '''Peer-to-peer:''' architectures where there is no special machines that provide a service or manage the network resources. Instead all responsibilities are uniformly divided among all machines, known as peers. Peers can serve both as clients and as servers. 
* '''Client–server:''' architectures where smart clients contact the server for data then format and display it to the users. Input at the client is committed back to the server when it represents a permanent change. 
* '''Three-tier:''' architectures that move the client intelligence to a middle tier so that stateless clients can be used. This simplifies application deployment. Most web applications are three-tier.
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.5|Explain why distributed systems may act as a catalyst to a greater decentralization of the web.}}
A distributed system is a software system in which components located on networked computers which communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages. The components interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal and thus this causes to have everything on other computers and not to make a computer 'boss' which is a head as all of them are on the same level.
=== Compression ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.6|Distinguish between lossless and lossy compression.}}
'''Lossless''' recovers every single bit of original data when decompressed (GIF).

'''Lossy''' eliminates redundant or certain information. (JPEG)
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.7|Evaluate the use of decompression software in the transfer of information.}}
* It can be only used with Lossless compression.
* It is helpful if you do not have the original file.
* It might not bring every bit back and some minor details might be missing.
== The Evolving Web ==
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.1|Discuss how the web has supported new methods of online interaction such as social networking.}}
Web 2.0 and the increase of dynamic web pages have allowed for user contribution to greatly proliferate and the widespread usage of social networking, blogging, and comment sections.

=== Cloud Computing ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.2|Describe how cloud computing is different from a client-server architecture.}}

Cloud computing is hosting on remote servers on the internet to store, manage, and process data rather than on a local server or personal computer. Cloud computing more widely shares resources than in the client-server architecture. Client-server architecture merely refers to the communication between client and server and the distribution of “responsibility”. 

'''Public Computing''' 
* Anyone can access it. 
* No maintenance and updating up to the company. 
'''Private Cloud Computing''' 
* A hosted data center where the data is protected by a firewall. 
* Great option for companies who have expensive data centers as they can use their current infrastructure. 
* However, maintenance and updating is up to the company.
'''Hybrid approach''' 

When using both private and public cloud. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.3|Discuss the effects of the use of cloud computing for specified organizations.}}'''Effects of use of cloud computing for organizations'''
* Less costly
* Device and location independence
* Maintenance is easier
* Performance is easily monitored
* Security is interesting

=== Intellectual Computing ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.4|Discuss the management of issues such as copyright and intellectual property on the web.}}

Creative Commons gives freedom to share, adapt, and even use commercially information. Has different redistributions and some may allow usage without crediting, but may not indicate it is their own intellectual property.
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.5|Describe the interrelationship between privacy, identification and authentication.}}'''Privacy''': information shared with visiting sites, how that information is used, who that information is shared with, or if that information is used to track users. &lt;ref&gt;Computer hope.&quot;What is privacy?&quot; ''Computer Hope''. Computer Hope, n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2017. [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/privacy.htm]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Identification''': the process of comparing a data sample against all of the systems databased reference templates in order to establish the identity of the person trying to gain access to the system. &lt;ref&gt;Webopedia. &quot;Identification.&quot; ''What is identification? Webopedia Definition''. Quinstreet Enterprise, n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/identification.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.[http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/identification.html]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Authentication''': a process in which the credentials provided are compared to those on file in a database of authorized users’ information on a local operating system or within an authentication server. &lt;ref&gt;Rouse, Margaret. &quot;What is authentication? - Definition from WhatIs.com.&quot; ''SearchSecurity''. TechTarget, Feb. 2015. Web. 12 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/authentication&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.[http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/authentication]&lt;/ref&gt;

These three components enable for safe and secure internet browsing.{{IB/Criterion|C.4.6|Describe the role of network architecture, protocols and standards in the future development of the web. }}
* Future Networks and Wireless Ad hoc Networks
* Future Networks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
* 5G and Internet of Things (IoT)
* Future Internet applications in IoT
* Steps towards Future of Smart Grid Communications
* Routing in Machine to Machine (M2M) and Future Networks
* Fusion of Future Networking Technologies and Big Data / Fog Computing
* Future Internet and 5G architectural designs
* 5G advancements in VANETs (Vehicular Ad Hoc Network)
* Mobile edge computing
* Security and Privacy in future Networks
* Networking Protocols for Future Networks
* Data Forwarding in Future Networks
* New Applications for Future Networks
* Transport Layer advancements in Future Networks
* Cloud based IoT architectures and use cases&lt;ref&gt;Pecht, Michael. &quot;Future Networks: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications.&quot; ''IEEE Access''. IEEE, 31 Jan. 2017. Web. 19 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://ieeeaccess.ieee.org/special-sections-closed/future-networks-architectures-protocols-applications/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Internet of Things (IoT) ===
IoT refers to the network of physical objects embedded with electronics and other needed technology to enable these objects to collect and exchange data. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative&quot;. ITU. Retrieved 7 May 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;{{IB/Criterion|C.4.7|Explain why the web may be creating unregulated monopolies.}}

New multinational online oligarchies or monopolies may occur that are not restricted by one country. 
* Innovation can drop if there is a monopoly. There is therefore danger of one social networking site, search engine, browser creating a monopoly limiting innovation.
* Tim Berners-Lee describes today’s social networks as centralized silos, which hold all user information in one place.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;CS-IB. &quot;C.4 The evolving web.&quot; ''Cs-ib.net''. CS-IB, n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.cs-ib.net/sections/C-04-the-evolving-web.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Web browsers (Microsoft)
* Cloud computing is dominated by Microsoft.
* Facebook is dominating social networking.
* ISPs may favor some content over other.
* Mobile phone operators blocking competitor sites.
* Censorship of content.&lt;ref&gt;''Web_science_option_c.docx''. Huston: Weebly, n.d. PDF.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Net Neutrality ===
A principle idea that Internet Service Providers (ISP) and governments should treat all data and resources on the Internet the same, without discrimination due to user, content, platform, or other characteristics.{{IB/Criterion|C.4.8|Discuss the effects of a decentralized and democratic web. .}}The term '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Decentralized Web'''' is being used to refer to a series of technologies that replace or augment current communication protocols, networks, and services and distribute them in a way that is robust against single-actor control or censorship.&lt;ref&gt;Griffey, Jason. &quot;What Is the Decentralized Web? 24 Experts Break it Down.&quot; ''Syracuse University School of Information Studies''. Syracuse University School of Information Studies, 22 July 2016. Web. 19 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://ischoolonline.syr.edu/blog/what-is-the-decentralized-web/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Benefits
!Issues
|-
|
* More control over data: possible improved privacy
* Making surveillance harder
* Avoid censorship
* Possibly faster speeds, e.g. BitTorrent
|
* Barrier to usability: difficult for non-technical users to host their content
* Less practical sometimes
* DNS alternatives necessary for legible domain names: see BitTorrent links as an example
* Higher maintenance costs
|}
&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

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Option C in the IB Computer Science course.

== Creating the Web ==

Commonly the Internet, an internet, and the World Wide Web (otherwise referred to as the web) have been commonly mixed up. However, each is quite different. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.1|Distinguish between the internet and World Wide Web (web).}}

An internet simply refers to a set of interconnected networks. '''The Internet''' refers to the global computing network that utilizes standardized communications protocol including IP addresses. In other words, the internet is a wide- area network that spans the planet&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Dale, Nell, and John Lewis. ''Computer Science Illuminated''. 5th ed. N.p.: Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning, 2012. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;. '''The World Wide Web (Web)''' is the information space comprised of various web resources that can be accessed via the Internet. In other words the World Wide Web is a service that runs on The Internet.

The analogy can be made that the Internet is a restaurant and the web is its most popular dish.

=== Growth of the Web ===

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.2|Describe how the web is constantly evolving.}}

Generally, it can be characterized that the change in the web was a movement from personal sites to blogs, or publication to participation. It was a move from static pages to dynamic ones. 

==== Early Forms of the Web ====

Sometimes referred to by &quot;'''Web 1.0'''&quot;, early stage's of the web where personal and static web pages hosted on ISP (internet service provider) web servers or on free web hosting services. Generally before the advent of dynamic programming languages such as Perl, PHP, and Python, some design elements included: online guestbooks instead of comment sections and HTML forms were mailto forms. 

Web 1.0 is associated with the business model of Netscape - focusing on software creation, updates, and bug fixes and the distribution of such to end users.

==== Web 2.0 ====

'''Web 2.0''' referred to a web that emphasized user participation and contribution in sites such as social media sites and blogs. Featured client-side technologies such as Ajax and JavaScript as well as dynamic programming languages. The focus on user interface, application software, and storage of files has been referred to as &quot;network as a platform&quot;. Key features of Web 2.0 include: 

* Folksonomy - free classification of information (such as in tagging)
* User Participation - site users are encouraged to add value/content to the site
* Mass Participation - universal web access has led to the differentiation of concerns from the user base
* [[IB/Group_4/Computer_Science/System_Fundamentals/Systems_in_Organisations#Software-as-a-Service_.28Saas.29|SaaS]] (Software-as-a-Service)

In contrast to Web 1.0, Web 2.0 is associated with Google, which focused not on creating end-user software but providing a service based on existing data.

==== The Semantic Web ====

The '''Semantic Web''' was extended through the standards by the '''World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)''' that promoted common data formats and a unity in exchange protocols. For example, the '''Resource Description Framework''' ('''RDF''') specification was promoted as a general method for conceptual modelling for web resources using subject-predicate-object expressions (e.g. subject: &quot;the table&quot;, predicate: &quot;has the length of&quot;, object: &quot;one meter&quot;).

=== Protocol and Addressing ===

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.9|Explain the importance of protocols and standards on the web.}}

'''Protocols''' are a set of rules for communication that ensure proper, compatible communication for a certain successful process to take place e.g. '''TCP/IP'''. Protocols ensure the universality of the web. '''Standards''', on the other hand, are a set of technical specifications that should be followed to allow for functionality but do not have to be necessarily followed in order to have a successful process to take place e.g. '''HTML'''. Without them, it would be like communicating in a foreign language without knowing the foreign language. 

e.g. without '''TCP''', there would be no transport protocol and packets would be lost. 

e.g. without '''HTML''', there would be no standard scripting language for displaying webpages and different web browsers may not display all pages&lt;ref&gt;International Baccalaureate Diploma Programe. ''Markscheme May 2015 Computer science Standard level Paper 2''. N.p.: International Baccalaureate, May 2015. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Web Browser ====
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.12|Explain the functions of a browser.}}

A software tool for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the web. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.7|Identify the characteristics of: IP, TCP, and FTP.}}

'''TCP''' and '''IP''' together comprise a suite of protocols that carry out the basic functionality the web.

==== Internet Protocol (IP) ====

IP is a network protocol that defines routing to addresses of the data packets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Every computer holds a unique IP address and IP ensures the process of getting all data to the destination. 

==== Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ====

Information sent over the internet is broken into “packets” and sent through different routes to reach a destination. TCP creates data packets, puts them back together in the correct order, and checks that no packets were lost..
'

==== File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ====

FTP is the protocol that provides the methods for sharing or copying files over a network. It is primarily utilized for uploading files to a web site and certain downloading sites may utilize an FTP server. However, HTTP is more common for downloading. When using FTP, the URL will reflect as such with &lt;code&gt;ftp:&lt;/code&gt;. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.3|Identify the characteristics of: HTTP, HTTPS, and URL.}}

==== Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ====

HTTP is a specific set of internet protocol used to communicate between web servers and web browsers. HTTP is a text based protocol as a new connection must be established for each new user request and communicates without knowledge of the communications network.

==== Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) ====

As HTTP does not provide much security, HTTPS was developed and added encryption to a connection using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).

==== Uniform Resource Locator (URL) ====
A standard way of specifying the location of a webpage.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

'''Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)'''

A means of identifying a specific webpage on a website.{{IB/Criterion|C.1.4|Identify the characteristics of: uniform resource identifier (URI) and URL.}}URLs have typica characteristics which are in the URI. 

For example,  the URL &lt;code&gt;[http://example.com/page/resource htt, p://example.com/page/resource]&lt;/code&gt;, has a&lt;code&gt;[http://example.com/page/resource address,]&lt;/code&gt; n protocol identifie&lt;code&gt;[http://example.com/page/resource for retrieval]&lt;/code&gt; r http, resource name is example.com and a specific file name.{{IB/Criterion|C.1.5|Describe the purpose of a URL.}}

A URI is a string that identifies a resource. A URL is specific type of URI that provides the address of a web resource as well as the means to retrieve the resource. For example, &lt;code&gt;http://example.com/index&lt;/code&gt; identifies &lt;code&gt;http&lt;/code&gt; protocol for retrieval, &lt;code&gt;example.com&lt;/code&gt; as the address, and the specific file &lt;code&gt;/index&lt;/code&gt;.

==== Domain Name Server (DNS) ====

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.6|Describe how a domain name server functions.}}

A Domain Name Server is a special type of server that relates a web address to an IP address, acting somewhat like a directory. It utilizes a hierarchical decentralized naming system, sorting by root DNS servers or top level domain servers (such as &lt;code&gt;.net&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;.com&lt;/code&gt;) then to authoritative DNS servers below each top level (for example, &lt;code&gt;.stanford&lt;/code&gt; may be under &lt;code&gt;.edu&lt;/code&gt;).

=== Mark-up and Style Sheets ===

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.3|Identify the characteristics of the following: HTML, XML, XSLT, Javascript, and CSS.}}

==== Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) ====

'''HTML''' is the standard markup language used to make web pages. Characteristics:
* Allows for embedded images/objects or scripts
* HTML predefined tags structure the document
* Tags are marked-up text strings, elements are “complete” tabs, with opening and closing, and attributes modify values of an element
* Typically paired with CSS for style

==== Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) ====
'''CSS''' sheets describe how HTML elements are displayed. It can control the layout of several web pages at once.

==== Extensible Mark-Up Language (XML) ====
'''XML''' is a markup specification language that defines rules for encoding documents (to store and transport data) that is both human- and machine- readable. XML, as a '''metalanguage''', supports the creation of custom tags (unlike HTML) using Document Type Definition (DTD) files which define the tags. XML files are data, not a software.

==== Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) ====
'''XSLT'''  is a language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents or other formats such as HTML. It creates a new document based on the content of the existing one. 

==== Javascript ====
'''JavaScript''' is a dynamic programming language widely utilized to create web resources. Characteristics include:
* Client side
* Supports object-oriented programming styles
* Does not include input/output
* Can be used to embed images or documents, create dynamic forms, animation, slideshows, and validation for forms
* Also used in games and applications

=== Web Pages ===

{{IB/Criterion|C.1.8|Outline the different components of a web page.}}
'''Head''' contains title and meta tags, metadata. Metadata describe the document itself or associates it with related resources such as scripts and style sheets. Body contains headings, paragraphs and other content.

'''Title''' defines the title in the browser’s toolbar.

'''Meta tags''' are snippets of text that describe a page’s content but don’t appear on the page itself, only in the page’s code. Helps search engines find relevant websites.
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.10|Describe the different types of web page.}}

'''Personal pages''' are pages created by individuals for personal content rather than for affiliations with an organization. Usually informative or entertaining containing information on topics such as personal hobbies or opinions.

'''Blogs''' or Weblogs is a mechanism allowing for publishing periodic articles on a website. 

'''Search Engine Pages''' or Search Engine Results Page (SERP) display results by a search engine from a query.

'''Forums''' or online discussion boards usually organized by topics where people can hold conversations through posted messages. Typically has different user groups which define a user’s roles and abilities. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.11|Explain the differences between a static web page and a dynamic web page}}

'''Static''' web pages contain the same content on each load of the page, but '''dynamic''' web pages’ content can change depending on user input. Static websites are faster to develop and cheaper to develop, host, and maintain, but lack the functionality and easy ability to update that dynamic web sites have. Dynamic web pages include e-commerce systems and discussion boards. 

Dynamic web pages can use PHP, ASP.NET frameworks or Java Server Page (JSP) scriptlets. JSP scriptlets are a small piece of executable code intertwined in HTML. JSP is server-side. JavaScript on the other hand is client-side. ASP.NET framework can use simple pages (SPA) or MVC (Model View Logic) models to generate dynamic web pages or applications, hosts a variety of .NET languages such as razor syntax C#. PHP is server-side scripting for web development and can be embedded into HTML code or used with templates or frameworks.
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.13|Evaluate the use of client-side scripting and server-side scripting in web pages.}}

Server-side scripting runs on server, requires a request sent and return data. More secure for client. Includes PHP, JSP, and ASP.NET.

Client-side scripting runs script on client’s side. Can pose security risk to client, but faster. Includes JavaScript and JSON. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.14|Describe how web pages can be connected to underlying data sources.}}

Connection strings is a string that specifies about a data source and the means to connect to it. Commonly used for database connection.
{{IB/Criterion|C.1.15|Describe the function of the common gateway interface (CGI).}}

CGI is a standard way for web servers to interface executable programs installed on a server that generate web pages dynamically.

== Searching the Web ==

=== Layers of the Web ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.2|Distinguish between the surface web and the deep web.}}
'''Surface web''' is anything able to be found and accessed by search engines. The '''deep web''' includes web pages that cannot be found by search engines due to protection through need of authentication. Can usually only be accessed by already knowing the link or having the proper authentication. The '''dark web''' on the other hand can usually only be found through TOR as access requires encryption and anonymization factors.

=== Search Engines ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.1|Define the term search engine.}}

'''Web search engine''' is a site that helps you find other websites through methods such as keyword searching and concept-based searching. Searches through following the different links of a website.

==== Searching Algorithms ====
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.3|Outline the principles of searching algorithms used by search engines.}}
The term '''searching''' is about looking at the queries that have been entered and the index is searched for matches. These things are taken into account when searching: checking term frequency, zone indexes (placing different weight on title v. description), relevance of feedback, vector model (looking at the cosine similarity of a document).

'''PageRank''' is an algorithm used by Google. Link analysis algorithm that assigns numerical weighting to each element of hyperlinked texts. PR(E) (page rank of E). A hyperlink to a page counts as a vote or support of a particular page. Importance by association. Number of paths to the page divided by number of outgoing links from the page/step before and then considering the PR of the previous page/step. Altogether, the different PageRanks would sum 1, its a probability distribution. 

'''Hyperlink-Induced Topic Search''' ('''HITS''') algorithm is a link analysis program that also rates Web pages. Hubs and authorities. A good hub points to many pages, a good authority is a page linked to by many hubs. Each page is assigned two scores: its authority, which estimates value of content, and its hub value, which estimates the value of its links to other pages. First generates a root set (most relevant pages) through text-based algorithm. Then a base set generated by augmenting the root set with web pages linked from it or to it. The base set and all the hyperlinks in the base set form a focused subgraph upon which HITS is performed.

==== Web Crawlers ====
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.4|Describe how a web crawler functions.}}
'''Web crawlers''', also known as '''web spiders''', are internet bots that systematically index websites by going through different links while collecting information about the site. Also copies the site for index.

'''Bot''' also known as a '''web robot''' is a software application that runs automated tasks or scripts over the Internet and can do so at a high rate. Usually repetitive tasks.

Web crawlers can be stopped from accessing a page with a robots.txt file through robot exclusion protocol.
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.5|Discuss the relationship between data in a meta-tag and how it is accessed by a web crawler.}}

'''Meta tags''' are used for indexing for keywords, retrieval (if index is relevant to search query), and may sometimes be used for ranking. Google for example, gives meta tags no weight. 
Students should be aware that this is not always a transitive relationship.
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.6|Discuss the use of parallel web crawling.}}

'''Crawling''' is a process of exploration of every link page and returning copy of that page.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;International Baccalaureate Diploma Programe. ''Markscheme November 2015 Computer science Standard level Paper 2''. N.p.: International Baccalaureate, May 2015. Print.&lt;/ref&gt; Use of several web crawlers or running multiple processes in parallel at once to maximize download rate. Has to be careful not to download the same site more than once.
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.7|Outline the purpose of web-indexing in search engines.}}

'''Indexing''' is a process where each page is analysed for words and then the page is added to an index of websites.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Indexing allows for speedy searching and to provide high relevancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.9|Describe the different metrics used by search engines.}}

* Trustworthiness of linking domain/hub
* Popularity of linking page
* Relevancy of content between source and target page
* Anchor text used in link
* Amount of links to the same page on source page
* Amount of domains linking to target page
* Relationship between source and target domains
* Variations of anchor text in link to target page

=== Search Engine Optimization ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.8|Suggest how web developers can create pages that appear more prominently in search engine results.}}
* Allow search engines to find your site
* Have a link-worthy site
* Identify key words, metadata
* Ensure search-friendly architecture
* Have quality content
* Update content regularly
{{IB/Criterion|C.2.11|Discuss the use of white hat and black hat search engine optimization.}}

'''Black hat''' use aggressive SEO strategies that exploit search engines rather than focusing on human audience - short term return. Include usage of:
* Blog spamming
* Link farms
* Hidden text
* Keyword stuffing
* Parasite hosting
* Cloaking
'''White hat''' techniques are “within” guidelines and considered ethical - long term return. 
* Guest blogging
* Link baiting
* Quality content
* Site optimization

== Distributed Approaches to the Web ==

=== Future of an Interconnected Web ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.1|Define the terms: mobile computing, ubiquitous computing, peer-2-peer network, grid computing.}}

==== Mobile Computing ====
'''Mobile computing''' is human-computer interaction during which the computer can be expected to be transported during normal usage (or otherwise is mobile). Most popular devices include the smart phone and the tablet.

==== Ubiquitous computing ====

'''Ubiquitous computing''' is the concept where computing is made to appear anytime anywhere. An overwhelming spread of computing (pervasive computing). It comes in different forms e.g. laptops, tablets.

==== Peer-2-Peer Networks ====

'''Peer-2-Peer Networks''' are ones in which each computer or node acts as both client and server which allows for resources to be commonly shared by all within the network. Autonomy from central servers achievable. An example of P2P is  torrenting.

==== Grid Computing ====

'''Grid computing''' is the collection of computer resources in multiple locations to reach a common goal. Distinguished from cluster computing in that grid computing assigns specific roles to each node. Grids can be used for software libraries. Persistent, standards-based service infrastructure.
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.2|Compare the major features of: the above}}

'''Ubiquitous computing''' is being perpetuated by '''mobile computing'''. The idea is spreading and manifesting.

'''P2P''' addresses is more about assuring connectivity and a network of shared resources, while '''grid network''' focuses more upon infrastructure. Both deal with the organization of resource sharing within virtual communities. 

'''Ubiquitous computing''' commonly are characterized by multi-device interaction ('''P2P''' and '''grid'''), but are not necessarily synonymous.

Grid in '''grid computing''' links together resources (PCs, workstations, servers, storage elements) and provides mechanism needed to access them.

==== Interoperability and Open Standards ====

{{IB/Criterion|C.3.3|Distinguish between interoperability and open standards.}}

'''Interoperability''' is a property of a system to work with other products without any restrictions in access or implementation. 

'''Open standards''' is a standard publicly available and has various rights to use associated with it. 
 
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.4|Describe the range of hardware used by distributed networks.}}
* '''Peer-to-peer:''' architectures where there is no special machines that provide a service or manage the network resources. Instead all responsibilities are uniformly divided among all machines, known as peers. Peers can serve both as clients and as servers. 
* '''Client–server:''' architectures where smart clients contact the server for data then format and display it to the users. Input at the client is committed back to the server when it represents a permanent change. 
* '''Three-tier:''' architectures that move the client intelligence to a middle tier so that stateless clients can be used. This simplifies application deployment. Most web applications are three-tier.
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.5|Explain why distributed systems may act as a catalyst to a greater decentralization of the web.}}
A distributed system is a software system in which components located on networked computers which communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages. The components interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal and thus this causes to have everything on other computers and not to make a computer 'boss' which is a head as all of them are on the same level.
=== Compression ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.6|Distinguish between lossless and lossy compression.}}
'''Lossless''' recovers every single bit of original data when decompressed (GIF).

'''Lossy''' eliminates redundant or certain information. (JPEG)
{{IB/Criterion|C.3.7|Evaluate the use of decompression software in the transfer of information.}}
* It can be only used with Lossless compression.
* It is helpful if you do not have the original file.
* It might not bring every bit back and some minor details might be missing.
== The Evolving Web ==
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.1|Discuss how the web has supported new methods of online interaction such as social networking.}}
Web 2.0 and the increase of dynamic web pages have allowed for user contribution to greatly proliferate and the widespread usage of social networking, blogging, and comment sections.

=== Cloud Computing ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.2|Describe how cloud computing is different from a client-server architecture.}}

Cloud computing is hosting on remote servers on the internet to store, manage, and process data rather than on a local server or personal computer. Cloud computing more widely shares resources than in the client-server architecture. Client-server architecture merely refers to the communication between client and server and the distribution of “responsibility”. 

'''Public Computing''' 
* Anyone can access it. 
* No maintenance and updating up to the company. 
'''Private Cloud Computing''' 
* A hosted data center where the data is protected by a firewall. 
* Great option for companies who have expensive data centers as they can use their current infrastructure. 
* However, maintenance and updating is up to the company.
'''Hybrid approach''' 

When using both private and public cloud. 
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.3|Discuss the effects of the use of cloud computing for specified organizations.}}'''Effects of use of cloud computing for organizations'''
* Less costly
* Device and location independence
* Maintenance is easier
* Performance is easily monitored
* Security is interesting

=== Intellectual Computing ===
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.4|Discuss the management of issues such as copyright and intellectual property on the web.}}

Creative Commons gives freedom to share, adapt, and even use commercially information. Has different redistributions and some may allow usage without crediting, but may not indicate it is their own intellectual property.
{{IB/Criterion|C.4.5|Describe the interrelationship between privacy, identification and authentication.}}'''Privacy''': information shared with visiting sites, how that information is used, who that information is shared with, or if that information is used to track users. &lt;ref&gt;Computer hope.&quot;What is privacy?&quot; ''Computer Hope''. Computer Hope, n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2017. [http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/privacy.htm]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Identification''': the process of comparing a data sample against all of the systems databased reference templates in order to establish the identity of the person trying to gain access to the system. &lt;ref&gt;Webopedia. &quot;Identification.&quot; ''What is identification? Webopedia Definition''. Quinstreet Enterprise, n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/identification.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.[http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/identification.html]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Authentication''': a process in which the credentials provided are compared to those on file in a database of authorized users’ information on a local operating system or within an authentication server. &lt;ref&gt;Rouse, Margaret. &quot;What is authentication? - Definition from WhatIs.com.&quot; ''SearchSecurity''. TechTarget, Feb. 2015. Web. 12 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/authentication&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.[http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/authentication]&lt;/ref&gt;

These three components enable for safe and secure internet browsing.{{IB/Criterion|C.4.6|Describe the role of network architecture, protocols and standards in the future development of the web. }}
* Future Networks and Wireless Ad hoc Networks
* Future Networks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
* 5G and Internet of Things (IoT)
* Future Internet applications in IoT
* Steps towards Future of Smart Grid Communications
* Routing in Machine to Machine (M2M) and Future Networks
* Fusion of Future Networking Technologies and Big Data / Fog Computing
* Future Internet and 5G architectural designs
* 5G advancements in VANETs (Vehicular Ad Hoc Network)
* Mobile edge computing
* Security and Privacy in future Networks
* Networking Protocols for Future Networks
* Data Forwarding in Future Networks
* New Applications for Future Networks
* Transport Layer advancements in Future Networks
* Cloud based IoT architectures and use cases&lt;ref&gt;Pecht, Michael. &quot;Future Networks: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications.&quot; ''IEEE Access''. IEEE, 31 Jan. 2017. Web. 19 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://ieeeaccess.ieee.org/special-sections-closed/future-networks-architectures-protocols-applications/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Internet of Things (IoT) ===
IoT refers to the network of physical objects embedded with electronics and other needed technology to enable these objects to collect and exchange data. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative&quot;. ITU. Retrieved 7 May 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;{{IB/Criterion|C.4.7|Explain why the web may be creating unregulated monopolies.}}

New multinational online oligarchies or monopolies may occur that are not restricted by one country. 
* Innovation can drop if there is a monopoly. There is therefore danger of one social networking site, search engine, browser creating a monopoly limiting innovation.
* Tim Berners-Lee describes today’s social networks as centralized silos, which hold all user information in one place.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;CS-IB. &quot;C.4 The evolving web.&quot; ''Cs-ib.net''. CS-IB, n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.cs-ib.net/sections/C-04-the-evolving-web.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Web browsers (Microsoft)
* Cloud computing is dominated by Microsoft.
* Facebook is dominating social networking.
* ISPs may favor some content over other.
* Mobile phone operators blocking competitor sites.
* Censorship of content.&lt;ref&gt;''Web_science_option_c.docx''. Huston: Weebly, n.d. PDF.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Net Neutrality ===
A principle idea that Internet Service Providers (ISP) and governments should treat all data and resources on the Internet the same, without discrimination due to user, content, platform, or other characteristics.{{IB/Criterion|C.4.8|Discuss the effects of a decentralized and democratic web. .}}The term '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Decentralized Web'''' is being used to refer to a series of technologies that replace or augment current communication protocols, networks, and services and distribute them in a way that is robust against single-actor control or censorship.&lt;ref&gt;Griffey, Jason. &quot;What Is the Decentralized Web? 24 Experts Break it Down.&quot; ''Syracuse University School of Information Studies''. Syracuse University School of Information Studies, 22 July 2016. Web. 19 Apr. 2017. &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://ischoolonline.syr.edu/blog/what-is-the-decentralized-web/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Benefits
!Issues
|-
|
* More control over data: possible improved privacy
* Making surveillance harder
* Avoid censorship
* Possibly faster speeds, e.g. BitTorrent
|
* Barrier to usability: difficult for non-technical users to host their content
* Less practical sometimes
* DNS alternatives necessary for legible domain names: see BitTorrent links as an example
* Higher maintenance costs
|}
&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>04a19wl2ckuavqxddhhbe2zywf9y6f9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Canadian Refugee Procedure</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>412623</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4441193</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-15T21:47:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Refcanimm</username>
        <id>3267488</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Annotated Refugee Appeal Division Rules */</comment>
      <origin>4441193</origin>
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      <text bytes="17117" sha1="ilhbncfmqet7rbmyhct2atxbjuom606" xml:space="preserve">This is a book about the legal ''processes'' involved in claiming refugee status in Canada, focusing particularly on the Refugee Protection Division Rules of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Tens of thousands of people file a claim for refugee protection in Canada every year. The ensuing process that they navigate is governed by the set of laws described herein.

{{Book Search|prefix=Canadian Refugee Procedure}}
{{Print version|/print version}}
{{PDF version|Canadian Refugee Procedure Wikibook - May 1 2021}}

==Preliminary==
* [[/About this text/]]
* [[/Glossary|Glossary, Acronyms, Terms, and Definitions]]
* [[/History of refugee procedure in Canada/]]

== Procedural Fairness and Natural Justice ==
*[[/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure/]]
*[[/The Board's inquisitorial mandate/]]
*[[/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing|The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing]]
*[[/The right to an impartial decision-maker|The right to an impartial decision-maker (bias)]]
*[[/The right to an independent decision-maker/]]
*[[/Decorum|Appropriate decorum and propriety at a refugee hearing]]
*[[/Chairperson Guidelines|Chairperson Guidelines]]

== Annotated Refugee Protection Division Rules ==
{{Div col}}
*[[/RPD Rule 1 - Definitions|Interpretation and Definitions (RPD Rule 1)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 2 - Communicating with the Division|Communicating with the Division (RPD Rule 2)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided|Information and Documents to be Provided (RPD Rules 3-13)]]. This section discusses the process for initially scheduling a hearing, the conduct of a hearing, the order of proceedings, and the information to be provided in advance of a hearing.
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD_Rule_6_-_Basis_of_Claim_Form|RPD Rule 6 - Basis of Claim Form]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule%207%20-%20Providing%20BOC%20Form|RPD Rule 7 - How to provide the BOC form and what documents are to be provided with it]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 8 - Application for an extension of time to provide BOC Form|RPD Rule 8 - Application for an extension of time to provide BOC form]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 9 - Changes or additions to BOC Form|RPD Rule 9 - Changes or additions to BOC Form]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule_10_-_Order_of_questioning_in_hearings,_oral_representations,_oral_decisions,_limiting_questioning|RPD Rule 10 - Order of questioning and requirement to provide oral representations and decisions]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule_11_-_Documents_Establishing_Identity_and_Other_Elements_of_the_Claim|RPD Rule 11 - Documents Establishing Identity and Other Elements of the Claim]]
* [[/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record|Counsel of Record (RPD Rules 14-16)]]. This section discusses the process to appoint and remove counsel and the way that deficiencies in counsel's conduct are attributed to their client.
**[[/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#A_hearing_will_be_unfair_where_counsel_incompetence_results_in_a_miscarriage_of_justice|Hearing unfairness as a result of counsel incompetence]]
* [[/RPD Rules 17-18 - Language of Proceedings|Language of Proceedings  (RPD Rules 17-18)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 19 - Interpreters|Interpreters (RPD Rule 19)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 20 - Designated Representatives|Designated Representatives (RPD Rule 20)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 21 - Disclosure of Personal Information|Disclosure of Personal Information (RPD Rule 21)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge|Specialized Knowledge (RPD Rule 22)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 23 - Allowing a Claim Without a Hearing|Allowing a Claim Without a Hearing (RPD Rule 23)]]. This section discusses the Board's File-Review Process (FRP), which has also been referred to as the &quot;expedited process&quot;.
* [[/RPD Rule 24 - Conferences|Conferences (RPD Rule 24)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 25 - Notice to Appear|Notice to Appear (RPD Rule 25)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 26-28 - Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility|Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility (RPD Rules 26-28)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 29 - Intervention by the Minister|Intervention by the Minister (RPD Rule 29)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 30 - Claimant or Protected Person in Custody|Claimant or Protected Person in Custody (RPD Rule 30)]]. The rules regarding the presence of those who have been detained (detention).
* [[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents|Documents (RPD Rules 31-43)]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 31 - How to provide documents|RPD Rule 31 - How to provide documents]]. Concerns the format of, numbering of, and creation of lists of documents.
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD%20Rule%2032%20-%20Language%20of%20Documents|RPD Rule 32 - Language of Documents]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD%20Rule%2034%20-%20Obligation%2C%20process%2C%20and%20timeline%20for%20a%20party%20to%20disclose%20documents%20they%20want%20to%20use%20in%20a%20hearing|RPD Rule 34 - Obligation, process, and timeline for a party to disclose documents they want to use in a hearing]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD_Rule%2035%20-%20Documents%20relevant%20and%20not%20duplicate|RPD Rule 35 - Documents relevant and not duplicate (incl. voluminous disclosure)]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD_Rule%2036%20-%20Use%20of%20undisclosed%20documents|RPD Rule 36 - Use of undisclosed or late documents]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD_Rule_43_-_Additional_documents_provided_as_evidence_after_a_hearing|RPD Rule 43 - Additional documents provided after a hearing]]
* [[/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses|Witnesses (RPD Rules 44-48)]]
**[[/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses#RPD_Rule%2044%20-%20Witness%20notification|RPD Rule 44 - Witness notification]]
**[[/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses#RPD_Rule%2045(1)%20-%20Requesting%20summons|RPD Rule 45(1) - Requesting a summons]]
* [[/RPD Rules 49-52 - Applications|Applications (RPD Rules 49-52)]]
**[[/RPD Rules 49-52 - Applications#RPD_Rule_51_-_How_to_Respond_to_a_Written_Application|RPD Rule 51 - Timelines and process for responding to a written application]]
**[[/RPD Rules 49-52 - Applications#RPD_Rule_52_-_How_to_Reply_to_a_Written_Response|RPD Rule 52 - Timelines and process for replying to a response to a written application]]
* [[/RPD Rule 53 - Changing the Location of a Proceeding|Changing the Location of a Proceeding (RPD Rule 53)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 54 - Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding|Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding (RPD Rule 54)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 55-56 - Joining or Separating Claims or Applications|Joining or Separating Claims or Applications (RPD Rules 55-56)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 57 - Proceedings Conducted in Public|Proceedings Conducted in Public (RPD Rule 57)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 58 - Observers|Observers (RPD Rule 58)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 59 - Withdrawal|Withdrawal (RPD Rule 59)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 60-61 - Reinstating a Withdrawn Claim or Application|Reinstating a Withdrawn Claim or Application (RPD Rules 60-61)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application|Reopening a Claim or Application (RPD Rules 62-63)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 64 - Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection|Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection (RPD Rule 64).]] Rules regarding vacation and cessation of refugee status. 
* [[/RPD Rule 65 - Abandonment|Abandonment (RPD Rule 65)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 66 - Notice of Constitutional Question|Notice of Constitutional Question (RPD Rule 66)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions|Decisions (RPD Rules 67-68)]]. Discusses rules for panels of a single member and three-member panels. 
** [[/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions#RPD_Rule_67_-_Requirement_for_a_Notice_of_Decision_and_when_written_reasons_must_be_provided|RPD Rule 67 - Obligation to provide written reasons]]
** [[/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions#RPD_Rule_68(1)_-_When_a_decision_of_a_single_member_panel_takes_effect|RPD Rule 68 - When a decision takes effect for single-member and three-member panels]]
* [[/RPD Rules 69-71 - General Provisions|General Provisions (RPD Rules 69-71)]]. These provisions govern what the Refugee Protection Division should do when there is no applicable rule to govern a matter, the process by which the Division may deviate from these rules, and the import of failing to follow the rules. 
* [[/RPD Rule 74 - Coming into Force|Coming into Force (RPD Rule 74)]]
* [[/Schedules to the RPD Rules|Schedules to the RPD Rules]]
{{Div col end}}

== Annotated Refugee Appeal Division Rules ==
* [[/RAD Rule 1 - Interpretation and Definitions|Interpretation and Definitions (RAD Rule 1)]]
* [[/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal|Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal (RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules 2 to 7)]]
** Including: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#What is a new issue requiring notice?|What is a new issue requiring notice?]]
* [[/RAD Rules Part 2 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by the Minister|Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by the Minister (RAD Rules Part 2 - Rules 8 to 13)]]
* [[/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals|Rules Applicable to All Appeals (RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules 14 to 54)]]
* [[/RAD Rules Part 4 - Rules Applicable to an Appeal for Which a Hearing Is Held|Rules Applicable to an Appeal for Which a Hearing Is Held (RAD Rules Part 4 - Rules 55 to 68)]]
* [[/RAD Rule 69 - Coming into Force|Coming into Force (RAD Rule 69)]]
* [[/RAD Rules - Schedule|Schedule to the RAD Rules]]

== Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations (IRPR) Provisions ==
* Section 13: [[/Regulations|Regulations Regarding Documents and Certified Copies]]
* Section 13.1: [[/IRPR s. 13.1 - Authorized disclosure|Disclosure of Information - Authorized disclosure]]
* Section 13.11: [[/Disclosure Regulation|Regulations Regarding Disclosure of Personal Information]]
* Section 22: [[/IRPR s. 22 - Misrepresentation|Misrepresentation]]
* Sections 28-52: [[/IRPR ss. 28-52 - Conduct of Examination|Conduct of Examination]]
* Section 159-159.7: [[/IRPR s. 159 - Safe Third Countries|Regulations Regarding Eligibility to Claim and Safe Third Countries]]
* Section 159.8: [[/Time Limit for Providing Documents|Regulations Regarding Time Limits for Providing Documents]]
* Section 159.9: [[/Timelines|Regulations Regarding Time Limits for Holding Hearings]]
* Section 159.91: [[/IRPR s. 159.91: Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division|Regulations Regarding Time Limits for Appeals]]
* Sections 230-234: [[/IRPR ss. 230-234 - Stay of Removal Orders|Regulations Regarding Stay of Removal Orders]]
* Section 315.21, et al.: [[/Information Sharing|Regulations Regarding Information Sharing Between Countries]]

==Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) Provisions==
{{Div col}}
* [[/Provisions of the IRPA concerning refugees|Summary of provisions of the IRPA concerning refugees]]
*Sections 2-3: [[/Definitions, objectives, and application of the IRPA|Definitions, objectives, and application of the IRPA]]
*Sections 4-6: [[/4-6 - Enabling Authority|Enabling Authority]]
*Sections 15-17: [[/IRPA Sections 15-17 - Immigration to Canada - Examination|Immigration to Canada - Examination]]
*Sections 20.1-20.2: [[/20.1-20.2 - Designated Foreign Nationals|Designated Foreign Nationals]]
*Section 25: [[/25 - Humanitarian and compassionate considerations — request of foreign national|Humanitarian and compassionate considerations]]
*Section 31.1: [[/31.1 - Refugee Travel Document|Refugee Travel Document]]
*Sections 33-43: [[/33-43 - Inadmissibility|Inadmissibility]]
*Sections 44-53: [[/44-53 - Loss of Status and Removal|Loss of Status and Removal]]
*Sections 72-75: [[/72-75 - Judicial Review|Judicial Review]]
*Sections 91-91.1: [[/91-91.1 - Representation or Advice|Representation or Advice]]
*Provisions about Convention Refugees and Persons in Need of Protection:
**Sections 95-97: [[/95-97 - Refugee Protection, Convention Refugees and Persons in Need of Protection|Refugee Protection, Convention Refugees and Persons in Need of Protection]]
**Section 98: [[/98 - Exclusion — Refugee Convention|Exclusion — Refugee Convention]]
**Section 99: [[/99 - Claim for Refugee Protection|Claim for Refugee Protection]]. Where and how to make a claim for protection inside and outside of Canada.
**Sections 100-102: [[/100-102 - Examination of Eligibility to Refer Claim|Examination of Eligibility to Refer Claim]]
**Sections 103-104: [[/103-104 - Suspension or Termination of Consideration of Claim|Suspension or Termination of Consideration of Claim]]
**Section 106: [[/106 - Claimant Without Identification - Credibility|Claimant Without Identification - Credibility]]
**Section 107: [[/107 - Decision on Claim for Refugee Protection|Decision on Claim for Refugee Protection]]. Manifestly unfounded and no credible basis determinations.
**Section 108: [[/108 - Cessation of Refugee Protection|Cessation of Refugee Protection]]
**Section 109: [[/109 - Applications to Vacate|Applications to Vacate]]
**Section 109.1: [[/109.1 - Designated Countries of Origin|Designated Countries of Origin]]
**Sections 110-111: [[/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division|Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division]]
**Sections 112-114: [[/112-114 - Pre-Removal Risk Assessment|Pre-Removal Risk Assessment (PRRA)]]
**Sections 115-116: [[/115-116_-_Principle_of_Non-refoulement|Principle of Non-refoulement]]
*Sections 117-121.1: [[/117-121.1 - Human Smuggling and Trafficking|Enforcement - Human Smuggling and Trafficking]]
*Sections 133-136: [[/133-136 - Prosecution of Offences|Prosecution of Offences]]
*Section 140: [[/140 - Seizure|Seizure]]
*Section 150.1: [[/150.1 - Sharing of Information|Sharing of Information]]
*Provisions applicable to all Divisions:
**Section 153: [[/153 - Chairperson and other members|Chairperson and other members]]
**Section 154: [[/154 - Disposition after member ceases to hold office|Disposition after member ceases to hold office]]
**Section 155: [[/155 - Disposition if member unable to take part|Disposition if member unable to take part]]
**Section 156: [[/156 - Immunity and no summons|Immunity and no summons]]
**Section 159: [[/159 - Duties of Chairperson|Duties of Chairperson]]
**Section 161: [[/161 - Functioning of Board and Division Rules|Functioning of Board and Division Rules]]
**Section 162: [[/Board Jurisdiction and Procedure|The jurisdiction of the Board and its obligation to proceed quickly and informally]]
**Section 163: [[/Composition of Panels|Composition of Panels]]. When panels have one or three members.
**Section 164: [[/164 - Presence of parties and use of telecommunications for hearings|Presence of parties and use of telecommunications for hearings]]
**Section 165: [[/165 - Powers of a Member|Powers of each Division and each Member]]. This describes the powers of the Divisions and the Board Members, including those provided by the Inquiries Act.
**Section 166: [[/Section 166 - Proceedings must be held in the absence of the public|Proceedings must be held in the absence of the public]]. Provisions of the Act and privacy and confidentiality of each Division's proceedings.
**Section 167: [[/Section 167 IRPA: Right to counsel and representation by a designated representative.|Right to counsel and representation by a designated representative]]
**Section 168: [[/Section 168 IRPA: Abandonment of proceeding|Abandonment of proceeding]]
**Section 169: [[/169 - Decisions and Reasons|Decisions and Reasons]]. When the Board must provide written reasons
*Provisions specific to the Refugee Protection Division:
**Section 169.1: [[/IRPA Section 169.1 - Composition|Composition]]
**Section 170: [[/IRPA Section 170 - Proceedings|Proceedings]]. How the RPD is to approach proceedings before it, including with respect to evidence, holding hearings, and providing notice to the Minister.
***[[/IRPA Section 170 - Proceedings#IRPA%20Section%20170(f)%20-%20May%20allow%20a%20claim%20without%20a%20hearing|Section 170(f) - Allowing a claim without a hearing (the file-review process)]]
***[[/IRPA_Section_170_-_Proceedings#IRPA_Section_170(h)_-_May_receive_and_base_a_decision_on_evidence_considered_credible_or_trustworthy|Section 170(h) - The Board may receive evidence considered credible or trustworthy]]
**Section 170.2: [[/No reopening of claim or application/]]
*Provisions specific to the Refugee Appeal Division:
**Section 171: [[/IRPA Section 171 - Proceedings|Proceedings]]. How the RAD is to approach proceedings before it, including with respect to evidence, holding hearings, and providing notice to the Minister.
**Section 170.1: [[/No reopening of appeal/]]
{{Div col end}}

== Related Legislation ==
*[[/Charter of Rights and Freedoms/]]
*[[/Official Languages Act/]]
*[[/Privacy Act/]]

==Categories and Tags For This Book==
{{Shelves|Law}}
{{alphabetical|C}}
{{status|100%}}
__NOTOC__</text>
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      <text bytes="17694" sha1="4rvm3phkln27ek83sx1x627u26lejiu" xml:space="preserve">This is a book about the legal ''processes'' involved in claiming refugee status in Canada, focusing particularly on the Refugee Protection Division Rules of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Tens of thousands of people file a claim for refugee protection in Canada every year. The ensuing process that they navigate is governed by the set of laws described herein.

{{Book Search|prefix=Canadian Refugee Procedure}}
{{Print version|/print version}}
{{PDF version|Canadian Refugee Procedure Wikibook - May 1 2021}}

==Preliminary==
* [[/About this text/]]
* [[/Glossary|Glossary, Acronyms, Terms, and Definitions]]
* [[/History of refugee procedure in Canada/]]

== Procedural Fairness and Natural Justice ==
*[[/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure/]]
*[[/The Board's inquisitorial mandate/]]
*[[/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing|The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing]]
*[[/The right to an impartial decision-maker|The right to an impartial decision-maker (bias)]]
*[[/The right to an independent decision-maker/]]
*[[/Decorum|Appropriate decorum and propriety at a refugee hearing]]
*[[/Chairperson Guidelines|Chairperson Guidelines]]

== Annotated Refugee Protection Division Rules ==
{{Div col}}
*[[/RPD Rule 1 - Definitions|Interpretation and Definitions (RPD Rule 1)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 2 - Communicating with the Division|Communicating with the Division (RPD Rule 2)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided|Information and Documents to be Provided (RPD Rules 3-13)]]. This section discusses the process for initially scheduling a hearing, the conduct of a hearing, the order of proceedings, and the information to be provided in advance of a hearing.
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD_Rule_6_-_Basis_of_Claim_Form|RPD Rule 6 - Basis of Claim Form]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule%207%20-%20Providing%20BOC%20Form|RPD Rule 7 - How to provide the BOC form and what documents are to be provided with it]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 8 - Application for an extension of time to provide BOC Form|RPD Rule 8 - Application for an extension of time to provide BOC form]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 9 - Changes or additions to BOC Form|RPD Rule 9 - Changes or additions to BOC Form]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule_10_-_Order_of_questioning_in_hearings,_oral_representations,_oral_decisions,_limiting_questioning|RPD Rule 10 - Order of questioning and requirement to provide oral representations and decisions]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule_11_-_Documents_Establishing_Identity_and_Other_Elements_of_the_Claim|RPD Rule 11 - Documents Establishing Identity and Other Elements of the Claim]]
* [[/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record|Counsel of Record (RPD Rules 14-16)]]. This section discusses the process to appoint and remove counsel and the way that deficiencies in counsel's conduct are attributed to their client.
**[[/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#A_hearing_will_be_unfair_where_counsel_incompetence_results_in_a_miscarriage_of_justice|Hearing unfairness as a result of counsel incompetence]]
* [[/RPD Rules 17-18 - Language of Proceedings|Language of Proceedings  (RPD Rules 17-18)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 19 - Interpreters|Interpreters (RPD Rule 19)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 20 - Designated Representatives|Designated Representatives (RPD Rule 20)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 21 - Disclosure of Personal Information|Disclosure of Personal Information (RPD Rule 21)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge|Specialized Knowledge (RPD Rule 22)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 23 - Allowing a Claim Without a Hearing|Allowing a Claim Without a Hearing (RPD Rule 23)]]. This section discusses the Board's File-Review Process (FRP), which has also been referred to as the &quot;expedited process&quot;.
* [[/RPD Rule 24 - Conferences|Conferences (RPD Rule 24)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 25 - Notice to Appear|Notice to Appear (RPD Rule 25)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 26-28 - Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility|Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility (RPD Rules 26-28)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 29 - Intervention by the Minister|Intervention by the Minister (RPD Rule 29)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 30 - Claimant or Protected Person in Custody|Claimant or Protected Person in Custody (RPD Rule 30)]]. The rules regarding the presence of those who have been detained (detention).
* [[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents|Documents (RPD Rules 31-43)]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 31 - How to provide documents|RPD Rule 31 - How to provide documents]]. Concerns the format of, numbering of, and creation of lists of documents.
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD%20Rule%2032%20-%20Language%20of%20Documents|RPD Rule 32 - Language of Documents]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD%20Rule%2034%20-%20Obligation%2C%20process%2C%20and%20timeline%20for%20a%20party%20to%20disclose%20documents%20they%20want%20to%20use%20in%20a%20hearing|RPD Rule 34 - Obligation, process, and timeline for a party to disclose documents they want to use in a hearing]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD_Rule%2035%20-%20Documents%20relevant%20and%20not%20duplicate|RPD Rule 35 - Documents relevant and not duplicate (incl. voluminous disclosure)]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD_Rule%2036%20-%20Use%20of%20undisclosed%20documents|RPD Rule 36 - Use of undisclosed or late documents]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD_Rule_43_-_Additional_documents_provided_as_evidence_after_a_hearing|RPD Rule 43 - Additional documents provided after a hearing]]
* [[/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses|Witnesses (RPD Rules 44-48)]]
**[[/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses#RPD_Rule%2044%20-%20Witness%20notification|RPD Rule 44 - Witness notification]]
**[[/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses#RPD_Rule%2045(1)%20-%20Requesting%20summons|RPD Rule 45(1) - Requesting a summons]]
* [[/RPD Rules 49-52 - Applications|Applications (RPD Rules 49-52)]]
**[[/RPD Rules 49-52 - Applications#RPD_Rule_51_-_How_to_Respond_to_a_Written_Application|RPD Rule 51 - Timelines and process for responding to a written application]]
**[[/RPD Rules 49-52 - Applications#RPD_Rule_52_-_How_to_Reply_to_a_Written_Response|RPD Rule 52 - Timelines and process for replying to a response to a written application]]
* [[/RPD Rule 53 - Changing the Location of a Proceeding|Changing the Location of a Proceeding (RPD Rule 53)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 54 - Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding|Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding (RPD Rule 54)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 55-56 - Joining or Separating Claims or Applications|Joining or Separating Claims or Applications (RPD Rules 55-56)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 57 - Proceedings Conducted in Public|Proceedings Conducted in Public (RPD Rule 57)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 58 - Observers|Observers (RPD Rule 58)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 59 - Withdrawal|Withdrawal (RPD Rule 59)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 60-61 - Reinstating a Withdrawn Claim or Application|Reinstating a Withdrawn Claim or Application (RPD Rules 60-61)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application|Reopening a Claim or Application (RPD Rules 62-63)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 64 - Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection|Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection (RPD Rule 64).]] Rules regarding vacation and cessation of refugee status. 
* [[/RPD Rule 65 - Abandonment|Abandonment (RPD Rule 65)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 66 - Notice of Constitutional Question|Notice of Constitutional Question (RPD Rule 66)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions|Decisions (RPD Rules 67-68)]]. Discusses rules for panels of a single member and three-member panels. 
** [[/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions#RPD_Rule_67_-_Requirement_for_a_Notice_of_Decision_and_when_written_reasons_must_be_provided|RPD Rule 67 - Obligation to provide written reasons]]
** [[/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions#RPD_Rule_68(1)_-_When_a_decision_of_a_single_member_panel_takes_effect|RPD Rule 68 - When a decision takes effect for single-member and three-member panels]]
* [[/RPD Rules 69-71 - General Provisions|General Provisions (RPD Rules 69-71)]]. These provisions govern what the Refugee Protection Division should do when there is no applicable rule to govern a matter, the process by which the Division may deviate from these rules, and the import of failing to follow the rules. 
* [[/RPD Rule 74 - Coming into Force|Coming into Force (RPD Rule 74)]]
* [[/Schedules to the RPD Rules|Schedules to the RPD Rules]]
{{Div col end}}

== Annotated Refugee Appeal Division Rules ==
* [[/RAD Rule 1 - Interpretation and Definitions|Interpretation and Definitions (RAD Rule 1)]]
* [[/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal|Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal (RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules 2 to 7)]]
** Including: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#What is a new issue requiring notice?|What is a new issue requiring notice?]]
* [[/RAD Rules Part 2 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by the Minister|Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by the Minister (RAD Rules Part 2 - Rules 8 to 13)]]
* [[/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals|Rules Applicable to All Appeals (RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules 14 to 54)]]
* [[/RAD Rules Part 4 - Rules Applicable to an Appeal for Which a Hearing Is Held|Rules Applicable to an Appeal for Which a Hearing Is Held (RAD Rules Part 4 - Rules 55 to 68)]]
* [[/RAD Rule 69 - Coming into Force|Coming into Force (RAD Rule 69)]]
* [[/RAD Rules - Schedule|Schedule to the RAD Rules]]

== Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations (IRPR) Provisions ==
* Section 13: [[/Regulations|Regulations Regarding Documents and Certified Copies]]
* Section 13.1: [[/IRPR s. 13.1 - Authorized disclosure|Disclosure of Information - Authorized disclosure]]
* Section 13.11: [[/Disclosure Regulation|Regulations Regarding Disclosure of Personal Information]]
* Section 22: [[/IRPR s. 22 - Misrepresentation|Misrepresentation]]
* Sections 28-52: [[/IRPR ss. 28-52 - Conduct of Examination|Conduct of Examination]]
* Section 159-159.7: [[/IRPR s. 159 - Safe Third Countries|Regulations Regarding Eligibility to Claim and Safe Third Countries]]
* Section 159.8: [[/Time Limit for Providing Documents|Regulations Regarding Time Limits for Providing Documents]]
* Section 159.9: [[/Timelines|Regulations Regarding Time Limits for Holding Hearings]]
* Section 159.91: [[/IRPR s. 159.91: Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division|Regulations Regarding Time Limits for Appeals]]
* Sections 230-234: [[/IRPR ss. 230-234 - Stay of Removal Orders|Regulations Regarding Stay of Removal Orders]]
* Section 315.21, et al.: [[/Information Sharing|Regulations Regarding Information Sharing Between Countries]]

==Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) Provisions==
{{Div col}}
* [[/Provisions of the IRPA concerning refugees|Summary of provisions of the IRPA concerning refugees]]
*Sections 2-3: [[/Definitions, objectives, and application of the IRPA|Definitions, objectives, and application of the IRPA]]
*Sections 4-6: [[/4-6 - Enabling Authority|Enabling Authority]]
*Sections 15-17: [[/IRPA Sections 15-17 - Immigration to Canada - Examination|Immigration to Canada - Examination]]
*Sections 20.1-20.2: [[/20.1-20.2 - Designated Foreign Nationals|Designated Foreign Nationals]]
*Section 25: [[/25 - Humanitarian and compassionate considerations — request of foreign national|Humanitarian and compassionate considerations]]
*Section 31.1: [[/31.1 - Refugee Travel Document|Refugee Travel Document]]
*Sections 33-43: [[/33-43 - Inadmissibility|Inadmissibility]]
*Sections 44-53: [[/44-53 - Loss of Status and Removal|Loss of Status and Removal]]
*Sections 72-75: [[/72-75 - Judicial Review|Judicial Review]]
*Sections 91-91.1: [[/91-91.1 - Representation or Advice|Representation or Advice]]
*Provisions about Convention Refugees and Persons in Need of Protection:
**Sections 95-97: [[/95-97 - Refugee Protection, Convention Refugees and Persons in Need of Protection|Refugee Protection, Convention Refugees and Persons in Need of Protection]]
**Section 98: [[/98 - Exclusion — Refugee Convention|Exclusion — Refugee Convention]]
**Section 99: [[/99 - Claim for Refugee Protection|Claim for Refugee Protection]]. Where and how to make a claim for protection inside and outside of Canada.
**Sections 100-102: [[/100-102 - Examination of Eligibility to Refer Claim|Examination of Eligibility to Refer Claim]]
**Sections 103-104: [[/103-104 - Suspension or Termination of Consideration of Claim|Suspension or Termination of Consideration of Claim]]
**Section 106: [[/106 - Claimant Without Identification - Credibility|Claimant Without Identification - Credibility]]
**Section 107: [[/107 - Decision on Claim for Refugee Protection|Decision on Claim for Refugee Protection]]. Manifestly unfounded and no credible basis determinations.
**Section 108: [[/108 - Cessation of Refugee Protection|Cessation of Refugee Protection]]
**Section 109: [[/109 - Applications to Vacate|Applications to Vacate]]
**Section 109.1: [[/109.1 - Designated Countries of Origin|Designated Countries of Origin]]
**Sections 110-111: [[/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division|Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division]]
***Including: [[/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#Criteria_for_presenting_new_evidence|Criteria for presenting new evidence at the RAD]]
***Including: [[/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#Interpretation_of_the_section_110(6)_criteria|Criteria for holding a hearing at the RAD]]
***Including: [[/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA_ss._111(1)(c)_and_111(2):_the_Refugee_Appeal_Division_may_refer_the_matter_to_the_Refugee_Protection_Division_for_re-determination_in_specified_circumstances|Criteria for the RAD remitting a matter to the RPD]]
**Sections 112-114: [[/112-114 - Pre-Removal Risk Assessment|Pre-Removal Risk Assessment (PRRA)]]
**Sections 115-116: [[/115-116_-_Principle_of_Non-refoulement|Principle of Non-refoulement]]
*Sections 117-121.1: [[/117-121.1 - Human Smuggling and Trafficking|Enforcement - Human Smuggling and Trafficking]]
*Sections 133-136: [[/133-136 - Prosecution of Offences|Prosecution of Offences]]
*Section 140: [[/140 - Seizure|Seizure]]
*Section 150.1: [[/150.1 - Sharing of Information|Sharing of Information]]
*Provisions applicable to all Divisions:
**Section 153: [[/153 - Chairperson and other members|Chairperson and other members]]
**Section 154: [[/154 - Disposition after member ceases to hold office|Disposition after member ceases to hold office]]
**Section 155: [[/155 - Disposition if member unable to take part|Disposition if member unable to take part]]
**Section 156: [[/156 - Immunity and no summons|Immunity and no summons]]
**Section 159: [[/159 - Duties of Chairperson|Duties of Chairperson]]
**Section 161: [[/161 - Functioning of Board and Division Rules|Functioning of Board and Division Rules]]
**Section 162: [[/Board Jurisdiction and Procedure|The jurisdiction of the Board and its obligation to proceed quickly and informally]]
**Section 163: [[/Composition of Panels|Composition of Panels]]. When panels have one or three members.
**Section 164: [[/164 - Presence of parties and use of telecommunications for hearings|Presence of parties and use of telecommunications for hearings]]
**Section 165: [[/165 - Powers of a Member|Powers of each Division and each Member]]. This describes the powers of the Divisions and the Board Members, including those provided by the Inquiries Act.
**Section 166: [[/Section 166 - Proceedings must be held in the absence of the public|Proceedings must be held in the absence of the public]]. Provisions of the Act and privacy and confidentiality of each Division's proceedings.
**Section 167: [[/Section 167 IRPA: Right to counsel and representation by a designated representative.|Right to counsel and representation by a designated representative]]
**Section 168: [[/Section 168 IRPA: Abandonment of proceeding|Abandonment of proceeding]]
**Section 169: [[/169 - Decisions and Reasons|Decisions and Reasons]]. When the Board must provide written reasons
*Provisions specific to the Refugee Protection Division:
**Section 169.1: [[/IRPA Section 169.1 - Composition|Composition]]
**Section 170: [[/IRPA Section 170 - Proceedings|Proceedings]]. How the RPD is to approach proceedings before it, including with respect to evidence, holding hearings, and providing notice to the Minister.
***[[/IRPA Section 170 - Proceedings#IRPA%20Section%20170(f)%20-%20May%20allow%20a%20claim%20without%20a%20hearing|Section 170(f) - Allowing a claim without a hearing (the file-review process)]]
***[[/IRPA_Section_170_-_Proceedings#IRPA_Section_170(h)_-_May_receive_and_base_a_decision_on_evidence_considered_credible_or_trustworthy|Section 170(h) - The Board may receive evidence considered credible or trustworthy]]
**Section 170.2: [[/No reopening of claim or application/]]
*Provisions specific to the Refugee Appeal Division:
**Section 171: [[/IRPA Section 171 - Proceedings|Proceedings]]. How the RAD is to approach proceedings before it, including with respect to evidence, holding hearings, and providing notice to the Minister.
**Section 170.1: [[/No reopening of appeal/]]
{{Div col end}}


== Related Legislation ==
*[[/Charter of Rights and Freedoms/]]
*[[/Official Languages Act/]]
*[[/Privacy Act/]]

==Categories and Tags For This Book==
{{Shelves|Law}}
{{alphabetical|C}}
{{status|100%}}
__NOTOC__</text>
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      <text bytes="17705" sha1="gx19e61t3v2pn17g4s1m1wa12ui0bf5" xml:space="preserve">This is a book about the legal ''processes'' involved in claiming refugee status in Canada, focusing particularly on the Refugee Protection Division Rules of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Tens of thousands of people file a claim for refugee protection in Canada every year. The ensuing process that they navigate is governed by the set of laws described herein.

{{Book Search|prefix=Canadian Refugee Procedure}}
{{Print version|/print version}}
{{PDF version|Canadian Refugee Procedure Wikibook - May 1 2021}}

==Preliminary==
* [[/About this text/]]
* [[/Glossary|Glossary, Acronyms, Terms, and Definitions]]
* [[/History of refugee procedure in Canada/]]

== Procedural Fairness and Natural Justice ==
*[[/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure/]]
*[[/The Board's inquisitorial mandate/]]
*[[/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing|The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing]]
*[[/The right to an impartial decision-maker|The right to an impartial decision-maker (bias)]]
*[[/The right to an independent decision-maker/]]
*[[/Decorum|Appropriate decorum and propriety at a refugee hearing]]
*[[/Chairperson Guidelines|Chairperson Guidelines]]

== Annotated Refugee Protection Division Rules ==
{{Div col}}
*[[/RPD Rule 1 - Definitions|Interpretation and Definitions (RPD Rule 1)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 2 - Communicating with the Division|Communicating with the Division (RPD Rule 2)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided|Information and Documents to be Provided (RPD Rules 3-13)]]. This section discusses the process for initially scheduling a hearing, the conduct of a hearing, the order of proceedings, and the information to be provided in advance of a hearing.
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD_Rule_6_-_Basis_of_Claim_Form|RPD Rule 6 - Basis of Claim Form]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule%207%20-%20Providing%20BOC%20Form|RPD Rule 7 - How to provide the BOC form and what documents are to be provided with it]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 8 - Application for an extension of time to provide BOC Form|RPD Rule 8 - Application for an extension of time to provide BOC form]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 9 - Changes or additions to BOC Form|RPD Rule 9 - Changes or additions to BOC Form]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule_10_-_Order_of_questioning_in_hearings,_oral_representations,_oral_decisions,_limiting_questioning|RPD Rule 10 - Order of questioning and requirement to provide oral representations and decisions]]
**[[/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule_11_-_Documents_Establishing_Identity_and_Other_Elements_of_the_Claim|RPD Rule 11 - Documents Establishing Identity and Other Elements of the Claim]]
* [[/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record|Counsel of Record (RPD Rules 14-16)]]. This section discusses the process to appoint and remove counsel and the way that deficiencies in counsel's conduct are attributed to their client.
**Including: [[/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#A_hearing_will_be_unfair_where_counsel_incompetence_results_in_a_miscarriage_of_justice|Hearing unfairness as a result of counsel incompetence]]
* [[/RPD Rules 17-18 - Language of Proceedings|Language of Proceedings  (RPD Rules 17-18)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 19 - Interpreters|Interpreters (RPD Rule 19)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 20 - Designated Representatives|Designated Representatives (RPD Rule 20)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 21 - Disclosure of Personal Information|Disclosure of Personal Information (RPD Rule 21)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge|Specialized Knowledge (RPD Rule 22)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 23 - Allowing a Claim Without a Hearing|Allowing a Claim Without a Hearing (RPD Rule 23)]]. This section discusses the Board's File-Review Process (FRP), which has also been referred to as the &quot;expedited process&quot;.
* [[/RPD Rule 24 - Conferences|Conferences (RPD Rule 24)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 25 - Notice to Appear|Notice to Appear (RPD Rule 25)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 26-28 - Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility|Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility (RPD Rules 26-28)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 29 - Intervention by the Minister|Intervention by the Minister (RPD Rule 29)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 30 - Claimant or Protected Person in Custody|Claimant or Protected Person in Custody (RPD Rule 30)]]. The rules regarding the presence of those who have been detained (detention).
* [[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents|Documents (RPD Rules 31-43)]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 31 - How to provide documents|RPD Rule 31 - How to provide documents]]. Concerns the format of, numbering of, and creation of lists of documents.
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD%20Rule%2032%20-%20Language%20of%20Documents|RPD Rule 32 - Language of Documents]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD%20Rule%2034%20-%20Obligation%2C%20process%2C%20and%20timeline%20for%20a%20party%20to%20disclose%20documents%20they%20want%20to%20use%20in%20a%20hearing|RPD Rule 34 - Obligation, process, and timeline for a party to disclose documents they want to use in a hearing]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD_Rule%2035%20-%20Documents%20relevant%20and%20not%20duplicate|RPD Rule 35 - Documents relevant and not duplicate (incl. voluminous disclosure)]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD_Rule%2036%20-%20Use%20of%20undisclosed%20documents|RPD Rule 36 - Use of undisclosed or late documents]]
**[[/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD_Rule_43_-_Additional_documents_provided_as_evidence_after_a_hearing|RPD Rule 43 - Additional documents provided after a hearing]]
* [[/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses|Witnesses (RPD Rules 44-48)]]
**[[/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses#RPD_Rule%2044%20-%20Witness%20notification|RPD Rule 44 - Witness notification]]
**[[/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses#RPD_Rule%2045(1)%20-%20Requesting%20summons|RPD Rule 45(1) - Requesting a summons]]
* [[/RPD Rules 49-52 - Applications|Applications (RPD Rules 49-52)]]
**[[/RPD Rules 49-52 - Applications#RPD_Rule_51_-_How_to_Respond_to_a_Written_Application|RPD Rule 51 - Timelines and process for responding to a written application]]
**[[/RPD Rules 49-52 - Applications#RPD_Rule_52_-_How_to_Reply_to_a_Written_Response|RPD Rule 52 - Timelines and process for replying to a response to a written application]]
* [[/RPD Rule 53 - Changing the Location of a Proceeding|Changing the Location of a Proceeding (RPD Rule 53)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 54 - Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding|Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding (RPD Rule 54)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 55-56 - Joining or Separating Claims or Applications|Joining or Separating Claims or Applications (RPD Rules 55-56)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 57 - Proceedings Conducted in Public|Proceedings Conducted in Public (RPD Rule 57)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 58 - Observers|Observers (RPD Rule 58)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 59 - Withdrawal|Withdrawal (RPD Rule 59)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 60-61 - Reinstating a Withdrawn Claim or Application|Reinstating a Withdrawn Claim or Application (RPD Rules 60-61)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application|Reopening a Claim or Application (RPD Rules 62-63)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 64 - Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection|Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection (RPD Rule 64).]] Rules regarding vacation and cessation of refugee status. 
* [[/RPD Rule 65 - Abandonment|Abandonment (RPD Rule 65)]]
* [[/RPD Rule 66 - Notice of Constitutional Question|Notice of Constitutional Question (RPD Rule 66)]]
* [[/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions|Decisions (RPD Rules 67-68)]]. Discusses rules for panels of a single member and three-member panels. 
** [[/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions#RPD_Rule_67_-_Requirement_for_a_Notice_of_Decision_and_when_written_reasons_must_be_provided|RPD Rule 67 - Obligation to provide written reasons]]
** [[/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions#RPD_Rule_68(1)_-_When_a_decision_of_a_single_member_panel_takes_effect|RPD Rule 68 - When a decision takes effect for single-member and three-member panels]]
* [[/RPD Rules 69-71 - General Provisions|General Provisions (RPD Rules 69-71)]]. These provisions govern what the Refugee Protection Division should do when there is no applicable rule to govern a matter, the process by which the Division may deviate from these rules, and the import of failing to follow the rules. 
* [[/RPD Rule 74 - Coming into Force|Coming into Force (RPD Rule 74)]]
* [[/Schedules to the RPD Rules|Schedules to the RPD Rules]]
{{Div col end}}

== Annotated Refugee Appeal Division Rules ==
* [[/RAD Rule 1 - Interpretation and Definitions|Interpretation and Definitions (RAD Rule 1)]]
* [[/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal|Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal (RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules 2 to 7)]]
** Including: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#What is a new issue requiring notice?|What is a new issue requiring notice?]]
* [[/RAD Rules Part 2 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by the Minister|Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by the Minister (RAD Rules Part 2 - Rules 8 to 13)]]
* [[/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals|Rules Applicable to All Appeals (RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules 14 to 54)]]
* [[/RAD Rules Part 4 - Rules Applicable to an Appeal for Which a Hearing Is Held|Rules Applicable to an Appeal for Which a Hearing Is Held (RAD Rules Part 4 - Rules 55 to 68)]]
* [[/RAD Rule 69 - Coming into Force|Coming into Force (RAD Rule 69)]]
* [[/RAD Rules - Schedule|Schedule to the RAD Rules]]

== Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations (IRPR) Provisions ==
* Section 13: [[/Regulations|Regulations Regarding Documents and Certified Copies]]
* Section 13.1: [[/IRPR s. 13.1 - Authorized disclosure|Disclosure of Information - Authorized disclosure]]
* Section 13.11: [[/Disclosure Regulation|Regulations Regarding Disclosure of Personal Information]]
* Section 22: [[/IRPR s. 22 - Misrepresentation|Misrepresentation]]
* Sections 28-52: [[/IRPR ss. 28-52 - Conduct of Examination|Conduct of Examination]]
* Section 159-159.7: [[/IRPR s. 159 - Safe Third Countries|Regulations Regarding Eligibility to Claim and Safe Third Countries]]
* Section 159.8: [[/Time Limit for Providing Documents|Regulations Regarding Time Limits for Providing Documents]]
* Section 159.9: [[/Timelines|Regulations Regarding Time Limits for Holding Hearings]]
* Section 159.91: [[/IRPR s. 159.91: Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division|Regulations Regarding Time Limits for Appeals]]
* Sections 230-234: [[/IRPR ss. 230-234 - Stay of Removal Orders|Regulations Regarding Stay of Removal Orders]]
* Section 315.21, et al.: [[/Information Sharing|Regulations Regarding Information Sharing Between Countries]]

==Annotated Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) Provisions==
{{Div col}}
* [[/Provisions of the IRPA concerning refugees|Summary of provisions of the IRPA concerning refugees]]
*Sections 2-3: [[/Definitions, objectives, and application of the IRPA|Definitions, objectives, and application of the IRPA]]
*Sections 4-6: [[/4-6 - Enabling Authority|Enabling Authority]]
*Sections 15-17: [[/IRPA Sections 15-17 - Immigration to Canada - Examination|Immigration to Canada - Examination]]
*Sections 20.1-20.2: [[/20.1-20.2 - Designated Foreign Nationals|Designated Foreign Nationals]]
*Section 25: [[/25 - Humanitarian and compassionate considerations — request of foreign national|Humanitarian and compassionate considerations]]
*Section 31.1: [[/31.1 - Refugee Travel Document|Refugee Travel Document]]
*Sections 33-43: [[/33-43 - Inadmissibility|Inadmissibility]]
*Sections 44-53: [[/44-53 - Loss of Status and Removal|Loss of Status and Removal]]
*Sections 72-75: [[/72-75 - Judicial Review|Judicial Review]]
*Sections 91-91.1: [[/91-91.1 - Representation or Advice|Representation or Advice]]
*Provisions about Convention Refugees and Persons in Need of Protection:
**Sections 95-97: [[/95-97 - Refugee Protection, Convention Refugees and Persons in Need of Protection|Refugee Protection, Convention Refugees and Persons in Need of Protection]]
**Section 98: [[/98 - Exclusion — Refugee Convention|Exclusion — Refugee Convention]]
**Section 99: [[/99 - Claim for Refugee Protection|Claim for Refugee Protection]]. Where and how to make a claim for protection inside and outside of Canada.
**Sections 100-102: [[/100-102 - Examination of Eligibility to Refer Claim|Examination of Eligibility to Refer Claim]]
**Sections 103-104: [[/103-104 - Suspension or Termination of Consideration of Claim|Suspension or Termination of Consideration of Claim]]
**Section 106: [[/106 - Claimant Without Identification - Credibility|Claimant Without Identification - Credibility]]
**Section 107: [[/107 - Decision on Claim for Refugee Protection|Decision on Claim for Refugee Protection]]. Manifestly unfounded and no credible basis determinations.
**Section 108: [[/108 - Cessation of Refugee Protection|Cessation of Refugee Protection]]
**Section 109: [[/109 - Applications to Vacate|Applications to Vacate]]
**Section 109.1: [[/109.1 - Designated Countries of Origin|Designated Countries of Origin]]
**Sections 110-111: [[/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division|Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division]]
***Including: [[/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#Criteria_for_presenting_new_evidence|Criteria for presenting new evidence at the RAD]]
***Including: [[/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#Interpretation_of_the_section_110(6)_criteria|Criteria for holding a hearing at the RAD]]
***Including: [[/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA_ss._111(1)(c)_and_111(2):_the_Refugee_Appeal_Division_may_refer_the_matter_to_the_Refugee_Protection_Division_for_re-determination_in_specified_circumstances|Criteria for the RAD remitting a matter to the RPD]]
**Sections 112-114: [[/112-114 - Pre-Removal Risk Assessment|Pre-Removal Risk Assessment (PRRA)]]
**Sections 115-116: [[/115-116_-_Principle_of_Non-refoulement|Principle of Non-refoulement]]
*Sections 117-121.1: [[/117-121.1 - Human Smuggling and Trafficking|Enforcement - Human Smuggling and Trafficking]]
*Sections 133-136: [[/133-136 - Prosecution of Offences|Prosecution of Offences]]
*Section 140: [[/140 - Seizure|Seizure]]
*Section 150.1: [[/150.1 - Sharing of Information|Sharing of Information]]
*Provisions applicable to all Divisions:
**Section 153: [[/153 - Chairperson and other members|Chairperson and other members]]
**Section 154: [[/154 - Disposition after member ceases to hold office|Disposition after member ceases to hold office]]
**Section 155: [[/155 - Disposition if member unable to take part|Disposition if member unable to take part]]
**Section 156: [[/156 - Immunity and no summons|Immunity and no summons]]
**Section 159: [[/159 - Duties of Chairperson|Duties of Chairperson]]
**Section 161: [[/161 - Functioning of Board and Division Rules|Functioning of Board and Division Rules]]
**Section 162: [[/Board Jurisdiction and Procedure|The jurisdiction of the Board and its obligation to proceed quickly and informally]]
**Section 163: [[/Composition of Panels|Composition of Panels]]. When panels have one or three members.
**Section 164: [[/164 - Presence of parties and use of telecommunications for hearings|Presence of parties and use of telecommunications for hearings]]
**Section 165: [[/165 - Powers of a Member|Powers of each Division and each Member]]. This describes the powers of the Divisions and the Board Members, including those provided by the Inquiries Act.
**Section 166: [[/Section 166 - Proceedings must be held in the absence of the public|Proceedings must be held in the absence of the public]]. Provisions of the Act and privacy and confidentiality of each Division's proceedings.
**Section 167: [[/Section 167 IRPA: Right to counsel and representation by a designated representative.|Right to counsel and representation by a designated representative]]
**Section 168: [[/Section 168 IRPA: Abandonment of proceeding|Abandonment of proceeding]]
**Section 169: [[/169 - Decisions and Reasons|Decisions and Reasons]]. When the Board must provide written reasons
*Provisions specific to the Refugee Protection Division:
**Section 169.1: [[/IRPA Section 169.1 - Composition|Composition]]
**Section 170: [[/IRPA Section 170 - Proceedings|Proceedings]]. How the RPD is to approach proceedings before it, including with respect to evidence, holding hearings, and providing notice to the Minister.
***[[/IRPA Section 170 - Proceedings#IRPA%20Section%20170(f)%20-%20May%20allow%20a%20claim%20without%20a%20hearing|Section 170(f) - Allowing a claim without a hearing (the file-review process)]]
***[[/IRPA_Section_170_-_Proceedings#IRPA_Section_170(h)_-_May_receive_and_base_a_decision_on_evidence_considered_credible_or_trustworthy|Section 170(h) - The Board may receive evidence considered credible or trustworthy]]
**Section 170.2: [[/No reopening of claim or application/]]
*Provisions specific to the Refugee Appeal Division:
**Section 171: [[/IRPA Section 171 - Proceedings|Proceedings]]. How the RAD is to approach proceedings before it, including with respect to evidence, holding hearings, and providing notice to the Minister.
**Section 170.1: [[/No reopening of appeal/]]
{{Div col end}}


== Related Legislation ==
*[[/Charter of Rights and Freedoms/]]
*[[/Official Languages Act/]]
*[[/Privacy Act/]]

==Categories and Tags For This Book==
{{Shelves|Law}}
{{alphabetical|C}}
{{status|100%}}
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  <page>
    <title>Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 2 - Communicating with the Division</title>
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      <comment>/* What are the registry offices specified by the Division? */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1117" sha1="p67sn8pj3r9kf0bghuk37je4vojze0d" xml:space="preserve">== RPD Rule 2 ==
The text of the relevant rule reads:
&lt;pre&gt;Communicating with Division

2 All communication with the Division must be directed to the registry office specified by the Division.&lt;/pre&gt;
=== What are the registry offices specified by the Division? ===
The registry offices are specified on the IRB website, including in the Board's Claimant's Guide. The only registries are in Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal. While the IRB has offices in other cities, such as Ottawa, Winnipeg, and Calgary, these offices do not have registries and are not registry offices &quot;specified by the Division&quot; to receive communications within the meaning of this rule.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Claimant's Guide'', ​​​​​Version 5 - 2018 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/refugee-claims/Pages/ClaDemGuide.aspx&gt; (Accessed October 15, 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ways that a document may be provided ===
For details on ways that a document may be provided, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 39 - Ways that a document may be provided]].

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

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    <title>Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record</title>
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      <text bytes="115572" sha1="5tmyxql67yaywfbkiud3hmihhrtavxa" xml:space="preserve">As Martin Jones and Sasha Baglay observe, “the representation of refugee claimants by qualified counsel is an important part of the Canadian refugee determination process. The availability and expertise of counsel bring significant benefits to both the claimants and the overall efficiency and legitimacy of the process. The representation of refugee claimants is also an expression of a fundamental constitutional and common law value: that individuals facing complicated legal proceedings with serious consequences should be allowed to be represented so as to ensure that there is a full and fair hearing.”&lt;ref&gt;Martin David Jones and Sasha Baglay. ''Refugee Law (Second Edition)''. Irwin Law, 2017, page 328.&lt;/ref&gt; The following sections outline the contours, limits, and practicalities of this right.

== Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ==
Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms provides:&lt;pre&gt;Life, liberty and security of person
7. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice.&lt;/pre&gt;
Section 10(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms provides the following right to counsel:&lt;ref&gt;The Constitution Act, 1982, Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11, s 10 &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/ldsx#sec10&gt; retrieved on 2020-05-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;pre&gt;Arrest or Detention
10. Everyone has the right on arrest or detention ...
(b) to retain and instruct counsel without delay and to be informed of that right ...&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Both sections 7 and 10 of the Charter are relevant to the right to counsel in refugee proceedings ===
The court has found that section 7 Charter rights are involved in inland refugee proceedings and that they include “the right to be represented by competent and careful counsel”.&lt;ref&gt;''Mathon v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)'' (1988), 38 Admin LR 193 at 208 (TD), as cited in Martin David Jones and Sasha Baglay. ''Refugee Law (Second Edition)''. Irwin Law, 2017, page 314.&lt;/ref&gt; For a discussion of s. 10 of the Charter, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Counsel of Record#The right to counsel does not apply where a person is not yet subject to proceedings before the Board and where the person is not detained]].

== Canadian Bill of Rights ==
Section 2(d) of the Canadian Bill of Rights concerns the right to counsel:&lt;ref&gt;Canadian Bill of Rights, SC 1960, c 44, s 2 &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j05x#sec2&gt; retrieved on 2020-04-17.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;pre&gt;Construction of law
2 Every law of Canada shall, unless it is expressly declared by an Act of the Parliament of Canada that it shall operate notwithstanding the Canadian Bill of Rights, be so construed and applied as not to abrogate, abridge or infringe or to authorize the abrogation, abridgment or infringement of any of the rights or freedoms herein recognized and declared, and in particular, no law of Canada shall be construed or applied so as to
(d) authorize a court, tribunal, commission, board or other authority to compel a person to give evidence if he is denied counsel, protection against self crimination or other constitutional safeguards;&lt;/pre&gt;
== IRPA s. 167 - Right to counsel ==
&lt;pre&gt;Right to counsel
167 (1) A person who is the subject of proceedings before any Division of the Board and the Minister may, at their own expense, be represented by legal or other counsel.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== History of this provision ===
In the 1976 ''Immigration Act'', claimants right to retain counsel was recognized, as was a provision providing that claimants be informed of that right.&lt;ref&gt;Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 42.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== In what immigration contexts do claimants have a right to counsel? ===
In Canadian immigration law, the right to counsel applies in only some circumstances. These circumstances include where a person is detained or arrested in relation to an immigration proceeding as well as where an individual is subject to proceedings before the Immigration and Refugee Board.&lt;ref&gt;Canadian Immigration Lawyers Association, ''Let's Clean Up Our Act'', May 2024, &lt;https://cila.co/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/CILA-Report-on-IRPA-Reform.pdf&gt;, page 32.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The right to counsel in the IRPA applies from the time a person is subject to proceedings before the Board, not just at the hearing ====
Section 167(1) of the Act provides that a person who is the subject of proceedings before any Division of the Board may be represented by legal or other counsel. As such, this provision of the Act ties the right to counsel to whether or not the individual is the subject of proceedings before the Board. RPD Rule 1 provides that a proceeding includes a conference, an application or a hearing: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Definitions#Commentary on the definition of &quot;proceeding&quot;]]. In ''Canada v. Gutierrez,'' the Federal Court of Appeal found that the applicants had a right to counsel at an interview with a CBSA officer conducted after their claim had been made, but a few weeks before their IRB hearing was scheduled. In that situation, the claimants were considered to be the subject of proceedings before the Board, and as such, were entitled to be represented by counsel according to s. 167 of the Act.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Paramo de Gutierrez,'' 2016 FCA 211 (CanLII), [2017] 2 FCR 353, at para 51, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gt6qj#par51&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

This scope for the right to counsel in Canadian law appears to track that in international law, where the right to representation is specific to that where an alien is appearing before the authority competent to decide on their expulsion per Article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights:&lt;blockquote&gt;An alien lawfully in the territory of a State Party to the present Covenant may be expelled therefrom only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law and shall, except where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require, be allowed to submit the reasons against his expulsion and to have his case reviewed by, and be represented for the purpose before, the competent authority or a person or persons especially designated by the competent authority.&lt;ref&gt;UN General Assembly, ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'', 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3aa0.html [accessed 3 August 2021].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== The right to counsel does not apply where a person is not yet subject to proceedings before the Board and where the person is not detained ====
A person is generally not entitled to counsel at interviews or pre-hearing proceedings where the person has not yet become the subject of proceedings at the Board, for example before a claim is referred to the Board: ''Canada v. Bermudez''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Bermudez'', 2016 FCA 131 at para 50.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Canada v. Barrios'', the claimant's request to be represented by counsel during his initial encounter with a CBSA officer who was interviewing him at the border was denied. In subsequent proceedings before the RPD, the claimant requested that evidence arising from this interview be excluded because it was, he argued, obtained in violation of his right to counsel. The court held that the CBSA's conduct in interviewing the claimant in the absence of counsel did not violate any right to counsel, since the person concerned had no right to counsel in the circumstances, as they were not, at the time they were being interviewed, subject to any proceedings before the Board.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Barrios'' (F.C., no. IMM-59-19), O’Reilly, January 10, 2020; 2020 FC 29.&lt;/ref&gt; As a general proposition, the Federal Court of Appeal has observed that a refugee claimant “does not have a right to counsel at an interview relating to their eligibility to claim refugee status”.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Paramo de Gutierrez,'' 2016 FCA 211 (CanLII), [2017] 2 FCR 353, at para 54, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gt6qj#par54&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-21.&lt;/ref&gt; 

This conclusion will be different, however, where a person is detained and not free to leave at the time that they are being questioned: ''Chen v. Canada''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;''Chen v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2006] F.C.J. No. 1163, 2006 FC 910 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt; This is so on the basis that in such circumstances an individual's s. 10(b) right to counsel under the ''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' will apply. Remedies for violation of this right to counsel may be provided by the Board. For example, in ''Chen v. Canada'' Justice O'Reilly held that the IRB could not rely on statements made by a Chinese refugee claimant after being detained for two days when he was not informed of his right to consult a lawyer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; However, this is dependent on determining that the individual has been arrested. As a general proposition, there is no right to legal representation during secondary examinations at the port of entry as that process does not amount to arrest that would in turn trigger a right to counsel.&lt;ref&gt;Obodo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2022 FC 1493 (CanLII), at para 77, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtgbv#par77&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-28&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== What is entailed by the right to counsel? ===

==== Once a claim has been referred to the Refugee Protection Division for determination, an officer should advise counsel of record of any proposed examination and provide counsel an opportunity to attend ====
In ''Canada v.'' ''Gutierrez,'' the Federal Court of Appeal concluded that if a refugee claimant has indicated on the basis of claim form, or elsewhere, so that it appears on the record of the Refugee Protection Division that the claimant has counsel of record, it is a breach of subsection 167(1) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' and a breach of procedural fairness for an officer (e.g. a CBSA or IRCC officer) to examine the refugee claimant about their refugee claim after the claim has been referred to the Refugee Protection Division for determination without advising counsel of record of the proposed examination and providing counsel an opportunity to attend.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Paramo de Gutierrez,'' 2016 FCA 211 (CanLII), [2017] 2 FCR 353, at para 56, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gt6qj#par56&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-21.&lt;/ref&gt; In that case, the Federal Court of Appeal upheld a RAD decision remitting the case to the RPD for redetermination with a direction to exclude the problematic evidence. However, if there are no such documents on the record, then a violation of this provision may not justify setting aside an IRB decision where the hearing itself was fair.&lt;ref&gt;''Danaj v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 402 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3b90#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Individuals who are detained have a right to the assistance needed to obtain legal counsel ====
In ''Chevez v. Canada'', the applicant was arrested and detained by the RCMP and questioned on several occasions by officers from the Canada Border Services Agency before an exclusion order was issued against him. According to the applicant, the officers had ignored his requests to see a lawyer and did not provide him with any alternatives. The Federal Court ruled in his favour. The court held that the officers were required to do more than inform him of his right to counsel, they were additionally required to provide him with the assistance he needed to obtain legal counsel. According to the court, it was incumbent on the officers to take positive actions, including waiting for duty counsel to become available, informing the applicant that he could insist on waiting until duty counsel was available, or providing other representation through a legal aid services.&lt;ref&gt;''Chevez v Canda (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [2007] FCJ No 957 (FC), as cited in Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 328.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The right to counsel at the RPD and RAD is not a right to state-funded counsel ====
Section 167(1) of the IRPA provides that an individual may be represented by counsel &quot;at their own expense&quot;. In practice, most Canadian provinces have a legal aid program which ensures that refugee claimants have access to a lawyer where they cannot afford one: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#Refugee-related services are provided by some provincial legal aid programs]]. However, such programs can be cancelled, as Nova Scotia did with its refugee legal aid program in the 1990s. This is so as, in the words of the BC Court of Appeal, in Canada &quot;there is no general constitutional right to legal aid, but only a right arising in specific circumstances&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Council of Canadians with Disabilities v. British Columbia (Attorney General),'' 2020 BCCA 241 (CanLII), par. 95, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j9c0x#par95&gt;, retrieved on 2020-08-27.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, no Canadian case has established that refugee claimants have a right to state-funded counsel. Instead, the Federal Court has held that &quot;state-funded legal aid is only constitutionally mandated in some cases [and] the right to counsel is not absolute&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Austria v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 423 (CanLII), par. 6, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1n2qx#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2020-08-12.&lt;/ref&gt; 

UNHCR has expressed the view that whether or not refugee claimants have a right to state-funded counsel in Canada should be thought of as an open question. Section 7 of the ''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' raises the possibility that an implied right to state-funded counsel for indigent claimants may, under certain circumstances, be included within its protection guarantees, given that protection claims can involve grave issues related to a person’s security. Specifically, the notion of “fundamental justice” in s. 7 of the Canadian ''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' involves both substantive and procedural fairness. As a consequence, a UNHCR report discussing the Canadian asylum process observes that representation is likely necessary when refugee claimants do not understand the procedures in order to ensure that the process is conducted in accordance with principles of fundamental justice.&lt;ref&gt;Barutciski, Michael, ''The Impact of the Lack of Legal Representation in the Canadian Asylum Process,'' UNHCR, 6 November 2012, &lt;https://www.unhcr.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/RPT-2012-06-legal_representation-e.pdf&gt; (Accessed January 19, 2020), page 13. &lt;/ref&gt; The academics Sharry Aiken, et. al., also write that &quot;there are strong arguments that s. 7 guarantees refugee claimants a right to counsel at refugee hearings&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 187.&lt;/ref&gt; 

At the international level there are many statements about rights to legal counsel in asylum proceedings. On the one hand, the UK High Court states that international law does not require the provision of legal advice and assistance to asylum seekers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Canadian Council for Refugees v R,'' 2007 FC 1262 (CanLII), [2008] 3 FCR 606, par. 229, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1tz0l#par229&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt; US courts have also not accepted a constitutional or statutory argument that appointed counsel is required for noncitizens to vindicate their right to a fair hearing in immigration court.&lt;ref&gt;''C.J.L.G. v. Sessions,'' 880 F.3d 1122 (9th Cir. 2018).&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Canadian courts have held that international law does not specifically call for legal counsel as part of the implementation of a fair refugee adjudication system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  

On the other hand, the UN Human Rights Committee has concluded that the ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'' requires that ‘“asylum-seekers be properly informed and assured of their rights, including the right to apply for asylum, with access to free legal aid”&lt;ref&gt;UN Human Rights Committee, ‘Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: France’, UN doc CCPR/C/FRA/CO/4 (31 July 2008).&lt;/ref&gt; and has recommended that, in accordance with Article 13 ICCPR, States should grant “free legal assistance to asylum-seekers during all asylum procedures”.&lt;ref&gt;Concluding Observations on Switzerland, CCPR, UN Doc. CCPR/C/CHE/CO/3, 29 October 2009, para. 18; Concluding Observations on Ireland, CCPR, UN Doc. CCPR/C/IRL/CO/3, 30 July 2008, para. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the European Court of Human Rights has held that failure to provide access to legal aid for asylum seekers by Greece constituted a violation of the European Convention on Human Rights in particular circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;MSS v Belgium and Greece App No 30696/09 (ECtHR, 21 January 2011).&lt;/ref&gt; As well, the Council of the European Union ''Procedures Directive on Minimum Standards on Procedures in Member States for Granting and Withdrawing Refugee Status'' provides that in the event of a negative decision, applicants in EU member states are in principle entitled to free legal assistance which Member States may, however, make contingent upon the fulfilment of further requirements such as that the appeal or review is likely to succeed.&lt;ref&gt;EC Directive 2005/85 of 1 December 2005, OJ 2005 L 326, 13, &lt;https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2005:326:0013:0034:EN:PDF&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;  

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights states that legal aid may be necessary when it is required in order to effectively vindicate a fundamental protected right under the ''American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man'' or the Constitution or laws of a particular country. This flows in large measure from the principle that rights must be implemented in ways that give them proper effect.&lt;ref&gt;See generally, IACtHR, Advisory Opinion OC-11/90, at para. 30 (addressing the issue of exhaustion of domestic remedies under the American Convention); UNHum.Rts.Committee, Currie v. Jamaica, Comm. Nº 377/1989, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/50/D/377/1989 (1994), at paras. 10, 13 (explaining that absence of legal aid where required to vindicate a right operates not only to excuse compliance with the requirement of exhaustion of domestic remedies, but also constitutes a violation of the right to a fair trial).&lt;/ref&gt; It also flows from the right to equal protection of - and before - the law. They state in a report on the Canadian refugee determination system that when deciding whether legal aid is necessary for a particular individual, one may properly consider the circumstances of the particular case, its significance, legal character, and the context in the particular legal system.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 127.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Independence of counsel and solicitor-client privilege ====
Counsel are active participants in the refugee claim process and are not to be constrained by the state in their advocacy.&lt;ref&gt;''Enter Nous'', The Advocate, Vol. 82 Part 2 March 2024, page 173.&lt;/ref&gt; Individuals who retain a lawyer have a right to have their interactions with that counsel protected by solicitor-client privilege where the requirements for that privilege to apply are met. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings#The Division must refuse to admit evidence where admitting it would violate a substantive rule of law such as solicitor-client privilege]].

=== In what contexts will a lack of counsel render a hearing unfair? ===
==== The fact that a claimant lacks counsel does not, in and of itself, mean that their hearing is unfair ====
The Federal Court states that &quot;individuals are free to choose to represent themselves or to be represented by counsel&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ait Elhocine v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1068 (CanLII), par. 15, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc063#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2021-01-06.&lt;/ref&gt; While about 90% of claimants attend their hearing with representation,&lt;ref&gt;Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Page 88.&lt;/ref&gt; they may proceed with a claim and hearing without counsel. The Canadian jurisprudence is clear that where a claimant does not request a postponement on the basis of this lack of counsel, there is no obligation on the Board to canvass the issue of a postponement of the hearing simply because a claimant is unrepresented.&lt;ref&gt;''N.A.Y.T. v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration''), 2012 FC 225 (CanLII); Clarke v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2018 FC 267 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hqwnj#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-05.&lt;/ref&gt; As Refugee Appeal Division Member Atam Uppal held in one case, the mere fact that a claimant was unrepresented and the Board denied the claim did not mean that the RPD denied procedural fairness or that the claimant was denied his right to a fair hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2015 CanLII 52143 (CA IRB), par. 32, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/gkrv6#par32&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-16.&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, the lack of representation by counsel results in a breach of procedural fairness only if, given the circumstances, it deprives the applicant of the opportunity to “participate meaningfully” in the hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Li v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 927 at paragraph 37.&lt;/ref&gt; Where certain factors are present, including mental illness, substance addiction, or low literacy, then the Board may have a heightened duty to pursue the question of legal representation in more depth at the outset of the hearing:&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;''Clarke v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 267 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hqwnj#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-05.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#Where a claimant is unrepresented and is clearly not understanding what is occurring, the Board should inquire about whether they wish to have counsel]]. 

==== A panel may be obliged to postpone a hearing to give a claimant an opportunity to obtain counsel upon request in certain circumstances ====
The court has stated that &quot;the right to be represented by counsel is not an absolute right. It is predicated on all parties and counsel acting reasonably in all circumstances.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Afrane'' v. ''Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)'' (1993), 64 F.T.R. 1 (F.C.T.D.)&lt;/ref&gt; There is no obligation on the Board to tell a self-represented claimant that they may ask for an adjournment of the hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Olifant v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 947 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jq0sf#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-26.&lt;/ref&gt; When considering a judicial review of an IAD decision involving an unrepresented litigant, the court commented that &quot;as a general matter there is no obligation on the IAD to propose an adjournment and no unfairness in not granting an adjournment that is not requested&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Ahmad v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2022 FC 1687 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtfn6#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-29&lt;/ref&gt; 

In certain circumstances, where a party has acted diligently and reasonably and has not been able to obtain counsel for the hearing, and requests a postponement of a hearing to obtain counsel, it may be unfair for a panel to deny that request and proceed with the hearing. The following principles can therefore be drawn from the case law: although the right to counsel is not absolute in an administrative proceeding, refusing an individual the possibility to retain counsel by not allowing a postponement is reviewable if the following factors are in play: the case is complex, the consequences of the decision are serious, and/or the individual does not have the resources - whether in terms of intellect or legal knowledge - to properly represent his interests.&lt;ref&gt;''Mervilus v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 1206 at paragraph 25.&lt;/ref&gt; See RPD Rule 54 on changing the date and time of a proceeding for further discussion of this and a discussion of the rules that a panel should consider when exercising its discretion about whether or not to postpone a matter: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding]].

==== Where a claimant is unrepresented and is clearly not understanding what is occurring, the Board should inquire about whether they wish to have counsel ====
The general rule is that there is no stand-alone duty on a tribunal to advise a party about the availability of or right to legal aid in immigration proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;''Cyril v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1106 (CanLII), par. 15, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/gl9cx#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2020-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the Refugee Appeal Division, the law is that, in general, there is &quot;no obligation of the RPD to inform claimants of the availability of Legal Aid&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Cyril v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1106 (CanLII), par. 16, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/gl9cx#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2020-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt; There is also no obligation on the Board that it insist on claimants obtaining counsel; they may proceed by representing themselves.&lt;ref&gt;''Tandi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1413 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jljdd#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-21.&lt;/ref&gt; In the Immigration Division context, there was previously a right to be informed of the right to have counsel in inadmissibility matters, something which was removed in 1992 with amendments to the ''Immigration Act''.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' ''v'' ''Cha'', 2006 FCA 126 at para 60.&lt;/ref&gt; As a matter of practice, however, the notices of hearing sent by the Board advise claimants of their right to be represented by counsel.&lt;ref&gt;Martin David Jones and Sasha Baglay. ''Refugee law (Second Edition)''. Irwin Law, 2017, page 323.&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, the Board publishes a Claimant's Kit, which is made available to all claimants, and includes a list of Canadian legal aid offices.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Claimant's Kit'', Date modified: 2018-08-29 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/refugee-claims/pages/ClaDemKitTro.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 13, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; 

That said, the court has noted that &quot;applicants are often lost without counsel&quot; and that counsel &quot;can make a significant impact in the smooth progression of a proceeding&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;C''ervenakova v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2012 FC 525, at paras 64, 67.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal has stated that “[w]ithout representation, an individual may not able to participate effectively in the decision-making process, especially when facing a more powerful adversary, such as a government department”.&lt;ref&gt;''Hillary v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2011 FCA at para 34.&lt;/ref&gt; Where it is clear that an unrepresented claimant is not understanding what is occurring, a panel may be obliged to enquire with the claimant about whether they wish to have counsel. In ''Alvarez v. Canada'', the Court found a breach of natural justice in circumstances where the tribunal proceeded despite the fact that it was clear that the applicant was not understanding the proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;''Alvarez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2010]  F.C.J. No. 1007, 2010 FC 792 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt; The court reached this conclusion even though the claimant had not formally requested an adjournment at the time of the hearing. The court observes that where certain factors are present, including mental illness, substance addiction, or low literacy, then the Board may have a heightened duty to pursue the question of legal representation in more depth at the outset of the hearing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; For additional discussion of this principle, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 54 - Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding#The Board's actions on its own motion (ex proprio motu)]].

==== The Board may have a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants ====
Unrepresented claimants are comparatively rare in refugee proceedings; for example, in 2011–2012 Legal Aid Ontario provided services to 90% of all refugee claimants in Ontario.&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Max, ''Immigration Essentials 2013 Presentation'', Canadian Bar Association Immigration Conference Montreal Materials &lt;http://www.cba.org/cba/cle/pdf/imm13_paper_berger.pdf&gt;, page 33.&lt;/ref&gt; The proportion of unrepresented claimants nationally remained relatively consistent at 12 to 13 percent from 2009 to 2012.&lt;ref&gt;BC Public Interest Advocacy Centre, ''Refugee Reform and Access to Counsel in British Columbia'', July 2015 &lt;https://bcpiac.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/LFBC-Refugee-Reform-Paper-Final-July-30-2015-2.pdf&gt; (Accessed January 12, 2020), page 27.&lt;/ref&gt; British Columbia has traditionally had significantly higher rates of unrepresented claimants than the rest of the country, with approximately a quarter of claimants unrepresented at their refugee hearings.&lt;ref&gt;BC Public Interest Advocacy Centre, ''Refugee Reform and Access to Counsel in British Columbia'', July 2015 &lt;https://bcpiac.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/LFBC-Refugee-Reform-Paper-Final-July-30-2015-2.pdf&gt; (Accessed January 12, 2020), page 3.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The representation of refugee claimants is described as “an expression of a fundamental constitutional and common law value: that individuals facing complicated legal proceedings with serious consequences should be allowed to be represented so as to ensure that there is a full and fair hearing.”&lt;ref&gt;Martin David Jones and Sasha Baglay. ''Refugee Law (Second Edition)''. Irwin Law, 2017, page 328.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, claimants before the RPD have a right to represent themselves.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Caselaw establishes that the RPD owes such unrepresented litigants a heightened duty of fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Nemeth v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2003 FCT 590 (CanLII), 233 FTR 301, [2003] FCJ No 776 (QL) at para 13&lt;/ref&gt; However, the precise scope of this duty will depend on all of the circumstances of the case, including the sophistication of the applicant; where the applicant is clearly sophisticated, this may support the fairness of the procedural choices that were made.&lt;ref&gt;''Wysozki v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'' (F.C., No. IMM-4958-19), Strickland, March 31, 2020; 2020 FC 458, para. 38.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, the court states that self-represented claimants are not always or necessarily entitled to a higher degree of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Thompson v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'', 2015 FC 808, para. 12.&lt;/ref&gt; The RPD has a positive duty to ensure that the applicant understands both the nature of the proceedings and the salient aspects of the hearing to be conducted.&lt;ref&gt;''Olifant v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 947 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jq0sf#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-26.&lt;/ref&gt;  

To this end, the courts have commented positively on Members taking steps to inform self-represented claimants about RPD procedures and about the existence and application of the National Documentation Package.&lt;ref&gt;''Ait Elhocine v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1068 (CanLII), par. 25, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc063#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2021-01-06.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has stated that an unrepresented party “is entitled to every possible and reasonable leeway to present a case in its entirety and that strict and technical rules should be relaxed for unrepresented litigants”.&lt;ref&gt;''Soares v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FC 190, [2007] F.C.J. No. 254 (QL), at para. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Turton,'' the Federal Court held that where a claimant is unrepresented at a hearing, the RPD has a more onerous obligation to indicate what issues are in play and explain the case to be met.&lt;ref&gt;''Turton v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 FC 1244, [2013] 3 FCR 279.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Ghomi Neja v Canada,'' the Court found that a cessation hearing was procedurally unfair when the RPD failed to explain “the serious consequences to the Applicant in clear non-legalese language”.&lt;ref&gt;''Ghomi Neja v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 78 at para 13.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Olifant v. Canada'' the Court found that a hearing was unfair when the Board did not take any positive measures to introduce the seriousness of a no credible basis finding.&lt;ref&gt;''Olifant v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 947 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jq0sf#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-26.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Clarke v Canada'', the court concluded that the IAD had acted unfairly when it did not advise a self-represented applicant that she could file more material after the close of the hearing, as permitted under the Division's Rules.&lt;ref&gt;''Clarke v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2018 FC 267, paras. 13 and 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

That said, even where an individual is self-represented, there are limits to the Board's responsibilities: the Board is not obliged to act as counsel for applicants, or to formulate arguments on their behalf, for example.&lt;ref&gt;''Alvarez Valdez, Muvarak Antonio v. M.I.R.C.'' (F.C., no. IMM-560-20), Fothergill, July 27, 2021; 2021 FC 796.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has cited the Canadian Judicial Council’s ''Statement of Principles on Self-represented Litigants and Accused Persons'', which holds that the Court’s discretion to assist self-represented litigants does not extend to rectifying substantive legal deficiencies.&lt;ref&gt;''Yu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1189 (CanLII), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k61w7#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-20.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Sundaram v. Canada'' the Federal Court stated that it was &quot;not prepared to read into the immigration scheme an obligation on officials to give advice on practice and procedures. The situation of giving advice is markedly different from those Court decisions which have held that officials must provide prospective applicants with the necessary forms. People are entitled to government forms; they are not entitled to receive free legal advice from RPD officials.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Sundaram v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 291 (CanLII), par. 12, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1mr2v#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Put another way, &quot;it is not the obligation of the Board to 'teach' the Applicant the law on a particular matter involving his or her claim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ngyuen v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 1001, [2005] F.C.J. No. 1244 (QL), at para. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Claimants before the IRB have a right to represent themselves and “they can be in no better position because they did not have a lawyer”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;''Jacobs v Canada (MCI)'', 2007 FC 646 at para 7.&lt;/ref&gt; However, where, despite the explanatory efforts and the goodwill of the tribunal, there is a failure of understanding on the part of the self-represented litigant, the Court has held that the unfairness must be remedied by holding a new hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Kergeli v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 475, paragraphs 16 and 18 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt;

For more details on the right to a fair hearing, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing]].

=== In what contexts will counsel incompetence render a hearing unfair? ===

==== Normally, claimants with counsel are more likely to succeed with their claims ====
Statistically, claimants with counsel are far more likely to succeed with their refugee claims than are those who are unrepresented. Several studies have shown that there is a clear correlation between having legal advice and the recognition of refugee status.&lt;ref&gt;Azadeh Dastyari, BA/LLB (Hons I) (Sydney), PhD (Monash), Daniel Ghezelbash, BA/LLB (Hons I), PhD (Sydney), Asylum at Sea: The Legality of Shipboard Refugee Status Determination Procedures, International Journal of Refugee Law, , eez046, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eez046&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A study of legal advisers in Cairo, Egypt, for example, found that refugees who had legal advice had nearly double the chance of having their refugee status recognized after a UNHCR interview than other, unrepresented, asylum seekers.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Kagan, ‘Frontier Justice: Legal Aid and UNHCR Refugee Status Determination in Egypt’ (2006) 19 Journal of Refugee Studies 45, 54.&lt;/ref&gt; In the US, Schoenholtz and Jacobs found that asylum seekers who had legal assistance were four to six times more likely to be recognized as refugees compared to those who did not have assistance.&lt;ref&gt;Andrew Schoenholtz and Jonathan Jacobs, ‘The State of Asylum Representation: Ideas for Change’ (2002) 16 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 739, 740.&lt;/ref&gt; In this study, access to a legal adviser was found to improve the chance of recognition, regardless of the refugee’s origin, at every stage of the determination process studied. Researchers studying the Canadian refugee status determination system have also concluded that having a lawyer is associated with an increased chance of success in refugee proceedings: according to a study by academic Sean Rehaag, Canadian claimants with representation from a lawyer were approximately 75 percent more likely to succeed than those who were unrepresented.&lt;ref&gt;Sean Rehaag, “The Role of Counsel in Canada’s Refugee Determination System: An Empirical Assessment,” (2011) 49 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 71.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Counsel's role is to exercise judgement regarding a file and not to advance any argument that their client requests ====
In ''Aghedo v. Canada'', the Federal Court concluded that an argument that counsel advanced on behalf of their clients was &quot;so weak that it should not have been made.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Aghedo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 463 (CanLII), par. 40, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jg0m0#par40&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-05.&lt;/ref&gt; This reflects the nature of the role of counsel and how it is incumbent upon them to exercise judgement regarding what arguments they choose to advance. In ''Naqvi v. Canada'', the Refugee Appeal Division concluded that counsel had advanced &quot;callous arguments [that] attempt to normalize, justify, and condone domestic violence&quot; in a case about whether the appellant was excluded from the refugee regime by reason of his past domestic violence, and it labelled such arguments both &quot;concerning and inappropriate&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Naqvi v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 144 (CanLII), at para 7, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2h2k#par7&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-30.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Sachdeva v. Canada'', the court stated that allegations that past counsel were incompetent &quot;should never be made lightly&quot; given that the current counsel, as officers of the Court, &quot;are expected to cautiously verify whether an allegation of incompetence against former counsel is true, to investigate the matter thoroughly before advancing such accusation before the Court, and to drop the allegations if there is insufficient merit to them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Sachdeva v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1522 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k71jm#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt;

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Decorum#Counsel will act consistently with their role and professional obligations]]. 

==== Deficiencies of counsel's conduct are normally properly attributed to their client ====
Applicants who choose to be represented “are bound by the submissions made by those who represent them in the process; there is a duty on an applicant to ensure that their submissions are complete and correct”.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahmed v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 107 at para 34.&lt;/ref&gt; Sometimes counsel will adopt a theory of the case that does not succeed or will make tactical decisions in approaching a case where another lawyer would have decided differently. The Federal Court has held that the general rule is that you do not separate counsel's conduct from the client. Generally, the courts have held clients liable for the (mis)conduct of their counsel: “It is well recognized that a person has to accept the consequences of their choice of counsel.”&lt;ref&gt;''Williams v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)'' (1994), 74 FTR 34 (TD).&lt;/ref&gt; Counsel is acting as agent for the client and, as harsh as it may be, the client must bear the consequences of having hired poor counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Jouzichin v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (1994), 52 ACWS (3d) 157, 1994 CarswellNat 1592.&lt;/ref&gt; This principle is reflected in the instructions in the Basis of Claim form that every claimant receives as part of the claim process, which notes that &quot;If you have counsel, you are responsible for making sure that your counsel meets the deadlines.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Basis of Claim Form'', November 2012 Version &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/forms/Documents/RpdSpr0201_e.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, Appendix page 2.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has held that judicial review should not be granted where an applicant “show[ed] little or no interest in what [was] happening to [her] own application”.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 833 (“''Khan”)'' at para 29, citing ''Mussa v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1994] FCJ No 2047 at para 3.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, this principle may be distinguishable in situations where counsel's conduct is incompetent to the point where it would be unfair to attribute deficiencies to the client, as discussed in the following section.

==== A hearing will be unfair where counsel incompetence results in a miscarriage of justice ====
As the court held in ''Aluthge v. Canada'', in order for an applicant to demonstrate that their representative’s conduct (i.e. incompetence) amounted to a breach of procedural fairness which would warrant setting aside a decision on the basis of counsel incompetency, the applicant must satisfy a three-pronged test set out in case law:&lt;blockquote&gt;1. The previous representative’s acts or omissions constituted incompetence or negligence;&lt;ref&gt;''Bisht v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2022 FC 1178 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrbwm#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-15.&lt;/ref&gt; 

2. There was a miscarriage of justice in the sense that, but for the alleged conduct, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the original hearing would have been different;&lt;ref&gt;''Pathinathar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 FC 1225 (CanLII), par. 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/g2cdm#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt; and

3. The representative be given notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond.&lt;ref&gt;''Aluthge v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1225 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrnl0#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;These may be referred to as the performance, prejudice, and notice portions of the test, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;''Sidhu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 776 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxm62#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-07.&lt;/ref&gt; The Applicant bears the onus of proving all elements of the test for negligent representation, including rebutting the presumption that the representative acted competently.&lt;ref&gt;''Yanasik v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1319 (CanLII), at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl2k1#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2021-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt;
===== The applicant must show that they were represented by counsel =====
The applicant bears the onus of establishing that they were represented by counsel and that their representative’s conduct fell outside the range of reasonable professional assistance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; The RAD states in their correspondence regarding disqualified Members of the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants that &quot;to represent a client means providing any help or advice about your IRB matter, including filling out IRB forms, providing documents to the IRB, and representing you at your hearing.&quot; With respect to showing that they were represented by counsel, an applicant must also show that they actually engaged counsel or reasonably believed that the counsel had agreed to provide legal services to them.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 981 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jz9z3#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-07.&lt;/ref&gt; See the following disclosure obligation where an individual is represented by counsel during a refugee proceeding: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#Rule 4(4): Information concerning claimant's counsel includes the name of the body of which the counsel is a member and the membership identification number issued to the counsel]]. As a policy matter, the Federal Court has held that where counsel is not disclosed in violation of relevant requirements, there is no reason to condone the use of unauthorized “ghost” consultants.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1135 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzw2p#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Federal Court states that their protocol for dealing with allegations of incompetent counsel – lawyers or immigration consultants – does not apply to other professionals, such as a case where a travel agent made submissions on behalf of an individual.&lt;ref&gt;''Afolayan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1625 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtlbt#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-09.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, with the IRB's equivalent practice notice, the Board has discretion about whether to apply it to a person other than a lawyer, immigration consultant, or other person who is entitled to represent a person for a fee or other consideration at an &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; proceeding:&lt;blockquote&gt;This Practice Notice applies where the person’s former counsel is a lawyer, immigration consultant, or other person who is entitled to represent a person for a fee or other consideration at an &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; proceeding. In other cases, a Division may choose whether or not to apply the procedures in this Practice Notice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===== 1) Incompetence =====
The applicants bear the onus of establishing that their representative’s conduct fell outside the range of reasonable professional assistance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;''Aluthge v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1225 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrnl0#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt; Such allegations are very serious and the threshold for demonstrating incompetence is a high one.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;''Mbaraga v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 580 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gj06f#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; There is a strong presumption that former counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.&lt;ref&gt;''Satkunanathan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 470 (CanLII), par. 87, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j65bj#par8&lt;nowiki/&gt;7&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-17.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, the test for concluding that counsel was incompetent is strict, and counsel incompetence will only be found to have caused procedural unfairness in extraordinary circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;''Yang v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 1189 at para 15.&lt;/ref&gt; An applicant must demonstrate “extraordinary incompetence” tantamount to a denial of natural justice.&lt;ref&gt;''Urbieta v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 815 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpl5g#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; Their allegations must be sufficiently specific and clearly supported by the evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Aluthge v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1225 (CanLII), at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrnl0#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt; An allegation is a statement or declaration that has not been proven therefore the proof needed to support such a complaint should fit the serious nature of the consequences for all concerned.&lt;ref&gt;''Nunez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2000 CanLII 15156 (FC) at par. 19. Online: &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/44pq&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Evidence of counsel's incompetence must be so clear and unequivocal and the circumstances so deplorable that the resulting injustice caused to the claimant is blatantly obvious.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; An inadvertent or honest mistake will not suffice to demonstrate incompetence.&lt;ref&gt;''Zahid v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 214 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmkgv#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada has also noted that “the wisdom of hindsight has no place in this assessment.”&lt;ref&gt;''R v GDB'', 2000 SCC 22, at paras 27-29, as cited by ''Brown v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2012 FC 1305 at paras 55-56.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the Federal Court, &quot;Strategic decisions may have an impact on the outcome. Strategic decisions involve a balancing of risk and benefits. When the risk materializes, the strategic decision does not become unreasonable or the product of incompetence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Sidhu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 776 (CanLII), at para 41, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxm62#par41&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

Incompetence may be established with reference to the professional standards required of the representative at issue,&lt;ref&gt;''Xiao v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1360 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl62z#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt; e.g. immigration consultants in Canada have been governed by the Code of Professional Ethics issued by the ''College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants''. While an immigration consultant may not have the same legal training as a lawyer, the jurisprudence suggests that they nonetheless are held to the same standard of competency.&lt;ref&gt;''Bisht v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2022 FC 1178 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrbwm#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, it matters not that representatives of the Minister may not be lawyers when assessing what may reasonably be expected of them.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration) c. Tavares Carrera,'' 2024 CF 1224 (CanLII), au para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k64rc#par13&gt;, consulté le 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in the words of the Federal Court of Appeal, the irreparable harm that can befall an individual upon deportation &quot;obviously calls for the utmost vigilance from counsel representing [refugee] claimants, and for the need on their part to act with the highest standard of professionalism and thoroughness.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2020 FCA 196 (CanLII), par. 90, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jblsl#par90&gt;, retrieved on 2020-11-17.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A decision-maker may choose not to assess this first part of the test related to level of competence in great detail where they are not persuaded that the applicant has met the second component of the test, which requires a demonstration that they have been prejudiced by the inadequate representation. In fact, the court has held that in such circumstances “it is undesirable for the Court to consider the performance component of the analysis”.&lt;ref&gt;''Nagy v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2013 FC 640 at para 44.&lt;/ref&gt;

What follows are some of the main obligations that counsel has in a refugee proceeding and notes about cases where they were not complied with:

====== &lt;u&gt;Building trust, obtaining instructions, and eliciting facts&lt;/u&gt; ======
Claimants may be suffering the effects of persecution and might be experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder. Most claimants are not familiar with the refugee determination process or the definition of a “refugee” that is found in the 1967 Protocol to the Refugee Convention. There are language barriers and the consequent need for an interpreter. Counsel's task is to build trust and elicit the necessary evidence and documentation within the time frame that is allowed for producing a Basis of Claim form.&lt;ref&gt;''Law Society of Upper Canada v Hohots,'' 2015 ONLSTH 72 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ghbqd#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; In this context, the following are some of the way that counsel may err:

* &lt;u&gt;Acting while having a conflict of interest.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''N'Takpe v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2002 FCT 978 (CanLII), par. 9, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1j1vw#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2020-09-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Representatives are generally enjoined by relevant professional standards from acting while in a conflict of interest. For example, under subsection 11.1.1(iii) of the ICCRC Ethics Code, withdrawal as a client’s representative was required if continued involvement will place the consultant in a conflict of interest.&lt;ref&gt;''Xiao v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1360 (CanLII), at para 45, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl62z#par45&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Yanasik v. Canada'', counsel indicated that he had not advanced an argument before the Refugee Appeal Division impugning his client's past counsel because of his personal friendship with that counsel; the court concluded that this was incompetent representation.&lt;ref&gt;''Yanasik v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1319 (CanLII), at para 42, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl2k1#par42&gt;, retrieved on 2021-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Zakeri v. Canada'', the court concluded that counsel had acted incompetently in copying-and-pasting identical Basis of Claim narratives that were not reflective of the claimants' story, and then when the Minister intervened to note this, provided what appears to have been self-serving advice to the claimants in order to protect himself from further allegations of professional misconduct, for example minimising and incorrectly describing the issue that the Minister had flagged.&lt;ref&gt;''Zakeri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 421 (CanLII), at paras 21-22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwkhw#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt; See also the related issue of counsel acting as the translator for documents where they are appearing on a matter: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#What are the requirements for the translator's declaration for documents?]].
* &lt;u&gt;Failure to be honest and candid:&lt;/u&gt; Representatives have duties of honesty and candour to their clients. In ''Yang v. Canada'', the Federal Court found that the applicant's representative had deliberately attempted to mislead the applicant: &quot;Rather than make the Applicant aware of the Procedural Fairness Letter, and thereby admit to the mistaken omission from the updated IMM5669 form, the Agent instead took deliberate steps to mislead both the Applicant and the IRCC.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Yang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 402 (CanLII), par. 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hzrhk#par43&gt;, retrieved on 2021-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; This was found to constitute incompetence. Similarly, in ''Xiao v. Canada'' the court concluded that an immigration consultant breached their duties of honesty and candour when they misleadingly advised the Applicant that the consultant had submitted an application, but had in fact not done so.&lt;ref&gt;''Xiao v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1360 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl62z#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt; Counsel also have duties to the tribunals and courts that the appear before, and falsification of facts in that context is equally problematic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;''Diakité v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 170 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2p18#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Failure to obtain instructions where required:&lt;/u&gt; Counsel must obtain instructions from the client on all matters not falling within the express or implied authority of the representative.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;See, e.g., Law Society of Alberta, Code of Conduct, Client Instructions, 3.2-4, &lt;[https://documents.lawsociety.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/14211909/Code.pdf?_gl=1*1nrigj9*_ga*MTE3MTY2NjkxOC4xNzE5NDY2OTEx*_ga_WEPFGJSHG5*MTcxOTQ2NjkxMC4xLjAuMTcxOTQ2NjkxMC42MC4wLjA. https://documents.lawsociety.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/14211909/Code.pdf]&gt;, page 14.&lt;/ref&gt; Assuming that there are no practical exigencies requiring counsel to act for a client without prior consultation, a representative must consider before each decision in a matter whether and to what extent the client’s instructions should be sought. Even an apparently routine step that clearly falls within the counsel's authority may warrant prior consultation, depending on circumstances such as a particular client's desire to be involved in the day-to-day conduct of their matter.&lt;ref&gt;Law Society of Alberta, Law Practice Essentials, Communication: 2.6: Client Advice and Instructions, &lt;https://learningcentre.lawsociety.ab.ca/mod/page/view.php?id=330&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, certain decisions, such as whether a client will testify and whether to appeal will necessarily require prior discussion with the client.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; As to other, less fundamental decisions, if there is any doubt in the representative's mind as to whether the client should be consulted, it is most prudent to do so. 
* &lt;u&gt;Making the scope of any retainer clear:&lt;/u&gt; Rule 3.2-1A of the Law Society of Ontario’s Rules of Professional Conduct requires counsel to advise clients honestly and candidly, and in writing, about the nature, extent and scope of the services that will be provided. The commentary to this provision further provides:&quot;A lawyer who is providing legal services under a limited scope retainer should be careful to avoid acting such that it appears that the lawyer is providing services to the client under a full retainer.&quot; and &quot;Where the limited services being provided include an appearance before a tribunal, a lawyer must be careful not to mislead the tribunal as to the scope of the retainer, and should consider whether disclosure of the limited nature of the retainer is required by the rules of practice or the circumstances.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Mohammadhosseini v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1104 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k60k0#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-25.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 4 - Claimant's contact information]]. 

====== &lt;u&gt;Establishing the consistency and reliability of the claimants' evidence&lt;/u&gt; ======
Claims for refugee protection upon arrival at the port of entry typically involved an initial interview, without counsel, by an immigration officer. Notes of these interviews are generally prepared. Basic biographical information and an indication of why refugee protection is being sought are taken. Omissions, inaccuracies or inconsistencies with later written documents (such as the PIF) or anticipated testimony at a hearing could result in adverse credibility findings and has to be addressed by counsel at the earliest opportunity. Port of entry notes should be obtained where they are available.&lt;ref&gt;''Law Society of Upper Canada v Hohots,'' 2015 ONLSTH 72 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ghbqd#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Counsel have duties to the tribunals and courts that the appear before, and falsification of facts in that context is clearly improper.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt; A lawyer or immigration representative should not attempt to deceive a court or tribunal by offering false evidence or by misstating facts or law and many ethics rules requires that they should not assert a personal belief in the justice or merits of the client’s cause or in the evidence tendered.&lt;ref&gt;See, e.g., Law Society of British Columbia, Code of Professional Conduct for British Columbia (BC Code), Chapter 2 – Standards of the Legal Profession, 2.1-2(c), &lt;https://www.lawsociety.bc.ca/for-lawyers/act-rules-and-code/code-of-professional-conduct/chapter-2-%E2%80%93-standards-of-the-legal-profession/#2.1-2&gt; (Accessed May 14, 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;

====== &lt;u&gt;Proper preparation of the Basis of Claim form&lt;/u&gt; ======
If a claimant was eligible to make a claim, the claim is referred to the RPD. The claimant is required to fill out a form to state the basis of the claim (the Basis of Claim form). The BOC is the most important document provided by the claimant, and it has to contain extensive personal data and a narrative setting out all alleged incidents of past persecution and efforts to obtain state protection. Proper preparation of the form requires careful questioning by counsel, not an interpreter, to ensure that the narrative portion of the form is complete, sufficient, clear and internally consistent. Once submitted, amendments can be provided to the IRB at any time before the hearing, but every effort has to be made to make amendments as early as possible. Compliance with the procedural and substantive aspects of the BOC has implications for the credibility of the claimant. In this context, the following are some of the way that counsel may err:

* &lt;u&gt;Failure to assist the claimant in the preparation of documents:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Galyas v. Canada'', the court held that counsel had acted incompetently where the claimant had been &quot;left to prepare [his BOC form] by himself, without guidance on what it should contain[,] and what the RPD would be looking for in such a narrative.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Galyas v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2013] F.C.J. No. 245, 2013 FC 250 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt; In ''El Kaissi v. Canada'' the court concluded that counsel had acted incompetently where they did not assist the claimant in the preparation of the Personal Information Form.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''El Kaissi v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2011] F.C.J. No. 1518, 2011 FC 1234 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Zakeri v. Canada'', the court concluded that counsel had acted incompetently when he did not assist in filling out the BOCs and instead left it to a translator, who was not a lawyer even though he acted as if he was.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;''Zakeri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 421 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwkhw#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt; But see ''Obasuyi v. Canada'' in which the court concluded that counsel did not act incompetently where the claimant drafted the brief narrative herself, but counsel then reviewed it and repeatedly asked the claimant whether there were other details to add to her narrative (none being provided).&lt;ref&gt;''Obasuyi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 508 (CanLII), at para 48, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnp0c#par48&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Negligently providing manifestly incorrect legal advice to applicants:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Aluthge v. Canada,'' the court held that counsel had acted incompetently where they provided incorrect advice to their client about what needed to be disclosed on their immigration forms.&lt;ref&gt;''Aluthge v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1225 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrnl0#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Zakeri v. Canada'', the court concluded that counsel had acted &quot;egregiously incompetently&quot; when, among other things, he advised his clients not to file an amended Basis of Claim form to correct errors therein, on the basis that it would negatively impact their credibility, and that they would be able to provide clarifications at the hearing before the RPD.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Not drafting documents conscientiously and diligently:&lt;/u&gt; The Law Society Tribunal held in ''Law Society of Upper Canada v Hohots'' that the following were indicative of incompetence in counsel's drafting of PIF narratives: forms having numerous spelling and grammatical mistakes,&lt;ref&gt;''Law Society of Upper Canada v Hohots,'' 2015 ONLSTH 72 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/ghbqd#par33&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; forms containing significant errors of fact,&lt;ref&gt;Law Society of Upper Canada v Hohots, 2015 ONLSTH 72 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/ghbqd#par34&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; and the absence of important details about the &quot;who, what, when, and where&quot; of the alleged acts of persecution.&lt;ref&gt;Law Society of Upper Canada v Hohots, 2015 ONLSTH 72 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/ghbqd#par35&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;u&gt;Failure to include relevant facts in the Basis of Claim form and narrative:&lt;/u&gt; Failure to include relevant facts in the forms submitted may also constitute incompetence, for example in ''Bisht v. Canada'', the Federal Court held that the counsel's failure to include all relevant information in an application form was incompetent.&lt;ref&gt;''Bisht v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2022 FC 1178 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrbwm#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-15.&lt;/ref&gt; However, such an argument was rejected in ''Baig v. Canada'', in which the court concluded that there was no indication that the supposed evidence the applicants claim was neglected by their previous counsel existed at all.&lt;ref&gt;''Baig v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1578 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt3ch#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2022-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt; 

====== &lt;u&gt;Marshalling the necessary evidence&lt;/u&gt; ======
An integral role of counsel is to help their clients, many of whom are completely unfamiliar with legal proceedings, to identify the specific information that will assist them in making their case.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 576 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k46nv#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Two categories of evidence are required. The first is personal documents. The second is country conditions documents. For a discussion of the difference between such documents, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#How does one know whether documents are country conditions evidence or not?]]. Counsel has obligations to ensure that necessary evidence is marshalled and submitted. In this context, the following are some of the way that counsel may err:

*&lt;u&gt;Failure to meet deadlines:&lt;/u&gt; The court held in ''Xiao v. Canada'' that meeting a deadline is a serious component of a representative’s duty to their client.&lt;ref&gt;''Xiao v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1360 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl62z#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, subsection 6.1 of the Immigration Consultants of Canada Regulatory Council Code of Professional Ethics requires immigration consultants to, at all times, use best efforts to meet all applicable deadlines and conduct client affairs in an efficient manner.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration Consultants of Canada Regulatory Council, ''RCIC Code of Professional Ethics'', 2019, &lt;https://college-ic.ca/ICCRC/Assets/Documents/CodeOfProfessionalConduct/RCIC%20Code%20of%20Professional%20Ethics.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 30, 2024).&lt;/ref&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;Failure to advise a claimant to procure relevant evidence:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Sabitu v. Canada,'' the court noted that counsel may have an obligation to ask clients if they can procure additional relevant evidence where counsel recognizes that such evidence would be relevant to a matter that must be established in the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Sabitu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 165 (CanLII), par. 88, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jddfn#par88&gt;, retrieved on 2021-04-27.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court stated in ''Yang v. Canada'' that immigration representatives may be negligent where they fail to submit crucial evidence - even in cases where the applicant did not volunteer the evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Yang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 402 (CanLII), par. 41, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hzrhk#par41&gt;, retrieved on 2021-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;Failure to provide important evidence to the Board:&lt;/u&gt; A clear evidentiary gap or the failure to submit evidence that clearly should have been submitted can be sufficient to sustain allegations of counsel’s incompetence.&lt;ref&gt;Singh v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2023 FC 743 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd8z#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-28&lt;/ref&gt; In ''El Kaissi v. Canada'' the court concluded that counsel had acted incompetently where they failed to produce a piece of corroborating evidence which the applicant had provided to counsel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In ''Mcintyre v. Canada'', the court concluded that counsel had acted incompetently when they failed to file crucial evidence as to the country conditions that demonstrated how the applicant, a gay man, would be affected by removal.&lt;ref&gt;''Mcintyre v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2016] F.C.J. No. 1373, 2016 FC 1351 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt;  The jurisprudence has found incompetence “due to a failure of the representative to submit evidence that clearly should have been submitted and for which logic defies failure to submit that evidence”.&lt;ref&gt;''Guadron v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2014 FC 1092, para. 25.&lt;/ref&gt; The court in ''Discua v. Canada'' concluded that counsel had acted incompetently where they failed to submit highly probative evidence that was actually in his possession, despite counsel's argument that the documents had been provided by the IRB (what was determinative was that they were never entered as exhibits at the hearing).&lt;ref&gt;''Discua v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 137 (CanLII), at para 78, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jv8l5#par78&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-23.&lt;/ref&gt; 

====== &lt;u&gt;Preparation of case law and legal submissions&lt;/u&gt; ======
The claimant's counsel needs to demonstrate that the client meets the statutory prerequisites to the granting of refugee status.&lt;ref&gt;''Law Society of Upper Canada v Hohots,'' 2015 ONLSTH 72 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ghbqd#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; In this context, the following are some of the way that counsel may err:

*&lt;u&gt;Failure to advance an important argument before the Board:&lt;/u&gt; Counsel must have a sufﬁcient knowledge of the fundamental issues or principles of law applicable to the particular work they have undertaken to enable them to perceive the need to ascertain the law on relevant points.&lt;ref&gt;''Central Trust Co v Rafuse'', [1986] 2 SCR 147, 1986 CanLII 29 (SCC), at 208.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Satkunanathan v. Canada'' the applicant's former counsel appeared to be under the mistaken impression that it was not possible to advance a particular argument before the Board, when in fact it was. This was held by the court to have fallen below the standard of competence expected of counsel and to have resulted in an unfair hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Satkunanathan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 470 (CanLII), par. 90, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j65bj#par90&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-17.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Tesema v. Canada'' counsel made no submissions to the RAD on appeal whatsoever; this was held by the Federal Court to be incompetent.&lt;ref&gt;''Tesema v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1240 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrrft#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-26.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Kandiah'', the Court held that counsel’s failure to make submissions on the main issues could amount to incompetence.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 743 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd8z#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-28.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Tasdemir v. Canada'', counsel's submissions did not address the relevant Board rule for the type of application that he was making, or otherwise use the language of that rule or make reference to the requirements for succeeding on such an application, and this was held to fall &quot;far short of constituting a competent filing&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Tasdemir v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1340 (CanLII), at para 51, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6hsk#par51&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-02.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;Failure to comply with undertakings:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Shirwa v. Canada'', counsel had made an undertaking to file written submissions on issues that were raised during the hearing and then failed to do so. The court held that this was a serious failure on the part of counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Shirwa v. Canada (Minister of Employment &amp; Immigration),'' [1993] F.C.J. No. 1345, [1994] 2 F.C. 51 (F.C.T.D.).&lt;/ref&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;Providing incorrect legal submissions prejudicial to a client:&lt;/u&gt; The Law Society of Ontario concluded that one lawyer failed to serve his client when he stated at her refugee hearing that media reports from her country of citizenship would not be considered reliable or credible.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;Law Society of Ontario, June 1, 2021 RE: Yaroslav Obouhov, 2007, Toronto (Lawyer Licensee), &lt;https://lso.ca/protecting-the-public/regulatory-meetings#june-1-2021-re-yaroslav-obouhov-2007-toronto-lawyer-licensee--4&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

====== &lt;u&gt;Preparation of the claimant for the hearing&lt;/u&gt; ======
As in any administrative or judicial proceeding, counsel needs to inform the client of what to expect – in this case, the RPD's procedures, including questioning by the Member – and to prepare the client's evidence. These duties are heightened by the often vulnerable state of refugee applicants. Preparation often involves a time-consuming process, and must address the major issues outlined above.&lt;ref&gt;''Law Society of Upper Canada v Hohots,'' 2015 ONLSTH 72 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ghbqd#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; The IRB itself states that the claimant’s counsel should have prepared the claimant for the hearing by going over the issues and the procedures.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. ''CRDD Handbook'', Dated March 31, 1999, online &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20080331073416/https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hb01_e.htm&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed November 9, 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; In this context, the following are some of the way that counsel may err:

*&lt;u&gt;Failure to meet with the claimant in advance of the hearing to prepare:&lt;/u&gt; Counsel must adequately prepare clients for their refugee hearings.&lt;ref&gt;''Law Society of Upper Canada v Hohots,'' 2015 ONLSTH 72 (CanLII), at para 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ghbqd#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''El Kaissi v. Canada'' the court concluded that counsel had acted incompetently where they did not meet with their clients until just prior to the hearing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In ''Olah v Canada'', the claimants had never met their counsel, who relied on unsupervised interpreters to do the work for him; this was found to be incompetent.&lt;ref&gt;''Olah v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 316 at para 11.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;Failure to keep the applicant updated about their file:&lt;/u&gt; Rules of professional conduct generally require counsel to communicate at all stages of a matter in a timely and effective manner that is appropriate to the age and abilities of the client.&lt;ref&gt;''Law Society of Upper Canada v Hohots,'' 2015 ONLSTH 72 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ghbqd#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, failing to notify the claimant of their hearing date has been held to be incompetent.&lt;ref&gt;''Gulishvili v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2002 FCT 1200.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, failing to notify a client that their application has been refused has been held to be incompetent.&lt;ref&gt;''Bisht v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2022 FC 1178 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrbwm#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-15.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Zakeri v. Canada'', the court concluded that counsel had acted incompetently when he did not inform the claimants of the extent of the Minister’s intervention in their cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

====== &lt;u&gt;Attendance at the hearing&lt;/u&gt; ======
Competent counsel in any such hearing has to protect the client's interests and ensure that the required evidence is presented fully and fairly to the tribunal.&lt;ref&gt;''Law Society of Upper Canada v Hohots,'' 2015 ONLSTH 72 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ghbqd#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, as the Federal Court notes, &quot;many things can happen in a hearing involving witnesses. Counsel may have to adapt quickly in a manner that may not seem perfectly logical in hindsight, but may nevertheless be reasonable in the circumstances.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Sidhu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 776 (CanLII), at para 32, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxm62#par32&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-07.&lt;/ref&gt; In this context, the following are some of the way that counsel may err:

*&lt;u&gt;Failure to appear for a hearing date where they are counsel of record.&lt;/u&gt; Failing to appear at hearings, despite being counsel of record and having notice of the hearing may constitute incompetence.&lt;ref&gt;''N'Takpe v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2002 FCT 978 (CanLII), par. 10, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1j1vw#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2020-09-06; ''Diakité v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 170 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2p18#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01&lt;/ref&gt; It is also of concern where counsel appears for the hearing, but repeatedly falls asleep during it.&lt;ref&gt;''Sheikh v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' 1990 CanLII 13057 (FCA), [1990] 3 FC 238, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gcs9w&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18, pages 246-247.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;Declining to make an application for post-hearing evidence when filing one was in the client’s best interests.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;An immigration consultant must know when it is appropriate to apply for an adjournment of a hearing and argue effectively for it.&lt;/u&gt;

====== Cumulative grounds ======
Counsel have also been held incompetent because of the cumulative impact of many acts and omissions which alone would not amount to incompetence.&lt;ref&gt;''Memari v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2010 FC 1196 at para 64.&lt;/ref&gt; Errors may result in a cascading or &lt;q&gt;“snowball”&lt;/q&gt; effect to the Applicant’s prejudice, eventually leading to serious consequences.&lt;ref&gt;''Bisht v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2022 FC 1178 (CanLII), at para 32, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrbwm#par32&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-15.&lt;/ref&gt; As the court stated in ''Fernandez v. Canada'', &quot;I do not have to find any one act of egregious conduct to find that former counsel was incompetent. I need to establish that the actions fell outside of the realm of reasonable judgment&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Tapia Fernandez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 889, para. 43.&lt;/ref&gt; One of the implications of this concerns what conduct may be considered when determining that counsel's conduct fell below the required standard. A decision maker should consider the counsel's &quot;cumulative conduct&quot;, which may include conduct in previous steps in the proceeding, such as an abandonment hearing preceding an application to reopen, consistent with the reviewing body's mandate to consider whether the procedure was fair having regard to all of the circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;''Tasdemir v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1340 (CanLII), at para 57, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6hsk#par57&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== 2) Prejudice resulting in a miscarriage of justice =====
It is not sufficient for a claimant to show that their counsel performed incompetently, they must also show that but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding might have been different.&lt;ref&gt;''Ruiz Lopez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 390 (CanLII), par. 74, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jfr5p#par74&gt;, retrieved on 2021-05-17.&lt;/ref&gt; In this respect, the test is whether there exists &quot;a reasonable probability that the original decision would have been different.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Yang v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 1189 at para 16.&lt;/ref&gt; This does not require that an applicant demonstrate that, on a balance of probabilities, their former counsel's incompetence would have affected the outcome of the impugned decision, only a reasonable probability (which is equivalent to a serious possibility or a reasonable possibility&lt;ref&gt;''Twizeyumukiza v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 974 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5vm9#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-19.&lt;/ref&gt;) of such.&lt;ref&gt;''Sabitu, Alabi Adam v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-7880-19), Annis, February 23, 2021; 2021 FC 165.&lt;/ref&gt; A ''reasonable probability'' may be defined as “a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. T. P.,'' 2002 CanLII 49360 (ON CA), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1vbfd#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-26.&lt;/ref&gt; It “lies somewhere between a mere possibility and a likelihood”.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 743 (CanLII), at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd8z#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-28&lt;/ref&gt;

In making a determination about whether the counsel incompetence resulted in a miscarriage of justice such that there is a reasonable probability that the original decision would have been different, courts have looked at whether, on account of counsel’s performance, there was some procedural unfairness in the hearing,&lt;ref&gt;''Mahadjir Djibrine v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1036 (CanLII), par. 40, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jbhtg#par40&gt;, retrieved on 2020-11-25.&lt;/ref&gt; the reliability of the hearing's result may have been compromised, or there was otherwise some readily apparent form of miscarriage of justice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''R v GDB'', 2000 SCC 22 at para 27, as cited in ''Tapia Fernandez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 889.&lt;/ref&gt; Factors to consider when applying this standard include the following:

* &lt;u&gt;Was the omission or failure on the part of counsel relevant to the outcome?&lt;/u&gt; 
** &lt;u&gt;Was the failure relevant to the determinative issue or not?&lt;/u&gt; An example of where this standard was not met was in ''Hannan v. Canada'', in which a claimant alleged that their previous counsel was negligent in not providing a particular document to the Board. The Federal Court concluded that the claimant had &quot;failed to demonstrate that substantial prejudice flowed from their former counsel’s alleged inaction&quot; because the document in question was not relevant to the issue that was determinative for the tribunal (in that case, the availability of an Internal Flight Alternative), and as such, the court concluded that &quot;previous counsel’s alleged omission had no impact on the outcome of the proceeding&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Hannan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 155 (CanLII), par. 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jd7hp#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2021-03-17.&lt;/ref&gt; 
** &lt;u&gt;Did similarly situated claimants succeed?&lt;/u&gt; One can also consider the situation of similarly situated applicants and whether, if the incompetence did not affect them, their claims succeeded.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;''Discua v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 137 (CanLII), at para 77, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jv8l5#par77&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-23.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Discua v. Canada'' the court commented &quot;This is a close case, especially considering that the RPD also rejected the closely related claim of Mr. Mejia Bonilla despite finding that his national identity had been established.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; 
** &lt;u&gt;Was the client prejudiced by any procedural issue or not?&lt;/u&gt; In ''Cubas v. Canada'', the court concluded that it appeared that counsel had erred by unnecessarily instituting appeal proceedings before the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD), to which the applicants, who are covered by the Safe Third Country Agreement, were not entitled, but held that this was not an extraordinary circumstance amounting to a breach of natural justice since there was no reasonable probability that the result would have been different had it not been for this error.&lt;ref&gt;''Castellar Cubas c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2023 CF 292 (CanLII), au para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvxxp#par28&gt;, consulté le 2023-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Morin v. Canada'', the Federal Court of Appeal held that the fact that the lawyer who had represented the appellant had been under an administrative suspension by the Law Society of Upper Canada during the proceeding did not demonstrate that the trial process had been flawed because there was no indication that the suspension was relevant to the lawyer's ability to represent the appellant in a competent manner.&lt;ref&gt;''Morin v. Canada'', 2005 FCA 52.&lt;/ref&gt; 
** &lt;u&gt;Did the error affect the Minister's post-hearing conduct?&lt;/u&gt; The mere fact that counsel's client succeeded in their application does not preclude a conclusion that counsel incompetence resulted in prejudice; when considering the outcome, one can consider outcomes such as the fact that the Minister chose to appeal the decision as being prejudicial to the client.&lt;ref&gt;''Bahredar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1577 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt418#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2022-12-05.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;u&gt;Has the applicant particularized the additional credible information they would have submitted if given a chance?&lt;/u&gt; In ''Obasuyi v. Canada'' the applicants argued that counsel had been negligent by not having an interpreter present during their meetings to discuss the case. The court dismissed this argument as follows: &quot;Despite the Applicants’ assertions about what [counsel] did not do when he represented them, they have not provided persuasive evidence about what additional information they would have submitted if given the chance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Obasuyi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 508 (CanLII), at para 45, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnp0c#par45&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in that case the court stated that &quot;the Applicants argue that [counsel] failed to provide sufficient documentary evidence about conditions in Nigeria, but they do not point to specific documents that he failed to bring forward.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Obasuyi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 508 (CanLII), at para 46, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnp0c#par46&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Was the claimant contributorily negligent?&lt;/u&gt; Another example of where this standard was not met was in ''Khan v Canada,'' in which the court concluded that a breach of procedural fairness should only be found “where there has been no contributory negligence or fault on the part of the [applicant]”.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 833 at para 24.&lt;/ref&gt; The logic being that if the claimant had acted with care, then the issue may have been remedied at an earlier stage.
** &lt;u&gt;Did the applicant fail to review their application?&lt;/u&gt; In non-refugee immigration contexts, it has been held that an applicant may be expected to exercise due diligence in respect of their application and to review the application to ensure its accuracy before the application was submitted.&lt;ref&gt;''Falsafi, Mahmoudreza v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-10457-23), Ngo, September 17, 2024; 2024 FC 1458.&lt;/ref&gt; It is not open to such applicants to rely on their failure to review their own application as a basis for asserting a denial of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Malhi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 392 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwbjd#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; But see ''Xiao v. Canada'', in which the court concluded that &quot;it defeats the purpose of hiring a representative if the expectation was that the Applicant should scrutinize the submissions of her representative.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Xiao v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1360 (CanLII), at para 48, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl62z#par48&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &lt;u&gt;Did the applicant review the instructions for the corroborating evidence they were to submit?&lt;/u&gt; In ''Twizeyumukiza v. Canada'', the appellants argued that their former counsel was incompetent because they neglected to submit particular documents before the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Twizeyumukiza v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 974 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5vm9#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-19.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the RAD dismissed this argument on the basis that &quot;even if former counsel had not informed the applicants of their obligation to provide this document to establish the associate applicant’s identity, the BOC Form gave the applicants the opportunity to understand their obligation to provide documents corroborating their identities&quot; in a case where the associate applicant had confirmed that she could read French and understood the content of the form.&lt;ref&gt;''Twizeyumukiza v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 974 (CanLII), at paras 37-38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5vm9#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-19.&lt;/ref&gt; 
** &lt;u&gt;Did the applicant monitor the progress of their file and address any deficiency in a timely way?&lt;/u&gt; The logic of requiring a claimant to act with care is that issued may be remedied at any earlier stage, say where an applicant actively monitors the progress of their file and switches counsel in a timely way once there were signs that their counsel was conducting themselves incompetently.&lt;ref&gt;For an example of where this argument was advanced, albeit unsuccessfully, see: ''Xiao v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1360 (CanLII), at para 47, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl62z#par47&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-12.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Concerns about a lack of procedural fairness should be raised at the earliest practical opportunity]].
* &lt;u&gt;Was any prejudice corrected on appeal?&lt;/u&gt; The RAD appeal process may allow for any unfairness in the RPD’s decision-making to be remedied. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The RAD may remedy some procedural fairness violations that occurred during an RPD hearing]].

===== 3) The representative must be given notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond =====
It is undisputed that notice that incompetence is being alleged must be given to former counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Mahadjir Djibrine v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1036 (CanLII), par. 18, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jbhtg#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2020-11-25.&lt;/ref&gt; Where such notice is provided, and the representative does not seek to dispute the allegations made, this may properly further support a finding that a representative has been negligent.&lt;ref&gt;''Enye v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'' 2021 FC 481, at para 10.&lt;/ref&gt; 

For more details on the prerequisites for making such an argument before the RPD, see RPD Rule 62(4): [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application#RPD Rule 62(4) - Allegations against counsel]]. See also the ''IRB Practice Notice on Allegations Against Former Counsel''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice — Allegations Against Former Counsel'', Date modified: 2018-09-10 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/allegations-former-counsel.aspx&gt; (Accessed April 13, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

The Board does not err by dismissing an argument that past counsel acted incompetently where the party did not comply with the Board's practice notice on point, including having notified the former counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Jaramillo Escobar c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2023 CF 1379 (CanLII), au para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0nsj#par43&gt;, consulté le 2023-12-04.&lt;/ref&gt; A failure to comply with the guidelines my be sufficient, in and of itself, to reject claims of incompetence.&lt;ref&gt;''Sachdeva v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1522 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k71jm#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt; Doing so is not raising a new issue that requires independent notice. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#What is a new issue requiring notice?]]. However, a failure to provide such notice does not allow a panel to disregard evidence before it that sufficiently demonstrates issues with counsel's representation.&lt;ref&gt;''Yanasik v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1319 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl2k1#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2021-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

The IRB's practice notice provides that former counsel who intends to respond to the allegations must provide a written response to the person, to the Division, and to the Minister (if the Minister is a party to the proceeding), no later than ten days after receiving the allegations. One of the policy reasons for specifying that the response should be provided directly to the Division is to avoid a situation where the former counsel provides a response to the new counsel and that counsel does not provide it to the decision-maker, something that has occurred in other contexts.&lt;ref&gt;''Sachdeva v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1522 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k71jm#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt;

== RPD Rule 14 - Becoming counsel of record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Counsel of Record

Becoming counsel of record
14 (1) Subject to subrule (2), as soon as counsel for a claimant or protected person agrees to a date for a proceeding, or as soon as a person becomes counsel after a date for a proceeding has been fixed, the counsel becomes counsel of record for the claimant or protected person.

Limitation on counsel’s retainer
(2) If a claimant or protected person has notified the Division of a limitation on their counsel’s retainer, counsel is counsel of record only to the extent of the services to be provided within the limited retainer. Counsel ceases to be counsel of record as soon as those services are completed.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Who may act as counsel in refugee proceedings before the Board? ===
An individual can pay fees to be represented by a person who is a lawyer, paralegal, Quebec notary public, or immigration consultant. For more details, see sections 91(2)(a) to (c) of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/91-91.1 - Representation or Advice]]. 

A person may also be represented by someone who is not one of those professionals. For the form that needs to be completed in such circumstances, see Rule 5 (which applies to refugee claimants - [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 5 - Declaration where counsel is not acting for consideration]]) and Rule 13 (which applies to persons who have already been conferred refugee status - [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 13 - Declaration where counsel not representing or advising for consideration]]). 

=== Parties may be represented by multiple counsel (co-counsel) in a proceeding ===
Parties may be represented by more than one representative (counsel, immigration consultant, etc.) in a proceeding before the IRB. This was allowed for the Minister in ''Muhammad v Canada'',&lt;ref&gt;''Muhammad v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 CanLII 96687 (CA IRB), &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://canlii.ca/t/gfhm7&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2021-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt; a case before the Immigration Division, and has been allowed for claimants appearing before the RPD as well.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2010 CanLII 98036 (CA IRB), &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/frq60&gt;, retrieved on 2021-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, this is commonly done for the training for new representatives, as when articling students co-counsel with a more experienced lawyer.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2011 CanLII 100717 (CA IRB), par. 11, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/g7s02#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2021-01-05.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/91-91.1 - Representation or Advice#Section 91(3): Students-at-law]].

=== Changing counsel of record from one counsel to another ===
When changing counsel, a claimant or protected person must comply with two Rules. First, they must provide the contact information for the new counsel as required by this rule (Rule 14) and by RPD Rule 4(4). See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Information and Documents to be Provided#Rule 4 - Claimant's contact information]]. Secondly, they must remove the old counsel of record pursuant to Rule 16(1) below. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Counsel of Record#Rule 16 - Removing counsel of record]]

=== The Board has jurisdiction to control who can appear before it as counsel ===
Counsel has no substantive right to appear before the IRB.&lt;ref&gt;''Rezaei v. Canada'' (''Minister of Citizenship and Immigration''), [2003] 3 FC 421 (TD), para. 49.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Yari v. Canada'' the Federal Court, in holding that the Immigration Appeal Division had the discretion to regulate its own procedure when its rules are silent, stated that “It clearly makes intuitive sense that a tribunal such as the IRB or any of its constituent divisions ought to be able to regulate its own procedure. It ought also to regulate the privilege of appearing before the tribunal to represent a claimant.”&lt;ref&gt;''Yari v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 652, at para. 46.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Rezaei v. Canada'', the court held that the IRB has the ability (through the Chairperson’s delegate) to suspend a representative from appearing before the IRB on behalf of another person.&lt;ref&gt;''Rezaei v. Canada'' (''Minister of Citizenship and Immigration''), 2002 FCT 1259 (CanLII), [2003] 3 FC 421 (TD).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The Board should verify that representatives appearing before the Board are authorized pursuant to the Act and regulations ===
The Federal Court has noted that &quot;there is a duty incumbent upon the Board to verify that those individuals representing clients with whom it has dealings are authorized representatives pursuant to the Regulations, or that they are not receiving a fee for their services.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Domantay v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FC 755.&lt;/ref&gt; As the IRB has recognized, this duty exists to protect the public and to preserve the integrity of Canada’s immigration system.&lt;ref&gt;ln the Matter of the Conduct of Gabriel Bazin before the Immigration and Refugee Board, 2022 CanLII 50884 (CA IRB), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jprvq#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-30.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Refugee-related services are provided by some provincial legal aid programs ===
In FY2019-20, 5% of legal aid budgets nationally were allocated to immigration and refugee matters.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Smith, Craig Damian, Sean Rehaag, and Trevor Farrow. 2021. Access to Justice for Refugees: How Legal aid And Quality of Counsel Impact Fairness and Efficiency in Canada’s Asylum System. Toronto: Canada Excellence Research Chair in Migration and Integration, Centre for Refugee Studies, Canadian Forum on Civil Justice. Page 15.&lt;/ref&gt; Six provinces - British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland and Labrador - offer immigration and refugee legal aid service,&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''List of legal aid offices'', &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/legal-concepts/Pages/legal-aid-office.aspx&gt; (Accessed January 30, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; and the overwhelming majority of the work of the Refugee Protection Division is centred in the provinces that do have legal aid programs.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 123.&lt;/ref&gt; Some other provinces, such as Nova Scotia, used to provide legal aid, but cancelled the programs in the late 1990s during budgetary cuts.&lt;ref&gt;Martin David Jones and Sasha Baglay. ''Refugee law (Second Edition)''. Irwin Law, 2017, page 320.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the Minister previously provided &quot;designated counsel&quot; at its expense to claimants having an eligibility hearing at a port-of-entry, in order to avoid delay in processing claims; this practice was abandoned when decisions on eligibility were transferred away from the IRB in the 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;David Vinokur, ''30 Years of Changes at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', CIHS Bulletin, Issue #88, March 2019, &lt;https://senate-gro.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bulletin-88-Final.pdf&gt; (Accessed May 13, 2021), page 7.&lt;/ref&gt; Other provinces have announced the end of legal aid funding for refugee matters, before reversing course. For example, in May 2003 the Attorney General of British Columbia and the Legal Services Society of British Columbia signed a Memorandum of Understanding stating that there would be no funding for immigration and refugee matters after 31 March 2004,&lt;ref&gt;Catherine Dauvergne, Evaluating Canada's New Immigration and Refugee Protection Act in Its Global Context, 2003 41-3 ''Alberta Law Review'' 725, 2003 CanLIIDocs 127, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/2d8f&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-25, page 733.&lt;/ref&gt; a decision that was subsequently reversed.&lt;ref&gt;Francois Crepeau, ''The Foreigner and The Right to Justice in The Aftermath of September 11'', Refugee Watch Newsletter, &lt;http://refugeewatch.org.in/RWJournal/25.pdf&gt; (Accessed June 26, 2021) at item 1.2.&lt;/ref&gt;

Most immigration and refugee matters funded by legal aid in Canada in 2016-17 were handled by private bar lawyers (84%), while 11% were handled in specialized clinics, and 5% were handled through staff lawyers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; The amount of money that is spent per province varies markedly, as does the volume of immigration and refugee matters:&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|
|'''Number of legal aid certificates'''
|'''Total expenditures (dollars)'''
|'''Expenditure per certificate (dollars)'''
|-
|'''Alberta'''
|940
|642,925
|683
|-
|'''BC'''
|1331
|2,041,272
|1533
|-
|'''Man'''
|354
|259,807
|733
|-
|'''NL'''
|6
|21,634
|3605
|-
|'''ON'''
|14716
|30,880,850
|2098
|-
|'''QC'''
|7040
|3,033,283
|430
|}
Estimates suggest that more than 70% of refugee claimants rely on legal aid nationally.&lt;ref&gt;Canadian Broadcast Corporation. 2019. “Cuts to Legal Aid Ontario Will Cause Hearing Delays, Immigration and Refugee Board Warns,” CBC News, 16 July. Online: www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/refugees-legal-aid-ontario-1.5213558.&lt;/ref&gt; In FY2019-20, Ontario accounted for 56.5% of all refugee legal aid certificates, &amp; Québec accounted for 31.2%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Smith, Craig Damian, Sean Rehaag, and Trevor Farrow. 2021. Access to Justice for Refugees: How Legal aid And Quality of Counsel Impact Fairness and Efficiency in Canada’s Asylum System. Toronto: Canada Excellence Research Chair in Migration and Integration, Centre for Refugee Studies, Canadian Forum on Civil Justice. Page 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== British Columbia Legal Services Society ====
In 2016-17, legal aid in British Columbia issued 914 new immigration and refugee legal aid certificates.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Justice Canada, “Legal Aid in Canada, 2016-17”, online: &lt;https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/aid-aide/p1.html#table17&gt; (Accessed Jule 11, 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; In British Columbia, the Legal Services Society authorizes 16 hours for case preparation, with an additional 8 hours permitted if there is a second adult client, and a further four hours for any additional adult clients. Lawyers are also paid for their time at the RPD hearing. LSS will pay for up to 10 hours of interpretation services per adult client, with additional hours requiring authorization.&lt;ref&gt;Legal Services Society, Immigration Tariff, December 2012, available online: Legal Services Society, &lt;http://www.lss.bc.ca/assets/lawyers/tariffGuide/immigration/immigrationTariffDec2012.pdf&gt; (Accessed January 15, 2020) at 1.&lt;/ref&gt; The BC Public Interest Advocacy Centre states that these hours rates are &quot;so low they invariably require a subsidy in time and commitment from counsel who accept such retainers to ensure adequate representation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;BC Public Interest Advocacy Centre (BC PIAC), ''Refugee Reform and Access to Counsel in British Columbia'', September 2015, &lt;https://bcpiac.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/LFBC-Refugee-Reform-Paper-Final-July-30-2015-2.pdf&gt; (Accessed January 12, 2020), page 26.&lt;/ref&gt; In the 2013-2014 fiscal year, funding was approved for 82 percent of applications by refugee claimants (348 out of 424 applications).&lt;ref&gt;BC Public Interest Advocacy Centre (BC PIAC), ''Refugee Reform and Access to Counsel in British Columbia'', September 2015, &lt;https://bcpiac.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/LFBC-Refugee-Reform-Paper-Final-July-30-2015-2.pdf&gt; (Accessed January 12, 2020), page 28.&lt;/ref&gt; The average total cost to BC's Legal Services Society of a refugee claim under the new system in the 2013-2014 fiscal year was $2,062, including disbursements.&lt;ref&gt;BC Public Interest Advocacy Centre (BC PIAC), ''Refugee Reform and Access to Counsel in British Columbia'', September 2015, &lt;https://bcpiac.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/LFBC-Refugee-Reform-Paper-Final-July-30-2015-2.pdf&gt; (Accessed January 12, 2020), page 20.&lt;/ref&gt; The average of legal fees charged in private refugee cases in the Western Region in the same time period would appear to have been in the range of $4000.&lt;ref&gt;Canadian Lawyer “2014 Legal Fees Survey” (June, 2014), page 37.&lt;/ref&gt; Such limits on legal aid fees have been said to have resulted in &quot;more experienced lawyers [stopping the practice of] asylum and immigration law&quot; in other jurisdictions.&lt;ref&gt;John R. Campbell, The role of lawyers, judges, country experts and officials in British asylum and immigration law, Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 March 2020, ''International Journal of Law in Context'', DOI: https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1017/S1744552320000038 (Accessed April 4, 2020), at page 10.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Alberta ====
In 2016-17, legal aid in Alberta issued 441 new immigration and refugee legal aid certificates.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Certificates in most provinces were predominately handled by private bar lawyers. Alberta was the only province where the percentage of staff lawyer certificates was almost as high as that of private bar certificates (55% versus 44%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

==== Legal Aid Manitoba ====
In 2016-17, legal aid in Manitoba issued 315 new immigration and refugee legal aid certificates.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; In Manitoba, most of the case preparation work is done by two salaried paralegals working with the Manitoba Interfaith Immigration Council.&lt;ref&gt;Government of Canada Department of Justice, ''Immigration and Refugee Legal Aid Cost Drivers Final Report'', 2002 &lt;https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/ir/rr03_la17-rr03_aj17/p9.html#ftn116&gt; (Accessed April 15, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; The legal aid tariff in that province provides far fewer hours for work on refugee claims than is allowed under the tariffs in British Columbia, Ontario and Alberta. As of 2019, the Manitoba tariff allows 13 hours for preparation and the first half-day of hearing.&lt;ref&gt;CBC, ''Legal Aid Manitoba wants non-lawyers empowered to argue refugee claims'', Jan 02, 2019 &lt;https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/legal-aid-manitoba-advocates-refugee-claimants-1.4952641&gt; (Accessed April 15, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Legal Aid Ontario ====
In 2016-17, legal aid in Ontario issued 14,716 new immigration and refugee legal aid certificates.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Legal Aid Ontario (LAO) provides (as of 2013) counsel with 5 hours to prepare a BOC form, 11 hours to prepare for a refugee hearing, plus the time of the hearing. LAO will pay up to 10 hours of interpretation services in case preparation, with authorization required for any additional time.&lt;ref&gt;Acton, Tess, ''Understanding Refugee Stories: Lawyers, Interpreters, and Refugee Claims in Canada'', 2015, Master of Laws Thesis, &lt;https://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstream/handle/1828/6213/Acton_Tess_LLM_2015.pdf?sequence=7&amp;isAllowed=y&gt;, page 52 (Accessed January 23, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; LAO pays 16 hours to prepare for a RAD hearing (plus an additional four hours and attendance time if the RAD proceeding involves an oral hearing), 15 hours for an application for leave for a judicial review, and 15 hours to prepare for a judicial review (the combination with preparation hours not to exceed 27 hours, plus attendance time).&lt;ref&gt;Berger, Max, ''Immigration Essentials 2013 Presentation'', Canadian Bar Association Immigration Conference Montreal Materials &lt;http://www.cba.org/cba/cle/pdf/imm13_paper_berger.pdf&gt;, page 32.&lt;/ref&gt; Tariff rates were set in April 2015 and the amount paid is not regularly incremented to account for inflation.&lt;ref&gt;Legal Aid Ontario, ''Tariff &amp; billing'', &lt;https://www.legalaid.on.ca/lawyers-legal-professionals/accounts-billing/tariff-billing/&gt; (Accessed August 30, 2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Quebec ====
In 2016-17, legal aid in Quebec issued 5592 new immigration and refugee legal aid certificates.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Quebec operates a legal aid program for refugee claimants through their Commission des services juridiques (CSJ). The program provides comparatively low-paying legal aid certificates and they have been criticised in the past for their failure to compensate counsel for preparatory and pre-hearing work.&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, James C., ''Rebuilding trust: A Report of the Review of Fundamental Justice in Information Gathering and Dissemination at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', Refugee Studies Centre, Publisher: Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, December 1993, page 76.&lt;/ref&gt; A private bar lawyer is paid about 1/4 per case ($430) of what a private bar lawyer in BC is paid ($1533). Thériault asserts that this has led to the development of a refugee law business model where lawyers do not devote as much time to a case as they would otherwise.&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 318.&lt;/ref&gt;

== RPD Rule 15 - Request to be removed as counsel of record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Request to be removed as counsel of record
15 (1) To be removed as counsel of record, counsel for a claimant or protected person must first provide to the person represented and to the Minister, if the Minister is a party, a copy of a written request to be removed and then provide the written request to the Division, no later than three working days before the date fixed for the next proceeding.

Oral request
(2) If it is not possible for counsel to make the request in accordance with subrule (1), counsel must appear on the date fixed for the proceeding and make the request to be removed orally before the time fixed for the proceeding.

Division’s permission required
(3) Counsel remains counsel of record unless the request to be removed is granted.&lt;/pre&gt;
=== Rule 15(1): To be removed as counsel of record, counsel must first provide to the person represented a copy of a written request to be removed ===
Rule 15(1) provides that to be removed as counsel of record, counsel must first provide to the person represented a copy of a written request to be removed, and only then provide the written request to the Division. In cases where counsel has not provided to the Division a copy of the written request to be removed sent to the person they represent, applications to be removed as counsel have rightfully been denied as not meeting the requirements of Rule 15(1). It is common practice in this respect for counsel to have written a letter to their client setting out the basis on which they are terminating their retainer and then to enclose that letter to the Board along with their application to be removed as counsel of record. 

=== Board commentary on discretion to refuse requests for counsel to be removed as counsel of record ===
Lorne Waldman notes in his text that &quot;the Rules do not specify how the Board is to deal with an application by counsel to be removed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Waldman, Lorne, ''Canadian Immigration &amp; Refugee Law Practice'', Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2018, ISBN 9780433478928, ISSN 1912-0311, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://search.library.utoronto.ca/details?5022478&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed April 1, 2020) at page 1725 of the PDF.&lt;/ref&gt; Some guidance on this issue comes from the drafting history for the current version of the rules and the Board's public commentary thereon. When this rule was being drafted and the IRB solicited feedback on it, three respondents provided comments concerning the process to follow to be removed as counsel of record. Specifically, respondents requested that the rule which stipulates that counsel of record remains counsel of record until the request is granted be changed to state that counsel are released as of the Division's receipt of the written notification. While the IRB has noted that it is unlikely to require counsel of record to continue to represent a claimant if a request has been made to the Division in a timely manner, the IRB maintains that it has discretion to deny the request in appropriate circumstances, such as where allowing it would impede the timely progress of a proceeding and cause an injustice. With this in mind, the rule retains its current form.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''RPD Rules Regulatory Impact Analysis Statement,'' Date modified: 2018-07-04, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/act-rules-regulations/Pages/RiasReir.aspx&gt; (Accessed January 3, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;
== RPD Rule 16 - Removing counsel of record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Removing counsel of record
16 (1) To remove counsel as counsel of record, a claimant or protected person must first provide to counsel and to the Minister, if the Minister is a party, a copy of a written notice that counsel is no longer counsel for the claimant or protected person, as the case may be, and then provide the written notice to the Division.

Ceasing to be counsel of record
(2) Counsel ceases to be counsel of record as soon as the Division receives the notice.&lt;/pre&gt;

== References ==
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    <title>Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure</title>
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      <text bytes="201018" sha1="nkoz300iqhobxfi2akdg87otnqj22rq" xml:space="preserve">Fundamental justice requires that a tribunal which adjudicates upon rights must act fairly, in good faith, without bias and in a judicial temper, and must give the opportunity for parties to adequately state their case.&lt;ref&gt;Singh, [1985] 1 SCR 177, at 212.&lt;/ref&gt; The standards of conduct for the Board are fundamentally based on and recognize two principles: (i) that public confidence and trust in the integrity, objectivity and impartiality of the &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; must be conserved and enhanced; and (ii) that independence in decision-making is required.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 5.&lt;/ref&gt; This section of the book will explore the principles that have been used when interpreting these requirements in the refugee context.

== Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure as derived from caselaw ==
The following are some of the principal principles regarding the interpretation and application of procedural fairness as they have emerged in the refugee context caselaw:

=== Principles of statutory interpretation ===
As a starting point, a decision-maker interpreting a statutory provision shall do so by applying what is termed the “modern principle” of statutory interpretation, that is, that the words of a statute must be read “in their entire context and in their grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of Parliament”.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Vavilov'', 2019 SCC 65, [2019] 4 SCR 653 at para. 117. &lt;/ref&gt; A full discussion of statutory interpretation is beyond the scope of this text. Some brief comments may suffice:

* '''Ordinary sense of the words:''' Where the words of a statutory provision are precise and unequivocal, the ordinary meaning of the words will play a dominant role in the interpretive process.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada Trustco Mortgage Co. v. Canada'', 2005 SCC 54 at para. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; Where, however, words in a statutory provision are capable of supporting more than one reasonable meaning, the ordinary meaning of the words plays a lesser role in the statutory interpretation analysis.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 84, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par84&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The presumption of consistent or uniform expression.''' The principle of &quot;uniformity of expression&quot; states that a word or phrase should have one and only one meaning across the statute and enabled regulation. The opposite is also true, the use of different wording implies a different meaning.&lt;ref&gt;''Maurice v Priel'', 1987 CanLII 207 (SK CA), 46 DLR (4th) 416, ''per'' Bayda CJ, at pp. 20-21.&lt;/ref&gt; One of the doctrines that may arise is that statutes ''in pari materia'' (i.e., statutes on the same subject or matter) should be construed harmoniously.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharbern Holding Inc. v. Vancouver Airport Centre Ltd.,'' 2011 SCC 23, [2011] 2 SCR 175 at para. 117.&lt;/ref&gt; See, e.g., [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Privacy Act]].
* '''''Expressio unius est exclusio alterius'''''. This maxim of statutory interpretation means that the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another. For example, when the legislature expressly codifies only part of the law relating to a matter, the Court may rely on implied exclusion reasoning to conclude that the part of the law not expressly mentioned was meant to be excluded.&lt;ref&gt;''Nazifpour v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (F.C.A.),'' 2007 FCA 35 (CanLII), [2007] 4 FCR 515, at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1qg9c#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-24.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''In refugee law, the exceptions to the refugee regime should be interpreted restrictively.'''&lt;ref&gt;Júlia Zomignani Barboza, International Protection for Criminals: To Grant or Not to Grant? Lessons from Australia, Belgium, and Canada, ''International Journal of Refugee Law'', 2024, eeae026, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae026, at page 21.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''Presumption against tautology.''' There is a presumption that Parliament has not included words in a statute which are superfluous and redundant.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 90, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par90&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Interpretation Act.''' Other relevant principles of statutory interpretation are those arising from the ''Interpretation Act'', such as the presumptive rule in section 11 of the ''Interpretation Act'' that “may” is permissive&lt;ref&gt;''Virani v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2017 FC 1083 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hp4hx#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-17.&lt;/ref&gt; and section 14, which provides that marginal notes and headings do not form part of a statute, and are inserted only for ease of reference (that said, it is nevertheless permissible to consider them as part of the interpretative process, although they may be accorded lesser weight than other interpretive aids).&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 96, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par96&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''Subordinate legislation: the relationship between the rules, regulations, and Act.''' The Rules are procedural and cannot circumscribe the broad decision-making authority of a Division as described in the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Lamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1621, para. 21.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of the Board ===

*'''First, the Board should do no harm.''' The Board commits in the ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'' that &quot;the assigned member will request specific information about the person who is the subject of the appeal and use such information only when they have completed a risk assessment and are satisfied that there is no serious possibility that gathering the information would endanger the life, liberty or security of the person who is the subject of the appeal or any other person.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'', Effective: May 30, 2016, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstRadSpr0516.aspx&gt; (Accessed October 2, 2023), section D.&lt;/ref&gt; This is a general principle that applies to many similar information-gathering functions. For example, in all circumstances and at all times, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights staff have an obligation not to jeopardize the life, safety, freedom and well-being of victims, witnesses and other cooperating persons.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ''Manual on human rights monitoring: Chapter 14 (Protection of victims, witnesses and other cooperating persons),''&lt;https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Chapter14-56pp.pdf&gt;, page 8.&lt;/ref&gt; The same obligation may reasonably extend to staff of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. That said, there are legal protections against criminal and civil claims provided that the Board acts in good faith: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/156 - Immunity and no summons]]. 
*'''A high duty of procedural fairness is owed in the refugee context.''' The Federal Court of Appeal has stated that “The independence of the Board, its adjudicative procedure and functions, and the fact that its decisions affect the Charter rights of claimants, indicate that the content of the duty of fairness owed by the Board, including the duty of impartiality, falls at the high end of the continuum of procedural fairness.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Geza v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FCA 124, para. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The fact that Charter rights are at play in Board proceedings means that the extent of procedural fairness owed to claimants is high]].

*'''The tribunal and its procedures should be as accessible as possible.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;S. Ronald Ellis, ''The Corporate Responsibility of Tribunal Members'', Canadian Journal of Administrative Law &amp; Practice, February 2009, 22 Can. J. Admin. L. &amp; Prac. 1, &lt;http://www.ccat-ctac.org/CMFiles/Ron%20Ellis/21.TheCorporateResponsibilityofTribunalMembers.pdf#page15&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 10.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has held that the IRPA provisions regarding refugee status determination evince a legislative intention to avoid the formalities which are attendant upon court hearings in civil or criminal proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 64, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par64&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; To this end, the Executive Committee of the UNHCR recommends that states provide refugee claimants with the necessary guidance as to the procedure to be followed.&lt;ref&gt;Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee in the International Protection of Refugees 1975-2009 (Conclusion 1-109). See Conclusion 8 9, &lt;https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/578371524.pdf&gt; (Accessed February 5, 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; By way of example, the RPD states the following to claimants: &quot;If you experience difficulties with accessing the technology to complete an application form, you should contact the &lt;abbr&gt;RPD&lt;/abbr&gt; Registry right away. They can mail or fax you a copy of the form. You can also request to pick up a copy of the form at an &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; office.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Questions and answers: Practice Notice on Procedural Issues,'' Date modified: 2024-09-09 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pnpi-qa.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, at question 13.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''It is not the Board's role to provide legal advice to claimants.''' The RPD states that its registry can answer general questions but they cannot provide advice about what parties should put into their forms (legal advice).&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; In ''Sundaram v. Canada'' the Federal Court stated that it was &quot;not prepared to read into the immigration scheme an obligation on officials to give advice on practice and procedures. The situation of giving advice is markedly different from those Court decisions which have held that officials must provide prospective applicants with the necessary forms. People are entitled to government forms; they are not entitled to receive free legal advice from RPD officials.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Sundaram v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 291 (CanLII), par. 12, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1mr2v#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-11.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court held in ''Law v. Canada'' that an administrative tribunal has no obligation to act as the attorney for a claimant who refused counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Law v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (2007), 2007 FC 1006, 160 A.C.W.S. (3d) 879 at para. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; Put another way, &quot;it is not the obligation of the Board to 'teach' the Applicant the law on a particular matter involving his or her claim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ngyuen v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 1001, [2005] F.C.J. No. 1244 (QL), at para. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; As the Federal Court stated in ''Singh v. Canada,'' &quot;It is not up to the RAD to make the case for the applicants&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 810 (CanLII), at para 58, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jhcg4#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-21.&lt;/ref&gt; But see the following regarding self-represented claimants: [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Canadian_Refugee_Procedure/RPD_Rules_14-16_-_Counsel_of_Record#The_Board_has_a_heightened_duty_of_procedural_fairness_when_dealing_with_self-represented_claimants Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]. See also the following regarding the expectation that a panel will identify what legal issues are in play in a claim:[[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants have an expectation that a claim will only be rejected on the basis of a legal issue that a panel has identified as being at issue]].
*'''The tribunal's decisions should follow the law.''' Cases should be decided based on all of the law that binds the Board, not just the law that the parties happen to put in front of a panel.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) et al. v. The Canadian Council for Refugees et al.,'' 2021 FCA 72, para. 125.&lt;/ref&gt; Panels are to follow all legal and procedural requirements, and when reviewing the conduct of another panel, there is a &quot;presumption of regularity&quot;, a presumption which can only be rebutted with &quot;convincing evidence&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Varela v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2017 FC 1157 [Barnes J].&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decisions must follow the law]]. This tracks Canada's international obligations; the International Court of Justice has held that a panel is not limited to the arguments submitted by the parties and the panel is deemed to take judicial notice of the law and is therefore required to consider on its own initiative all rules which may be relevant.&lt;ref&gt;Alain Pellet, Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, ''Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'', July 2013, &lt;https://prawo.uni.wroc.pl/sites/default/files/students-resources/law-9780199231690-e54-1.pdf&gt; (Accessed September 30, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge#IRPA s. 170: The Division may take notice of any facts that may be judicially noticed]].
*'''The tribunal should develop its own jurisprudence.''' Within the limits of the law, the Federal Court has commented that it is important that the Board have the possibility of developing its own jurisprudence.&lt;ref&gt;''M.C.I v. Huruglica,'' 2016 FCA 93 (C.A.F.), para. 74.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The Board’s procedures should be predictable.''' The Board states that Members should endeavour to be aware of how other panels have been dealing with issues and, where possible, try to do the same as a means of promoting consistency of procedures in the Refugee Division.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. ''Mission, Vision, and Values of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', Last updated: 2006 04 20, online &lt;https://web.archive.org/web/20071115151510/http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hbmission_e.htm&gt; (Accessed November 9, 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; The basic principles of equal protection and due process reflected in the ''American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man'' require predictable procedures.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 52.&lt;/ref&gt; Canada’s position is that it implements the relevant parts of the ''American Declaration'' using the standards and procedures of the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, UNHCR states in its ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination'' that &quot;RSD applications must be processed pursuant to transparent and fair procedures&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination Under UNHCR's Mandate'', 26 August 2020, available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/5e870b254.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 5 September 2020], page 15.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, the Federal Court has stated that the tribunal has the freedom to apply the statutory provisions that it interprets &quot;with more or less flexibility depending on the circumstances of the case&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Singh,'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 64, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par64&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-22.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]].
*'''The Board must not fault parties for its own deficiencies.''' For example, in ''Huseen v. Canada'', the government pointed out that the IRB Office in Toronto only received a venue change request one day before the abandonment hearing. The court commented &quot;this speaks to the internal communications between regional offices at the IRB, as the Calgary IRB office was handed the change of venue request, in person, about three weeks prior. It would be unfair to fault the Applicants for the Board’s delay in internal communications, over which the Applicants had no control or influence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Huseen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 845 (CanLII), par. 34, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://canlii.ca/t/gkmz2#par34&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Decision-makers should prepare thoroughly.''' The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that &quot;Members shall make each decision on the merits of the case, based on thorough preparation, the assessment of evidence properly before the member and the application of the relevant law.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 33.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court notes that each application for protection deserves the same degree of care.&lt;ref&gt;''Guermache v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 870 (CanLII), at para 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1j2dt#par4&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; It also states that determinations should be made with &quot;care and attention&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Egenti v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 639 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd96#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-06.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Refugee Protection Division has an inquisitorial mandate]].
*'''Decision-makers should consider all of the evidence before them.''' There exists a presumption in Canadian refugee law that decision-makers have considered all of the evidence before them.&lt;ref&gt;''Cepeda-Gutierrez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 1998 CanLII 8667 (FC).&lt;/ref&gt; The more important the information, particularly where it contradicts a finding being made, the more the requirement that it explicitly be referred to and distinguished in the reasons provided. This requires time. Asylum cases are said to be ‘highly fact intensive and depend upon presentation and consideration of numerous details and documents which can take no small amount of time.&lt;ref&gt;J. Ramji‐Nogales et al. (eds), ''Refugee Roulette'' (2009), p. 125, citing Immigration Litigation Reduction Hearing before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. 5–7 (2006) (statement of Hon. John M. Walker, Jr., C.J., US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit).&lt;/ref&gt; Evidence from social psychology studies of judging suggests a relationship between time taken and accuracy: judges with higher caseloads have been found to be more likely to make inaccurate decisions, as they rely less on deliberative reasoning and careful processing of information and more on their gut feeling and intuition.&lt;ref&gt;C. Guthrie et al., ‘Blinking on the Bench: How Judges Decide Cases’ (2007) 93 ''Cornell Law Rev''. 1.&lt;/ref&gt; But see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Board should consider the most up-to-date country conditions evidence]]. There is also a presumption that members reach their decisions by relying solely on the evidence before them in the record and that they are able to ignore any other evidence from other files.&lt;ref&gt;''Lopez Aguilar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 FC 908 (CanLII), at para 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fn552#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-02.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The Board should endeavour to ensure that parties feel heard through the reasons it offers.''' See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Parties are entitled to reasoned decisions]].
*'''Claims should be processed expeditiously.''' For details, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of efficient procedures]].
*'''The Board should verify that representatives appearing before the Board are authorized pursuant to the Act and regulations:''' The Federal Court has noted that &quot;there is a duty incumbent upon the Board to verify that those individuals representing clients with whom it has dealings are authorized representatives pursuant to the Regulations, or that they are not receiving a fee for their services.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Domantay v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FC 755.&lt;/ref&gt; The IRB should not knowingly deal with counsel in contravention of section 91 of the IRPA or the requirements of the College of Citizenship and Immigration Consultants. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#Counsel may be representatives without fee who are not lawyers, paralegals, or immigration consultants]] and also [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Act should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and non-governmental organizations like the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants]].

=== Principles about the manner in which the Board is to proceed ===
The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' is based on the &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt;'s dedication to the following values - honesty, good faith, fairness, accountability, dignity, respect, transparency, openness, discretion, cultural sensitivity and loyalty.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 6.&lt;/ref&gt; These values should be evinced by all of the Board's conduct and decisions. In particular:

*'''Justice must be seen to be done.''' The Board has an institutional responsibility to ensure that the tribunal's adjudication is both actually performed at an optimum level of competency, fairness and objectivity and is perceived to have been so performed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A tension exists between the imperative to be efficient and work rapidly through multiple cases on the one hand, and the imperative to be considered, deliberative, and just on the other (and to be seen to be so).&lt;ref&gt;Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.&lt;/ref&gt; The first set of considerations must not undermine respect for the second sort. For example, in one hearing where the Refugee Protection Division had double-booked a Member, who then tried to complete two hearings in the time ordinarily allotted to one, the court commented as follows: &quot;while I find it commendable from an efficiency standpoint that the Member was prepared to deal with both matters, the aura of urgency that pervaded the hearing undermined the process. A reading of the transcript suggests some sense of impatience and concern on the part of the Member about being able to complete the hearing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Guylas v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 202 (CanLII), para. 39.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Parties can expect consistency and the Board should decide like cases in the same manner.''' The principle of judicial comity provides that judges of the same court should follow earlier decisions rendered by judges of that court, although those earlier decisions are not binding on the judge. The same principle applies to decisions made by members of the same Division of the IRB. For example, the Federal Court holds that a Division's rules apply equally to all parties and there is no basis to hold parties to differing standards in different administrative proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;''Abi-Mansour v Canada (Passport)'', 2015 FC 363, and ''Qita v Immigration Consultants of Canada Regulatory Council'', 2020 FC 671.&lt;/ref&gt; For more details about consistency in decision-making, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]].
*'''The Board's procedures should not be restricted to the judicial paradigm.''' The courts have recognized that administrative agencies such as the IRB &quot;are often required to be procedurally innovative in order to handle a heavy caseload effectively and to make the most efficient use of scarce resources.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Geza v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' [2006] FCJ No 477 at para 1 (CA).&lt;/ref&gt; The Board’s procedure &quot;should not be confined in a model of due process that draws exclusively on the judicial paradigm and discourages innovation. Nonetheless, procedures designed to increase quality and consistency cannot be adopted at the expense of the duty of each panel to afford to the claimant before it a high degree of impartiality and independence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Kozak v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FCA 124 (CanLII), [2006] 4 FCR 377, para. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the court has held that &quot;A hearing held by the Board should not be turned into a trial. The consequences that attach to these hearings are serious and the measure of procedural fairness must be commensurate. However, it does not reach the level of disclosure found in criminal law, for instance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Razburgaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2014 FC 151 (CanLII), par. 19, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/g34tl#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Administrative convenience should not override fundamental justice''', which includes procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada'', 1985 1 SCR 177.&lt;/ref&gt; Asylum adjudication is situated within administrative law structures, where tensions between values such as efficiency and economy are precariously balanced with fairness and justice.&lt;ref&gt;Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.&lt;/ref&gt; As noted by Lord Dyson in his 2015 decision condemning the so‐called Detained Fast Track (DFT) in the United Kingdom, &quot;justice and fairness should not be sacrificed on the altar of speed and efficiency&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''The Lord Chancellor'' v. ''Detention Action'' [2015] EWCA Civ 840 para. 49. Practical difficulties and complexities of the DFT undermined appellants’ rights to participate fully and effectively in their appeal processes, leading to a finding that the system operated too quickly to be considered lawful, and was ‘systemically unfair and unjust’, as discussed in Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, as Canada's Federal Court holds, the Board “… is required to strike a balance between expeditious proceedings on the one hand and procedural fairness or natural justice on the other.”&lt;ref&gt;''Pillai v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2001 FCT 1417, [2002] 3 FC 481.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The rules should not be interpreted in a way that is overly rigid.''' The courts have held that when interpreting the Refugee Protection Division rules, one must &quot;avoid the mire of procedural dogma&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Andreoli v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 1111 (CanLII), para. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; as &quot;procedure should be the servant of justice, not its mistress&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Hamel v. Brunelle and Labonté,'' 1975 CanLII 1 (SCC), [1977] 1 SCR 147.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has stated that &quot;the door should not slam shut on all those who fail to meet ordinary procedural requirements. Such a restrictive reading would undermine Canada’s commitment to its refugee system and underlying international obligations&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Huseen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 845 (CanLII), par. 16, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://canlii.ca/t/gkmz2#par16&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has gone on to note that &quot;the opportunity to free a family from the scourge of persecution should not rest on an overly rigid application of procedural requirements.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Huseen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 845 (CanLII), par. 17, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://canlii.ca/t/gkmz2#par17&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt; The tenor of the Rules is that flexibility is needed to guard against form trumping substance and the interests of justice and to guard against decisions not being made on their merits.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1157 (CanLII), para. 44.&lt;/ref&gt; Refugee applications may be allowed to proceed, despite procedural defects, to ensure that the requirements of natural justice are fulfilled.&lt;ref&gt;''Huseen v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 845, para. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; As the Federal Court held in ''Glowacki v. Canada'', no slip or mistake of counsel should be permitted to bring about a miscarriage of justice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; This applied with special force during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic: the principle set out in the 2020 ''Refugee Protection Division: Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings'' was that the Board would apply the rules flexibly in light of Covid-19.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Refugee Protection Division: Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings'', June 23, 2020, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pn-hearing-resumption.aspx&gt; (Accessed August 1, 2020). This practice notice was revoked following the Covid period on September 9, 2024: &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/news/2024/Pages/rpd-pnpi.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Claimants are entitled to representation and rules should be relaxed for unrepresented litigants.''' The representation of refugee claimants is described as “an expression of a fundamental constitutional and common law value: that individuals facing complicated legal proceedings with serious consequences should be allowed to be represented so as to ensure that there is a full and fair hearing.”&lt;ref&gt;Martin David Jones and Sasha Baglay. ''Refugee Law (Second Edition)''. Irwin Law, 2017, page 328.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has stated that an unrepresented party “is entitled to every possible and reasonable leeway to present a case in its entirety and that strict and technical rules should be relaxed for unrepresented litigants”.&lt;ref&gt;''Soares v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FC 190, [2007] F.C.J. No. 254 (QL), at para. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has cited the Canadian Judicial Council’s ''Statement of Principles on Self-represented Litigants and Accused Persons'', which holds that the Court’s discretion to assist self-represented litigants does not extend to rectifying substantive legal deficiencies.&lt;ref&gt;''Yu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1189 (CanLII), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k61w7#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-20.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]].
*'''Members should exercise their discretion with a spirit of justice and sensitivity.''' The Board states in its ''Guideline 8'' that all persons appearing before the IRB need to be treated with sensitivity and respect.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Guideline 8 - Concerning Procedures with Respect to Vulnerable Persons Appearing Before the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', Amended: December 15, 2012, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir08.aspx#a1&gt; (Accessed February 9, 2020), at section 1.5.&lt;/ref&gt; Caselaw from the Federal Court also states that the member must at all times be attentive and sensitive to claimants.&lt;ref&gt;''Hernandez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2010] F.C.J. No. 199, 2010 FC 179 (F.C.), para. 54.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court also indicates that Members are expected to act with &quot;civility and care&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1330 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/js3dw#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The following comment from the UNHCR Handbook about how the task of refugee status determination should be approached is instructive: &quot;Since the examiner’s conclusion on the facts of the case and his personal impression of the applicant will lead to a decision that affects human lives, he must apply the criteria in a spirit of justice and understanding and his judgement should not, of course, be influenced by the personal consideration that the applicant may be an ‘undeserving case’.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html [accessed 26 January 2020], para. 202.&lt;/ref&gt; The German Ansbach Court has stated that &quot;in order to comply with the spirit of the Geneva Convention, the provisions of the Convention should be interpreted liberally and with human compassion, and thus generously. [translated]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;R. G. L. Fairweather, ''Canada's New Refugee Determination System'', 27 CAN. Y.B. INT'l L. 295 (1989), page 306.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of Rabbi Plaut's report that led to the founding of the Immigration and Refugee Board, &quot;the refugee determination process must be seen and designed as an act of welcome. It must be forever responsive to our humanitarian impulses and obligations and wary of any encroachment that would seek to impose other considerations and concerns upon it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court reflects this when it notes that in refugee claims, the claimant is not in an adversarial position to the state.&lt;ref&gt;''Jaballah (Re),'' 2010 FC 224 (CanLII), [2011] 3 FCR 155, at para 97, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/28cx7#par97&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-09.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''A panel of the Board must keep an open mind until all of the evidence has been heard.''' Members should always maintain a &quot;judicial temperament&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; It is necessary to listen patiently and extend &quot;professional courtesy&quot; to all participants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; As the Federal Court held in ''Ayele v. Canada, &quot;''the essence of adjudication is the ability to keep an open mind until all evidence has been heard. The reliability of evidence is to be determined in the light of all of the evidence in a particular case. This is the reason why an adjudicator must remain open to persuasion until all of the evidence and submissions are received. Evidence, that at first blush may seem implausible, may later appear plausible when set in the context of subsequent evidence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Ayele v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (2007), 2007 FC 126, 60 Imm. L. R. (3d) 197 at para. 12.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an impartial decision-maker#Statements or conduct that might indicate a predisposition on the part of the decision-maker]].
*'''The Board should interpret submissions and reasons in a spirit consistent with the principle of charity.''' The Federal Court has indicated that where there is a mistake in a decision that may be excused as a mere slip of the pen, the decision should not be faulted for that reason.&lt;ref&gt;''Aguilar Cedeno, Angel Felipe v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-2360-21), Norris, April 13, 2023; 2023 FC 537.&lt;/ref&gt; The same principle should apply to how the Board interprets submissions and reasons that it is reviewing. Clerical mistakes do occur and they should not be the sole basis for rejecting a claim for asylum.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1611 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1xgj#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt; The following observation offered with respect to Canadian courts would seem to apply with equal force to the refugee context: reasons offered “are not intended to be, and should not be read, as a verbalization of the entire process engaged in by the trial judge in reaching a verdict”.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Kruk,'' 2024 SCC 7 (CanLII), at para 84, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k39g6#par84&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the Supreme Court of Canada, the Board's reasons &quot;are not to be read microscopically&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Boulis v. Minister of Manpower and Immigration,'' 1972 CanLII 4 (SCC), [1974] SCR 875, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1nfn8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-22, page 885.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The Board should have strong reasons before attributing dishonesty or malicious intent to a claimant.''' The Federal Court has held that &quot;attributing dishonesty or malicious intent to an applicant is subject to a very high threshold&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''A.B. v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-5967-19), Pamel, April 28, 2020; 2020 FC 562.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the Federal Court, &quot;Credibility is the most important thing any of us has. It is earned and maintained through our life history, our actions and our words. Losing our credibility affects the very core of our reputation. For persons seeking refugee protection, credibility lies at the very heart of their claim.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Amiragova v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2008 FC 64 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1w3f0#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-09.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Claimants should be given the benefit of the doubt in appropriate circumstances.'''&lt;ref&gt;Nicholas Alexander Rymal Fraser, ''Shared Heuristics: How Organizational Culture Shapes Asylum Policy'', Department of Political Science, University of Toronto (Canada), ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2020, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://search.proquest.com/openview/f925dea72da7d94141f0f559633da65a/1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed August 1, 2020), at page 91 of PDF.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court holds that the Board has a broad discretion to alleviate the burden of proof upon a refugee claimant in appropriate circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;''Uppal v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 1142 (CanLII), par. 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1pnxv#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt; The &lt;abbr&gt;UNHCR&lt;/abbr&gt; ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status'' provides that the benefit of the doubt should be granted to the claimant in certain circumstances: &quot;After the applicant has made a genuine effort to substantiate his story there may still be a lack of evidence for some of his statements. As explained above (paragraph 196), it is hardly possible for a refugee to 'prove' every part of his case and, indeed, if this were a requirement the majority of refugees would not be recognized. It is therefore frequently necessary to give the applicant the benefit of the doubt. The benefit of the doubt should, however, only be given when all available evidence has been obtained and checked and when the examiner is satisfied as to the applicant's general credibility. The applicant's statements must be coherent and plausible, and must not run counter to generally known facts.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html [accessed 26 January 2020].&lt;/ref&gt; Canadian law accords with this view, providing that it is not appropriate to apply the benefit of the doubt where the claimant's allegations run contrary to generally known facts or the available evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Chan &lt;abbr&gt;v.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;abbr&gt;M.E.I.,&lt;/abbr&gt;'' [1995] 3 &lt;abbr&gt;S.C.R.&lt;/abbr&gt; 593.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Noga c Canada (Ministre de la citoyenneté et de l’immigration)'', 2003 CFPI 454 paras 10-12.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the “benefit of the doubt” principle does not apply to speculation.&lt;ref&gt;''Razzaque v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 420 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwdhz#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-04.&lt;/ref&gt; The words of the Canadian Bar Association, Quebec Section from the mid-1980s are instructive, if not legally binding, on this point: &quot;There are indeed unfounded claims and they will always exist. But one must also recognize that the risk of error on the subject is very great. One should recall how several years ago the statements of Salvadoran and Guatemalan citizens about 'death squads' were believed to exist only in the imagination of the applicants. It will always be like this. Refugee movements come in waves and we must be modest enough to recognize our ignorance about certain new situations and to mistrust ready judgments.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 106.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The Board will ensure the integrity of the administration of justice.''' The court observes that there is a fundamental need to ensure the integrity of the administration of justice in proceedings, including immigration proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;Mahjoub (Re), 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw&gt;, para. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights]].

=== Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of claimants ===

*'''Claimants may be expected to submit asylum claims promptly.''' Article 31 of the Refugee Convention provides that states shall not impose penalties on asylum seekers, but only if they present themselves to authorities without delay: &quot;The Contracting States shall not impose penalties, on account of their illegal entry or presence, on refugees who, coming directly from a territory where their life or freedom was threatened in the sense of article 1, enter or are present in their territory without authorization, provided they present themselves without delay to the authorities and show good cause for their illegal entry or presence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UN General Assembly, ''Convention relative au statut des réfugiés'', 28 July 1951, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/48abd59af.html [accessed 21 December 2020] at Article 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Canada's Federal Court has noted that claimants may be expected to submit asylum claims promptly: &quot;refugees and asylum-seekers have duties and obligations to respect national laws and measures to maintain public order, including obligations to cooperate with the asylum process, which may include presenting themselves to authorities and submitting asylum claims promptly&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;''Paulos Teddla v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2020 FC 1109 (CanLII), par. 26, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc709#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; There is an &quot;onus on a refugee claimant to present their claim, including the evidence in support of it, in a timely and efficient manner.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Mohammed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 713 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4jc6#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Parties will cooperate with the asylum process and supply all pertinent information.''' A claimant must come to a hearing with all of the evidence that he or she is able to offer and believes is necessary to prove the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Kante, Abdoulaye v. M.E.I.'' (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-2585-93), Nadon, March 23, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court holds that a person whose safety is threatened in his or her country of origin and who is seeking the protection of a country of refuge is necessarily keen to comply with the legal framework that has been established for that purpose.&lt;ref&gt;''Barrientos v Canada (Ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l’Immigration)'', 1997 CanLII 5278.&lt;/ref&gt; The legally non-binding refugees handbook issued by UNHCR stipulates that the applicant should assist the examiner to the full in establishing the facts of their case and supply all pertinent information concerning themself and their past experience.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 &lt;https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 13 of the article.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court states that &quot;refugees and asylum-seekers have duties and obligations to respect national laws and measures to maintain public order, including obligations to cooperate with the asylum process, which may include presenting themselves to authorities and submitting asylum claims promptly, or complying with procedures to regularize their stay.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; There is a duty upon an applicant in immigration proceedings to make sure that their documents are complete and accurate.&lt;ref&gt;''Malhi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 392 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwbjd#par19&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; See the Basis of Claim form instructions: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#Requirement that the information provided be complete, true and correct]]. Indeed, where the Minister is not participating in a case, rules on ''ex parte'' proceedings may impose special obligations on counsel. For example, the Law Society of BC’s rule states that “In an ''ex parte'' proceeding, a lawyer must act with utmost good faith and inform a tribunal of all material facts, including adverse facts, known to the lawyer that will enable the tribunal to make an informed decision.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chapter 5 – Relationship to the Administration of Justice {{!}} The Law Society of British Columbia |url=https://www.lawsociety.bc.ca/support-and-resources-for-lawyers/act-rules-and-code/code-of-professional-conduct-for-british-columbia/chapter-5-%E2%80%93-relationship-to-the-administration-of/#5.1-2.2 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=www.lawsociety.bc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; For details about how this principle takes shape in the RPD Rules, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]].
*'''Concerns about defects of procedural fairness should be raised by parties at the earliest opportunity.''' The general rule is that a party should raise allegations about procedural fairness at the earliest possible opportunity.&lt;ref&gt;''Mohammadian v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2000 CanLII 17118 (FC), [2000] 3 FC 371, 185 FTR 144.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Concerns about a lack of procedural fairness should be raised at the earliest practical opportunity]].
*'''Claimants will comply with the law and be honest.''' The Federal Court has held that in immigration matters, &quot;the jurisprudence is clear that applicants have to provide complete and accurate information.... There is a duty on an applicant to ensure that their submissions are complete and correct&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 107, at paragraph 34.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has stated that &quot;refugees and asylum-seekers have duties and obligations to respect national laws and measures to maintain public order&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; In Canada, such legal obligations require that a claimant answer truthfully all questions put to them in the refugee claim process&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada,'' IMM-12081-23, decision dated October 1, 2024, para. 14; ''Paulos Teddla v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'', 2020 FC 1109 (CanLII), par. 20, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc709#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; and to disclose material facts pursuant to the duty of candour that foreign nationals seeking to enter Canada have.&lt;ref&gt;''Yang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 402 (CanLII), par. 40, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hzrhk#par40&gt;, retrieved on 2021-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Applicants have a duty of candour to provide complete, honest and truthful information.&lt;ref&gt;''Goburdhun v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2013 FC 971 at paras 28.&lt;/ref&gt; This is specified in s. 16 of the IRPA which stipulates that &quot;A person who makes an application must answer truthfully all questions put to them for the purpose of the examination&quot;. Similarly, the IRPA provides at s. 100(1.1) that &quot;the burden of proving that a claim is eligible to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division rests on the claimant, who must answer truthfully all questions put to them&quot;. This obligation may be read in conjunction with Art. 2 of the Refugee Convention, which provides that, “Every refugee has duties to the country in which he finds himself, which require in particular that he conform to its laws and regulations as well as to measures taken for the maintenance of public order.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Similarly, the (legally non-binding) handbook issued by UNHCR stipulates that the applicant should tell the truth.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Information and Documents to be Provided#Requirement that the information provided be complete, true and correct]]. 
*'''C'''l'''aimants will put their best evidentiary foot forward at their first hearing.''' In ''Tahir v. Canada'', the Federal Court commented about a claimant that &quot;he was required to put his best evidentiary foot forward [at the RPD]. Not having done so, Mr. Tahir could not place better evidence before the RAD.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Tahir v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1202 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jkd84#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-26.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, absent new evidence on an issue, the Refugee Appeal Division cannot consider a new argument, developed for the ﬁrst time on appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganiyu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 296 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmswk#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt; See also the commentary to RPD Rule 34: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]].
*'''Parties are responsible for their own files.''' The Federal Court has noted that there exists &quot;[abundant case law] to the effect that the applicants are responsible for their files and cannot use their own wrongdoing as a means to justify fatal omissions, procedural though they may be.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Andreoli v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 1111 at para 20.&lt;/ref&gt; While &quot;a failure to comply with procedural obligations does not automatically disqualify a claimant from relief on fairness grounds, [] at some point a claimant will be considered the author of their own misfortune.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Perez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1171 (CanLII), par. 26, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc9b0#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2021-01-14.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the Federal Court has held that judicial review should not be granted where an applicant “show[ed] little or no interest in what [was] happening to [her] own application”.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 833 (“''Khan”)'' at para 29, citing ''Mussa v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1994] FCJ No 2047 at para 3.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court holds that &quot;counsel puts into doubt the well-foundedness of his/her case when counsel does not respect the rules of the [Division].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Barrientos, Jorge Enrique Valenzuela v.''  MCI (&lt;abbr&gt;no.&lt;/abbr&gt; IMM-2481-96), Noël, June 4, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it is incumbent on applications in immigration applications to inform themselves and inquire into any concepts that they do not fully understand in completing their application.&lt;ref&gt;''Kaur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 416 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3d36#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-28.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has held that the RPD should not bear responsibility for an Applicant’s failure to corroborate their own story.&lt;ref&gt;''Ibrahim v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 497 (CanLII), at para 46, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3trv#par46&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-03.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Parties should be aware of the information on file.''' The Federal Court holds that applicants must take responsibility to ensure that they understand the written correspondence they receive regarding their refugee claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Sainvry v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 FC 468 (CanLII), par. 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fxbpj#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'' states that &quot;the &lt;abbr&gt;RPD&lt;/abbr&gt; provides the parties with information as to where the [National Documentation Package] can be found on the Board's website, and it is the parties' responsibility to check the &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; website for the newest version of the relevant &lt;abbr&gt;NDP&lt;/abbr&gt;(s) prior to their hearing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings,'' Effective date: June 5, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/national-documentation-packages.aspx&gt; (Accessed August 30, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; This is also stated in the ''Important Instructions'' claimants receive when they make their claim: “You should also check the IRB website for the newest version of the NDP prior to your hearing” and is stated in similar terms in the Claimants’ Guide.

=== Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of the Minister ===

* '''The Minister has a particular duty of candour'''. The Federal Court states that frankness can be expected of the Minister and that the Minister has a duty of candour.&lt;ref&gt;''Oladipupo v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 921 (CanLII), at paras 36 and 40, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5thz#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-27.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Minister]]. For the duty of candour that applies to claimants, see the section above. See also the discussion above regarding rules on ''ex parte'' proceedings where the Minister is not participating in a case and how these may impose special obligations on counsel. For example, the Law Society of BC’s rule states that “In an ''ex parte'' proceeding, a lawyer must act with utmost good faith and inform a tribunal of all material facts, including adverse facts, known to the lawyer that will enable the tribunal to make an informed decision.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt;
* '''The good faith of counsel and immigration officers can be presumed.''' There is a long line of jurisprudence from the Federal Court holding that most immigration officers have no vested interest in the outcome of a claim and their official records and actions can generally be relied upon.&lt;ref&gt;''Saifullah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1060 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzf#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, counsel are under professional obligations to act with good faith. For example, the Law Society of Ontario's Rules of Professional Conduct provide that when acting as an advocate, “a lawyer shall represent the client resolutely and honourably within the limits of the law while treating the tribunal with candour, fairness, courtesy, and respect”.&lt;ref&gt;''Anulur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1070 (CanLII), at para 41, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzs#par41&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of claimant counsel ===
Practicing law is an honour and a privilege but it comes with significant responsibilities.&lt;ref&gt;''Diakité v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 170 (CanLII), at para 50, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2p18#par50&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt; Of note:
*'''Counsel should be presumed to have acted competently.''' There is a strong presumption that former counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.&lt;ref&gt;''Satkunanathan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 470 (CanLII), par. 87, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j65bj#par87&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-17.&lt;/ref&gt; While this presumption of competency can be applied, the court cautions that it is inappropriate to make findings on the basis of inferences from the experience and expertise of particular counsel, just as it would be inappropriate for the RPD to ask applicants (or their counsel) about such privileged matters directly.&lt;ref&gt;''Anulur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1070 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzs#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-28.&lt;/ref&gt; However, other Federal Court panels have concluded that it is appropriate to consider that an applicant was represented by experienced counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Mercado v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 289 (CanLII), at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2c4vw#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-01.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it is common in other areas of law to consider this factor, for example in class action law it is expected that the court should assess and consider the competence of the representative plaintiff’s counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Richard v. The Attorney General of Canada,'' 2024 ONSC 3800 (CanLII), at para 411, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5mx6#par411&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-09.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Counsel will have explained at least the basic tenets of a refugee claim to their client.''' The Federal Court has held that, &quot;absent contrary evidence, it is reasonable to expect that a legal representative has explained at least the basic tenets of a refugee claim to their client. This includes the obligation to provide acceptable documentation regarding the refugee claim, including as to identity, the onus on the claimant to prove their claim, and the need to put their “best foot forward” to do so.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Zerihaymanot, Brhane Ghebrihiwet, v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-3077-21), McHaffie, April 26, 2022; 2022 FC 610.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#1) Incompetence]].
*'''Deficiencies in counsel's conduct are properly attributed to their clients.''' The Federal Court has held that in immigration matters, &quot;the jurisprudence is clear that applicants have to provide complete and accurate information and are bound by the submissions made by those who represent them in the process&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The general rule is that you do not separate counsel's conduct from their client. Counsel is acting as agent for the client and, as harsh as it may be, the client must bear the consequences of having hired poor counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Jouzichin v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (1994), 52 ACWS (3d) 157, 1994 CarswellNat 1592.&lt;/ref&gt; This principle is reflected in the instructions in the Basis of Claim form that every claimant receives as part of the claimant process, which note that &quot;If you have counsel, you are responsible for making sure that your counsel meets the deadlines.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Basis of Claim Form'', November 2012 Version &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/forms/Documents/RpdSpr0201_e.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, Appendix page 2.&lt;/ref&gt; In most instances, reliance on legal advice will not excuse a failure to submit significant information in support of a claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Shirzad v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 89 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm412#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, there are exceptions to this principle where counsel’s conduct falls sufficiently below the standard expected of competent counsel: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#In what contexts will counsel incompetence render a hearing unfair?]]. As the Federal Court held in ''Glowacki v. Canada'', no slip or mistake of counsel should be permitted to bring about a miscarriage of justice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;''Glowacki v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1453 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jljcw#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-06.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Counsel have a duty of candour and the tribunal should be able to trust and rely on the representations made by them.''' It is said that in court, judges ought to be able to rely on the representations that counsel make as officers of the Court.&lt;ref&gt;''Sachdeva v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1522 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k71jm#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt; Tribunal members may expect no less of counsel. As the court noted in ''Diakité v Canada,'' our justice system functions in large part because the Court expects to be able to trust and rely on the representations made by officers of the Court.&lt;ref&gt;''Diakité v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2024 FC 170 at paragraph 48.&lt;/ref&gt; The same may also be said of tribunal members and the reliance they place on the representations made by counsel. While a lawyer shall seek to fearlessly advocate for their client, they must do so honourably, in compliance with the law, and in a manner that complies with their professional obligations. This includes their duty of candour. Counsel must never mislead or attempt to mislead. If counsel has inadvertently done so, then counsel must correct it the moment it comes to their attention.

== IRPA ss. 3(2) and 3(3): Interpretation principles as derived from the Act ==

This section will set out the objectives and application provisions in the Act and then provide commentary on some specific ones. In the words of Sharryn Aiken, et. al., one of the enduring features of Canadian immigration law since the 1976 ''Immigration Act'' has been &quot;a complex and contradictory set of objectives&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 27.&lt;/ref&gt; Those objectives, in so far as they concern refugees, read as follows in the current IRPA:&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
3...
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(a) to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted;
(b) to fulfil Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and affirm Canada’s commitment to international efforts to provide assistance to those in need of resettlement;
(c) to grant, as a fundamental expression of Canada’s humanitarian ideals, fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution;
(d) to offer safe haven to persons with a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group, as well as those at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment;
(e) to establish fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system, while upholding Canada’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings;
(f) to support the self-sufficiency and the social and economic well-being of refugees by facilitating reunification with their family members in Canada;
(g) to protect the health and safety of Canadians and to maintain the security of Canadian society; and
(h) to promote international justice and security by denying access to Canadian territory to persons, including refugee claimants, who are security risks or serious criminals.

Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(a) furthers the domestic and international interests of Canada;
(b) promotes accountability and transparency by enhancing public awareness of immigration and refugee programs;
(c) facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada, provincial governments, foreign states, international organizations and non-governmental organizations;
(d) ensures that decisions taken under this Act are consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, including its principles of equality and freedom from discrimination and of the equality of English and French as the official languages of Canada;
(e) supports the commitment of the Government of Canada to enhance the vitality of the English and French linguistic minority communities in Canada; and
(f) complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory.&lt;/pre&gt;The above objectives can be compared to the section of the IRPA that sets out objectives for the immigration (as opposed to humanitarian or refugee) streams:&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — immigration
3...
3 (1) The objectives of this Act with respect to immigration are
(a) to permit Canada to pursue the maximum social, cultural and economic benefits of immigration;
(b) to enrich and strengthen the social and cultural fabric of Canadian society, while respecting the federal, bilingual and multicultural character of Canada;
(b.1) to support and assist the development of minority official languages communities in Canada;
(c) to support the development of a strong and prosperous Canadian economy, in which the benefits of immigration are shared across all regions of Canada;
(d) to see that families are reunited in Canada;
(e) to promote the successful integration of permanent residents into Canada, while recognizing that integration involves mutual obligations for new immigrants and Canadian society;
(f) to support, by means of consistent standards and prompt processing, the attainment of immigration goals established by the Government of Canada in consultation with the provinces;
(f.1) to maintain, through the establishment of fair and efficient procedures, the integrity of the Canadian immigration system;
(g) to facilitate the entry of visitors, students and temporary workers for purposes such as trade, commerce, tourism, international understanding and cultural, educational and scientific activities;
(h) to protect public health and safety and to maintain the security of Canadian society;
(i) to promote international justice and security by fostering respect for human rights and by denying access to Canadian territory to persons who are criminals or security risks; and
(j) to work in cooperation with the provinces to secure better recognition of the foreign credentials of permanent residents and their more rapid integration into society.&lt;/pre&gt;There is a statutory interpretation convention to the effect that statements of objectives in legislation serve to constrain executive discretion in implementing the law. In the words of Sharryn Aiken, et. al., however, the objectives of the IRPA &quot;are so plentiful and far-ranging that they arguably serve to support any potential discretionary implementation choice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 29.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, in Catherine Dauvergne's view, the objectives &quot;are so complex that they can neither guide nor constrain.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;Catherine Dauvergne, Evaluating Canada's New Immigration and Refugee Protection Act in Its Global Context, 2003 41-3 ''Alberta Law Review'' 725, 2003 CanLIIDocs 127, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/2d8f&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-25 at page 732.&lt;/ref&gt; Shauna Labman writes that the twenty-five separate paragraphs addressing the objectives and application of the act add to the IRPA's &quot;contradictions and confusions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 43.&lt;/ref&gt; Dauvergne writes that these provisions &quot;serve no purpose other than to announce that the government is aware of how thorny an issue immigration is in Canadian politics and to ensure that the law is able to mirror prevailing political views without amendment.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt; Indeed, the Federal Court has concluded that even if an RPD Rule is non-compliant with one of these objectives, this would not render it ''ultra vires'' of its enabling provision in the Act.&lt;ref&gt;''Uppal v.  Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 1142 (CanLII), par. 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1pnxv#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(a) - The refugee program is about saving lives and offering protection ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(a) to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== This has been a long-standing provision in the Act ====
This reflects one of the objectives that was inserted into the 1976 Immigration Act, which was “to fulfill Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and persecuted.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;Clare Glassco, ''Before the Sun Comes Up: The Making of Canadian Refugee Policy amidst the Refugee Crisis in Southeast Asia, 1975-1980'', April 1, 2020 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://heartsoffreedom.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Revised-FINAL-April-3-Before-the-Sun-Comes-Up.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed April 17, 2020), page 14 of the document.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The refugee program aims to offer protection, including the legal rights specified in the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
Section 3(2)(a) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are, ''inter alia'', to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted. The protection envisaged is not just protection from ''refoulement'', but also the suite of positive rights enumerated in the Refugee Convention. In the words of Donald Galloway, Canada’s obligation under the Refugee Convention is not merely the negative duty of not returning a person to a place where they face a risk to their life or their freedom is threatened – the duty found explicitly within Article 33 of the Convention. Canada’s duty also embraces the wider positive duty to recognize the status (and a host of other rights) of individuals who are unable to or are justified in not availing themselves of protection in their country of origin.&lt;ref&gt;Donald Galloway, ''Populism and the failure to acknowledge the human rights of migrants,'' in Dauvergne, C. (ed), ''Research handbook on the law and politics of migration'', April 2021, ISBN: 9781789902259.&lt;/ref&gt; The Refugee Convention enumerates a number of core rights that all refugees benefit from, and then additional entitlements may accrue as a function of the nature and duration of the refugee's attachment to the asylum state. The most basic set of rights inhere as soon as a refugee comes under a state’s ''de jure'' or ''de facto'' jurisdiction; a second set applies when he or she enters a state party’s territory; other rights inhere only when the refugee is lawfully within the state’s territory; some when the refugee is lawfully staying there; and a few rights accrue only upon satisfaction of a durable residency requirement.&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, J. (2005). ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614859.&lt;/ref&gt; In sum, the rights discussed in the Convention are those that follow:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Within state’s jurisdiction
|Art 3: Non discrimination
Art 12: Personal status

Art 13: Acquisition of movable and immovable property (same as foreigners)

Art 16: Access to the courts and legal assistance (same as citizens)

Art 20: Rationing access (same as citizens)

Art 22(1): Elementary education (same as citizens)

Art 22(2): Secondary and tertiary education (same as foreigners)

Art 29: Fiscal charges/taxation (same as foreigners)

Art 30: Transfer of assets

Art 33: Non-refoulement
|-
|Physical presence
|Art 4: Freedom of religion (same as citizens)
Art 25: Administrative assistance

Art 27: Identity papers

Art 31: Freedom from penalisation for illegal entry
|-
|Lawful presence
|Art 18: Self-employment (same as foreigners)
Art 26: Freedom of movement (same as foreigners)

Art 32: Non expulsion
|-
|Lawful stay or habitual residence
|Art 14: Artistic rights and industrial property (same as citizens)
Art 15: Right of association (most favourable treatment accorded to foreigners)

Art 17: Wage-earning employment (most favourable treatment accorded to foreigners)

Art 19: Liberal professions (same as foreigners)

Art 21: Housing (same as foreigners)

Art 23: Public relief (same as citizens)

Art 24: Labour legislation and social security (same as citizens)

Art 28: Travel documents
|-
|Long-term residence
|Art 34: Facilitate naturalisation&lt;ref&gt;Colin Yeo, ''Book review: The Rights of Refugees Under International Law by James Hathaway'', April 15 2021, freemovement.org.uk (blog), &lt;https://www.freemovement.org.uk/book-review-the-rights-of-refugees-under-international-law-by-james-hathaway/&gt; (Accessed April 25, 2021). &lt;/ref&gt;
|}
The big picture rationale behind the inclusion of these rights in the Convention was the objective of preventing refugees from becoming legal non-persons. In the words of the UK House of Lords, &quot;the general purpose of the Convention is to enable the person who no longer has the benefit of protection against persecution for a Convention reason in his own country to turn for protection to the international community.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Horvath v. Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2000] 3 All ER 577 (UK HL, July 6, 2000), per Lord Hope of Craighead.&lt;/ref&gt; After the First World War, the academic Alleweldt states, the typical problem of refugees was the lack of any legal status in the state of refuge, which deprived them automatically of many rights and opportunities. Accordingly, the parties to the Convention envisaged, for humanitarian reasons as well as for practical reasons of cooperation, providing refugees with a status which would comprise a key set of their human rights and freedoms.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, ''Preamble 1951 Convention,'' Alleweldt, at p. 232 (paras. 26-27).&lt;/ref&gt; In short, the rights guaranteed to recognized refugees by the Convention are intended to provide them with the rights necessary to start life anew.&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 190.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The fact that the refugee protection is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection can be contrasted with the goals for the immigration programs provided in the IRPA ====
Section 3(2)(a) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are, ''inter alia'', to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted. This can be contrasted with the broader set of objectives for Canada's immigration programs set out in s. 3(3)(1) of the Act, which include the successful integration of immigrants and maximizing immigration's economic benefits for Canada. This contrast should inform interpretations of the Act. While in immigration law, ''writ large'', the desirability of an immigrant (e.g. their work experience, education, fluency in French or English, or youth) is recognized as a proper consideration for how the government may choose to accord status, refugee law, in contrast, provides the framework for individuals who are fleeing persecution to seek safety in which the primary consideration is to be, in the words of s. 3(2)(a) of the IRPA, saving lives and offering protection. In the words of Molly Joeck, &quot;conflating the two is a dangerous exercise&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Molly Joeck, ''Canadian Exclusion Jurisprudence post-Febles'', International Journal of Refugee Law, 17 September 2021; Advance Article, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeab034, page 30.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The fact that the refugee protection is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection points to the importance of decisions being correct ====
Justice Gauthier, referring to the objectives of the ''IRPA'', in particular &quot;saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted,&quot; held that the RAD is a &quot;safety net that would catch all mistakes made by the RPD, be it on the law or the facts.&quot; This required that the RAD's standard of review, applicable both to questions of law and questions of fact, be correctness.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Huruglica'', 2016 FCA 93, at paras. 53, 98, and 103, as cited in Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(b) - Fulfilling Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(b) to fulfil Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and affirm Canada’s commitment to international efforts to provide assistance to those in need of resettlement;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== This has been a long-standing provision in the Act ====
This reflects one of the objectives that was inserted into the 1976 Immigration Act, which was “to fulfill Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and persecuted.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

==== The IRPA should be interpreted in a way that ensures Canada fulfills its international legal obligations with respect to refugees ====
Section 3(2)(b) of the Act specifies that the objectives of the IRPA with respect to refugees are, among other things, to fulfill Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. There is a well-established presumption that, where possible, Canada’s domestic legislation should be interpreted to conform to international law.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Hape,'' 2007 SCC 26, [2007] 2 S.C.R. 292 at para. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada holds that the provisions of the IRPA &quot;cannot be considered in isolation from the international norms which they reflect&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [2002] 1 SCR 3 (Canada), para. 59.&lt;/ref&gt; Section 3(2)(b) of the Act reinforces that, where possible, the provisions of the IRPA should be interpreted in a way that fulfills Canada's obligations pursuant to, ''inter alia'', the ''Refugee Convention''. This is a critical legal constraint on interpretation of the ''IRPA -'' one that Parliament has mandated that immigration adjudicators consider in interpreting the legislation, regardless of whether arguments about international treaties like the ''Refugee Convention'' are explicitly raised by the parties in submissions or not.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers'', 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 52, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par52&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt;  

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Act should be interpreted in a way that is coherent with interpretations by other states party to the Convention]].  

==== The Refugee Convention sets out a number of rights to which refugees are entitled ====
See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The refugee program aims to offer protection, including the legal rights specified in the Refugee Convention]]. That said, te Convention is not fully incorporated into Canadian legislation. While the terms of the Convention are largely reflected in the IRPA, there are some differences between the operation of the Convention and the operation of the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Zaric,'' 2015 FC 837 (CanLII), [2016] 1 FCR 407, at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gk8w0#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties'' codifies public international law rules of treaty interpretation applicable to the interpretation of the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
The rules of treaty interpretation for discerning the content of Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees were codified in the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties''. Arts. 31 and 32 of the ''Vienna Convention'' provide that:&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1155 UNTS 331, 23 May 1969 (entry into force: 27 Jan. 1980).&lt;/ref&gt;
 ARTICLE 31: General rule of interpretation
 1. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.
 
 2. The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise, in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes:
 (a) any agreement relating to the treaty which was made between all the parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty;
 (b) any instrument which was made by one or more parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty and accepted by the other parties as an instrument related to the treaty.
 
 3. There shall be taken into account, together with the context:
 (a) any subsequent agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty or the application of its provisions;
 (b) any subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation;
 (c) any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties.
 
 4. A special meaning shall be given to a term if it is established that the parties so intended.
 
 ARTICLE 32: Supplementary means of interpretation
 1. Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of article 31, or to determine the meaning when the interpretation according to article 31: 
 (a) leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure; or 
 (b) leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable.
 
 ARTICLE 33: Interpretation of treaties authenticated in two or more languages
 1.When a treaty has been authenticated in two or more languages, the text is equally authoritative in each language, unless the treaty provides or the parties agree that, in case of divergence, a particular text shall prevail.
 
 2. A version of the treaty in a language other than one of those in which the text was authenticated shall be considered an authentic text only if the treaty so provides or the parties so agree.
 
 3.The terms of the treaty are presumed to have the same meaning in each authentic text.
 
 4.Except where a particular text prevails in accordance with paragraph 1, when a comparison of the authentic texts discloses a difference of meaning which the application of articles 31 and 32 does not remove, the meaning which best reconciles the texts, having regard to the object and purpose of the treaty, shall be adopted.
This said, the ''Vienna Convention'' does not in and of itself apply to the ''Refugee Convention'', given that the ''Vienna Convention'' applies only to treaties which are concluded by states after the ''Vienna Convention'' entered into force on January 27, 1980 (per Article 4 of that Convention)&lt;ref&gt;Leslie Katz, ''The Use of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties in the Interpretation of the Refugee Convention and the Refugee Protocol,'' CanLII Connects, March 27, 2019, &lt;https://canliiconnects.org/en/commentaries/66071&gt; (Accessed August 28, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; and the Refugee Convention of 1951 and the 1967 Protocol to the Convention predate this. That said, as Hathaway notes,&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, J. (2005). International law as a source of refugee rights. In ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law'' (pp. 15-74). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614859.002.&lt;/ref&gt; the approach to treaty interpretation codified in the Vienna Convention has been recognized by the International Court of Justice as embodying customary norms of treaty interpretation.&lt;ref&gt;''Kasikili/Seduda Island (Botswana v. Namibia),'' Preliminary Objections, [1996] ICJ Rep 803, at 812.&lt;/ref&gt; Those rules are generally regarded as a codification of the public international law rules of treaty interpretation as a matter of general (or customary) international law.&lt;ref&gt;M. Lennard, ‘‘Navigating by the Stars: Interpreting the WTO Agreements,’’ (2002) 5 Journal of International Economic Law 17 (Lennard, ‘‘Navigating by the Stars’’), at 17–18.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention constitute a general expression of the principles of customary international law relating to treaty interpretation.&lt;ref&gt;I. Sinclair, The Vienna Convention and the Law of Treaties (1984) at 153.&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, the norms of treaty interpretation embodied in the Vienna Convention are properly considered when interpreting the ''Refugee Convention'', even if its articles do not ''sensu stricto'' apply to the ''Refugee Convention.'' For this reason, in the context of the Refugee Convention, domestic courts in New Zealand,&lt;ref&gt;''Attorney-General v Zaoui and Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security'' [2006] 1 NCLR 289 (Supreme Court of New Zealand) at para. 24&lt;/ref&gt; the UK,&lt;ref&gt;''European Roma Rights Centre &amp; Ors, R (on the application of ) v Immigration Officer at Prague Airport &amp; Anor'' [2004] UKHL 55 (UK House of Lords) at para. 18 (per Lord Bingham), at para. 43 (per Lord Steyn), at para. 63 (per Lord Hope).&lt;/ref&gt; and Canada&lt;ref&gt;''Pushpanathan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1998 CanLII 778 (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 982, par. 52, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1fqs6#par52&gt;, retrieved on 2020-11-28.&lt;/ref&gt; have seen fit to apply Arts. 31 and 32 of the VCLT when interpreting the Refugee Convention.

==== Canada must perform its international legal obligations with respect to refugees in good faith ====
Section 3(2)(b) of the Act specifies that the objectives of the IRPA with respect to refugees are, among other things, to fulfill Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. These obligations must be interpreted in good faith.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;The terms of the Refugee Convention are to be interpreted pursuant to the principles set out at arts 31–32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (adopted 23 May 1969, entered into force 27 January 1980) 1155 UNTS 331, Can TS 1980 No 37 as noted in Joshua Blum, ''When Law Forgets: Coherence and Memory in the Determination of Stateless Palestinian Refugee Claims in Canada,'' International Journal of Refugee Law, eeaa019, https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa019.&lt;/ref&gt; This is consistent with Art. 31 of the ''Vienna Convention'', ''supra'', which states that &quot;a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith&quot;. It is also consistent with Article 26 of the ''Vienna Convention'', which requires states to perform their international treaty obligations in good faith. In international law, the concept of good faith, or ''bona fides'', is taken to include duties of honesty, loyalty, and reasonableness.&lt;ref&gt;Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 15 of the article.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, in Britain Lord Bingham has concluded that &quot;there is no want of good faith if a state interprets a treaty as meaning what it says and declines to do anything significantly greater than or different from what it agreed to do.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;''R v. Immigration Officer at Prague Airport, ex parte Roma Rights Centre,'' [2004] UKHL 5, [2005] 2 AC 1 (UK).&lt;/ref&gt; Relatedly, Canada's Federal Court has held that &quot;an unduly textual and restrictive interpretation [of the IRPA]&quot; that &quot;would impose a result that is inconsistent with and contrary to the objectives of the IRPA&quot; must be avoided.&lt;ref&gt;''Mwano v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 792, para. 23 &lt;https://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/fc-cf/decisions/en/item/485650/index.do&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The ''Refugee Convention'' should be interpreted in good faith in light of its object and purpose ====
Under Art. 31 of the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties'', “a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Tristan Harley, ''Refugee Participation Revisited: The Contributions of Refugees to Early International Refugee Law and Policy'', Refugee Survey Quarterly, 28 November 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa040, at page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; This raises the question of what the object and purpose of the ''Refugee Convention'' are. The principal answer that emerges in the jurisprudence relates to the Convention's humanitarian purposes. The UK House of Lords has held that a ‘good faith’ interpretation of the Refugee Convention is one that works to bolster the effectiveness of its protection purpose, and thus seeks a construction consistent with humanitarian aims and not simply a literal linguistic approach.&lt;ref&gt;''Adan v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [1999] 1 AC 293.&lt;/ref&gt; These humanitarian aims are underscored in the IRPA with the statement at s. 3(2)(d) that &quot;the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant, as a fundamental expression of Canada’s humanitarian ideals, fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution&quot;. The academic Michelle Foster writes that &quot;one perspective is that the aim of the Refugee Convention is fundamentally to pursue a social and human rights inspired purpose, namely to provide for the international protection of those individuals falling within the refugee definition.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Michelle Foster, &quot;A Human Rights Framework for Interpreting the Refugee Convention&quot; in Michelle Foster, ''International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights: Refugee from Deprivation'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). &lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada has noted the human rights purpose of the ''Refugee Convention'', for example remarking upon its &quot;obvious human rights purpose&quot; in ''Németh v. Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Németh v. Canada (Justice),'' 2010 SCC 56 (CanLII), [2010] 3 SCR 281, par. 33, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/2djll#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Ezokola v Canada'' the court refers to the &quot;overarching and clear human rights object and purpose [of the ''Refugee Convention'']&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ezokola v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2013 SCC 40, para. 32.&lt;/ref&gt; This is articulated as follows by the Supreme Court of Canada in ''Canada v.'' ''Ward'': the underlying objective of the 1951 Convention is &quot;the international community's commitment to the assurance of basic human rights without discrimination.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Attorney-General) v. Ward'', [1993] 2 SCR 689.&lt;/ref&gt;

That said, the following words of caution from the Australian courts are apposite: &quot;the demands of language and context should not be departed from by invoking the humanitarian objectives of the Convention, without an appreciation of the limits placed by the Convention upon achievement of such objectives.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Applicant A v. Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs'' (1997) 190 CLR 225 (Australia), 231 (Brennan CJ).&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, Lord Bingham in the UK has emphasized that the 1951 Convention was &quot;a compromise between competing interests, in this case between the need to ensure humane treatment of the victims of oppression on the one hand and the wish of sovereign states to maintain control over those seeking entry to their territory on the other.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Foster suggests that it is possible to reconcile these two approaches by emphasizing that the 1951 Convention's focus is on &quot;the need for co-operation in order adequately to deal with the humanitarian problem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Foster, M., ''International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights: Refuge from Deprivation'' (2007), p. 44, as cited in Jane McAdam, ‘Interpretation of the 1951 Convention’ in Andreas Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2011) at page 92.&lt;/ref&gt; Drawing on Klabbers' view that if a treaty's substantive provisions deal with a particular topic, then it may be surmised that that topic is the treaty's object and purpose, Foster argues that the 1951 Convention's overwhelming purpose is a human rights one. In essence the treaty provides for refugees' rights and entitlements under international law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

==== The ''Refugee Convention'' does not explicitly prescribe any particular Refugee Status Determination procedure ====
The objectives of this Act include fulfilling Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. How does that relate to refugee procedure? Canada's refugee status determination process reflects Canada's international obligations, including those stemming from the ''Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees'' of 1951. The challenge of refugee status determination is determining who is a “refugee” and, conversely, who is not. As to the process by which this task should be accomplished, neither the treaty nor the statute is of much direct assistance: there are 46 articles in the ''Refugee Convention'' and 22 paragraphs in the ''Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'', none of which address the issue of Refugee Status Determination (RSD).&lt;ref&gt;Jones, M., &amp; Houle, F. (2008). Building a Better Refugee Status Determination System. ''Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees'', ''25''(2), 3-11. Retrieved from https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/26027, page 3.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the UNHCR’s ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria'', “the Convention does not indicate what type of procedures are to be adopted for the determination of refugee status.”&lt;ref&gt;Jones, M., &amp; Houle, F. (2008). Building a Better Refugee Status Determination System. ''Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees'', ''25''(2), 3-11. Retrieved from https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/26027, page 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The procedures used by Canada must ensure the effectiveness of the substantive provisions in the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
Section 3(2)(b) of the Act specifies that the objectives of the IRPA with respect to refugees include fulfilling Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. In ratifying the ''Refugee Convention'', Canada has made a number of commitments, the most important of which is arguably the principle of ''non-refoulement'' enshrined in Article 33 of the ''Refugee Convention.'' How do such commitments relate to the procedures Canada selects for refugee status determination? Hofmann and Löhr write that, with respect to the 1951 Convention, it might be stated that the Convention does not necessitate (or prohibit) any specific procedure as such, but obliges states not to introduce procedures which would result in applicants for asylum being denied the rights that Canada undertook to respect when signing the Convention. This flows from the foundational principle of international law ''pacta sunt servanda'', the rule that agreements must be kept,&lt;ref&gt;Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 &lt;https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 11 of the article.&lt;/ref&gt; in this case Canada's agreement to abide by the terms of the Convention. With respect to procedures, international courts have established the principle that a state's procedural rules must ensure the effectiveness of the substantive provisions of its international commitments. This has been held by, among others, the International Court of Justice in the ''LaGrand'' ''(Germany v. United States of America)'' case, where it ruled that the duty incumbent on states to ensure that their international obligations be fully respected implies that domestic procedural law must be construed in such a way as to give full effect to a purposive interpretation of the state's international legal commitments.&lt;ref&gt;ICJ. ''LaGrand'', Judgment, ICJ Reports (2001), pp. 497-498, paras. 89-91.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, if a state uses deficient procedures, which lead to prohibited ''refoulement'', the introduction of such procedures constitutes ''per se'' a violation of Article 33 of the Refugee Convention and its prohibition on ''non-refoulement''.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, £260 hb. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 1100.&lt;/ref&gt; This has implications for the procedures that a state selects; for example, UNHCR states that a consequence of a state’s ''non-refoulement'' obligation is a ‘duty of independent inquiry’.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR, UNHCR Intervention before the Court of Final Appeal of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in the case between C, KMF, BF (Applicants) and Director of Immigration, Secretary for Security (Respondents) (31 January 2013) para 74 http://www.refworld.org/docid/510a74ce2.html accessed 6 January 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Such a duty requires states to identify individuals in need of protection before returning or transferring them to a third country.&lt;ref&gt;Azadeh Dastyari, Daniel Ghezelbash, ''Asylum at Sea: The Legality of Shipboard Refugee Status Determination Procedures'', International Journal of Refugee Law, eez046, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eez046&lt;/ref&gt;
==== The ''Refugee Convention'' should be regarded as a living instrument that evolves to meet contemporary needs ====
States have expressly recognized the Refugee Convention as “the foundation of the international protection regime [with] enduring value and relevance in the twenty-first century”.&lt;ref&gt;“Ministerial Communiqué,” UN Doc. HCR/MIN/COMMS/2011/16, Dec. 8, 2011, at [2], as cited in James C. Hathaway, ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law,'' April 2021, ISBN: 9781108810913, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://assets.cambridge.org/97811084/95899/excerpt/9781108495899_excerpt.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed March 6, 2021), at page 9.&lt;/ref&gt; The UK House of Lords has concluded that &quot;It is clear that the signatory states intended that the Convention should afford continuing protection for refugees in the changing circumstances of the present and the future world. In our view the Convention has to be regarded as a living instrument.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Sepet (FC) and Another (FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department'', [2003] UKHL 15, United Kingdom: House of Lords (Judicial Committee), 20 March 2003, available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/cases,GBR_HL,3e92d4a44.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 26 December 2020].&lt;/ref&gt; This is consistent with statements from the Supreme Court of Canada that &quot;international conventions must be interpreted in light of current conditions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [2002] 1 SCR 3 (Canada), para. 87.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties'' delierately does not constrain the meaning of terms in a treaty to their meaning at the time of the treaty's conclusion. A limitation to this effect was deleted from an earlier draft of Art. 31, para. 3(c), of that Convention on the basis that this could restrict the evolution of the law and that, in any event, the correct meaning of the provision would be derived from an &quot;interpretation of the term 'in good faith'&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 103 (para. 84).&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== There can only be one true interpretation of the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
See below: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Act should be interpreted in a way that is coherent with interpretations by other states party to the Convention]].

==== Canada does not have a binding legal obligation to accept refugees from abroad for resettlement ====
Section 3(2)(b) of the Act provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include 1) fulfilling Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees, and 2) affirming Canada’s commitment to international efforts to provide assistance to those in need of resettlement. Resettlement falls into the second category, as opposed to the first, insofar as Canada does not have an international legal obligation to resettle refugees from abroad. When negotiating the ''Refugee Convention'', the international community recognized the importance of burden sharing and prominently placed it in the preamble to the Convention, but burden sharing was not made into a binding legal obligation.&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 5.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, as Hathaway notes, when negotiating the ''Refugee Convention'', governments were emphatic in their rejection of a duty to reach out to refugees located beyond their borders, accepting only the more constrained obligation not to force refugees back to countries in which they might be persecuted.&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, J. (2005). The Rights of Refugees under International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614859 at page 161.&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequent international efforts to articulate an individual right of asylum at international law have been unsuccessful - for example, the 1967 UN General Assembly Declaration on Territorial Asylum is non-binding and a proposed ''Convention on Territorial Asylum'' never materialized.&lt;ref&gt;Adamu Umaru Shehu, ''Understanding the Legal Rights of Refugee, Migrants, and Asylum Seekers Under International Law'', Journal of Conflict Resolution and Social Issues, Vol 1 No 2 (2021) &lt;http://journal.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/JCORSI/article/viewFile/1824/1275&gt; (Accessed February 13, 2021), pages 40-41.&lt;/ref&gt; For more details on burden sharing, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Responsibility sharing and burden sharing between states are fundamental principles of the Refugee Convention]].

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(c) - Fair consideration is to be granted to those who come to Canada claiming persecution ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(c) to grant, as a fundamental expression of Canada’s humanitarian ideals, fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== This has been a long-standing provision in the Act ====
This reflects one of the objectives that was inserted into the 1976 Immigration Act, which was “to fulfill Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and persecuted.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; This is also reflected in the IRB's mission statement, including its emphasis on the Board acting on behalf of Canadians: &quot;Our mission, on behalf of Canadians, is to make well-reasoned decisions on immigration and refugee matters, efficiently, fairly, and in accordance with the law.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;

==== The importance of Board procedures being fair to the public perception of the refugee program ====
In addition to ensuring overall fairness and facilitating the giving of evidence, procedural fairness is also about maintaining the integrity of the refugee determination process in the eyes of the public. For example, stakeholders may come to question the integrity of the system if they observe unfair, biased, stereotyped, arbitrary, or otherwise inappropriate processes that do not provide fair consideration to those who come to Canada and file a claim. As the legal philosopher Patricia Mindus argues, arbitrariness undermines legitimacy and erodes trust in the law in a deep way that is not easy to remedy.&lt;ref&gt;Mindus, P. (2020). Towards a Theory of Arbitrary Law-making in Migration Policy. ''Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics'', ''14''(2), 9-33. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.5324.eip.v14i2.3712&lt;/nowiki&gt; at page 16.&lt;/ref&gt; Ensuring procedural fairness is in this way integral to maintaining the reliability of the hearing and refugee determination process and public support therefor.  

Part of the Board's role in ensuring that fair consideration is provided to those who come to Canada claiming persecution relates to the nature of the reasons that are offered in their cases. As Thériault argues, &quot;reasons encourage the acceptance of decisions and reinforce confidence in the judicial system. The act of writing reasons helps to ensure that decisions are arrived at rationally and imposes on judges a form of self-discipline. Reasons allow parties to understand why a case was decided a certain way. Reasons allow appeal judges to assess the merits of decisions under review. Reasons are also necessary for the proper development of the common law through the principle of ''stare decisis'', and serve an educational purpose by informing both the legal community and those outside it of the content and evolution of legal rules.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 332.&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== This provision relates to the Canadian Bill of Rights provision on principles of fundamental justice ====
Section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. This tracks Section 2(e) of the ''Canadian'' ''Bill of Rights'', which states that no law of Canada shall be construed or applied so as to &quot;abrogate, abridge or infringe or to authorize the abrogation, abridgement or infringement of any of the rights or freedoms herein recognized and declared, and in particular, no law of Canada shall be construed or applied so as to ... (e) deprive a person of the right to a fair hearing in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice for the determination of his rights and obligations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Bill of Rights,'' SC 1960, c 44, s 2, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/7vnh#sec2&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; 
==== This provision relates to Canada's international obligations ====
Section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. As to the scope of this concept of this &quot;fair consideration&quot;, see [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of procedures that will uphold Canada's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings]].

==== The focus of this provision is on those who are claimants within Canada ====
Section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. This provision can be interpreted as being focused on those who come to Canada claiming protection (asylum seekers) as opposed to those who are abroad (awaiting resettlement) given that resettled refugees do not come to Canada &quot;claiming&quot; protection as their claim has generally been accepted prior to that point. See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Canada does not have a binding legal obligation to accept refugees from abroad for resettlement]]. An alternative interpretation of this phrase could be that &quot;those who come to Canada claiming persecution&quot; uses Canada as an eponym in place of the Government of Canada, as opposed to the territory of the country, though this is arguably a doubtful interpretation of the phrase. 

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(d) - Offering safe haven ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(d) to offer safe haven to persons with a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group, as well as those at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== The idea that the objectives of the refugee provisions in the Act involve offering safe haven implicitly means that the grant of refugee status involves a judgment of the source country ====
Section 3(2)(d) of the objectives of the Act provides that its objectives with respect to refugees include offering safe haven to specified persons. The idea of offering a safe haven in Canada implicitly involves a judgment that the source country is not providing that safe haven. As Plaut writes, in this way, according refugee status inherently involves passing judgment on the source country: &quot;what is the Geneva Convention but a moral judgement of offending countries' policies? Any time a nation accepts a person as a legitimate refugee it is judging the refugee's country of origin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 124.&lt;/ref&gt; He goes on to write that, &quot;accpeting an individual refugee under the Convention appears to imply that his/her country of origin, by creating refugees on its territory, does not live up to proper international standards.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 140.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The objective of this Act is to offer safe haven to specified persons and this is an enduring commitment unless an asylee's status ceases ====
The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include offering safe haven to persons with a well-founded fear of persecution for a Convention reason, as well as those at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment of punishment. This obligation, which partly tracks the criteria of the ''Refugee Convention'', reflects the fact that the 1951 Convention can be viewed as a third party agreement: a treaty whereby the contracting states take on obligations towards each other for the benefit of a third party, namely the refugees who are, per the terms of the treaty, provided with refugee rights.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 40 (para. 2).&lt;/ref&gt; As Haddad writes, the refugee is someone who has exited their state of origin by crossing an international border and hence has become an issue of concern on the international agenda and a ward of international society.&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 198.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The &quot;safe haven&quot; that is to be offered to refugees is independent of other types of tenuous immigration status that Canada offers such as permanent residence. An applicant’s asylum status is not affected because their permanent residence status was lost or because their application for permanent residence was refused.&lt;ref&gt;''Gaspard v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 29, paras. 15-16.&lt;/ref&gt; Even where a refugee moves onward from a state which has granted international protection, that state bears ongoing obligations towards the individual, unless their status has ceased.&lt;ref&gt;''Paulos Teddla v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2020 FC 1109 (CanLII), par. 21, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc709#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, even those who are granted status as protected persons by the IRB may not meet the criteria to become permanent residents or citizens in Canada: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 26-28 - Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility#Other grounds of inadmissibility in the IRPA do not render claimants ineligible for a refugee hearing, but may nonetheless have consequences even where a claim is accepted]]. That said, it is clear that refugee status ends with the application of the cessation clauses in the Convention.&lt;ref&gt;Brid Ni Ghrainne, ''Internally displaced persons and international refugee law'', in Satvinder S. Juss, ''Research Handbook on International Refugee Law'', 2019. Edward Elgar Publishing: Northampton, Massachusetts, page 34.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, Article 1(C)(3) of the Refugee Convention provides that refugee status is terminated upon naturalization, i.e. a situation where a refugee “acquire(s) a new nationality, and enjoys the protection of the country of his new nationality.”&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf?sequence=2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 38.&lt;/ref&gt; Once the criteria in one of the cessation clauses in the Refugee Convention are met, then 'refugeehood' can rightfully be regarded as having ceased. Until then, it may be observed that refugeehood is inherently characterized by a temporal uncertainty; indeed, as Agier notes, that the word ‘refuge’ itself ‘denotes a temporary shelter, while waiting for something better.’&lt;ref&gt;Agier, Michel. 2008. On the Margins of the World: The Refugee Experience Today. Cambridge: Polity Press.&lt;/ref&gt; See also the following discussion of the interaction between the cessation clause in the Refugee Convention and the acquisition of Canadian citizenship: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 64 - Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection#This provision applies even to those who have become Canadian citizens]].  

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(e) to establish fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system, while upholding Canada’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of efficient procedures ====
Section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of the Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of fair and efficient procedures. Section 162(2) of the IRPA provides that each Division shall deal with all proceedings before it as informally and quickly as the circumstances and the considerations of fairness and natural justice permit; for further discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/162 - Board Jurisdiction and Procedure#IRPA Section 162(2) - Obligation to proceed informally and expeditiously]]. 

The starting point regarding the position of an alien, at common law, was summa­rized by Lord Denning as follows:&lt;blockquote&gt;At common law no alien has any right to enter this country except by leave of the Crown; and the Crown can refuse leave without giving any reason. If he comes by leave, the Crown can impose such conditions as it thinks fit, as to his length of stay, or otherwise. He has no right whatever to remain here. He is liable to be sent home to his own country at any time if, in the opinion of the Crown, his presence here is not conducive to the public good; and for this purpose, the executive may arrest him and put him on board a ship or aircraft bound for his own country. The position of aliens at common law has since been covered by various regulations; but the principles remain the same.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Governor of Pentonville Prison,'' [1973] 2 All E.R. 741 at p. 747, as cited in ''Maslej v. Minister of Manpower and Immigration,'' 1976 CanLII 2309 (FCA), [1977] 1 FC 194, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jqtbs&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; [internal citations omitted]&lt;/blockquote&gt;The reality of having largely unstoppable flows of desperate people who do not have a legal right to enter or remain in Canada has been one that the refugee determination system has had to repeatedly contend with. In this way, Hathaway writes when describing the situation that spawned one of the Refugee Convention’s historical antecedents, the credibility of border controls and of the restriction of socioeconomic benefits to nationals is at stake with refugee programs: by legitimating and defining a needs-based exception to the norm of communal closure, refugee law can sustain the protectionist norm. In this way, “so long as the admission of refugees [is] understood to be formally sanctioned by states, their arrival [ceases] to be legally destabilizing.”&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, J. (2021). The Rights of Refugees under International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2nd Ed. Page 21.&lt;/ref&gt; This motivation has a number of implications. The Federal Court of Appeal has stated that “there is compelling public interest, in Canada, in having refugee status determined as soon as is practically possible after a claim is made.”&lt;ref&gt;''Seth v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1993] 3 F.C. 348 (C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; As the Canadian Bar Association has submitted, a lack of expeditiousness &quot;leads to legitimate claims languishing in the system and encourages the proliferation of unmeritorious claims.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 48.&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada emphasizes the importance of proportionality when selecting a procedure, as &quot;the best forum for resolving a dispute is not always that with the most painstaking procedure&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Hryniak v Mauldin'', 2014 SCC 7 (CanLII), [2014] 1 SCR 87, para. 28, as cited in ''Ejere v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 749 (CanLII), at para 7, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gspj8#par7&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt; These goals are reflected in the structures and procedures enshrined in the Act, including:

* &lt;u&gt;The control over proceedings that has been granted to decision makers:&lt;/u&gt; To increase the efficiency of hearings, procedures were amended following passage of the ''Balanced Refugee Reform Act'' (2010) and the ''Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act'' (2012) to give decision makers greater control over refugee protection proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;Neil Yeates, ''Report of the Independent Review of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', Government of Canada, April 10, 2018, &lt;https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/pub/irb-report-en.pdf&gt; (Accessed April 27, 2020), page 13.&lt;/ref&gt; The fact that each Division of the IRB is required to deal with all proceedings before it as informally and expeditiously as the circumstances of fairness and natural justice permit supports, for example, the right of a tribunal Member to control the process and not waste time on matters that are irrelevant.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration) c. Tavares Carrera,'' 2024 CF 1224 (CanLII), au para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k64rc#par13&gt;, consulté le 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses#44(5): In deciding whether to allow a witness to testify, the Division must consider any relevant factors]].
* &lt;u&gt;Ways that duplicative processes have been excised from the Act:&lt;/u&gt; The Refugee Appeal Division, when considering issues of efficiency, has observed that an interpretation of the Act which would reduce duplication of work and having an additional, unnecessary, hearing is to be preferred.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 101305 (CA IRB), par. 70, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc74v#par70&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has noted a sympathy &quot;to any argument intended to achieve judicial economy in avoiding unnecessary procedures&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at paras 32-33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par32&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; This principle can be seen in the legislative history of section 97 of the Act. Section 97 was introduced with the transition from the ''Immigration Act'' to the IRPA, and in this way expanded the scope of asylum protection to include persons who are at risk of torture and to persons who are at risk of cruel and inhumane treatment upon deportation to their country of nationality or former habitual residence. Rebecca Hamlin writes that there is no evidence to suggest that Parliament considered the introduction of section 97 to be monumental when it discussed IRPA before voting on it in 2002. When the bill was being debated, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Elinor Caplan assured members of Parliament the IRPA &quot;gives us the ability to streamline our procedures, so that those who are in genuine need of our protection will be welcomed in Canada more quickly and those who are not in need of protection will be able to be removed more quickly. That streamlining is extremely important.&quot; Immediately after IRPA went into force, the IRB Legal Services division produced a guide for decision-makers on how to make section 97 decisions; the guide states that these decisions were subsumed under the IRB mandate to avoid the &quot;delays and inconsistencies&quot; of the previous &quot;fragmented&quot; and &quot;multilayered approach&quot;. 
* &lt;u&gt;Fairness requirements to hold a claim in abeyance pending additional evidence:&lt;/u&gt; The court has held that fundamental justice requires a tribunal to delay its decision if it knows that, given a reasonable time, an applicant can obtain a crucial document.&lt;ref&gt;''Iqbal, Muhammad v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-4207-93), Muldoon, May 7, 1996. Reported: Iqbal v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1996), 33 Imm. L.R. (2d) 179 (F.C.T.D.).&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Requests to delay convening a hearing or issuing a decision pending the receipt of new evidence]]. 

==== The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system ====
Section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of the Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights states that &quot;''Because of their vulnerable situation, refugees may face pressures to exaggerate or conceal information about human rights violations they have suffered or witnessed. For example, they may exaggerate problems they have experienced if they believe that they will have a better chance of receiving humanitarian assistance or refugee status.''&quot;&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ''Manual on human rights monitoring: Chapter 11 (Interviewing),''&lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Chapter11-MHRM.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, page 23.&lt;/ref&gt; As Harold Troper notes, a concern that the refugee program must seek to address is the worry that &quot;many of the refugee claimants, including some who successfully made it through the determination process, were not really legitimate refugees but individuals looking for a way around tough Canadian immigration regulations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Troper, Harold,  &quot;Immigration in Canada&quot;. In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published April 22, 2013; Last Edited September 19, 2017. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/immigration&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, fraudulent applications are said to have &quot;plagued&quot; a number of Canada's immigration programs, and are not simply a concern with the in-Canada asylum system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Oakland Ross, &quot;Canada Is Conned into Taking Rebels; Colombians Given Refugee Status; Bogota Arrests 3 Civil Servants,&quot; ''Toronto Star'' (8 September 2004), A1, as cited in Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 139.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, under the former source country class in the IRPA for resettlement, the ICRC indicated that individuals used fraudulent referrals allegedly from the ICRC at the Canadian embassy.&lt;ref&gt;Francisco Rico Martinez, &quot;The Future of Colombian Refugees in Canada: Are We Being Equitable?&quot; (2011), 35-36, online: ''Canadian Council for Refugees'' &lt;http://ccrweb.ca/files/ccr_colombia_report_2011.pdf&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, a scheme was discovered by Colombian authorities in which substantial bribes were being paid to civil servants employed by the Colombian National Senate for documents identifying individuals as victims of death or abduction threats from either the guerrillas or the paramilitaries. The documents were reportedly used at the Canadian embassy in Bogota to achieve source country class resettlement for at least fifty people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; 

The Immigration and Refugee Board has stated that one of the challenges that it faces is to ensure that individuals and groups cannot use refugee claims as a means to circumvent our national immigration policies.&lt;ref&gt;Government of Canada, ''Refugee Determination: What it is and how it works'', Pamphlet, 1989, Immigration and Refugee Board, page 3.&lt;/ref&gt; When the IRB came into existence, the government programme delivery strategy stated that the removal of non-credible refugee claimants was the law’s &quot;cornerstone&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;David Matas, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', 1989, Summerhill Press, Toronto, ISBN 0-920197-81-7, page 143.&lt;/ref&gt; This necessarily involves a balancing, one which Jennifer Bond and David Wiseman discuss when they write that the procedural framework governing Canada's asylum system contains a number of mechanisms aimed at enabling both flexibility and rigour.&lt;ref&gt;Jennifer Bond &amp; David Wiseman, ''Imperfect Evidence and Uncertain Justice: An Exploratory Study of Access to Justice Issues in Canada's Asylum System,'' 53 U.B.C. L. Rev. 1 (2020), page 19.&lt;/ref&gt; These considerations also relate to what the Supreme Court of Canada refers to as the importance of maintaining &quot;the dignity of refugee status&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;''Febles v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2014 SCC 68 [2014] 2 FCR 224.&lt;/ref&gt; The UNHCR refers to similar considerations when it writes that &quot;to preserve the civilian character of asylum, States...need to assess the situation of arrivals carefully so as to identify armed elements and separate them from the civilian refugee population.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;National Documentation Package, Sudan, 28 March 2024, tab 14.8: ​UNHCR Position on Returns to Sudan​. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal writes that &quot;maintenance of the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system is a valid purpose to consider, and one which the system requires as a duty to be taken seriously by all concerned.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Azizi v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 FCA 406.&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of procedures that will uphold Canada's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings ====

Section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of the Act with respect to refugees are to establish fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system, while upholding Canada's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings. This can be considered in conjunction with section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA, which provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. As to the scope of this concept of &quot;fair consideration&quot;, it should be considered in conjunction with s. 3(3)(f) of the IRPA, which provides that the Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. When considering such human rights instruments, regard may properly be had of the provision of the ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'' that provides individuals with extensive rights relating to a fair trial in the determination of a person's &quot;rights and obligations in a suit at law&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;UN General Assembly, ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'', 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3aa0.html [accessed 6 February 2021], Article 14.&lt;/ref&gt; which, as Macharia-Mokobi argues, may fairly be held to cover refugee status determination procedures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;E Macharia-Mokobi, J Pfumorodze, ''Advancing refugee protection in Botswana through improved refugee status determination'', African Human Rights Law Journal 13 (1), 01-26, &lt;http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1996-20962013000100008&amp;script=sci_arttext&amp;tlng=es&gt; (Accessed February 5, 2021), page 162.&lt;/ref&gt; This also reflects the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'', which reads:&lt;blockquote&gt;The High Contracting parties, ... considering that the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights approved on 10 December 1948 by the General Assembly have affirmed the principle that human beings shall enjoy fundamental rights and freedoms without discrimination ... have agreed as follows: ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This has implications for the procedures that are used and the evidence that is accepted in them. For example, any statement or evidence obtained as a result of torture is not to be relied on as evidence in any proceeding.&lt;ref&gt;''Wong v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 862 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k53vz#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-18.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of Lord Hoffmann from the UK House of Lords, &quot;The use of torture is dishonourable. It corrupts and degrades the state which uses it and the legal system which accepts it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''A &amp; Ors v. Secretary of State for the Home Department'', [2005] UKHL 71, at para. 82, as cited in ''Mahjoub (Re)'', 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw&gt;, at page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; As Justice Blanchard writes, &quot;the admission of such evidence is antithetical to and damages the integrity of the judicial proceedings.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Mahjoub (Re),'' 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw&gt;, para. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; For more information on fair procedures for refugee status determination, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing]].

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(g) - Protecting the health and safety of Canadians and maintaining the security of Canadian society ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives - refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are ...
(g) to protect the health and safety of Canadians and to maintain the security of Canadian society; and
&lt;/pre&gt;

==== This is worded identically to s. 3(1)(h) of the Act ====
Section 3(1)(h) of the IRPA is worded identically, stating that &quot;the objectives of this Act with respect to immigration are (''h'') to protect the health and safety of Canadians and to maintain the security of Canadian society&quot;. That provision was considered in ''Medovarski v Canada'', in which the Supreme Court of Canada noted that &quot;the objectives as expressed in the IRPA indicate an intent to prioritize security&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The objectives as expressed in the ''IRPA'' indicate an intent to prioritize security. This objective is given effect by preventing the entry of applicants with criminal records, by removing applicants with such records from Canada, and by emphasizing the obligation of permanent residents to behave lawfully while in Canada. This marks a change from the focus in the predecessor statute, which emphasized the successful integration of applicants more than security: e.g., see s. 3(1)(''i'') of the ''IRPA'' versus s. 3(''j'') of the former Act; s. 3(1)(''e'') of the ''IRPA'' versus s. 3(''d'') of the former Act; s. 3(1)(''h'') of the ''IRPA'' versus s. 3(''i'') of the former Act. Viewed collectively, the objectives of the ''IRPA'' and its provisions concerning permanent residents, communicate a strong desire to treat criminals and security threats less leniently than under the former Act.&lt;ref&gt;''Medovarski v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration); Esteban v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 SCC 51 (CanLII), [2005] 2 SCR 539, par. 10, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1lpk5#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This objective is implemented through the grounds of inadmissibility found in ss. 34-42 of the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 408.&lt;/ref&gt; Which see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/33-43 - Inadmissibility]].

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(h) - To promote international justice and security by denying access to Canadian territory to persons, including refugee claimants, who are security risks or serious criminals ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives - refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are ...
(h) to promote international justice and security by denying access to Canadian territory to persons, including refugee claimants, who are security risks or serious criminals.
&lt;/pre&gt;

==== While the IRPA may use terms similar to that of Canada's Criminal Code, they need not be interpreted identically ====
In ''Rana v. Canada'', the Federal Court commented that:&lt;blockquote&gt;[47]  More generally, although broadly speaking both the ''Criminal Code'' and the ''IRPA'' share a concern with public safety and security, they do not “operate in tandem” or function together as parts of a single regulatory scheme, not even with respect to the specific matter of terrorism (cf. ''Bell ExpressVu Limited Partnership v Rex'', 2002 SCC 42 (CanLII) at para 46 [''Bell ExpressVu'']). They do not deal with the same subject matter in the way that is necessary to engage the principle that statutes ''in pari materia'' should be construed together and can be explanatory of one another (cf. Ruth Sullivan, ''Sullivan on the Construction of Statutes'', 6&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; ed (Markham: LexisNexis, 2014) at 416-21). As a result, in my view this principle does not justify applying the meaning of “terrorist activity” in the ''Criminal Code'' to the term “terrorism” in section 34(1) of the ''IRPA''. I must, therefore, respectfully disagree with my colleague Justice Brown, who relied on this principle in ''Ali v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2017 FC 182 (CanLII) [''Ali''], to import the meaning given to “terrorist activity” in the ''Criminal Code'' into the ''IRPA'' for the purposes of a finding under section 34(1)(f) of the latter (see ''Ali'' at paras 42-44; see also ''Alam'' at paras 26-28)''.''&lt;ref&gt;''Rana v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2018 FC 1080, para. 47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== The objectives of the Act include promoting international justice and security, and regard may be had to Canada's international obligations thereon ====
The objectives of the Act include promoting international justice and security, and regard may be had to Canada's international obligations on those points. For example, the Federal Court has noted that:&lt;blockquote&gt;Canada has numerous and significant international obligations to combat terrorism, including: ''International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism'', 12 December 1999, UNTS 2178 at 197; ''International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings'', 15 December 1997, UNTS 2149 at 256; ''International Convention against the Taking of Hostages'', 17 December 1979 UNTS 1316 at 205; ''Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) [on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts]'' (UNSC, 56th Sess, UN Doc S/RES/1373(2001) SC Res 1373); ''Security Council Resolution 2322 (2016) [on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts],'' UNSC, 2016, S/RES/2322; ''Security Council Resolution 2178 (2014) [on addressing the growing issue of foreign terrorist fighters],'' (UNSC, 69th Sess, UN Doc S/RES/2178 (2014) SC Res 2178)), which form a crucial part of the interpretive context for the ''IRPA'' (''IRPA,'' ss 3(1)(i) and 3(2)(h).&lt;ref&gt;''Talukder v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1489 (CanLII), at para 73, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6zb1#par73&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-24.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== IRPA Section 3(3)(b) - This Act is to be applied in a manner that promotes accountability and transparency by enhancing public awareness of immigration and refugee programs ===
&lt;pre&gt;Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(b) promotes accountability and transparency by enhancing public awareness of immigration and refugee programs;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== It is important that the public perceive the determinations made under the Act as being legitimate ====
Section 3(3)(b) of the Act provides that that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that enhances public awareness of immigration and refugee programs. As the Court held in ''Rezaei'', the Board's stakeholders &quot;include not only the claimants who appear before the Board and its Divisions, but also the Canadian public at large, which is served by effective mechanisms for the application of immigration policy.”&lt;ref&gt;''Rezaei v. Canada'' (''Minister of Citizenship and Immigration''), [2003] 3 FC 421 (TD), para. 70.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board must seek to maintain the support of both groups of stakeholders. The Supreme Court of Canada has linked preserving &quot;the integrity and legitimacy of the refugee protection system&quot; to &quot;the necessary public support for [the system's] viability&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; Refugee lawyer David Matas speaks to a policy concern related to this when he states that if the public lacks confidence in the refugee determination system “people will eventually give up all hope in the system. ... [T]hose concerned with protecting refugees will adopt extra-legal rather than legal strategies - a Canadian sanctuary movement is possible”.&lt;ref&gt;David Matas and Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-920197-81-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 146.&lt;/ref&gt; Refugees pose a problem for the Canadian government quite different from that of other foreigners and it is necessary that decisions on asylum clearly communicate either why an individual should be entitled to stay in Canada or else why they can be returned to their state.&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 7.&lt;/ref&gt; This said, it does not appear to be an objective of the refugee system to denounce foreign states. 

=== IRPA Section 3(3)(c) - This Act is to be applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada, provincial governments, foreign states, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations ===
&lt;pre&gt;Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(c) facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada, provincial governments, foreign states, international organizations and non-governmental organizations;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== Canada has an obligation to cooperate with the UNHCR and the IRPA should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates and respects this obligation ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and international organizations. This provision of the Act relates to Canada's international obligations. Opinions and interpretations by the UNHCR are of particular interest because of Article 35 of the ''Refugee Convention'', which provides that member states have an obligation to facilitate the duty of UNHCR in supervising the application of the provisions of the Convention. Article 35 of the Refugee Convention and Article 2(1) of the 1967 Protocol stipulate that “[t]he States Parties to the present Protocol undertake to co-operate with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [...] in the exercise of its functions, and shall in particular facilitate its duty of supervising the application of the provisions of the present Protocol”.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations General Assembly. (1967). “Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees.” United Nations Treaty Series, Volume 606, Page 267.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'' reads:&lt;blockquote&gt;The High Contracting parties, ... noting that the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is charged with the task of supervising international conventions providing for the protection of refugees, and recognizing that the effective co-ordination of measures taken to deal with this problem will depend upon the co-operation of States with the High Commissioner, ... have agreed as follows: ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;UNHCR, ''Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees,'' Document dated December 2010 &lt;https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10&gt; (Accessed August 30, 2020), at page 13 of the document.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Furthermore, UNHCR is entrusted by the United Nations General Assembly with supervision of the interpretation and application of the Refugee Convention.&lt;ref&gt;See the Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, annexed to UN General Assembly Resolution 428(V), 14 December 1950.&lt;/ref&gt;

As such, statements emanating from the UNHCR, such as those in its handbook, are considered highly influential in how refugee adjudication should be approached, even if its clauses are not, in and of themselves, law in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Council for Refugees v R,'' 2007 FC 1262 (CanLII), [2008] 3 FCR 606, par. 208, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1tz0l#par208&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-22 (decision overturned at the Federal Court of Appeal on other grounds).&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal noted as much in ''Rahaman v. Canada'', holding:&lt;blockquote&gt;in Article 35 of the Geneva Convention the signatory states undertake to co-operate with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in the performance of its functions and, in particular, to facilitate the discharge of its duty of supervising the application of the Convention. Accordingly, considerable weight should be given to recommendations of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme on issues relating to refugee determination and protection that are designed to go some way to fill the procedural void in the Convention itself.&lt;ref&gt;''Rahaman v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration,'' 2002 ACWSJ Lexis 1026 (Can. FCA, Mar. 1, 2002), per. Evan’s J.A.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This holding is consistent with caselaw in Britain that UNHCR’s guidance concerning the interpretation and application of the Refugee Convention “should be accorded considerable weight”.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Sirri v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2012] UKSC 54; [2013] 1 AC 745, para 36.&lt;/ref&gt; The UK Supreme Court has held that “the accumulated and unrivalled expertise of this organisation, its experience in working with governments throughout the world, the development, promotion and enforcement of procedures of high standard and consistent decision-making in the field of refugee status determinations must invest its decisions with considerable authority”.&lt;ref&gt;''IA (Iran) v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2014] UKSC 6; [2014] 1 WLR 384, para 44.&lt;/ref&gt;

That said, there is no requirement that panels of the Board expressly mention UNHCR guidelines in their reasons.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1410 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jlcdb#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-02.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the UNHCR's supervisory role does not include a mandate to provide an authoritative interpretation of the Refugee Convention.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Jane McAdam, ‘Interpretation of the 1951 Convention’ in Andreas Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2011) at page 79.&lt;/ref&gt; Accordingly, the UNHCR can only issue ''guidance'' on the Convention's interpretation. In the words of the Federal Court of Appeal from ''Jayasekara v Canada'', UNHCR’s statements &quot;cannot override the functions of the Court in determining the words of the Convention.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Jayasekara v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FCA 404, at para. 39.&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, there are also a multitude of pronouncements emanating from the UNHCR, with different levels of persuasiveness. Specifically, English jurisprudence persuasive holds that pronouncements of the UNHCR Executive Committee have been held to warrant greater weight than publications merely penned by UNHCR staff, such as the “Guidelines on International Protection” issued by the UNHCR’s Department of International Protection.&lt;ref&gt;''Secretary of State for the Home Department v. MA (Somalia),'' [2018] EWCA Civ 994 (Eng. CA, May 2, 2018).&lt;/ref&gt; That said, even the UNHCR Executive Committee Conclusions are not binding on States, even if they may be instructive in interpreting and applying the 1951 Convention.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;
==== Responsibility sharing and burden sharing between states are fundamental principles of the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. This provision reflects the importance of &quot;burden sharing&quot; and &quot;responsibility sharing&quot; in the refugee regime. It is said that the Refugee Convention is based on two principles: ''non-refoulement'', the rule that asylum seekers cannot be turned away or forced to return to their countries of origin; and ''responsibility sharing'', the idea that member nations should share the costs, labour, and risks of refugee aid.&lt;ref&gt;Mai-Linh K. Hong (2020) ''Navigating the Global Refugee Regime: Law, Myth, Story'', Amerasia Journal, DOI: 10.1080/00447471.2020.1776571, page 3.&lt;/ref&gt; While the first principle is explicitly outlined in the operative clauses of the Convention, the second is implicit in the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'', which reads:&lt;ref&gt;Srobana Bhattacharya, Bidisha Biswas, ''International Norms of Asylum and Burden-Sharing: A Case Study of Bangladesh and the Rohingya Refugee Population'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 December 2020, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa122 at page 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The High Contracting parties, ... considering that the grant of asylum may place unduly heavy burdens on certain countries, and that a satisfactory solution of a problem of which the United Nations has recognized the international scope and nature cannot therefore be achieved without international co-operation, ... have agreed as follows: ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;James Hathaway writes in ''The Law of Refugee Status'' that burden sharing was historically one of the core motivations for the ''Refugee Convention'': &lt;blockquote&gt;... the majority of the states that drafted the Convention sought to create a rights regime conducive to the redistribution of the post-war refugee burden from European shoulders. The Europeans complained that they had been forced to cope with the bulk of the human displacement caused by the Second World War, and that the time had come for all members of the United Nations to contribute to the resettlement of both the remaining war refugees and the influx of refugees from the Soviet bloc. Refugees would be more inclined to move beyond Europe if there were guarantees that their traditional expectations in terms of rights and benefits would be respected abroad. The Convention, then, was designed to create secure conditions such as would facilitate the sharing of the European refugee burden.&lt;ref&gt;James C Hathaway, ''The Law of Refugee Status'', Markham, Ont: Butterworths, 1991, at 6-11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Today, most refugees reside not in Europe, but in low-income states; the world’s six richest countries host under 10% of the world’s refugee population, while 80% of the world’s refugee population live in countries neighbouring their own.&lt;ref&gt;Srobana Bhattacharya, Bidisha Biswas, ''International Norms of Asylum and Burden-Sharing: A Case Study of Bangladesh and the Rohingya Refugee Population'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 December 2020, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa122 at page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; The majority of these countries are low-income ones, with significant resource and governance challenges of their own.&lt;ref&gt;Srobana Bhattacharya, Bidisha Biswas, ''International Norms of Asylum and Burden-Sharing: A Case Study of Bangladesh and the Rohingya Refugee Population'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 December 2020, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa122 at page 2.&lt;/ref&gt; As an example, Canada has welcomed 1,088,015 refugees since 1980&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR Canada, ''Refugees in Canada'', Data to 2017 &lt;https://www.unhcr.ca/in-canada/refugees-in-canada/&gt; (Accessed December 26, 2020). &lt;/ref&gt; through both the resettlement and in-Canada asylum processes. Between 1979 and 2018, a total of 707,421 refugees were resettled to Canada, including 313,401 refugees who came through the private sponsorship program, 385,014 through the Government-Assisted Refugee program, and 9,006 through the Blended Visa Office Referred (BVOR) program.&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 155.&lt;/ref&gt; The remainder came through the in-Canada asylum system. All together, these refugee numbers represent about 3% of the current Canadian population. In comparison, Jordan today hosts refugees equivalent to 9% of its current population and Lebanon hosts refugees equivalent to more than 20% of its current population, all with substantially fewer financial resources than Canada has.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, ''Refugee population by country or territory of asylum,'' 2019 &lt;https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG&gt; (Accessed December 26, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

Responsibility sharing, as a concept, has been said to refer to the 'sharing' of people, while burden sharing refers to the sharing of financial resources and other costs related to refugees.&lt;ref&gt;Julian M. Lehmann, A''t the crossroads: The 1951 Geneva Convention today'', in Satvinder S. Juss, ''Research Handbook on International Refugee Law'', 2019. Edward Elgar Publishing: Northampton, Massachusetts, page 9.&lt;/ref&gt; These principles have a number of implications. First, it is to this end that the UNHCR Executive Committee has encouraged states to continue to promote, where relevant, regional initiatives for refugee protection and durable solutions.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR Executive Committee Conclusion N° 81(k), 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has noted that &quot;in principle, international refugee law does not confer upon refugees the right to choose their country of asylum&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Mohamed v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 1997 CanLII 16302 (FC), 127 FTR 241 at 4.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court also notes that international refugee law &quot;does not authorize their irregular movement between successive countries solely in order to benefit from more favourable conditions.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; The Federal Court has also cited with approval the UNHCR document ''Guidance on Responding to Irregular Onward Movement of Refugees and Asylum-seekers'' (2019) which includes a related discussion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; One manifestation of this principle in the IRPA is through the responsibility sharing arrangement between the &quot;Five Eyes&quot; countries established by s. 101(c.1) of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/100-102 - Examination of Eligibility to Refer Claim]].

All this said, under international law refugees are under no obligation to apply for asylum in any particular state at any specific stage of their flight from danger.&lt;ref&gt;Idil Atak, Zainab Abu Alrob, Claire Ellis, Expanding refugee ineligibility: Canada’s response to secondary refugee movements, Journal of Refugee Studies, 14 December 2020, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa103&lt;/nowiki&gt; at page 13.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, the 1951 Convention at the time of its adoption was seen as an instrument of responsibility sharing and, to this end, binding obligations upon states were considered a requirement for effective international cooperation, as well as more equal commitments and sharing of responsibility with regard to refugee problems.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, £260 hb. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 40 (para. 1).&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, in-country asylum systems have come to be seen as durable methods of responsibility sharing. Shauna Labman writes about the comparative &quot;fragility and vulnerability&quot; of state resettlement programs in contrast to asylum when she notes the fact that politicians have more control over resettlement levels than they do asylum numbers, and in fact resettlement programs can simply disappear.&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 46.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Canada does not have a binding legal obligation to accept refugees from abroad for resettlement]]. In contrast, the “non-refoulement” rule has been called &quot;the only binding principle for allocating refugee responsibilities in international law&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Philipp Lutz, Anna Stünzi, Stefan Manser-Egli, ''Responsibility-Sharing in Refugee Protection: Lessons from Climate Governance'', International Studies Quarterly, 25 February 2021, https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqab016&lt;/ref&gt;

==== States should do everything in their power to prevent the problem of refugees from becoming a cause of tension between states ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. This provision can be seen to reflect the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'', which reads:&lt;blockquote&gt;The High Contracting parties, ... expressing the wish that all States, recognizing the social and humanitarian nature of the problem of refugees, will do everything within their power to prevent this problem from becoming a cause of tension between States, ... have agreed as follows: ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Relatedly, in 1967, the UN General Assembly adopted a ''Declaration on Territorial Asylum'' directed toward States. The Declaration states that granting asylum is a peaceful and humanitarian act that cannot be regarded as unfriendly by any other State.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR and Inter-Parliamentary Union, ''Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law'', &lt;https://www.academia.edu/36070452/REFUGEE_PROTECTION_A_Guide_to_International_Refugee_Law?email_work_card=view-paper&gt; (Accessed December 13, 2020), page 15.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, the modern refugee regime can be seen as one institution that supports the stability of states and their borders in that it provides a mechanism for individuals to be recognized after they cross a border and arguably may thereby reduce calls for borders to be reconfigured to reflect shifting ethnic or political differences.&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 137.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The Act should be interpreted in a way that prevents the possibility of “refugees in orbit” ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. Canada’s Senate, in amending relevant bills, has been said to have tried to ensure that the safe third country provisions in the IRPA do not result in “refugees in orbit”, refugees forced to travel from country to country in search of protection.&lt;ref&gt;David Matas with Ilana Simon, Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection, Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-920197-81-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 161.&lt;/ref&gt; There are different definitions of what this term means. 

The classic &quot;refugees in orbit&quot; were the Jews of antiquity, being admitted to many states on a temporary basis, but securing permanent residence in none. In Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut's words, Christian Europe dubbed them &quot;the wandering Jew&quot; and treated them in accordance with what such otherness implied:&lt;blockquote&gt;
Wanderers seemed to be a natural part of the human landscape; they arrived, stayed and often departed. As long as they were &quot;other&quot; and not allowed to integrate, they presented no political danger. They were simply there to be utilized, and could be discarded when they were of no further use. They had no right to permanent settlement and in a sense remained &quot;refugees in orbit&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, pages 44-45.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
In this way, refugees in orbit may be those who have been displaced and moving - some constantly, some intermittently - for years, even decades or generations.&lt;ref&gt;Siobhán McGuirk, Adrienne Pine, eds., ''Asylum for Sale: Profit and Protest in the Migration Industry'', PM Press: 2020, ISBN: 9781629637822, page 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Audrey Macklin provides a more contemporary example of the &quot;refugees in orbit&quot; concept, stating that a “refugee in orbit” situation is constituted when:&lt;blockquote&gt;Country A designates country B as a safe third country, thereby entitling country A to refuse to adjudicate the claim of an asylum seeker who arrived in country A via country B. However, in the absence of a readmission agreement, country B may refuse to re-admit the asylum seeker, and send the person to country C, who may in turn bounce the person concerned to country D, and so on.&lt;ref&gt;Audrey Macklin, “Disappearing Refugees: Reflections on the Canada-US Safe Third Country Agreement” (2005) 36 Colum HRL Rev 365 at 373-74.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The phrase and concept of refugees &quot;in orbit&quot; was a common one when the Safe Third Country Agreement provisions were being enacted in Canada's immigration legislation in the 1980s. Specifically, the Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, which examined Bill C-55 in 1988, indicated that they had concerns about the safety involved in the 'safe country' provision of that bill. As Alan Nash describes, it was felt that the bill provided no formal mechanism to examine the fate of people to be returned to the safe third country. Individuals might easily be sent elsewhere by the country, perhaps leading to ''refoulement'' and jeopardizing their lives. The Senate Committee therefore proposed an amendment that would have provided for return to a safe third country only if a Refugee Division member and an adjudicator at an inquiry were convinced that the safe country would be willing to receive the claimant or to determine the individual's claim on its merits. In their view, this would have minimized the danger that asylum-seekers would be put &quot;into orbit&quot; or sent to another country.&lt;ref&gt;Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 56.&lt;/ref&gt; While this recommendation was not accepted, measures were ultimately instituted to prevent this problem. For more details, see [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159 - Safe Third Countries]], and in particular Article 3 of the Safe Third Country Agreement, which exists to prevent this.  

Also of note, Article 33(1) of the Refugee Convention has long been interpreted as prohibiting not only the direct return of refugees to the country where they fear persecution, but also their indirect return via a third country.&lt;ref&gt;''R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex p Bugdaycay'' [1987] AC 514, 532.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/115-116 - Principle of Non-refoulement]]. 

==== The Act should be interpreted in a way that is coherent with interpretations by other states party to the Convention ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. Grey argues that the claim of an individual seeking refugee protection is addressed not to the country of refuge as such, but to that country as a representative of the international community.&lt;ref&gt;Colin Grey, Cosmopolitan Pariahs: The Moral Rationale for Exclusion under Article 1F, ''International Journal of Refugee Law'', 2024, eeae025, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae025&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, the IRPA should be interpreted in a way that avoids fragmentary jurisprudence which undermines the coherence of the international protection system.&lt;ref&gt;Mathilde Crepin, ''The Notion of Persecution in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its Relevance for the Protection Needs of Refugees in the 21st Century,'' Dissertation, King’s College London, 2019, &lt;https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/&gt; (Accessed August 1, 2020), at page 70 of document’s pagination.&lt;/ref&gt; Courts in the UK have phrase this obligation thusly: &quot;in principle there can only be one true interpretation of a treaty&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;''R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex p Adan'' [2001] 2 AC 477, 516 (Lord Steyn).&lt;/ref&gt; As such, decisions from the UK frequently stress that each State &quot;must search, untrammelled by notions of its national legal culture, for the true autonomous and international meaning of the treaty&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; For the same reason, decisions in Canada frequently canvass jurisprudence from other countries when interpreting the meaning of the Refugee Convention and the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;See, e.g., ''Ezokola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 SCC 40 (CanLII), [2013] 2 SCR 678, paras. 69-77, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/fzq5z#par69&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; This is appropriate given that, in the words of the Plaut report that preceded the establishment of the IRB, &quot;whether or not a person is a refugee is a question which is not so much one of Canada law; rather, it belongs to the realm of international definition and justice.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted 28 July 1951, entered into force 22 April 1954) 189 UNTS 137 (Refugee Convention), Article 32.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]].

==== The Act should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and non-governmental organizations like the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and non-governmental organizations. Some of the central non-governmental organizations in the Canadian immigration sphere are the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants and Canada's provincial law societies. As such, the Board should strive to construe and apply the IRPA in a way that facilitates cooperation with those bodies. Issues of this sort can arise where an individual is providing legal advice for consideration without being a member in good standing of such a body and where a member of such a body is acting beyond their allowed scope of practice. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/91-91.1 - Representation or Advice#IRPA Sections 91-91.1]].

=== IRPA Section 3(3)(d) - The Act is to be applied in a manner that complies with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms ===
&lt;pre&gt;Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(d) ensures that decisions taken under this Act are consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, including its principles of equality and freedom from discrimination and of the equality of English and French as the official languages of Canada;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== The fact that Charter rights are at play in Board proceedings means that the extent of procedural fairness owed to claimants is high ====
The Federal Court of Appeal has stated that “The independence of the Board, its adjudicative procedure and functions, and the fact that its decisions affect the Charter rights of claimants, indicate that the content of the duty of fairness owed by the Board, including the duty of impartiality, falls at the high end of the continuum of procedural fairness.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; This obligation arises not only from Canada’s domestic administrative law, but also from Canada’s international commitments and obligations. The Refugee Convention provides that the expulsion of a refugee ‘shall be only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with due process of law’.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; In ''Agiza v. Sweden'', the UN Committee against Torture found that article 3 of the CAT carries with it an implicit right to an ‘effective, independent and impartial review of a decision to expel’.&lt;ref&gt;UN doc CAT/C/34/D/233/2003 (20 May 2005).&lt;/ref&gt; The Board's duty of fairness is also said to be heightened when it is dealing with self-represented claimants: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]]. 

That said, while this is the common law rule, the extent of procedural fairness in the refugee process has been set out by provisions of the IRPA in many situations and the court notes that &quot;these statutory requirements govern notwithstanding any common law rule.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Mohammed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 713 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4jc6#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings]].

==== Charter issues should generally be raised before the Division ====
Under most circumstances in the immigration context an applicant is required to raise Charter issues before the relevant administrative tribunal within the respective proceeding. In the present context, for example, the IRB is competent to address Charter issues. If unsuccessful, the claimant would then be able seek leave for judicial review of that decision before the Federal Court.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 86.&lt;/ref&gt; For further discussion on this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 66 - Notice of Constitutional Question]].

==== Decisions taken under this Act are to be consistent with the principles of equality and freedom from discrimination ====
Section 3(3)(d) of the IRPA provides that the Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that ensures that decisions taken under the Act are consistent with the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'', including its principles of equality and freedom from discrimination. This provision tracks the obligation in Article 3 of the ''Refugee Convention'', which provides that the &quot;Contracting States shall apply the provisions of this Convention to refugees without discrimination as to race, religion or country of origin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;UN General Assembly, ''Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees'', 28 July 1951, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, p. 137, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3be01b964.html [accessed 25 April 2021].&lt;/ref&gt; 

One can observe a transformation over the past century in the nature of international migration, including that it has an increasingly multiethnic and global character. When the 1951 ''Refugee Convention'' was being negotiated, it had a primarily European orientation, and the prospect of refugees coming in significant numbers from further afield was thought to be nil. For example, the UK delegate to the conference of plenipotentiaries that negotiated the 1951 Convention, asserted there that &quot;[the risk of European states facing] a vast influx of Arab refugees was too small to be worth taking into account.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Krause, U. Colonial roots of the 1951 Refugee Convention and its effects on the global refugee regime. ''J Int Relat Dev'' (2021). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-020-00205-9 at page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; This thinking about the makeup and source of refugees seeking asylum has shifted dramatically to the point where today it is recognized that most refugees are in low income countries and that individuals claim asylum in Canada against countries throughout the world. Indeed, it can be observed that while “asylum seeker” is not on its face or ''de jure'' a racial category, in the contemporary Canadian migration regime, it is a ''de facto'' racialized category, comprised largely of non-White persons.&lt;ref&gt;Achiume, E. Tendayi. “Digital Racial Borders.” AJIL Unbound, vol. 115, 2021, pp. 333–338., doi:10.1017/aju.2021.52.&lt;/ref&gt;

Board Members are to exercise their discretion without discrimination or reliance on stereotype, as doing so, in the words of the Federal Court, “reveals a level of ignorance and prejudice which is not only unusual in general, but is particularly astonishing on the part of a decision maker who is in a position to adjudicate sensitive claims.”&lt;ref&gt;''Herrera v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 FC 1233.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#Where a member pursues questioning with a discriminatory attitude]].

==== Decisions taken under this Act are to be consistent with the equality of English and French as the official languages of Canada ====
Section 3(3)(d) of the Act states that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that ensures that decisions taken under this Act are consistent with the Canadian Chart of Rights and Freedoms, including its principle of the equality of English ad French as the official languages of Canada. For a discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Language of proceedings]].

=== IRPA Section 3(3)(f) - The Act is to be applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory ===
&lt;pre&gt;Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(f) complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory.&lt;/pre&gt;

==== In general, in Canada legislation should be presumed to conform to international law ====
Canada is what is referred to as a &quot;dualist state&quot; in that international law and municipal law are treated as separate spheres of law. As such, in order for international obligations undertaken by the state by way of treaty to form part of the national law, these international law rules have to be transformed into national law rules through the use of enabling legislation.&lt;ref&gt;Statement applies ''mutatis mutandis'' to Canada, and is derived from E Macharia-Mokobi, J Pfumorodze, ''Advancing refugee protection in Botswana through improved refugee status determination'', African Human Rights Law Journal 13 (1), 01-26, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1996-20962013000100008&amp;script=sci_arttext&amp;tlng=es&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed February 5, 2021), page 166.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, it is a well-established principle of statutory interpretation that legislation will be presumed to conform to international law.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Hape,'' 2007 SCC 26 (CanLII), [2007] 2 SCR 292, par. 53, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1rq5n#par53&gt;, retrieved on 2020-09-03.&lt;/ref&gt; The presumption of conformity is based on the rule of judicial policy that, as a matter of law, courts will strive to avoid constructions of domestic law pursuant to which the state would be in violation of its international obligations, unless the wording of the statute clearly compels that result.&lt;ref&gt;R. Sullivan, ''Sullivan and Driedger on the Construction of Statutes'' (4th ed. 2002), at p. 422.&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada articulated this rule in ''Baker v. Canada'' when it adopted the following statement from ''Driedger on the Construction of Statutes:''&lt;blockquote&gt;[T]he legislature is presumed to respect the values and principles enshrined in international law, both customary and conventional. These constitute a part of the legal context in which legislation is enacted and read. In so far as possible, therefore, interpretations that reflect these values and principles are preferred.&lt;ref&gt;''Baker v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1999 CanLII 699 (SCC), [1999] 2 SCR 817, par. 70, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1fqlk#par70&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== International human rights instruments are determinative of the meaning of IRPA, in the absence of a clear legislative intent to the contrary ====
Section 3(3)(f) of the IRPA goes beyond the general principle of statutory interpretation described above. When interpreting any provision of IRPA, account must be had of Canada’s international human rights obligations and provisions should be interpreted in a manner consistent with Canada’s international obligations, where possible. In ''de Guzman v. Canada'' the court commented that the words “shall be construed and applied in a manner that complies with …” are mandatory and appear to direct courts to give the international human rights instruments in question more than persuasive or contextual significance in the interpretation of IRPA. By providing that IRPA “is to be” interpreted and applied in a manner that complies with the prescribed instruments, paragraph 3(3)(f), if interpreted literally, makes them determinative of the meaning of IRPA, in the absence of a clear legislative intent to the contrary.&lt;ref&gt;''De Guzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2005] F.C.J. No. 2119 at para. 75 (F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; As Bastarache J. held in ''Pushpanathan,'' the &quot;overarching and clear human rights object and purpose is the background against which interpretation of individual provisions must take place&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Pushpanathan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [1998] 1 SCR 982 (Supreme Court of Canada).&lt;/ref&gt; That said, unambiguous provisions of the IRPA must be given effect even if they are contrary to Canada’s international obligations or international law.&lt;ref&gt;''Németh v. Canada (Justice),'' 2010 SCC 56, [2010] 3 S.C.R. 281 at para. 35.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sharryn Aiken, et. al., write in ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary'' that there was considerable excitement in migrant advocacy circles regarding para 3(3)(f) of the IRPA stating that the Act is to be construed in a manner that &quot;complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory.&quot; They note that this provision seemed to provide a potential shortcut for direct access to international human rights principles.&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 307.&lt;/ref&gt; However, on the basis of the Federal Court of Appeal's decision ''de Guzman v. Canada'' those authors conclude that &quot;The ''de Guzman'' decision ensured that para 3(3)(f) is understood to reflect existing Canadian law with respect to international obligations and therefore to be essentially meaningless window dressing that adds nothing new to the interpretive framework for Canadian immigration law.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 309.&lt;/ref&gt;

That said, the courts have held that one of the effects of this provision is to mandate immigration adjudicators to consider relevant international law, including the principle of ''non-refoulement'', regardless of whether or not this has been raised as an argument by the parties.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 52, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par52&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Regard should be had to international human rights instruments that Canada is signatory to, whether or not Canada has ratified them ====
In ''de Guzman v. Canada'' the court commented that the sources of international law described in paragraph 3(3)(f) comprise some that are binding on Canada in international law, and some that are not. The paragraph applies to instruments to which Canada is signatory. At international law, an instrument is not legally binding on a signatory State until it has also ratified it, unless the instrument provides that it is binding when signed. Signature normally evinces an intention to be bound in the future, although it may also impose an immediate obligation on the signatory not to take measures to undermine the agreement.&lt;ref&gt;''De Guzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2005] F.C.J. No. 2119 at para. 76 (F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt;

Being a signatory to a treaty has a particular meaning in international law, in that it is usually a step prior to a party becoming a party to the treaty. Article 18(a) of the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties'' provides that &quot;A State is obliged to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty when: (a) It has signed the treaty or has exchanged instruments constituting the treaty subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, until it shall have made its intention clear not to become a party to the treaty; ...&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; That said, it is apparent that the instruments appropriately covered by this provision are not limited to instruments which Canada has signed, but not ratified. The Supreme Court of Canada has noted, for example, that the Refugee Convention itself is among the instruments appropriately referred to by this provision. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The refugee system is inextricably linked with the concept of human rights]].

==== What are the international human rights instruments to which Canada is a signatory? ====
As the Federal Court of Appeal has noted, the IRPA &quot;does not list, let alone set out the text of, the measures to which paragraph 3(3)(f) applies.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;''de Guzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FCA 436 (CanLII), [2006] 3 FCR 655, par. 58, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1m8q8#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; It went on to note that the phrase &quot;international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory&quot; is &quot;far from self-defining&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada has noted that the Refugee Convention itself is among the instruments appropriately referred to by this provision, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The refugee system is inextricably linked with the concept of human rights]].

The Department of Justice provides the following list, ''International Human Rights Treaties to which Canada is a Party'', which may also serve to inform an interpretation of this provision:&lt;ref&gt;Government of Canada Department of Justice, ''International Human Rights Treaties to which Canada is a Party'', Date modified: 2019-07-30, &lt;https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/abt-apd/icg-gci/ihrl-didp/tcp.html&gt; (Accessed April 17, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

* Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1952)
* International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1970)
* International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1976)
* International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (1976)
** Optional Protocol to the &lt;abbr&gt;ICCPR&lt;/abbr&gt; (complaint mechanism) (1976)
** Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty (2005)
* Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (1981)
** Optional Protocol to &lt;abbr&gt;CEDAW&lt;/abbr&gt; (complaint mechanism) (2002)
* Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1987)
* Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1991)
** Optional Protocol to the &lt;abbr&gt;CRC&lt;/abbr&gt; on the Involvement of Children in armed conflict (2000)
** Optional Protocol to the CRC on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (2005)
* Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2010)
** Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2018)
A number of additional treaties could by added to this list, including:

* The International Labour Organization ''Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention'' (ILO Convention No. 182)
* The International Labour Organization ''Minimum Age Convention'' (ILO Convention No. 138)
* The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
* The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime
* The phrase &quot;international human rights instruments&quot; could be taken to include regional instruments in the Inter-American system that Canada has signed. Canada is not a party to the ''American Convention on Human Rights''. Nevertheless, as a member of the Organization of American States, it is bound by the terms of the ''American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man'' (“American Declaration”).&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 320.&lt;/ref&gt; This instrument specifies the fundamental rights to which each person is entitled, and which each member state of the Organization of American States (OAS), like Canada, is bound to uphold. The OAS Charter and the American Declaration are a source of legal obligations applicable to Canada.&lt;ref&gt;IACtHR, Advisory Opinion OC-10/89 of July 14, 1989, &quot;Interpretation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man within the Framework of Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights,&quot; Ser. A No. 10, paras. 45-46.&lt;/ref&gt; Canada has also ratified several other inter-American human rights treaties, including the ''Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Political Rights to Women''&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Political Rights to Women (A-44), 2 May 1948, Can TS 1991 No 29, OASTS No 3 (entered into force 29 December 1954). &lt;/ref&gt; and the ''Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Civil Rights to Women''.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Civil Rights to Women (A-45), 2 May 1948, Can TS 1991 No 30, OASTS No 23 (entered into force in Canada 23 October 1991). &lt;/ref&gt;
* The Geneva Conventions I, II, III, and IV and Protocols I, II, and III may be added to this list, but see the following commentary on international humanitarian law.
Regard may also be had to Canada's ''United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act'', which affirms &quot;the Declaration as a universal international human rights instrument with application in Canadian law&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act'', SC 2021, c 14, s 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/b9q3#sec4&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

One of the rationales for applying the IRPA in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory is that the Minister can examine ‘interim measures requests’ to refrain from removing foreign nationals. Such requests can be issued by the bodies of four international human rights treaties to which Canada is signatory: the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; the Convention Against Torture; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.&lt;ref&gt;Ahouga, Y. (2024) “Legal and Policy Infrastructures of Returns in Canada. WP2 Country Dossier” in ''GAPs: De-centring the Study of Migrant Returns and Readmission Policies in Europe and Beyond''. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10836598, page 16.&lt;/ref&gt;  

When attempting to interpret this term, regard may be had of the interpretation that the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights has given to its constituting protocol, which gives it jurisdiction over the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights as well as &quot;any other relevant Human Rights instrument ratified by the states concerned.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;African Union, ''Protocol to the African Charter on Human And Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights'', June 10, 1998, &lt;https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36393-treaty-0019_-_protocol_to_the_african_charter_on_human_and_peoplesrights_on_the_establishment_of_an_african_court_on_human_and_peoples_rights_e.pdf&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; That court has provided significant interpretation of this similar phrase, including how instruments can have certain provisions that are human rights ones and other provisions that are not human rights ones.  

For some of the above Conventions, it is unambiguous that the IRPA is to be interpreted in conformity with provisions of them; the statute includes an excerpt from the ''Convention against Torture'', for instance: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/2-3 - Definitions, objectives, and application of the IRPA]].  

See also the provision of the IRPA regarding ''non-refoulement'' and how that concept relates to some of the above instruments: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/115-116 - Principle of Non-refoulement#Section 115 of the IRPA prohibits refoulement to persecution for a Convention reason, torture, or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment, subject to exceptions]].  

==== This provision may not apply to international humanitarian law instruments and texts which are not signed ====
Section 3(3)(f) of the IRPA provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. This arguably excludes a number of types of instruments, including: 

* &lt;u&gt;Instruments that are not human rights instruments, but are instead humanitarian law instruments:&lt;/u&gt; Canada has signed the Geneva Conventions I, II, III, and IV and Protocols I, II, and III. These may be relevant to refugee determinations. For example, the ''Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949)'', which at Art. 45, para. 4 prohibits transferring a protected person &quot;to a country where he or she may have reason to fear persecution for his or her political opinions or religious beliefs.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR, ''Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law'', &lt;https://www.academia.edu/36070452/REFUGEE_PROTECTION_A_Guide_to_International_Refugee_Law?email_work_card=view-paper&gt; (Accessed December 13, 2020), page 14.&lt;/ref&gt; However, this instrument forms part of international humanitarian law, not international human rights law, and thus may be argued not to fall within the ambit of IRPA s. 3(3)(f). For example, the International Law Commission has generally distinguished between the two areas of law.&lt;ref&gt;International Law Commission, ''Draft articles on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties, with commentaries,'' 2011, &lt;https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/1_10_2011.pdf&gt;, at annex (page 2).&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Instruments that are not signed:&lt;/u&gt; For example, the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not a treaty, but instead an unenforceable, non-binding (yet aspirational) resolution of the United Nations General Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;UNGA Res. 217A(III), adopted Dec. 10, 1948&lt;/ref&gt; By its terms the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was not designed to describe binding obligations by only a 'common standard of achievement', as stated in the preamble to the declaration.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, ''Preamble 1951 Convention'', by Alleweldt, at p. 232 (para. 28).&lt;/ref&gt; As such, given that this document was not signed, and as such countries cannot be said to be signatories to this declaration, it should not be regarded as one of the instruments contemplated by s. 3(3)(f) of the IRPA.
* &lt;u&gt;Customary international law:&lt;/u&gt; While there are other cannons of interpretation that read Canadian legislation in conformity with customary international law, such an interpretation would appear not to be required by this provision on its own terms. As such, while the UK Supreme Court has observed that &quot;it may be that the principle of ''non-refoulement'' forms part of customary international law&quot;, that fact, if true, is not in itself germane to this provision of the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;''R (on the application of AAA and others) (Respondents/Cross Appellants) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant/Cross Respondent),'' [2023] UKSC 42, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2023-0093-etc-judgment.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, para. 25.&lt;/ref&gt; But see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#In general, in Canada legislation should be presumed to conform to international law]].

==== The refugee system is inextricably linked with the concept of human rights ====
Section 3(3)(f) of the Act provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that the ''Refugee Convention'' itself should be considered a “human rights instrument”, within the meaning of s. 3(3)(f) of the Act:&lt;blockquote&gt;s. 3(3)(''f'') instructs courts to construe and apply the ''IRPA'' in a manner that “complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory”. There can be no doubt that the ''Refugee Convention'' is such an instrument, building as it does on the right of persons to seek and to enjoy asylum from persecution in other countries as set out in art. 14 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''.&lt;ref&gt;''B010 v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 SCC 58 (CanLII), [2015] 3 SCR 704, par. 49, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gm8wn#par49&gt;, retrieved on 2021-04-25.&lt;/ref&gt; [internal citations omitted]&lt;/blockquote&gt;In addition, the ''Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'' is also considered to be an international human rights instrument.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 54, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par54&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt; 

This is consistent with the practice of other courts. The preamble to the Convention itself notes that &quot;The High Contracting parties, considering that the United Nations has, on various occasions, manifested its profound concern for refugees and endeavoured to assure refugees the widest possible exercise of these fundamental rights and freedoms, ... have agreed as follows:&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Brennan CJ of the High Court of Australia relied on this preamble when making the following comment about the ''Refugee Convention'': &quot;the preamble places the Convention among the international instruments that have as their object and purpose the protection of the equal enjoyment by every person of fundamental rights and freedoms.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Applicant A v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs'' (n 86) 231–232 (per Brennan CJ).&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018 the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an Advisory Opinion entitled “The Institution Of Asylum And Its Recognition As a Human Right In The Inter-American System Of Protection” which concluded that asylum is a human right.&lt;ref&gt;Advisory Opinion OC-25/18, as cited in Esraa Adnan Fangary, ''A Peculiar Leap in the Protection of Asylum Seekers: The Inter-American Court of Human Rights' Jurisprudence on the Protection of Asylum Seekers'', The Age of Human Rights Journal, 16 (June 2021) pp. 31-53 ISSN: 2340-9592 DOI: 10.17561/tahrj.v16.6134 at page 35.&lt;/ref&gt; 

This is also consistent with the practice of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. UNHCR is said to have adopted this approach that sees the ''Refugee Convention'' as a part of human rights law and has pronounced that “the human rights base of the Convention roots it quite directly in the broader framework of human rights instruments of which it is an integral part.”&lt;ref&gt;Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press,  2014. Print.&lt;/ref&gt; The Commissioner himself has stated: &lt;blockquote&gt;The issue of human rights and the problems of refugees are so inextricably linked that it is hardly possible to discuss one without referring to the other. Human rights violations are a major cause of refugee flows and also a major obstacle to the solution of refugee problems through voluntary repatriation. More positively, safeguarding human rights is the best way to prevent conditions that force people to become refugees; respect for human rights is a key element in the protection of refugees in the country of asylum; and improved observance of human rights standards is often critical for the solution of refugee problems by enabling refugees to return safely home ...&lt;ref&gt;Address of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Sadako Ogata to the UN Commission on Human Rights, 1993, as cited in W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 88.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Furthermore, the weight of academic commentary places the ''Refugee Convention'' within the corpus of human rights instruments. McAdam argues that refugee law is a specialized area ''within'' human rights law.&lt;ref&gt;McAdam, J. 2010. Status anxiety: Complementary protection and the rights of non-convention refugees. ''University of New South Wales Faculty of Law Research Series'', working paper 1, University of New South Wales, Sydney.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Hathaway argues that refugee rights should be understood as a mechanism by which to answer situation-specific vulnerabilities that would otherwise deny refugees meaningful benefit of the more general system of human rights protection. In this way, he states, &quot;refugee rights do not exist as an alternative to, or in competition with, general human rights.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, James C. ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law''. 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2021, page 10.&lt;/ref&gt; 

This provision in the IRPA should be read in conjunction with section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA, which provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees including upholding Canada’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings. These legislative provisions speak to the way that the plight of refugees is inextricably linked with human rights violations. In the words of refugee lawyer David Matas, “the plight of refugees and human rights violations are not two problems, but different facets of the same problem. Human rights violations are at the root cause of mass exoduses.”&lt;ref&gt;David Matas with Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-920197-81-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 274.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights]]. 

Finally, the fact that asylum is related to human rights does not preclude it from being a branch of other areas of law; in the words of the UK Supreme Court, asylum can perfectly naturally be regarded as an aspect of immigration law.&lt;ref&gt;''R (on the application of AAA and others) (Respondents/Cross Appellants) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant/Cross Respondent),'' [2023] UKSC 42, &lt;https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2023-0093-etc-judgment.pdf&gt;, para. 133.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
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      <text bytes="201026" sha1="4shvc61rlbt3hrojuxo42ebzzrh06fp" xml:space="preserve">Fundamental justice requires that a tribunal which adjudicates upon rights must act fairly, in good faith, without bias and in a judicial temper, and must give the opportunity for parties to adequately state their case.&lt;ref&gt;Singh, [1985] 1 SCR 177, at 212.&lt;/ref&gt; The standards of conduct for the Board are fundamentally based on and recognize two principles: (i) that public confidence and trust in the integrity, objectivity and impartiality of the &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; must be conserved and enhanced; and (ii) that independence in decision-making is required.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 5.&lt;/ref&gt; This section of the book will explore the principles that have been used when interpreting these requirements in the refugee context.

== Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure as derived from caselaw ==
The following are some of the principal principles regarding the interpretation and application of procedural fairness as they have emerged in the refugee context caselaw:

=== Principles of statutory interpretation ===
As a starting point, a decision-maker interpreting a statutory provision shall do so by applying what is termed the “modern principle” of statutory interpretation, that is, that the words of a statute must be read “in their entire context and in their grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of Parliament”.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Vavilov'', 2019 SCC 65, [2019] 4 SCR 653 at para. 117. &lt;/ref&gt; A full discussion of statutory interpretation is beyond the scope of this text. Some brief comments may suffice:

* '''Ordinary sense of the words:''' Where the words of a statutory provision are precise and unequivocal, the ordinary meaning of the words will play a dominant role in the interpretive process.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada Trustco Mortgage Co. v. Canada'', 2005 SCC 54 at para. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; Where, however, words in a statutory provision are capable of supporting more than one reasonable meaning, the ordinary meaning of the words plays a lesser role in the statutory interpretation analysis.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 84, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par84&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The presumption of consistent or uniform expression.''' The principle of &quot;uniformity of expression&quot; states that a word or phrase should have one and only one meaning across the statute and enabled regulation. The opposite is also true, the use of different wording implies a different meaning.&lt;ref&gt;''Maurice v Priel'', 1987 CanLII 207 (SK CA), 46 DLR (4th) 416, ''per'' Bayda CJ, at pp. 20-21.&lt;/ref&gt; One of the doctrines that may arise is that statutes ''in pari materia'' (i.e., statutes on the same subject or matter) should be construed harmoniously.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharbern Holding Inc. v. Vancouver Airport Centre Ltd.,'' 2011 SCC 23, [2011] 2 SCR 175 at para. 117.&lt;/ref&gt; See, e.g., [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Privacy Act]].
* '''''Expressio unius est exclusio alterius'''''. This maxim of statutory interpretation means that the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another. For example, when the legislature expressly codifies only part of the law relating to a matter, the Court may rely on implied exclusion reasoning to conclude that the part of the law not expressly mentioned was meant to be excluded.&lt;ref&gt;''Nazifpour v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (F.C.A.),'' 2007 FCA 35 (CanLII), [2007] 4 FCR 515, at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1qg9c#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-24.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''In refugee law, the exceptions to the refugee regime should be interpreted restrictively.'''&lt;ref&gt;Júlia Zomignani Barboza, International Protection for Criminals: To Grant or Not to Grant? Lessons from Australia, Belgium, and Canada, ''International Journal of Refugee Law'', 2024, eeae026, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae026, at page 21.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''Presumption against tautology.''' There is a presumption that Parliament has not included words in a statute which are superfluous and redundant.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 90, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par90&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Interpretation Act.''' Other relevant principles of statutory interpretation are those arising from the ''Interpretation Act'', such as the presumptive rule in section 11 of the ''Interpretation Act'' that “may” is permissive&lt;ref&gt;''Virani v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2017 FC 1083 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hp4hx#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-17.&lt;/ref&gt; and section 14, which provides that marginal notes and headings do not form part of a statute, and are inserted only for ease of reference (that said, it is nevertheless permissible to consider them as part of the interpretative process, although they may be accorded lesser weight than other interpretive aids).&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 96, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par96&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''Subordinate legislation: the relationship between the rules, regulations, and Act.''' Some of the rules are procedural and cannot circumscribe the broad decision-making authority of a Division as described in the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Lamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1621, para. 21.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of the Board ===

*'''First, the Board should do no harm.''' The Board commits in the ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'' that &quot;the assigned member will request specific information about the person who is the subject of the appeal and use such information only when they have completed a risk assessment and are satisfied that there is no serious possibility that gathering the information would endanger the life, liberty or security of the person who is the subject of the appeal or any other person.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'', Effective: May 30, 2016, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstRadSpr0516.aspx&gt; (Accessed October 2, 2023), section D.&lt;/ref&gt; This is a general principle that applies to many similar information-gathering functions. For example, in all circumstances and at all times, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights staff have an obligation not to jeopardize the life, safety, freedom and well-being of victims, witnesses and other cooperating persons.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ''Manual on human rights monitoring: Chapter 14 (Protection of victims, witnesses and other cooperating persons),''&lt;https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Chapter14-56pp.pdf&gt;, page 8.&lt;/ref&gt; The same obligation may reasonably extend to staff of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. That said, there are legal protections against criminal and civil claims provided that the Board acts in good faith: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/156 - Immunity and no summons]]. 
*'''A high duty of procedural fairness is owed in the refugee context.''' The Federal Court of Appeal has stated that “The independence of the Board, its adjudicative procedure and functions, and the fact that its decisions affect the Charter rights of claimants, indicate that the content of the duty of fairness owed by the Board, including the duty of impartiality, falls at the high end of the continuum of procedural fairness.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Geza v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FCA 124, para. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The fact that Charter rights are at play in Board proceedings means that the extent of procedural fairness owed to claimants is high]].

*'''The tribunal and its procedures should be as accessible as possible.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;S. Ronald Ellis, ''The Corporate Responsibility of Tribunal Members'', Canadian Journal of Administrative Law &amp; Practice, February 2009, 22 Can. J. Admin. L. &amp; Prac. 1, &lt;http://www.ccat-ctac.org/CMFiles/Ron%20Ellis/21.TheCorporateResponsibilityofTribunalMembers.pdf#page15&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 10.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has held that the IRPA provisions regarding refugee status determination evince a legislative intention to avoid the formalities which are attendant upon court hearings in civil or criminal proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 64, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par64&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; To this end, the Executive Committee of the UNHCR recommends that states provide refugee claimants with the necessary guidance as to the procedure to be followed.&lt;ref&gt;Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee in the International Protection of Refugees 1975-2009 (Conclusion 1-109). See Conclusion 8 9, &lt;https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/578371524.pdf&gt; (Accessed February 5, 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; By way of example, the RPD states the following to claimants: &quot;If you experience difficulties with accessing the technology to complete an application form, you should contact the &lt;abbr&gt;RPD&lt;/abbr&gt; Registry right away. They can mail or fax you a copy of the form. You can also request to pick up a copy of the form at an &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; office.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Questions and answers: Practice Notice on Procedural Issues,'' Date modified: 2024-09-09 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pnpi-qa.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, at question 13.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''It is not the Board's role to provide legal advice to claimants.''' The RPD states that its registry can answer general questions but they cannot provide advice about what parties should put into their forms (legal advice).&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; In ''Sundaram v. Canada'' the Federal Court stated that it was &quot;not prepared to read into the immigration scheme an obligation on officials to give advice on practice and procedures. The situation of giving advice is markedly different from those Court decisions which have held that officials must provide prospective applicants with the necessary forms. People are entitled to government forms; they are not entitled to receive free legal advice from RPD officials.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Sundaram v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 291 (CanLII), par. 12, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1mr2v#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-11.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court held in ''Law v. Canada'' that an administrative tribunal has no obligation to act as the attorney for a claimant who refused counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Law v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (2007), 2007 FC 1006, 160 A.C.W.S. (3d) 879 at para. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; Put another way, &quot;it is not the obligation of the Board to 'teach' the Applicant the law on a particular matter involving his or her claim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ngyuen v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 1001, [2005] F.C.J. No. 1244 (QL), at para. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; As the Federal Court stated in ''Singh v. Canada,'' &quot;It is not up to the RAD to make the case for the applicants&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 810 (CanLII), at para 58, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jhcg4#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-21.&lt;/ref&gt; But see the following regarding self-represented claimants: [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Canadian_Refugee_Procedure/RPD_Rules_14-16_-_Counsel_of_Record#The_Board_has_a_heightened_duty_of_procedural_fairness_when_dealing_with_self-represented_claimants Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]. See also the following regarding the expectation that a panel will identify what legal issues are in play in a claim:[[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants have an expectation that a claim will only be rejected on the basis of a legal issue that a panel has identified as being at issue]].
*'''The tribunal's decisions should follow the law.''' Cases should be decided based on all of the law that binds the Board, not just the law that the parties happen to put in front of a panel.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) et al. v. The Canadian Council for Refugees et al.,'' 2021 FCA 72, para. 125.&lt;/ref&gt; Panels are to follow all legal and procedural requirements, and when reviewing the conduct of another panel, there is a &quot;presumption of regularity&quot;, a presumption which can only be rebutted with &quot;convincing evidence&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Varela v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2017 FC 1157 [Barnes J].&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decisions must follow the law]]. This tracks Canada's international obligations; the International Court of Justice has held that a panel is not limited to the arguments submitted by the parties and the panel is deemed to take judicial notice of the law and is therefore required to consider on its own initiative all rules which may be relevant.&lt;ref&gt;Alain Pellet, Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, ''Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'', July 2013, &lt;https://prawo.uni.wroc.pl/sites/default/files/students-resources/law-9780199231690-e54-1.pdf&gt; (Accessed September 30, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge#IRPA s. 170: The Division may take notice of any facts that may be judicially noticed]].
*'''The tribunal should develop its own jurisprudence.''' Within the limits of the law, the Federal Court has commented that it is important that the Board have the possibility of developing its own jurisprudence.&lt;ref&gt;''M.C.I v. Huruglica,'' 2016 FCA 93 (C.A.F.), para. 74.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The Board’s procedures should be predictable.''' The Board states that Members should endeavour to be aware of how other panels have been dealing with issues and, where possible, try to do the same as a means of promoting consistency of procedures in the Refugee Division.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. ''Mission, Vision, and Values of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', Last updated: 2006 04 20, online &lt;https://web.archive.org/web/20071115151510/http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hbmission_e.htm&gt; (Accessed November 9, 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; The basic principles of equal protection and due process reflected in the ''American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man'' require predictable procedures.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 52.&lt;/ref&gt; Canada’s position is that it implements the relevant parts of the ''American Declaration'' using the standards and procedures of the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, UNHCR states in its ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination'' that &quot;RSD applications must be processed pursuant to transparent and fair procedures&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination Under UNHCR's Mandate'', 26 August 2020, available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/5e870b254.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 5 September 2020], page 15.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, the Federal Court has stated that the tribunal has the freedom to apply the statutory provisions that it interprets &quot;with more or less flexibility depending on the circumstances of the case&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Singh,'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 64, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par64&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-22.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]].
*'''The Board must not fault parties for its own deficiencies.''' For example, in ''Huseen v. Canada'', the government pointed out that the IRB Office in Toronto only received a venue change request one day before the abandonment hearing. The court commented &quot;this speaks to the internal communications between regional offices at the IRB, as the Calgary IRB office was handed the change of venue request, in person, about three weeks prior. It would be unfair to fault the Applicants for the Board’s delay in internal communications, over which the Applicants had no control or influence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Huseen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 845 (CanLII), par. 34, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://canlii.ca/t/gkmz2#par34&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Decision-makers should prepare thoroughly.''' The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that &quot;Members shall make each decision on the merits of the case, based on thorough preparation, the assessment of evidence properly before the member and the application of the relevant law.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 33.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court notes that each application for protection deserves the same degree of care.&lt;ref&gt;''Guermache v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 870 (CanLII), at para 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1j2dt#par4&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; It also states that determinations should be made with &quot;care and attention&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Egenti v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 639 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd96#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-06.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Refugee Protection Division has an inquisitorial mandate]].
*'''Decision-makers should consider all of the evidence before them.''' There exists a presumption in Canadian refugee law that decision-makers have considered all of the evidence before them.&lt;ref&gt;''Cepeda-Gutierrez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 1998 CanLII 8667 (FC).&lt;/ref&gt; The more important the information, particularly where it contradicts a finding being made, the more the requirement that it explicitly be referred to and distinguished in the reasons provided. This requires time. Asylum cases are said to be ‘highly fact intensive and depend upon presentation and consideration of numerous details and documents which can take no small amount of time.&lt;ref&gt;J. Ramji‐Nogales et al. (eds), ''Refugee Roulette'' (2009), p. 125, citing Immigration Litigation Reduction Hearing before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. 5–7 (2006) (statement of Hon. John M. Walker, Jr., C.J., US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit).&lt;/ref&gt; Evidence from social psychology studies of judging suggests a relationship between time taken and accuracy: judges with higher caseloads have been found to be more likely to make inaccurate decisions, as they rely less on deliberative reasoning and careful processing of information and more on their gut feeling and intuition.&lt;ref&gt;C. Guthrie et al., ‘Blinking on the Bench: How Judges Decide Cases’ (2007) 93 ''Cornell Law Rev''. 1.&lt;/ref&gt; But see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Board should consider the most up-to-date country conditions evidence]]. There is also a presumption that members reach their decisions by relying solely on the evidence before them in the record and that they are able to ignore any other evidence from other files.&lt;ref&gt;''Lopez Aguilar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 FC 908 (CanLII), at para 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fn552#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-02.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The Board should endeavour to ensure that parties feel heard through the reasons it offers.''' See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Parties are entitled to reasoned decisions]].
*'''Claims should be processed expeditiously.''' For details, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of efficient procedures]].
*'''The Board should verify that representatives appearing before the Board are authorized pursuant to the Act and regulations:''' The Federal Court has noted that &quot;there is a duty incumbent upon the Board to verify that those individuals representing clients with whom it has dealings are authorized representatives pursuant to the Regulations, or that they are not receiving a fee for their services.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Domantay v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FC 755.&lt;/ref&gt; The IRB should not knowingly deal with counsel in contravention of section 91 of the IRPA or the requirements of the College of Citizenship and Immigration Consultants. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#Counsel may be representatives without fee who are not lawyers, paralegals, or immigration consultants]] and also [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Act should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and non-governmental organizations like the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants]].

=== Principles about the manner in which the Board is to proceed ===
The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' is based on the &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt;'s dedication to the following values - honesty, good faith, fairness, accountability, dignity, respect, transparency, openness, discretion, cultural sensitivity and loyalty.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 6.&lt;/ref&gt; These values should be evinced by all of the Board's conduct and decisions. In particular:

*'''Justice must be seen to be done.''' The Board has an institutional responsibility to ensure that the tribunal's adjudication is both actually performed at an optimum level of competency, fairness and objectivity and is perceived to have been so performed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A tension exists between the imperative to be efficient and work rapidly through multiple cases on the one hand, and the imperative to be considered, deliberative, and just on the other (and to be seen to be so).&lt;ref&gt;Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.&lt;/ref&gt; The first set of considerations must not undermine respect for the second sort. For example, in one hearing where the Refugee Protection Division had double-booked a Member, who then tried to complete two hearings in the time ordinarily allotted to one, the court commented as follows: &quot;while I find it commendable from an efficiency standpoint that the Member was prepared to deal with both matters, the aura of urgency that pervaded the hearing undermined the process. A reading of the transcript suggests some sense of impatience and concern on the part of the Member about being able to complete the hearing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Guylas v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 202 (CanLII), para. 39.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Parties can expect consistency and the Board should decide like cases in the same manner.''' The principle of judicial comity provides that judges of the same court should follow earlier decisions rendered by judges of that court, although those earlier decisions are not binding on the judge. The same principle applies to decisions made by members of the same Division of the IRB. For example, the Federal Court holds that a Division's rules apply equally to all parties and there is no basis to hold parties to differing standards in different administrative proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;''Abi-Mansour v Canada (Passport)'', 2015 FC 363, and ''Qita v Immigration Consultants of Canada Regulatory Council'', 2020 FC 671.&lt;/ref&gt; For more details about consistency in decision-making, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]].
*'''The Board's procedures should not be restricted to the judicial paradigm.''' The courts have recognized that administrative agencies such as the IRB &quot;are often required to be procedurally innovative in order to handle a heavy caseload effectively and to make the most efficient use of scarce resources.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Geza v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' [2006] FCJ No 477 at para 1 (CA).&lt;/ref&gt; The Board’s procedure &quot;should not be confined in a model of due process that draws exclusively on the judicial paradigm and discourages innovation. Nonetheless, procedures designed to increase quality and consistency cannot be adopted at the expense of the duty of each panel to afford to the claimant before it a high degree of impartiality and independence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Kozak v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FCA 124 (CanLII), [2006] 4 FCR 377, para. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the court has held that &quot;A hearing held by the Board should not be turned into a trial. The consequences that attach to these hearings are serious and the measure of procedural fairness must be commensurate. However, it does not reach the level of disclosure found in criminal law, for instance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Razburgaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2014 FC 151 (CanLII), par. 19, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/g34tl#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Administrative convenience should not override fundamental justice''', which includes procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada'', 1985 1 SCR 177.&lt;/ref&gt; Asylum adjudication is situated within administrative law structures, where tensions between values such as efficiency and economy are precariously balanced with fairness and justice.&lt;ref&gt;Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.&lt;/ref&gt; As noted by Lord Dyson in his 2015 decision condemning the so‐called Detained Fast Track (DFT) in the United Kingdom, &quot;justice and fairness should not be sacrificed on the altar of speed and efficiency&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''The Lord Chancellor'' v. ''Detention Action'' [2015] EWCA Civ 840 para. 49. Practical difficulties and complexities of the DFT undermined appellants’ rights to participate fully and effectively in their appeal processes, leading to a finding that the system operated too quickly to be considered lawful, and was ‘systemically unfair and unjust’, as discussed in Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, as Canada's Federal Court holds, the Board “… is required to strike a balance between expeditious proceedings on the one hand and procedural fairness or natural justice on the other.”&lt;ref&gt;''Pillai v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2001 FCT 1417, [2002] 3 FC 481.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The rules should not be interpreted in a way that is overly rigid.''' The courts have held that when interpreting the Refugee Protection Division rules, one must &quot;avoid the mire of procedural dogma&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Andreoli v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 1111 (CanLII), para. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; as &quot;procedure should be the servant of justice, not its mistress&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Hamel v. Brunelle and Labonté,'' 1975 CanLII 1 (SCC), [1977] 1 SCR 147.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has stated that &quot;the door should not slam shut on all those who fail to meet ordinary procedural requirements. Such a restrictive reading would undermine Canada’s commitment to its refugee system and underlying international obligations&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Huseen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 845 (CanLII), par. 16, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://canlii.ca/t/gkmz2#par16&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has gone on to note that &quot;the opportunity to free a family from the scourge of persecution should not rest on an overly rigid application of procedural requirements.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Huseen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 845 (CanLII), par. 17, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://canlii.ca/t/gkmz2#par17&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt; The tenor of the Rules is that flexibility is needed to guard against form trumping substance and the interests of justice and to guard against decisions not being made on their merits.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1157 (CanLII), para. 44.&lt;/ref&gt; Refugee applications may be allowed to proceed, despite procedural defects, to ensure that the requirements of natural justice are fulfilled.&lt;ref&gt;''Huseen v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 845, para. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; As the Federal Court held in ''Glowacki v. Canada'', no slip or mistake of counsel should be permitted to bring about a miscarriage of justice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; This applied with special force during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic: the principle set out in the 2020 ''Refugee Protection Division: Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings'' was that the Board would apply the rules flexibly in light of Covid-19.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Refugee Protection Division: Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings'', June 23, 2020, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pn-hearing-resumption.aspx&gt; (Accessed August 1, 2020). This practice notice was revoked following the Covid period on September 9, 2024: &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/news/2024/Pages/rpd-pnpi.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Claimants are entitled to representation and rules should be relaxed for unrepresented litigants.''' The representation of refugee claimants is described as “an expression of a fundamental constitutional and common law value: that individuals facing complicated legal proceedings with serious consequences should be allowed to be represented so as to ensure that there is a full and fair hearing.”&lt;ref&gt;Martin David Jones and Sasha Baglay. ''Refugee Law (Second Edition)''. Irwin Law, 2017, page 328.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has stated that an unrepresented party “is entitled to every possible and reasonable leeway to present a case in its entirety and that strict and technical rules should be relaxed for unrepresented litigants”.&lt;ref&gt;''Soares v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FC 190, [2007] F.C.J. No. 254 (QL), at para. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has cited the Canadian Judicial Council’s ''Statement of Principles on Self-represented Litigants and Accused Persons'', which holds that the Court’s discretion to assist self-represented litigants does not extend to rectifying substantive legal deficiencies.&lt;ref&gt;''Yu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1189 (CanLII), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k61w7#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-20.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]].
*'''Members should exercise their discretion with a spirit of justice and sensitivity.''' The Board states in its ''Guideline 8'' that all persons appearing before the IRB need to be treated with sensitivity and respect.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Guideline 8 - Concerning Procedures with Respect to Vulnerable Persons Appearing Before the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', Amended: December 15, 2012, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir08.aspx#a1&gt; (Accessed February 9, 2020), at section 1.5.&lt;/ref&gt; Caselaw from the Federal Court also states that the member must at all times be attentive and sensitive to claimants.&lt;ref&gt;''Hernandez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2010] F.C.J. No. 199, 2010 FC 179 (F.C.), para. 54.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court also indicates that Members are expected to act with &quot;civility and care&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1330 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/js3dw#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The following comment from the UNHCR Handbook about how the task of refugee status determination should be approached is instructive: &quot;Since the examiner’s conclusion on the facts of the case and his personal impression of the applicant will lead to a decision that affects human lives, he must apply the criteria in a spirit of justice and understanding and his judgement should not, of course, be influenced by the personal consideration that the applicant may be an ‘undeserving case’.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html [accessed 26 January 2020], para. 202.&lt;/ref&gt; The German Ansbach Court has stated that &quot;in order to comply with the spirit of the Geneva Convention, the provisions of the Convention should be interpreted liberally and with human compassion, and thus generously. [translated]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;R. G. L. Fairweather, ''Canada's New Refugee Determination System'', 27 CAN. Y.B. INT'l L. 295 (1989), page 306.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of Rabbi Plaut's report that led to the founding of the Immigration and Refugee Board, &quot;the refugee determination process must be seen and designed as an act of welcome. It must be forever responsive to our humanitarian impulses and obligations and wary of any encroachment that would seek to impose other considerations and concerns upon it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court reflects this when it notes that in refugee claims, the claimant is not in an adversarial position to the state.&lt;ref&gt;''Jaballah (Re),'' 2010 FC 224 (CanLII), [2011] 3 FCR 155, at para 97, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/28cx7#par97&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-09.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''A panel of the Board must keep an open mind until all of the evidence has been heard.''' Members should always maintain a &quot;judicial temperament&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; It is necessary to listen patiently and extend &quot;professional courtesy&quot; to all participants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; As the Federal Court held in ''Ayele v. Canada, &quot;''the essence of adjudication is the ability to keep an open mind until all evidence has been heard. The reliability of evidence is to be determined in the light of all of the evidence in a particular case. This is the reason why an adjudicator must remain open to persuasion until all of the evidence and submissions are received. Evidence, that at first blush may seem implausible, may later appear plausible when set in the context of subsequent evidence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Ayele v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (2007), 2007 FC 126, 60 Imm. L. R. (3d) 197 at para. 12.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an impartial decision-maker#Statements or conduct that might indicate a predisposition on the part of the decision-maker]].
*'''The Board should interpret submissions and reasons in a spirit consistent with the principle of charity.''' The Federal Court has indicated that where there is a mistake in a decision that may be excused as a mere slip of the pen, the decision should not be faulted for that reason.&lt;ref&gt;''Aguilar Cedeno, Angel Felipe v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-2360-21), Norris, April 13, 2023; 2023 FC 537.&lt;/ref&gt; The same principle should apply to how the Board interprets submissions and reasons that it is reviewing. Clerical mistakes do occur and they should not be the sole basis for rejecting a claim for asylum.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1611 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1xgj#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt; The following observation offered with respect to Canadian courts would seem to apply with equal force to the refugee context: reasons offered “are not intended to be, and should not be read, as a verbalization of the entire process engaged in by the trial judge in reaching a verdict”.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Kruk,'' 2024 SCC 7 (CanLII), at para 84, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k39g6#par84&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the Supreme Court of Canada, the Board's reasons &quot;are not to be read microscopically&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Boulis v. Minister of Manpower and Immigration,'' 1972 CanLII 4 (SCC), [1974] SCR 875, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1nfn8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-22, page 885.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The Board should have strong reasons before attributing dishonesty or malicious intent to a claimant.''' The Federal Court has held that &quot;attributing dishonesty or malicious intent to an applicant is subject to a very high threshold&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''A.B. v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-5967-19), Pamel, April 28, 2020; 2020 FC 562.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the Federal Court, &quot;Credibility is the most important thing any of us has. It is earned and maintained through our life history, our actions and our words. Losing our credibility affects the very core of our reputation. For persons seeking refugee protection, credibility lies at the very heart of their claim.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Amiragova v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2008 FC 64 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1w3f0#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-09.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Claimants should be given the benefit of the doubt in appropriate circumstances.'''&lt;ref&gt;Nicholas Alexander Rymal Fraser, ''Shared Heuristics: How Organizational Culture Shapes Asylum Policy'', Department of Political Science, University of Toronto (Canada), ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2020, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://search.proquest.com/openview/f925dea72da7d94141f0f559633da65a/1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed August 1, 2020), at page 91 of PDF.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court holds that the Board has a broad discretion to alleviate the burden of proof upon a refugee claimant in appropriate circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;''Uppal v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 1142 (CanLII), par. 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1pnxv#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt; The &lt;abbr&gt;UNHCR&lt;/abbr&gt; ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status'' provides that the benefit of the doubt should be granted to the claimant in certain circumstances: &quot;After the applicant has made a genuine effort to substantiate his story there may still be a lack of evidence for some of his statements. As explained above (paragraph 196), it is hardly possible for a refugee to 'prove' every part of his case and, indeed, if this were a requirement the majority of refugees would not be recognized. It is therefore frequently necessary to give the applicant the benefit of the doubt. The benefit of the doubt should, however, only be given when all available evidence has been obtained and checked and when the examiner is satisfied as to the applicant's general credibility. The applicant's statements must be coherent and plausible, and must not run counter to generally known facts.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html [accessed 26 January 2020].&lt;/ref&gt; Canadian law accords with this view, providing that it is not appropriate to apply the benefit of the doubt where the claimant's allegations run contrary to generally known facts or the available evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Chan &lt;abbr&gt;v.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;abbr&gt;M.E.I.,&lt;/abbr&gt;'' [1995] 3 &lt;abbr&gt;S.C.R.&lt;/abbr&gt; 593.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Noga c Canada (Ministre de la citoyenneté et de l’immigration)'', 2003 CFPI 454 paras 10-12.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the “benefit of the doubt” principle does not apply to speculation.&lt;ref&gt;''Razzaque v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 420 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwdhz#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-04.&lt;/ref&gt; The words of the Canadian Bar Association, Quebec Section from the mid-1980s are instructive, if not legally binding, on this point: &quot;There are indeed unfounded claims and they will always exist. But one must also recognize that the risk of error on the subject is very great. One should recall how several years ago the statements of Salvadoran and Guatemalan citizens about 'death squads' were believed to exist only in the imagination of the applicants. It will always be like this. Refugee movements come in waves and we must be modest enough to recognize our ignorance about certain new situations and to mistrust ready judgments.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 106.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The Board will ensure the integrity of the administration of justice.''' The court observes that there is a fundamental need to ensure the integrity of the administration of justice in proceedings, including immigration proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;Mahjoub (Re), 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw&gt;, para. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights]].

=== Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of claimants ===

*'''Claimants may be expected to submit asylum claims promptly.''' Article 31 of the Refugee Convention provides that states shall not impose penalties on asylum seekers, but only if they present themselves to authorities without delay: &quot;The Contracting States shall not impose penalties, on account of their illegal entry or presence, on refugees who, coming directly from a territory where their life or freedom was threatened in the sense of article 1, enter or are present in their territory without authorization, provided they present themselves without delay to the authorities and show good cause for their illegal entry or presence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UN General Assembly, ''Convention relative au statut des réfugiés'', 28 July 1951, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/48abd59af.html [accessed 21 December 2020] at Article 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Canada's Federal Court has noted that claimants may be expected to submit asylum claims promptly: &quot;refugees and asylum-seekers have duties and obligations to respect national laws and measures to maintain public order, including obligations to cooperate with the asylum process, which may include presenting themselves to authorities and submitting asylum claims promptly&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;''Paulos Teddla v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2020 FC 1109 (CanLII), par. 26, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc709#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; There is an &quot;onus on a refugee claimant to present their claim, including the evidence in support of it, in a timely and efficient manner.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Mohammed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 713 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4jc6#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Parties will cooperate with the asylum process and supply all pertinent information.''' A claimant must come to a hearing with all of the evidence that he or she is able to offer and believes is necessary to prove the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Kante, Abdoulaye v. M.E.I.'' (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-2585-93), Nadon, March 23, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court holds that a person whose safety is threatened in his or her country of origin and who is seeking the protection of a country of refuge is necessarily keen to comply with the legal framework that has been established for that purpose.&lt;ref&gt;''Barrientos v Canada (Ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l’Immigration)'', 1997 CanLII 5278.&lt;/ref&gt; The legally non-binding refugees handbook issued by UNHCR stipulates that the applicant should assist the examiner to the full in establishing the facts of their case and supply all pertinent information concerning themself and their past experience.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 &lt;https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 13 of the article.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court states that &quot;refugees and asylum-seekers have duties and obligations to respect national laws and measures to maintain public order, including obligations to cooperate with the asylum process, which may include presenting themselves to authorities and submitting asylum claims promptly, or complying with procedures to regularize their stay.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; There is a duty upon an applicant in immigration proceedings to make sure that their documents are complete and accurate.&lt;ref&gt;''Malhi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 392 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwbjd#par19&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; See the Basis of Claim form instructions: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#Requirement that the information provided be complete, true and correct]]. Indeed, where the Minister is not participating in a case, rules on ''ex parte'' proceedings may impose special obligations on counsel. For example, the Law Society of BC’s rule states that “In an ''ex parte'' proceeding, a lawyer must act with utmost good faith and inform a tribunal of all material facts, including adverse facts, known to the lawyer that will enable the tribunal to make an informed decision.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chapter 5 – Relationship to the Administration of Justice {{!}} The Law Society of British Columbia |url=https://www.lawsociety.bc.ca/support-and-resources-for-lawyers/act-rules-and-code/code-of-professional-conduct-for-british-columbia/chapter-5-%E2%80%93-relationship-to-the-administration-of/#5.1-2.2 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=www.lawsociety.bc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; For details about how this principle takes shape in the RPD Rules, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]].
*'''Concerns about defects of procedural fairness should be raised by parties at the earliest opportunity.''' The general rule is that a party should raise allegations about procedural fairness at the earliest possible opportunity.&lt;ref&gt;''Mohammadian v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2000 CanLII 17118 (FC), [2000] 3 FC 371, 185 FTR 144.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Concerns about a lack of procedural fairness should be raised at the earliest practical opportunity]].
*'''Claimants will comply with the law and be honest.''' The Federal Court has held that in immigration matters, &quot;the jurisprudence is clear that applicants have to provide complete and accurate information.... There is a duty on an applicant to ensure that their submissions are complete and correct&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 107, at paragraph 34.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has stated that &quot;refugees and asylum-seekers have duties and obligations to respect national laws and measures to maintain public order&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; In Canada, such legal obligations require that a claimant answer truthfully all questions put to them in the refugee claim process&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada,'' IMM-12081-23, decision dated October 1, 2024, para. 14; ''Paulos Teddla v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'', 2020 FC 1109 (CanLII), par. 20, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc709#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; and to disclose material facts pursuant to the duty of candour that foreign nationals seeking to enter Canada have.&lt;ref&gt;''Yang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 402 (CanLII), par. 40, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hzrhk#par40&gt;, retrieved on 2021-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Applicants have a duty of candour to provide complete, honest and truthful information.&lt;ref&gt;''Goburdhun v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2013 FC 971 at paras 28.&lt;/ref&gt; This is specified in s. 16 of the IRPA which stipulates that &quot;A person who makes an application must answer truthfully all questions put to them for the purpose of the examination&quot;. Similarly, the IRPA provides at s. 100(1.1) that &quot;the burden of proving that a claim is eligible to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division rests on the claimant, who must answer truthfully all questions put to them&quot;. This obligation may be read in conjunction with Art. 2 of the Refugee Convention, which provides that, “Every refugee has duties to the country in which he finds himself, which require in particular that he conform to its laws and regulations as well as to measures taken for the maintenance of public order.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Similarly, the (legally non-binding) handbook issued by UNHCR stipulates that the applicant should tell the truth.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Information and Documents to be Provided#Requirement that the information provided be complete, true and correct]]. 
*'''C'''l'''aimants will put their best evidentiary foot forward at their first hearing.''' In ''Tahir v. Canada'', the Federal Court commented about a claimant that &quot;he was required to put his best evidentiary foot forward [at the RPD]. Not having done so, Mr. Tahir could not place better evidence before the RAD.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Tahir v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1202 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jkd84#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-26.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, absent new evidence on an issue, the Refugee Appeal Division cannot consider a new argument, developed for the ﬁrst time on appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganiyu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 296 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmswk#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt; See also the commentary to RPD Rule 34: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]].
*'''Parties are responsible for their own files.''' The Federal Court has noted that there exists &quot;[abundant case law] to the effect that the applicants are responsible for their files and cannot use their own wrongdoing as a means to justify fatal omissions, procedural though they may be.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Andreoli v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 1111 at para 20.&lt;/ref&gt; While &quot;a failure to comply with procedural obligations does not automatically disqualify a claimant from relief on fairness grounds, [] at some point a claimant will be considered the author of their own misfortune.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Perez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1171 (CanLII), par. 26, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc9b0#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2021-01-14.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the Federal Court has held that judicial review should not be granted where an applicant “show[ed] little or no interest in what [was] happening to [her] own application”.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 833 (“''Khan”)'' at para 29, citing ''Mussa v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1994] FCJ No 2047 at para 3.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court holds that &quot;counsel puts into doubt the well-foundedness of his/her case when counsel does not respect the rules of the [Division].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Barrientos, Jorge Enrique Valenzuela v.''  MCI (&lt;abbr&gt;no.&lt;/abbr&gt; IMM-2481-96), Noël, June 4, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it is incumbent on applications in immigration applications to inform themselves and inquire into any concepts that they do not fully understand in completing their application.&lt;ref&gt;''Kaur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 416 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3d36#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-28.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has held that the RPD should not bear responsibility for an Applicant’s failure to corroborate their own story.&lt;ref&gt;''Ibrahim v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 497 (CanLII), at para 46, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3trv#par46&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-03.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Parties should be aware of the information on file.''' The Federal Court holds that applicants must take responsibility to ensure that they understand the written correspondence they receive regarding their refugee claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Sainvry v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 FC 468 (CanLII), par. 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fxbpj#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'' states that &quot;the &lt;abbr&gt;RPD&lt;/abbr&gt; provides the parties with information as to where the [National Documentation Package] can be found on the Board's website, and it is the parties' responsibility to check the &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; website for the newest version of the relevant &lt;abbr&gt;NDP&lt;/abbr&gt;(s) prior to their hearing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings,'' Effective date: June 5, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/national-documentation-packages.aspx&gt; (Accessed August 30, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; This is also stated in the ''Important Instructions'' claimants receive when they make their claim: “You should also check the IRB website for the newest version of the NDP prior to your hearing” and is stated in similar terms in the Claimants’ Guide.

=== Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of the Minister ===

* '''The Minister has a particular duty of candour'''. The Federal Court states that frankness can be expected of the Minister and that the Minister has a duty of candour.&lt;ref&gt;''Oladipupo v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 921 (CanLII), at paras 36 and 40, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5thz#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-27.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Minister]]. For the duty of candour that applies to claimants, see the section above. See also the discussion above regarding rules on ''ex parte'' proceedings where the Minister is not participating in a case and how these may impose special obligations on counsel. For example, the Law Society of BC’s rule states that “In an ''ex parte'' proceeding, a lawyer must act with utmost good faith and inform a tribunal of all material facts, including adverse facts, known to the lawyer that will enable the tribunal to make an informed decision.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt;
* '''The good faith of counsel and immigration officers can be presumed.''' There is a long line of jurisprudence from the Federal Court holding that most immigration officers have no vested interest in the outcome of a claim and their official records and actions can generally be relied upon.&lt;ref&gt;''Saifullah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1060 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzf#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, counsel are under professional obligations to act with good faith. For example, the Law Society of Ontario's Rules of Professional Conduct provide that when acting as an advocate, “a lawyer shall represent the client resolutely and honourably within the limits of the law while treating the tribunal with candour, fairness, courtesy, and respect”.&lt;ref&gt;''Anulur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1070 (CanLII), at para 41, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzs#par41&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of claimant counsel ===
Practicing law is an honour and a privilege but it comes with significant responsibilities.&lt;ref&gt;''Diakité v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 170 (CanLII), at para 50, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2p18#par50&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt; Of note:
*'''Counsel should be presumed to have acted competently.''' There is a strong presumption that former counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.&lt;ref&gt;''Satkunanathan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 470 (CanLII), par. 87, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j65bj#par87&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-17.&lt;/ref&gt; While this presumption of competency can be applied, the court cautions that it is inappropriate to make findings on the basis of inferences from the experience and expertise of particular counsel, just as it would be inappropriate for the RPD to ask applicants (or their counsel) about such privileged matters directly.&lt;ref&gt;''Anulur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1070 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzs#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-28.&lt;/ref&gt; However, other Federal Court panels have concluded that it is appropriate to consider that an applicant was represented by experienced counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Mercado v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 289 (CanLII), at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2c4vw#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-01.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it is common in other areas of law to consider this factor, for example in class action law it is expected that the court should assess and consider the competence of the representative plaintiff’s counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Richard v. The Attorney General of Canada,'' 2024 ONSC 3800 (CanLII), at para 411, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5mx6#par411&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-09.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Counsel will have explained at least the basic tenets of a refugee claim to their client.''' The Federal Court has held that, &quot;absent contrary evidence, it is reasonable to expect that a legal representative has explained at least the basic tenets of a refugee claim to their client. This includes the obligation to provide acceptable documentation regarding the refugee claim, including as to identity, the onus on the claimant to prove their claim, and the need to put their “best foot forward” to do so.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Zerihaymanot, Brhane Ghebrihiwet, v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-3077-21), McHaffie, April 26, 2022; 2022 FC 610.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#1) Incompetence]].
*'''Deficiencies in counsel's conduct are properly attributed to their clients.''' The Federal Court has held that in immigration matters, &quot;the jurisprudence is clear that applicants have to provide complete and accurate information and are bound by the submissions made by those who represent them in the process&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The general rule is that you do not separate counsel's conduct from their client. Counsel is acting as agent for the client and, as harsh as it may be, the client must bear the consequences of having hired poor counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Jouzichin v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (1994), 52 ACWS (3d) 157, 1994 CarswellNat 1592.&lt;/ref&gt; This principle is reflected in the instructions in the Basis of Claim form that every claimant receives as part of the claimant process, which note that &quot;If you have counsel, you are responsible for making sure that your counsel meets the deadlines.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Basis of Claim Form'', November 2012 Version &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/forms/Documents/RpdSpr0201_e.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, Appendix page 2.&lt;/ref&gt; In most instances, reliance on legal advice will not excuse a failure to submit significant information in support of a claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Shirzad v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 89 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm412#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, there are exceptions to this principle where counsel’s conduct falls sufficiently below the standard expected of competent counsel: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#In what contexts will counsel incompetence render a hearing unfair?]]. As the Federal Court held in ''Glowacki v. Canada'', no slip or mistake of counsel should be permitted to bring about a miscarriage of justice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;''Glowacki v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1453 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jljcw#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-06.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Counsel have a duty of candour and the tribunal should be able to trust and rely on the representations made by them.''' It is said that in court, judges ought to be able to rely on the representations that counsel make as officers of the Court.&lt;ref&gt;''Sachdeva v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1522 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k71jm#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt; Tribunal members may expect no less of counsel. As the court noted in ''Diakité v Canada,'' our justice system functions in large part because the Court expects to be able to trust and rely on the representations made by officers of the Court.&lt;ref&gt;''Diakité v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2024 FC 170 at paragraph 48.&lt;/ref&gt; The same may also be said of tribunal members and the reliance they place on the representations made by counsel. While a lawyer shall seek to fearlessly advocate for their client, they must do so honourably, in compliance with the law, and in a manner that complies with their professional obligations. This includes their duty of candour. Counsel must never mislead or attempt to mislead. If counsel has inadvertently done so, then counsel must correct it the moment it comes to their attention.

== IRPA ss. 3(2) and 3(3): Interpretation principles as derived from the Act ==

This section will set out the objectives and application provisions in the Act and then provide commentary on some specific ones. In the words of Sharryn Aiken, et. al., one of the enduring features of Canadian immigration law since the 1976 ''Immigration Act'' has been &quot;a complex and contradictory set of objectives&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 27.&lt;/ref&gt; Those objectives, in so far as they concern refugees, read as follows in the current IRPA:&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
3...
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(a) to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted;
(b) to fulfil Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and affirm Canada’s commitment to international efforts to provide assistance to those in need of resettlement;
(c) to grant, as a fundamental expression of Canada’s humanitarian ideals, fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution;
(d) to offer safe haven to persons with a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group, as well as those at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment;
(e) to establish fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system, while upholding Canada’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings;
(f) to support the self-sufficiency and the social and economic well-being of refugees by facilitating reunification with their family members in Canada;
(g) to protect the health and safety of Canadians and to maintain the security of Canadian society; and
(h) to promote international justice and security by denying access to Canadian territory to persons, including refugee claimants, who are security risks or serious criminals.

Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(a) furthers the domestic and international interests of Canada;
(b) promotes accountability and transparency by enhancing public awareness of immigration and refugee programs;
(c) facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada, provincial governments, foreign states, international organizations and non-governmental organizations;
(d) ensures that decisions taken under this Act are consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, including its principles of equality and freedom from discrimination and of the equality of English and French as the official languages of Canada;
(e) supports the commitment of the Government of Canada to enhance the vitality of the English and French linguistic minority communities in Canada; and
(f) complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory.&lt;/pre&gt;The above objectives can be compared to the section of the IRPA that sets out objectives for the immigration (as opposed to humanitarian or refugee) streams:&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — immigration
3...
3 (1) The objectives of this Act with respect to immigration are
(a) to permit Canada to pursue the maximum social, cultural and economic benefits of immigration;
(b) to enrich and strengthen the social and cultural fabric of Canadian society, while respecting the federal, bilingual and multicultural character of Canada;
(b.1) to support and assist the development of minority official languages communities in Canada;
(c) to support the development of a strong and prosperous Canadian economy, in which the benefits of immigration are shared across all regions of Canada;
(d) to see that families are reunited in Canada;
(e) to promote the successful integration of permanent residents into Canada, while recognizing that integration involves mutual obligations for new immigrants and Canadian society;
(f) to support, by means of consistent standards and prompt processing, the attainment of immigration goals established by the Government of Canada in consultation with the provinces;
(f.1) to maintain, through the establishment of fair and efficient procedures, the integrity of the Canadian immigration system;
(g) to facilitate the entry of visitors, students and temporary workers for purposes such as trade, commerce, tourism, international understanding and cultural, educational and scientific activities;
(h) to protect public health and safety and to maintain the security of Canadian society;
(i) to promote international justice and security by fostering respect for human rights and by denying access to Canadian territory to persons who are criminals or security risks; and
(j) to work in cooperation with the provinces to secure better recognition of the foreign credentials of permanent residents and their more rapid integration into society.&lt;/pre&gt;There is a statutory interpretation convention to the effect that statements of objectives in legislation serve to constrain executive discretion in implementing the law. In the words of Sharryn Aiken, et. al., however, the objectives of the IRPA &quot;are so plentiful and far-ranging that they arguably serve to support any potential discretionary implementation choice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 29.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, in Catherine Dauvergne's view, the objectives &quot;are so complex that they can neither guide nor constrain.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;Catherine Dauvergne, Evaluating Canada's New Immigration and Refugee Protection Act in Its Global Context, 2003 41-3 ''Alberta Law Review'' 725, 2003 CanLIIDocs 127, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/2d8f&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-25 at page 732.&lt;/ref&gt; Shauna Labman writes that the twenty-five separate paragraphs addressing the objectives and application of the act add to the IRPA's &quot;contradictions and confusions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 43.&lt;/ref&gt; Dauvergne writes that these provisions &quot;serve no purpose other than to announce that the government is aware of how thorny an issue immigration is in Canadian politics and to ensure that the law is able to mirror prevailing political views without amendment.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt; Indeed, the Federal Court has concluded that even if an RPD Rule is non-compliant with one of these objectives, this would not render it ''ultra vires'' of its enabling provision in the Act.&lt;ref&gt;''Uppal v.  Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 1142 (CanLII), par. 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1pnxv#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(a) - The refugee program is about saving lives and offering protection ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(a) to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== This has been a long-standing provision in the Act ====
This reflects one of the objectives that was inserted into the 1976 Immigration Act, which was “to fulfill Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and persecuted.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;Clare Glassco, ''Before the Sun Comes Up: The Making of Canadian Refugee Policy amidst the Refugee Crisis in Southeast Asia, 1975-1980'', April 1, 2020 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://heartsoffreedom.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Revised-FINAL-April-3-Before-the-Sun-Comes-Up.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed April 17, 2020), page 14 of the document.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The refugee program aims to offer protection, including the legal rights specified in the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
Section 3(2)(a) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are, ''inter alia'', to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted. The protection envisaged is not just protection from ''refoulement'', but also the suite of positive rights enumerated in the Refugee Convention. In the words of Donald Galloway, Canada’s obligation under the Refugee Convention is not merely the negative duty of not returning a person to a place where they face a risk to their life or their freedom is threatened – the duty found explicitly within Article 33 of the Convention. Canada’s duty also embraces the wider positive duty to recognize the status (and a host of other rights) of individuals who are unable to or are justified in not availing themselves of protection in their country of origin.&lt;ref&gt;Donald Galloway, ''Populism and the failure to acknowledge the human rights of migrants,'' in Dauvergne, C. (ed), ''Research handbook on the law and politics of migration'', April 2021, ISBN: 9781789902259.&lt;/ref&gt; The Refugee Convention enumerates a number of core rights that all refugees benefit from, and then additional entitlements may accrue as a function of the nature and duration of the refugee's attachment to the asylum state. The most basic set of rights inhere as soon as a refugee comes under a state’s ''de jure'' or ''de facto'' jurisdiction; a second set applies when he or she enters a state party’s territory; other rights inhere only when the refugee is lawfully within the state’s territory; some when the refugee is lawfully staying there; and a few rights accrue only upon satisfaction of a durable residency requirement.&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, J. (2005). ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614859.&lt;/ref&gt; In sum, the rights discussed in the Convention are those that follow:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Within state’s jurisdiction
|Art 3: Non discrimination
Art 12: Personal status

Art 13: Acquisition of movable and immovable property (same as foreigners)

Art 16: Access to the courts and legal assistance (same as citizens)

Art 20: Rationing access (same as citizens)

Art 22(1): Elementary education (same as citizens)

Art 22(2): Secondary and tertiary education (same as foreigners)

Art 29: Fiscal charges/taxation (same as foreigners)

Art 30: Transfer of assets

Art 33: Non-refoulement
|-
|Physical presence
|Art 4: Freedom of religion (same as citizens)
Art 25: Administrative assistance

Art 27: Identity papers

Art 31: Freedom from penalisation for illegal entry
|-
|Lawful presence
|Art 18: Self-employment (same as foreigners)
Art 26: Freedom of movement (same as foreigners)

Art 32: Non expulsion
|-
|Lawful stay or habitual residence
|Art 14: Artistic rights and industrial property (same as citizens)
Art 15: Right of association (most favourable treatment accorded to foreigners)

Art 17: Wage-earning employment (most favourable treatment accorded to foreigners)

Art 19: Liberal professions (same as foreigners)

Art 21: Housing (same as foreigners)

Art 23: Public relief (same as citizens)

Art 24: Labour legislation and social security (same as citizens)

Art 28: Travel documents
|-
|Long-term residence
|Art 34: Facilitate naturalisation&lt;ref&gt;Colin Yeo, ''Book review: The Rights of Refugees Under International Law by James Hathaway'', April 15 2021, freemovement.org.uk (blog), &lt;https://www.freemovement.org.uk/book-review-the-rights-of-refugees-under-international-law-by-james-hathaway/&gt; (Accessed April 25, 2021). &lt;/ref&gt;
|}
The big picture rationale behind the inclusion of these rights in the Convention was the objective of preventing refugees from becoming legal non-persons. In the words of the UK House of Lords, &quot;the general purpose of the Convention is to enable the person who no longer has the benefit of protection against persecution for a Convention reason in his own country to turn for protection to the international community.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Horvath v. Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2000] 3 All ER 577 (UK HL, July 6, 2000), per Lord Hope of Craighead.&lt;/ref&gt; After the First World War, the academic Alleweldt states, the typical problem of refugees was the lack of any legal status in the state of refuge, which deprived them automatically of many rights and opportunities. Accordingly, the parties to the Convention envisaged, for humanitarian reasons as well as for practical reasons of cooperation, providing refugees with a status which would comprise a key set of their human rights and freedoms.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, ''Preamble 1951 Convention,'' Alleweldt, at p. 232 (paras. 26-27).&lt;/ref&gt; In short, the rights guaranteed to recognized refugees by the Convention are intended to provide them with the rights necessary to start life anew.&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 190.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The fact that the refugee protection is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection can be contrasted with the goals for the immigration programs provided in the IRPA ====
Section 3(2)(a) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are, ''inter alia'', to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted. This can be contrasted with the broader set of objectives for Canada's immigration programs set out in s. 3(3)(1) of the Act, which include the successful integration of immigrants and maximizing immigration's economic benefits for Canada. This contrast should inform interpretations of the Act. While in immigration law, ''writ large'', the desirability of an immigrant (e.g. their work experience, education, fluency in French or English, or youth) is recognized as a proper consideration for how the government may choose to accord status, refugee law, in contrast, provides the framework for individuals who are fleeing persecution to seek safety in which the primary consideration is to be, in the words of s. 3(2)(a) of the IRPA, saving lives and offering protection. In the words of Molly Joeck, &quot;conflating the two is a dangerous exercise&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Molly Joeck, ''Canadian Exclusion Jurisprudence post-Febles'', International Journal of Refugee Law, 17 September 2021; Advance Article, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeab034, page 30.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The fact that the refugee protection is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection points to the importance of decisions being correct ====
Justice Gauthier, referring to the objectives of the ''IRPA'', in particular &quot;saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted,&quot; held that the RAD is a &quot;safety net that would catch all mistakes made by the RPD, be it on the law or the facts.&quot; This required that the RAD's standard of review, applicable both to questions of law and questions of fact, be correctness.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Huruglica'', 2016 FCA 93, at paras. 53, 98, and 103, as cited in Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(b) - Fulfilling Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(b) to fulfil Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and affirm Canada’s commitment to international efforts to provide assistance to those in need of resettlement;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== This has been a long-standing provision in the Act ====
This reflects one of the objectives that was inserted into the 1976 Immigration Act, which was “to fulfill Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and persecuted.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

==== The IRPA should be interpreted in a way that ensures Canada fulfills its international legal obligations with respect to refugees ====
Section 3(2)(b) of the Act specifies that the objectives of the IRPA with respect to refugees are, among other things, to fulfill Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. There is a well-established presumption that, where possible, Canada’s domestic legislation should be interpreted to conform to international law.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Hape,'' 2007 SCC 26, [2007] 2 S.C.R. 292 at para. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada holds that the provisions of the IRPA &quot;cannot be considered in isolation from the international norms which they reflect&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [2002] 1 SCR 3 (Canada), para. 59.&lt;/ref&gt; Section 3(2)(b) of the Act reinforces that, where possible, the provisions of the IRPA should be interpreted in a way that fulfills Canada's obligations pursuant to, ''inter alia'', the ''Refugee Convention''. This is a critical legal constraint on interpretation of the ''IRPA -'' one that Parliament has mandated that immigration adjudicators consider in interpreting the legislation, regardless of whether arguments about international treaties like the ''Refugee Convention'' are explicitly raised by the parties in submissions or not.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers'', 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 52, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par52&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt;  

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Act should be interpreted in a way that is coherent with interpretations by other states party to the Convention]].  

==== The Refugee Convention sets out a number of rights to which refugees are entitled ====
See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The refugee program aims to offer protection, including the legal rights specified in the Refugee Convention]]. That said, te Convention is not fully incorporated into Canadian legislation. While the terms of the Convention are largely reflected in the IRPA, there are some differences between the operation of the Convention and the operation of the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Zaric,'' 2015 FC 837 (CanLII), [2016] 1 FCR 407, at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gk8w0#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties'' codifies public international law rules of treaty interpretation applicable to the interpretation of the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
The rules of treaty interpretation for discerning the content of Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees were codified in the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties''. Arts. 31 and 32 of the ''Vienna Convention'' provide that:&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1155 UNTS 331, 23 May 1969 (entry into force: 27 Jan. 1980).&lt;/ref&gt;
 ARTICLE 31: General rule of interpretation
 1. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.
 
 2. The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise, in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes:
 (a) any agreement relating to the treaty which was made between all the parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty;
 (b) any instrument which was made by one or more parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty and accepted by the other parties as an instrument related to the treaty.
 
 3. There shall be taken into account, together with the context:
 (a) any subsequent agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty or the application of its provisions;
 (b) any subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation;
 (c) any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties.
 
 4. A special meaning shall be given to a term if it is established that the parties so intended.
 
 ARTICLE 32: Supplementary means of interpretation
 1. Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of article 31, or to determine the meaning when the interpretation according to article 31: 
 (a) leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure; or 
 (b) leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable.
 
 ARTICLE 33: Interpretation of treaties authenticated in two or more languages
 1.When a treaty has been authenticated in two or more languages, the text is equally authoritative in each language, unless the treaty provides or the parties agree that, in case of divergence, a particular text shall prevail.
 
 2. A version of the treaty in a language other than one of those in which the text was authenticated shall be considered an authentic text only if the treaty so provides or the parties so agree.
 
 3.The terms of the treaty are presumed to have the same meaning in each authentic text.
 
 4.Except where a particular text prevails in accordance with paragraph 1, when a comparison of the authentic texts discloses a difference of meaning which the application of articles 31 and 32 does not remove, the meaning which best reconciles the texts, having regard to the object and purpose of the treaty, shall be adopted.
This said, the ''Vienna Convention'' does not in and of itself apply to the ''Refugee Convention'', given that the ''Vienna Convention'' applies only to treaties which are concluded by states after the ''Vienna Convention'' entered into force on January 27, 1980 (per Article 4 of that Convention)&lt;ref&gt;Leslie Katz, ''The Use of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties in the Interpretation of the Refugee Convention and the Refugee Protocol,'' CanLII Connects, March 27, 2019, &lt;https://canliiconnects.org/en/commentaries/66071&gt; (Accessed August 28, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; and the Refugee Convention of 1951 and the 1967 Protocol to the Convention predate this. That said, as Hathaway notes,&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, J. (2005). International law as a source of refugee rights. In ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law'' (pp. 15-74). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614859.002.&lt;/ref&gt; the approach to treaty interpretation codified in the Vienna Convention has been recognized by the International Court of Justice as embodying customary norms of treaty interpretation.&lt;ref&gt;''Kasikili/Seduda Island (Botswana v. Namibia),'' Preliminary Objections, [1996] ICJ Rep 803, at 812.&lt;/ref&gt; Those rules are generally regarded as a codification of the public international law rules of treaty interpretation as a matter of general (or customary) international law.&lt;ref&gt;M. Lennard, ‘‘Navigating by the Stars: Interpreting the WTO Agreements,’’ (2002) 5 Journal of International Economic Law 17 (Lennard, ‘‘Navigating by the Stars’’), at 17–18.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention constitute a general expression of the principles of customary international law relating to treaty interpretation.&lt;ref&gt;I. Sinclair, The Vienna Convention and the Law of Treaties (1984) at 153.&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, the norms of treaty interpretation embodied in the Vienna Convention are properly considered when interpreting the ''Refugee Convention'', even if its articles do not ''sensu stricto'' apply to the ''Refugee Convention.'' For this reason, in the context of the Refugee Convention, domestic courts in New Zealand,&lt;ref&gt;''Attorney-General v Zaoui and Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security'' [2006] 1 NCLR 289 (Supreme Court of New Zealand) at para. 24&lt;/ref&gt; the UK,&lt;ref&gt;''European Roma Rights Centre &amp; Ors, R (on the application of ) v Immigration Officer at Prague Airport &amp; Anor'' [2004] UKHL 55 (UK House of Lords) at para. 18 (per Lord Bingham), at para. 43 (per Lord Steyn), at para. 63 (per Lord Hope).&lt;/ref&gt; and Canada&lt;ref&gt;''Pushpanathan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1998 CanLII 778 (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 982, par. 52, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1fqs6#par52&gt;, retrieved on 2020-11-28.&lt;/ref&gt; have seen fit to apply Arts. 31 and 32 of the VCLT when interpreting the Refugee Convention.

==== Canada must perform its international legal obligations with respect to refugees in good faith ====
Section 3(2)(b) of the Act specifies that the objectives of the IRPA with respect to refugees are, among other things, to fulfill Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. These obligations must be interpreted in good faith.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;The terms of the Refugee Convention are to be interpreted pursuant to the principles set out at arts 31–32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (adopted 23 May 1969, entered into force 27 January 1980) 1155 UNTS 331, Can TS 1980 No 37 as noted in Joshua Blum, ''When Law Forgets: Coherence and Memory in the Determination of Stateless Palestinian Refugee Claims in Canada,'' International Journal of Refugee Law, eeaa019, https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa019.&lt;/ref&gt; This is consistent with Art. 31 of the ''Vienna Convention'', ''supra'', which states that &quot;a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith&quot;. It is also consistent with Article 26 of the ''Vienna Convention'', which requires states to perform their international treaty obligations in good faith. In international law, the concept of good faith, or ''bona fides'', is taken to include duties of honesty, loyalty, and reasonableness.&lt;ref&gt;Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 15 of the article.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, in Britain Lord Bingham has concluded that &quot;there is no want of good faith if a state interprets a treaty as meaning what it says and declines to do anything significantly greater than or different from what it agreed to do.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;''R v. Immigration Officer at Prague Airport, ex parte Roma Rights Centre,'' [2004] UKHL 5, [2005] 2 AC 1 (UK).&lt;/ref&gt; Relatedly, Canada's Federal Court has held that &quot;an unduly textual and restrictive interpretation [of the IRPA]&quot; that &quot;would impose a result that is inconsistent with and contrary to the objectives of the IRPA&quot; must be avoided.&lt;ref&gt;''Mwano v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 792, para. 23 &lt;https://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/fc-cf/decisions/en/item/485650/index.do&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The ''Refugee Convention'' should be interpreted in good faith in light of its object and purpose ====
Under Art. 31 of the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties'', “a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Tristan Harley, ''Refugee Participation Revisited: The Contributions of Refugees to Early International Refugee Law and Policy'', Refugee Survey Quarterly, 28 November 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa040, at page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; This raises the question of what the object and purpose of the ''Refugee Convention'' are. The principal answer that emerges in the jurisprudence relates to the Convention's humanitarian purposes. The UK House of Lords has held that a ‘good faith’ interpretation of the Refugee Convention is one that works to bolster the effectiveness of its protection purpose, and thus seeks a construction consistent with humanitarian aims and not simply a literal linguistic approach.&lt;ref&gt;''Adan v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [1999] 1 AC 293.&lt;/ref&gt; These humanitarian aims are underscored in the IRPA with the statement at s. 3(2)(d) that &quot;the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant, as a fundamental expression of Canada’s humanitarian ideals, fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution&quot;. The academic Michelle Foster writes that &quot;one perspective is that the aim of the Refugee Convention is fundamentally to pursue a social and human rights inspired purpose, namely to provide for the international protection of those individuals falling within the refugee definition.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Michelle Foster, &quot;A Human Rights Framework for Interpreting the Refugee Convention&quot; in Michelle Foster, ''International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights: Refugee from Deprivation'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). &lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada has noted the human rights purpose of the ''Refugee Convention'', for example remarking upon its &quot;obvious human rights purpose&quot; in ''Németh v. Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Németh v. Canada (Justice),'' 2010 SCC 56 (CanLII), [2010] 3 SCR 281, par. 33, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/2djll#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Ezokola v Canada'' the court refers to the &quot;overarching and clear human rights object and purpose [of the ''Refugee Convention'']&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ezokola v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2013 SCC 40, para. 32.&lt;/ref&gt; This is articulated as follows by the Supreme Court of Canada in ''Canada v.'' ''Ward'': the underlying objective of the 1951 Convention is &quot;the international community's commitment to the assurance of basic human rights without discrimination.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Attorney-General) v. Ward'', [1993] 2 SCR 689.&lt;/ref&gt;

That said, the following words of caution from the Australian courts are apposite: &quot;the demands of language and context should not be departed from by invoking the humanitarian objectives of the Convention, without an appreciation of the limits placed by the Convention upon achievement of such objectives.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Applicant A v. Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs'' (1997) 190 CLR 225 (Australia), 231 (Brennan CJ).&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, Lord Bingham in the UK has emphasized that the 1951 Convention was &quot;a compromise between competing interests, in this case between the need to ensure humane treatment of the victims of oppression on the one hand and the wish of sovereign states to maintain control over those seeking entry to their territory on the other.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Foster suggests that it is possible to reconcile these two approaches by emphasizing that the 1951 Convention's focus is on &quot;the need for co-operation in order adequately to deal with the humanitarian problem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Foster, M., ''International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights: Refuge from Deprivation'' (2007), p. 44, as cited in Jane McAdam, ‘Interpretation of the 1951 Convention’ in Andreas Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2011) at page 92.&lt;/ref&gt; Drawing on Klabbers' view that if a treaty's substantive provisions deal with a particular topic, then it may be surmised that that topic is the treaty's object and purpose, Foster argues that the 1951 Convention's overwhelming purpose is a human rights one. In essence the treaty provides for refugees' rights and entitlements under international law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

==== The ''Refugee Convention'' does not explicitly prescribe any particular Refugee Status Determination procedure ====
The objectives of this Act include fulfilling Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. How does that relate to refugee procedure? Canada's refugee status determination process reflects Canada's international obligations, including those stemming from the ''Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees'' of 1951. The challenge of refugee status determination is determining who is a “refugee” and, conversely, who is not. As to the process by which this task should be accomplished, neither the treaty nor the statute is of much direct assistance: there are 46 articles in the ''Refugee Convention'' and 22 paragraphs in the ''Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'', none of which address the issue of Refugee Status Determination (RSD).&lt;ref&gt;Jones, M., &amp; Houle, F. (2008). Building a Better Refugee Status Determination System. ''Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees'', ''25''(2), 3-11. Retrieved from https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/26027, page 3.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the UNHCR’s ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria'', “the Convention does not indicate what type of procedures are to be adopted for the determination of refugee status.”&lt;ref&gt;Jones, M., &amp; Houle, F. (2008). Building a Better Refugee Status Determination System. ''Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees'', ''25''(2), 3-11. Retrieved from https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/26027, page 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The procedures used by Canada must ensure the effectiveness of the substantive provisions in the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
Section 3(2)(b) of the Act specifies that the objectives of the IRPA with respect to refugees include fulfilling Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. In ratifying the ''Refugee Convention'', Canada has made a number of commitments, the most important of which is arguably the principle of ''non-refoulement'' enshrined in Article 33 of the ''Refugee Convention.'' How do such commitments relate to the procedures Canada selects for refugee status determination? Hofmann and Löhr write that, with respect to the 1951 Convention, it might be stated that the Convention does not necessitate (or prohibit) any specific procedure as such, but obliges states not to introduce procedures which would result in applicants for asylum being denied the rights that Canada undertook to respect when signing the Convention. This flows from the foundational principle of international law ''pacta sunt servanda'', the rule that agreements must be kept,&lt;ref&gt;Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 &lt;https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 11 of the article.&lt;/ref&gt; in this case Canada's agreement to abide by the terms of the Convention. With respect to procedures, international courts have established the principle that a state's procedural rules must ensure the effectiveness of the substantive provisions of its international commitments. This has been held by, among others, the International Court of Justice in the ''LaGrand'' ''(Germany v. United States of America)'' case, where it ruled that the duty incumbent on states to ensure that their international obligations be fully respected implies that domestic procedural law must be construed in such a way as to give full effect to a purposive interpretation of the state's international legal commitments.&lt;ref&gt;ICJ. ''LaGrand'', Judgment, ICJ Reports (2001), pp. 497-498, paras. 89-91.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, if a state uses deficient procedures, which lead to prohibited ''refoulement'', the introduction of such procedures constitutes ''per se'' a violation of Article 33 of the Refugee Convention and its prohibition on ''non-refoulement''.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, £260 hb. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 1100.&lt;/ref&gt; This has implications for the procedures that a state selects; for example, UNHCR states that a consequence of a state’s ''non-refoulement'' obligation is a ‘duty of independent inquiry’.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR, UNHCR Intervention before the Court of Final Appeal of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in the case between C, KMF, BF (Applicants) and Director of Immigration, Secretary for Security (Respondents) (31 January 2013) para 74 http://www.refworld.org/docid/510a74ce2.html accessed 6 January 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Such a duty requires states to identify individuals in need of protection before returning or transferring them to a third country.&lt;ref&gt;Azadeh Dastyari, Daniel Ghezelbash, ''Asylum at Sea: The Legality of Shipboard Refugee Status Determination Procedures'', International Journal of Refugee Law, eez046, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eez046&lt;/ref&gt;
==== The ''Refugee Convention'' should be regarded as a living instrument that evolves to meet contemporary needs ====
States have expressly recognized the Refugee Convention as “the foundation of the international protection regime [with] enduring value and relevance in the twenty-first century”.&lt;ref&gt;“Ministerial Communiqué,” UN Doc. HCR/MIN/COMMS/2011/16, Dec. 8, 2011, at [2], as cited in James C. Hathaway, ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law,'' April 2021, ISBN: 9781108810913, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://assets.cambridge.org/97811084/95899/excerpt/9781108495899_excerpt.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed March 6, 2021), at page 9.&lt;/ref&gt; The UK House of Lords has concluded that &quot;It is clear that the signatory states intended that the Convention should afford continuing protection for refugees in the changing circumstances of the present and the future world. In our view the Convention has to be regarded as a living instrument.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Sepet (FC) and Another (FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department'', [2003] UKHL 15, United Kingdom: House of Lords (Judicial Committee), 20 March 2003, available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/cases,GBR_HL,3e92d4a44.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 26 December 2020].&lt;/ref&gt; This is consistent with statements from the Supreme Court of Canada that &quot;international conventions must be interpreted in light of current conditions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [2002] 1 SCR 3 (Canada), para. 87.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties'' delierately does not constrain the meaning of terms in a treaty to their meaning at the time of the treaty's conclusion. A limitation to this effect was deleted from an earlier draft of Art. 31, para. 3(c), of that Convention on the basis that this could restrict the evolution of the law and that, in any event, the correct meaning of the provision would be derived from an &quot;interpretation of the term 'in good faith'&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 103 (para. 84).&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== There can only be one true interpretation of the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
See below: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Act should be interpreted in a way that is coherent with interpretations by other states party to the Convention]].

==== Canada does not have a binding legal obligation to accept refugees from abroad for resettlement ====
Section 3(2)(b) of the Act provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include 1) fulfilling Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees, and 2) affirming Canada’s commitment to international efforts to provide assistance to those in need of resettlement. Resettlement falls into the second category, as opposed to the first, insofar as Canada does not have an international legal obligation to resettle refugees from abroad. When negotiating the ''Refugee Convention'', the international community recognized the importance of burden sharing and prominently placed it in the preamble to the Convention, but burden sharing was not made into a binding legal obligation.&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 5.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, as Hathaway notes, when negotiating the ''Refugee Convention'', governments were emphatic in their rejection of a duty to reach out to refugees located beyond their borders, accepting only the more constrained obligation not to force refugees back to countries in which they might be persecuted.&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, J. (2005). The Rights of Refugees under International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614859 at page 161.&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequent international efforts to articulate an individual right of asylum at international law have been unsuccessful - for example, the 1967 UN General Assembly Declaration on Territorial Asylum is non-binding and a proposed ''Convention on Territorial Asylum'' never materialized.&lt;ref&gt;Adamu Umaru Shehu, ''Understanding the Legal Rights of Refugee, Migrants, and Asylum Seekers Under International Law'', Journal of Conflict Resolution and Social Issues, Vol 1 No 2 (2021) &lt;http://journal.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/JCORSI/article/viewFile/1824/1275&gt; (Accessed February 13, 2021), pages 40-41.&lt;/ref&gt; For more details on burden sharing, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Responsibility sharing and burden sharing between states are fundamental principles of the Refugee Convention]].

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(c) - Fair consideration is to be granted to those who come to Canada claiming persecution ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(c) to grant, as a fundamental expression of Canada’s humanitarian ideals, fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== This has been a long-standing provision in the Act ====
This reflects one of the objectives that was inserted into the 1976 Immigration Act, which was “to fulfill Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and persecuted.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; This is also reflected in the IRB's mission statement, including its emphasis on the Board acting on behalf of Canadians: &quot;Our mission, on behalf of Canadians, is to make well-reasoned decisions on immigration and refugee matters, efficiently, fairly, and in accordance with the law.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;

==== The importance of Board procedures being fair to the public perception of the refugee program ====
In addition to ensuring overall fairness and facilitating the giving of evidence, procedural fairness is also about maintaining the integrity of the refugee determination process in the eyes of the public. For example, stakeholders may come to question the integrity of the system if they observe unfair, biased, stereotyped, arbitrary, or otherwise inappropriate processes that do not provide fair consideration to those who come to Canada and file a claim. As the legal philosopher Patricia Mindus argues, arbitrariness undermines legitimacy and erodes trust in the law in a deep way that is not easy to remedy.&lt;ref&gt;Mindus, P. (2020). Towards a Theory of Arbitrary Law-making in Migration Policy. ''Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics'', ''14''(2), 9-33. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.5324.eip.v14i2.3712&lt;/nowiki&gt; at page 16.&lt;/ref&gt; Ensuring procedural fairness is in this way integral to maintaining the reliability of the hearing and refugee determination process and public support therefor.  

Part of the Board's role in ensuring that fair consideration is provided to those who come to Canada claiming persecution relates to the nature of the reasons that are offered in their cases. As Thériault argues, &quot;reasons encourage the acceptance of decisions and reinforce confidence in the judicial system. The act of writing reasons helps to ensure that decisions are arrived at rationally and imposes on judges a form of self-discipline. Reasons allow parties to understand why a case was decided a certain way. Reasons allow appeal judges to assess the merits of decisions under review. Reasons are also necessary for the proper development of the common law through the principle of ''stare decisis'', and serve an educational purpose by informing both the legal community and those outside it of the content and evolution of legal rules.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 332.&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== This provision relates to the Canadian Bill of Rights provision on principles of fundamental justice ====
Section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. This tracks Section 2(e) of the ''Canadian'' ''Bill of Rights'', which states that no law of Canada shall be construed or applied so as to &quot;abrogate, abridge or infringe or to authorize the abrogation, abridgement or infringement of any of the rights or freedoms herein recognized and declared, and in particular, no law of Canada shall be construed or applied so as to ... (e) deprive a person of the right to a fair hearing in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice for the determination of his rights and obligations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Bill of Rights,'' SC 1960, c 44, s 2, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/7vnh#sec2&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; 
==== This provision relates to Canada's international obligations ====
Section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. As to the scope of this concept of this &quot;fair consideration&quot;, see [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of procedures that will uphold Canada's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings]].

==== The focus of this provision is on those who are claimants within Canada ====
Section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. This provision can be interpreted as being focused on those who come to Canada claiming protection (asylum seekers) as opposed to those who are abroad (awaiting resettlement) given that resettled refugees do not come to Canada &quot;claiming&quot; protection as their claim has generally been accepted prior to that point. See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Canada does not have a binding legal obligation to accept refugees from abroad for resettlement]]. An alternative interpretation of this phrase could be that &quot;those who come to Canada claiming persecution&quot; uses Canada as an eponym in place of the Government of Canada, as opposed to the territory of the country, though this is arguably a doubtful interpretation of the phrase. 

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(d) - Offering safe haven ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(d) to offer safe haven to persons with a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group, as well as those at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== The idea that the objectives of the refugee provisions in the Act involve offering safe haven implicitly means that the grant of refugee status involves a judgment of the source country ====
Section 3(2)(d) of the objectives of the Act provides that its objectives with respect to refugees include offering safe haven to specified persons. The idea of offering a safe haven in Canada implicitly involves a judgment that the source country is not providing that safe haven. As Plaut writes, in this way, according refugee status inherently involves passing judgment on the source country: &quot;what is the Geneva Convention but a moral judgement of offending countries' policies? Any time a nation accepts a person as a legitimate refugee it is judging the refugee's country of origin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 124.&lt;/ref&gt; He goes on to write that, &quot;accpeting an individual refugee under the Convention appears to imply that his/her country of origin, by creating refugees on its territory, does not live up to proper international standards.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 140.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The objective of this Act is to offer safe haven to specified persons and this is an enduring commitment unless an asylee's status ceases ====
The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include offering safe haven to persons with a well-founded fear of persecution for a Convention reason, as well as those at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment of punishment. This obligation, which partly tracks the criteria of the ''Refugee Convention'', reflects the fact that the 1951 Convention can be viewed as a third party agreement: a treaty whereby the contracting states take on obligations towards each other for the benefit of a third party, namely the refugees who are, per the terms of the treaty, provided with refugee rights.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 40 (para. 2).&lt;/ref&gt; As Haddad writes, the refugee is someone who has exited their state of origin by crossing an international border and hence has become an issue of concern on the international agenda and a ward of international society.&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 198.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The &quot;safe haven&quot; that is to be offered to refugees is independent of other types of tenuous immigration status that Canada offers such as permanent residence. An applicant’s asylum status is not affected because their permanent residence status was lost or because their application for permanent residence was refused.&lt;ref&gt;''Gaspard v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 29, paras. 15-16.&lt;/ref&gt; Even where a refugee moves onward from a state which has granted international protection, that state bears ongoing obligations towards the individual, unless their status has ceased.&lt;ref&gt;''Paulos Teddla v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2020 FC 1109 (CanLII), par. 21, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc709#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, even those who are granted status as protected persons by the IRB may not meet the criteria to become permanent residents or citizens in Canada: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 26-28 - Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility#Other grounds of inadmissibility in the IRPA do not render claimants ineligible for a refugee hearing, but may nonetheless have consequences even where a claim is accepted]]. That said, it is clear that refugee status ends with the application of the cessation clauses in the Convention.&lt;ref&gt;Brid Ni Ghrainne, ''Internally displaced persons and international refugee law'', in Satvinder S. Juss, ''Research Handbook on International Refugee Law'', 2019. Edward Elgar Publishing: Northampton, Massachusetts, page 34.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, Article 1(C)(3) of the Refugee Convention provides that refugee status is terminated upon naturalization, i.e. a situation where a refugee “acquire(s) a new nationality, and enjoys the protection of the country of his new nationality.”&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf?sequence=2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 38.&lt;/ref&gt; Once the criteria in one of the cessation clauses in the Refugee Convention are met, then 'refugeehood' can rightfully be regarded as having ceased. Until then, it may be observed that refugeehood is inherently characterized by a temporal uncertainty; indeed, as Agier notes, that the word ‘refuge’ itself ‘denotes a temporary shelter, while waiting for something better.’&lt;ref&gt;Agier, Michel. 2008. On the Margins of the World: The Refugee Experience Today. Cambridge: Polity Press.&lt;/ref&gt; See also the following discussion of the interaction between the cessation clause in the Refugee Convention and the acquisition of Canadian citizenship: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 64 - Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection#This provision applies even to those who have become Canadian citizens]].  

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(e) to establish fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system, while upholding Canada’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of efficient procedures ====
Section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of the Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of fair and efficient procedures. Section 162(2) of the IRPA provides that each Division shall deal with all proceedings before it as informally and quickly as the circumstances and the considerations of fairness and natural justice permit; for further discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/162 - Board Jurisdiction and Procedure#IRPA Section 162(2) - Obligation to proceed informally and expeditiously]]. 

The starting point regarding the position of an alien, at common law, was summa­rized by Lord Denning as follows:&lt;blockquote&gt;At common law no alien has any right to enter this country except by leave of the Crown; and the Crown can refuse leave without giving any reason. If he comes by leave, the Crown can impose such conditions as it thinks fit, as to his length of stay, or otherwise. He has no right whatever to remain here. He is liable to be sent home to his own country at any time if, in the opinion of the Crown, his presence here is not conducive to the public good; and for this purpose, the executive may arrest him and put him on board a ship or aircraft bound for his own country. The position of aliens at common law has since been covered by various regulations; but the principles remain the same.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Governor of Pentonville Prison,'' [1973] 2 All E.R. 741 at p. 747, as cited in ''Maslej v. Minister of Manpower and Immigration,'' 1976 CanLII 2309 (FCA), [1977] 1 FC 194, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jqtbs&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; [internal citations omitted]&lt;/blockquote&gt;The reality of having largely unstoppable flows of desperate people who do not have a legal right to enter or remain in Canada has been one that the refugee determination system has had to repeatedly contend with. In this way, Hathaway writes when describing the situation that spawned one of the Refugee Convention’s historical antecedents, the credibility of border controls and of the restriction of socioeconomic benefits to nationals is at stake with refugee programs: by legitimating and defining a needs-based exception to the norm of communal closure, refugee law can sustain the protectionist norm. In this way, “so long as the admission of refugees [is] understood to be formally sanctioned by states, their arrival [ceases] to be legally destabilizing.”&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, J. (2021). The Rights of Refugees under International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2nd Ed. Page 21.&lt;/ref&gt; This motivation has a number of implications. The Federal Court of Appeal has stated that “there is compelling public interest, in Canada, in having refugee status determined as soon as is practically possible after a claim is made.”&lt;ref&gt;''Seth v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1993] 3 F.C. 348 (C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; As the Canadian Bar Association has submitted, a lack of expeditiousness &quot;leads to legitimate claims languishing in the system and encourages the proliferation of unmeritorious claims.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 48.&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada emphasizes the importance of proportionality when selecting a procedure, as &quot;the best forum for resolving a dispute is not always that with the most painstaking procedure&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Hryniak v Mauldin'', 2014 SCC 7 (CanLII), [2014] 1 SCR 87, para. 28, as cited in ''Ejere v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 749 (CanLII), at para 7, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gspj8#par7&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt; These goals are reflected in the structures and procedures enshrined in the Act, including:

* &lt;u&gt;The control over proceedings that has been granted to decision makers:&lt;/u&gt; To increase the efficiency of hearings, procedures were amended following passage of the ''Balanced Refugee Reform Act'' (2010) and the ''Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act'' (2012) to give decision makers greater control over refugee protection proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;Neil Yeates, ''Report of the Independent Review of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', Government of Canada, April 10, 2018, &lt;https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/pub/irb-report-en.pdf&gt; (Accessed April 27, 2020), page 13.&lt;/ref&gt; The fact that each Division of the IRB is required to deal with all proceedings before it as informally and expeditiously as the circumstances of fairness and natural justice permit supports, for example, the right of a tribunal Member to control the process and not waste time on matters that are irrelevant.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration) c. Tavares Carrera,'' 2024 CF 1224 (CanLII), au para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k64rc#par13&gt;, consulté le 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses#44(5): In deciding whether to allow a witness to testify, the Division must consider any relevant factors]].
* &lt;u&gt;Ways that duplicative processes have been excised from the Act:&lt;/u&gt; The Refugee Appeal Division, when considering issues of efficiency, has observed that an interpretation of the Act which would reduce duplication of work and having an additional, unnecessary, hearing is to be preferred.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 101305 (CA IRB), par. 70, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc74v#par70&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has noted a sympathy &quot;to any argument intended to achieve judicial economy in avoiding unnecessary procedures&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at paras 32-33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par32&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; This principle can be seen in the legislative history of section 97 of the Act. Section 97 was introduced with the transition from the ''Immigration Act'' to the IRPA, and in this way expanded the scope of asylum protection to include persons who are at risk of torture and to persons who are at risk of cruel and inhumane treatment upon deportation to their country of nationality or former habitual residence. Rebecca Hamlin writes that there is no evidence to suggest that Parliament considered the introduction of section 97 to be monumental when it discussed IRPA before voting on it in 2002. When the bill was being debated, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Elinor Caplan assured members of Parliament the IRPA &quot;gives us the ability to streamline our procedures, so that those who are in genuine need of our protection will be welcomed in Canada more quickly and those who are not in need of protection will be able to be removed more quickly. That streamlining is extremely important.&quot; Immediately after IRPA went into force, the IRB Legal Services division produced a guide for decision-makers on how to make section 97 decisions; the guide states that these decisions were subsumed under the IRB mandate to avoid the &quot;delays and inconsistencies&quot; of the previous &quot;fragmented&quot; and &quot;multilayered approach&quot;. 
* &lt;u&gt;Fairness requirements to hold a claim in abeyance pending additional evidence:&lt;/u&gt; The court has held that fundamental justice requires a tribunal to delay its decision if it knows that, given a reasonable time, an applicant can obtain a crucial document.&lt;ref&gt;''Iqbal, Muhammad v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-4207-93), Muldoon, May 7, 1996. Reported: Iqbal v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1996), 33 Imm. L.R. (2d) 179 (F.C.T.D.).&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Requests to delay convening a hearing or issuing a decision pending the receipt of new evidence]]. 

==== The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system ====
Section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of the Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights states that &quot;''Because of their vulnerable situation, refugees may face pressures to exaggerate or conceal information about human rights violations they have suffered or witnessed. For example, they may exaggerate problems they have experienced if they believe that they will have a better chance of receiving humanitarian assistance or refugee status.''&quot;&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ''Manual on human rights monitoring: Chapter 11 (Interviewing),''&lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Chapter11-MHRM.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, page 23.&lt;/ref&gt; As Harold Troper notes, a concern that the refugee program must seek to address is the worry that &quot;many of the refugee claimants, including some who successfully made it through the determination process, were not really legitimate refugees but individuals looking for a way around tough Canadian immigration regulations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Troper, Harold,  &quot;Immigration in Canada&quot;. In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published April 22, 2013; Last Edited September 19, 2017. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/immigration&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, fraudulent applications are said to have &quot;plagued&quot; a number of Canada's immigration programs, and are not simply a concern with the in-Canada asylum system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Oakland Ross, &quot;Canada Is Conned into Taking Rebels; Colombians Given Refugee Status; Bogota Arrests 3 Civil Servants,&quot; ''Toronto Star'' (8 September 2004), A1, as cited in Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 139.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, under the former source country class in the IRPA for resettlement, the ICRC indicated that individuals used fraudulent referrals allegedly from the ICRC at the Canadian embassy.&lt;ref&gt;Francisco Rico Martinez, &quot;The Future of Colombian Refugees in Canada: Are We Being Equitable?&quot; (2011), 35-36, online: ''Canadian Council for Refugees'' &lt;http://ccrweb.ca/files/ccr_colombia_report_2011.pdf&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, a scheme was discovered by Colombian authorities in which substantial bribes were being paid to civil servants employed by the Colombian National Senate for documents identifying individuals as victims of death or abduction threats from either the guerrillas or the paramilitaries. The documents were reportedly used at the Canadian embassy in Bogota to achieve source country class resettlement for at least fifty people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; 

The Immigration and Refugee Board has stated that one of the challenges that it faces is to ensure that individuals and groups cannot use refugee claims as a means to circumvent our national immigration policies.&lt;ref&gt;Government of Canada, ''Refugee Determination: What it is and how it works'', Pamphlet, 1989, Immigration and Refugee Board, page 3.&lt;/ref&gt; When the IRB came into existence, the government programme delivery strategy stated that the removal of non-credible refugee claimants was the law’s &quot;cornerstone&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;David Matas, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', 1989, Summerhill Press, Toronto, ISBN 0-920197-81-7, page 143.&lt;/ref&gt; This necessarily involves a balancing, one which Jennifer Bond and David Wiseman discuss when they write that the procedural framework governing Canada's asylum system contains a number of mechanisms aimed at enabling both flexibility and rigour.&lt;ref&gt;Jennifer Bond &amp; David Wiseman, ''Imperfect Evidence and Uncertain Justice: An Exploratory Study of Access to Justice Issues in Canada's Asylum System,'' 53 U.B.C. L. Rev. 1 (2020), page 19.&lt;/ref&gt; These considerations also relate to what the Supreme Court of Canada refers to as the importance of maintaining &quot;the dignity of refugee status&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;''Febles v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2014 SCC 68 [2014] 2 FCR 224.&lt;/ref&gt; The UNHCR refers to similar considerations when it writes that &quot;to preserve the civilian character of asylum, States...need to assess the situation of arrivals carefully so as to identify armed elements and separate them from the civilian refugee population.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;National Documentation Package, Sudan, 28 March 2024, tab 14.8: ​UNHCR Position on Returns to Sudan​. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal writes that &quot;maintenance of the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system is a valid purpose to consider, and one which the system requires as a duty to be taken seriously by all concerned.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Azizi v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 FCA 406.&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of procedures that will uphold Canada's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings ====

Section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of the Act with respect to refugees are to establish fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system, while upholding Canada's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings. This can be considered in conjunction with section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA, which provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. As to the scope of this concept of &quot;fair consideration&quot;, it should be considered in conjunction with s. 3(3)(f) of the IRPA, which provides that the Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. When considering such human rights instruments, regard may properly be had of the provision of the ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'' that provides individuals with extensive rights relating to a fair trial in the determination of a person's &quot;rights and obligations in a suit at law&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;UN General Assembly, ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'', 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3aa0.html [accessed 6 February 2021], Article 14.&lt;/ref&gt; which, as Macharia-Mokobi argues, may fairly be held to cover refugee status determination procedures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;E Macharia-Mokobi, J Pfumorodze, ''Advancing refugee protection in Botswana through improved refugee status determination'', African Human Rights Law Journal 13 (1), 01-26, &lt;http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1996-20962013000100008&amp;script=sci_arttext&amp;tlng=es&gt; (Accessed February 5, 2021), page 162.&lt;/ref&gt; This also reflects the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'', which reads:&lt;blockquote&gt;The High Contracting parties, ... considering that the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights approved on 10 December 1948 by the General Assembly have affirmed the principle that human beings shall enjoy fundamental rights and freedoms without discrimination ... have agreed as follows: ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This has implications for the procedures that are used and the evidence that is accepted in them. For example, any statement or evidence obtained as a result of torture is not to be relied on as evidence in any proceeding.&lt;ref&gt;''Wong v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 862 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k53vz#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-18.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of Lord Hoffmann from the UK House of Lords, &quot;The use of torture is dishonourable. It corrupts and degrades the state which uses it and the legal system which accepts it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''A &amp; Ors v. Secretary of State for the Home Department'', [2005] UKHL 71, at para. 82, as cited in ''Mahjoub (Re)'', 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw&gt;, at page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; As Justice Blanchard writes, &quot;the admission of such evidence is antithetical to and damages the integrity of the judicial proceedings.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Mahjoub (Re),'' 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw&gt;, para. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; For more information on fair procedures for refugee status determination, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing]].

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(g) - Protecting the health and safety of Canadians and maintaining the security of Canadian society ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives - refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are ...
(g) to protect the health and safety of Canadians and to maintain the security of Canadian society; and
&lt;/pre&gt;

==== This is worded identically to s. 3(1)(h) of the Act ====
Section 3(1)(h) of the IRPA is worded identically, stating that &quot;the objectives of this Act with respect to immigration are (''h'') to protect the health and safety of Canadians and to maintain the security of Canadian society&quot;. That provision was considered in ''Medovarski v Canada'', in which the Supreme Court of Canada noted that &quot;the objectives as expressed in the IRPA indicate an intent to prioritize security&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The objectives as expressed in the ''IRPA'' indicate an intent to prioritize security. This objective is given effect by preventing the entry of applicants with criminal records, by removing applicants with such records from Canada, and by emphasizing the obligation of permanent residents to behave lawfully while in Canada. This marks a change from the focus in the predecessor statute, which emphasized the successful integration of applicants more than security: e.g., see s. 3(1)(''i'') of the ''IRPA'' versus s. 3(''j'') of the former Act; s. 3(1)(''e'') of the ''IRPA'' versus s. 3(''d'') of the former Act; s. 3(1)(''h'') of the ''IRPA'' versus s. 3(''i'') of the former Act. Viewed collectively, the objectives of the ''IRPA'' and its provisions concerning permanent residents, communicate a strong desire to treat criminals and security threats less leniently than under the former Act.&lt;ref&gt;''Medovarski v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration); Esteban v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 SCC 51 (CanLII), [2005] 2 SCR 539, par. 10, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1lpk5#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This objective is implemented through the grounds of inadmissibility found in ss. 34-42 of the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 408.&lt;/ref&gt; Which see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/33-43 - Inadmissibility]].

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(h) - To promote international justice and security by denying access to Canadian territory to persons, including refugee claimants, who are security risks or serious criminals ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives - refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are ...
(h) to promote international justice and security by denying access to Canadian territory to persons, including refugee claimants, who are security risks or serious criminals.
&lt;/pre&gt;

==== While the IRPA may use terms similar to that of Canada's Criminal Code, they need not be interpreted identically ====
In ''Rana v. Canada'', the Federal Court commented that:&lt;blockquote&gt;[47]  More generally, although broadly speaking both the ''Criminal Code'' and the ''IRPA'' share a concern with public safety and security, they do not “operate in tandem” or function together as parts of a single regulatory scheme, not even with respect to the specific matter of terrorism (cf. ''Bell ExpressVu Limited Partnership v Rex'', 2002 SCC 42 (CanLII) at para 46 [''Bell ExpressVu'']). They do not deal with the same subject matter in the way that is necessary to engage the principle that statutes ''in pari materia'' should be construed together and can be explanatory of one another (cf. Ruth Sullivan, ''Sullivan on the Construction of Statutes'', 6&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; ed (Markham: LexisNexis, 2014) at 416-21). As a result, in my view this principle does not justify applying the meaning of “terrorist activity” in the ''Criminal Code'' to the term “terrorism” in section 34(1) of the ''IRPA''. I must, therefore, respectfully disagree with my colleague Justice Brown, who relied on this principle in ''Ali v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2017 FC 182 (CanLII) [''Ali''], to import the meaning given to “terrorist activity” in the ''Criminal Code'' into the ''IRPA'' for the purposes of a finding under section 34(1)(f) of the latter (see ''Ali'' at paras 42-44; see also ''Alam'' at paras 26-28)''.''&lt;ref&gt;''Rana v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2018 FC 1080, para. 47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== The objectives of the Act include promoting international justice and security, and regard may be had to Canada's international obligations thereon ====
The objectives of the Act include promoting international justice and security, and regard may be had to Canada's international obligations on those points. For example, the Federal Court has noted that:&lt;blockquote&gt;Canada has numerous and significant international obligations to combat terrorism, including: ''International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism'', 12 December 1999, UNTS 2178 at 197; ''International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings'', 15 December 1997, UNTS 2149 at 256; ''International Convention against the Taking of Hostages'', 17 December 1979 UNTS 1316 at 205; ''Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) [on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts]'' (UNSC, 56th Sess, UN Doc S/RES/1373(2001) SC Res 1373); ''Security Council Resolution 2322 (2016) [on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts],'' UNSC, 2016, S/RES/2322; ''Security Council Resolution 2178 (2014) [on addressing the growing issue of foreign terrorist fighters],'' (UNSC, 69th Sess, UN Doc S/RES/2178 (2014) SC Res 2178)), which form a crucial part of the interpretive context for the ''IRPA'' (''IRPA,'' ss 3(1)(i) and 3(2)(h).&lt;ref&gt;''Talukder v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1489 (CanLII), at para 73, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6zb1#par73&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-24.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== IRPA Section 3(3)(b) - This Act is to be applied in a manner that promotes accountability and transparency by enhancing public awareness of immigration and refugee programs ===
&lt;pre&gt;Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(b) promotes accountability and transparency by enhancing public awareness of immigration and refugee programs;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== It is important that the public perceive the determinations made under the Act as being legitimate ====
Section 3(3)(b) of the Act provides that that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that enhances public awareness of immigration and refugee programs. As the Court held in ''Rezaei'', the Board's stakeholders &quot;include not only the claimants who appear before the Board and its Divisions, but also the Canadian public at large, which is served by effective mechanisms for the application of immigration policy.”&lt;ref&gt;''Rezaei v. Canada'' (''Minister of Citizenship and Immigration''), [2003] 3 FC 421 (TD), para. 70.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board must seek to maintain the support of both groups of stakeholders. The Supreme Court of Canada has linked preserving &quot;the integrity and legitimacy of the refugee protection system&quot; to &quot;the necessary public support for [the system's] viability&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; Refugee lawyer David Matas speaks to a policy concern related to this when he states that if the public lacks confidence in the refugee determination system “people will eventually give up all hope in the system. ... [T]hose concerned with protecting refugees will adopt extra-legal rather than legal strategies - a Canadian sanctuary movement is possible”.&lt;ref&gt;David Matas and Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-920197-81-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 146.&lt;/ref&gt; Refugees pose a problem for the Canadian government quite different from that of other foreigners and it is necessary that decisions on asylum clearly communicate either why an individual should be entitled to stay in Canada or else why they can be returned to their state.&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 7.&lt;/ref&gt; This said, it does not appear to be an objective of the refugee system to denounce foreign states. 

=== IRPA Section 3(3)(c) - This Act is to be applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada, provincial governments, foreign states, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations ===
&lt;pre&gt;Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(c) facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada, provincial governments, foreign states, international organizations and non-governmental organizations;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== Canada has an obligation to cooperate with the UNHCR and the IRPA should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates and respects this obligation ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and international organizations. This provision of the Act relates to Canada's international obligations. Opinions and interpretations by the UNHCR are of particular interest because of Article 35 of the ''Refugee Convention'', which provides that member states have an obligation to facilitate the duty of UNHCR in supervising the application of the provisions of the Convention. Article 35 of the Refugee Convention and Article 2(1) of the 1967 Protocol stipulate that “[t]he States Parties to the present Protocol undertake to co-operate with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [...] in the exercise of its functions, and shall in particular facilitate its duty of supervising the application of the provisions of the present Protocol”.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations General Assembly. (1967). “Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees.” United Nations Treaty Series, Volume 606, Page 267.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'' reads:&lt;blockquote&gt;The High Contracting parties, ... noting that the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is charged with the task of supervising international conventions providing for the protection of refugees, and recognizing that the effective co-ordination of measures taken to deal with this problem will depend upon the co-operation of States with the High Commissioner, ... have agreed as follows: ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;UNHCR, ''Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees,'' Document dated December 2010 &lt;https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10&gt; (Accessed August 30, 2020), at page 13 of the document.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Furthermore, UNHCR is entrusted by the United Nations General Assembly with supervision of the interpretation and application of the Refugee Convention.&lt;ref&gt;See the Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, annexed to UN General Assembly Resolution 428(V), 14 December 1950.&lt;/ref&gt;

As such, statements emanating from the UNHCR, such as those in its handbook, are considered highly influential in how refugee adjudication should be approached, even if its clauses are not, in and of themselves, law in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Council for Refugees v R,'' 2007 FC 1262 (CanLII), [2008] 3 FCR 606, par. 208, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1tz0l#par208&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-22 (decision overturned at the Federal Court of Appeal on other grounds).&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal noted as much in ''Rahaman v. Canada'', holding:&lt;blockquote&gt;in Article 35 of the Geneva Convention the signatory states undertake to co-operate with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in the performance of its functions and, in particular, to facilitate the discharge of its duty of supervising the application of the Convention. Accordingly, considerable weight should be given to recommendations of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme on issues relating to refugee determination and protection that are designed to go some way to fill the procedural void in the Convention itself.&lt;ref&gt;''Rahaman v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration,'' 2002 ACWSJ Lexis 1026 (Can. FCA, Mar. 1, 2002), per. Evan’s J.A.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This holding is consistent with caselaw in Britain that UNHCR’s guidance concerning the interpretation and application of the Refugee Convention “should be accorded considerable weight”.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Sirri v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2012] UKSC 54; [2013] 1 AC 745, para 36.&lt;/ref&gt; The UK Supreme Court has held that “the accumulated and unrivalled expertise of this organisation, its experience in working with governments throughout the world, the development, promotion and enforcement of procedures of high standard and consistent decision-making in the field of refugee status determinations must invest its decisions with considerable authority”.&lt;ref&gt;''IA (Iran) v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2014] UKSC 6; [2014] 1 WLR 384, para 44.&lt;/ref&gt;

That said, there is no requirement that panels of the Board expressly mention UNHCR guidelines in their reasons.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1410 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jlcdb#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-02.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the UNHCR's supervisory role does not include a mandate to provide an authoritative interpretation of the Refugee Convention.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Jane McAdam, ‘Interpretation of the 1951 Convention’ in Andreas Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2011) at page 79.&lt;/ref&gt; Accordingly, the UNHCR can only issue ''guidance'' on the Convention's interpretation. In the words of the Federal Court of Appeal from ''Jayasekara v Canada'', UNHCR’s statements &quot;cannot override the functions of the Court in determining the words of the Convention.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Jayasekara v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FCA 404, at para. 39.&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, there are also a multitude of pronouncements emanating from the UNHCR, with different levels of persuasiveness. Specifically, English jurisprudence persuasive holds that pronouncements of the UNHCR Executive Committee have been held to warrant greater weight than publications merely penned by UNHCR staff, such as the “Guidelines on International Protection” issued by the UNHCR’s Department of International Protection.&lt;ref&gt;''Secretary of State for the Home Department v. MA (Somalia),'' [2018] EWCA Civ 994 (Eng. CA, May 2, 2018).&lt;/ref&gt; That said, even the UNHCR Executive Committee Conclusions are not binding on States, even if they may be instructive in interpreting and applying the 1951 Convention.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;
==== Responsibility sharing and burden sharing between states are fundamental principles of the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. This provision reflects the importance of &quot;burden sharing&quot; and &quot;responsibility sharing&quot; in the refugee regime. It is said that the Refugee Convention is based on two principles: ''non-refoulement'', the rule that asylum seekers cannot be turned away or forced to return to their countries of origin; and ''responsibility sharing'', the idea that member nations should share the costs, labour, and risks of refugee aid.&lt;ref&gt;Mai-Linh K. Hong (2020) ''Navigating the Global Refugee Regime: Law, Myth, Story'', Amerasia Journal, DOI: 10.1080/00447471.2020.1776571, page 3.&lt;/ref&gt; While the first principle is explicitly outlined in the operative clauses of the Convention, the second is implicit in the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'', which reads:&lt;ref&gt;Srobana Bhattacharya, Bidisha Biswas, ''International Norms of Asylum and Burden-Sharing: A Case Study of Bangladesh and the Rohingya Refugee Population'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 December 2020, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa122 at page 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The High Contracting parties, ... considering that the grant of asylum may place unduly heavy burdens on certain countries, and that a satisfactory solution of a problem of which the United Nations has recognized the international scope and nature cannot therefore be achieved without international co-operation, ... have agreed as follows: ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;James Hathaway writes in ''The Law of Refugee Status'' that burden sharing was historically one of the core motivations for the ''Refugee Convention'': &lt;blockquote&gt;... the majority of the states that drafted the Convention sought to create a rights regime conducive to the redistribution of the post-war refugee burden from European shoulders. The Europeans complained that they had been forced to cope with the bulk of the human displacement caused by the Second World War, and that the time had come for all members of the United Nations to contribute to the resettlement of both the remaining war refugees and the influx of refugees from the Soviet bloc. Refugees would be more inclined to move beyond Europe if there were guarantees that their traditional expectations in terms of rights and benefits would be respected abroad. The Convention, then, was designed to create secure conditions such as would facilitate the sharing of the European refugee burden.&lt;ref&gt;James C Hathaway, ''The Law of Refugee Status'', Markham, Ont: Butterworths, 1991, at 6-11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Today, most refugees reside not in Europe, but in low-income states; the world’s six richest countries host under 10% of the world’s refugee population, while 80% of the world’s refugee population live in countries neighbouring their own.&lt;ref&gt;Srobana Bhattacharya, Bidisha Biswas, ''International Norms of Asylum and Burden-Sharing: A Case Study of Bangladesh and the Rohingya Refugee Population'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 December 2020, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa122 at page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; The majority of these countries are low-income ones, with significant resource and governance challenges of their own.&lt;ref&gt;Srobana Bhattacharya, Bidisha Biswas, ''International Norms of Asylum and Burden-Sharing: A Case Study of Bangladesh and the Rohingya Refugee Population'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 December 2020, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa122 at page 2.&lt;/ref&gt; As an example, Canada has welcomed 1,088,015 refugees since 1980&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR Canada, ''Refugees in Canada'', Data to 2017 &lt;https://www.unhcr.ca/in-canada/refugees-in-canada/&gt; (Accessed December 26, 2020). &lt;/ref&gt; through both the resettlement and in-Canada asylum processes. Between 1979 and 2018, a total of 707,421 refugees were resettled to Canada, including 313,401 refugees who came through the private sponsorship program, 385,014 through the Government-Assisted Refugee program, and 9,006 through the Blended Visa Office Referred (BVOR) program.&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 155.&lt;/ref&gt; The remainder came through the in-Canada asylum system. All together, these refugee numbers represent about 3% of the current Canadian population. In comparison, Jordan today hosts refugees equivalent to 9% of its current population and Lebanon hosts refugees equivalent to more than 20% of its current population, all with substantially fewer financial resources than Canada has.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, ''Refugee population by country or territory of asylum,'' 2019 &lt;https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG&gt; (Accessed December 26, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

Responsibility sharing, as a concept, has been said to refer to the 'sharing' of people, while burden sharing refers to the sharing of financial resources and other costs related to refugees.&lt;ref&gt;Julian M. Lehmann, A''t the crossroads: The 1951 Geneva Convention today'', in Satvinder S. Juss, ''Research Handbook on International Refugee Law'', 2019. Edward Elgar Publishing: Northampton, Massachusetts, page 9.&lt;/ref&gt; These principles have a number of implications. First, it is to this end that the UNHCR Executive Committee has encouraged states to continue to promote, where relevant, regional initiatives for refugee protection and durable solutions.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR Executive Committee Conclusion N° 81(k), 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has noted that &quot;in principle, international refugee law does not confer upon refugees the right to choose their country of asylum&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Mohamed v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 1997 CanLII 16302 (FC), 127 FTR 241 at 4.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court also notes that international refugee law &quot;does not authorize their irregular movement between successive countries solely in order to benefit from more favourable conditions.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; The Federal Court has also cited with approval the UNHCR document ''Guidance on Responding to Irregular Onward Movement of Refugees and Asylum-seekers'' (2019) which includes a related discussion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; One manifestation of this principle in the IRPA is through the responsibility sharing arrangement between the &quot;Five Eyes&quot; countries established by s. 101(c.1) of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/100-102 - Examination of Eligibility to Refer Claim]].

All this said, under international law refugees are under no obligation to apply for asylum in any particular state at any specific stage of their flight from danger.&lt;ref&gt;Idil Atak, Zainab Abu Alrob, Claire Ellis, Expanding refugee ineligibility: Canada’s response to secondary refugee movements, Journal of Refugee Studies, 14 December 2020, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa103&lt;/nowiki&gt; at page 13.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, the 1951 Convention at the time of its adoption was seen as an instrument of responsibility sharing and, to this end, binding obligations upon states were considered a requirement for effective international cooperation, as well as more equal commitments and sharing of responsibility with regard to refugee problems.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, £260 hb. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 40 (para. 1).&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, in-country asylum systems have come to be seen as durable methods of responsibility sharing. Shauna Labman writes about the comparative &quot;fragility and vulnerability&quot; of state resettlement programs in contrast to asylum when she notes the fact that politicians have more control over resettlement levels than they do asylum numbers, and in fact resettlement programs can simply disappear.&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 46.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Canada does not have a binding legal obligation to accept refugees from abroad for resettlement]]. In contrast, the “non-refoulement” rule has been called &quot;the only binding principle for allocating refugee responsibilities in international law&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Philipp Lutz, Anna Stünzi, Stefan Manser-Egli, ''Responsibility-Sharing in Refugee Protection: Lessons from Climate Governance'', International Studies Quarterly, 25 February 2021, https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqab016&lt;/ref&gt;

==== States should do everything in their power to prevent the problem of refugees from becoming a cause of tension between states ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. This provision can be seen to reflect the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'', which reads:&lt;blockquote&gt;The High Contracting parties, ... expressing the wish that all States, recognizing the social and humanitarian nature of the problem of refugees, will do everything within their power to prevent this problem from becoming a cause of tension between States, ... have agreed as follows: ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Relatedly, in 1967, the UN General Assembly adopted a ''Declaration on Territorial Asylum'' directed toward States. The Declaration states that granting asylum is a peaceful and humanitarian act that cannot be regarded as unfriendly by any other State.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR and Inter-Parliamentary Union, ''Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law'', &lt;https://www.academia.edu/36070452/REFUGEE_PROTECTION_A_Guide_to_International_Refugee_Law?email_work_card=view-paper&gt; (Accessed December 13, 2020), page 15.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, the modern refugee regime can be seen as one institution that supports the stability of states and their borders in that it provides a mechanism for individuals to be recognized after they cross a border and arguably may thereby reduce calls for borders to be reconfigured to reflect shifting ethnic or political differences.&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 137.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The Act should be interpreted in a way that prevents the possibility of “refugees in orbit” ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. Canada’s Senate, in amending relevant bills, has been said to have tried to ensure that the safe third country provisions in the IRPA do not result in “refugees in orbit”, refugees forced to travel from country to country in search of protection.&lt;ref&gt;David Matas with Ilana Simon, Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection, Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-920197-81-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 161.&lt;/ref&gt; There are different definitions of what this term means. 

The classic &quot;refugees in orbit&quot; were the Jews of antiquity, being admitted to many states on a temporary basis, but securing permanent residence in none. In Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut's words, Christian Europe dubbed them &quot;the wandering Jew&quot; and treated them in accordance with what such otherness implied:&lt;blockquote&gt;
Wanderers seemed to be a natural part of the human landscape; they arrived, stayed and often departed. As long as they were &quot;other&quot; and not allowed to integrate, they presented no political danger. They were simply there to be utilized, and could be discarded when they were of no further use. They had no right to permanent settlement and in a sense remained &quot;refugees in orbit&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, pages 44-45.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
In this way, refugees in orbit may be those who have been displaced and moving - some constantly, some intermittently - for years, even decades or generations.&lt;ref&gt;Siobhán McGuirk, Adrienne Pine, eds., ''Asylum for Sale: Profit and Protest in the Migration Industry'', PM Press: 2020, ISBN: 9781629637822, page 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Audrey Macklin provides a more contemporary example of the &quot;refugees in orbit&quot; concept, stating that a “refugee in orbit” situation is constituted when:&lt;blockquote&gt;Country A designates country B as a safe third country, thereby entitling country A to refuse to adjudicate the claim of an asylum seeker who arrived in country A via country B. However, in the absence of a readmission agreement, country B may refuse to re-admit the asylum seeker, and send the person to country C, who may in turn bounce the person concerned to country D, and so on.&lt;ref&gt;Audrey Macklin, “Disappearing Refugees: Reflections on the Canada-US Safe Third Country Agreement” (2005) 36 Colum HRL Rev 365 at 373-74.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The phrase and concept of refugees &quot;in orbit&quot; was a common one when the Safe Third Country Agreement provisions were being enacted in Canada's immigration legislation in the 1980s. Specifically, the Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, which examined Bill C-55 in 1988, indicated that they had concerns about the safety involved in the 'safe country' provision of that bill. As Alan Nash describes, it was felt that the bill provided no formal mechanism to examine the fate of people to be returned to the safe third country. Individuals might easily be sent elsewhere by the country, perhaps leading to ''refoulement'' and jeopardizing their lives. The Senate Committee therefore proposed an amendment that would have provided for return to a safe third country only if a Refugee Division member and an adjudicator at an inquiry were convinced that the safe country would be willing to receive the claimant or to determine the individual's claim on its merits. In their view, this would have minimized the danger that asylum-seekers would be put &quot;into orbit&quot; or sent to another country.&lt;ref&gt;Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 56.&lt;/ref&gt; While this recommendation was not accepted, measures were ultimately instituted to prevent this problem. For more details, see [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159 - Safe Third Countries]], and in particular Article 3 of the Safe Third Country Agreement, which exists to prevent this.  

Also of note, Article 33(1) of the Refugee Convention has long been interpreted as prohibiting not only the direct return of refugees to the country where they fear persecution, but also their indirect return via a third country.&lt;ref&gt;''R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex p Bugdaycay'' [1987] AC 514, 532.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/115-116 - Principle of Non-refoulement]]. 

==== The Act should be interpreted in a way that is coherent with interpretations by other states party to the Convention ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. Grey argues that the claim of an individual seeking refugee protection is addressed not to the country of refuge as such, but to that country as a representative of the international community.&lt;ref&gt;Colin Grey, Cosmopolitan Pariahs: The Moral Rationale for Exclusion under Article 1F, ''International Journal of Refugee Law'', 2024, eeae025, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae025&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, the IRPA should be interpreted in a way that avoids fragmentary jurisprudence which undermines the coherence of the international protection system.&lt;ref&gt;Mathilde Crepin, ''The Notion of Persecution in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its Relevance for the Protection Needs of Refugees in the 21st Century,'' Dissertation, King’s College London, 2019, &lt;https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/&gt; (Accessed August 1, 2020), at page 70 of document’s pagination.&lt;/ref&gt; Courts in the UK have phrase this obligation thusly: &quot;in principle there can only be one true interpretation of a treaty&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;''R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex p Adan'' [2001] 2 AC 477, 516 (Lord Steyn).&lt;/ref&gt; As such, decisions from the UK frequently stress that each State &quot;must search, untrammelled by notions of its national legal culture, for the true autonomous and international meaning of the treaty&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; For the same reason, decisions in Canada frequently canvass jurisprudence from other countries when interpreting the meaning of the Refugee Convention and the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;See, e.g., ''Ezokola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 SCC 40 (CanLII), [2013] 2 SCR 678, paras. 69-77, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/fzq5z#par69&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; This is appropriate given that, in the words of the Plaut report that preceded the establishment of the IRB, &quot;whether or not a person is a refugee is a question which is not so much one of Canada law; rather, it belongs to the realm of international definition and justice.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted 28 July 1951, entered into force 22 April 1954) 189 UNTS 137 (Refugee Convention), Article 32.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]].

==== The Act should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and non-governmental organizations like the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and non-governmental organizations. Some of the central non-governmental organizations in the Canadian immigration sphere are the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants and Canada's provincial law societies. As such, the Board should strive to construe and apply the IRPA in a way that facilitates cooperation with those bodies. Issues of this sort can arise where an individual is providing legal advice for consideration without being a member in good standing of such a body and where a member of such a body is acting beyond their allowed scope of practice. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/91-91.1 - Representation or Advice#IRPA Sections 91-91.1]].

=== IRPA Section 3(3)(d) - The Act is to be applied in a manner that complies with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms ===
&lt;pre&gt;Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(d) ensures that decisions taken under this Act are consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, including its principles of equality and freedom from discrimination and of the equality of English and French as the official languages of Canada;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== The fact that Charter rights are at play in Board proceedings means that the extent of procedural fairness owed to claimants is high ====
The Federal Court of Appeal has stated that “The independence of the Board, its adjudicative procedure and functions, and the fact that its decisions affect the Charter rights of claimants, indicate that the content of the duty of fairness owed by the Board, including the duty of impartiality, falls at the high end of the continuum of procedural fairness.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; This obligation arises not only from Canada’s domestic administrative law, but also from Canada’s international commitments and obligations. The Refugee Convention provides that the expulsion of a refugee ‘shall be only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with due process of law’.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; In ''Agiza v. Sweden'', the UN Committee against Torture found that article 3 of the CAT carries with it an implicit right to an ‘effective, independent and impartial review of a decision to expel’.&lt;ref&gt;UN doc CAT/C/34/D/233/2003 (20 May 2005).&lt;/ref&gt; The Board's duty of fairness is also said to be heightened when it is dealing with self-represented claimants: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]]. 

That said, while this is the common law rule, the extent of procedural fairness in the refugee process has been set out by provisions of the IRPA in many situations and the court notes that &quot;these statutory requirements govern notwithstanding any common law rule.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Mohammed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 713 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4jc6#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings]].

==== Charter issues should generally be raised before the Division ====
Under most circumstances in the immigration context an applicant is required to raise Charter issues before the relevant administrative tribunal within the respective proceeding. In the present context, for example, the IRB is competent to address Charter issues. If unsuccessful, the claimant would then be able seek leave for judicial review of that decision before the Federal Court.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 86.&lt;/ref&gt; For further discussion on this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 66 - Notice of Constitutional Question]].

==== Decisions taken under this Act are to be consistent with the principles of equality and freedom from discrimination ====
Section 3(3)(d) of the IRPA provides that the Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that ensures that decisions taken under the Act are consistent with the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'', including its principles of equality and freedom from discrimination. This provision tracks the obligation in Article 3 of the ''Refugee Convention'', which provides that the &quot;Contracting States shall apply the provisions of this Convention to refugees without discrimination as to race, religion or country of origin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;UN General Assembly, ''Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees'', 28 July 1951, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, p. 137, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3be01b964.html [accessed 25 April 2021].&lt;/ref&gt; 

One can observe a transformation over the past century in the nature of international migration, including that it has an increasingly multiethnic and global character. When the 1951 ''Refugee Convention'' was being negotiated, it had a primarily European orientation, and the prospect of refugees coming in significant numbers from further afield was thought to be nil. For example, the UK delegate to the conference of plenipotentiaries that negotiated the 1951 Convention, asserted there that &quot;[the risk of European states facing] a vast influx of Arab refugees was too small to be worth taking into account.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Krause, U. Colonial roots of the 1951 Refugee Convention and its effects on the global refugee regime. ''J Int Relat Dev'' (2021). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-020-00205-9 at page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; This thinking about the makeup and source of refugees seeking asylum has shifted dramatically to the point where today it is recognized that most refugees are in low income countries and that individuals claim asylum in Canada against countries throughout the world. Indeed, it can be observed that while “asylum seeker” is not on its face or ''de jure'' a racial category, in the contemporary Canadian migration regime, it is a ''de facto'' racialized category, comprised largely of non-White persons.&lt;ref&gt;Achiume, E. Tendayi. “Digital Racial Borders.” AJIL Unbound, vol. 115, 2021, pp. 333–338., doi:10.1017/aju.2021.52.&lt;/ref&gt;

Board Members are to exercise their discretion without discrimination or reliance on stereotype, as doing so, in the words of the Federal Court, “reveals a level of ignorance and prejudice which is not only unusual in general, but is particularly astonishing on the part of a decision maker who is in a position to adjudicate sensitive claims.”&lt;ref&gt;''Herrera v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 FC 1233.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#Where a member pursues questioning with a discriminatory attitude]].

==== Decisions taken under this Act are to be consistent with the equality of English and French as the official languages of Canada ====
Section 3(3)(d) of the Act states that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that ensures that decisions taken under this Act are consistent with the Canadian Chart of Rights and Freedoms, including its principle of the equality of English ad French as the official languages of Canada. For a discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Language of proceedings]].

=== IRPA Section 3(3)(f) - The Act is to be applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory ===
&lt;pre&gt;Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(f) complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory.&lt;/pre&gt;

==== In general, in Canada legislation should be presumed to conform to international law ====
Canada is what is referred to as a &quot;dualist state&quot; in that international law and municipal law are treated as separate spheres of law. As such, in order for international obligations undertaken by the state by way of treaty to form part of the national law, these international law rules have to be transformed into national law rules through the use of enabling legislation.&lt;ref&gt;Statement applies ''mutatis mutandis'' to Canada, and is derived from E Macharia-Mokobi, J Pfumorodze, ''Advancing refugee protection in Botswana through improved refugee status determination'', African Human Rights Law Journal 13 (1), 01-26, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1996-20962013000100008&amp;script=sci_arttext&amp;tlng=es&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed February 5, 2021), page 166.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, it is a well-established principle of statutory interpretation that legislation will be presumed to conform to international law.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Hape,'' 2007 SCC 26 (CanLII), [2007] 2 SCR 292, par. 53, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1rq5n#par53&gt;, retrieved on 2020-09-03.&lt;/ref&gt; The presumption of conformity is based on the rule of judicial policy that, as a matter of law, courts will strive to avoid constructions of domestic law pursuant to which the state would be in violation of its international obligations, unless the wording of the statute clearly compels that result.&lt;ref&gt;R. Sullivan, ''Sullivan and Driedger on the Construction of Statutes'' (4th ed. 2002), at p. 422.&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada articulated this rule in ''Baker v. Canada'' when it adopted the following statement from ''Driedger on the Construction of Statutes:''&lt;blockquote&gt;[T]he legislature is presumed to respect the values and principles enshrined in international law, both customary and conventional. These constitute a part of the legal context in which legislation is enacted and read. In so far as possible, therefore, interpretations that reflect these values and principles are preferred.&lt;ref&gt;''Baker v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1999 CanLII 699 (SCC), [1999] 2 SCR 817, par. 70, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1fqlk#par70&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== International human rights instruments are determinative of the meaning of IRPA, in the absence of a clear legislative intent to the contrary ====
Section 3(3)(f) of the IRPA goes beyond the general principle of statutory interpretation described above. When interpreting any provision of IRPA, account must be had of Canada’s international human rights obligations and provisions should be interpreted in a manner consistent with Canada’s international obligations, where possible. In ''de Guzman v. Canada'' the court commented that the words “shall be construed and applied in a manner that complies with …” are mandatory and appear to direct courts to give the international human rights instruments in question more than persuasive or contextual significance in the interpretation of IRPA. By providing that IRPA “is to be” interpreted and applied in a manner that complies with the prescribed instruments, paragraph 3(3)(f), if interpreted literally, makes them determinative of the meaning of IRPA, in the absence of a clear legislative intent to the contrary.&lt;ref&gt;''De Guzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2005] F.C.J. No. 2119 at para. 75 (F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; As Bastarache J. held in ''Pushpanathan,'' the &quot;overarching and clear human rights object and purpose is the background against which interpretation of individual provisions must take place&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Pushpanathan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [1998] 1 SCR 982 (Supreme Court of Canada).&lt;/ref&gt; That said, unambiguous provisions of the IRPA must be given effect even if they are contrary to Canada’s international obligations or international law.&lt;ref&gt;''Németh v. Canada (Justice),'' 2010 SCC 56, [2010] 3 S.C.R. 281 at para. 35.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sharryn Aiken, et. al., write in ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary'' that there was considerable excitement in migrant advocacy circles regarding para 3(3)(f) of the IRPA stating that the Act is to be construed in a manner that &quot;complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory.&quot; They note that this provision seemed to provide a potential shortcut for direct access to international human rights principles.&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 307.&lt;/ref&gt; However, on the basis of the Federal Court of Appeal's decision ''de Guzman v. Canada'' those authors conclude that &quot;The ''de Guzman'' decision ensured that para 3(3)(f) is understood to reflect existing Canadian law with respect to international obligations and therefore to be essentially meaningless window dressing that adds nothing new to the interpretive framework for Canadian immigration law.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 309.&lt;/ref&gt;

That said, the courts have held that one of the effects of this provision is to mandate immigration adjudicators to consider relevant international law, including the principle of ''non-refoulement'', regardless of whether or not this has been raised as an argument by the parties.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 52, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par52&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Regard should be had to international human rights instruments that Canada is signatory to, whether or not Canada has ratified them ====
In ''de Guzman v. Canada'' the court commented that the sources of international law described in paragraph 3(3)(f) comprise some that are binding on Canada in international law, and some that are not. The paragraph applies to instruments to which Canada is signatory. At international law, an instrument is not legally binding on a signatory State until it has also ratified it, unless the instrument provides that it is binding when signed. Signature normally evinces an intention to be bound in the future, although it may also impose an immediate obligation on the signatory not to take measures to undermine the agreement.&lt;ref&gt;''De Guzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2005] F.C.J. No. 2119 at para. 76 (F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt;

Being a signatory to a treaty has a particular meaning in international law, in that it is usually a step prior to a party becoming a party to the treaty. Article 18(a) of the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties'' provides that &quot;A State is obliged to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty when: (a) It has signed the treaty or has exchanged instruments constituting the treaty subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, until it shall have made its intention clear not to become a party to the treaty; ...&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; That said, it is apparent that the instruments appropriately covered by this provision are not limited to instruments which Canada has signed, but not ratified. The Supreme Court of Canada has noted, for example, that the Refugee Convention itself is among the instruments appropriately referred to by this provision. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The refugee system is inextricably linked with the concept of human rights]].

==== What are the international human rights instruments to which Canada is a signatory? ====
As the Federal Court of Appeal has noted, the IRPA &quot;does not list, let alone set out the text of, the measures to which paragraph 3(3)(f) applies.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;''de Guzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FCA 436 (CanLII), [2006] 3 FCR 655, par. 58, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1m8q8#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; It went on to note that the phrase &quot;international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory&quot; is &quot;far from self-defining&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada has noted that the Refugee Convention itself is among the instruments appropriately referred to by this provision, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The refugee system is inextricably linked with the concept of human rights]].

The Department of Justice provides the following list, ''International Human Rights Treaties to which Canada is a Party'', which may also serve to inform an interpretation of this provision:&lt;ref&gt;Government of Canada Department of Justice, ''International Human Rights Treaties to which Canada is a Party'', Date modified: 2019-07-30, &lt;https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/abt-apd/icg-gci/ihrl-didp/tcp.html&gt; (Accessed April 17, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

* Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1952)
* International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1970)
* International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1976)
* International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (1976)
** Optional Protocol to the &lt;abbr&gt;ICCPR&lt;/abbr&gt; (complaint mechanism) (1976)
** Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty (2005)
* Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (1981)
** Optional Protocol to &lt;abbr&gt;CEDAW&lt;/abbr&gt; (complaint mechanism) (2002)
* Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1987)
* Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1991)
** Optional Protocol to the &lt;abbr&gt;CRC&lt;/abbr&gt; on the Involvement of Children in armed conflict (2000)
** Optional Protocol to the CRC on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (2005)
* Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2010)
** Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2018)
A number of additional treaties could by added to this list, including:

* The International Labour Organization ''Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention'' (ILO Convention No. 182)
* The International Labour Organization ''Minimum Age Convention'' (ILO Convention No. 138)
* The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
* The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime
* The phrase &quot;international human rights instruments&quot; could be taken to include regional instruments in the Inter-American system that Canada has signed. Canada is not a party to the ''American Convention on Human Rights''. Nevertheless, as a member of the Organization of American States, it is bound by the terms of the ''American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man'' (“American Declaration”).&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 320.&lt;/ref&gt; This instrument specifies the fundamental rights to which each person is entitled, and which each member state of the Organization of American States (OAS), like Canada, is bound to uphold. The OAS Charter and the American Declaration are a source of legal obligations applicable to Canada.&lt;ref&gt;IACtHR, Advisory Opinion OC-10/89 of July 14, 1989, &quot;Interpretation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man within the Framework of Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights,&quot; Ser. A No. 10, paras. 45-46.&lt;/ref&gt; Canada has also ratified several other inter-American human rights treaties, including the ''Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Political Rights to Women''&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Political Rights to Women (A-44), 2 May 1948, Can TS 1991 No 29, OASTS No 3 (entered into force 29 December 1954). &lt;/ref&gt; and the ''Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Civil Rights to Women''.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Civil Rights to Women (A-45), 2 May 1948, Can TS 1991 No 30, OASTS No 23 (entered into force in Canada 23 October 1991). &lt;/ref&gt;
* The Geneva Conventions I, II, III, and IV and Protocols I, II, and III may be added to this list, but see the following commentary on international humanitarian law.
Regard may also be had to Canada's ''United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act'', which affirms &quot;the Declaration as a universal international human rights instrument with application in Canadian law&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act'', SC 2021, c 14, s 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/b9q3#sec4&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

One of the rationales for applying the IRPA in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory is that the Minister can examine ‘interim measures requests’ to refrain from removing foreign nationals. Such requests can be issued by the bodies of four international human rights treaties to which Canada is signatory: the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; the Convention Against Torture; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.&lt;ref&gt;Ahouga, Y. (2024) “Legal and Policy Infrastructures of Returns in Canada. WP2 Country Dossier” in ''GAPs: De-centring the Study of Migrant Returns and Readmission Policies in Europe and Beyond''. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10836598, page 16.&lt;/ref&gt;  

When attempting to interpret this term, regard may be had of the interpretation that the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights has given to its constituting protocol, which gives it jurisdiction over the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights as well as &quot;any other relevant Human Rights instrument ratified by the states concerned.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;African Union, ''Protocol to the African Charter on Human And Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights'', June 10, 1998, &lt;https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36393-treaty-0019_-_protocol_to_the_african_charter_on_human_and_peoplesrights_on_the_establishment_of_an_african_court_on_human_and_peoples_rights_e.pdf&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; That court has provided significant interpretation of this similar phrase, including how instruments can have certain provisions that are human rights ones and other provisions that are not human rights ones.  

For some of the above Conventions, it is unambiguous that the IRPA is to be interpreted in conformity with provisions of them; the statute includes an excerpt from the ''Convention against Torture'', for instance: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/2-3 - Definitions, objectives, and application of the IRPA]].  

See also the provision of the IRPA regarding ''non-refoulement'' and how that concept relates to some of the above instruments: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/115-116 - Principle of Non-refoulement#Section 115 of the IRPA prohibits refoulement to persecution for a Convention reason, torture, or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment, subject to exceptions]].  

==== This provision may not apply to international humanitarian law instruments and texts which are not signed ====
Section 3(3)(f) of the IRPA provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. This arguably excludes a number of types of instruments, including: 

* &lt;u&gt;Instruments that are not human rights instruments, but are instead humanitarian law instruments:&lt;/u&gt; Canada has signed the Geneva Conventions I, II, III, and IV and Protocols I, II, and III. These may be relevant to refugee determinations. For example, the ''Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949)'', which at Art. 45, para. 4 prohibits transferring a protected person &quot;to a country where he or she may have reason to fear persecution for his or her political opinions or religious beliefs.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR, ''Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law'', &lt;https://www.academia.edu/36070452/REFUGEE_PROTECTION_A_Guide_to_International_Refugee_Law?email_work_card=view-paper&gt; (Accessed December 13, 2020), page 14.&lt;/ref&gt; However, this instrument forms part of international humanitarian law, not international human rights law, and thus may be argued not to fall within the ambit of IRPA s. 3(3)(f). For example, the International Law Commission has generally distinguished between the two areas of law.&lt;ref&gt;International Law Commission, ''Draft articles on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties, with commentaries,'' 2011, &lt;https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/1_10_2011.pdf&gt;, at annex (page 2).&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Instruments that are not signed:&lt;/u&gt; For example, the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not a treaty, but instead an unenforceable, non-binding (yet aspirational) resolution of the United Nations General Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;UNGA Res. 217A(III), adopted Dec. 10, 1948&lt;/ref&gt; By its terms the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was not designed to describe binding obligations by only a 'common standard of achievement', as stated in the preamble to the declaration.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, ''Preamble 1951 Convention'', by Alleweldt, at p. 232 (para. 28).&lt;/ref&gt; As such, given that this document was not signed, and as such countries cannot be said to be signatories to this declaration, it should not be regarded as one of the instruments contemplated by s. 3(3)(f) of the IRPA.
* &lt;u&gt;Customary international law:&lt;/u&gt; While there are other cannons of interpretation that read Canadian legislation in conformity with customary international law, such an interpretation would appear not to be required by this provision on its own terms. As such, while the UK Supreme Court has observed that &quot;it may be that the principle of ''non-refoulement'' forms part of customary international law&quot;, that fact, if true, is not in itself germane to this provision of the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;''R (on the application of AAA and others) (Respondents/Cross Appellants) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant/Cross Respondent),'' [2023] UKSC 42, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2023-0093-etc-judgment.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, para. 25.&lt;/ref&gt; But see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#In general, in Canada legislation should be presumed to conform to international law]].

==== The refugee system is inextricably linked with the concept of human rights ====
Section 3(3)(f) of the Act provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that the ''Refugee Convention'' itself should be considered a “human rights instrument”, within the meaning of s. 3(3)(f) of the Act:&lt;blockquote&gt;s. 3(3)(''f'') instructs courts to construe and apply the ''IRPA'' in a manner that “complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory”. There can be no doubt that the ''Refugee Convention'' is such an instrument, building as it does on the right of persons to seek and to enjoy asylum from persecution in other countries as set out in art. 14 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''.&lt;ref&gt;''B010 v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 SCC 58 (CanLII), [2015] 3 SCR 704, par. 49, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gm8wn#par49&gt;, retrieved on 2021-04-25.&lt;/ref&gt; [internal citations omitted]&lt;/blockquote&gt;In addition, the ''Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'' is also considered to be an international human rights instrument.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 54, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par54&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt; 

This is consistent with the practice of other courts. The preamble to the Convention itself notes that &quot;The High Contracting parties, considering that the United Nations has, on various occasions, manifested its profound concern for refugees and endeavoured to assure refugees the widest possible exercise of these fundamental rights and freedoms, ... have agreed as follows:&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Brennan CJ of the High Court of Australia relied on this preamble when making the following comment about the ''Refugee Convention'': &quot;the preamble places the Convention among the international instruments that have as their object and purpose the protection of the equal enjoyment by every person of fundamental rights and freedoms.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Applicant A v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs'' (n 86) 231–232 (per Brennan CJ).&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018 the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an Advisory Opinion entitled “The Institution Of Asylum And Its Recognition As a Human Right In The Inter-American System Of Protection” which concluded that asylum is a human right.&lt;ref&gt;Advisory Opinion OC-25/18, as cited in Esraa Adnan Fangary, ''A Peculiar Leap in the Protection of Asylum Seekers: The Inter-American Court of Human Rights' Jurisprudence on the Protection of Asylum Seekers'', The Age of Human Rights Journal, 16 (June 2021) pp. 31-53 ISSN: 2340-9592 DOI: 10.17561/tahrj.v16.6134 at page 35.&lt;/ref&gt; 

This is also consistent with the practice of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. UNHCR is said to have adopted this approach that sees the ''Refugee Convention'' as a part of human rights law and has pronounced that “the human rights base of the Convention roots it quite directly in the broader framework of human rights instruments of which it is an integral part.”&lt;ref&gt;Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press,  2014. Print.&lt;/ref&gt; The Commissioner himself has stated: &lt;blockquote&gt;The issue of human rights and the problems of refugees are so inextricably linked that it is hardly possible to discuss one without referring to the other. Human rights violations are a major cause of refugee flows and also a major obstacle to the solution of refugee problems through voluntary repatriation. More positively, safeguarding human rights is the best way to prevent conditions that force people to become refugees; respect for human rights is a key element in the protection of refugees in the country of asylum; and improved observance of human rights standards is often critical for the solution of refugee problems by enabling refugees to return safely home ...&lt;ref&gt;Address of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Sadako Ogata to the UN Commission on Human Rights, 1993, as cited in W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 88.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Furthermore, the weight of academic commentary places the ''Refugee Convention'' within the corpus of human rights instruments. McAdam argues that refugee law is a specialized area ''within'' human rights law.&lt;ref&gt;McAdam, J. 2010. Status anxiety: Complementary protection and the rights of non-convention refugees. ''University of New South Wales Faculty of Law Research Series'', working paper 1, University of New South Wales, Sydney.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Hathaway argues that refugee rights should be understood as a mechanism by which to answer situation-specific vulnerabilities that would otherwise deny refugees meaningful benefit of the more general system of human rights protection. In this way, he states, &quot;refugee rights do not exist as an alternative to, or in competition with, general human rights.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, James C. ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law''. 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2021, page 10.&lt;/ref&gt; 

This provision in the IRPA should be read in conjunction with section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA, which provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees including upholding Canada’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings. These legislative provisions speak to the way that the plight of refugees is inextricably linked with human rights violations. In the words of refugee lawyer David Matas, “the plight of refugees and human rights violations are not two problems, but different facets of the same problem. Human rights violations are at the root cause of mass exoduses.”&lt;ref&gt;David Matas with Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-920197-81-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 274.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights]]. 

Finally, the fact that asylum is related to human rights does not preclude it from being a branch of other areas of law; in the words of the UK Supreme Court, asylum can perfectly naturally be regarded as an aspect of immigration law.&lt;ref&gt;''R (on the application of AAA and others) (Respondents/Cross Appellants) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant/Cross Respondent),'' [2023] UKSC 42, &lt;https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2023-0093-etc-judgment.pdf&gt;, para. 133.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4shvc61rlbt3hrojuxo42ebzzrh06fp</sha1>
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      <comment>/* Principles of statutory interpretation */</comment>
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      <text bytes="201051" sha1="nd5pciho5e2wm95n7q6hqvb0a37weav" xml:space="preserve">Fundamental justice requires that a tribunal which adjudicates upon rights must act fairly, in good faith, without bias and in a judicial temper, and must give the opportunity for parties to adequately state their case.&lt;ref&gt;Singh, [1985] 1 SCR 177, at 212.&lt;/ref&gt; The standards of conduct for the Board are fundamentally based on and recognize two principles: (i) that public confidence and trust in the integrity, objectivity and impartiality of the &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; must be conserved and enhanced; and (ii) that independence in decision-making is required.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 5.&lt;/ref&gt; This section of the book will explore the principles that have been used when interpreting these requirements in the refugee context.

== Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure as derived from caselaw ==
The following are some of the principal principles regarding the interpretation and application of procedural fairness as they have emerged in the refugee context caselaw:

=== Principles of statutory interpretation ===
As a starting point, a decision-maker interpreting a statutory provision shall do so by applying what is termed the “modern principle” of statutory interpretation, that is, that the words of a statute must be read “in their entire context and in their grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of Parliament”.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Vavilov'', 2019 SCC 65, [2019] 4 SCR 653 at para. 117. &lt;/ref&gt; A full discussion of statutory interpretation is beyond the scope of this text. Some brief comments may suffice:

* '''Ordinary sense of the words:''' Where the words of a statutory provision are precise and unequivocal, the ordinary meaning of the words will play a dominant role in the interpretive process.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada Trustco Mortgage Co. v. Canada'', 2005 SCC 54 at para. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; Where, however, words in a statutory provision are capable of supporting more than one reasonable meaning, the ordinary meaning of the words plays a lesser role in the statutory interpretation analysis.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 84, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par84&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''The presumption of consistent or uniform expression.''' The principle of &quot;uniformity of expression&quot; states that a word or phrase should have one and only one meaning across the statute and enabled regulation. The opposite is also true, the use of different wording implies a different meaning.&lt;ref&gt;''Maurice v Priel'', 1987 CanLII 207 (SK CA), 46 DLR (4th) 416, ''per'' Bayda CJ, at pp. 20-21.&lt;/ref&gt; One of the doctrines that may arise is that statutes ''in pari materia'' (i.e., statutes on the same subject or matter) should be construed harmoniously.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharbern Holding Inc. v. Vancouver Airport Centre Ltd.,'' 2011 SCC 23, [2011] 2 SCR 175 at para. 117.&lt;/ref&gt; See, e.g., [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Privacy Act]].
* '''''Expressio unius est exclusio alterius'''''. This maxim of statutory interpretation means that the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another. For example, when the legislature expressly codifies only part of the law relating to a matter, the Court may rely on implied exclusion reasoning to conclude that the part of the law not expressly mentioned was meant to be excluded.&lt;ref&gt;''Nazifpour v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (F.C.A.),'' 2007 FCA 35 (CanLII), [2007] 4 FCR 515, at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1qg9c#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-24.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''In refugee law, the exceptions to the refugee regime should be interpreted restrictively.'''&lt;ref&gt;Júlia Zomignani Barboza, International Protection for Criminals: To Grant or Not to Grant? Lessons from Australia, Belgium, and Canada, ''International Journal of Refugee Law'', 2024, eeae026, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae026, at page 21.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''Presumption against tautology.''' There is a presumption that Parliament has not included words in a statute which are superfluous and redundant.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 90, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par90&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Interpretation Act.''' Other relevant principles of statutory interpretation are those arising from the ''Interpretation Act'', such as the presumptive rule in section 11 of the ''Interpretation Act'' that “may” is permissive&lt;ref&gt;''Virani v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2017 FC 1083 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hp4hx#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-17.&lt;/ref&gt; and section 14, which provides that marginal notes and headings do not form part of a statute, and are inserted only for ease of reference (that said, it is nevertheless permissible to consider them as part of the interpretative process, although they may be accorded lesser weight than other interpretive aids).&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 96, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par96&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* '''Subordinate legislation: the relationship between the rules, regulations, and Act.''' Some of the rules are said to be merely procedural ones which cannot circumscribe the broad decision-making authority of a Division as described in the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Lamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1621, para. 21.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of the Board ===

*'''First, the Board should do no harm.''' The Board commits in the ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'' that &quot;the assigned member will request specific information about the person who is the subject of the appeal and use such information only when they have completed a risk assessment and are satisfied that there is no serious possibility that gathering the information would endanger the life, liberty or security of the person who is the subject of the appeal or any other person.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'', Effective: May 30, 2016, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstRadSpr0516.aspx&gt; (Accessed October 2, 2023), section D.&lt;/ref&gt; This is a general principle that applies to many similar information-gathering functions. For example, in all circumstances and at all times, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights staff have an obligation not to jeopardize the life, safety, freedom and well-being of victims, witnesses and other cooperating persons.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ''Manual on human rights monitoring: Chapter 14 (Protection of victims, witnesses and other cooperating persons),''&lt;https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Chapter14-56pp.pdf&gt;, page 8.&lt;/ref&gt; The same obligation may reasonably extend to staff of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. That said, there are legal protections against criminal and civil claims provided that the Board acts in good faith: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/156 - Immunity and no summons]]. 
*'''A high duty of procedural fairness is owed in the refugee context.''' The Federal Court of Appeal has stated that “The independence of the Board, its adjudicative procedure and functions, and the fact that its decisions affect the Charter rights of claimants, indicate that the content of the duty of fairness owed by the Board, including the duty of impartiality, falls at the high end of the continuum of procedural fairness.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Geza v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FCA 124, para. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The fact that Charter rights are at play in Board proceedings means that the extent of procedural fairness owed to claimants is high]].

*'''The tribunal and its procedures should be as accessible as possible.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;S. Ronald Ellis, ''The Corporate Responsibility of Tribunal Members'', Canadian Journal of Administrative Law &amp; Practice, February 2009, 22 Can. J. Admin. L. &amp; Prac. 1, &lt;http://www.ccat-ctac.org/CMFiles/Ron%20Ellis/21.TheCorporateResponsibilityofTribunalMembers.pdf#page15&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 10.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has held that the IRPA provisions regarding refugee status determination evince a legislative intention to avoid the formalities which are attendant upon court hearings in civil or criminal proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 64, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par64&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; To this end, the Executive Committee of the UNHCR recommends that states provide refugee claimants with the necessary guidance as to the procedure to be followed.&lt;ref&gt;Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee in the International Protection of Refugees 1975-2009 (Conclusion 1-109). See Conclusion 8 9, &lt;https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/578371524.pdf&gt; (Accessed February 5, 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; By way of example, the RPD states the following to claimants: &quot;If you experience difficulties with accessing the technology to complete an application form, you should contact the &lt;abbr&gt;RPD&lt;/abbr&gt; Registry right away. They can mail or fax you a copy of the form. You can also request to pick up a copy of the form at an &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; office.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Questions and answers: Practice Notice on Procedural Issues,'' Date modified: 2024-09-09 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pnpi-qa.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, at question 13.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''It is not the Board's role to provide legal advice to claimants.''' The RPD states that its registry can answer general questions but they cannot provide advice about what parties should put into their forms (legal advice).&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; In ''Sundaram v. Canada'' the Federal Court stated that it was &quot;not prepared to read into the immigration scheme an obligation on officials to give advice on practice and procedures. The situation of giving advice is markedly different from those Court decisions which have held that officials must provide prospective applicants with the necessary forms. People are entitled to government forms; they are not entitled to receive free legal advice from RPD officials.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Sundaram v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 291 (CanLII), par. 12, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1mr2v#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-11.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court held in ''Law v. Canada'' that an administrative tribunal has no obligation to act as the attorney for a claimant who refused counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Law v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (2007), 2007 FC 1006, 160 A.C.W.S. (3d) 879 at para. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; Put another way, &quot;it is not the obligation of the Board to 'teach' the Applicant the law on a particular matter involving his or her claim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ngyuen v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 1001, [2005] F.C.J. No. 1244 (QL), at para. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; As the Federal Court stated in ''Singh v. Canada,'' &quot;It is not up to the RAD to make the case for the applicants&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 810 (CanLII), at para 58, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jhcg4#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-21.&lt;/ref&gt; But see the following regarding self-represented claimants: [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Canadian_Refugee_Procedure/RPD_Rules_14-16_-_Counsel_of_Record#The_Board_has_a_heightened_duty_of_procedural_fairness_when_dealing_with_self-represented_claimants Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]. See also the following regarding the expectation that a panel will identify what legal issues are in play in a claim:[[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants have an expectation that a claim will only be rejected on the basis of a legal issue that a panel has identified as being at issue]].
*'''The tribunal's decisions should follow the law.''' Cases should be decided based on all of the law that binds the Board, not just the law that the parties happen to put in front of a panel.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) et al. v. The Canadian Council for Refugees et al.,'' 2021 FCA 72, para. 125.&lt;/ref&gt; Panels are to follow all legal and procedural requirements, and when reviewing the conduct of another panel, there is a &quot;presumption of regularity&quot;, a presumption which can only be rebutted with &quot;convincing evidence&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Varela v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2017 FC 1157 [Barnes J].&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decisions must follow the law]]. This tracks Canada's international obligations; the International Court of Justice has held that a panel is not limited to the arguments submitted by the parties and the panel is deemed to take judicial notice of the law and is therefore required to consider on its own initiative all rules which may be relevant.&lt;ref&gt;Alain Pellet, Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, ''Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'', July 2013, &lt;https://prawo.uni.wroc.pl/sites/default/files/students-resources/law-9780199231690-e54-1.pdf&gt; (Accessed September 30, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge#IRPA s. 170: The Division may take notice of any facts that may be judicially noticed]].
*'''The tribunal should develop its own jurisprudence.''' Within the limits of the law, the Federal Court has commented that it is important that the Board have the possibility of developing its own jurisprudence.&lt;ref&gt;''M.C.I v. Huruglica,'' 2016 FCA 93 (C.A.F.), para. 74.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The Board’s procedures should be predictable.''' The Board states that Members should endeavour to be aware of how other panels have been dealing with issues and, where possible, try to do the same as a means of promoting consistency of procedures in the Refugee Division.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. ''Mission, Vision, and Values of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', Last updated: 2006 04 20, online &lt;https://web.archive.org/web/20071115151510/http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hbmission_e.htm&gt; (Accessed November 9, 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; The basic principles of equal protection and due process reflected in the ''American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man'' require predictable procedures.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 52.&lt;/ref&gt; Canada’s position is that it implements the relevant parts of the ''American Declaration'' using the standards and procedures of the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, UNHCR states in its ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination'' that &quot;RSD applications must be processed pursuant to transparent and fair procedures&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination Under UNHCR's Mandate'', 26 August 2020, available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/5e870b254.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 5 September 2020], page 15.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, the Federal Court has stated that the tribunal has the freedom to apply the statutory provisions that it interprets &quot;with more or less flexibility depending on the circumstances of the case&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Singh,'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 64, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par64&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-22.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]].
*'''The Board must not fault parties for its own deficiencies.''' For example, in ''Huseen v. Canada'', the government pointed out that the IRB Office in Toronto only received a venue change request one day before the abandonment hearing. The court commented &quot;this speaks to the internal communications between regional offices at the IRB, as the Calgary IRB office was handed the change of venue request, in person, about three weeks prior. It would be unfair to fault the Applicants for the Board’s delay in internal communications, over which the Applicants had no control or influence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Huseen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 845 (CanLII), par. 34, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://canlii.ca/t/gkmz2#par34&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Decision-makers should prepare thoroughly.''' The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that &quot;Members shall make each decision on the merits of the case, based on thorough preparation, the assessment of evidence properly before the member and the application of the relevant law.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 33.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court notes that each application for protection deserves the same degree of care.&lt;ref&gt;''Guermache v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 870 (CanLII), at para 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1j2dt#par4&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; It also states that determinations should be made with &quot;care and attention&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Egenti v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 639 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd96#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-06.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Refugee Protection Division has an inquisitorial mandate]].
*'''Decision-makers should consider all of the evidence before them.''' There exists a presumption in Canadian refugee law that decision-makers have considered all of the evidence before them.&lt;ref&gt;''Cepeda-Gutierrez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 1998 CanLII 8667 (FC).&lt;/ref&gt; The more important the information, particularly where it contradicts a finding being made, the more the requirement that it explicitly be referred to and distinguished in the reasons provided. This requires time. Asylum cases are said to be ‘highly fact intensive and depend upon presentation and consideration of numerous details and documents which can take no small amount of time.&lt;ref&gt;J. Ramji‐Nogales et al. (eds), ''Refugee Roulette'' (2009), p. 125, citing Immigration Litigation Reduction Hearing before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. 5–7 (2006) (statement of Hon. John M. Walker, Jr., C.J., US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit).&lt;/ref&gt; Evidence from social psychology studies of judging suggests a relationship between time taken and accuracy: judges with higher caseloads have been found to be more likely to make inaccurate decisions, as they rely less on deliberative reasoning and careful processing of information and more on their gut feeling and intuition.&lt;ref&gt;C. Guthrie et al., ‘Blinking on the Bench: How Judges Decide Cases’ (2007) 93 ''Cornell Law Rev''. 1.&lt;/ref&gt; But see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Board should consider the most up-to-date country conditions evidence]]. There is also a presumption that members reach their decisions by relying solely on the evidence before them in the record and that they are able to ignore any other evidence from other files.&lt;ref&gt;''Lopez Aguilar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 FC 908 (CanLII), at para 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fn552#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-02.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The Board should endeavour to ensure that parties feel heard through the reasons it offers.''' See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Parties are entitled to reasoned decisions]].
*'''Claims should be processed expeditiously.''' For details, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of efficient procedures]].
*'''The Board should verify that representatives appearing before the Board are authorized pursuant to the Act and regulations:''' The Federal Court has noted that &quot;there is a duty incumbent upon the Board to verify that those individuals representing clients with whom it has dealings are authorized representatives pursuant to the Regulations, or that they are not receiving a fee for their services.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Domantay v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FC 755.&lt;/ref&gt; The IRB should not knowingly deal with counsel in contravention of section 91 of the IRPA or the requirements of the College of Citizenship and Immigration Consultants. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#Counsel may be representatives without fee who are not lawyers, paralegals, or immigration consultants]] and also [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Act should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and non-governmental organizations like the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants]].

=== Principles about the manner in which the Board is to proceed ===
The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' is based on the &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt;'s dedication to the following values - honesty, good faith, fairness, accountability, dignity, respect, transparency, openness, discretion, cultural sensitivity and loyalty.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 6.&lt;/ref&gt; These values should be evinced by all of the Board's conduct and decisions. In particular:

*'''Justice must be seen to be done.''' The Board has an institutional responsibility to ensure that the tribunal's adjudication is both actually performed at an optimum level of competency, fairness and objectivity and is perceived to have been so performed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A tension exists between the imperative to be efficient and work rapidly through multiple cases on the one hand, and the imperative to be considered, deliberative, and just on the other (and to be seen to be so).&lt;ref&gt;Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.&lt;/ref&gt; The first set of considerations must not undermine respect for the second sort. For example, in one hearing where the Refugee Protection Division had double-booked a Member, who then tried to complete two hearings in the time ordinarily allotted to one, the court commented as follows: &quot;while I find it commendable from an efficiency standpoint that the Member was prepared to deal with both matters, the aura of urgency that pervaded the hearing undermined the process. A reading of the transcript suggests some sense of impatience and concern on the part of the Member about being able to complete the hearing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Guylas v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 202 (CanLII), para. 39.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Parties can expect consistency and the Board should decide like cases in the same manner.''' The principle of judicial comity provides that judges of the same court should follow earlier decisions rendered by judges of that court, although those earlier decisions are not binding on the judge. The same principle applies to decisions made by members of the same Division of the IRB. For example, the Federal Court holds that a Division's rules apply equally to all parties and there is no basis to hold parties to differing standards in different administrative proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;''Abi-Mansour v Canada (Passport)'', 2015 FC 363, and ''Qita v Immigration Consultants of Canada Regulatory Council'', 2020 FC 671.&lt;/ref&gt; For more details about consistency in decision-making, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]].
*'''The Board's procedures should not be restricted to the judicial paradigm.''' The courts have recognized that administrative agencies such as the IRB &quot;are often required to be procedurally innovative in order to handle a heavy caseload effectively and to make the most efficient use of scarce resources.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Geza v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' [2006] FCJ No 477 at para 1 (CA).&lt;/ref&gt; The Board’s procedure &quot;should not be confined in a model of due process that draws exclusively on the judicial paradigm and discourages innovation. Nonetheless, procedures designed to increase quality and consistency cannot be adopted at the expense of the duty of each panel to afford to the claimant before it a high degree of impartiality and independence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Kozak v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FCA 124 (CanLII), [2006] 4 FCR 377, para. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the court has held that &quot;A hearing held by the Board should not be turned into a trial. The consequences that attach to these hearings are serious and the measure of procedural fairness must be commensurate. However, it does not reach the level of disclosure found in criminal law, for instance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Razburgaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2014 FC 151 (CanLII), par. 19, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/g34tl#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Administrative convenience should not override fundamental justice''', which includes procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada'', 1985 1 SCR 177.&lt;/ref&gt; Asylum adjudication is situated within administrative law structures, where tensions between values such as efficiency and economy are precariously balanced with fairness and justice.&lt;ref&gt;Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.&lt;/ref&gt; As noted by Lord Dyson in his 2015 decision condemning the so‐called Detained Fast Track (DFT) in the United Kingdom, &quot;justice and fairness should not be sacrificed on the altar of speed and efficiency&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''The Lord Chancellor'' v. ''Detention Action'' [2015] EWCA Civ 840 para. 49. Practical difficulties and complexities of the DFT undermined appellants’ rights to participate fully and effectively in their appeal processes, leading to a finding that the system operated too quickly to be considered lawful, and was ‘systemically unfair and unjust’, as discussed in Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, as Canada's Federal Court holds, the Board “… is required to strike a balance between expeditious proceedings on the one hand and procedural fairness or natural justice on the other.”&lt;ref&gt;''Pillai v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2001 FCT 1417, [2002] 3 FC 481.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The rules should not be interpreted in a way that is overly rigid.''' The courts have held that when interpreting the Refugee Protection Division rules, one must &quot;avoid the mire of procedural dogma&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Andreoli v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 1111 (CanLII), para. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; as &quot;procedure should be the servant of justice, not its mistress&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Hamel v. Brunelle and Labonté,'' 1975 CanLII 1 (SCC), [1977] 1 SCR 147.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has stated that &quot;the door should not slam shut on all those who fail to meet ordinary procedural requirements. Such a restrictive reading would undermine Canada’s commitment to its refugee system and underlying international obligations&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Huseen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 845 (CanLII), par. 16, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://canlii.ca/t/gkmz2#par16&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has gone on to note that &quot;the opportunity to free a family from the scourge of persecution should not rest on an overly rigid application of procedural requirements.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Huseen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 845 (CanLII), par. 17, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://canlii.ca/t/gkmz2#par17&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-11.&lt;/ref&gt; The tenor of the Rules is that flexibility is needed to guard against form trumping substance and the interests of justice and to guard against decisions not being made on their merits.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1157 (CanLII), para. 44.&lt;/ref&gt; Refugee applications may be allowed to proceed, despite procedural defects, to ensure that the requirements of natural justice are fulfilled.&lt;ref&gt;''Huseen v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 845, para. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; As the Federal Court held in ''Glowacki v. Canada'', no slip or mistake of counsel should be permitted to bring about a miscarriage of justice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt; This applied with special force during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic: the principle set out in the 2020 ''Refugee Protection Division: Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings'' was that the Board would apply the rules flexibly in light of Covid-19.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Refugee Protection Division: Practice Notice on the resumption of in-person hearings'', June 23, 2020, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pn-hearing-resumption.aspx&gt; (Accessed August 1, 2020). This practice notice was revoked following the Covid period on September 9, 2024: &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/news/2024/Pages/rpd-pnpi.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Claimants are entitled to representation and rules should be relaxed for unrepresented litigants.''' The representation of refugee claimants is described as “an expression of a fundamental constitutional and common law value: that individuals facing complicated legal proceedings with serious consequences should be allowed to be represented so as to ensure that there is a full and fair hearing.”&lt;ref&gt;Martin David Jones and Sasha Baglay. ''Refugee Law (Second Edition)''. Irwin Law, 2017, page 328.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has stated that an unrepresented party “is entitled to every possible and reasonable leeway to present a case in its entirety and that strict and technical rules should be relaxed for unrepresented litigants”.&lt;ref&gt;''Soares v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FC 190, [2007] F.C.J. No. 254 (QL), at para. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has cited the Canadian Judicial Council’s ''Statement of Principles on Self-represented Litigants and Accused Persons'', which holds that the Court’s discretion to assist self-represented litigants does not extend to rectifying substantive legal deficiencies.&lt;ref&gt;''Yu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1189 (CanLII), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k61w7#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-20.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]].
*'''Members should exercise their discretion with a spirit of justice and sensitivity.''' The Board states in its ''Guideline 8'' that all persons appearing before the IRB need to be treated with sensitivity and respect.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Guideline 8 - Concerning Procedures with Respect to Vulnerable Persons Appearing Before the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', Amended: December 15, 2012, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir08.aspx#a1&gt; (Accessed February 9, 2020), at section 1.5.&lt;/ref&gt; Caselaw from the Federal Court also states that the member must at all times be attentive and sensitive to claimants.&lt;ref&gt;''Hernandez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2010] F.C.J. No. 199, 2010 FC 179 (F.C.), para. 54.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court also indicates that Members are expected to act with &quot;civility and care&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1330 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/js3dw#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The following comment from the UNHCR Handbook about how the task of refugee status determination should be approached is instructive: &quot;Since the examiner’s conclusion on the facts of the case and his personal impression of the applicant will lead to a decision that affects human lives, he must apply the criteria in a spirit of justice and understanding and his judgement should not, of course, be influenced by the personal consideration that the applicant may be an ‘undeserving case’.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html [accessed 26 January 2020], para. 202.&lt;/ref&gt; The German Ansbach Court has stated that &quot;in order to comply with the spirit of the Geneva Convention, the provisions of the Convention should be interpreted liberally and with human compassion, and thus generously. [translated]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;R. G. L. Fairweather, ''Canada's New Refugee Determination System'', 27 CAN. Y.B. INT'l L. 295 (1989), page 306.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of Rabbi Plaut's report that led to the founding of the Immigration and Refugee Board, &quot;the refugee determination process must be seen and designed as an act of welcome. It must be forever responsive to our humanitarian impulses and obligations and wary of any encroachment that would seek to impose other considerations and concerns upon it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court reflects this when it notes that in refugee claims, the claimant is not in an adversarial position to the state.&lt;ref&gt;''Jaballah (Re),'' 2010 FC 224 (CanLII), [2011] 3 FCR 155, at para 97, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/28cx7#par97&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-09.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''A panel of the Board must keep an open mind until all of the evidence has been heard.''' Members should always maintain a &quot;judicial temperament&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; It is necessary to listen patiently and extend &quot;professional courtesy&quot; to all participants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; As the Federal Court held in ''Ayele v. Canada, &quot;''the essence of adjudication is the ability to keep an open mind until all evidence has been heard. The reliability of evidence is to be determined in the light of all of the evidence in a particular case. This is the reason why an adjudicator must remain open to persuasion until all of the evidence and submissions are received. Evidence, that at first blush may seem implausible, may later appear plausible when set in the context of subsequent evidence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Ayele v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (2007), 2007 FC 126, 60 Imm. L. R. (3d) 197 at para. 12.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an impartial decision-maker#Statements or conduct that might indicate a predisposition on the part of the decision-maker]].
*'''The Board should interpret submissions and reasons in a spirit consistent with the principle of charity.''' The Federal Court has indicated that where there is a mistake in a decision that may be excused as a mere slip of the pen, the decision should not be faulted for that reason.&lt;ref&gt;''Aguilar Cedeno, Angel Felipe v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-2360-21), Norris, April 13, 2023; 2023 FC 537.&lt;/ref&gt; The same principle should apply to how the Board interprets submissions and reasons that it is reviewing. Clerical mistakes do occur and they should not be the sole basis for rejecting a claim for asylum.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1611 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1xgj#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt; The following observation offered with respect to Canadian courts would seem to apply with equal force to the refugee context: reasons offered “are not intended to be, and should not be read, as a verbalization of the entire process engaged in by the trial judge in reaching a verdict”.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Kruk,'' 2024 SCC 7 (CanLII), at para 84, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k39g6#par84&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the Supreme Court of Canada, the Board's reasons &quot;are not to be read microscopically&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Boulis v. Minister of Manpower and Immigration,'' 1972 CanLII 4 (SCC), [1974] SCR 875, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1nfn8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-22, page 885.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The Board should have strong reasons before attributing dishonesty or malicious intent to a claimant.''' The Federal Court has held that &quot;attributing dishonesty or malicious intent to an applicant is subject to a very high threshold&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''A.B. v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-5967-19), Pamel, April 28, 2020; 2020 FC 562.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the Federal Court, &quot;Credibility is the most important thing any of us has. It is earned and maintained through our life history, our actions and our words. Losing our credibility affects the very core of our reputation. For persons seeking refugee protection, credibility lies at the very heart of their claim.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Amiragova v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2008 FC 64 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1w3f0#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-09.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Claimants should be given the benefit of the doubt in appropriate circumstances.'''&lt;ref&gt;Nicholas Alexander Rymal Fraser, ''Shared Heuristics: How Organizational Culture Shapes Asylum Policy'', Department of Political Science, University of Toronto (Canada), ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2020, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://search.proquest.com/openview/f925dea72da7d94141f0f559633da65a/1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed August 1, 2020), at page 91 of PDF.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court holds that the Board has a broad discretion to alleviate the burden of proof upon a refugee claimant in appropriate circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;''Uppal v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 1142 (CanLII), par. 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1pnxv#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt; The &lt;abbr&gt;UNHCR&lt;/abbr&gt; ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status'' provides that the benefit of the doubt should be granted to the claimant in certain circumstances: &quot;After the applicant has made a genuine effort to substantiate his story there may still be a lack of evidence for some of his statements. As explained above (paragraph 196), it is hardly possible for a refugee to 'prove' every part of his case and, indeed, if this were a requirement the majority of refugees would not be recognized. It is therefore frequently necessary to give the applicant the benefit of the doubt. The benefit of the doubt should, however, only be given when all available evidence has been obtained and checked and when the examiner is satisfied as to the applicant's general credibility. The applicant's statements must be coherent and plausible, and must not run counter to generally known facts.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html [accessed 26 January 2020].&lt;/ref&gt; Canadian law accords with this view, providing that it is not appropriate to apply the benefit of the doubt where the claimant's allegations run contrary to generally known facts or the available evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Chan &lt;abbr&gt;v.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;abbr&gt;M.E.I.,&lt;/abbr&gt;'' [1995] 3 &lt;abbr&gt;S.C.R.&lt;/abbr&gt; 593.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Noga c Canada (Ministre de la citoyenneté et de l’immigration)'', 2003 CFPI 454 paras 10-12.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the “benefit of the doubt” principle does not apply to speculation.&lt;ref&gt;''Razzaque v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 420 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwdhz#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-04.&lt;/ref&gt; The words of the Canadian Bar Association, Quebec Section from the mid-1980s are instructive, if not legally binding, on this point: &quot;There are indeed unfounded claims and they will always exist. But one must also recognize that the risk of error on the subject is very great. One should recall how several years ago the statements of Salvadoran and Guatemalan citizens about 'death squads' were believed to exist only in the imagination of the applicants. It will always be like this. Refugee movements come in waves and we must be modest enough to recognize our ignorance about certain new situations and to mistrust ready judgments.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 106.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''The Board will ensure the integrity of the administration of justice.''' The court observes that there is a fundamental need to ensure the integrity of the administration of justice in proceedings, including immigration proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;Mahjoub (Re), 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw&gt;, para. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights]].

=== Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of claimants ===

*'''Claimants may be expected to submit asylum claims promptly.''' Article 31 of the Refugee Convention provides that states shall not impose penalties on asylum seekers, but only if they present themselves to authorities without delay: &quot;The Contracting States shall not impose penalties, on account of their illegal entry or presence, on refugees who, coming directly from a territory where their life or freedom was threatened in the sense of article 1, enter or are present in their territory without authorization, provided they present themselves without delay to the authorities and show good cause for their illegal entry or presence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UN General Assembly, ''Convention relative au statut des réfugiés'', 28 July 1951, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/48abd59af.html [accessed 21 December 2020] at Article 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Canada's Federal Court has noted that claimants may be expected to submit asylum claims promptly: &quot;refugees and asylum-seekers have duties and obligations to respect national laws and measures to maintain public order, including obligations to cooperate with the asylum process, which may include presenting themselves to authorities and submitting asylum claims promptly&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;''Paulos Teddla v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2020 FC 1109 (CanLII), par. 26, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc709#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; There is an &quot;onus on a refugee claimant to present their claim, including the evidence in support of it, in a timely and efficient manner.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Mohammed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 713 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4jc6#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Parties will cooperate with the asylum process and supply all pertinent information.''' A claimant must come to a hearing with all of the evidence that he or she is able to offer and believes is necessary to prove the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Kante, Abdoulaye v. M.E.I.'' (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-2585-93), Nadon, March 23, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court holds that a person whose safety is threatened in his or her country of origin and who is seeking the protection of a country of refuge is necessarily keen to comply with the legal framework that has been established for that purpose.&lt;ref&gt;''Barrientos v Canada (Ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l’Immigration)'', 1997 CanLII 5278.&lt;/ref&gt; The legally non-binding refugees handbook issued by UNHCR stipulates that the applicant should assist the examiner to the full in establishing the facts of their case and supply all pertinent information concerning themself and their past experience.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 &lt;https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 13 of the article.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court states that &quot;refugees and asylum-seekers have duties and obligations to respect national laws and measures to maintain public order, including obligations to cooperate with the asylum process, which may include presenting themselves to authorities and submitting asylum claims promptly, or complying with procedures to regularize their stay.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; There is a duty upon an applicant in immigration proceedings to make sure that their documents are complete and accurate.&lt;ref&gt;''Malhi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 392 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwbjd#par19&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; See the Basis of Claim form instructions: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#Requirement that the information provided be complete, true and correct]]. Indeed, where the Minister is not participating in a case, rules on ''ex parte'' proceedings may impose special obligations on counsel. For example, the Law Society of BC’s rule states that “In an ''ex parte'' proceeding, a lawyer must act with utmost good faith and inform a tribunal of all material facts, including adverse facts, known to the lawyer that will enable the tribunal to make an informed decision.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chapter 5 – Relationship to the Administration of Justice {{!}} The Law Society of British Columbia |url=https://www.lawsociety.bc.ca/support-and-resources-for-lawyers/act-rules-and-code/code-of-professional-conduct-for-british-columbia/chapter-5-%E2%80%93-relationship-to-the-administration-of/#5.1-2.2 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=www.lawsociety.bc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; For details about how this principle takes shape in the RPD Rules, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]].
*'''Concerns about defects of procedural fairness should be raised by parties at the earliest opportunity.''' The general rule is that a party should raise allegations about procedural fairness at the earliest possible opportunity.&lt;ref&gt;''Mohammadian v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2000 CanLII 17118 (FC), [2000] 3 FC 371, 185 FTR 144.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Concerns about a lack of procedural fairness should be raised at the earliest practical opportunity]].
*'''Claimants will comply with the law and be honest.''' The Federal Court has held that in immigration matters, &quot;the jurisprudence is clear that applicants have to provide complete and accurate information.... There is a duty on an applicant to ensure that their submissions are complete and correct&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 107, at paragraph 34.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has stated that &quot;refugees and asylum-seekers have duties and obligations to respect national laws and measures to maintain public order&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; In Canada, such legal obligations require that a claimant answer truthfully all questions put to them in the refugee claim process&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada,'' IMM-12081-23, decision dated October 1, 2024, para. 14; ''Paulos Teddla v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'', 2020 FC 1109 (CanLII), par. 20, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc709#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; and to disclose material facts pursuant to the duty of candour that foreign nationals seeking to enter Canada have.&lt;ref&gt;''Yang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 402 (CanLII), par. 40, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hzrhk#par40&gt;, retrieved on 2021-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Applicants have a duty of candour to provide complete, honest and truthful information.&lt;ref&gt;''Goburdhun v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2013 FC 971 at paras 28.&lt;/ref&gt; This is specified in s. 16 of the IRPA which stipulates that &quot;A person who makes an application must answer truthfully all questions put to them for the purpose of the examination&quot;. Similarly, the IRPA provides at s. 100(1.1) that &quot;the burden of proving that a claim is eligible to be referred to the Refugee Protection Division rests on the claimant, who must answer truthfully all questions put to them&quot;. This obligation may be read in conjunction with Art. 2 of the Refugee Convention, which provides that, “Every refugee has duties to the country in which he finds himself, which require in particular that he conform to its laws and regulations as well as to measures taken for the maintenance of public order.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Similarly, the (legally non-binding) handbook issued by UNHCR stipulates that the applicant should tell the truth.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Information and Documents to be Provided#Requirement that the information provided be complete, true and correct]]. 
*'''C'''l'''aimants will put their best evidentiary foot forward at their first hearing.''' In ''Tahir v. Canada'', the Federal Court commented about a claimant that &quot;he was required to put his best evidentiary foot forward [at the RPD]. Not having done so, Mr. Tahir could not place better evidence before the RAD.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Tahir v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1202 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jkd84#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-26.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, absent new evidence on an issue, the Refugee Appeal Division cannot consider a new argument, developed for the ﬁrst time on appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganiyu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 296 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmswk#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt; See also the commentary to RPD Rule 34: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]].
*'''Parties are responsible for their own files.''' The Federal Court has noted that there exists &quot;[abundant case law] to the effect that the applicants are responsible for their files and cannot use their own wrongdoing as a means to justify fatal omissions, procedural though they may be.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Andreoli v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2004 FC 1111 at para 20.&lt;/ref&gt; While &quot;a failure to comply with procedural obligations does not automatically disqualify a claimant from relief on fairness grounds, [] at some point a claimant will be considered the author of their own misfortune.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Perez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1171 (CanLII), par. 26, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc9b0#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2021-01-14.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the Federal Court has held that judicial review should not be granted where an applicant “show[ed] little or no interest in what [was] happening to [her] own application”.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FC 833 (“''Khan”)'' at para 29, citing ''Mussa v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1994] FCJ No 2047 at para 3.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court holds that &quot;counsel puts into doubt the well-foundedness of his/her case when counsel does not respect the rules of the [Division].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Barrientos, Jorge Enrique Valenzuela v.''  MCI (&lt;abbr&gt;no.&lt;/abbr&gt; IMM-2481-96), Noël, June 4, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it is incumbent on applications in immigration applications to inform themselves and inquire into any concepts that they do not fully understand in completing their application.&lt;ref&gt;''Kaur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 416 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3d36#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-28.&lt;/ref&gt; The court has held that the RPD should not bear responsibility for an Applicant’s failure to corroborate their own story.&lt;ref&gt;''Ibrahim v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 497 (CanLII), at para 46, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3trv#par46&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-03.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Parties should be aware of the information on file.''' The Federal Court holds that applicants must take responsibility to ensure that they understand the written correspondence they receive regarding their refugee claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Sainvry v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 FC 468 (CanLII), par. 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fxbpj#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'' states that &quot;the &lt;abbr&gt;RPD&lt;/abbr&gt; provides the parties with information as to where the [National Documentation Package] can be found on the Board's website, and it is the parties' responsibility to check the &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; website for the newest version of the relevant &lt;abbr&gt;NDP&lt;/abbr&gt;(s) prior to their hearing.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings,'' Effective date: June 5, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/national-documentation-packages.aspx&gt; (Accessed August 30, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; This is also stated in the ''Important Instructions'' claimants receive when they make their claim: “You should also check the IRB website for the newest version of the NDP prior to your hearing” and is stated in similar terms in the Claimants’ Guide.

=== Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of the Minister ===

* '''The Minister has a particular duty of candour'''. The Federal Court states that frankness can be expected of the Minister and that the Minister has a duty of candour.&lt;ref&gt;''Oladipupo v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 921 (CanLII), at paras 36 and 40, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5thz#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-27.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Minister]]. For the duty of candour that applies to claimants, see the section above. See also the discussion above regarding rules on ''ex parte'' proceedings where the Minister is not participating in a case and how these may impose special obligations on counsel. For example, the Law Society of BC’s rule states that “In an ''ex parte'' proceeding, a lawyer must act with utmost good faith and inform a tribunal of all material facts, including adverse facts, known to the lawyer that will enable the tribunal to make an informed decision.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt;
* '''The good faith of counsel and immigration officers can be presumed.''' There is a long line of jurisprudence from the Federal Court holding that most immigration officers have no vested interest in the outcome of a claim and their official records and actions can generally be relied upon.&lt;ref&gt;''Saifullah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1060 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzf#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, counsel are under professional obligations to act with good faith. For example, the Law Society of Ontario's Rules of Professional Conduct provide that when acting as an advocate, “a lawyer shall represent the client resolutely and honourably within the limits of the law while treating the tribunal with candour, fairness, courtesy, and respect”.&lt;ref&gt;''Anulur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1070 (CanLII), at para 41, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzs#par41&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of claimant counsel ===
Practicing law is an honour and a privilege but it comes with significant responsibilities.&lt;ref&gt;''Diakité v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 170 (CanLII), at para 50, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2p18#par50&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt; Of note:
*'''Counsel should be presumed to have acted competently.''' There is a strong presumption that former counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.&lt;ref&gt;''Satkunanathan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 470 (CanLII), par. 87, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j65bj#par87&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-17.&lt;/ref&gt; While this presumption of competency can be applied, the court cautions that it is inappropriate to make findings on the basis of inferences from the experience and expertise of particular counsel, just as it would be inappropriate for the RPD to ask applicants (or their counsel) about such privileged matters directly.&lt;ref&gt;''Anulur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1070 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzs#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-28.&lt;/ref&gt; However, other Federal Court panels have concluded that it is appropriate to consider that an applicant was represented by experienced counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Mercado v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 289 (CanLII), at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2c4vw#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-01.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it is common in other areas of law to consider this factor, for example in class action law it is expected that the court should assess and consider the competence of the representative plaintiff’s counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Richard v. The Attorney General of Canada,'' 2024 ONSC 3800 (CanLII), at para 411, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5mx6#par411&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-09.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Counsel will have explained at least the basic tenets of a refugee claim to their client.''' The Federal Court has held that, &quot;absent contrary evidence, it is reasonable to expect that a legal representative has explained at least the basic tenets of a refugee claim to their client. This includes the obligation to provide acceptable documentation regarding the refugee claim, including as to identity, the onus on the claimant to prove their claim, and the need to put their “best foot forward” to do so.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Zerihaymanot, Brhane Ghebrihiwet, v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-3077-21), McHaffie, April 26, 2022; 2022 FC 610.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#1) Incompetence]].
*'''Deficiencies in counsel's conduct are properly attributed to their clients.''' The Federal Court has held that in immigration matters, &quot;the jurisprudence is clear that applicants have to provide complete and accurate information and are bound by the submissions made by those who represent them in the process&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The general rule is that you do not separate counsel's conduct from their client. Counsel is acting as agent for the client and, as harsh as it may be, the client must bear the consequences of having hired poor counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Jouzichin v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (1994), 52 ACWS (3d) 157, 1994 CarswellNat 1592.&lt;/ref&gt; This principle is reflected in the instructions in the Basis of Claim form that every claimant receives as part of the claimant process, which note that &quot;If you have counsel, you are responsible for making sure that your counsel meets the deadlines.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Basis of Claim Form'', November 2012 Version &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/forms/Documents/RpdSpr0201_e.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, Appendix page 2.&lt;/ref&gt; In most instances, reliance on legal advice will not excuse a failure to submit significant information in support of a claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Shirzad v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 89 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm412#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, there are exceptions to this principle where counsel’s conduct falls sufficiently below the standard expected of competent counsel: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#In what contexts will counsel incompetence render a hearing unfair?]]. As the Federal Court held in ''Glowacki v. Canada'', no slip or mistake of counsel should be permitted to bring about a miscarriage of justice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;''Glowacki v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1453 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jljcw#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2022-01-06.&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Counsel have a duty of candour and the tribunal should be able to trust and rely on the representations made by them.''' It is said that in court, judges ought to be able to rely on the representations that counsel make as officers of the Court.&lt;ref&gt;''Sachdeva v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1522 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k71jm#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt; Tribunal members may expect no less of counsel. As the court noted in ''Diakité v Canada,'' our justice system functions in large part because the Court expects to be able to trust and rely on the representations made by officers of the Court.&lt;ref&gt;''Diakité v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2024 FC 170 at paragraph 48.&lt;/ref&gt; The same may also be said of tribunal members and the reliance they place on the representations made by counsel. While a lawyer shall seek to fearlessly advocate for their client, they must do so honourably, in compliance with the law, and in a manner that complies with their professional obligations. This includes their duty of candour. Counsel must never mislead or attempt to mislead. If counsel has inadvertently done so, then counsel must correct it the moment it comes to their attention.

== IRPA ss. 3(2) and 3(3): Interpretation principles as derived from the Act ==

This section will set out the objectives and application provisions in the Act and then provide commentary on some specific ones. In the words of Sharryn Aiken, et. al., one of the enduring features of Canadian immigration law since the 1976 ''Immigration Act'' has been &quot;a complex and contradictory set of objectives&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 27.&lt;/ref&gt; Those objectives, in so far as they concern refugees, read as follows in the current IRPA:&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
3...
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(a) to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted;
(b) to fulfil Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and affirm Canada’s commitment to international efforts to provide assistance to those in need of resettlement;
(c) to grant, as a fundamental expression of Canada’s humanitarian ideals, fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution;
(d) to offer safe haven to persons with a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group, as well as those at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment;
(e) to establish fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system, while upholding Canada’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings;
(f) to support the self-sufficiency and the social and economic well-being of refugees by facilitating reunification with their family members in Canada;
(g) to protect the health and safety of Canadians and to maintain the security of Canadian society; and
(h) to promote international justice and security by denying access to Canadian territory to persons, including refugee claimants, who are security risks or serious criminals.

Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(a) furthers the domestic and international interests of Canada;
(b) promotes accountability and transparency by enhancing public awareness of immigration and refugee programs;
(c) facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada, provincial governments, foreign states, international organizations and non-governmental organizations;
(d) ensures that decisions taken under this Act are consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, including its principles of equality and freedom from discrimination and of the equality of English and French as the official languages of Canada;
(e) supports the commitment of the Government of Canada to enhance the vitality of the English and French linguistic minority communities in Canada; and
(f) complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory.&lt;/pre&gt;The above objectives can be compared to the section of the IRPA that sets out objectives for the immigration (as opposed to humanitarian or refugee) streams:&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — immigration
3...
3 (1) The objectives of this Act with respect to immigration are
(a) to permit Canada to pursue the maximum social, cultural and economic benefits of immigration;
(b) to enrich and strengthen the social and cultural fabric of Canadian society, while respecting the federal, bilingual and multicultural character of Canada;
(b.1) to support and assist the development of minority official languages communities in Canada;
(c) to support the development of a strong and prosperous Canadian economy, in which the benefits of immigration are shared across all regions of Canada;
(d) to see that families are reunited in Canada;
(e) to promote the successful integration of permanent residents into Canada, while recognizing that integration involves mutual obligations for new immigrants and Canadian society;
(f) to support, by means of consistent standards and prompt processing, the attainment of immigration goals established by the Government of Canada in consultation with the provinces;
(f.1) to maintain, through the establishment of fair and efficient procedures, the integrity of the Canadian immigration system;
(g) to facilitate the entry of visitors, students and temporary workers for purposes such as trade, commerce, tourism, international understanding and cultural, educational and scientific activities;
(h) to protect public health and safety and to maintain the security of Canadian society;
(i) to promote international justice and security by fostering respect for human rights and by denying access to Canadian territory to persons who are criminals or security risks; and
(j) to work in cooperation with the provinces to secure better recognition of the foreign credentials of permanent residents and their more rapid integration into society.&lt;/pre&gt;There is a statutory interpretation convention to the effect that statements of objectives in legislation serve to constrain executive discretion in implementing the law. In the words of Sharryn Aiken, et. al., however, the objectives of the IRPA &quot;are so plentiful and far-ranging that they arguably serve to support any potential discretionary implementation choice.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 29.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, in Catherine Dauvergne's view, the objectives &quot;are so complex that they can neither guide nor constrain.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;Catherine Dauvergne, Evaluating Canada's New Immigration and Refugee Protection Act in Its Global Context, 2003 41-3 ''Alberta Law Review'' 725, 2003 CanLIIDocs 127, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/2d8f&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-25 at page 732.&lt;/ref&gt; Shauna Labman writes that the twenty-five separate paragraphs addressing the objectives and application of the act add to the IRPA's &quot;contradictions and confusions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 43.&lt;/ref&gt; Dauvergne writes that these provisions &quot;serve no purpose other than to announce that the government is aware of how thorny an issue immigration is in Canadian politics and to ensure that the law is able to mirror prevailing political views without amendment.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt; Indeed, the Federal Court has concluded that even if an RPD Rule is non-compliant with one of these objectives, this would not render it ''ultra vires'' of its enabling provision in the Act.&lt;ref&gt;''Uppal v.  Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 1142 (CanLII), par. 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1pnxv#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(a) - The refugee program is about saving lives and offering protection ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(a) to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== This has been a long-standing provision in the Act ====
This reflects one of the objectives that was inserted into the 1976 Immigration Act, which was “to fulfill Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and persecuted.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;Clare Glassco, ''Before the Sun Comes Up: The Making of Canadian Refugee Policy amidst the Refugee Crisis in Southeast Asia, 1975-1980'', April 1, 2020 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://heartsoffreedom.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Revised-FINAL-April-3-Before-the-Sun-Comes-Up.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed April 17, 2020), page 14 of the document.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The refugee program aims to offer protection, including the legal rights specified in the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
Section 3(2)(a) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are, ''inter alia'', to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted. The protection envisaged is not just protection from ''refoulement'', but also the suite of positive rights enumerated in the Refugee Convention. In the words of Donald Galloway, Canada’s obligation under the Refugee Convention is not merely the negative duty of not returning a person to a place where they face a risk to their life or their freedom is threatened – the duty found explicitly within Article 33 of the Convention. Canada’s duty also embraces the wider positive duty to recognize the status (and a host of other rights) of individuals who are unable to or are justified in not availing themselves of protection in their country of origin.&lt;ref&gt;Donald Galloway, ''Populism and the failure to acknowledge the human rights of migrants,'' in Dauvergne, C. (ed), ''Research handbook on the law and politics of migration'', April 2021, ISBN: 9781789902259.&lt;/ref&gt; The Refugee Convention enumerates a number of core rights that all refugees benefit from, and then additional entitlements may accrue as a function of the nature and duration of the refugee's attachment to the asylum state. The most basic set of rights inhere as soon as a refugee comes under a state’s ''de jure'' or ''de facto'' jurisdiction; a second set applies when he or she enters a state party’s territory; other rights inhere only when the refugee is lawfully within the state’s territory; some when the refugee is lawfully staying there; and a few rights accrue only upon satisfaction of a durable residency requirement.&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, J. (2005). ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614859.&lt;/ref&gt; In sum, the rights discussed in the Convention are those that follow:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Within state’s jurisdiction
|Art 3: Non discrimination
Art 12: Personal status

Art 13: Acquisition of movable and immovable property (same as foreigners)

Art 16: Access to the courts and legal assistance (same as citizens)

Art 20: Rationing access (same as citizens)

Art 22(1): Elementary education (same as citizens)

Art 22(2): Secondary and tertiary education (same as foreigners)

Art 29: Fiscal charges/taxation (same as foreigners)

Art 30: Transfer of assets

Art 33: Non-refoulement
|-
|Physical presence
|Art 4: Freedom of religion (same as citizens)
Art 25: Administrative assistance

Art 27: Identity papers

Art 31: Freedom from penalisation for illegal entry
|-
|Lawful presence
|Art 18: Self-employment (same as foreigners)
Art 26: Freedom of movement (same as foreigners)

Art 32: Non expulsion
|-
|Lawful stay or habitual residence
|Art 14: Artistic rights and industrial property (same as citizens)
Art 15: Right of association (most favourable treatment accorded to foreigners)

Art 17: Wage-earning employment (most favourable treatment accorded to foreigners)

Art 19: Liberal professions (same as foreigners)

Art 21: Housing (same as foreigners)

Art 23: Public relief (same as citizens)

Art 24: Labour legislation and social security (same as citizens)

Art 28: Travel documents
|-
|Long-term residence
|Art 34: Facilitate naturalisation&lt;ref&gt;Colin Yeo, ''Book review: The Rights of Refugees Under International Law by James Hathaway'', April 15 2021, freemovement.org.uk (blog), &lt;https://www.freemovement.org.uk/book-review-the-rights-of-refugees-under-international-law-by-james-hathaway/&gt; (Accessed April 25, 2021). &lt;/ref&gt;
|}
The big picture rationale behind the inclusion of these rights in the Convention was the objective of preventing refugees from becoming legal non-persons. In the words of the UK House of Lords, &quot;the general purpose of the Convention is to enable the person who no longer has the benefit of protection against persecution for a Convention reason in his own country to turn for protection to the international community.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Horvath v. Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2000] 3 All ER 577 (UK HL, July 6, 2000), per Lord Hope of Craighead.&lt;/ref&gt; After the First World War, the academic Alleweldt states, the typical problem of refugees was the lack of any legal status in the state of refuge, which deprived them automatically of many rights and opportunities. Accordingly, the parties to the Convention envisaged, for humanitarian reasons as well as for practical reasons of cooperation, providing refugees with a status which would comprise a key set of their human rights and freedoms.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, ''Preamble 1951 Convention,'' Alleweldt, at p. 232 (paras. 26-27).&lt;/ref&gt; In short, the rights guaranteed to recognized refugees by the Convention are intended to provide them with the rights necessary to start life anew.&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 190.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The fact that the refugee protection is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection can be contrasted with the goals for the immigration programs provided in the IRPA ====
Section 3(2)(a) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are, ''inter alia'', to recognize that the refugee program is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted. This can be contrasted with the broader set of objectives for Canada's immigration programs set out in s. 3(3)(1) of the Act, which include the successful integration of immigrants and maximizing immigration's economic benefits for Canada. This contrast should inform interpretations of the Act. While in immigration law, ''writ large'', the desirability of an immigrant (e.g. their work experience, education, fluency in French or English, or youth) is recognized as a proper consideration for how the government may choose to accord status, refugee law, in contrast, provides the framework for individuals who are fleeing persecution to seek safety in which the primary consideration is to be, in the words of s. 3(2)(a) of the IRPA, saving lives and offering protection. In the words of Molly Joeck, &quot;conflating the two is a dangerous exercise&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Molly Joeck, ''Canadian Exclusion Jurisprudence post-Febles'', International Journal of Refugee Law, 17 September 2021; Advance Article, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeab034, page 30.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The fact that the refugee protection is in the first instance about saving lives and offering protection points to the importance of decisions being correct ====
Justice Gauthier, referring to the objectives of the ''IRPA'', in particular &quot;saving lives and offering protection to the displaced and persecuted,&quot; held that the RAD is a &quot;safety net that would catch all mistakes made by the RPD, be it on the law or the facts.&quot; This required that the RAD's standard of review, applicable both to questions of law and questions of fact, be correctness.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Huruglica'', 2016 FCA 93, at paras. 53, 98, and 103, as cited in Martine Valois and Henri Barbeau, ''The Federal Courts and Immigration and Refugee Law,'' in Martine Valois, et. al., eds., The Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court: 50 Years of History, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021, at page 316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(b) - Fulfilling Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(b) to fulfil Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and affirm Canada’s commitment to international efforts to provide assistance to those in need of resettlement;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== This has been a long-standing provision in the Act ====
This reflects one of the objectives that was inserted into the 1976 Immigration Act, which was “to fulfill Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and persecuted.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

==== The IRPA should be interpreted in a way that ensures Canada fulfills its international legal obligations with respect to refugees ====
Section 3(2)(b) of the Act specifies that the objectives of the IRPA with respect to refugees are, among other things, to fulfill Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. There is a well-established presumption that, where possible, Canada’s domestic legislation should be interpreted to conform to international law.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Hape,'' 2007 SCC 26, [2007] 2 S.C.R. 292 at para. 53.&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada holds that the provisions of the IRPA &quot;cannot be considered in isolation from the international norms which they reflect&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [2002] 1 SCR 3 (Canada), para. 59.&lt;/ref&gt; Section 3(2)(b) of the Act reinforces that, where possible, the provisions of the IRPA should be interpreted in a way that fulfills Canada's obligations pursuant to, ''inter alia'', the ''Refugee Convention''. This is a critical legal constraint on interpretation of the ''IRPA -'' one that Parliament has mandated that immigration adjudicators consider in interpreting the legislation, regardless of whether arguments about international treaties like the ''Refugee Convention'' are explicitly raised by the parties in submissions or not.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers'', 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 52, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par52&gt;, retrieved on 2024-04-16.&lt;/ref&gt;  

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Act should be interpreted in a way that is coherent with interpretations by other states party to the Convention]].  

==== The Refugee Convention sets out a number of rights to which refugees are entitled ====
See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The refugee program aims to offer protection, including the legal rights specified in the Refugee Convention]]. That said, te Convention is not fully incorporated into Canadian legislation. While the terms of the Convention are largely reflected in the IRPA, there are some differences between the operation of the Convention and the operation of the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Zaric,'' 2015 FC 837 (CanLII), [2016] 1 FCR 407, at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gk8w0#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties'' codifies public international law rules of treaty interpretation applicable to the interpretation of the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
The rules of treaty interpretation for discerning the content of Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees were codified in the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties''. Arts. 31 and 32 of the ''Vienna Convention'' provide that:&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1155 UNTS 331, 23 May 1969 (entry into force: 27 Jan. 1980).&lt;/ref&gt;
 ARTICLE 31: General rule of interpretation
 1. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.
 
 2. The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise, in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes:
 (a) any agreement relating to the treaty which was made between all the parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty;
 (b) any instrument which was made by one or more parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty and accepted by the other parties as an instrument related to the treaty.
 
 3. There shall be taken into account, together with the context:
 (a) any subsequent agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty or the application of its provisions;
 (b) any subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation;
 (c) any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties.
 
 4. A special meaning shall be given to a term if it is established that the parties so intended.
 
 ARTICLE 32: Supplementary means of interpretation
 1. Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of article 31, or to determine the meaning when the interpretation according to article 31: 
 (a) leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure; or 
 (b) leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable.
 
 ARTICLE 33: Interpretation of treaties authenticated in two or more languages
 1.When a treaty has been authenticated in two or more languages, the text is equally authoritative in each language, unless the treaty provides or the parties agree that, in case of divergence, a particular text shall prevail.
 
 2. A version of the treaty in a language other than one of those in which the text was authenticated shall be considered an authentic text only if the treaty so provides or the parties so agree.
 
 3.The terms of the treaty are presumed to have the same meaning in each authentic text.
 
 4.Except where a particular text prevails in accordance with paragraph 1, when a comparison of the authentic texts discloses a difference of meaning which the application of articles 31 and 32 does not remove, the meaning which best reconciles the texts, having regard to the object and purpose of the treaty, shall be adopted.
This said, the ''Vienna Convention'' does not in and of itself apply to the ''Refugee Convention'', given that the ''Vienna Convention'' applies only to treaties which are concluded by states after the ''Vienna Convention'' entered into force on January 27, 1980 (per Article 4 of that Convention)&lt;ref&gt;Leslie Katz, ''The Use of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties in the Interpretation of the Refugee Convention and the Refugee Protocol,'' CanLII Connects, March 27, 2019, &lt;https://canliiconnects.org/en/commentaries/66071&gt; (Accessed August 28, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; and the Refugee Convention of 1951 and the 1967 Protocol to the Convention predate this. That said, as Hathaway notes,&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, J. (2005). International law as a source of refugee rights. In ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law'' (pp. 15-74). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614859.002.&lt;/ref&gt; the approach to treaty interpretation codified in the Vienna Convention has been recognized by the International Court of Justice as embodying customary norms of treaty interpretation.&lt;ref&gt;''Kasikili/Seduda Island (Botswana v. Namibia),'' Preliminary Objections, [1996] ICJ Rep 803, at 812.&lt;/ref&gt; Those rules are generally regarded as a codification of the public international law rules of treaty interpretation as a matter of general (or customary) international law.&lt;ref&gt;M. Lennard, ‘‘Navigating by the Stars: Interpreting the WTO Agreements,’’ (2002) 5 Journal of International Economic Law 17 (Lennard, ‘‘Navigating by the Stars’’), at 17–18.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, Articles 31 to 33 of the Vienna Convention constitute a general expression of the principles of customary international law relating to treaty interpretation.&lt;ref&gt;I. Sinclair, The Vienna Convention and the Law of Treaties (1984) at 153.&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, the norms of treaty interpretation embodied in the Vienna Convention are properly considered when interpreting the ''Refugee Convention'', even if its articles do not ''sensu stricto'' apply to the ''Refugee Convention.'' For this reason, in the context of the Refugee Convention, domestic courts in New Zealand,&lt;ref&gt;''Attorney-General v Zaoui and Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security'' [2006] 1 NCLR 289 (Supreme Court of New Zealand) at para. 24&lt;/ref&gt; the UK,&lt;ref&gt;''European Roma Rights Centre &amp; Ors, R (on the application of ) v Immigration Officer at Prague Airport &amp; Anor'' [2004] UKHL 55 (UK House of Lords) at para. 18 (per Lord Bingham), at para. 43 (per Lord Steyn), at para. 63 (per Lord Hope).&lt;/ref&gt; and Canada&lt;ref&gt;''Pushpanathan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1998 CanLII 778 (SCC), [1998] 1 SCR 982, par. 52, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1fqs6#par52&gt;, retrieved on 2020-11-28.&lt;/ref&gt; have seen fit to apply Arts. 31 and 32 of the VCLT when interpreting the Refugee Convention.

==== Canada must perform its international legal obligations with respect to refugees in good faith ====
Section 3(2)(b) of the Act specifies that the objectives of the IRPA with respect to refugees are, among other things, to fulfill Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. These obligations must be interpreted in good faith.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;The terms of the Refugee Convention are to be interpreted pursuant to the principles set out at arts 31–32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (adopted 23 May 1969, entered into force 27 January 1980) 1155 UNTS 331, Can TS 1980 No 37 as noted in Joshua Blum, ''When Law Forgets: Coherence and Memory in the Determination of Stateless Palestinian Refugee Claims in Canada,'' International Journal of Refugee Law, eeaa019, https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa019.&lt;/ref&gt; This is consistent with Art. 31 of the ''Vienna Convention'', ''supra'', which states that &quot;a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith&quot;. It is also consistent with Article 26 of the ''Vienna Convention'', which requires states to perform their international treaty obligations in good faith. In international law, the concept of good faith, or ''bona fides'', is taken to include duties of honesty, loyalty, and reasonableness.&lt;ref&gt;Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 15 of the article.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, in Britain Lord Bingham has concluded that &quot;there is no want of good faith if a state interprets a treaty as meaning what it says and declines to do anything significantly greater than or different from what it agreed to do.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;''R v. Immigration Officer at Prague Airport, ex parte Roma Rights Centre,'' [2004] UKHL 5, [2005] 2 AC 1 (UK).&lt;/ref&gt; Relatedly, Canada's Federal Court has held that &quot;an unduly textual and restrictive interpretation [of the IRPA]&quot; that &quot;would impose a result that is inconsistent with and contrary to the objectives of the IRPA&quot; must be avoided.&lt;ref&gt;''Mwano v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 792, para. 23 &lt;https://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/fc-cf/decisions/en/item/485650/index.do&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The ''Refugee Convention'' should be interpreted in good faith in light of its object and purpose ====
Under Art. 31 of the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties'', “a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Tristan Harley, ''Refugee Participation Revisited: The Contributions of Refugees to Early International Refugee Law and Policy'', Refugee Survey Quarterly, 28 November 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa040, at page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; This raises the question of what the object and purpose of the ''Refugee Convention'' are. The principal answer that emerges in the jurisprudence relates to the Convention's humanitarian purposes. The UK House of Lords has held that a ‘good faith’ interpretation of the Refugee Convention is one that works to bolster the effectiveness of its protection purpose, and thus seeks a construction consistent with humanitarian aims and not simply a literal linguistic approach.&lt;ref&gt;''Adan v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [1999] 1 AC 293.&lt;/ref&gt; These humanitarian aims are underscored in the IRPA with the statement at s. 3(2)(d) that &quot;the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant, as a fundamental expression of Canada’s humanitarian ideals, fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution&quot;. The academic Michelle Foster writes that &quot;one perspective is that the aim of the Refugee Convention is fundamentally to pursue a social and human rights inspired purpose, namely to provide for the international protection of those individuals falling within the refugee definition.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Michelle Foster, &quot;A Human Rights Framework for Interpreting the Refugee Convention&quot; in Michelle Foster, ''International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights: Refugee from Deprivation'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). &lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada has noted the human rights purpose of the ''Refugee Convention'', for example remarking upon its &quot;obvious human rights purpose&quot; in ''Németh v. Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Németh v. Canada (Justice),'' 2010 SCC 56 (CanLII), [2010] 3 SCR 281, par. 33, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/2djll#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Ezokola v Canada'' the court refers to the &quot;overarching and clear human rights object and purpose [of the ''Refugee Convention'']&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ezokola v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2013 SCC 40, para. 32.&lt;/ref&gt; This is articulated as follows by the Supreme Court of Canada in ''Canada v.'' ''Ward'': the underlying objective of the 1951 Convention is &quot;the international community's commitment to the assurance of basic human rights without discrimination.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Attorney-General) v. Ward'', [1993] 2 SCR 689.&lt;/ref&gt;

That said, the following words of caution from the Australian courts are apposite: &quot;the demands of language and context should not be departed from by invoking the humanitarian objectives of the Convention, without an appreciation of the limits placed by the Convention upon achievement of such objectives.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Applicant A v. Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs'' (1997) 190 CLR 225 (Australia), 231 (Brennan CJ).&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, Lord Bingham in the UK has emphasized that the 1951 Convention was &quot;a compromise between competing interests, in this case between the need to ensure humane treatment of the victims of oppression on the one hand and the wish of sovereign states to maintain control over those seeking entry to their territory on the other.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Foster suggests that it is possible to reconcile these two approaches by emphasizing that the 1951 Convention's focus is on &quot;the need for co-operation in order adequately to deal with the humanitarian problem&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Foster, M., ''International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights: Refuge from Deprivation'' (2007), p. 44, as cited in Jane McAdam, ‘Interpretation of the 1951 Convention’ in Andreas Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2011) at page 92.&lt;/ref&gt; Drawing on Klabbers' view that if a treaty's substantive provisions deal with a particular topic, then it may be surmised that that topic is the treaty's object and purpose, Foster argues that the 1951 Convention's overwhelming purpose is a human rights one. In essence the treaty provides for refugees' rights and entitlements under international law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

==== The ''Refugee Convention'' does not explicitly prescribe any particular Refugee Status Determination procedure ====
The objectives of this Act include fulfilling Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. How does that relate to refugee procedure? Canada's refugee status determination process reflects Canada's international obligations, including those stemming from the ''Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees'' of 1951. The challenge of refugee status determination is determining who is a “refugee” and, conversely, who is not. As to the process by which this task should be accomplished, neither the treaty nor the statute is of much direct assistance: there are 46 articles in the ''Refugee Convention'' and 22 paragraphs in the ''Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'', none of which address the issue of Refugee Status Determination (RSD).&lt;ref&gt;Jones, M., &amp; Houle, F. (2008). Building a Better Refugee Status Determination System. ''Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees'', ''25''(2), 3-11. Retrieved from https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/26027, page 3.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the UNHCR’s ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria'', “the Convention does not indicate what type of procedures are to be adopted for the determination of refugee status.”&lt;ref&gt;Jones, M., &amp; Houle, F. (2008). Building a Better Refugee Status Determination System. ''Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees'', ''25''(2), 3-11. Retrieved from https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/26027, page 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The procedures used by Canada must ensure the effectiveness of the substantive provisions in the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
Section 3(2)(b) of the Act specifies that the objectives of the IRPA with respect to refugees include fulfilling Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees. In ratifying the ''Refugee Convention'', Canada has made a number of commitments, the most important of which is arguably the principle of ''non-refoulement'' enshrined in Article 33 of the ''Refugee Convention.'' How do such commitments relate to the procedures Canada selects for refugee status determination? Hofmann and Löhr write that, with respect to the 1951 Convention, it might be stated that the Convention does not necessitate (or prohibit) any specific procedure as such, but obliges states not to introduce procedures which would result in applicants for asylum being denied the rights that Canada undertook to respect when signing the Convention. This flows from the foundational principle of international law ''pacta sunt servanda'', the rule that agreements must be kept,&lt;ref&gt;Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 &lt;https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 11 of the article.&lt;/ref&gt; in this case Canada's agreement to abide by the terms of the Convention. With respect to procedures, international courts have established the principle that a state's procedural rules must ensure the effectiveness of the substantive provisions of its international commitments. This has been held by, among others, the International Court of Justice in the ''LaGrand'' ''(Germany v. United States of America)'' case, where it ruled that the duty incumbent on states to ensure that their international obligations be fully respected implies that domestic procedural law must be construed in such a way as to give full effect to a purposive interpretation of the state's international legal commitments.&lt;ref&gt;ICJ. ''LaGrand'', Judgment, ICJ Reports (2001), pp. 497-498, paras. 89-91.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, if a state uses deficient procedures, which lead to prohibited ''refoulement'', the introduction of such procedures constitutes ''per se'' a violation of Article 33 of the Refugee Convention and its prohibition on ''non-refoulement''.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, £260 hb. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 1100.&lt;/ref&gt; This has implications for the procedures that a state selects; for example, UNHCR states that a consequence of a state’s ''non-refoulement'' obligation is a ‘duty of independent inquiry’.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR, UNHCR Intervention before the Court of Final Appeal of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in the case between C, KMF, BF (Applicants) and Director of Immigration, Secretary for Security (Respondents) (31 January 2013) para 74 http://www.refworld.org/docid/510a74ce2.html accessed 6 January 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Such a duty requires states to identify individuals in need of protection before returning or transferring them to a third country.&lt;ref&gt;Azadeh Dastyari, Daniel Ghezelbash, ''Asylum at Sea: The Legality of Shipboard Refugee Status Determination Procedures'', International Journal of Refugee Law, eez046, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eez046&lt;/ref&gt;
==== The ''Refugee Convention'' should be regarded as a living instrument that evolves to meet contemporary needs ====
States have expressly recognized the Refugee Convention as “the foundation of the international protection regime [with] enduring value and relevance in the twenty-first century”.&lt;ref&gt;“Ministerial Communiqué,” UN Doc. HCR/MIN/COMMS/2011/16, Dec. 8, 2011, at [2], as cited in James C. Hathaway, ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law,'' April 2021, ISBN: 9781108810913, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://assets.cambridge.org/97811084/95899/excerpt/9781108495899_excerpt.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed March 6, 2021), at page 9.&lt;/ref&gt; The UK House of Lords has concluded that &quot;It is clear that the signatory states intended that the Convention should afford continuing protection for refugees in the changing circumstances of the present and the future world. In our view the Convention has to be regarded as a living instrument.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Sepet (FC) and Another (FC) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department'', [2003] UKHL 15, United Kingdom: House of Lords (Judicial Committee), 20 March 2003, available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/cases,GBR_HL,3e92d4a44.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 26 December 2020].&lt;/ref&gt; This is consistent with statements from the Supreme Court of Canada that &quot;international conventions must be interpreted in light of current conditions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Suresh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [2002] 1 SCR 3 (Canada), para. 87.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties'' delierately does not constrain the meaning of terms in a treaty to their meaning at the time of the treaty's conclusion. A limitation to this effect was deleted from an earlier draft of Art. 31, para. 3(c), of that Convention on the basis that this could restrict the evolution of the law and that, in any event, the correct meaning of the provision would be derived from an &quot;interpretation of the term 'in good faith'&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 103 (para. 84).&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== There can only be one true interpretation of the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
See below: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Act should be interpreted in a way that is coherent with interpretations by other states party to the Convention]].

==== Canada does not have a binding legal obligation to accept refugees from abroad for resettlement ====
Section 3(2)(b) of the Act provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include 1) fulfilling Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees, and 2) affirming Canada’s commitment to international efforts to provide assistance to those in need of resettlement. Resettlement falls into the second category, as opposed to the first, insofar as Canada does not have an international legal obligation to resettle refugees from abroad. When negotiating the ''Refugee Convention'', the international community recognized the importance of burden sharing and prominently placed it in the preamble to the Convention, but burden sharing was not made into a binding legal obligation.&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 5.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, as Hathaway notes, when negotiating the ''Refugee Convention'', governments were emphatic in their rejection of a duty to reach out to refugees located beyond their borders, accepting only the more constrained obligation not to force refugees back to countries in which they might be persecuted.&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, J. (2005). The Rights of Refugees under International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614859 at page 161.&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequent international efforts to articulate an individual right of asylum at international law have been unsuccessful - for example, the 1967 UN General Assembly Declaration on Territorial Asylum is non-binding and a proposed ''Convention on Territorial Asylum'' never materialized.&lt;ref&gt;Adamu Umaru Shehu, ''Understanding the Legal Rights of Refugee, Migrants, and Asylum Seekers Under International Law'', Journal of Conflict Resolution and Social Issues, Vol 1 No 2 (2021) &lt;http://journal.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/JCORSI/article/viewFile/1824/1275&gt; (Accessed February 13, 2021), pages 40-41.&lt;/ref&gt; For more details on burden sharing, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Responsibility sharing and burden sharing between states are fundamental principles of the Refugee Convention]].

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(c) - Fair consideration is to be granted to those who come to Canada claiming persecution ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(c) to grant, as a fundamental expression of Canada’s humanitarian ideals, fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== This has been a long-standing provision in the Act ====
This reflects one of the objectives that was inserted into the 1976 Immigration Act, which was “to fulfill Canada’s international legal obligations with respect to refugees and to uphold its humanitarian tradition with respect to the displaced and persecuted.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; This is also reflected in the IRB's mission statement, including its emphasis on the Board acting on behalf of Canadians: &quot;Our mission, on behalf of Canadians, is to make well-reasoned decisions on immigration and refugee matters, efficiently, fairly, and in accordance with the law.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;

==== The importance of Board procedures being fair to the public perception of the refugee program ====
In addition to ensuring overall fairness and facilitating the giving of evidence, procedural fairness is also about maintaining the integrity of the refugee determination process in the eyes of the public. For example, stakeholders may come to question the integrity of the system if they observe unfair, biased, stereotyped, arbitrary, or otherwise inappropriate processes that do not provide fair consideration to those who come to Canada and file a claim. As the legal philosopher Patricia Mindus argues, arbitrariness undermines legitimacy and erodes trust in the law in a deep way that is not easy to remedy.&lt;ref&gt;Mindus, P. (2020). Towards a Theory of Arbitrary Law-making in Migration Policy. ''Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics'', ''14''(2), 9-33. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.5324.eip.v14i2.3712&lt;/nowiki&gt; at page 16.&lt;/ref&gt; Ensuring procedural fairness is in this way integral to maintaining the reliability of the hearing and refugee determination process and public support therefor.  

Part of the Board's role in ensuring that fair consideration is provided to those who come to Canada claiming persecution relates to the nature of the reasons that are offered in their cases. As Thériault argues, &quot;reasons encourage the acceptance of decisions and reinforce confidence in the judicial system. The act of writing reasons helps to ensure that decisions are arrived at rationally and imposes on judges a form of self-discipline. Reasons allow parties to understand why a case was decided a certain way. Reasons allow appeal judges to assess the merits of decisions under review. Reasons are also necessary for the proper development of the common law through the principle of ''stare decisis'', and serve an educational purpose by informing both the legal community and those outside it of the content and evolution of legal rules.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 332.&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== This provision relates to the Canadian Bill of Rights provision on principles of fundamental justice ====
Section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. This tracks Section 2(e) of the ''Canadian'' ''Bill of Rights'', which states that no law of Canada shall be construed or applied so as to &quot;abrogate, abridge or infringe or to authorize the abrogation, abridgement or infringement of any of the rights or freedoms herein recognized and declared, and in particular, no law of Canada shall be construed or applied so as to ... (e) deprive a person of the right to a fair hearing in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice for the determination of his rights and obligations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Bill of Rights,'' SC 1960, c 44, s 2, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/7vnh#sec2&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; 
==== This provision relates to Canada's international obligations ====
Section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. As to the scope of this concept of this &quot;fair consideration&quot;, see [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of procedures that will uphold Canada's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings]].

==== The focus of this provision is on those who are claimants within Canada ====
Section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. This provision can be interpreted as being focused on those who come to Canada claiming protection (asylum seekers) as opposed to those who are abroad (awaiting resettlement) given that resettled refugees do not come to Canada &quot;claiming&quot; protection as their claim has generally been accepted prior to that point. See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Canada does not have a binding legal obligation to accept refugees from abroad for resettlement]]. An alternative interpretation of this phrase could be that &quot;those who come to Canada claiming persecution&quot; uses Canada as an eponym in place of the Government of Canada, as opposed to the territory of the country, though this is arguably a doubtful interpretation of the phrase. 

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(d) - Offering safe haven ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(d) to offer safe haven to persons with a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group, as well as those at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== The idea that the objectives of the refugee provisions in the Act involve offering safe haven implicitly means that the grant of refugee status involves a judgment of the source country ====
Section 3(2)(d) of the objectives of the Act provides that its objectives with respect to refugees include offering safe haven to specified persons. The idea of offering a safe haven in Canada implicitly involves a judgment that the source country is not providing that safe haven. As Plaut writes, in this way, according refugee status inherently involves passing judgment on the source country: &quot;what is the Geneva Convention but a moral judgement of offending countries' policies? Any time a nation accepts a person as a legitimate refugee it is judging the refugee's country of origin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 124.&lt;/ref&gt; He goes on to write that, &quot;accpeting an individual refugee under the Convention appears to imply that his/her country of origin, by creating refugees on its territory, does not live up to proper international standards.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 140.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The objective of this Act is to offer safe haven to specified persons and this is an enduring commitment unless an asylee's status ceases ====
The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include offering safe haven to persons with a well-founded fear of persecution for a Convention reason, as well as those at risk of torture or cruel and unusual treatment of punishment. This obligation, which partly tracks the criteria of the ''Refugee Convention'', reflects the fact that the 1951 Convention can be viewed as a third party agreement: a treaty whereby the contracting states take on obligations towards each other for the benefit of a third party, namely the refugees who are, per the terms of the treaty, provided with refugee rights.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 40 (para. 2).&lt;/ref&gt; As Haddad writes, the refugee is someone who has exited their state of origin by crossing an international border and hence has become an issue of concern on the international agenda and a ward of international society.&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 198.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The &quot;safe haven&quot; that is to be offered to refugees is independent of other types of tenuous immigration status that Canada offers such as permanent residence. An applicant’s asylum status is not affected because their permanent residence status was lost or because their application for permanent residence was refused.&lt;ref&gt;''Gaspard v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 29, paras. 15-16.&lt;/ref&gt; Even where a refugee moves onward from a state which has granted international protection, that state bears ongoing obligations towards the individual, unless their status has ceased.&lt;ref&gt;''Paulos Teddla v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2020 FC 1109 (CanLII), par. 21, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc709#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, even those who are granted status as protected persons by the IRB may not meet the criteria to become permanent residents or citizens in Canada: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 26-28 - Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility#Other grounds of inadmissibility in the IRPA do not render claimants ineligible for a refugee hearing, but may nonetheless have consequences even where a claim is accepted]]. That said, it is clear that refugee status ends with the application of the cessation clauses in the Convention.&lt;ref&gt;Brid Ni Ghrainne, ''Internally displaced persons and international refugee law'', in Satvinder S. Juss, ''Research Handbook on International Refugee Law'', 2019. Edward Elgar Publishing: Northampton, Massachusetts, page 34.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, Article 1(C)(3) of the Refugee Convention provides that refugee status is terminated upon naturalization, i.e. a situation where a refugee “acquire(s) a new nationality, and enjoys the protection of the country of his new nationality.”&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf?sequence=2&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 38.&lt;/ref&gt; Once the criteria in one of the cessation clauses in the Refugee Convention are met, then 'refugeehood' can rightfully be regarded as having ceased. Until then, it may be observed that refugeehood is inherently characterized by a temporal uncertainty; indeed, as Agier notes, that the word ‘refuge’ itself ‘denotes a temporary shelter, while waiting for something better.’&lt;ref&gt;Agier, Michel. 2008. On the Margins of the World: The Refugee Experience Today. Cambridge: Polity Press.&lt;/ref&gt; See also the following discussion of the interaction between the cessation clause in the Refugee Convention and the acquisition of Canadian citizenship: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 64 - Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection#This provision applies even to those who have become Canadian citizens]].  

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives — refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are
(e) to establish fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system, while upholding Canada’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of efficient procedures ====
Section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of the Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of fair and efficient procedures. Section 162(2) of the IRPA provides that each Division shall deal with all proceedings before it as informally and quickly as the circumstances and the considerations of fairness and natural justice permit; for further discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/162 - Board Jurisdiction and Procedure#IRPA Section 162(2) - Obligation to proceed informally and expeditiously]]. 

The starting point regarding the position of an alien, at common law, was summa­rized by Lord Denning as follows:&lt;blockquote&gt;At common law no alien has any right to enter this country except by leave of the Crown; and the Crown can refuse leave without giving any reason. If he comes by leave, the Crown can impose such conditions as it thinks fit, as to his length of stay, or otherwise. He has no right whatever to remain here. He is liable to be sent home to his own country at any time if, in the opinion of the Crown, his presence here is not conducive to the public good; and for this purpose, the executive may arrest him and put him on board a ship or aircraft bound for his own country. The position of aliens at common law has since been covered by various regulations; but the principles remain the same.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Governor of Pentonville Prison,'' [1973] 2 All E.R. 741 at p. 747, as cited in ''Maslej v. Minister of Manpower and Immigration,'' 1976 CanLII 2309 (FCA), [1977] 1 FC 194, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jqtbs&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; [internal citations omitted]&lt;/blockquote&gt;The reality of having largely unstoppable flows of desperate people who do not have a legal right to enter or remain in Canada has been one that the refugee determination system has had to repeatedly contend with. In this way, Hathaway writes when describing the situation that spawned one of the Refugee Convention’s historical antecedents, the credibility of border controls and of the restriction of socioeconomic benefits to nationals is at stake with refugee programs: by legitimating and defining a needs-based exception to the norm of communal closure, refugee law can sustain the protectionist norm. In this way, “so long as the admission of refugees [is] understood to be formally sanctioned by states, their arrival [ceases] to be legally destabilizing.”&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, J. (2021). The Rights of Refugees under International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2nd Ed. Page 21.&lt;/ref&gt; This motivation has a number of implications. The Federal Court of Appeal has stated that “there is compelling public interest, in Canada, in having refugee status determined as soon as is practically possible after a claim is made.”&lt;ref&gt;''Seth v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1993] 3 F.C. 348 (C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; As the Canadian Bar Association has submitted, a lack of expeditiousness &quot;leads to legitimate claims languishing in the system and encourages the proliferation of unmeritorious claims.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 48.&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada emphasizes the importance of proportionality when selecting a procedure, as &quot;the best forum for resolving a dispute is not always that with the most painstaking procedure&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Hryniak v Mauldin'', 2014 SCC 7 (CanLII), [2014] 1 SCR 87, para. 28, as cited in ''Ejere v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 749 (CanLII), at para 7, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gspj8#par7&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt; These goals are reflected in the structures and procedures enshrined in the Act, including:

* &lt;u&gt;The control over proceedings that has been granted to decision makers:&lt;/u&gt; To increase the efficiency of hearings, procedures were amended following passage of the ''Balanced Refugee Reform Act'' (2010) and the ''Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act'' (2012) to give decision makers greater control over refugee protection proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;Neil Yeates, ''Report of the Independent Review of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', Government of Canada, April 10, 2018, &lt;https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/pub/irb-report-en.pdf&gt; (Accessed April 27, 2020), page 13.&lt;/ref&gt; The fact that each Division of the IRB is required to deal with all proceedings before it as informally and expeditiously as the circumstances of fairness and natural justice permit supports, for example, the right of a tribunal Member to control the process and not waste time on matters that are irrelevant.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration) c. Tavares Carrera,'' 2024 CF 1224 (CanLII), au para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k64rc#par13&gt;, consulté le 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses#44(5): In deciding whether to allow a witness to testify, the Division must consider any relevant factors]].
* &lt;u&gt;Ways that duplicative processes have been excised from the Act:&lt;/u&gt; The Refugee Appeal Division, when considering issues of efficiency, has observed that an interpretation of the Act which would reduce duplication of work and having an additional, unnecessary, hearing is to be preferred.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 101305 (CA IRB), par. 70, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc74v#par70&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has noted a sympathy &quot;to any argument intended to achieve judicial economy in avoiding unnecessary procedures&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at paras 32-33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par32&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; This principle can be seen in the legislative history of section 97 of the Act. Section 97 was introduced with the transition from the ''Immigration Act'' to the IRPA, and in this way expanded the scope of asylum protection to include persons who are at risk of torture and to persons who are at risk of cruel and inhumane treatment upon deportation to their country of nationality or former habitual residence. Rebecca Hamlin writes that there is no evidence to suggest that Parliament considered the introduction of section 97 to be monumental when it discussed IRPA before voting on it in 2002. When the bill was being debated, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Elinor Caplan assured members of Parliament the IRPA &quot;gives us the ability to streamline our procedures, so that those who are in genuine need of our protection will be welcomed in Canada more quickly and those who are not in need of protection will be able to be removed more quickly. That streamlining is extremely important.&quot; Immediately after IRPA went into force, the IRB Legal Services division produced a guide for decision-makers on how to make section 97 decisions; the guide states that these decisions were subsumed under the IRB mandate to avoid the &quot;delays and inconsistencies&quot; of the previous &quot;fragmented&quot; and &quot;multilayered approach&quot;. 
* &lt;u&gt;Fairness requirements to hold a claim in abeyance pending additional evidence:&lt;/u&gt; The court has held that fundamental justice requires a tribunal to delay its decision if it knows that, given a reasonable time, an applicant can obtain a crucial document.&lt;ref&gt;''Iqbal, Muhammad v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-4207-93), Muldoon, May 7, 1996. Reported: Iqbal v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1996), 33 Imm. L.R. (2d) 179 (F.C.T.D.).&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Requests to delay convening a hearing or issuing a decision pending the receipt of new evidence]]. 

==== The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system ====
Section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of the Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights states that &quot;''Because of their vulnerable situation, refugees may face pressures to exaggerate or conceal information about human rights violations they have suffered or witnessed. For example, they may exaggerate problems they have experienced if they believe that they will have a better chance of receiving humanitarian assistance or refugee status.''&quot;&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ''Manual on human rights monitoring: Chapter 11 (Interviewing),''&lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Chapter11-MHRM.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, page 23.&lt;/ref&gt; As Harold Troper notes, a concern that the refugee program must seek to address is the worry that &quot;many of the refugee claimants, including some who successfully made it through the determination process, were not really legitimate refugees but individuals looking for a way around tough Canadian immigration regulations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Troper, Harold,  &quot;Immigration in Canada&quot;. In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published April 22, 2013; Last Edited September 19, 2017. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/immigration&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, fraudulent applications are said to have &quot;plagued&quot; a number of Canada's immigration programs, and are not simply a concern with the in-Canada asylum system.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Oakland Ross, &quot;Canada Is Conned into Taking Rebels; Colombians Given Refugee Status; Bogota Arrests 3 Civil Servants,&quot; ''Toronto Star'' (8 September 2004), A1, as cited in Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 139.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, under the former source country class in the IRPA for resettlement, the ICRC indicated that individuals used fraudulent referrals allegedly from the ICRC at the Canadian embassy.&lt;ref&gt;Francisco Rico Martinez, &quot;The Future of Colombian Refugees in Canada: Are We Being Equitable?&quot; (2011), 35-36, online: ''Canadian Council for Refugees'' &lt;http://ccrweb.ca/files/ccr_colombia_report_2011.pdf&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, a scheme was discovered by Colombian authorities in which substantial bribes were being paid to civil servants employed by the Colombian National Senate for documents identifying individuals as victims of death or abduction threats from either the guerrillas or the paramilitaries. The documents were reportedly used at the Canadian embassy in Bogota to achieve source country class resettlement for at least fifty people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt; 

The Immigration and Refugee Board has stated that one of the challenges that it faces is to ensure that individuals and groups cannot use refugee claims as a means to circumvent our national immigration policies.&lt;ref&gt;Government of Canada, ''Refugee Determination: What it is and how it works'', Pamphlet, 1989, Immigration and Refugee Board, page 3.&lt;/ref&gt; When the IRB came into existence, the government programme delivery strategy stated that the removal of non-credible refugee claimants was the law’s &quot;cornerstone&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;David Matas, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', 1989, Summerhill Press, Toronto, ISBN 0-920197-81-7, page 143.&lt;/ref&gt; This necessarily involves a balancing, one which Jennifer Bond and David Wiseman discuss when they write that the procedural framework governing Canada's asylum system contains a number of mechanisms aimed at enabling both flexibility and rigour.&lt;ref&gt;Jennifer Bond &amp; David Wiseman, ''Imperfect Evidence and Uncertain Justice: An Exploratory Study of Access to Justice Issues in Canada's Asylum System,'' 53 U.B.C. L. Rev. 1 (2020), page 19.&lt;/ref&gt; These considerations also relate to what the Supreme Court of Canada refers to as the importance of maintaining &quot;the dignity of refugee status&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;''Febles v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2014 SCC 68 [2014] 2 FCR 224.&lt;/ref&gt; The UNHCR refers to similar considerations when it writes that &quot;to preserve the civilian character of asylum, States...need to assess the situation of arrivals carefully so as to identify armed elements and separate them from the civilian refugee population.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;National Documentation Package, Sudan, 28 March 2024, tab 14.8: ​UNHCR Position on Returns to Sudan​. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. May 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal writes that &quot;maintenance of the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system is a valid purpose to consider, and one which the system requires as a duty to be taken seriously by all concerned.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Azizi v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 FCA 406.&lt;/ref&gt;  

==== The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of procedures that will uphold Canada's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings ====

Section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA provides that the objectives of the Act with respect to refugees are to establish fair and efficient procedures that will maintain the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system, while upholding Canada's respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings. This can be considered in conjunction with section 3(2)(c) of the IRPA, which provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are to grant fair consideration to those who come to Canada claiming persecution. As to the scope of this concept of &quot;fair consideration&quot;, it should be considered in conjunction with s. 3(3)(f) of the IRPA, which provides that the Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. When considering such human rights instruments, regard may properly be had of the provision of the ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'' that provides individuals with extensive rights relating to a fair trial in the determination of a person's &quot;rights and obligations in a suit at law&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;UN General Assembly, ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'', 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3aa0.html [accessed 6 February 2021], Article 14.&lt;/ref&gt; which, as Macharia-Mokobi argues, may fairly be held to cover refugee status determination procedures.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;E Macharia-Mokobi, J Pfumorodze, ''Advancing refugee protection in Botswana through improved refugee status determination'', African Human Rights Law Journal 13 (1), 01-26, &lt;http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1996-20962013000100008&amp;script=sci_arttext&amp;tlng=es&gt; (Accessed February 5, 2021), page 162.&lt;/ref&gt; This also reflects the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'', which reads:&lt;blockquote&gt;The High Contracting parties, ... considering that the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights approved on 10 December 1948 by the General Assembly have affirmed the principle that human beings shall enjoy fundamental rights and freedoms without discrimination ... have agreed as follows: ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This has implications for the procedures that are used and the evidence that is accepted in them. For example, any statement or evidence obtained as a result of torture is not to be relied on as evidence in any proceeding.&lt;ref&gt;''Wong v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 862 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k53vz#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-18.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of Lord Hoffmann from the UK House of Lords, &quot;The use of torture is dishonourable. It corrupts and degrades the state which uses it and the legal system which accepts it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''A &amp; Ors v. Secretary of State for the Home Department'', [2005] UKHL 71, at para. 82, as cited in ''Mahjoub (Re)'', 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw&gt;, at page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; As Justice Blanchard writes, &quot;the admission of such evidence is antithetical to and damages the integrity of the judicial proceedings.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Mahjoub (Re),'' 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw&gt;, para. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; For more information on fair procedures for refugee status determination, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing]].

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(g) - Protecting the health and safety of Canadians and maintaining the security of Canadian society ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives - refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are ...
(g) to protect the health and safety of Canadians and to maintain the security of Canadian society; and
&lt;/pre&gt;

==== This is worded identically to s. 3(1)(h) of the Act ====
Section 3(1)(h) of the IRPA is worded identically, stating that &quot;the objectives of this Act with respect to immigration are (''h'') to protect the health and safety of Canadians and to maintain the security of Canadian society&quot;. That provision was considered in ''Medovarski v Canada'', in which the Supreme Court of Canada noted that &quot;the objectives as expressed in the IRPA indicate an intent to prioritize security&quot;:&lt;blockquote&gt;The objectives as expressed in the ''IRPA'' indicate an intent to prioritize security. This objective is given effect by preventing the entry of applicants with criminal records, by removing applicants with such records from Canada, and by emphasizing the obligation of permanent residents to behave lawfully while in Canada. This marks a change from the focus in the predecessor statute, which emphasized the successful integration of applicants more than security: e.g., see s. 3(1)(''i'') of the ''IRPA'' versus s. 3(''j'') of the former Act; s. 3(1)(''e'') of the ''IRPA'' versus s. 3(''d'') of the former Act; s. 3(1)(''h'') of the ''IRPA'' versus s. 3(''i'') of the former Act. Viewed collectively, the objectives of the ''IRPA'' and its provisions concerning permanent residents, communicate a strong desire to treat criminals and security threats less leniently than under the former Act.&lt;ref&gt;''Medovarski v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration); Esteban v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 SCC 51 (CanLII), [2005] 2 SCR 539, par. 10, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1lpk5#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This objective is implemented through the grounds of inadmissibility found in ss. 34-42 of the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 408.&lt;/ref&gt; Which see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/33-43 - Inadmissibility]].

=== IRPA Section 3(2)(h) - To promote international justice and security by denying access to Canadian territory to persons, including refugee claimants, who are security risks or serious criminals ===
&lt;pre&gt;Objectives - refugees
(2) The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees are ...
(h) to promote international justice and security by denying access to Canadian territory to persons, including refugee claimants, who are security risks or serious criminals.
&lt;/pre&gt;

==== While the IRPA may use terms similar to that of Canada's Criminal Code, they need not be interpreted identically ====
In ''Rana v. Canada'', the Federal Court commented that:&lt;blockquote&gt;[47]  More generally, although broadly speaking both the ''Criminal Code'' and the ''IRPA'' share a concern with public safety and security, they do not “operate in tandem” or function together as parts of a single regulatory scheme, not even with respect to the specific matter of terrorism (cf. ''Bell ExpressVu Limited Partnership v Rex'', 2002 SCC 42 (CanLII) at para 46 [''Bell ExpressVu'']). They do not deal with the same subject matter in the way that is necessary to engage the principle that statutes ''in pari materia'' should be construed together and can be explanatory of one another (cf. Ruth Sullivan, ''Sullivan on the Construction of Statutes'', 6&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; ed (Markham: LexisNexis, 2014) at 416-21). As a result, in my view this principle does not justify applying the meaning of “terrorist activity” in the ''Criminal Code'' to the term “terrorism” in section 34(1) of the ''IRPA''. I must, therefore, respectfully disagree with my colleague Justice Brown, who relied on this principle in ''Ali v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2017 FC 182 (CanLII) [''Ali''], to import the meaning given to “terrorist activity” in the ''Criminal Code'' into the ''IRPA'' for the purposes of a finding under section 34(1)(f) of the latter (see ''Ali'' at paras 42-44; see also ''Alam'' at paras 26-28)''.''&lt;ref&gt;''Rana v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2018 FC 1080, para. 47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== The objectives of the Act include promoting international justice and security, and regard may be had to Canada's international obligations thereon ====
The objectives of the Act include promoting international justice and security, and regard may be had to Canada's international obligations on those points. For example, the Federal Court has noted that:&lt;blockquote&gt;Canada has numerous and significant international obligations to combat terrorism, including: ''International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism'', 12 December 1999, UNTS 2178 at 197; ''International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings'', 15 December 1997, UNTS 2149 at 256; ''International Convention against the Taking of Hostages'', 17 December 1979 UNTS 1316 at 205; ''Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) [on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts]'' (UNSC, 56th Sess, UN Doc S/RES/1373(2001) SC Res 1373); ''Security Council Resolution 2322 (2016) [on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts],'' UNSC, 2016, S/RES/2322; ''Security Council Resolution 2178 (2014) [on addressing the growing issue of foreign terrorist fighters],'' (UNSC, 69th Sess, UN Doc S/RES/2178 (2014) SC Res 2178)), which form a crucial part of the interpretive context for the ''IRPA'' (''IRPA,'' ss 3(1)(i) and 3(2)(h).&lt;ref&gt;''Talukder v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1489 (CanLII), at para 73, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6zb1#par73&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-24.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== IRPA Section 3(3)(b) - This Act is to be applied in a manner that promotes accountability and transparency by enhancing public awareness of immigration and refugee programs ===
&lt;pre&gt;Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(b) promotes accountability and transparency by enhancing public awareness of immigration and refugee programs;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== It is important that the public perceive the determinations made under the Act as being legitimate ====
Section 3(3)(b) of the Act provides that that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that enhances public awareness of immigration and refugee programs. As the Court held in ''Rezaei'', the Board's stakeholders &quot;include not only the claimants who appear before the Board and its Divisions, but also the Canadian public at large, which is served by effective mechanisms for the application of immigration policy.”&lt;ref&gt;''Rezaei v. Canada'' (''Minister of Citizenship and Immigration''), [2003] 3 FC 421 (TD), para. 70.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board must seek to maintain the support of both groups of stakeholders. The Supreme Court of Canada has linked preserving &quot;the integrity and legitimacy of the refugee protection system&quot; to &quot;the necessary public support for [the system's] viability&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt; Refugee lawyer David Matas speaks to a policy concern related to this when he states that if the public lacks confidence in the refugee determination system “people will eventually give up all hope in the system. ... [T]hose concerned with protecting refugees will adopt extra-legal rather than legal strategies - a Canadian sanctuary movement is possible”.&lt;ref&gt;David Matas and Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-920197-81-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 146.&lt;/ref&gt; Refugees pose a problem for the Canadian government quite different from that of other foreigners and it is necessary that decisions on asylum clearly communicate either why an individual should be entitled to stay in Canada or else why they can be returned to their state.&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 7.&lt;/ref&gt; This said, it does not appear to be an objective of the refugee system to denounce foreign states. 

=== IRPA Section 3(3)(c) - This Act is to be applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada, provincial governments, foreign states, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations ===
&lt;pre&gt;Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(c) facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada, provincial governments, foreign states, international organizations and non-governmental organizations;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== Canada has an obligation to cooperate with the UNHCR and the IRPA should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates and respects this obligation ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and international organizations. This provision of the Act relates to Canada's international obligations. Opinions and interpretations by the UNHCR are of particular interest because of Article 35 of the ''Refugee Convention'', which provides that member states have an obligation to facilitate the duty of UNHCR in supervising the application of the provisions of the Convention. Article 35 of the Refugee Convention and Article 2(1) of the 1967 Protocol stipulate that “[t]he States Parties to the present Protocol undertake to co-operate with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [...] in the exercise of its functions, and shall in particular facilitate its duty of supervising the application of the provisions of the present Protocol”.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations General Assembly. (1967). “Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees.” United Nations Treaty Series, Volume 606, Page 267.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'' reads:&lt;blockquote&gt;The High Contracting parties, ... noting that the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is charged with the task of supervising international conventions providing for the protection of refugees, and recognizing that the effective co-ordination of measures taken to deal with this problem will depend upon the co-operation of States with the High Commissioner, ... have agreed as follows: ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;UNHCR, ''Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees,'' Document dated December 2010 &lt;https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10&gt; (Accessed August 30, 2020), at page 13 of the document.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Furthermore, UNHCR is entrusted by the United Nations General Assembly with supervision of the interpretation and application of the Refugee Convention.&lt;ref&gt;See the Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, annexed to UN General Assembly Resolution 428(V), 14 December 1950.&lt;/ref&gt;

As such, statements emanating from the UNHCR, such as those in its handbook, are considered highly influential in how refugee adjudication should be approached, even if its clauses are not, in and of themselves, law in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Council for Refugees v R,'' 2007 FC 1262 (CanLII), [2008] 3 FCR 606, par. 208, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1tz0l#par208&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-22 (decision overturned at the Federal Court of Appeal on other grounds).&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal noted as much in ''Rahaman v. Canada'', holding:&lt;blockquote&gt;in Article 35 of the Geneva Convention the signatory states undertake to co-operate with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in the performance of its functions and, in particular, to facilitate the discharge of its duty of supervising the application of the Convention. Accordingly, considerable weight should be given to recommendations of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme on issues relating to refugee determination and protection that are designed to go some way to fill the procedural void in the Convention itself.&lt;ref&gt;''Rahaman v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration,'' 2002 ACWSJ Lexis 1026 (Can. FCA, Mar. 1, 2002), per. Evan’s J.A.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This holding is consistent with caselaw in Britain that UNHCR’s guidance concerning the interpretation and application of the Refugee Convention “should be accorded considerable weight”.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Sirri v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2012] UKSC 54; [2013] 1 AC 745, para 36.&lt;/ref&gt; The UK Supreme Court has held that “the accumulated and unrivalled expertise of this organisation, its experience in working with governments throughout the world, the development, promotion and enforcement of procedures of high standard and consistent decision-making in the field of refugee status determinations must invest its decisions with considerable authority”.&lt;ref&gt;''IA (Iran) v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2014] UKSC 6; [2014] 1 WLR 384, para 44.&lt;/ref&gt;

That said, there is no requirement that panels of the Board expressly mention UNHCR guidelines in their reasons.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1410 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jlcdb#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-02.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the UNHCR's supervisory role does not include a mandate to provide an authoritative interpretation of the Refugee Convention.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Jane McAdam, ‘Interpretation of the 1951 Convention’ in Andreas Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2011) at page 79.&lt;/ref&gt; Accordingly, the UNHCR can only issue ''guidance'' on the Convention's interpretation. In the words of the Federal Court of Appeal from ''Jayasekara v Canada'', UNHCR’s statements &quot;cannot override the functions of the Court in determining the words of the Convention.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Jayasekara v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FCA 404, at para. 39.&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, there are also a multitude of pronouncements emanating from the UNHCR, with different levels of persuasiveness. Specifically, English jurisprudence persuasive holds that pronouncements of the UNHCR Executive Committee have been held to warrant greater weight than publications merely penned by UNHCR staff, such as the “Guidelines on International Protection” issued by the UNHCR’s Department of International Protection.&lt;ref&gt;''Secretary of State for the Home Department v. MA (Somalia),'' [2018] EWCA Civ 994 (Eng. CA, May 2, 2018).&lt;/ref&gt; That said, even the UNHCR Executive Committee Conclusions are not binding on States, even if they may be instructive in interpreting and applying the 1951 Convention.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;
==== Responsibility sharing and burden sharing between states are fundamental principles of the ''Refugee Convention'' ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. This provision reflects the importance of &quot;burden sharing&quot; and &quot;responsibility sharing&quot; in the refugee regime. It is said that the Refugee Convention is based on two principles: ''non-refoulement'', the rule that asylum seekers cannot be turned away or forced to return to their countries of origin; and ''responsibility sharing'', the idea that member nations should share the costs, labour, and risks of refugee aid.&lt;ref&gt;Mai-Linh K. Hong (2020) ''Navigating the Global Refugee Regime: Law, Myth, Story'', Amerasia Journal, DOI: 10.1080/00447471.2020.1776571, page 3.&lt;/ref&gt; While the first principle is explicitly outlined in the operative clauses of the Convention, the second is implicit in the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'', which reads:&lt;ref&gt;Srobana Bhattacharya, Bidisha Biswas, ''International Norms of Asylum and Burden-Sharing: A Case Study of Bangladesh and the Rohingya Refugee Population'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 December 2020, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa122 at page 3.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The High Contracting parties, ... considering that the grant of asylum may place unduly heavy burdens on certain countries, and that a satisfactory solution of a problem of which the United Nations has recognized the international scope and nature cannot therefore be achieved without international co-operation, ... have agreed as follows: ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;James Hathaway writes in ''The Law of Refugee Status'' that burden sharing was historically one of the core motivations for the ''Refugee Convention'': &lt;blockquote&gt;... the majority of the states that drafted the Convention sought to create a rights regime conducive to the redistribution of the post-war refugee burden from European shoulders. The Europeans complained that they had been forced to cope with the bulk of the human displacement caused by the Second World War, and that the time had come for all members of the United Nations to contribute to the resettlement of both the remaining war refugees and the influx of refugees from the Soviet bloc. Refugees would be more inclined to move beyond Europe if there were guarantees that their traditional expectations in terms of rights and benefits would be respected abroad. The Convention, then, was designed to create secure conditions such as would facilitate the sharing of the European refugee burden.&lt;ref&gt;James C Hathaway, ''The Law of Refugee Status'', Markham, Ont: Butterworths, 1991, at 6-11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Today, most refugees reside not in Europe, but in low-income states; the world’s six richest countries host under 10% of the world’s refugee population, while 80% of the world’s refugee population live in countries neighbouring their own.&lt;ref&gt;Srobana Bhattacharya, Bidisha Biswas, ''International Norms of Asylum and Burden-Sharing: A Case Study of Bangladesh and the Rohingya Refugee Population'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 December 2020, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa122 at page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; The majority of these countries are low-income ones, with significant resource and governance challenges of their own.&lt;ref&gt;Srobana Bhattacharya, Bidisha Biswas, ''International Norms of Asylum and Burden-Sharing: A Case Study of Bangladesh and the Rohingya Refugee Population'', Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 December 2020, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa122 at page 2.&lt;/ref&gt; As an example, Canada has welcomed 1,088,015 refugees since 1980&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR Canada, ''Refugees in Canada'', Data to 2017 &lt;https://www.unhcr.ca/in-canada/refugees-in-canada/&gt; (Accessed December 26, 2020). &lt;/ref&gt; through both the resettlement and in-Canada asylum processes. Between 1979 and 2018, a total of 707,421 refugees were resettled to Canada, including 313,401 refugees who came through the private sponsorship program, 385,014 through the Government-Assisted Refugee program, and 9,006 through the Blended Visa Office Referred (BVOR) program.&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 155.&lt;/ref&gt; The remainder came through the in-Canada asylum system. All together, these refugee numbers represent about 3% of the current Canadian population. In comparison, Jordan today hosts refugees equivalent to 9% of its current population and Lebanon hosts refugees equivalent to more than 20% of its current population, all with substantially fewer financial resources than Canada has.&lt;ref&gt;World Bank, ''Refugee population by country or territory of asylum,'' 2019 &lt;https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.REFG&gt; (Accessed December 26, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

Responsibility sharing, as a concept, has been said to refer to the 'sharing' of people, while burden sharing refers to the sharing of financial resources and other costs related to refugees.&lt;ref&gt;Julian M. Lehmann, A''t the crossroads: The 1951 Geneva Convention today'', in Satvinder S. Juss, ''Research Handbook on International Refugee Law'', 2019. Edward Elgar Publishing: Northampton, Massachusetts, page 9.&lt;/ref&gt; These principles have a number of implications. First, it is to this end that the UNHCR Executive Committee has encouraged states to continue to promote, where relevant, regional initiatives for refugee protection and durable solutions.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR Executive Committee Conclusion N° 81(k), 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has noted that &quot;in principle, international refugee law does not confer upon refugees the right to choose their country of asylum&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Mohamed v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 1997 CanLII 16302 (FC), 127 FTR 241 at 4.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court also notes that international refugee law &quot;does not authorize their irregular movement between successive countries solely in order to benefit from more favourable conditions.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; The Federal Court has also cited with approval the UNHCR document ''Guidance on Responding to Irregular Onward Movement of Refugees and Asylum-seekers'' (2019) which includes a related discussion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; One manifestation of this principle in the IRPA is through the responsibility sharing arrangement between the &quot;Five Eyes&quot; countries established by s. 101(c.1) of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/100-102 - Examination of Eligibility to Refer Claim]].

All this said, under international law refugees are under no obligation to apply for asylum in any particular state at any specific stage of their flight from danger.&lt;ref&gt;Idil Atak, Zainab Abu Alrob, Claire Ellis, Expanding refugee ineligibility: Canada’s response to secondary refugee movements, Journal of Refugee Studies, 14 December 2020, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/jrs/feaa103&lt;/nowiki&gt; at page 13.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, the 1951 Convention at the time of its adoption was seen as an instrument of responsibility sharing and, to this end, binding obligations upon states were considered a requirement for effective international cooperation, as well as more equal commitments and sharing of responsibility with regard to refugee problems.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, £260 hb. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, at p. 40 (para. 1).&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, in-country asylum systems have come to be seen as durable methods of responsibility sharing. Shauna Labman writes about the comparative &quot;fragility and vulnerability&quot; of state resettlement programs in contrast to asylum when she notes the fact that politicians have more control over resettlement levels than they do asylum numbers, and in fact resettlement programs can simply disappear.&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 46.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Canada does not have a binding legal obligation to accept refugees from abroad for resettlement]]. In contrast, the “non-refoulement” rule has been called &quot;the only binding principle for allocating refugee responsibilities in international law&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Philipp Lutz, Anna Stünzi, Stefan Manser-Egli, ''Responsibility-Sharing in Refugee Protection: Lessons from Climate Governance'', International Studies Quarterly, 25 February 2021, https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqab016&lt;/ref&gt;

==== States should do everything in their power to prevent the problem of refugees from becoming a cause of tension between states ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. This provision can be seen to reflect the preamble to the ''Refugee Convention'', which reads:&lt;blockquote&gt;The High Contracting parties, ... expressing the wish that all States, recognizing the social and humanitarian nature of the problem of refugees, will do everything within their power to prevent this problem from becoming a cause of tension between States, ... have agreed as follows: ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Relatedly, in 1967, the UN General Assembly adopted a ''Declaration on Territorial Asylum'' directed toward States. The Declaration states that granting asylum is a peaceful and humanitarian act that cannot be regarded as unfriendly by any other State.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR and Inter-Parliamentary Union, ''Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law'', &lt;https://www.academia.edu/36070452/REFUGEE_PROTECTION_A_Guide_to_International_Refugee_Law?email_work_card=view-paper&gt; (Accessed December 13, 2020), page 15.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, the modern refugee regime can be seen as one institution that supports the stability of states and their borders in that it provides a mechanism for individuals to be recognized after they cross a border and arguably may thereby reduce calls for borders to be reconfigured to reflect shifting ethnic or political differences.&lt;ref&gt;Haddad, E. (2008). The Refugee in International Society: Between Sovereigns (Cambridge Studies in International Relations). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511491351, page 137.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The Act should be interpreted in a way that prevents the possibility of “refugees in orbit” ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. Canada’s Senate, in amending relevant bills, has been said to have tried to ensure that the safe third country provisions in the IRPA do not result in “refugees in orbit”, refugees forced to travel from country to country in search of protection.&lt;ref&gt;David Matas with Ilana Simon, Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection, Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-920197-81-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 161.&lt;/ref&gt; There are different definitions of what this term means. 

The classic &quot;refugees in orbit&quot; were the Jews of antiquity, being admitted to many states on a temporary basis, but securing permanent residence in none. In Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut's words, Christian Europe dubbed them &quot;the wandering Jew&quot; and treated them in accordance with what such otherness implied:&lt;blockquote&gt;
Wanderers seemed to be a natural part of the human landscape; they arrived, stayed and often departed. As long as they were &quot;other&quot; and not allowed to integrate, they presented no political danger. They were simply there to be utilized, and could be discarded when they were of no further use. They had no right to permanent settlement and in a sense remained &quot;refugees in orbit&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, pages 44-45.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
In this way, refugees in orbit may be those who have been displaced and moving - some constantly, some intermittently - for years, even decades or generations.&lt;ref&gt;Siobhán McGuirk, Adrienne Pine, eds., ''Asylum for Sale: Profit and Protest in the Migration Industry'', PM Press: 2020, ISBN: 9781629637822, page 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Audrey Macklin provides a more contemporary example of the &quot;refugees in orbit&quot; concept, stating that a “refugee in orbit” situation is constituted when:&lt;blockquote&gt;Country A designates country B as a safe third country, thereby entitling country A to refuse to adjudicate the claim of an asylum seeker who arrived in country A via country B. However, in the absence of a readmission agreement, country B may refuse to re-admit the asylum seeker, and send the person to country C, who may in turn bounce the person concerned to country D, and so on.&lt;ref&gt;Audrey Macklin, “Disappearing Refugees: Reflections on the Canada-US Safe Third Country Agreement” (2005) 36 Colum HRL Rev 365 at 373-74.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The phrase and concept of refugees &quot;in orbit&quot; was a common one when the Safe Third Country Agreement provisions were being enacted in Canada's immigration legislation in the 1980s. Specifically, the Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, which examined Bill C-55 in 1988, indicated that they had concerns about the safety involved in the 'safe country' provision of that bill. As Alan Nash describes, it was felt that the bill provided no formal mechanism to examine the fate of people to be returned to the safe third country. Individuals might easily be sent elsewhere by the country, perhaps leading to ''refoulement'' and jeopardizing their lives. The Senate Committee therefore proposed an amendment that would have provided for return to a safe third country only if a Refugee Division member and an adjudicator at an inquiry were convinced that the safe country would be willing to receive the claimant or to determine the individual's claim on its merits. In their view, this would have minimized the danger that asylum-seekers would be put &quot;into orbit&quot; or sent to another country.&lt;ref&gt;Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 56.&lt;/ref&gt; While this recommendation was not accepted, measures were ultimately instituted to prevent this problem. For more details, see [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159 - Safe Third Countries]], and in particular Article 3 of the Safe Third Country Agreement, which exists to prevent this.  

Also of note, Article 33(1) of the Refugee Convention has long been interpreted as prohibiting not only the direct return of refugees to the country where they fear persecution, but also their indirect return via a third country.&lt;ref&gt;''R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex p Bugdaycay'' [1987] AC 514, 532.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/115-116 - Principle of Non-refoulement]]. 

==== The Act should be interpreted in a way that is coherent with interpretations by other states party to the Convention ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and foreign states. Grey argues that the claim of an individual seeking refugee protection is addressed not to the country of refuge as such, but to that country as a representative of the international community.&lt;ref&gt;Colin Grey, Cosmopolitan Pariahs: The Moral Rationale for Exclusion under Article 1F, ''International Journal of Refugee Law'', 2024, eeae025, &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae025&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, the IRPA should be interpreted in a way that avoids fragmentary jurisprudence which undermines the coherence of the international protection system.&lt;ref&gt;Mathilde Crepin, ''The Notion of Persecution in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its Relevance for the Protection Needs of Refugees in the 21st Century,'' Dissertation, King’s College London, 2019, &lt;https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/&gt; (Accessed August 1, 2020), at page 70 of document’s pagination.&lt;/ref&gt; Courts in the UK have phrase this obligation thusly: &quot;in principle there can only be one true interpretation of a treaty&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;''R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex p Adan'' [2001] 2 AC 477, 516 (Lord Steyn).&lt;/ref&gt; As such, decisions from the UK frequently stress that each State &quot;must search, untrammelled by notions of its national legal culture, for the true autonomous and international meaning of the treaty&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; For the same reason, decisions in Canada frequently canvass jurisprudence from other countries when interpreting the meaning of the Refugee Convention and the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;See, e.g., ''Ezokola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 SCC 40 (CanLII), [2013] 2 SCR 678, paras. 69-77, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/fzq5z#par69&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; This is appropriate given that, in the words of the Plaut report that preceded the establishment of the IRB, &quot;whether or not a person is a refugee is a question which is not so much one of Canada law; rather, it belongs to the realm of international definition and justice.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted 28 July 1951, entered into force 22 April 1954) 189 UNTS 137 (Refugee Convention), Article 32.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]].

==== The Act should be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and non-governmental organizations like the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants ====
Section 3(3)(c) of the Act provides that this statute is to be construed and applied in a manner that facilitates cooperation between the Government of Canada and non-governmental organizations. Some of the central non-governmental organizations in the Canadian immigration sphere are the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants and Canada's provincial law societies. As such, the Board should strive to construe and apply the IRPA in a way that facilitates cooperation with those bodies. Issues of this sort can arise where an individual is providing legal advice for consideration without being a member in good standing of such a body and where a member of such a body is acting beyond their allowed scope of practice. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/91-91.1 - Representation or Advice#IRPA Sections 91-91.1]].

=== IRPA Section 3(3)(d) - The Act is to be applied in a manner that complies with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms ===
&lt;pre&gt;Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(d) ensures that decisions taken under this Act are consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, including its principles of equality and freedom from discrimination and of the equality of English and French as the official languages of Canada;&lt;/pre&gt;

==== The fact that Charter rights are at play in Board proceedings means that the extent of procedural fairness owed to claimants is high ====
The Federal Court of Appeal has stated that “The independence of the Board, its adjudicative procedure and functions, and the fact that its decisions affect the Charter rights of claimants, indicate that the content of the duty of fairness owed by the Board, including the duty of impartiality, falls at the high end of the continuum of procedural fairness.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; This obligation arises not only from Canada’s domestic administrative law, but also from Canada’s international commitments and obligations. The Refugee Convention provides that the expulsion of a refugee ‘shall be only in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with due process of law’.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; In ''Agiza v. Sweden'', the UN Committee against Torture found that article 3 of the CAT carries with it an implicit right to an ‘effective, independent and impartial review of a decision to expel’.&lt;ref&gt;UN doc CAT/C/34/D/233/2003 (20 May 2005).&lt;/ref&gt; The Board's duty of fairness is also said to be heightened when it is dealing with self-represented claimants: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]]. 

That said, while this is the common law rule, the extent of procedural fairness in the refugee process has been set out by provisions of the IRPA in many situations and the court notes that &quot;these statutory requirements govern notwithstanding any common law rule.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Mohammed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 713 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4jc6#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings]].

==== Charter issues should generally be raised before the Division ====
Under most circumstances in the immigration context an applicant is required to raise Charter issues before the relevant administrative tribunal within the respective proceeding. In the present context, for example, the IRB is competent to address Charter issues. If unsuccessful, the claimant would then be able seek leave for judicial review of that decision before the Federal Court.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), ''Report on the Situation of Human Rights of Asylum Seekers Within the Canadian Refugee Determination System'', 2000, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.106, Doc. 40 rev. (2000), available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/50ceedc72.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 18 August 2020], para. 86.&lt;/ref&gt; For further discussion on this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 66 - Notice of Constitutional Question]].

==== Decisions taken under this Act are to be consistent with the principles of equality and freedom from discrimination ====
Section 3(3)(d) of the IRPA provides that the Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that ensures that decisions taken under the Act are consistent with the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'', including its principles of equality and freedom from discrimination. This provision tracks the obligation in Article 3 of the ''Refugee Convention'', which provides that the &quot;Contracting States shall apply the provisions of this Convention to refugees without discrimination as to race, religion or country of origin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;UN General Assembly, ''Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees'', 28 July 1951, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, p. 137, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3be01b964.html [accessed 25 April 2021].&lt;/ref&gt; 

One can observe a transformation over the past century in the nature of international migration, including that it has an increasingly multiethnic and global character. When the 1951 ''Refugee Convention'' was being negotiated, it had a primarily European orientation, and the prospect of refugees coming in significant numbers from further afield was thought to be nil. For example, the UK delegate to the conference of plenipotentiaries that negotiated the 1951 Convention, asserted there that &quot;[the risk of European states facing] a vast influx of Arab refugees was too small to be worth taking into account.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Krause, U. Colonial roots of the 1951 Refugee Convention and its effects on the global refugee regime. ''J Int Relat Dev'' (2021). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-020-00205-9 at page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; This thinking about the makeup and source of refugees seeking asylum has shifted dramatically to the point where today it is recognized that most refugees are in low income countries and that individuals claim asylum in Canada against countries throughout the world. Indeed, it can be observed that while “asylum seeker” is not on its face or ''de jure'' a racial category, in the contemporary Canadian migration regime, it is a ''de facto'' racialized category, comprised largely of non-White persons.&lt;ref&gt;Achiume, E. Tendayi. “Digital Racial Borders.” AJIL Unbound, vol. 115, 2021, pp. 333–338., doi:10.1017/aju.2021.52.&lt;/ref&gt;

Board Members are to exercise their discretion without discrimination or reliance on stereotype, as doing so, in the words of the Federal Court, “reveals a level of ignorance and prejudice which is not only unusual in general, but is particularly astonishing on the part of a decision maker who is in a position to adjudicate sensitive claims.”&lt;ref&gt;''Herrera v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 FC 1233.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#Where a member pursues questioning with a discriminatory attitude]].

==== Decisions taken under this Act are to be consistent with the equality of English and French as the official languages of Canada ====
Section 3(3)(d) of the Act states that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that ensures that decisions taken under this Act are consistent with the Canadian Chart of Rights and Freedoms, including its principle of the equality of English ad French as the official languages of Canada. For a discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Language of proceedings]].

=== IRPA Section 3(3)(f) - The Act is to be applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory ===
&lt;pre&gt;Application
(3) This Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that
(f) complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory.&lt;/pre&gt;

==== In general, in Canada legislation should be presumed to conform to international law ====
Canada is what is referred to as a &quot;dualist state&quot; in that international law and municipal law are treated as separate spheres of law. As such, in order for international obligations undertaken by the state by way of treaty to form part of the national law, these international law rules have to be transformed into national law rules through the use of enabling legislation.&lt;ref&gt;Statement applies ''mutatis mutandis'' to Canada, and is derived from E Macharia-Mokobi, J Pfumorodze, ''Advancing refugee protection in Botswana through improved refugee status determination'', African Human Rights Law Journal 13 (1), 01-26, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1996-20962013000100008&amp;script=sci_arttext&amp;tlng=es&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed February 5, 2021), page 166.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, it is a well-established principle of statutory interpretation that legislation will be presumed to conform to international law.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Hape,'' 2007 SCC 26 (CanLII), [2007] 2 SCR 292, par. 53, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1rq5n#par53&gt;, retrieved on 2020-09-03.&lt;/ref&gt; The presumption of conformity is based on the rule of judicial policy that, as a matter of law, courts will strive to avoid constructions of domestic law pursuant to which the state would be in violation of its international obligations, unless the wording of the statute clearly compels that result.&lt;ref&gt;R. Sullivan, ''Sullivan and Driedger on the Construction of Statutes'' (4th ed. 2002), at p. 422.&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada articulated this rule in ''Baker v. Canada'' when it adopted the following statement from ''Driedger on the Construction of Statutes:''&lt;blockquote&gt;[T]he legislature is presumed to respect the values and principles enshrined in international law, both customary and conventional. These constitute a part of the legal context in which legislation is enacted and read. In so far as possible, therefore, interpretations that reflect these values and principles are preferred.&lt;ref&gt;''Baker v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1999 CanLII 699 (SCC), [1999] 2 SCR 817, par. 70, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1fqlk#par70&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==== International human rights instruments are determinative of the meaning of IRPA, in the absence of a clear legislative intent to the contrary ====
Section 3(3)(f) of the IRPA goes beyond the general principle of statutory interpretation described above. When interpreting any provision of IRPA, account must be had of Canada’s international human rights obligations and provisions should be interpreted in a manner consistent with Canada’s international obligations, where possible. In ''de Guzman v. Canada'' the court commented that the words “shall be construed and applied in a manner that complies with …” are mandatory and appear to direct courts to give the international human rights instruments in question more than persuasive or contextual significance in the interpretation of IRPA. By providing that IRPA “is to be” interpreted and applied in a manner that complies with the prescribed instruments, paragraph 3(3)(f), if interpreted literally, makes them determinative of the meaning of IRPA, in the absence of a clear legislative intent to the contrary.&lt;ref&gt;''De Guzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2005] F.C.J. No. 2119 at para. 75 (F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; As Bastarache J. held in ''Pushpanathan,'' the &quot;overarching and clear human rights object and purpose is the background against which interpretation of individual provisions must take place&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Pushpanathan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [1998] 1 SCR 982 (Supreme Court of Canada).&lt;/ref&gt; That said, unambiguous provisions of the IRPA must be given effect even if they are contrary to Canada’s international obligations or international law.&lt;ref&gt;''Németh v. Canada (Justice),'' 2010 SCC 56, [2010] 3 S.C.R. 281 at para. 35.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sharryn Aiken, et. al., write in ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary'' that there was considerable excitement in migrant advocacy circles regarding para 3(3)(f) of the IRPA stating that the Act is to be construed in a manner that &quot;complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory.&quot; They note that this provision seemed to provide a potential shortcut for direct access to international human rights principles.&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 307.&lt;/ref&gt; However, on the basis of the Federal Court of Appeal's decision ''de Guzman v. Canada'' those authors conclude that &quot;The ''de Guzman'' decision ensured that para 3(3)(f) is understood to reflect existing Canadian law with respect to international obligations and therefore to be essentially meaningless window dressing that adds nothing new to the interpretive framework for Canadian immigration law.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 309.&lt;/ref&gt;

That said, the courts have held that one of the effects of this provision is to mandate immigration adjudicators to consider relevant international law, including the principle of ''non-refoulement'', regardless of whether or not this has been raised as an argument by the parties.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 52, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par52&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Regard should be had to international human rights instruments that Canada is signatory to, whether or not Canada has ratified them ====
In ''de Guzman v. Canada'' the court commented that the sources of international law described in paragraph 3(3)(f) comprise some that are binding on Canada in international law, and some that are not. The paragraph applies to instruments to which Canada is signatory. At international law, an instrument is not legally binding on a signatory State until it has also ratified it, unless the instrument provides that it is binding when signed. Signature normally evinces an intention to be bound in the future, although it may also impose an immediate obligation on the signatory not to take measures to undermine the agreement.&lt;ref&gt;''De Guzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2005] F.C.J. No. 2119 at para. 76 (F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt;

Being a signatory to a treaty has a particular meaning in international law, in that it is usually a step prior to a party becoming a party to the treaty. Article 18(a) of the ''Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties'' provides that &quot;A State is obliged to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty when: (a) It has signed the treaty or has exchanged instruments constituting the treaty subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, until it shall have made its intention clear not to become a party to the treaty; ...&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; That said, it is apparent that the instruments appropriately covered by this provision are not limited to instruments which Canada has signed, but not ratified. The Supreme Court of Canada has noted, for example, that the Refugee Convention itself is among the instruments appropriately referred to by this provision. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The refugee system is inextricably linked with the concept of human rights]].

==== What are the international human rights instruments to which Canada is a signatory? ====
As the Federal Court of Appeal has noted, the IRPA &quot;does not list, let alone set out the text of, the measures to which paragraph 3(3)(f) applies.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;''de Guzman v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2005 FCA 436 (CanLII), [2006] 3 FCR 655, par. 58, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1m8q8#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; It went on to note that the phrase &quot;international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory&quot; is &quot;far from self-defining&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada has noted that the Refugee Convention itself is among the instruments appropriately referred to by this provision, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The refugee system is inextricably linked with the concept of human rights]].

The Department of Justice provides the following list, ''International Human Rights Treaties to which Canada is a Party'', which may also serve to inform an interpretation of this provision:&lt;ref&gt;Government of Canada Department of Justice, ''International Human Rights Treaties to which Canada is a Party'', Date modified: 2019-07-30, &lt;https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/abt-apd/icg-gci/ihrl-didp/tcp.html&gt; (Accessed April 17, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

* Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1952)
* International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1970)
* International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1976)
* International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (1976)
** Optional Protocol to the &lt;abbr&gt;ICCPR&lt;/abbr&gt; (complaint mechanism) (1976)
** Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty (2005)
* Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (1981)
** Optional Protocol to &lt;abbr&gt;CEDAW&lt;/abbr&gt; (complaint mechanism) (2002)
* Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1987)
* Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1991)
** Optional Protocol to the &lt;abbr&gt;CRC&lt;/abbr&gt; on the Involvement of Children in armed conflict (2000)
** Optional Protocol to the CRC on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (2005)
* Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2010)
** Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2018)
A number of additional treaties could by added to this list, including:

* The International Labour Organization ''Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention'' (ILO Convention No. 182)
* The International Labour Organization ''Minimum Age Convention'' (ILO Convention No. 138)
* The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
* The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime
* The phrase &quot;international human rights instruments&quot; could be taken to include regional instruments in the Inter-American system that Canada has signed. Canada is not a party to the ''American Convention on Human Rights''. Nevertheless, as a member of the Organization of American States, it is bound by the terms of the ''American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man'' (“American Declaration”).&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: 1772556319, at page 320.&lt;/ref&gt; This instrument specifies the fundamental rights to which each person is entitled, and which each member state of the Organization of American States (OAS), like Canada, is bound to uphold. The OAS Charter and the American Declaration are a source of legal obligations applicable to Canada.&lt;ref&gt;IACtHR, Advisory Opinion OC-10/89 of July 14, 1989, &quot;Interpretation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man within the Framework of Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights,&quot; Ser. A No. 10, paras. 45-46.&lt;/ref&gt; Canada has also ratified several other inter-American human rights treaties, including the ''Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Political Rights to Women''&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Political Rights to Women (A-44), 2 May 1948, Can TS 1991 No 29, OASTS No 3 (entered into force 29 December 1954). &lt;/ref&gt; and the ''Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Civil Rights to Women''.&lt;ref&gt;Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Civil Rights to Women (A-45), 2 May 1948, Can TS 1991 No 30, OASTS No 23 (entered into force in Canada 23 October 1991). &lt;/ref&gt;
* The Geneva Conventions I, II, III, and IV and Protocols I, II, and III may be added to this list, but see the following commentary on international humanitarian law.
Regard may also be had to Canada's ''United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act'', which affirms &quot;the Declaration as a universal international human rights instrument with application in Canadian law&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act'', SC 2021, c 14, s 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/b9q3#sec4&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

One of the rationales for applying the IRPA in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory is that the Minister can examine ‘interim measures requests’ to refrain from removing foreign nationals. Such requests can be issued by the bodies of four international human rights treaties to which Canada is signatory: the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; the Convention Against Torture; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man.&lt;ref&gt;Ahouga, Y. (2024) “Legal and Policy Infrastructures of Returns in Canada. WP2 Country Dossier” in ''GAPs: De-centring the Study of Migrant Returns and Readmission Policies in Europe and Beyond''. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10836598, page 16.&lt;/ref&gt;  

When attempting to interpret this term, regard may be had of the interpretation that the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights has given to its constituting protocol, which gives it jurisdiction over the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights as well as &quot;any other relevant Human Rights instrument ratified by the states concerned.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;African Union, ''Protocol to the African Charter on Human And Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights'', June 10, 1998, &lt;https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36393-treaty-0019_-_protocol_to_the_african_charter_on_human_and_peoplesrights_on_the_establishment_of_an_african_court_on_human_and_peoples_rights_e.pdf&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; That court has provided significant interpretation of this similar phrase, including how instruments can have certain provisions that are human rights ones and other provisions that are not human rights ones.  

For some of the above Conventions, it is unambiguous that the IRPA is to be interpreted in conformity with provisions of them; the statute includes an excerpt from the ''Convention against Torture'', for instance: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/2-3 - Definitions, objectives, and application of the IRPA]].  

See also the provision of the IRPA regarding ''non-refoulement'' and how that concept relates to some of the above instruments: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/115-116 - Principle of Non-refoulement#Section 115 of the IRPA prohibits refoulement to persecution for a Convention reason, torture, or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment, subject to exceptions]].  

==== This provision may not apply to international humanitarian law instruments and texts which are not signed ====
Section 3(3)(f) of the IRPA provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. This arguably excludes a number of types of instruments, including: 

* &lt;u&gt;Instruments that are not human rights instruments, but are instead humanitarian law instruments:&lt;/u&gt; Canada has signed the Geneva Conventions I, II, III, and IV and Protocols I, II, and III. These may be relevant to refugee determinations. For example, the ''Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949)'', which at Art. 45, para. 4 prohibits transferring a protected person &quot;to a country where he or she may have reason to fear persecution for his or her political opinions or religious beliefs.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR, ''Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law'', &lt;https://www.academia.edu/36070452/REFUGEE_PROTECTION_A_Guide_to_International_Refugee_Law?email_work_card=view-paper&gt; (Accessed December 13, 2020), page 14.&lt;/ref&gt; However, this instrument forms part of international humanitarian law, not international human rights law, and thus may be argued not to fall within the ambit of IRPA s. 3(3)(f). For example, the International Law Commission has generally distinguished between the two areas of law.&lt;ref&gt;International Law Commission, ''Draft articles on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties, with commentaries,'' 2011, &lt;https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/1_10_2011.pdf&gt;, at annex (page 2).&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Instruments that are not signed:&lt;/u&gt; For example, the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not a treaty, but instead an unenforceable, non-binding (yet aspirational) resolution of the United Nations General Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;UNGA Res. 217A(III), adopted Dec. 10, 1948&lt;/ref&gt; By its terms the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was not designed to describe binding obligations by only a 'common standard of achievement', as stated in the preamble to the declaration.&lt;ref&gt;The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary. Edited by Andreas Zimmermann. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, ''Preamble 1951 Convention'', by Alleweldt, at p. 232 (para. 28).&lt;/ref&gt; As such, given that this document was not signed, and as such countries cannot be said to be signatories to this declaration, it should not be regarded as one of the instruments contemplated by s. 3(3)(f) of the IRPA.
* &lt;u&gt;Customary international law:&lt;/u&gt; While there are other cannons of interpretation that read Canadian legislation in conformity with customary international law, such an interpretation would appear not to be required by this provision on its own terms. As such, while the UK Supreme Court has observed that &quot;it may be that the principle of ''non-refoulement'' forms part of customary international law&quot;, that fact, if true, is not in itself germane to this provision of the IRPA.&lt;ref&gt;''R (on the application of AAA and others) (Respondents/Cross Appellants) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant/Cross Respondent),'' [2023] UKSC 42, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2023-0093-etc-judgment.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, para. 25.&lt;/ref&gt; But see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#In general, in Canada legislation should be presumed to conform to international law]].

==== The refugee system is inextricably linked with the concept of human rights ====
Section 3(3)(f) of the Act provides that it is to be construed and applied in a manner that complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that the ''Refugee Convention'' itself should be considered a “human rights instrument”, within the meaning of s. 3(3)(f) of the Act:&lt;blockquote&gt;s. 3(3)(''f'') instructs courts to construe and apply the ''IRPA'' in a manner that “complies with international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory”. There can be no doubt that the ''Refugee Convention'' is such an instrument, building as it does on the right of persons to seek and to enjoy asylum from persecution in other countries as set out in art. 14 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''.&lt;ref&gt;''B010 v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 SCC 58 (CanLII), [2015] 3 SCR 704, par. 49, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gm8wn#par49&gt;, retrieved on 2021-04-25.&lt;/ref&gt; [internal citations omitted]&lt;/blockquote&gt;In addition, the ''Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'' is also considered to be an international human rights instrument.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Weldemariam,'' 2024 FCA 69 (CanLII), at para 54, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k419v#par54&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt; 

This is consistent with the practice of other courts. The preamble to the Convention itself notes that &quot;The High Contracting parties, considering that the United Nations has, on various occasions, manifested its profound concern for refugees and endeavoured to assure refugees the widest possible exercise of these fundamental rights and freedoms, ... have agreed as follows:&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Brennan CJ of the High Court of Australia relied on this preamble when making the following comment about the ''Refugee Convention'': &quot;the preamble places the Convention among the international instruments that have as their object and purpose the protection of the equal enjoyment by every person of fundamental rights and freedoms.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Applicant A v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs'' (n 86) 231–232 (per Brennan CJ).&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018 the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an Advisory Opinion entitled “The Institution Of Asylum And Its Recognition As a Human Right In The Inter-American System Of Protection” which concluded that asylum is a human right.&lt;ref&gt;Advisory Opinion OC-25/18, as cited in Esraa Adnan Fangary, ''A Peculiar Leap in the Protection of Asylum Seekers: The Inter-American Court of Human Rights' Jurisprudence on the Protection of Asylum Seekers'', The Age of Human Rights Journal, 16 (June 2021) pp. 31-53 ISSN: 2340-9592 DOI: 10.17561/tahrj.v16.6134 at page 35.&lt;/ref&gt; 

This is also consistent with the practice of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. UNHCR is said to have adopted this approach that sees the ''Refugee Convention'' as a part of human rights law and has pronounced that “the human rights base of the Convention roots it quite directly in the broader framework of human rights instruments of which it is an integral part.”&lt;ref&gt;Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press,  2014. Print.&lt;/ref&gt; The Commissioner himself has stated: &lt;blockquote&gt;The issue of human rights and the problems of refugees are so inextricably linked that it is hardly possible to discuss one without referring to the other. Human rights violations are a major cause of refugee flows and also a major obstacle to the solution of refugee problems through voluntary repatriation. More positively, safeguarding human rights is the best way to prevent conditions that force people to become refugees; respect for human rights is a key element in the protection of refugees in the country of asylum; and improved observance of human rights standards is often critical for the solution of refugee problems by enabling refugees to return safely home ...&lt;ref&gt;Address of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Sadako Ogata to the UN Commission on Human Rights, 1993, as cited in W. Gunther Plaut, ''Asylum: A Moral Dilemma'', Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995, page 88.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Furthermore, the weight of academic commentary places the ''Refugee Convention'' within the corpus of human rights instruments. McAdam argues that refugee law is a specialized area ''within'' human rights law.&lt;ref&gt;McAdam, J. 2010. Status anxiety: Complementary protection and the rights of non-convention refugees. ''University of New South Wales Faculty of Law Research Series'', working paper 1, University of New South Wales, Sydney.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Hathaway argues that refugee rights should be understood as a mechanism by which to answer situation-specific vulnerabilities that would otherwise deny refugees meaningful benefit of the more general system of human rights protection. In this way, he states, &quot;refugee rights do not exist as an alternative to, or in competition with, general human rights.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, James C. ''The Rights of Refugees under International Law''. 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2021, page 10.&lt;/ref&gt; 

This provision in the IRPA should be read in conjunction with section 3(2)(e) of the IRPA, which provides that the objectives of this Act with respect to refugees including upholding Canada’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all human beings. These legislative provisions speak to the way that the plight of refugees is inextricably linked with human rights violations. In the words of refugee lawyer David Matas, “the plight of refugees and human rights violations are not two problems, but different facets of the same problem. Human rights violations are at the root cause of mass exoduses.”&lt;ref&gt;David Matas with Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-920197-81-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 274.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#IRPA Section 3(2)(e) - Fair and efficient procedures that maintain integrity and uphold human rights]]. 

Finally, the fact that asylum is related to human rights does not preclude it from being a branch of other areas of law; in the words of the UK Supreme Court, asylum can perfectly naturally be regarded as an aspect of immigration law.&lt;ref&gt;''R (on the application of AAA and others) (Respondents/Cross Appellants) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Appellant/Cross Respondent),'' [2023] UKSC 42, &lt;https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2023-0093-etc-judgment.pdf&gt;, para. 133.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
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    <title>Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing</title>
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      <text bytes="213171" sha1="rkwr4rwv3rc0ffa471354qc7u6pllil" xml:space="preserve">The Supreme Court of Canada states that the principle that individuals affected by a decision should have the opportunity to present their case fully and fairly underlies the duty of procedural fairness and is rooted in the right to be heard.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Vavilov'', 2019 SCC 65 at para 127.&lt;/ref&gt; In short, parties are entitled to a reasonable opportunity to attend an oral hearing in the adjudication of a refugee claim and such hearings must be conducted fairly. The fair hearing requirement means that the people affected are given a reasonable opportunity to present their point of view and to respond to facts presented by others, and that the decision-maker will genuinely consider what each person has told them when making the decision. There is also a notice requirement to procedural fairness which means that the people affected by a decision must be told about the important issues and be given enough information to be able to participate meaningfully in the decision-making process.&lt;ref&gt;Ombudsman for Banking Services and Investments, ''Natural justice and procedural fairness at OBSI,'' &lt;https://www.obsi.ca/en/how-we-work/resources/Documents/Principles-of-Natural-Justice-in-Ombudsmanship.pdf&gt; (Accessed April 27, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; In considering whether a hearing was fair, the question is whether each party was able to fully and fairly present their case.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Vavilov'', 2019 SCC 65 at para 127.&lt;/ref&gt; The following are some of the considerations that emerge in this respect.

== The extent of the procedural fairness owed in refugee proceedings is high ==
For all refugee claimants, the stakes are high.&lt;ref&gt;''Dalirani v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 258, at para 31.&lt;/ref&gt; This fact, as well as the fact that Charter rights are at play in Board proceedings means that the extent of procedural fairness owed to claimants is high: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The fact that Charter rights are at play in Board proceedings means that the extent of procedural fairness owed to claimants is high]]. This is true as well for refugee vacation proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;''Ali v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1085 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5qq7#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has recognized that stakes may be even higher in proceedings under Article 1F(a), as they could result in a refugee claimant being labelled a “war criminal”.&lt;ref&gt;''Nooristani v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 99 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2cq4#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The general rule is that a duty of fairness applies, but this general rule will yield to clear statutory language or a necessary implication to the contrary where such language is constitutional.&lt;ref&gt;''Malambu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 763 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gmlcg#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== The Board must provide the parties with the opportunity to be heard ==

=== Notice of the hearing ===
A person affected by a decision has a right to be given adequate notice of the proceedings. The notice must be sufficient to enable preparation and presentation of the case. This requirement is enshrined in the IRPA: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 170(c) - Must notify the person who is the subject of the proceeding and the Minister of the hearing]]. A related principle is the provision of adjournments necessary to allow the preparation and presentation of one's case.&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 48.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Turning to the Minister, the Board must notify the Minister where the RPD rules require it, and this protects the Minister's right to be heard:

* Rule 26(1) of the RPD Rules stipulates that &quot;If the Division believes, before a hearing begins, that there is a possibility that section E or F of Article 1 of the Refugee Convention applies to the claim, the Division must without delay notify the Minister in writing and provide any relevant information to the Minister.&quot;
* Similarly, Rule 27(1) stipulates that &quot;If the Division believes, before a hearing begins, that there is a possibility that issues relating to the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system may arise from the claim ... the Division must without delay notify the Minister in writing and provide any relevant information to the Minister.&quot;

A failure on the part of the RPD to inform the Minister, as required, results in an unfair hearing where the Minister has a right to be involved and where the outcome of the claim could have been different as a result of the Minister’s involvement.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2014 CanLII 96668 (CA IRB).&lt;/ref&gt; See [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 26-28 - Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility]] for a more fulsome discussion of this issue.

=== Parties are entitled to the opportunity to attend an oral hearing ===
Section 170(e) of the Act states that the Refugee Protection Division, in any proceeding before it, must give the person and the Minister a reasonable opportunity to present evidence, question witnesses, and make representations. This provision relates to the right that parties have to be heard. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that fundamental justice requires an oral hearing when issues of credibility are being determined in the refugee context.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Minister of Employment &amp; Immigration),'' [1985] S.C.J. No. 11, [1985] 1 S.C.R. 177, 14 C.R.R. 13 (S.C.C.).&lt;/ref&gt; This hearing process must ensure that parties have an opportunity to present and respond to evidence and to make representations. This is consistent with guidance from the UNHCR that &quot;applicants undergoing individual RSD procedures must have the opportunity to present their claims in person&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination Under UNHCR's Mandate'', 26 August 2020, available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/5e870b254.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 5 September 2020], page 15.&lt;/ref&gt; However, this does not mean that all who claim refugee protection require an oral hearing; individuals whose claims are not referred to the IRB, for example those who already have protection elsewhere, are not seen to be so entitled.&lt;ref&gt;Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 77.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Where, for example, the Board prevents a party from speaking on multiple occasions during a hearing,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Siba v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2001] F.C.J. No. 1890, 229 F.T.R. 161 (F.C.T.D.).&lt;/ref&gt; denies a party a reasonable opportunity to cross-examine a witness,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Cheung v. Canada (Minister of Employment &amp; Immigration),'' [1981] F.C.J. No. 43, 122 D.L.R. (3d) 41 (F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; refuses to receive evidence,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Gonzalez v. Canada (Minister of Employment &amp; Immigration),'' [1991] F.C.J. No. 408, 14 Imm. L.R. (2d) 51 (F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; prevents a party from calling witnesses,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;''Konadu c. Canada (Minister of Employment &amp; Immigration),'' [1991] A.C.F. No. 330 (C.F.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; or refuses to hear submissions from a party,&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;''Gabor v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 150 (CanLII), at para 75, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm94x#par75&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-15.&lt;/ref&gt; this may amount to a denial of the right to be heard and to a breach of natural justice. However, regard must be had to the relevant rules on, say, calling witnesses and submitting documents and the discretion that the Board has in certain circumstances to refuse such evidence. For more detail on fairness considerations related to the manner of conducting the hearing, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Fairness considerations related to the manner of conducting the hearing]]. 

Furthermore, it must be recognized that the principles of procedural fairness do not provide an untrammelled right to be heard, but the right to a ''reasonable'' ''opportunity'' to be heard. Where a party does not take advantage of that opportunity, or their actions or omissions result in them being unable to do so, procedural fairness does not automatically give them the right to another opportunity to be heard.&lt;ref&gt;''Perez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1171, &lt;https://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/fc-cf/decisions/en/490416/1/document.do&gt;, para. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, this principle should not be interpreted to constrain the Board's procedural flexibility. The Board’s procedure &quot;should not be confined in a model of due process that draws exclusively on the judicial paradigm and discourages innovation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Kozak v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FCA 124 (CanLII), [2006] 4 FCR 377, para. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the IRB gender guidelines provide that &quot;when a party to a joint proceeding wishes to testify in the absence of a co-party, ... the request should be decided on a case-by-case basis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson’s Guideline 4: Gender Considerations in Proceedings Before the Immigration and Refugee Board'', ​Amended: October 31, 2023, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir04.aspx&gt; (Accessed November 2, 2023), para. 9.2.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Baig v. Canada'', the court upheld a decision that he RPD did not breach procedural fairness when it questioned an adult applicant in the absence of the minor applicant, since there was an explicit exchange about, and consent from, the principal applicant regarding the absence of the minor claimant while very sensitive issues were being discussed.&lt;ref&gt;''Baig, Kaleem Ullah v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-11022-22), Turley, October 19, 2023; 2023 FC 1388.&lt;/ref&gt; In that case, the RAD was held to be reasonable in finding that the RPD was alert and sensitive to ensuring the proceedings were conducted in accordance with the best interests of the child and with the then-''Chairperson Guideline 3: Child Refugee Claimants: Procedural and Evidentiary Issues''. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/164 - Presence of parties and use of telecommunications for hearings#A hearing may be conducted either in the presence of the person, or by live telecommunication, but not normally in their absence]]. 

=== A party is entitled to a hearing without unreasonable delay that causes serious prejudice ===
Fundamental justice may be violated when there is an unreasonable delay in hearing a claim that causes serious prejudice to the person concerned.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Parekh,'' [2010] F.C.J. No. 856, 2010 FC 692 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt; The law in Canada may provide relief where there is such an inordinate delay that it offends the community’s sense of fairness and amounts to an &quot;abuse of process&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Bernataviciute v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2019 FC 953 at para 34.&lt;/ref&gt; Decision makers have, as a corollary to their duty to act fairly, the power to assess allegedly abusive delay.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Relevant delays may arise either from the actions of a party (for example, where the Minister delays in bringing an application to vacate refugee status) as well as actions of the Board (where an application is properly made but the Board delays in setting the matter down for hearing). There is a three-part test for whether delay that does not affect hearing fairness nonetheless amounts to an abuse of process: 

# First, the delay must be inordinate;&lt;ref&gt;''Badran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1292 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrxw9#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Second, the delay itself must have directly caused significant prejudice; and
# When these two requirements are met, the court or tribunal should conduct a final assessment as to whether abuse of process is established. This will be so when the delay is manifestly unfair to a party to the litigation or in some other way brings the administration of justice into disrepute.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
The threshold for establishing abuse of process as a result of delay is high.&lt;ref&gt;''Badran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1292 (CanLII), at para 58, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrxw9#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 1) Inordinate delay ====
Whether the delay is inordinate is to be determined on an assessment of the context overall, including the nature and purpose of the proceedings, the length and causes of the delay, and the complexity of the facts and issues in the case.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Ati v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2022 FC 1626 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt97p#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-29&lt;/ref&gt;

When it comes to proceedings at the IRB's Immigration Division, the Federal Court has held that for delay to qualify as an abuse of process under particular provisions of the IRPA, any delay must have been part of an administrative or legal proceeding that was already under way, and where delay pre-dated the commencement of proceedings, it did not qualify as an abuse of process.&lt;ref&gt;''Pardo v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 1769 (CanLII), at para 41, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1zfd#par41&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt; While it used to,&lt;ref&gt;''Naimi v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1294 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6fbs#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; this rule does not any more apply to the RPD or RAD. Abuse of process ''may'' be alleged regarding delay prior to an application being made to the Board.&lt;ref&gt;''Naimi v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1294 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6fbs#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The RPD can decide whether it would be an abuse of process for it to hear an application in light of inordinate delay in bringing the application.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par43&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; This is because the RPD could bring the administration of justice into disrepute by proceeding with such a delayed application.&lt;ref&gt;''Naimi v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1294 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6fbs#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The Division can consider whether a party has delayed in bringing an application, for example whether the Minister has delayed in commencing vacation proceedings at the Board.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07. See also: ''Mella v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2019 FC 1587 (CanLII), par. 39, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/j3wnl#par39&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Ganeswaran v. Canada'', the RPD concluded that even without evidence or an allegation that the Minister was acting in bad faith or making some sort of calculated move, a period of approximately nine years before the Minister brought an application to vacate refugee status constituted delay that was unacceptable.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, the court in ''Ati v. Canada'' concluded that Mr. Ati had contributed to a six-year delay in his case with his inaccurate representations about his time spent in Iraq in both his permanent resident card renewal application and his citizenship application, and that this pointed against the delay being inordinate.&lt;ref&gt;Ati v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2022 FC 1626 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt97p#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-29&lt;/ref&gt; 

Abuse of process may also be alleged regarding delay in the Board scheduling a matter after an application was made. The Federal Court recognizes that, practically, a hearing cannot be convened as of the date when a claimant perfects their claim; there will always be some gap of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;''Vera v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 189 (CanLII), par. 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jdz99#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2021-04-21.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Seid v. Canada'', the court held that in assessing whether there was an abuse of process, the RPD can only consider the delay related to the administrative procedures before the RPD, not delay related to another process like the citizenship regime.&lt;ref&gt;''Seid v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2018 FC 1167.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Vera v. Canada'' the Federal Court concluded that a delay of about six years from the time the applicants sought refugee protection in Canada until the RPD initially heard and determined the matter did not meet this threshold.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Issues of delay may also arise where a decision has been made, but there is a delay in communicating it. In ''Singh,'' the Court found no breach of procedural fairness from a 21-month period between the date of the PRRA decision, and the date the decision was communicated.&lt;ref&gt;''Kalonji v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 897 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k56dg#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-23.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taking a comparative approach to the question of timeliness, the UNHCR core standards for due process in Refugee Status Determination prescribe that &quot;RSD applications must be processed in the most timely and efficient manner possible&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination Under UNHCR's Mandate'', 26 August 2020, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5e870b254.html [accessed 5 September 2020], page 15.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, the reality is that asylum systems around the world are plagued by significant delays; for example, in the United States, on average, affirmative asylum seekers who receive asylum relief have waited more than 1,000 days to be granted asylum.&lt;ref&gt;Lauren Lee, ''Sanctuary, Safe Harbor and Aylum, But Is it Available for Domestic Violence Victims? The Analysis of Domestic Violence Asylum Seekers in the United States and Internationally'', 21 San Diego Int'l L.J. 495 (2020). Available at: https://digital.sandiego.edu/ilj/vol21/iss2/4 (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 500.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, it usually takes several years for refugees in Malaysia to go through official status determination and be recognized as a refugee by the UNHCR.&lt;ref&gt;Riva, S., Hoffstaedter, G. The aporia of refugee rights in a time of crises: the role of brokers in accessing refugee protection in transit and at the border. ''CMS'' 9, 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-020-00212-2.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, globally the average duration of a refugee situation is now 20 years.&lt;ref&gt;Gil Loescher, ''Refugees: A Very Short Introduction'', May 2021, Oxford, ISBN: 9780198811787, page 44.&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada, the timelines for convening hearings with the in-Canada asylum system are generally much shorter than how long it takes to process a privately-sponsored overseas refugee application - in 2001, it was taking up to 17 months to process 80% of such overseas cases and that number grew to 35 months by 2005 and 54 months by 2015,&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 146.&lt;/ref&gt; though such times have subsequently decreased.&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 148.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2) Significant prejudice ====
Inordinate delay on its own is insufficient to find an abuse of process. Significant prejudice to an individual that is a direct result of the delay is also required.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 44, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par44&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07. See also: ''Khan v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2022 FC 210 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmk0h#par23&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-16.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Chabanov v Canada,'' the Federal Court deemed a delay of eleven years as not reaching the threshold of abuse of process because the applicant failed to provide sufficient proof of significant prejudice resulting directly from the delay.&lt;ref&gt;''Chabanov v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2017 FC 73 at para 65.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal in ''Torre v Canada'' noted that the applicant in that case had not made out an abuse of process because he “had to do more than make vague allegations that the delay endangered his physical and psychological integrity and drained his ability to submit a full and complete defence, without providing any evidence to support them” and because he “never tried to show how he was prejudiced by the passage of time.”&lt;ref&gt;''Torre v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FCA 48, para. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Khan v. Canada'' the court noted that while a five-year delay between service of the Minister’s initial application in 2013 and the initiation of the proceedings before the RPD in 2019 may appear, at first impression, significant, there was not evidence before the tribunal that the delay was inordinate in the sense of offending the community’s sense of fairness in that case, taking into account the specific evidence on file about the prejudice to the person concerned.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2022 FC 210 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmk0h#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

The fact that waiting for a hearing can be traumatic for claimants has been discussed extensively in literature about refugee status determination processes. The uncertainty inherent in the asylum process can be a source of significant stress and anxiety for many claimants.&lt;ref&gt;Maestri, G., &amp; Monforte, P. (2020). ''Who Deserves Compassion? The Moral and Emotional Dilemmas of Volunteering in the ‘Refugee Crisis.''’ Sociology. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520928199&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/41657/1/Maestri_Monforte_Who_deserves_compassion.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 4, 2020), at page 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars have emphasized the consequences of slowness and waiting in the governance of migrants.&lt;ref&gt;Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.&lt;/ref&gt; They point towards the painful state of limbo that waiting can induce in people with undetermined immigration status. For claimants who remain in the refugee status determination system for a lengthy period, what have been termed &quot;the toxic effects of refugee determination, uncertainty of situation, producing documentary evidence, demonstrating past trauma, and refugee racism&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Morris, Julia (2020) &quot;Refugee Extractivism: Law and the Mining of a Human Commodity in the Republic of Nauru,&quot; Saint Louis University Law Journal: Vol. 64 : No. 1 , Article 5. Available at: &lt;https://scholarship.law.slu.edu/lj/vol64/iss1/5&gt; (Accessed May 16, 2020), at page 84.&lt;/ref&gt; have all been identified contributors to a condition labelled Prolonged Asylum Seeker Syndrome, a condition characterized by powerlessness, depression, and identity crises.&lt;ref&gt;Linda Hunt, Psychiatrists Identify ‘Asylum Seeker Syndrome’, WKLY. BULL. NO. 16 (Mental Health Council of Austl.), 2012, at 8, https://mhaustralia.org/sites/default/files/imported/+component/rsfiles/mhca-bulletin/2012/MHCA_Bulletin_16.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; The length of time that refugees ‘wait in limbo’ for a decision on their asylum claim also impacts on their subsequent economic integration - a 2016 study by Hainmueller, Hangartner and Lawrence found that one additional year of waiting reduces the subsequent employment rate by 4 to 5 percentage points.&lt;ref&gt;Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D. and Lawrence, D., 2016. When lives are put on hold: Lengthy asylum processes decrease employment among refugees. Science Advances, 2(8), p.e1600432.&lt;/ref&gt;

When assessing prejudice, the Board and courts have considered, among others, the following factors:

* &lt;u&gt;Destruction of the original file:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Badran v. Canada'' the applicant argued that his cessation proceeding occured after his refugee claim file had been destroyed as a result of the Board's normal document retention and disposal practices. The RPD found this was not an abuse of process, as the lack of access to the refugee claim file did not prejudice him given the RPD’s ability to consider his summary of the claim. The Federal Court agreed, holding that an Applicant must show more than the destruction of files to sustain an abuse of process argument.&lt;ref&gt;''Badran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1292 (CanLII), at para 48, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrxw9#par48&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Unavailability of a witness:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Polgar v. Canada'', the applicant argued that delay had caused him prejudice because an essential witness had passed away before the admissibility hearing. The Immigration Division rejected this argument in the circumstances on the basis that Mr. Polgar had the opportunity to present his evidence by other means.&lt;ref&gt;''Polgar v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 1381 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0xdj#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Legislative change:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Ganeswaran v. Canada'' the Applicants argued that they were deprived of a procedural safeguard due to a legislative change during the delay period. In 2012, Parliament amended section 25 of ''IRPA'' to impose a one-year bar on applications for permanent residence based on humanitarian and compassionate grounds following a negative refugee determination. The Applicants argued that they could be at risk of removal in that one-year period and that prior to the legislative amendments in 2012 they could have accessed an H &amp; C Application without waiting the one-year period. The court rejected this argument, finding that it did not amount to significant prejudice in the circumstances as the one-year bar on applying for a Pre-Removal Risk Assessment does not apply to those whose refugee status is vacated.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 46, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par46&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;An Applicant's apparent willingness to delay proceedings:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Singh v. Canada'', factors that could undermine evidence of hardship included the Applicant’s willingness to further delay the proceedings with an abandonment application, his application for a postponement, and his apparent silence in the interim period prior to the cessation hearing being scheduled.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 239 (CanLII), at para 41, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvp5c#par41&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-04.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Polgar v. Canada'', the Immigration Division noted that it was relevant that an individual had not informed the Board of a change of address, something that the Minister submitted made the individual responsible for the delay in convening a hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Polgar v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 1381 (CanLII), at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0xdj#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-29.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;u&gt;Prejudice faced by children:&lt;/u&gt; Where children are impacted by an administrative actor’s inordinate delay, their vulnerabilities as children need to be considered in evaluating whether the delay caused significant prejudice.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 55, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par55&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''R v Wong'', 2018 SCC 25, Chief Justice Wagner described the “serious life-changing consequences” facing those who are at risk of deportation after years of living in a country: “They may be forced to leave a country they have called home for decades. They may return to a country where they no longer have any personal connections, or even speak the language, if they emigrated as children. If they have family in Canada, they and their family members face dislocation or permanent separation”&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 54, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par54&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;u&gt;Whether having been able to reside in Canada in the interim should be considered a benefit:&lt;/u&gt; This issue was considered in ''Ganeswaran v. Canada'' as follows: &quot;The Principal Applicant misrepresented in order to obtain status in Canada and the Minister’s delay in proceeding with the vacation application allowed her and her children to remain in Canada. The complexity here is that the benefit and the prejudice are tied together and directly proportional. As explained above, the family’s integration into Canada is the very basis of the prejudice they are claiming. The more the family becomes integrated in Canada, which could be considered a benefit to them, the greater the prejudice associated with their risk of deportation. The benefits to the family of remaining in Canada cannot be considered in isolation from the impact of the Minister’s delay and the resulting prejudice. Each case has to be examined on its own facts. In these circumstances, the inordinate delay resulting in the prejudice complained of by the Applicants cannot simply be deemed as beneficial to them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 58, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

For more discussion of this, see:
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Hearings should be conducted in a trauma-informed manner]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 54 - Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding#Regulation 159.9(1): The Board will provide priority scheduling for certain types of claims]]

==== 3) Abuse of process bringing the administration of justice into disrepute ====
Once inordinate delay and significant prejudice have been established, a final assessment is needed to determine whether an abuse of process can be found. The decision maker needs to decide whether the “delay is manifestly unfair to the party to the proceedings or in some other way brings the administration of justice into disrepute”.&lt;ref&gt;''Law Society of Saskatchewan v Abrametz'', 2022 SCC 29, para. 72.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Even where an applicant establishes an abuse of process, a stay, which is only one of other potential remedies, is a discretionary remedy that will not always be warranted.&lt;ref&gt;''Hassan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1422 (CanLII), at para 41, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0tjr#par41&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-04.&lt;/ref&gt; There are special considerations where the remedy sought is a stay of the proceedings: “a stay should be granted only in the ‘clearest of cases’, when the abuse falls at the high end of the spectrum of seriousness”&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 62, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par62&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; In order to grant a stay on the basis of an abuse of process, the decision maker must be satisfied that, “the damage to the public interest in the fairness of the administrative process should the proceeding go ahead would exceed the harm to the public interest in the enforcement of the legislation if the proceedings were halted”.&lt;ref&gt;''Blencoe v British Columbia (Human Rights Commission)'', 2000 SCC 44, para. 120.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ganeswaran v. Canada'' was an example where this standard was met:&lt;blockquote&gt;I find the inordinate delay in this case is manifestly unfair to the Applicants and brings the administration of justice into disrepute. This case did not involve complex factual or legal issues, given that approximately five weeks after the Applicants’ claims had been accepted, the Minister had admissions and evidence confirming that there were serious misrepresentations. There was also a notation from an immigration officer at that time indicating that a vacation application would be pursued. The Minister has not explained why it did not proceed sooner; there was no evidence provided of any activity on the file for almost ten years. The Minister brings the administration of justice into disrepute by not proceeding for almost ten years, while the minor Applicants grew up in Canada, and then, based on no new information and without explanation as to the timing, deciding to bring an application to vacate their refugee status. It is unacceptable.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 61, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par61&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;See also:

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Parties are entitled to timely decisions and reasons therefor]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Abuse of process and actions of parties and the Board]]

=== Requests to delay convening a hearing or issuing a decision pending the receipt of new evidence ===
At times a party will request that the Board delay issuing a decision or postpone a hearing so that it can obtain additional evidence. 

For consideration of how this has been dealt with where the request is to delay convening a hearing, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 54 - Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding#Other exceptional circumstances and considerations about whether such circumstances properly qualify as exceptional]]. This notes that the ''Chairperson Guideline 6: Scheduling and Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding'' states that &quot;If a party requests a change of date or time of the proceedings for the purpose of obtaining documentation, the RPD generally proceeds and will determine at the end of the hearing whether or not it is necessary to grant a delay to obtain and provide the documents.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson Guideline 6: Scheduling and Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding'', &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir06.aspx&gt; (Accessed February 6, 2020) at para. 7.7.&lt;/ref&gt;

For consideration of how this has been dealt with where the request is to delay issuing a decision, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#Requests to submit a document post-hearing that the claimant does not have in their possession are not made pursuant to Rule 43]]. The court has held that fundamental justice requires a tribunal to delay its decision if it knows that, given a reasonable time, an applicant can obtain a crucial document.&lt;ref&gt;''Iqbal, Muhammad v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-4207-93), Muldoon, May 7, 1996. Reported: Iqbal v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1996), 33 Imm. L.R. (2d) 179 (F.C.T.D.).&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The Board must take special measures to accommodate vulnerable claimants, including minors and those who cannot appreciate the nature of the proceedings, as well as those who are unrepresented ===
The right to procedural fairness includes the ability to meaningfully participate in the adjudicative process.&lt;ref&gt;''Etik v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2019 FC 762 at para 7.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board is obliged to take special measures to accommodate vulnerable claimants, including minors and those who cannot appreciate the nature of the proceedings, for example by appointing a designated representative to represent their interests during the hearing. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Board must ensure that certain claimants are assisted to make their cases]].

== Concerns about a lack of procedural fairness should be raised at the earliest practical opportunity ==
The common law principle of waiver provides that a party should raise allegations about a lack of procedural fairness at the earliest practical opportunity,&lt;ref&gt;''Mowatt v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 371 (CanLII), par. 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jfs47#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2021-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt; or the earliest reasonable moment.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 212, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par212&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; The court states that counsel has a responsibility to object and provide reasons for such an objection, as a lawyer entrusted with representing their client’s interests.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1330 (CanLII), at para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/js3dw#par43&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so for the policy reason that even where procedural unfairness occurs in a hearing, it may be correctable. The rationale for why an applicant must raise a violation of natural justice or apprehension of bias at the earliest practical opportunity was articulated in ''Mohammadian v. Canada'' as follows:&lt;blockquote&gt;There is a powerful argument in favour of such a requirement arising from judicial economy. If applicants are permitted to obtain judicial review of adverse decisions by remaining silent in the face of known problems of interpretation, they will remain silent. This will result in a duplication of hearings. It seems a better policy to provide an incentive to make the original hearing as fair as possible and to avoid repetitious proceedings. Applicants should be required to complain at the first opportunity when it is reasonable to expect them to do so.&lt;ref&gt;''Mohammadian v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2000 CanLII 17118 (FC), [2000] 3 F.C. 371 (T.D), affd 2001 FCA 191 (CanLII), [2001] 4 F.C. 85 (C.A.)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;As such, where a panel interrupted counsel and provided her with a justification for limiting questioning that it considered irrelevant, the court concluded in ''Canada v.'' ''Tavares Carrera'' that the Member had &quot;tacitly invited [the counsel] to explain why she wished to ask questions about [the subject the Member considered irrelevant]&quot; and the fact that counsel did not object and articulate the logic of her questioning supported a conclusion that the panel had not acted unfairly.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration) c. Tavares Carrera,'' 2024 CF 1224 (CanLII), au para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k64rc#par13&gt;, consulté le 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt;

That said, for any waiver to be effective it must be made freely and with full knowledge of all the facts relevant to the decision whether to waive or not.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 218, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par218&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; As the Federal Court held in ''Benitez v. Canada,'' the earliest practical opportunity arises when the applicant is aware of the relevant information and it is reasonable to expect him or her to raise an objection.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 220, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par220&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#Allegations of an apprehension of bias must be raised at the earliest opportunity]].

=== The RAD may remedy some procedural fairness violations that occurred during an RPD hearing ===
A finding that procedural fairness has not been observed will ordinarily result in a determination that the decision of the tribunal is invalid.&lt;ref&gt;''Saghiri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 720 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgbf#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-03.&lt;/ref&gt; However, where the RPD takes a step that is procedurally unfair (or debatably so), for example not providing an opportunity to make submissions about the authenticity of documents on file, such unfairness may be remedied by the ability to file submissions and evidence on appeal to the RAD,&lt;ref&gt;''Karim v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 566 (CanLII), at para 3, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j6wq3#par3&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-16.&lt;/ref&gt; should the appellant have recourse to the RAD. This is consistent with the long-standing principle that an internal administrative appeal may cure unfairness that arises earlier in an administrative process.&lt;ref&gt;''King v University of Saskatchewan'', 1969 CanLII 89 (SCC), [1969] SCR 678 at pp 688-689, as cited in ''Karim v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 566 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j6wq3#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-16.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The RAD appeal process may allow for any unfairness in the RPD’s decision-making to be remedied, including through the filing of new evidence and submissions.&lt;ref&gt;''Rrukaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1647 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt97m&gt;, para. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; However, in some cases, the RAD process will not suffice to cure the procedural fairness violation and the RAD must order a new hearing. Whether a procedural fairness breach will require the RAD to remit the matter to the RPD will depend on the nature of that breach and its impact on the determinative issue before the RAD.&lt;ref&gt;''Yang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 385 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5vm0#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, in ''Yang v. Canada'', the RAD found that the RPD had breached procedural fairness by failing to confront a claimant with certain credibility concerns. However, given that the determinative issue before the RAD was not whether the applicant was credible, but instead that, even if credible, the applicant had failed to establish a forward-looking risk, the breach of procedural fairness before the RPD had no bearing on the determinative issue before the RAD. The court upheld the RAD's decision not to remit the matter to the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Yang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 385 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5vm0&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;  

However, in ''Abdelrahman v. Canada'', the RPD failed to provide an applicant an opportunity to respond to the RPD’s concerns about the authenticity of a document, thereby denying the applicant procedural fairness. The RAD then relied on this finding and upheld the RPD's credibility conclusion. The Federal Court held that the breach of natural justice was not cured by the ability to provide submissions and new evidence on the appeal to the RAD, concluding that the matter had to be remitted to the RPD for redetermination.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdelrahman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 527 (CanLII), at paras 18 and 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jg6tv#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-17.&lt;/ref&gt; Another common example where a matter must be remitted is where interpretation issues or incompetence of counsel have so tainted a proceeding that procedural fairness requires the matter to be redetermined afresh. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA ss. 111(1)(c) and 111(2): the Refugee Appeal Division may refer the matter to the Refugee Protection Division for re-determination in specified circumstances]]. However,  

The RAD may also not need to provide an explicit remedy for a procedural fairness issue where the merits of the claim are such that the outcome is legally inevitable despite the issue or when the procedural error is purely technical and does not result in substantial wrong.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Attorney General) v. McBain'', 2017 FCA 204, paragraphs 9–10 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 69-71 - General Provisions#RPD Rule 71 - Failure to follow a rule]].

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application#Once reopened, is a claim to be heard de novo or as a redetermination based on the previous record?]]

== Language of proceedings ==

=== A claimant has a right to proceedings in the official language of Canada of their choice ===
The IRB ''Policy Statement on Official Languages and the Principle of the Substantive Equality of English and French'' provides that the language rights of parties are substantive rights that are distinct from their right to procedural fairness. Both the ''Official Languages Act'' and the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' establish official languages rights for parties as well as for individuals who are otherwise involved in IRB proceedings, such as witnesses and counsel. Consequently, any issue or request concerning the use of either official language will be examined by the IRB independently of considerations of procedural fairness, although the language skills of the parties may nonetheless be considered when examining procedural fairness issues.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy Statement on Official Languages and the Principle of the Substantive Equality of English and French'', Date modified: 2018-07-03 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/pnnpollo.aspx&gt; (Accessed January 22, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; For more details about this right see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#Claimants need not provide documents in the language of the proceeding, only in English or French]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Official Languages Act]]. 

=== A claimant has a right to interpretation where it is necessary ===
The right to an interpreter in a proceeding in another language is enshrined in section 14 of the Canadian ''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'', and this right has been held to be generally applicable to a proceeding before the RPD. Interpretation should be continuous, precise, impartial, competent and contemporaneous. For a discussion of this, see the commentary to RPD Rule 19: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 19 - Interpreters#Legal standard for interpretation]]. A failure to provide an interpreter at all, or to provide one that offers adequate interpretation, will mean that the process was not fair: ''Kovacs v. Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Kovacs v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2003] F.C.J. No. 250, 36 Imm. L.R. (3d) 59 (F.C.T.D.).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Providing information about the status determination process in a range of languages ===
Academics have observed that it is a best practice that state authorities widely disseminate information on eligibility criteria, the determination procedure, and the rights associated with recognition in a range of languages.&lt;ref&gt;Momoh, S., van Eijken, H., &amp; Ryngaert, C. (2020). Statelessness Determination Procedures. ''The Statelessness and Citizenship Review'', ''2''(1), 86–111. Retrieved from https://statelessnessandcitizenshipreview.com/index.php/journal/article/view/137 at page 94.&lt;/ref&gt; While this may be a best practice for states, to the knowledge of this author, it does not translate into a legal entitlement for claimants under Canadian law. For more details, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The fact that a claimant lacks counsel does not, in and of itself, mean that their hearing is unfair]].

== Fairness considerations related to providing complete disclosure of information ==

=== Disclosure rights and obligations for the Claimant ===
The RPD is mandated by the common law and the IRPA to respect principles of natural justice and procedural fairness. The right to be heard is a fundamental principle of natural justice. An essential component of the right to be heard is to be able to put relevant evidence before the decision-maker.&lt;ref&gt;''Charkaoui v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 SCC 9 (CanLII), at para. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; For more details on this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to a hearing and the right to be heard#The Board must provide the parties with the opportunity to be heard]].

The information that a claimant provides in their Basis of Claim form must be complete: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 6 - Basis of Claim Form]]. The documents that parties are obliged to provide to the Board are specified in rules 7 and 34: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]]. See also &quot;Parties will cooperate with the asylum process and supply all pertinent information&quot; at [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of claimants and counsel]]. 

The court has held that fundamental justice may require a tribunal to delay its decision if it knows that, given a reasonable time, applicant can obtain a crucial document. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#Requests to submit a document post-hearing that the claimant does not have in their possession are not made pursuant to Rule 43]].

=== Disclosure rights and obligations for the Minister ===
While the Minister has no obligation to become a party to a proceeding (see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 29 - Intervention by the Minister#The Minister is permitted to intervene in proceedings, but is not required to do so]]), once it does so and provides disclosure, its disclosure must be &quot;complete&quot; and cannot be selective: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]].

On appeal to the RAD, the rules and regulations create a regime which Waldman describes as &quot;asymmetrical&quot;, where there are &quot;severe restrictions placed on the claimant versus substantial flexibility for the Minister&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Waldman, Lorne, ''Immigration Law and Practice, 2nd Edition (Butterworths)'', Looseleaf at 9-226.6 (Section 9.536) Rel. 68-4/2018.&lt;/ref&gt; By way of example, Waldman notes that the Minister can generally file documents at any time, is not limited in the types of evidence to be filed, and, aside from the filing of Minister's appeals, would not appear to be affected by many timelines.

=== Disclosure rights and obligations for the Board ===

==== Parties should have access to the complete record before the decision-maker, though there may be limited permissible exceptions to this principle ====
UNHCR affirms that a fair asylum system is one where parties will have access to the complete record that is before the decision-maker.&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Fair and Efficient Asylum Procedures: A Non-Exhaustive Overview of Applicable International Standards'', 2 September 2005, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/432ae9204.html [accessed 4 May 2020].&lt;/ref&gt; Fundamental justice requires the Board provide complete disclosure so as to allow parties to know the case and meet their obligations. In this way, the Board must generally provide disclosure of documents that it relies upon and provide parties with an opportunity to reply.&lt;ref&gt;For a general statement of this principle from a non-immigration context, see: ''May v Ferndale Institution'', 2005 SCC 82 at para 92.&lt;/ref&gt; Where the Division relied upon a document that was not on the record or in the NDP to evaluate country conditions (and was actually contradicted by documents on the record) the Federal Court held that it had acted unfairly.&lt;ref&gt;''Zheng v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 FC 1359 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fp53c#par9&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Board should consider the most up-to-date country conditions evidence]]. As a general matter, the Refugee Protection Division states that if a document before a panel contains hyperlinks to other documents, parties can expect that the &lt;abbr&gt;RPD&lt;/abbr&gt; will only consider the information in the original document and not the other documents which are linked.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Questions and answers: Practice Notice on Procedural Issues,'' Date modified: 2024-09-09 &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pnpi-qa.aspx&gt;, at question 10.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fairness can relate to the timing of disclosure, as well: in ''Moran v. Canada'' the court held that &quot;confronting the Applicant at the hearing with the seized statement without prior disclosure was a breach of procedural fairness.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Elias Moran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 90 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm236#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2022-02-07.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Ola v. Canada'', the court held that the RAD’s failure to provide the applicants with an opportunity to make submissions in response to the information provided in an updated NDP before the RAD amounted to a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Ola, Olanrewaju Adegboyega v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-8585-21), Lafreniere, September 9, 2022; 2022 FC 1272.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Lopez Aguilar v. Canada'', the Federal Court concluded that procedural fairness had been breached where extrinsic evidence (a narrative from another related claim) was in a party's claim file, and was discussed by the Member, in circumstances where the party did not have a sufficient opportunity to respond to the evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Lopez Aguilar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 FC 908 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fn552#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-02.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns]].

However, not every failure to disclose information will require setting aside a decision. Failure to disclose information can only be fatal to the fairness of a proceeding if that information is material to the decision-maker’s findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Aminu, Rasaki Aeniy v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-5778-23), Manson, February 12, 2024; 2024 FC 233.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Afzal v. Canada,'' the Court accepted that the the RPD’s failure to disclose the POE notes was a minor breach because the content of the notes was set out accurately in the Minister’s notice of intervention and the notes did not contain any additional information. Furthermore, in that case the RAD remedied the breach by providing the Applicant with the notes and inviting submissions.&lt;ref&gt;''Afzal, Syed Faheem v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-4256-22), Norris, September 22, 2023; 2023 FC 1273.&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there may be cases where there is information before a decision-maker which cannot be disclosed to the parties due to privacy or information sharing legislation, and where a document cannot be disclosed with appropriate redactions, and in such circumstances it will not be unfair for the decision-maker to proceed without relying upon the information when making the decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Sidhu v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 1681 (CanLII), at para 32, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1rpc#par32&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board must not rely on evidence that is not on the record or otherwise properly available to the Member]]. 

There are also many cases involving the decisions of immigration and visa officers which hold that extrinsic evidence from the internet may be used in particular circumstances. This approach is typified by ''Mancia v Canada'', which holds that while &quot;extrinsic evidence&quot; must be disclosed prior to the decision being rendered, a decision maker is not required to provide notice of their reliance on material that is (1) generally available to the public and (2) not novel and significant information that may affect the disposition of a case. In ''Ashiru v Canada'', a judicial review of a decision on a humanitarian and compassionate application, Justice Kane noted that in the recent application of the &quot;novel and significant&quot; test courts have adopted a contextual approach which includes consideration of the nature of the decision and the possible impact of the evidence on the decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Ashiru v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1313 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl2jx&gt; at paras 47-48.&lt;/ref&gt; This contextual approach was demonstrated in ''Alves v. Canada'', another judicial review of a decision in a humanitarian and compassionate application, in which the court held that in assessing whether the duty of fairness required the disclosure of extrinsic documents that a decision-maker has consulted, the Court is to consider factors such as (i) the source, including its reputability; (ii) the public availability of the documents and the extent to which the applicant could be reasonably expected to know of them; (iii) the novelty and significance of the information, including the extent to which it differs from other evidence; and (iv) the nature of the decision, including the applicant’s allegations and the evidentiary burden.&lt;ref&gt;''Alves v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 672 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jp59s#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Decisions of the Federal Court have also determined that there are circumstances in which PRRA officers cannot be criticized for relying upon country documentation that is publicly available but not specifically disclosed to a claimant.&lt;ref&gt;''Sinnasamy v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FC 67 at para 9, [2008] FCJ No 77; ''Manvalpillai v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 FC 584.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Pizarro Guiterrez v. Canada'' the court concluded that the fact that a Citizenship and Immigration Canada officer consulted public documents available on the internet about the situation in a country, and referred to them without advising the applicant, was not a breach of the duty of procedural fairness. This was so as the applicant was well aware that the issue was being considered, the documents were easily accessible on the internet, the documents originated from credible and known sources, and the applicant had had an interview in which related information had been put to him.&lt;ref&gt;''Pizarro Guiterrez v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 FC 623, at para 46.&lt;/ref&gt; 

There is some question as to whether the principles from the above cases allowing for reference to extrinsic information may apply to matters before the RPD and RAD. The Federal Court of Appeal held in a decision involving the IRB's predecessor Immigration Appeal Board that not every situation where a decision-maker does their own research and fails to disclose it prior to providing their reasons will be considered a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Maslej v. Minister of Manpower and Immigration,'' 1976 CanLII 2309 (FCA), [1977] 1 FC 194, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jqtbs&gt;, page 198.&lt;/ref&gt; Some decisions of the Federal Court find that this is permissible. For example, in ''Dubow-Noor v. Canada'', the court held that information obtained independently by the Board (a Google Maps search used to identify distances between particular points) did not need to be disclosed prior to the decision because it was publicly available and not novel.&lt;ref&gt;''Dubow-Noor v. Canada,'' 2017 FC 35, paras. 16-18.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Sylain-Pierre v. Canada'' the court relied on this test to conclude that it was not a breach of procedural fairness for the RAD to find news articles indicating that the agent of persecution had died, and consider this when assessing the claimant's prospective risk.&lt;ref&gt;''Sylvain-Pierre, Fauvette v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-864-21), Mosley, March 23, 2022; 2022 FC 404, paras. 19-28.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, in ''Byarugaba v. Canada'', the court distinguished the ''Mancia v Canada'' line of caselaw above and held that, as a quasi-judicial body, that deals with the fundamental rights those appearing before it, the Board has developed well-defined procedural rules and, if the member sees it necessary to conduct their own research and wants to rely on that research, they have a duty to disclose it to the parties and give them an opportunity to respond. The member’s failure to do this amounts to a breach of procedural fairness that taints the process.&lt;ref&gt;''Byarugaba v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 833 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k539g#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

See also the following RPD rule regarding the disclosure of documents by that Division: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 33 - Disclosure and use of documents by the Division]]. Judicial notice may also be invoked to relieve parties from having to prove facts that are not in dispute. As such, given the nature of facts that may be judicially noticed, prior disclosure will not generally be required. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge#IRPA s. 170: The Division may take notice of any facts that may be judicially noticed]].

==== Panels may conduct research, but the Board has rules about the process for it and how such research must be disclosed ====
The panel may conduct research and disclose the results of that research onto the record. In any research it conducts, the RPD is to follow the ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0222&quot;&gt;''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings,'' Instructions issued by the Chairperson pursuant to section 159(1)(a) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'', amended December, 2012 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstructInfo.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; These principles apply to how to Division has committed to collecting information regarding a claim, including that the RPD will gather information through a transparent and standard process to ensure fairness in decision-making. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Member's power to conduct research and find facts]].

==== The Minister, even when not a party, has a right to some disclosure at the Refugee Appeal Division ====
The Refugee Appeal Division has issued a practice notice entitled ''Providing post-perfection documents to the Minister when not a party to the appeal''. It specifies that the division will provide to the Minister all evidence and written submissions that it receives from the refugee a​ppellant following the perfection of the appeal, whether or not in response to any notice or request from the RAD.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice: Providing post-perfection documents to the Minister when not a party to the appeal'', March 1, 2023, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/RAD-pn-providing-post-perfection-documents.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 1 - Definitions#Commentary on the definition of &quot;party&quot;]].

=== The record on a court-ordered redetermination ===
Before the Court-Ordered Rehearings Policy came into effect in 1999, the IRB traditionally interpreted court-ordered redeterminations as a requirement for a new hearing or a hearing ''de novo''. It removed from the redetermination case file all documentary evidence except for the originating or jurisdictional document, and the order and reasons of the Court. The IRB also ensured that, where possible, the matter was reheard by decision-makers other than those who made the original decision, unless ordered by the Court otherwise. That changed in 1999 when the IRB adopted a more flexible procedure in conducting court-ordered redeterminations with the introduction of the Court-Ordered Rehearings Policy. That policy is referred to as the &quot;Policy on Court-Ordered Redeterminations&quot;, last updated in 2013. The IRB states that &quot;The guiding principle of the policy [is] to ensure that the use of evidence from previous hearings will not lead to a reasonable apprehension of bias, or affect the right to be heard.&quot; That document is now referred to as the IRB ''Policy on Court-Ordered Redeterminations''.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on Court-Ordered Redeterminations'', &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/PolOrderOrdon.aspx&gt; (Accessed July 2, 2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

In short, this policy provides that where the Court has determined that there was a denial of natural justice in the original hearing and provides specific directions, the IRB will comply with those directions. Where the Court has not given specific directions, the only documents that must, in every case, be included in the redetermination case file are the Court order and the jurisdictional documents (for example: notice of appeal, referral to the RPD, etc.). Where the Court has provided no specific directions and has made no determination that there was a denial of natural justice in the original hearing, the redetermination case file will contain the documents set out at section 5.1 of that policy, namely:

* jurisdictional documents (for example: notice of appeal, referral to the RPD, request for admissibility hearing or detention review);
* the Court order and any reasons;
* the original decision(s) of the IRB and any reasons;
* administrative documents (for example: notices to appear);
* exhibits filed at the previous hearing(s);
* any transcripts of the previous hearing (if available); and
* other evidence on the original file.
The inclusion of the Court order and any reasons in every case is consistent with jurisprudence that &quot;it goes without saying that an administrative tribunal to which a case is referred back must always take into account the decision and findings of the reviewing court, unless new facts call for a different analysis.”&lt;ref&gt;''Abeleira v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2017 FC 1008, para. 70.&lt;/ref&gt;

See also: 

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an independent decision-maker#The tribunal must follow explicit instructions stated in a judgment or direction from a reviewing court]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an impartial decision-maker#A Member considering prior testimony during a redetermination of a claim is not, in itself, indicative of bias]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application#Once reopened, is a claim to be heard de novo or as a redetermination based on the previous record?]]
* A question can also arise about the application of RAD Rule 29 concerning &quot;Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided&quot; applies to redeterminations. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 29: Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided]].

=== The record on a RAD-ordered redetermination ===
Similar to the above regarding matters remitted by the Federal Court, once a matter is remitted from the RAD to the RPD, it is to follow the process set out in the IRB ''Policy on Redeterminations Ordered by the Refugee Appeal Division''.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on Redeterminations Ordered by the Refugee Appeal Division,'' September 9, 2014, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/PolRpdSprRedetExam.aspx&gt; (Accessed April 27, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; For a discussion of directions that the RAD may provide on remittal to the RPD, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA 111(1)(c): the Refugee Appeal Division may give the directions to the Refugee Protection Division that it considers appropriate when referring a matter for re-determination]].

== The right to know the case to be met and the right of response ==

=== Claimants have an expectation that a claim will only be rejected on the basis of a legal issue that a panel has identified as being at issue ===
To ensure that proceedings are accessible and comprehensible, it is expected that an RPD panel will identify the issues that are at stake in a claim and, if the panel does not identify a particular legal issue as being in play, the panel would err if it subsequently rejected the claim on that basis. Furthermore, when a hearing is conducted by way of reverse-order questioning (i.e. the Board asking questions first and the claimant's counsel questioning them afterwards), the person with the onus is no longer in control of the process and there is an increased burden on the Board to ensure that issues which are determinative of the claim are raised at the hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Sarker v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2014 FC 1168 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gfmd6#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-19.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, where a panel did not advise a claimant that state protection was at issue in a claim, and then rejected the claim on the basis that they had not rebutted the presumption of the availability of state protection, the panel acted unfairly.&lt;ref&gt;''Gomes v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2006] F.C.J. No. 520, 52 Imm. L.R. (3d) 28 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt; It is generally sufficient for a panel of the Board to raise those issues at the start of the hearing; for example, there is no obligation on the RPD to raise an IFA and proposed locations before the RPD hearing, as it suffices to do so at the beginning of the hearing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;  

An exception to this principle is that some issues are said to always be at issue in every claim, and need not be identified as a distinct issue, including credibility,&lt;ref&gt;''El Haddad c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2020 CF 487 (CanLII), par. 24, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j6fqr#par24&gt;, consulté le 2020-04-20.&lt;/ref&gt; identity,&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Second Annual Report on Complaints'', April 2020, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/transparency/member-conduct/Documents/Second-Annual-Report-on-Complaints-April-2020-English.pdf&gt; (Accessed May 1, 2020), at page 18.&lt;/ref&gt; and the objective basis of the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Akinyemi-Oguntunde v. M.C.I.'' (F.C. IMM-5160-19), Ahmed, June 3, 2020, 2020 FC 666, para. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, the court nonetheless holds that where relevant, the claimant should be advised that identity is an issue, and of the need to provide specific documents or other corroborative evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Abubakar &lt;abbr&gt;v.&lt;/abbr&gt; Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (1998), 45 &lt;abbr&gt;Imm. L.R. (2d)&lt;/abbr&gt; 186 (&lt;abbr&gt;F.C.T.D.&lt;/abbr&gt;).&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, where a panel listed a series of issues that were of concern, but did not list the objective basis of the claim as being of concern, the panel erred when it rejected the claim on the basis that the claimant had not established the objective basis of their claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Zhang v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' [2015] F.C.J. No. 1031, 2015 FC 1031 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Where a panel identifies an issue, for example potential exclusion pursuant to Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, the Board does not have to advise the claimant of all the ins and outs that flow from that issue and relevant caselaw, such as the sub-issue in 1E exclusion cases of whether the appellant is at risk or not in their country of residence that is being considered during the exclusion analysis.&lt;ref&gt;''Lauture c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2023 CF 1121 (CanLII), au para 26-27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzqfq#par26&gt;, consulté le 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; It is not the Board's role to provide legal advice to claimants&lt;ref&gt;''Sundaram v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 291 (CanLII), par. 12, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://canlii.ca/t/1mr2v#par12&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-11.&lt;/ref&gt; and an administrative tribunal has no obligation to act as the attorney for a claimant.&lt;ref&gt;''Law v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (2007), 2007 FC 1006, 160 A.C.W.S. (3d) 879 at para. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; T Board states that the hearing should be expeditious, and members should not spend time unnecessarily covering such points.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of the Board]].

The rules at the RAD differ as RAD Rule 7 provides for when the Division may provide a decision without further notice to the parties, with exceptions for situations where the RAD raises a new issue and it would be procedurally unfair not to provide notice: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 7 provides that the Division may, without further notice, decide the appeal, but further notice is required if the appeal is decided on a new ground]].

Furthermore, cases should be decided based on all of the law that binds the Board. This obliges a panel to apply relevant statutory principles and follow relevant caselaw. For example, panels have an obligation to consider certain issues, such as whether the &quot;compelling reasons&quot; doctrine for granting refugee status despite a change in circumstances applies, whether or not the claimant expressly invokes the relevant subsection of the Act. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#To what extent does a panel of the Division have a duty to inquire into the claim?]]. Similarly, the Board “has a duty to consider all potential grounds for a refugee claim that arise on the evidence, even when they are not raised by the applicant”: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Refugee Protection Division has an inquisitorial mandate]]. However, it is not the role of the RAD to address concerns relating to the reasonableness of an IFA when such concerns are not raised by applicants.&lt;ref&gt;''Ogungbile v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1639 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtnkh#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

Where a claimant is unrepresented at a hearing, the RPD has a more onerous obligation to indicate what issues are in play and explain the case to be met. However, as the Court noted in ''Khosa v. Canada'', it has not identified &quot;any case that sets a minimum standard for what must be explained about an IFA to a self-represented claimant before the RPD&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Khosa v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 555 (CanLII), at para 67, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd8v#par67&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]].

=== Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns ===
Procedural fairness entitles those who are to be subjected to a decision affecting their rights, privileges, or interests to know the case against them.&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 181.&lt;/ref&gt; This requires that they &quot;know what evidence has been given and what statements have been made&quot; affecting them and that they be given &quot;a fair opportunity to correct or contradict them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Kane v Board of Governors of UBC'', [1980] 1 SCR 1105 at 1114.&lt;/ref&gt; Parties should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's credibility concerns. Where a panel may reach an adverse credibility finding, a party should have notice and an opportunity to respond.&lt;ref&gt;''Dalirani v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 258 (CanLII), par. 28, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j59ds#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-22.&lt;/ref&gt; This rule was articulated as follows by the Federal Court of Appeal in 1989: the claimant should be given an opportunity at the hearing to clarify the evidence and to explain apparent contradictions in their testimony.&lt;ref&gt;''Gracielome v Canada'' ''(MEI),'' [1989] FCJ No. 463 (CA).&lt;/ref&gt; The court has held that what is required of the Board is analogous to what is required by the evidentiary rule established in ''Browne v Dunn''.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdelrahman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 527 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jg6tv#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-17.&lt;/ref&gt; 

That said, there are limits to how far this proposition extends and a panel need not advert a claimant's attention to all possible credibility concerns,&lt;ref&gt;''Ngongo v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1999 CanLII 8885 (FC), par. 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/4611#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-13.&lt;/ref&gt; such as potential inconsistencies between their evidence and the objective country condition documents. As a general principle, the rules of procedural fairness do not require refugee claimants to be confronted about information that they are aware of and which they have, in addition, provided themselves.&lt;ref&gt;''Elias Moran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 90 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm236#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2022-02-07.&lt;/ref&gt; The rationale for this is that the claimant, having produced the documents, could have addressed any facial inconsistencies in them at the time of submission.&lt;ref&gt;''Badri, Younis Abdelkarim v. M.P.S.E.P.'' (F.C., no. IMM-1455-20), Gleeson, April 5, 2022; 2022 FC 473.&lt;/ref&gt; 

As well, the Board “is not required to bring to a claimant’s attention every reservation held or implausibility found in reflecting upon the [claimant’s] testimony as a whole, before its decision is made.”&lt;ref&gt;''Tchaynikova, Olga v. M.C.I.'' (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-4497-96), Richard, May 8, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board need not always confront a claimant over a contradiction in their testimony, but there may still be circumstances where a discrepancy should be brought to the attention of a refugee claimant. When determining whether explicitly confronting the claimant was required, the courts have endorsed the following factors: &lt;blockquote&gt;1. Was the contradiction found after a careful analysis of the transcript or recording of the hearing, or was it obvious?

2. Was it in answer to a direct question from the panel?

3. Was it an actual contradiction or just a slip?

4. Was the applicant represented by counsel, in which case counsel could have questioned him on any contradiction?

5. Was the applicant communicating through an interpreter? Using an interpreter makes misunderstandings due to interpretation (and thus, contradictions) more likely.

6. Is the panel&quot;s decision based on a single contradiction or on a number of contradictions or implausibilities?&lt;ref&gt;''Ngongo v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1999 CanLII 8885 (FC), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/4611#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-26.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;For the RAD context, see the following discussion of what is a new issue requiring notice to the parties, and sometimes additionally to the Minister: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#What is a new issue requiring notice?]]

Parties should also have a fair opportunity to respond to concerns that a panel has, even where they concern issues other than credibility. For example, in ''Conde v. Canada'', the claimant had been designated a vulnerable person by a previous panel of the Board. The claim was returned to the Board for redetermination after the original decision was overturned by the Federal Court. On redetermination, the Member de-designated the claimant as a vulnerable person. On judicial review, the court concluded that this had been done in a procedurally unfair manner as &quot;there was no reason, given the previous psychological evidence and the acceptance of the [applicant] as a vulnerable person at previous hearings, to expect that he needed to provide more psychological evidence without notice&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Losada Conde v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 626 (CanLII), par. 96, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j8863#par96&gt;, retrieved on 2020-08-31.&lt;/ref&gt; In that case, the Federal Court concluded &quot;clearly, this was procedurally unfair.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Losada Conde v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 626 (CanLII), par. 97, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j8863#par97&gt;, retrieved on 2020-08-31.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Board]].

This principle was not always operative in the Canadian refugee determination system; prior to the mid-1980s, the Federal Court held that the Minister was not bound to comply with the rules of natural justice and could even consider information without giving the claimant an opportunity to respond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 50.&lt;/ref&gt;

There are further principles that are related to this one, for example, refugees should have a full opportunity to challenge the evidence in their proceeding, which in turn entails the provision of information to refugees regarding the source and methodology used to obtain the evidence being used against them.&lt;ref&gt;''Ali v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1085 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5qq7#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

Further, where prior evidence is put to a witness as a contradiction, what is put to them must be a fair and accurate statement of their evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Mariyaseelan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 155 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmbdk#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2022-02-24.&lt;/ref&gt; For further details, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Members are expected to act honestly and in good faith and are precluded from &quot;setting traps&quot; for claimants]]. The Refugee Appeal Division has set out the following recommended questioning approach where a potential discrepancy has emerged in a witness's testimony:&lt;blockquote&gt;A recommended questioning approach is not to immediately flag a problem, but instead 1) to back up and ask an open question on the general area that includes the point where the discrepancy arose to see if the discrepancy is spontaneously resolved, 2) if the claimant repeats the discrepant evidence, a Member should summarize their understanding of the testimony – “so you are saying that he was a brother of your employee and they had the same parents?”, and 3) if the claimant confirms the Member’s understanding of the testimony, put the discrepancy to the claimant and ask for an explanation – “could you please explain why you said….”&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2024 CanLII 63781 (CA IRB), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5q2b#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;As the RAD explains, the results of the above approach can be far more useful in assessing credibility than where a Member immediately flags a problem. Apparent discrepancies which were caused merely by faulty translations or ambiguous terms often resolve themselves in a helpful and satisfying manner as the claimant restates the evidence without a motive to reconcile contradictions. Furthermore, if the discrepancy does not resolve itself on its own, the record will include a firmer foundation for assessing any explanation by the claimant. Should the RPD fail to apply such principles, this may decrease the weight properly attributed to the credibility issue that arose.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2024 CanLII 63781 (CA IRB), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5q2b#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-10.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The right to provide submissions on the law and the facts prior to a decision being reached ===
Failing to provide a party with an opportunity to make submissions prior to a decision being reached is a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; For more detail, see: 

* For how this applies at the RPD, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPA Section 170 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 170(e) - Must provide an opportunity to present evidence, question witnesses and make representations]]. 
* For the RAD, the provisions are different, but there rights of the Minister and the person who is the subject of the appeal are similarly protected: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPA Section 171 - Proceedings]]. 
* See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/165 - Powers of a Member#These powers must be employed fairly, which will generally require providing notice to the Minister]].

=== Ministerial notification rules ensure that a claimant will have advance notice of particular types of issues ===
Rule 26(1) of the RPD Rules stipulates that &quot;If the Division believes, before a hearing begins, that there is a possibility that section E or F of Article 1 of the Refugee Convention applies to the claim, the Division must without delay notify the Minister in writing and provide any relevant information to the Minister.&quot; The obligation to inform the Minister in writing where there is a “possibility” of exclusion, integrity issues, or other other types of issues that require such notice, not only ensures that the Minister is heard where they desire to intervene, but also ensures that a claimant will have adequate notice of the issues at the hearing, including time to prepare for a hearing that may involve a new issue or that may have become more complicated. The court commented on this aspect of the notice requirement in ''Canada v. Louis,'' indicating that procedural unfairness that arises from the failure to provide such notice may be relied upon by either a claimant or the Minister: ''&quot;''Even though in [''Kanya v. Canada''] the breach of the rules of procedural fairness was relied on to the benefit of the refugee claimant, there is no reason that a breach of the obligations provided for in subsection 23(1) of the Rules cannot be relied on in the same way by the Minister who, according to the wording of this provision, is the true beneficiary of the said obligation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Louis,'' 2009 FC 674 (CanLII), para. 23.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Similarly, a claimant is entitled to 10 days of advance notice where the Minister will be intervening in person and of the purpose of any Ministerial intervention: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Intervention by the Minister#Rule 29(2)(a) requirement that the notice state the purpose for which the Minister will intervene]].

For issues that are not noted in the above rule, it is generally sufficient for a panel of the Board to raise those issues at the start of the hearing. For example, there is no obligation on the RPD to raise the IFA issue and proposed locations before the RPD hearing as it suffices to do so at the beginning of the hearing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Aregbesola,'' 2022 FC 820 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpl53#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The Board is bound by its own undertakings where it indicates that something is not at issue, that particular evidence is unnecessary, or that a particular procedure will be followed ===
To be fair, the Board's conduct must not violate a party's legitimate expectations. A legitimate expectation arises when a government official makes “clear, unambiguous and unqualified” representations within the scope of their authority to an individual about an administrative process that the government will follow.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Attorney General) v Mavi'', 2011 SCC 30 at para 68.&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, the Board is bound by its own undertakings and, once an undertaking is given by a Board Member, failure to comply with it (or provide notice that it will not be complied with and an opportunity to respond&lt;ref&gt;''Gill, Arshdeep v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-1589-20), Gleeson, July 15, 2021; 2021 FC 741.&lt;/ref&gt;) will constitute a breach of natural justice.&lt;ref&gt;Waldman, Lorne, ''Canadian Immigration &amp; Refugee Law Practice'', Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2018, ISBN 9780433478928, ISSN [tel:1912-0311 1912-0311], &lt;https://search.library.utoronto.ca/details?5022478&gt; (Accessed April 1, 2020) at page 1740 of the PDF.&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada described this principle, and the related doctrine of legitimate expectations, in ''Agraira v Canada:''&lt;blockquote&gt;If a public authority has made representations about the procedure it will follow in making a particular decision, or if it has consistently adhered to certain procedural practices in the past in making such a decision, the scope of the duty of procedural fairness owed to the affected person will be broader than it otherwise would have been. Likewise, if representations with respect to a substantive result have been made to an individual, the duty owed to him by the public authority in terms of the procedures it must follow before making a contrary decision will be more onerous.&lt;ref&gt;''Agraira v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'', 2013 SCC 36.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
The specific conditions which must be satisfied in order for the doctrine of legitimate expectations to apply are summarized in the looseleaf ''Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Canada'':&lt;blockquote&gt;The distinguishing characteristic of a legitimate expectation is that it arises from some conduct of the decision-maker, or some other relevant actor. Thus, a legitimate expectation may result from an official practice or assurance that certain procedures will be followed as part of the decision-making process, or that a positive decision can be anticipated. As well, the existence of administrative rules of procedure, or a procedure on which the agency had voluntarily embarked in a particular instance, may give rise to a legitimate expectation that such procedures will be followed. Of course, the practice or conduct said to give rise to the reasonable expectation must be clear, unambiguous and unqualified.&lt;ref&gt;''Nshogoza v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1211 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/glsz3#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2021-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
There are additional qualifications to the applicability of the doctrine of legitimate expectations, including that it does not apply where the promise conflicts with a statutory duty.&lt;ref&gt;''Demirtas v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' 1992 CanLII 2425 (FCA), [1993] 1 FC 602, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/4nqh&gt;, retrieved on 2021-08-29; ''Al Dajani c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2024 CF 1415.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so as the doctrine of legitimate expectations does not create substantive rights and cannot hinder the discretion of the decision­maker responsible for applying the law.&lt;ref&gt;''Kaisar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2017 FC 789 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hpl63#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2021-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Furthermore, even where an undertaking has been made by the tribunal, it remains free to change its mind while seized with a case, so long as fair notice is provided to the parties. While the court has indicated that it is preferable to provide notice of issues as far in advance as possible,&lt;ref&gt;''Figueroa c Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration)'', 2016 CF 521 au paragraphe 56.&lt;/ref&gt; so long as the tribunal provides an adequate opportunity to respond to the issue, procedural fairness is respected&lt;ref&gt;''Ambroise c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2021 CF 62 (CanLII), par. 41, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jcq6t#par41&gt;, consulté le 2021-02-02.&lt;/ref&gt; - even if notice of an issue is provided at some point during the hearing, not at the start of, or prior to, the hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Ambroise c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2021 CF 62 (CanLII), par. 42, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jcq6t#par42&gt;, consulté le 2021-02-02.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an independent decision-maker#Members are not bound by previous interlocutory decisions on a file]].

These principles have been applied in the refugee context:

* &lt;u&gt;Where the tribunal indicates that it is not concerned about an issue, it should not find against a party on that issue without providing notice and an opportunity to respond:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Okwagbe v. Canada'' the tribunal advised that its only concern was delay but then rejected the claim based on the availability of an IFA. The Court held that this conduct constituted a breach of natural justice.&lt;ref&gt;''Okwagbe v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2012] F.C.J. No. 816, 2012 FC 792 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Where the tribunal indicates that it is not necessary to adduce particular evidence, it should not find against a party for failing to provide such evidence:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Isik v. Canada'' the court concluded that the Board had acted unfairly where it indicated that it was not necessary to call a witness and then made adverse credibility findings on the point that the witness may have testified about:  &lt;blockquote&gt;[T]he Court strongly believes that the RPD should refrain from taking a position on the necessity of presenting a witness unless it knows exactly what facts the witness will testify about and in what specific respect this evidence is meant to corroborate a claimant’s testimony or story. If a counsel simply inquires about the advisability of presenting a witness, the RPD can always refuse to take a position on the basis that it has yet to complete its evaluation of the evidence. If it chooses to take a stand, it must be fully aware that its decision will have consequences. In this particular case, the Court finds that the RPD ought to have known that its comment that the evidence was not necessary would clearly impact on the legal representatives acting in this case and it is clear that it did so without knowing the full extent of the facts on which the proposed witness was meant to testify.&lt;ref&gt;''Isik v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2011] F.C.J. No. 906, 2011 FC 718 (F.C.), paras. 14-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;Where the tribunal publishes a policy which indicates that it will follow a particular practice, parties may rely on it:&lt;/u&gt; Member Edward Bosveld of the RAD has held that the RPD’s actions in creating, publishing, and committing to follow its Front End Security Screening Instructions give rise to a legitimate expectation that those instructions will be followed.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 76391 (CA IRB), at para 57, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/g23dh#par57&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;The fact that the tribunal asks for submissions on an issue does not create a legitimate expectation that the issue will be canvassed in the reasons if it is not determinative:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Rodriguez v. Canada'', the court considered an argument that the fact that the tribunal had asked for submissions on an issue created a legitimate expectation that the issue was of significance and would be assessed by the tribunal in its reasons.&lt;ref&gt;''Correa Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 937 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jj24b#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2021-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; The court rejected this argument, holding that the fact that submissions have been requested on an issue does not oblige the tribunal to consider it if that issue is irrelevant. See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decisions may focus on the determinative issue]].
*&lt;u&gt;The Board is not bound by the arguments raised by the parties in the proceedings&lt;/u&gt;, for example by an argument by the Minister that focuses on some issues, but not others.&lt;ref&gt;''Vanovac, Nenad v. M.S.E.P.'' (F.C., no. IMM-11898-22), Fuhrer, January 30, 2024; 2024 FC 148.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The RAD is to conduct its own independent review of the file, including on issues of credibility, without holding a new oral hearing ===
The RAD has the power to set aside a determination made by the RPD and substitute its determination that, in its opinion, should have been made. This requires the RAD to conduct its own assessment of the evidence ''de novo''. The Federal Court of Appeal commented on the meaning of the word &quot;de novo&quot; in this context:&lt;blockquote&gt;I also conclude that an appeal before the RAD is not a true ''de novo'' proceeding. Recognizing that there may be different views and definitions, I need to clarify what I mean by “true ''de novo'' proceeding”. It is a proceeding where the second decision‑maker starts anew: the record below is not before the appeal body and the original decision is ignored in all respects. When the appeal is a true ''de novo'' proceeding, standard of review is not an issue. This is clearly not what is contemplated where the RAD proceeds without a hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Huruglica'', 2016 FCA 93 at para 79.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This may involve a re-assessment of the credibility of the evidence without entitling an appellant to a second oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Siddiqui v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1028 at para. 110, relying on ''Malambu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 CF 763 at para 38.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the RAD cannot be faulted for not having considered and addressed arguments that were not raised on appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Maklaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 617 (CanLII), at para 32, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4h3j#par32&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA s. 111(1)(b): the Refugee Appeal Division may set aside the determination of the RPD and substitute a determination that, in its opinion, should have been made]].

== Fairness considerations related to the manner of conducting a hearing ==
=== The right to counsel ===
For considerations of the right to counsel and incompetence of counsel, see the commentary to s. 167 of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#IRPA s. 167 - Right to counsel]].

=== Hearings shall normally be conducted privately ===
See the commentary on section 166 of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/166 - Proceedings must be held in the absence of the public]].

=== The right to present evidence ===
Section 170(e) of the Act states that the Refugee Protection Division, in any proceeding before it, must give the person and the Minister a reasonable opportunity to present evidence, question witnesses, and make representations. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that fundamental justice requires an oral hearing when issues of credibility are being determined in the refugee context.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; This hearing process must ensure that parties have an opportunity to present and respond to evidence and to make representations. Where, for example, the Board prevents a party from speaking on multiple occasions during a hearing,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; denies a party a reasonable opportunity to cross-examine a witness,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; refuses to receive evidence,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; or prevents a party from calling witnesses,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; this may amount to a denial of the right to be heard and to a breach of natural justice. However, regard must be had to the relevant rules on, say, calling witnesses and submitting documents and the discretion that the Board has in certain circumstances to refuse such evidence.

==== The failure to allow a witness to testify or discouraging a witness from testifying could constitute a breach of procedural fairness ====
Where the Board denies a party a reasonable opportunity to cross-examine a witness,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; refuses to receive evidence,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; prevents a party from calling witnesses,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; or discourages a witness from testifying,&lt;ref&gt;''V.S. v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2017 FC 109 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gx5lz#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-27.&lt;/ref&gt; this may amount to a denial of the right to be heard and to a breach of natural justice. As the court stated in ''Kamtasingh v. Canada'': &quot;the place to control excessive or repetitive evidence on issues of controversy which are central or determinative is generally not at the entrance to the witness box, but once the witness is testifying&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Kamtasingh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 45 (CanLII), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/27mdg#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-27.&lt;/ref&gt; However, regard must be had to the relevant rules on, say, calling witnesses and submitting documents and the discretion that the Board has in certain circumstances to refuse such evidence. In the Federal Court's words in ''Ahmad v. Canada'', &quot;fairness does not require that an applicant be permitted to call multiple redundant witnesses to give repetitive evidence&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Ahmad v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2022 FC 1687 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtfn6#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-29&lt;/ref&gt; See more: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#Rule 10(6) provides that the Division may limit the questioning of witnesses]].

==== A panel can establish principled rules regarding the manner in which a witness testifies ====
The right to make one’s case is subject to reasonable limitations, but those limitations, when they are the result of the exercise of discretion, are to be made and applied in a principled way.&lt;ref&gt;''Kotelenets v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 209 at para 30.&lt;/ref&gt; Examples of such principled limitations include:

* &lt;u&gt;Having witnesses put away notes:&lt;/u&gt; The Board states that witnesses should not generally be permitted to give their testimony by reading from notes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; The Refugee Appeal Division has held that whether a hearing is in person or virtual, a refugee protection claimant must not read their Basis of Claim Form (BOC Form) or their notes during the hearing without obtaining the member’s authorization.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2022 CanLII 131316 (CA IRB), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvj7r#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-05.&lt;/ref&gt; A Member of the Board does not normally err by asking a witness to put away notes before giving testimony. One option for a panel in such circumstances is to offer to the party that they may admit the notes in question as an exhibit, something that was offered in ''Wysozki v. Canada.''&lt;ref&gt;''Wysozki v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'' (F.C., No. IMM-4958-19), Strickland, March 31, 2020; 2020 FC 458, para. 25.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;u&gt;Requiring a witness to take steps to verify their identity:&lt;/u&gt; Another example of the right of a Board to establish principled limitations on the testimony that may be adduced in a proceeding was where a Member required a proposed overseas witness to attend at a Canadian embassy abroad for identification before the panel would hear their testimony by telephone, a limitation that was upheld by the Federal Court on judicial review: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses#44(1)(f): If a party wants to call a witness, the party must provide information on whether the party wants the witness to testify by means of live telecommunication]].
* &lt;u&gt;Limiting repetitive testimony:&lt;/u&gt; A decision-maker is entitled to limit repetitive testimony and to not allow testimony that is not central to the claim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;''Almoqaiad, Saosan Khalil I., v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-684-19), Favel, January 29, 2020; 2020 FC 160.&lt;/ref&gt; More detail on this is provided at RPD Rule 10(6): &quot;The Division may limit the questioning of witnesses, including a claimant or a protected person, taking into account the nature and complexity of the issues and the relevance of the questions&quot; ([[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 10 - Order of questioning in hearings, oral representations, oral decisions, limiting questioning]]). 
*&lt;u&gt;Having the panel question the claimant prior to a claimant's counsel asking questions:&lt;/u&gt; While the Federal Court allows that it may be necessary for the claimant’s counsel to question first in order to ensure that evidence is properly presented in particular hearings,&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 66, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par66&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; it is permissible for the tribunal to establish as a default that the panel questions the witness first, a default that can be deviated from in appropriate circumstances. 
*&lt;u&gt;Not allowing leading questions on direct examination:&lt;/u&gt; The Board states that a Member should not ordinarily allow leading questions in examination-in-chief, except for non-contentious basic information.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; 
*&lt;u&gt;Limiting the matters that may be raised by a claimant's counsel on redirect questioning:&lt;/u&gt; Where counsel has had an opportunity to ask a witness questions, and then they ask additional questions following the Member and other party's questions, counsel is not ordinarily at that point entitled to go into new areas of testimony with the claimant because counsel has already had a reasonable opportunity to present evidence on behalf of the claimant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. ''CRDD Handbook'', Dated March 31, 1999, online &lt;https://web.archive.org/web/20080331073416/https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hb01_e.htm&gt; (Accessed November 9, 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in Lokhande v. Canada, when counsel for the applicants stated at the second sitting of the hearing that he had some questions for the principal applicant, the RPD reminded counsel that they were “already finished with him.”&lt;ref&gt;''Lokhande v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1362 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0s9j#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD found that the applicants had not established a breach of procedural fairness and this decision was upheld by the court.&lt;ref&gt;''Lokhande v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1362 (CanLII), at para 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0s9j#par4&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Where a witness is interrupted while providing testimony, this may establish that their right to present oral testimony was interfered with ====
Where the Board prevents a party from speaking on multiple occasions during a hearing, this may amount to a denial of the right to be heard and to a breach of justice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; However, redirecting a witness is not in and of itself problematic; the court concluded in ''Wysozki v. Canada'' that seeking to have an applicant respond to the question asked rather than provide other irrelevant information is not a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Wysozki v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'' (F.C., No. IMM-4958-19), Strickland, March 31, 2020; 2020 FC 458, para. 38.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, a panel may determine that counsel will only be given a specified amount of time in order to ask questions in a case; in ''Ramachandiran v. Canada'', the RAD noted &quot;Counsel was given more than 40 minutes for questions, which is generally considered ample time&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ramachandiran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 228 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvkkt#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, where a panel interrupts a witness' testimony in a manner that could be described as &quot;constant interruptions or gross interference&quot;, this may establish that the process was not fair.&lt;ref&gt;''Lawal v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FC 861 at para 36.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#The tone and tenor of the decision-maker’s involvement in the hearing]].

==== Where a panel or opposing counsel acts in an intimidating way, this may establish that the right to present oral testimony was interfered with ====
The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that &quot;Members shall conduct hearings in a courteous and respectful manner while ensuring that the proceedings are fair, orderly and efficient.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 9.&lt;/ref&gt; It is important for a decision-maker to be aware of their tone and their reactions when they are hearing evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Miranda Miranda'' v. ''M.C.I.'' (F.C. No. IMM-6024-21), Gleeson, October 19, 2022; 2022 FC.&lt;/ref&gt; Intrusive and intimidating interventions by a Board member may be found to interfere with an applicant's ability to present his case.&lt;ref&gt;''Kumar v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)'', [1988] 2 F.C. 14.&lt;/ref&gt; If the interruptions are made for the purpose of clarifying testimony or an issue, they will not raise a reasonable apprehension of bias, even if the manner of questioning or interruption is &quot;energetic&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ithibu v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration'', 2001 FCT 288 (CanLII), [2001] F.C.J. No. 499.&lt;/ref&gt; However, there will be cases where conduct crosses the line. For example, in ''Kumar'', the Federal Court of Appeal found that the decision-maker’s conduct of the hearing, which included statements such as &quot;[t]his is one of the most ridiculous cases I have ever heard in my life&quot; and, in response to a summary of the applicant’s political views stated &quot;Who cares?&quot;, was intrusive and that the intimidating character of the interventions interfered significantly with the applicant’s presentation of his case by his counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Kumar v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)'', [1988] 2 F.C. 14, paras. 4 and 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Farkas v. Canada'' a Board ruling was set aside because of persistent and aggressive questioning by one of the Board members.&lt;ref&gt;''Farkas v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2001 FCT 190.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, the fact that a panel acted in a manner the lacked sensitivity will not in itself suffice to overturn a decision; for example, in ''Miranda v. Canada'' the court concluded that the panel was &quot;abrupt and indifferent, which suggests, at worst, that the RPD was not welcoming or sensitive to the applicant while he was talking about difficult experiences&quot;, but nonetheless went on to uphold the decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Miranda Miranda v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1423 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1tpp#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-04.&lt;/ref&gt; This general issue is related to issues of bias and prejudgment of the evidence, which see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#Bias and the Member's Inquisitorial Role]].

==== In some cases, evidence may only be admitted where it is credible and trustworthy ====
Just as the refusal to admit relevant evidence may breach procedural fairness, so can a decision to admit and rely on evidence which may not be reliable, credible, or trustworthy or, in the case of hearsay evidence, in circumstances where a party is unable to correct or contradict any statement prejudicial to its view, including by means of cross-examination.&lt;ref&gt;David J Mullan, ''Administrative Law'' (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2001), at 3 as cited in Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 192.&lt;/ref&gt; For further discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 170(h) - May receive and base a decision on evidence considered credible or trustworthy]].

==== The RPD and RAD have rules on submitting evidence post-hearing and post-perfection of an appeal ====
The RPD and RAD have rules on submitting evidence post-hearing and post-perfection of an appeal, respectively. Which see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 43 - Additional documents provided as evidence after a hearing]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 29: Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided]]. 

In ''Abiola v. Canada'', near the end of the RPD hearing, the Associate Applicant addressed the RPD member with additional, new evidence that he had procured on his phone regarding the presence of Ijaw militants in Benin City, originally one of the IFA locations under consideration. In response, the RPD member told the Associate Applicant that she would consider only one article as part of her decision and would not accept any others: &quot;''So, are you -- I am not going to accept kind of every article that you can Google – certainly, but that first article on Benin State (sic), if you send that to Counsel, I will accept that first article on Benin State, okay?''&quot; The court concluded that, despite the appellant's submission that this RPD statement was procedurally unfair because it dissuaded the appellants from presenting new evidence during the hearing, the appellants had not provided evidence that demonstrated that they were prevented from submitting new evidence post-hearing as they had not attempted to do so.&lt;ref&gt;''Abiola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 724 (CanLII), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4k40#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Members are expected to act honestly and in good faith and are precluded from &quot;setting traps&quot; for claimants ===
The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that &quot;Members are expected to act honestly and in good faith, in a professional and ethical manner.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 11.&lt;/ref&gt; Parliament's objective with the IRPA is to fulfill Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees, including Canada's obligations pursuant to the ''Refugee Convention'', obligations which must be interpreted and performed in good faith.&lt;ref&gt;The terms of the Refugee Convention are to be interpreted pursuant to the principles set out at arts 31–32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (adopted 23 May 1969, entered into force 27 January 1980) 1155 UNTS 331, Can TS 1980 No 37 as noted in Joshua Blum, ''When Law Forgets: Coherence and Memory in the Determination of Stateless Palestinian Refugee Claims in Canada,'' International Journal of Refugee Law, eeaa019, https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa019. For a discussion of the relationship between this Vienna Convention and the Refugee Convention, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties codifies public international law rules of treaty interpretation applicable to the interpretation of the Refugee Convention]].&lt;/ref&gt; In international law, the concept of good faith, or ''bona fides'', is taken to include duties of honesty, loyalty, and reasonableness.&lt;ref&gt;Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 &lt;https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 15 of the article.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court observes that the Member's role &quot;calls for exemplary probity and integrity.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''De Leon v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [2000] F.C.J. No. 852 (F.C.T.D.) (QL), IMM-6251-98, Pelletier J., para. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, this requirement will preclude outright dishonesty, such as falsely indicating that a claimant made a statement that they did not make, something that has been an issue in other countries' refugee status determination systems.&lt;ref&gt;Hankyoreh, ''S. Korean Justice Ministry offers 2nd chance to refugee applicants who were victims of false interview accounts'', Apr. 21, 2020, &lt;http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/941396.html&gt; (Accessed June 12, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; 

This will also preclude more subtle actions that do not demonstrate good faith, such as &quot;setting traps&quot; for claimants.&lt;ref&gt;''Sivaguru v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) (C.A.),'' 1992 CanLII 14796 (FCA), [1992] 2 FC 374, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jqlvj&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; By way of example, the Board must not mislead a claimant by putting a false premise to them. This has been held to be a &quot;clear breach of procedural fairness&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Yahaya v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1570 (CanLII), para. 37.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Yahaya v. Canada'', the court concluded that the panel had breached procedural fairness as follows: &quot;the RPD member’s questioning on this issue added to the confusion, as it resulted from the initial misinterpretation of the Applicant’s statement. At the hearing, the RPD member put a false premise to the Applicant, i.e., that the police visit took place on December 21, 2016, and then took note of how the Applicant reacted to what the Applicant had never understood as being a discrepancy. In effect, the Applicant was asked to explain away a discrepancy that never existed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Yahaya v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1570 (CanLII), paras. 33-34.&lt;/ref&gt; That conduct was held to have been procedurally unfair, and the matter was remitted to the IRB for redetermination. Similarly, in ''Reveron v. Canada'' the Federal Court noted that &quot;The panel seems to have imposed a false premise on Mr. Chace Reveron and asked him to prove it&quot; and concluded that this was a procedural fairness violation.&lt;ref&gt;''Chace Reveron v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1114 (CanLII), par. 34, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc7vh#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Herrera v. Canada'' the Federal Court concluded that the RPD had effectively set a trap for the applicant at the outset of the hearing by mis-describing the issues to be addressed, which has held to be unfair.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 81, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par81&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Sivaguru'' ''v.'' ''Canada'' the Federal Court of Appeal quashed a decision in a case where a panel member, after hearing evidence on the claimant’s knowledge of the LTTE’s violent activities in Sri Lanka, and doubting his credibility, initiated a search for further evidence, and upon resuming the hearing, did not disclose this contradicting evidence until he had questioned the claimant further, in a way that was described by the court as the setting of a trap.&lt;ref&gt;''Sivaguru'' ''v.'' ''M.E.I''., [1992] 2 F.C. 374 (F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abuse of process and actions of parties and the Board ===
Abuse of process “aims to prevent unfairness by precluding ‘abuse of the decision-making process’”.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this doctrine, RPD Members have the ability to refuse to hear an application that was brought in an unjust or unfair manner.&lt;ref&gt;''Naimi v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1294 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6fbs#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The doctrine of abuse of process may be invoked in refugee proceedings, usually where the Minister has tarried in bringing an application to vacate status.&lt;ref&gt;''Mella v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2019 FC 1587 (CanLII), par. 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j3wnl#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt; For considerations related to delay in the tribunal convening a hearing, unrelated to the actions of any party, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#A party is entitled to a hearing without unreasonable delay that causes serious prejudice]]. However, the doctrine may apply in other ways, too, for example where a claimant fails to disclose a significant event, like a substantially identical past application, in an attempt to re-litigate a question while hiding unfavourable evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Diakité v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 170 (CanLII), at para 50, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2p18#par50&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== A hearing should be conducted in a way that upholds the dignity of the individual ===
Members who preside over refugee hearings should have appropriate skills and understanding. 

==== Hearings should be conducted in a trauma-informed manner ====
Refugee Status Determination processes can have negative psychological effects on asylum-seekers. Despite their diverse cultural backgrounds and nationalities, refugees and asylum seekers often share common experiences, including the loss or separation of family members, the hardships of flight, as well as stigma, discrimination, social isolation, financial insecurity, and protracted asylum determination processes.&lt;ref&gt;Ling San Lau and Graeme Rodgers, ''Cultural Competence in Refugee Service Settings: A Scoping Review,'' Health Equity, Volume 5.1, 2021, DOI: 10.1089/heq.2020.0094, &lt;https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/heq.2020.0094&gt; (Accessed March 20, 2022), page 125.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, IRB Member Railton has noted that &quot;most claimants are suffering some trauma or stress when they arrive in Canada&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 97437 (CA IRB), par. 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ggdpl#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt; The fact that hearings can have significant deleterious psychological effects for claimants is well documented. A study conducted by Katrin Schock, an expert in clinical psychology, examined the psychological impact of asylum interviews. The participants were examined 10 days prior and 16 days after their asylum interview and the results clearly showed an “increase in post-traumatic intrusions and a significant decrease in post-traumatic avoidance and hyper-arousal symptoms,” meaning that the findings confirm the stressful impact asylum interviews have.&lt;ref&gt;Katrin Schock, Rita Rosner, and Christine Knaevelsrud, &quot;Impact of Asylum Interviews on the Mental Health of Traumatized Asylum Seekers,&quot; European Journal of Psychotraumatology 6, no. 1 (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; A fair hearing process is one that takes these concerns into account and seeks to minimize them. 

The UNHCR ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status'' recognizes that decision-makers assessing refugee status must be sensitive to the mental health of asylum seekers and be prepared to adjust their decision-making strategy:&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 196.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;207. It frequently happens that an examiner is confronted with an applicant having mental or emotional disturbances that impede a normal examination of his case. A mentally disturbed person may, however, be a refugee, and while his claim cannot therefore be disregarded, it will call for different techniques of examination.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html [accessed 26 January 2020].&lt;/ref&gt; The IRB's gender guidelines state that members shall “conduct the hearing and their questioning in a trauma-informed manner. Members should, to the extent possible, prevent individuals from becoming traumatized or re-traumatized by the hearing process. For example, members should avoid any line of questioning at a hearing, or reasoning in a decision, that suggests that a survivor is responsible for the abuse that they suffered.”&lt;ref&gt;Section 5.4.4 of Guideline 4.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Guideline 4 - Gender Considerations in Proceedings Before the Immigration and Refugee Board]].

Having a trauma-informed adjudication process has implications both for the manner in which any refugee status determination hearing is conducted, as well as the timeliness of the process:

* &lt;u&gt;Priority processing should be available for some claimants:&lt;/u&gt; The fact that waiting for a hearing can also be traumatic for claimants has been discussed extensively in literature about refugee status determination processes. For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#A party is entitled to a hearing without unreasonable delay that causes serious prejudice]].
* &lt;u&gt;Questions should be appropriate for the claimant:&lt;/u&gt; This is especially the case when conducting hearings involving children, where care must be taken to ensure that questions are asked in a manner appropriate to the claimant's age, maturity, and level of understanding, as discussed in the relevant Chairperson's Guideline. Furthermore, since the nature of a hearing is not adversarial, the panel should control the scope of any cross-examination where it is liable to traumatize a claimant. A panel should limit cross-examination when it believes that the proposed questioning would add little to the knowledge of the decision-maker and would unduly prejudice the claimant or cause unwarranted emotional strain.&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Members should adopt an appropriate demeanour:&lt;/u&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#A passive or distant countenance is not required of Board members]]. 
As Rehaag and Verman observe, the occasional problematic, insensitive, or insufficiently trained decision-maker has a disproportionate effect beyond the claimants appearing before them. This is so because counsel, concerned that their clients might be assigned an IRB member who adopt an invasive, stereotypical, and over-medicalized approach to their clients, feel that they have to marshal evidence and prepare clients for this potential. In other words, Rehaag argues, conscientious lawyers still needed to prepare clients for the worst-case scenario. This process, he set out, required digging into intimate personal information, condensing complex identities into digestible narratives, preparing to discuss traumatic experiences with a hostile authority figure, and practicing insensitive scrutiny of performed gender identities and expressions.&lt;ref&gt;Rehaag, Sean and Verman, Alexandra, &quot;Transgender Erasure: Barriers facing transgender refugees in Canada&quot; (2024) 69:1 McGill LJ 49 — (2024) 69:1 RD McGill 49, page 23.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Hearings should be conducted with appropriate skill in inter-cultural communication ====
In most cases, a claimant's evidence will be given through interpreters, usually different at each proceeding. The process is fraught with the possibility of innocent misunderstanding.&lt;ref&gt;''Punithavathy Rajaratnam v. The Minister of Employment and Immigration,'' (A-824-90, December 5, 1991, [1991] F.C.J. No. 1271.&lt;/ref&gt; Members should be aware of this in how they interpret testimony. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 19 - Interpreters#What should be done if there are concerns about the quality or accuracy of interpretation?]].

The Federal Court has held that a Member's findings must be &quot;duly sensitive to cultural differences&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Rahal v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2012 FC 319, para. 44.&lt;/ref&gt; and that the Board &quot;must be careful not to review evidence unduly with a North American lens&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Yusuf v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1032 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzf2f#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-21.&lt;/ref&gt; The court also states that &quot;the Board should not be quick to apply the North American logic and reasoning to the claimant's behaviour: consideration should be given to the claimant's age, cultural background and previous social experiences&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Lubana v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2003 FCT 115.&lt;/ref&gt; In Justice Harrington's words, &quot;sometimes it can be difficult to realize that many of our attitudes derive from our own culture and may not be universally shared. If these attitudes, or biases if you will, are not recognized, it is impossible to cast them aside and try to walk a mile in someone else’s shoes.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Owusu v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 1195 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1pqwr#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-18.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Federal Court has spoken positively of the RAD being &quot;clearly alert to the risks of unconscious or implicit racial bias&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Arafa v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 238 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvp5g#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-26.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD has also emphasized that this has implications for who should be selected to serve on the tribunal, stating: &quot;It is desirable and, arguably, necessary that the composition of the tribunal reflect the composition of Canadian society and, in particular, the immigrant community which it has been created to serve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2011 CanLII 99019 (CA IRB).&lt;/ref&gt; 

The court also states that every application for protection in Canada presents its own unique and distinct anatomy, and demands that attention be paid to cultural, historical, socio-political and socio-economic factors.&lt;ref&gt;''Mukamusoni v. Canada (Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' 2015 FC 196, para. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; International standards provide that decision-makers should be taught the inter-cultural skills required to conduct interviews in a non-discriminatory and meaningful manner.&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, Introduction to Chapter V, written by Hofmann &amp; Löhr, at p. 1119 (para. 103).&lt;/ref&gt; Mary Crock, et. al., note that 'cultural competence' can range from understanding the impact that religious belief systems might have on behaviour to acknowledging the impact of the dissonance caused by cultural and social dislocation to understanding the expectations that a person might have of a government official in a position of authority and acknowledging the type of education and experiences that a person likely has (or has not) had.&lt;ref&gt;Mary Crock, Kate Bones, Daniel Ghezelbash, Jemma Hollonds and Mary Anne Kenny, ''Children and Young People in Asylum and Refugee Processes: Towards Best Practice'', Published 18 May 2020, The Federation Press, ISBN 9781760022419, page 10.&lt;/ref&gt; The general view is that cultural competence is likely to be context-specific, given the heterogeneity of refugee populations;&lt;ref&gt;Lau LS, Rodgers G (2021) Cultural competence in refugee service settings: a scoping review, Health Equity 5:1, 124–134, DOI: 10.1089/heq.2020.0094, page 132.&lt;/ref&gt; in the words of Riggs, &quot;there may not be one ‘model’ of best practice, but a suite of strategies that are flexible and adaptable and are reflective of the clients’ cultures, languages, existing social groups and resources of local service providers—both mainstream and culturally-specific.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Riggs E, Davis E, Gibbs L, et al. ''Accessing maternal and child health services in Melbourne, Australia: reflections from refugee families and service providers''. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:1–16, page 14.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the ''UN High Commissioner for Human Rights'' states that their officials doing interviews need to be aware that some interviewees may use different temporal references or do not pay attention to dates and time. Staff should understand how they relate to time (e.g., by linking facts to remarkable events, seasons, holidays and festivities) to trace back possible dates of human rights incidents.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ''Manual on human rights monitoring: Chapter 11 (Interviewing),''&lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Chapter11-MHRM.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, page 11.&lt;/ref&gt; Rehaag and Verman observe that claimants may use concepts that are unfamiliar to IRB members or counsel, necessitating a degree of complicated cultural translation.&lt;ref&gt;Alex Verman and Sean Rehaag, ''Transgender Erasure: Barriers Facing Transgender Refugees in Canada,'' (2024) 69:1 McGill LJ 49 — (2024) 69:1 RD McGill 49, &lt;https://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/article/transgender-erasure-barriers-facing-transgender-refugees-in-canada/&gt;, page 26.&lt;/ref&gt; 

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Decisions taken under this Act are to be consistent with the principles of equality and freedom from discrimination]]. 

==== Hearings should be conducted in manner that appropriately considers gender ====
If a Member acts in a way that does not appropriately consider gender, they may be raising a reasonable apprehension of bias. For example, the Federal Court of Appeal commented as following in ''Yusuf v. Canada:''&lt;blockquote&gt;In my opinion, these sexist, unwarranted and highly irrelevant observations by a member of the Refugee Division are capable of giving the impression that their originator was biased. The day is past when women who dared to penetrate the male sanctum of the courts of justice were all too often met with condescension, a tone of inherent superiority and insulting &quot;compliments&quot;. A judge who indulges in that now loses his cloak of impartiality. The decision cannot stand.&lt;ref&gt;''Yusuf v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)'', 1991 CanLII 13547 (FCA), [1992] 1 F.C. 629 (C.A.), pages 637-638.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an impartial decision-maker]].

Gender should also be appropriately considered when assigning adjudicators to claims, as one academic has argued: &quot;This will help to ensure respect for people whose culture does not allow for a woman to be seen alone with a man who is not her husband, and ensure that women are able to discuss their protection concerns freely with caseworkers.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Momoh, S., van Eijken, H., &amp; Ryngaert, C. (2020). Statelessness Determination Procedures. ''The Statelessness and Citizenship Review'', ''2''(1), 86–111. Retrieved from https://statelessnessandcitizenshipreview.com/index.php/journal/article/view/137 at page 94.&lt;/ref&gt; Most staff who work at refugee status determination bodies in western countries are women - for example 70% of those at Norway's body are female&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; and the percentage is similar in Canada. For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Chairperson Guidelines]].

''Kaur v. Canada'' provides another type of example. In that case, the person concerned had not made a refugee claim at an inquiry because of threats and duress by her husband.&lt;ref&gt;''Kaur v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1990] 2 F.C. 209 (C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kaur'' has been taken for the proposition &quot;that an immigration inquiry, held at a moment when the person concerned was under the direct influence of a third party (her husband) and not free to bring up facts as they were, could be seen as having breached the rules of natural justice, with the result that the decision that followed was a nullity under the Charter and the adjudicator could reconsider his decision.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Longia v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1990] 3 F.C. 288 (C.A.), page 294.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Videoconferencing is not ''per se'' unfair, but may be inappropriate in certain circumstances ===
Section 164 of the Act provides that the Board may conduct a hearing via live telecommunication. For a discussion of the fairness implications of such technology, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/164 - Presence of parties and use of telecommunications for hearings#IRPA Section 164]].

=== The Board is not obliged to record hearings, but a lack of such a recording may constitute grounds for setting aside the decision ===
There is no statutory right to a recording of a Division's proceedings. A lack of a recording is not by itself a ground for allowing an appeal of a decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Agbon v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration''), 2004 FC 356 at para 3.&lt;/ref&gt; However, if an issue of natural justice is raised, a reviewing body must consider whether the applicant has been deprived of his or her grounds of appeal given the absence of a recording of the impugned hearing. If the decision facing the RAD or court can be made on the basis of evidence established through other means, the principles of natural justice will not be infringed. To succeed, the onus rests on an applicant to raise an issue that “affects the outcome of the case that can only be determined on the basis of a record of what was said at the hearing such that the absence of a transcript prevents the Court from addressing the issue properly”.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 215 at para 11.&lt;/ref&gt; 

As such, in ''Popoola v. Canada'' the court concluded that the fact that the recording included inaudible portions in the testimony about which credibility findings were made was not a basis for setting aside the decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Popoola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 555 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jp10h#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt; This was so because the inaudible portions were &quot;minimal in nature and often [were] illuminated by follow-up questions from the RPD&quot;, and as such, the case was one where the record permitted the court to determine whether the RAD’s findings were reasonable on the evidence before it. The fact that a hearing was not recorded whatsoever will also not be a basis for setting aside the decision where an applicant does not explain how this failure to record the hearing is determinative in resolving an issue central to the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Imafidon v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1592 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1f2c#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in cases where no recording has been made, it remains open to the decision-maker to provide their notes of what was said at the hearing, which may be sufficient.&lt;ref&gt;''Ali v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 757 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxkld#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-07.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board may also provide a summary of the claimant's evidence and this may provide an adequate record.&lt;ref&gt;''Oladeji v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1183 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k01h1#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

On the other hand, if the appellant raises an issue that can only be determined through a record of what was said at the hearing, and the absence of, or gaps in, such a record prevents the appeal body from addressing the issue properly, this would normally constitute a ground for allowing the appeal (or review, in the case of a judicial review).&lt;ref&gt;''Jeon v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1429 (CanLII), &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j3pd4&gt;, retrieved on 2020-05-30&lt;/ref&gt; However, the applicant retains the burden of proving that a breach of procedural fairness occurred. They may do this by, for example, submitting an affidavit with sufficient particulars to establish this.&lt;ref&gt;''Ali v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 757 (CanLII), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxkld#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-07.&lt;/ref&gt; It is relevant to consider, for example, whether the claimant states that they did not remember their testimony and need the recording to verify what was said, and whether they are alleging that the Board has misconstrued their testimony,&lt;ref&gt;''Oladeji v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1183 (CanLII), at para 7, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k01h1#par7&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-12.&lt;/ref&gt; or that there were other material factual errors in the RPD Decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Imafidon v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1592 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1f2c#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Where an applicant relies on gaps in the recording of the hearing, the applicant must show a “serious possibility” that the gaps have denied the applicant a means of appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Oladele v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-4397-23), St-Louis, March 27, 2024, 2024 FC 470.&lt;/ref&gt; 

This is consistent with international jurisprudence. For example, in the UK the Court of Appeal has found that in the interests of fairness, claimants have the right to request that their interview be electronically recorded in the absence of having a legal representative present.&lt;ref&gt;''R (Dirshe) v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2005] EWCA Civ 421 &lt;https://www.asylumlawdatabase.eu/sites/default/files/aldfiles/UK_069%20Judgment.pdf&gt; (Accessed June 30, 2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The Board is not obliged to provide a transcript of an RPD proceeding, regardless of whether or not a recording of the proceeding was made ===
The ''Federal Courts Citizenship, Immigration and Refugee Protection Rules'' provide that the tribunal must prepare a record containing a transcript &quot;if any&quot;. Essentially, at the judicial review stage of proceedings, the transcript must be provided to the parties if it has been prepared, but the Board is not obliged to produce such a transcript of its own accord: ''Zhang v. Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Zhang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 510.&lt;/ref&gt; It used to be the case that transcripts were produced as a matter of course in the Canadian refugee protection system; for example in the Refugee Status Advisory Committee system that existed prior to the establishment of the IRB, a senior immigration officer would examine the claimant under oath, a stenographer would be present, and then that transcript would be forwarded to the RSAC.&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 28.&lt;/ref&gt; This was abandoned as the regime developed, decision-makers were now face-to-face with claimants as a legal requirement, and audio recordings of hearings became the norm. That said, transcripts are frequently prepared for hearings of more than two hours in duration that are appealed to the RAD. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 3(3)(b): The appellant's record must contain all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal]]. The court held in ''Abdi v. Canada'' that it was procedurally fair for the RAD to rely on such a transcript which had not been provided to the appellant. This was so as the evidence in question was the applicant’s own and he had been provided with a recording of that testimony.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1322 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0gnw#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fairness considerations related to decisions ==

=== Parties are entitled to timely decisions and reasons therefor ===
The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' stipulates that &quot;Members are expected to render their reasons in accordance with any standards that may be established by the &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; regarding quality decision-making and timeliness.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 35.&lt;/ref&gt; Ordinarily, RPD decisions are to be provided orally at the end of the hearing: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 10 - Order of questioning in hearings, oral representations, oral decisions, limiting questioning]]. Where a decision has been reserved and is not being issued in a timely manner, a party can apply to the Federal Court for mandamus to require that the decision be provided''.''&lt;ref&gt;''Nyamoya v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 642 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gs1b2&gt; is an example of a decision which considered the remedy of mandamus in the refugee context, albeit in the context of scheduling a hearing, not providing a decision.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The fact that there has been a delay in providing a decision will not generally justify setting aside the decision, once issued. Delay in itself does not amount to a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration''), 2014 FC 867 at paragraph 23.&lt;/ref&gt; As the Federal Court of Appeal has stated, “the 'unreasonable delay' argument cannot be perceived as a fertile basis for setting aside decisions of tribunals. It is probably closer to legal reality for one to presuppose that rarely, if ever, will the argument be successfully invoked.”&lt;ref&gt;''Hernandez v. M.C.I.'' (1993), 154 N.R. 231.&lt;/ref&gt; However, if the delay is excessive, and that the delay causes prejudice or harm to the Applicant, then relief could be available.&lt;ref&gt;''Kalonji v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 897 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k56dg#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-23.&lt;/ref&gt; For a discussion of this test, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to a hearing and the right to be heard#A party is entitled to a hearing without unreasonable delay that causes serious prejudice]].

=== Decision-making assigned to a Member must be done by the Member and shall not be delegated ===
The principle that ''delegata potestas non potest delegari'' applies to matters at the RPD. In short, no delegated powers can be further delegated. Alternatively, this administrative law principle can be stated ''delegatus non potest delegare'' (&quot;one to whom power is delegated cannot himself further delegate that power&quot;). This is affirmed in the ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' which stipulates that &quot;decision-making responsibility shall not be delegated.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Each claim should be considered individually, while overall decision-making should be predictable and consistent ===
There are two fundamental principles regarding decision-making: each claim should be considered individually, and yet, overall decision-making should be consistent. The following sections explicate these principles and the tension that they can have with one another. 

==== Each claim should be considered individually ====
Every application should be considered individually and where multiple persons make a claim and the claims are joined, each claimant is entitled to have their unique circumstances considered in the decision that ultimately ensues.&lt;ref&gt;''Akinfolajimi v. Canada (MCI)'', 2018 FC 722, at para. 30.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, where claims are joined and they rely on a similar version of events, the panel's factual determinations may reasonably apply to each joined claim. In ''Pedige v. Canada'', the court wrote as follows: &lt;blockquote&gt;[T]he Applicants argue that the RAD erred by failing to consider the Associate Applicant’s case independently by improperly importing findings from the Principal Applicant’s claim. Each of the Applicants’ claims in this case relied on a similar version of events. Namely, Sri Lankan authorities had pursued and abused them and their family following an environmental protest instigated by the Principal Applicant. The RAD rejected this version of events. It was reasonable for the RAD to import those findings into the analysis of the Associate Applicant’s claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Wijayalath Pedige v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1573 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt9x2#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;See also RPD Rule 55: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 55-56 - Joining or Separating Claims or Applications]].

This principle that each claim should be considered individually is also in play where one RPD panel relies upon fact-finding conducted by another panel. As a starting point, &quot;an individual case does not establish binding factual precedents or eliminate the necessity of proving facts in each [subsequent] individual case.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Edom v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2019 FC 958 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j1k7v#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-08.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, there are circumstances in which one panel of the RPD can rely on fact-finding conducted by another.&lt;ref&gt;''Rodriguez Lopez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 66 (CanLII), par. 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jcq6v#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2021-02-05.&lt;/ref&gt; This usually occurs uncontroversially in the context of documentary evidence about conditions in the country in question, where both panels had the same record before them from the same National Documentation Package. That said, the Federal Court has stated that relying on fact-finding conducted by another panel must be done &quot;sparingly&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Rodriguez Lopez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 66 (CanLII), par. 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jcq6v#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2021-02-05.&lt;/ref&gt; and cautions that a panel cannot “blindly” or “blithely” adopt another panel’s findings and that “reliance on the findings of another panel must be limited, careful and justified”.&lt;ref&gt;''Badal v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2003 FCT 311 at para 25.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so for a number of reasons, including that the information before another panel generally cannot be verified, as the record in another case is generally not before the new panel that is deciding what weight to place on another panel's factual findings. Even where a party submits that the record in the case at bar is similar to that in another case, the Federal Court has noted that &quot;this does not establish that it was&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Edom v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2019 FC 958 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j1k7v#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

A panel may not rely on fact-finding done by another panel where the same evidence is not before the new panel; in ''Smith v. Canada'', the RPD found that 94 percent of U.S. military deserters are dealt with administratively based on a finding made by a previous panel. The Federal Court held that such a finding of fact cannot be the subject of “judicial notice” and no notice was given of the use of specialized knowledge. Furthermore, importing this finding of fact was “clearly not acceptable” because a finding of fact must be based on the evidence submitted to the decision maker.&lt;ref&gt;''Smith v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2009 FC 1194 ​at paras 55-64.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board must not rely on evidence that is not on the record or otherwise properly available to the Member]].

Such concerns apply equally to more case-specific factual findings. For example, in ''Lopez v. Canada,'' the RPD noted that the father’s claim was found not to be credible. The RPD recognized that it was not bound by the prior decision and had to arrive at a conclusion based on the evidence before it. However, given that Ms. Rodriguez Lopez’s claim was based on the facts alleged by her father, the RPD found on a balance of probabilities that the credibility of her own claim had been undermined. The court held that this was unreasonable in the circumstances:&lt;blockquote&gt;The RPD relied on credibility findings made by the panel in Ms Rodriguez Lopez’s father’s claim to draw conclusions about her own credibility. This was not a reasonable or fair use of the fact-finding of another panel. Ms Rodriguez Lopez was ill-placed to rehabilitate her father’s claim, not knowing what evidence might have overcome the panel’s concerns in his case. … There was little that Ms Rodriguez Lopez could do to sustain the veracity of her own claim once the RPD had determined, based on her father’s claim, that there had been no persecution by the ELN. Accordingly, having erred by applying the credibility findings of another panel to the claim before it, the RPD’s decision cannot stand.&lt;ref&gt;''Rodriguez Lopez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 66 (CanLII), par. 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jcq6v#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2021-02-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Another way that this issue can arise is with the use of boilerplate language that has been used in past decisions. The Federal Court has held that &quot;while use of boilerplate text in some cases provides sufficient grounds to believe the decision was not personalized, it is acceptable when the boilerplate used addresses historic documents and actions taken by a country provided that it is clear the decision-maker put their mind to the actual issues and made an independent decision based on the evidence&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;''Abdi v Canada (MCI),'' 2016 FC 1050 at para 26.&lt;/ref&gt; For further detail on this point, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Use of templates and precedents]].

Moreover, this issue can arise on appeal where the RAD does not engage in an independent assessment of the case. A RAD Member may not dispose of an appeal in a few sentences by simply stating that they had reviewed the record, done an independent assessment, and agreed with the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Tan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 807 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpl52#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; In the Federal Court's words in ''Jeyaseelan v Canada,'' “An overly obsequious support for and reinforcement of all RPD findings can bring into question the independence of the RAD’s analysis”.&lt;ref&gt;''Jeyaseelan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2017 FC 278, para. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, when a matter is remitted for redetermination, the new panel should not copy and paste from the prior decision in a way that calls into question whether they considered new evidence at all: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Use of templates and precedents]].

A separate issue can arise about the necessity to determine where an individual's family members will likely reside in future and how that could affect their risk upon return: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 55-56 - Joining or Separating Claims or Applications#Even where claims are joined as per RPD Rule 55, each claim is still considered individually]].

==== Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board ====
While keeping in mind the principle that each claim should be considered individually, as the Federal Court of Appeal has held, one of Parliament's intentions with the IRPA is also to promote the consistency of decisions.&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2020 FCA 196 (CanLII), par. 47, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jblsl#par47&gt;, retrieved on 2020-11-17.&lt;/ref&gt; Persons affected by administrative decisions are entitled to expect that like cases will generally be treated alike, and that outcomes will not depend merely on the identity of the individual decision-maker.&lt;ref&gt;''Domtar Inc. v. Quebec (Commission d'appel en matière de lésions professionnelles)'', 1993 CanLII 106 (SCC), [1993] 2 S.C.R. 756 at p. 800.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that &quot;Members, in their decision-making, have a responsibility to support the institutional interest of the &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; in ensuring the consistency of its decisions, while recognizing that no improper influence may be brought to bear upon their adjudicative independence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 22.&lt;/ref&gt; In short, in the context of this decision-making scheme, from a policy point of view, it is important that like cases be treated alike, and that this be seen to be done.&lt;ref&gt;John R Campbell, ''Examining Procedural Unfairness and Credibility Findings in the UK Asylum System'', Refugee Survey Quarterly, Volume 39, Issue 1, March 2020, Pages 56–75, https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/rsq/hdz017, page 73.&lt;/ref&gt; As Neil Yeates writes in his report on the Board‘s operations, &quot;fairness is undermined when decision making is not perceived as consistent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Neil Yeates, ''Report of the Independent Review of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', Government of Canada, April 10, 2018, &lt;https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/pub/irb-report-en.pdf&gt; (Accessed April 27, 2020), page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; In the pithy words of the philosopher Patricia Mindus, &quot;arbitrariness is detrimental to the legitimacy of any rule in a deep and decisive way&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Mindus, P. (2020). Towards a Theory of Arbitrary Law-making in Migration Policy. ''Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics'', ''14''(2), 9-33. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.5324.eip.v14i2.3712&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in the evocative words of refugee lawyer David Matas, consistency and accuracy in the system’s determinations are important, lest, “real refugees seeking protection in Canada [] evade authorities rather than submit themselves to a deadly game of Russian roulette.”&lt;ref&gt;David Matas, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-920197-81-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 146.&lt;/ref&gt;

Achieving consistency is a challenge for any judicial system; for example, in the context of the American asylum system, it has been said that “in many cases, the most important moment in an asylum case is the instant in which a clerk randomly assigns an application to a particular asylum officer or immigration judge”.&lt;ref&gt;Former US Attorney General Robert Jackson during a speech in the US Congress in 1940, quoted in J. Ramji- Nogales, A. Schoenholtz, &amp; P. G. Schrag, Refugee Roulette: Disparities in Asylum Adjudication, 60 Stanford Law Review 295 (2007)&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, decisions on claims appear to be affected by factors as diverse as the decision-maker and the zeitgeist. For example, scholarship from Europe notes a relationship where the number of xenophobic attacks in a region leads to lower recognition rates in the following year, suggesting that for case officers the “preferences and moods that prevail in their land guide their decisions.”&lt;ref&gt;Lisa Riedel &amp; Gerald Schneider, “The Asylum Lottery: Recognition Rates Vary Strongly within Germany” (9 June 2017), online (blog): EU Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy &lt;eumigrationlawblog.eu&gt; [[http://Perma.cc/3UKQ-GW72 perma.cc/3UKQ-GW72]].&lt;/ref&gt; Research in the United States compared asylum recognition rates in the pre- and post-9/11 environments, observing that between 2002 and 2004, asylum claims were about 7 percent less likely to be accepted than before the September 11 attacks in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;Vanto J, Saarikkomäki E, Alvesalo-Kuusi A, Lepinkäinen N, Pirjatanniemi E, Lavapuro J. Collectivized Discretion: Seeking Explanations for Decreased Asylum Recognition Rates in Finland After Europe’s 2015 “Refugee Crisis.” ''International Migration Review''. November 2021. doi:10.1177/01979183211044096 at page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada, academic studies point to variations in refugee claim approvals and rejections by individual decision-makers at the RPD for cases that have similar facts and relate to the same country of origin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Sean Rehaag of York University/Osgoode Hall writes on outcomes at the RPD and RAD suggesting divergent decision-making among individual decision makers. See, e.g., Rehaag, Sean. &quot;Troubling Patterns in Canadian Refugee Adjudication.&quot; Ottawa Law Review 39.2 (2008): 335-365.&lt;/ref&gt; Yet it can be difficult to know how similar the facts are given that, immigration cases, like any administrative decision, are heavily fact dependent and arise out of uniquely personal circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;''Bayode v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 18 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k238x#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt; Professor Sean Rehaag states that there is an extent to which inconsistency is a necessary corollary of independence, writing that &quot;while the independence of Board members offers important protections against inappropriate government interference in refugee adjudication, this independence sometimes makes it difficult for the IRB to achieve another key policy objective: consistency across refugee determinations made by different Board members&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Yet, that said, research by scholars focused on variation within RSD regimes confirms that the Canadian RSD regime has lower levels of variation by individual decision makers than that seen in other regimes, including those in Australia and the United States.&lt;ref&gt;Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Page 184.&lt;/ref&gt;

Moreover, the importance of consistency does not mean that the courts will intervene in the Board’s operations for this reason alone; the general rule is that unlike judges, tribunal members are free, as far as the law is concerned, not to follow previous decisions of their tribunal colleagues even if the previous decisions cannot be distinguished.&lt;ref&gt;S. Ronald Ellis, ''The Corporate Responsibility of Tribunal Members'',  Canadian Journal of Administrative Law &amp; Practice, February 2009, 22 Can. J. Admin. L. &amp; Prac. 1, &lt;http://www.ccat-ctac.org/CMFiles/Ron%20Ellis/21.TheCorporateResponsibilityofTribunalMembers.pdf#page15&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 8.&lt;/ref&gt; This was recognized in the Supreme Court of Canada’s 1993 decision ''Domtar v. Québec,'' where it held that the fact that two tribunal decisions are in direct conflict with one another does not render either one of them necessarily reviewable by the courts.&lt;ref&gt;''Domtar Inc. v. Québec (Commission d'appel en matière de lésions professionnelles),'' [1993] 2 S.C.R. 756 (S.C.C.) at para. 93.&lt;/ref&gt; As per the Federal Court, Canadian administrative law does not recognize inconsistency in a tribunal’s decisions as a stand-alone ground of review.&lt;ref&gt;''Sami-Ullah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1525 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt2kd#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; Potential disparity of outcomes is said to be &quot;the natural consequence of the framework established by the Supreme Court of Canada in ''Canada v Vavilov''&quot; and &quot;where there is evidence on both sides of the issue, decision makers may well reach opposite decisions that are equally reasonable.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Nuri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1783 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8z#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, as the Federal Court recognized in ''Arumaithurai v. Canada'', Members are not even bound by their own past decisions as &quot;the principle of ''stare decisis'' does not apply horizontally with respect to decisions of administrative tribunals such as the RPD&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Arumaithurai v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 604 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnwwt#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-20.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the Supreme Court of Canada, &quot;the mere fact that some conflict exists among an administrative body’s decisions does not threaten the rule of law.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Vavilov'', 2019 SCC 65, para. 129.&lt;/ref&gt; 

That said, in order for their decision to be reasonable, it may be incumbent upon a Member to show that they have turned their mind to any other decisions that have been brought to their attention. It is said that the starting point for tribunals is that while they should try to follow their earlier decisions, they are not bound by them.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Attorney General) v. Bri-Chem Supply Ltd.,'' [2017] 3 FCR 123, 2016 FCA 257, para. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; The principle of judicial comity provides that judges of the same court should follow earlier decisions rendered by judges of that court, although those earlier decisions are not binding on the judge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;''Montano Alarcon v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 395, para. 30.&lt;/ref&gt; The principle of judicial comity can also be articulated as the principle that judges treat fellow judges’ decisions with courtesy and consideration.&lt;ref&gt;''Bentaher v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1187 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k61w6#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; The same principle applies to decisions made by members of the same Division of the IRB. As the Supreme Court of Canada articulated in ''Canada v.'' ''Vavilov'', to promote “general consistency”, any administrative body that departs from its own past decisions typically “bears the justificatory burden of explaining that departure in its reasons”.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Vavilov,'' 2019 SCC 65 (CanLII), paras. 129-131, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j46kb#par129&gt;, retrieved on 2020-08-08.&lt;/ref&gt; The court observes that consistency is a particularly important concern in areas such as assessments of NDP evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Kumar, Ashok v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-7685-22), McHaffie, September 22, 2023; 2023 FC 1279.&lt;/ref&gt; If another decision is brought to the attention of a panel, for example that of a family member or other similarly situated persons, the panel should review the similarities and explain why a different result is being reached from earlier decisions based on the same or very similar circumstances and country condition documentation, if that is what is happening.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; As stated by Justice Norris, “where … there are substantial similarities between the circumstances of the claimant and those of others whose claims have been accepted, if a different outcome is to be reasonable, the decision maker must provide a reasoned explanation distinguishing the earlier positive decisions”.&lt;ref&gt;''Ferko v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1357, at paragraph 44.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in the case of ''Arumaithurai v. Canada'', cited in the previous paragraph, the court has noted that there were material differences between the earlier findings in respect of the two brothers and the case of the applicant in that matter.&lt;ref&gt;''Sebamalai v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 501 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3trn#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Mosley stated specifically that the “Member implicitly took into account the distinguishing characteristics between the Applicant’s case and those of his brothers”.&lt;ref&gt;''Arumaithurai v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2022 FC 604, para. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In choosing to follow, or distinguish, another decision, Federal Court judges consider factors such as whether the decisions materially differ in the facts, a different question was asked in the other decision, the other decision is clearly wrong, or the application of the other decision would create an injustice.&lt;ref&gt;''Alyafi v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2014 FC 952 at para 45.&lt;/ref&gt; While recognizing that the standards applicable to courts and tribunal differ, regard may also be had to what are known as the ''Spruce Mills'' criteria for when a judge of a court may depart from horizontal ''stare decisis'': (1) the rationale of an earlier decision has been undermined by subsequent appellate decisions; (2) the earlier decision was reached ''per incuriam'' (“through carelessness” or “by inadvertence”); or (3) the earlier decision was not fully considered, e.g. taken in exigent circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;''Bentaher v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1187 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k61w6#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt;

However, it will not always be necessary for a panel to articulate how a previous decision of the RPD differed from the previous case; in ''Arumaithurai v. Canada'' the court concluded that in the circumstances &quot;the RPD was not required to engage in such an analysis&quot; and &quot;any flaw or shortcoming in the reasons of the RPD in this regard was not 'sufficiently central or significant to render the decision unreasonable'”.&lt;ref&gt;''Arumaithurai v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 604 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnwwt#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Vanam v'' ''Canada'' the court concluded that &quot;the prior IFA decisions cited by the Applicants are distinguishable and are not the type of decisions imposing a 'justificatory burden' on the RAD to explain a departure from its previous decisions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Vanam v'' ''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2022 FC 1457, as affirmed in ''Sami-Ullah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1525 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt2kd#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Paljor v. Canada'', the court held that the RAD was not required to review and cite all prior decisions of the Board that were provided by the applicant because &quot;assessing claims for refugee protection is individualized to the claimant&quot; and &quot;The fact that the IRB assessed other Tibetan individuals in a separate claim differently is not necessarily relevant to the reasonableness of the RAD’s decision&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Tsering Paljor v. Canada,'' 2024 FC 228, para. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, from a practical perspective, it is effectively impossible for each member of the RAD to be aware of every decision issued by every other member. It is unrealistic to impose on the RAD any obligation to be aware of all of its other decisions, let alone cite them or distinguish them, particularly in a case where they have not been raised.&lt;ref&gt;''Kumar v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2023 FC 1279, para. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, in the words of Tone Liodden, it is worth keeping in mind that while equal treatment contributes to consistency and predictability, it is a normatively empty concept; as Liodden notes, &quot;it is entirely possible that decisions are 100 per cent consistent, but substantially wrong&quot;. She cautions that &quot;although a focus on consistency is important in order to avoid the outcome of a case depending mainly upon the decision maker, it is equally important to ensure that equal treatment does not contribute to perpetuating patterns of practice that are no longer valid.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; The Board has stated that &quot;it would be wrong to take a position only on the basis that the member previously took that position or that other panels have done so. Where fairness suggests a change in approach, it may be more important to be flexible than to be consistent.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; In this respect, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The procedures used by Canada must ensure the effectiveness of the substantive provisions in the Refugee Convention]].

From an institutional point of view, one of the key tools that a large tribunal like the IRB uses to achieve consistency in decision-making is the guidelines issued by the Chairperson.&lt;ref&gt;''Thamotharem v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2007 FCA 198, [2008] 1 FCR 385, para. 60.&lt;/ref&gt; For more information on which, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/159 - Duties of Chairperson#159(1)(h) The Chairperson may issue guidelines in writing to members of the Board and identify decisions of the Board as jurisprudential guides]]. See also the ability of a Division's Deputy Chairperson to designate particular decisions as &quot;persuasive&quot;: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/159 - Duties of Chairperson#The Board has other ways of designating decisions, besides its power to issue jurisprudential guides]]. The legislation also provides that a decision of a panel of three members of the Refugee Appeal Division has, for the Refugee Protection Division and for a panel of one member of the Refugee Appeal Division, the same precedential value as a decision of an appeal court has for a trial court: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/171 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 171(c)]].  

To avoid the prospect of duelling administrative interpretations of a provision, and to ensure that an interpretation of a provision is correct, at any stage during proceedings, a “federal board, commission or other tribunal”, such as the Refugee Protection Division, may “refer any question or issue of law…to the Federal Court for hearing and determination”: s. 18.3(1) of the ''Federal Courts Act''. In such a reference, the Federal Courts would not have to defer to any administrative decision-making, could receive all necessary evidence and submissions, and could pronounce the correct state of the law.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Mason,'' 2021 FCA 156 (CanLII), at para 77, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jh8ch#par77&gt;, retrieved on 2021-08-24.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Parties are entitled to reasoned decisions ===
Parties are entitled to reasoned decisions on applications they make to the Board. This is so both as a result of Canada's international law obligations,&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, Introduction to Chapter V, written by Hofmann &amp; Löhr, at p. 1120 (para. 108).&lt;/ref&gt; and also Canada's domestic law.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (MCI) v Vavilov,'' 2019 SCC 65.&lt;/ref&gt; The requirement to provide reasons for a decision is a fundamental part of due process. It ensures that the inquiry processes is meaningful and assures the applicant that their representations have been given due consideration and a decision was taken on the factual and legal merits of their application.&lt;ref&gt;E Macharia-Mokobi, J Pfumorodze, ''Advancing refugee protection in Botswana through improved refugee status determination'', African Human Rights Law Journal 13 (1), 01-26, &lt;http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1996-20962013000100008&amp;script=sci_arttext&amp;tlng=es&gt; (Accessed February 5, 2021), page 170.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Whether or not reasons for decisions must be in writing or may be provided orally is a question governed by specific provisions of the IRPA; see the commentary to section 169 of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/169 - Decisions and Reasons]]. 

The requirement to provide reasons when an application is made applies equally to refugee claims by claimants, appeals, applications by the Minister, as well as to preliminary matters that are raised by a party. However, the reasons provided for interlocutory matters may be more brief: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions#Section 169 of the IRPA specify circumstances in which written reasons must be provided, circumstances which do not include interlocutory decisions]]. Furthermore, non-parties, such as a former counsel who provides submissions on their alleged incompetent representation, do not have a statutory entitlement to reasons. 

Fairness requires that a party's argument be considered and responded to. This principle was illustrated by ''Goodman v. Canada,'' in which Mr. Goodman asked that his PRRA application be held in abeyance pending the determination of his outstanding application for Ministerial relief. Counsel asked the officer to respond to the request for a deferral and, if it was refused, to allow &quot;an additional 30 days from the date of the CIC’s response in order to provide updated submissions and materials&quot;. The Officer never responded to these requests and then went on to render a negative decision. The court held that this was an error and that a response to the application should have been provided.&lt;ref&gt;''Goodman, Joseph John v. M.P.S.E.P.'' (F.C. nos. IMM-686-16, IMM-1508-18, IMM-1633-15, IMM-4246-16), Barnes, December 9, 2019; 2019 FC 1569.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Naeem v. Canada'', the court concluded that the applicant was denied fairness by not receiving a decision in response to a deferral request.&lt;ref&gt;''Naeem v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 1073, ACWS (3d) 382.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Pardo v. Canada'' the Federal Court held that the Board erred by not acting on an argument that had been submitted to it and returned to the matter to the Board for redetermination.&lt;ref&gt;''Pardo v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 1769 (CanLII), at para 55, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1zfd#par55&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Reasons should be sufficiently clear and provide a rational chain of reasoning]].

=== A panel must make a decision based on evidence on the record or evidence that is otherwise available to them ===

==== The Board must not ignore evidence that is validly before a panel ====
If the Board fails to receive and consider evidence properly submitted to it, for example where evidence is submitted but does not reach the panel deciding the case, then the procedure cannot be said to have been fair. As the Federal Court held in ''Mannan v. Canada,'' the Board has a duty to receive and consider evidence submitted by the parties at any time until a decision is rendered.&lt;ref&gt;''Mannan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 144 (CanLII), para. 45.&lt;/ref&gt; This duty is subject to the specific provisions of the RPD Rules, such as Rule 43 which concerns additional documents provided as evidence after a hearing: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 43 - Additional documents provided as evidence after a hearing]]. Where there is a question about whether materials were submitted to the Board or not, a bare assertion by the applicant that the document was sent will not generally suffice to meet their burden to show that the document was properly submitted but not placed on the record.&lt;ref&gt;''Adeko,'' ''Temitope Elizabeth et al v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-445-21), St-Louis, July 14, 2022; 2022 FC 1047.&lt;/ref&gt;  

That said, a decision-maker is entitled to place principled limits on the evidence that can be adduced in a case. This applies both to oral evidence, for example, a decision-maker is entitled to limit repetitive testimony, and to written evidence. For a description of how this principle applies to oral evidence, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#A panel can establish principled rules regarding the manner in which a witness testifies]]. For a description of how this principle applies to written evidence, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#The Board has jurisdiction to refuse to admit documents for reasons that are broader than the Rule 35 criteria]]. Ultimately, while there may be valid grounds for a panel to refuse to admit evidence in particular circumstances, a panel cannot refuse to consider evidence without such valid grounds.  

Indeed, the Board Member must consider the entirety of the evidence in the record before making any determinations.&lt;ref&gt;''Tung v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1991] FCJ No 292, 124 NR 388 (FCA).&lt;/ref&gt; The Board ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'' commits that &quot;the &lt;abbr&gt;RPD&lt;/abbr&gt; and &lt;abbr&gt;RAD&lt;/abbr&gt; will consider the most recent &lt;abbr&gt;NDP&lt;/abbr&gt;(s) in support of assessing forward-looking risk.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings,'' Effective date: June 5, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/national-documentation-packages.aspx&gt; (Accessed August 30, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; That said, there are limitations on this principle, for example article 1E exclusion determinations by the Refugee Appeal Division may be limited to evidence regarding the risk to the claimant at the time of the RPD's determination of the matter, excluding evidence of new risks that emerged subsequently.&lt;ref&gt;''Majebi, Henry v. M.C.I.'' (F.C.A., no. A-52-16), Dawson, Near, Woods, November 9, 2016; 2016 FCA 274.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#The panel should consider the most recent National Documentation Package]].  

Furthermore, it is generally expected that a claimant will bring the passages that they are relying on to the attention of the decision maker; the Federal Court has held that the RPD &quot;is not obliged to comb through every document listed in the National Document Package in the hope of finding passages that may support the claim and specifically address why they do not, in fact, support the claim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Giraldo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1052, para. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail on this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#There is a shared duty of fact-finding in refugee matters]]. 

==== The Board's findings of fact should accurately reflect the evidence ====
Misapprehending evidence that may have impacted the outcome of a decision constitutes a reviewable error.&lt;ref&gt;''Tamayo Valencia v Canada'', 2018 FC 1013.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Varga v. Canada'' the Federal Court concluded that &quot;The RPD seriously misstates Ms. Varga’s evidence&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Varga v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 102 (CanLII), par. 81, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j4tz1#par81&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; and overturned the decision on this basis as follows: &quot;the RPD's serious misstatement of the evidence on a matter central to its Decision vitiates its whole credibility finding with regard to Ms. Varga&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Varga v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 102 (CanLII), par. 82, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j4tz1#par82&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, if the RAD misapprehends the RPD's reasons, this will also be a potentially determinative error.&lt;ref&gt;''Rahman, Abdur'' v. ''M.C.I.''  (F.C., no. IMM-5598-21), Elliott, April 17, 2023, 2023 FC 557.&lt;/ref&gt;

However, in other situations where a misstatement has no effect on the analysis or the outcome of the application, this will not render the decision unreasonable. For example, in ''Rosu v. Canada'', the court commented: &quot;At most, the RAD’s statement that the applicant was “beaten up” at the gym (rather than threatened with a beating) was a minor misstatement. It had no effect on the RAD’s analysis or the outcome of the appeal. It did not render the decision unreasonable&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Rosu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 57 (CanLII), at para 47, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmbdh#par47&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

The requirement that the Board's findings accurately reflect the evidence does not mean that each piece of evidence or source for each statement needs to be cited, though it is preferable for a panel to do so. The court commented in ''Saidur v. Canada, &quot;''It would have been preferable if the IAD had cited the articles and reports in the country condition documentation from which it drew the language, facts, and figures, however, I do not find that this renders the Decision unreasonable.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Rahman, Saidur v. CIC'' (F.C. no. IMM-6598-22), Rochester, December 15, 2023; 2023 FC 1695.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The Board must not rely on evidence that is not on the record or otherwise properly available to the Member ====
A panel of the Refugee Protection Division may only base a decision on evidence on the record, or evidence that is otherwise properly available to the Member, for example through their specialized knowledge, or because the evidence may be judicially noticed or is otherwise a generally recognized fact. As stated in ''Regina v. Barthe,'' and cited with approval in the refugee context, &quot;the ability to judge a case only on the legal evidence adduced is an essential part of the judicial process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Lopez Aguilar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 FC 908 (CanLII), par. 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fn552#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt; Where a Member “fills in the gaps” in a refugee's account by making false assumptions, they err.&lt;ref&gt;E. Dowd, J. Hunter, B. Liddell, J. McAdam, A. Nickerson &amp; R. Bryant, “Filling Gaps and Verifying Facts: Assumptions and Credibility Assessment in the Australian Refugee Review Tribunal”, International Journal of Refugee Law, 30(1), 2018, 71–103.&lt;/ref&gt; Inferences drawn by a decision maker must be based on clear and non-speculative evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Wijekoon Mudiyanselage v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2022 FC 312 at para 22.&lt;/ref&gt; 

For more discussion of this, see:
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Board]]. 
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge]]
A panel may also not rely on fact-finding done by another panel where the same evidence is not before the new panel; in ''Smith v. Canada'', the RPD found that 94 percent of U.S. military deserters are dealt with administratively based on a finding made by a previous panel. The Federal Court held that such a finding of fact cannot be the subject of “judicial notice” and no notice was given of the use of specialized knowledge. Furthermore, importing this finding of fact was “clearly not acceptable” because a finding of fact must be based on the evidence submitted to the decision maker.&lt;ref&gt;''Smith v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2009 FC 1194 ​at paras 55-64.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Each claim should be considered individually]].

=== The Board's reasons should show that the panel meaningfully grappled with the key elements of the case ===
The Board should provide explicit findings and meaningful justifications of its decision regarding the central issues and concerns raised by the parties in a transparent and intelligible manner. See ''Gomes v. Canada'' for a discussion of this principle.&lt;ref&gt;''Gomes, Eloi Biquer Silva Rosa v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-2283-19), Pamel, April 9, 2020; 2020 FC 506.&lt;/ref&gt; In the context of a claim for refugee protection, where the impact of the decision on the individual is severe, “the reasons provided to that individual must reflect the stakes”.&lt;ref&gt;''Egenti v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 639 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd96#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-06.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Decisions must follow the law ====
The Board's decision-makers are obliged to follow the law. In the words of the Federal Court, Board Members &quot;must keep up with the case law&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Myle v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FC 1073, para. 18.&lt;/ref&gt; If a claimant fulfils the criteria set out in the IRPA for receiving protection, they are to be granted protection – at this point in the process, there is no space for discretion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Tone Maia Liodden, ''Who Is a Refugee? Uncertainty and Discretion in Asylum Decisions,'' International Journal of Refugee Law, Advance Article, 29 April 2021 &lt;https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeab003&gt; (Accessed May 1, 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; For further discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#Refugee Status Determination is declaratory, not constitutive]]. A corollary of this is that a decision-maker should be fully conversant with refugee law in order to properly assess the claim. Cases should be decided based on all of the law that binds the Board, not just the law that the parties happen to put in front of a panel.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) et al. v. The Canadian Council for Refugees et al.,'' 2021 FCA 72, para. 125 (decision partly overturned at the Supreme Court of Canada, but not on this point).&lt;/ref&gt; The International Court of Justice has held that a panel is not limited to the arguments submitted by the parties and the panel is deemed to take judicial notice of the law and is therefore required to consider on its own initiative all rules which may be relevant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;Alain Pellet, Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, ''Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'', July 2013, &lt;https://prawo.uni.wroc.pl/sites/default/files/students-resources/law-9780199231690-e54-1.pdf&gt; (Accessed September 30, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Adherence to well-established jurisprudence and legal rules supports the virtues of uniformity and predictability, two key principles that underlie the rule of law and the rule of vertical ''stare decisis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Ukhueduan,'' 2023 FC 189 (CanLII), at para 47, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvlh3#par47&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Administrative decision makers have the right to make a distinction based on the background facts before them. However, it is not open to them to refuse to follow the decision of a higher court on the ground that they consider the decision of the superior court to be erroneous, that they disagree with it, or that another interpretation should have prevailed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; S''tare decisis'' is fundamental to our legal system and remains the presumed starting point for any analysis to settle the state of the law on a given point.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Ukhueduan,'' 2023 FC 189 (CanLII), at para 49, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvlh3#par49&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt; An administrative decision-maker is bound to follow applicable precedents originating from a court; the doctrine of ''stare decisis'' calls for no less.&lt;ref&gt;''Bank of Montreal v Li'', 2020 FCA 22 [''BMO''] at para 37, citing ''Tan v Canada (Attorney General)'', 2018 FCA 186 [''Tan''] at para 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Trial courts (and administrative decision makers) may only reconsider settled rulings of higher courts in certain situations, specifically where a new legal issue is raised or where there is a change in the circumstances or evidence that “fundamentally shifts the parameters of the debate”.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Ukhueduan,'' 2023 FC 189 (CanLII), at para 48, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvlh3#par48&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the standard to review and revisit a question that has already been decided by appellate courts is not an easy one to meet. That said, precedents may sometimes be revisited and… the doctrine of ''stare decisis'' is not inflexible and courts and administrative decision makers alike may consider whether there are compelling reasons to depart from earlier jurisprudence.&lt;ref&gt;''Bentaher v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1187 (CanLII), at paras 22-23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k61w6#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]]. 

In certain situations, there will be multiple streams of inconsistent jurisprudence. In such situations, it is justifiable for a member to choose the one they prefer or believe most fits the fact situation. In doing so, members should acknowledge in their decision that the jurisprudence is divergent. Furthermore, in some cases an argument will be advanced that a binding court decision was itself incorrectly decided in light of a higher authority, such as a Supreme Court of Canada decision; when faced with such an argument, a panel should grapple with and consider it, not consider itself bound by the lower decision on point.&lt;ref&gt;''Bentaher v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1187 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k61w6#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]]. 

For more detail on how Board members must follow the law, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of the Board]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Principles about the manner in which the Board is to exercise its discretion]].

==== Reasons should be sufficiently clear and provide a rational chain of reasoning ====
Parties are entitled to reasoned decisions: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Parties are entitled to reasoned decisions]]. This has a number of implications:

* &lt;u&gt;Decisions should be clear, precise, and intelligible:&lt;/u&gt; The Federal Court holds that reasons should be &quot;sufficiently clear, precise and intelligible&quot; on all key points.&lt;ref&gt;''Mehterian'' v. ''M.E.I.'' (A-717-90, 17 June 1992, F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; For example, credibility determinations should be made in “clear and unmistakable terms”.&lt;ref&gt;''Hilo v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1991] FCJ No 228 (CA).&lt;/ref&gt; It is a best practice for the reasons to explain the decision and conclusions in a manner that enables affected individuals and their counsel (as well as any reviewing body) to readily understand the Member's reasoning &quot;without having to invest substantial time and effort to connect the bits of relevant evidence, [and any prior decisions and submissions]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Rosu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 57 (CanLII), at para 45, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmbdh#par45&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Decisions should provide a rational chain of reasoning:&lt;/u&gt; Decisions should provide a rational chain of reasoning and not contain any fundamental logical flaws, internal inconsistencies or contradictions, or other reasoning errors that can render a decision irrational or arbitrary.&lt;ref&gt;''Rosu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 57 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmbdh#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-14.

See also the work of Mindus, P. (2020). Towards a Theory of Arbitrary Law-making in Migration Policy. ''Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics'', ''14''(2), 9-33. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.5324.eip.v14i2.3712&lt;/nowiki&gt; at page 17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Decisions must include an analysis of how the legal criteria relate to the facts.&lt;/u&gt; For example, in ''Samra v Canada'', Favel J found a decision unreasonable because it “lacked analysis”: “the officer’s decision is merely a recitation of the evidence before him followed by a conclusion”.&lt;ref&gt;''Samra v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 157 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j53xz&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Gedi v. Canada'', the RAD accepted that the applicant's identity had not been established because of photographic evidence which the Minister had submitted which, the RAD accepted, tied the applicant to another identity. The Federal Court overturned this decision on judicial review, on the basis that the RAD failed to justify how it reached the conclusion that the photographs were of the same individual as it did not explain what distinguishing features led it to find that the photographs were of the same person.&lt;ref&gt;''Gedi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 318 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jn1cg#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Decisions must contend with evidence that appears to contradict key findings.&lt;/u&gt; The Board Member must engage with evidence that, on its face, appears to contradict their key findings about the case.&lt;ref&gt;''Cepeda-Gutierrez v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 157 FTR 35, [1998] FCJ No 1425 (FC).&lt;/ref&gt; 

In this way, the Board’s decision-makers do not generally have the freedom to be arbitrary but must provide reasons that are justified and intelligible. In the words of refugee lawyer David Matas, &quot;reasons must be more than just stock phrases and conclusions. They should manifest reasoning. They should relate refugee law to the claim, deal with the substantial points raised, and relate the facts to the conclusion.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;David Matas, Fairness in Refugee Determination, 1989 18-1 ''Manitoba Law Journal'' 71, 1989 CanLIIDocs 150, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/spb3&gt;, retrieved on 2021-01-22, page 80.&lt;/ref&gt; One of the policy rationales for this was articulated by Plaut, who observed: &quot;cogent, proper reasons can go a long way in assisting the claimant in accepting the decision and will also assist counsel in determining whether there are grounds for appeal or review.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 127.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Decisions may focus on the determinative issue ====
Decision-makers are not required to explicitly respond to each and every argument raised by the parties,&lt;ref&gt;''Benavides, Nixon Conde v. M.C.I''., (F.C., No. IMM-7207-19), Pamel, January 12, 2021, 2021 FC 43.&lt;/ref&gt; or every line of possible analysis,&lt;ref&gt;''Sellathambi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1227 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrnkz#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-15.&lt;/ref&gt; but may instead focus on the determinative issues in the case.&lt;ref&gt;''Correa Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 937 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jj24b#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2021-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the RPD is entitled to proceed directly to a forward-looking assessment of whether the applicant for refugee protection has a well-founded fear of future persecution, without first making a determination of whether a person has suffered past persecution.&lt;ref&gt;''Alfaka Alharazim, Suleyman v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-1828-09), Crampton, October 22, 2010; 2010 FC 1044, para. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; A decision-maker has particular latitude not to address an argument that arises on the record where the arguments in question were not made on appeal to the RAD but only earlier in the process, to the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Alazar,'' 2021 FC 637 (CanLII), at para 58, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jgr79#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-16.&lt;/ref&gt; 

That said, each Division has the discretion to engage in analyses of alternative issues that are not essential to resolve the matter, for example for reasons of judicial economy in case the panel erred in making a different determination.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Complications arise, however, with respect to decisions that applicants are excluded from the refugee protection regime. In a 1993 decision, the Federal Court of Appeal encouraged the Division to carry out an inclusion analysis even where a claimant has been found to be excluded.&lt;ref&gt;''Moreno v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1994] 1 FC 298, 1993 CanLII 2993 (FCA).&lt;/ref&gt; In light of subsequent amendments to the immigration legislation, including with the creation of the Pre-Removal Risk Assessment process in the IRPA, it is arguable that where exclusion is an issue in a claim, that should be analyzed before inclusion, and if the claimant is excluded, the analysis should stop there.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal held in 2004 that to do otherwise is an infringement upon the Minister's responsibilities:&lt;blockquote&gt; 

Once the Board found that the exclusion applied, it had done everything that it was required to do, and there was nothing more it could do, for the appellant. The appellant was now excluded from refugee protection, a matter within the Board's competence, and was limited to applying for protection, a matter within the Minister's jurisdiction. The Board's conclusions as to the appellant's risk of torture were gratuitous and were an infringement upon the Minister's responsibilities.&lt;ref&gt;''Xie v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (F.C.A.), 2004 FCA 250 (CanLII), [2005] 1 FCR 304, at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1hts5#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; 

That said, the Federal Court has held that, after concluding that an applicant has been excluded, the Board may continue to carry out an inclusion analysis, but such an analysis may be made only in the alternative, to be considered only if the exclusion decision is overturned in the future.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so as the scheme of the Act is that there is a restricted PRRA for persons excluded under Article 1F and such inclusion analysis is not carried out by the IRB. See paragraph 112(3)(c) of IRPA: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/112-114 - Pre-Removal Risk Assessment]]. In the words of the court in ''Binder Singh v. Canada:''&lt;blockquote&gt;The requirement to decide the exclusion issue in priority over the refugee protection issue is also implicitly supported by other provisions of the Act. The applicant points out above in the passage cited from his memorandum that Parliament exempted persons excluded by the Immigration and Refugee Board (I.R.B.) under Article 1F(b) [of the Refugee Convention] from the one-year PRRA bar, reinforcing the understanding that such claims should always have been heard at first instance by the Minister and not by the I.R.B.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of efficient procedures]].

==== Use of templates and precedents ====
Where a panel's reasons are taken virtually word for word from its earlier decision, this can suggest to the unsuccessful party that the decision was written without due care and attention to the record; as such, the Federal Court comments that this practice is not to be encouraged.&lt;ref&gt;''Zeng v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 318 (CanLII), par. 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jfb1q#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-07.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has held that &quot;while use of boilerplate text in some cases provides sufficient grounds to believe the decision was not personalized, it is acceptable when the boilerplate used addresses historic documents and actions taken by a country provided that it is clear the decision-maker put their mind to the actual issues and made an independent decision based on the evidence&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; The Federal Court states that the use of &quot;boilerplate passages&quot; in a decision is not unreasonable by default:&lt;blockquote&gt;[…] the Applicant’s suggestion that the use of “boilerplate passages” in the Board’s decision renders it unreasonable by default. On the whole, the Board’s state protection analysis addresses the correct question of whether a journalist such as the Applicant would be at risk. It is self-evident that much of the analysis will be the same for any given country. Provided that the “boilerplate” is based on the documentary evidence and addresses the particular evidence and position of a claimant, the Board’s repetition of certain passages from other decisions is not, in and of itself, an error.&lt;ref&gt;''Cordova v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2009 FC 309 at para 24, [2009] FCJ No 620 (Snider).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Federal Court states that an immigration officer can never use reasons that were set aside in a new decision:&lt;blockquote&gt;The applicant had a new interview upon consent of the parties. A new decision must be a new decision. If the officer takes the liberty of using the old reasons, the decision is not new. A decision that follows reasons that have been set aside, whether or not on consent, can never be based on the reasons that were set aside. The fear must be addressed ''de novo'' by the new officer.&lt;ref&gt;''Khemiri v. Canada (Solicitor General),'' 2005 FC 821 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n1t0#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a case where a claim had been remitted for a ''de novo'' hearing, and the new decision largely copied and pasted from the first, the Federal Court held that this issue was &quot;so severe&quot; that it amounted to an &quot;unquestionable breach of the Applicant’s right to a ''de novo'' hearing&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Belay v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1154 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzwtv#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; In that case, the RAD discussed the issue as follows:&lt;blockquote&gt;In my review of both RPD Decisions and the oral testimony, I agree with Appellant’s Counsel that the second RPD Decision is seriously deficient. To a large extent, it appears that the second RPD Decision is “[copied] and pasted” from the first RPD Decision. As Appellant’s Counsel submits, paragraphs 4-21 of the second RPD Decision have the same wording as paragraphs 3-23 and paragraphs 26-30 of the earlier RPD Decision. Additionally, the references to Exhibits in the second RPD Decision follows the numbering of the original RPD Record as reflected in the first RPD Decision. The second RPD Panel does not refer anywhere to the oral testimony that the Appellant gave during the hearing that took place before the second RAD, thus making it unclear whether that testimony was assessed. I agree with Appellant’s Counsel that, considering all the evidence, this amounts to a substantive breach of the Appellant’s right to a ''de novo'' hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Belay v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1154 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzwtv#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;See also:

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Each claim should be considered individually]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making assigned to a Member must be done by the Member and shall not be delegated]].

=== Decisions must be non-discriminatory ===
Section 3(3)(d) of the IRPA provides that the Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that ensures that decisions are consistent with the principles of equality and freedom from discrimination in the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'': [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#IRPA Section 3(3)(d) - The Act is to be applied in a manner that complies with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. 

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Guideline 4 - Gender Considerations in Proceedings Before the Immigration and Refugee Board]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Principles about the manner in which the Board is to exercise its discretion]].

=== Appeals ===
UNHCR states that an appeal stage is a standard feature of any refugee status determination procedure.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR Canada, Submission on Bill C-31, Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act, May 2012, &lt;https://www.unhcr.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/RPT-2012-05-08-billc31-submission-e.pdf&gt;, at para. 43.&lt;/ref&gt; The Executive Committee of the UNHCR has stated that applicants that are not recognized should be given a reasonable time to appeal for a formal reconsideration of the decision.&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 52. See also: UNHCR, ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees'', HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV.4 (1979, reissued 2019) para 192.&lt;/ref&gt; The concept of an appeal has been part of the Immigration and Refugee Board process since its founding. Originally, this was focused on the Federal Court's judicial review function, with the Immigration and Refugee Board writing in 1989:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;u&gt;The Right to Appeal&lt;/u&gt;

Throughout all stages of this refugee determination process, the claimant is entitled to appeal negative decisions to the Federal Court of Canada. However, the claimant must obtain leave of a Federal Court judge to initiate such a review, which will only consider questions of law or ‘capricious’ findings of fact. The Federal Court will not consider the merits of the refugee claim.&lt;ref&gt;Government of Canada, ''Refugee Determination: What it is and how it works'', Pamphlet, 1989, Immigration and Refugee Board, page 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Later, the Refugee Appeal Division was instituted: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/History of refugee procedure in Canada#Refugee reform in 2010 and 2012]]. Policy reports have urged that as a matter of fairness, parties should be given reasonable time to appeal a decision that they receive, whether to the Refugee Appeal Division or the Federal Court.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; That said, a full right of appeal on law and fact, as opposed to a more limited judicial review, has not been recognized as a principle of fundamental justice in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;''Esteban v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 SCC 51, [2005] 2 S.C.R. 539, at paragraph 47.&lt;/ref&gt; 

For the role and standard of review to be applied by the RAD when determining an appeal, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA s. 111(1)(b): the Refugee Appeal Division may set aside the determination of the RPD and substitute a determination that, in its opinion, should have been made]].

== References ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;&quot; /&gt;

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      <text bytes="213555" sha1="j4chnr0ft7l81c0t649jat3f0spy0ic" xml:space="preserve">The Supreme Court of Canada states that the principle that individuals affected by a decision should have the opportunity to present their case fully and fairly underlies the duty of procedural fairness and is rooted in the right to be heard.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Vavilov'', 2019 SCC 65 at para 127.&lt;/ref&gt; In short, parties are entitled to a reasonable opportunity to attend an oral hearing in the adjudication of a refugee claim and such hearings must be conducted fairly. The fair hearing requirement means that the people affected are given a reasonable opportunity to present their point of view and to respond to facts presented by others, and that the decision-maker will genuinely consider what each person has told them when making the decision. There is also a notice requirement to procedural fairness which means that the people affected by a decision must be told about the important issues and be given enough information to be able to participate meaningfully in the decision-making process.&lt;ref&gt;Ombudsman for Banking Services and Investments, ''Natural justice and procedural fairness at OBSI,'' &lt;https://www.obsi.ca/en/how-we-work/resources/Documents/Principles-of-Natural-Justice-in-Ombudsmanship.pdf&gt; (Accessed April 27, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; In considering whether a hearing was fair, the question is whether each party was able to fully and fairly present their case.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Vavilov'', 2019 SCC 65 at para 127.&lt;/ref&gt; The following are some of the considerations that emerge in this respect.

== The extent of the procedural fairness owed in refugee proceedings is high ==
For all refugee claimants, the stakes are high.&lt;ref&gt;''Dalirani v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 258, at para 31.&lt;/ref&gt; This fact, as well as the fact that Charter rights are at play in Board proceedings means that the extent of procedural fairness owed to claimants is high: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The fact that Charter rights are at play in Board proceedings means that the extent of procedural fairness owed to claimants is high]]. This is true as well for refugee vacation proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;''Ali v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1085 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5qq7#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has recognized that stakes may be even higher in proceedings under Article 1F(a), as they could result in a refugee claimant being labelled a “war criminal”.&lt;ref&gt;''Nooristani v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 99 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2cq4#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The general rule is that a duty of fairness applies, but this general rule will yield to clear statutory language or a necessary implication to the contrary where such language is constitutional.&lt;ref&gt;''Malambu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 763 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gmlcg#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-23.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== The Board must provide the parties with the opportunity to be heard ==

=== Notice of the hearing ===
A person affected by a decision has a right to be given adequate notice of the proceedings. The notice must be sufficient to enable preparation and presentation of the case. This requirement is enshrined in the IRPA: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 170(c) - Must notify the person who is the subject of the proceeding and the Minister of the hearing]]. A related principle is the provision of adjournments necessary to allow the preparation and presentation of one's case.&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 48.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Turning to the Minister, the Board must notify the Minister where the RPD rules require it, and this protects the Minister's right to be heard:

* Rule 26(1) of the RPD Rules stipulates that &quot;If the Division believes, before a hearing begins, that there is a possibility that section E or F of Article 1 of the Refugee Convention applies to the claim, the Division must without delay notify the Minister in writing and provide any relevant information to the Minister.&quot;
* Similarly, Rule 27(1) stipulates that &quot;If the Division believes, before a hearing begins, that there is a possibility that issues relating to the integrity of the Canadian refugee protection system may arise from the claim ... the Division must without delay notify the Minister in writing and provide any relevant information to the Minister.&quot;

A failure on the part of the RPD to inform the Minister, as required, results in an unfair hearing where the Minister has a right to be involved and where the outcome of the claim could have been different as a result of the Minister’s involvement.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2014 CanLII 96668 (CA IRB).&lt;/ref&gt; See [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 26-28 - Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility]] for a more fulsome discussion of this issue.

=== Parties are entitled to the opportunity to attend an oral hearing ===
Section 170(e) of the Act states that the Refugee Protection Division, in any proceeding before it, must give the person and the Minister a reasonable opportunity to present evidence, question witnesses, and make representations. This provision relates to the right that parties have to be heard. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that fundamental justice requires an oral hearing when issues of credibility are being determined in the refugee context.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Minister of Employment &amp; Immigration),'' [1985] S.C.J. No. 11, [1985] 1 S.C.R. 177, 14 C.R.R. 13 (S.C.C.).&lt;/ref&gt; This hearing process must ensure that parties have an opportunity to present and respond to evidence and to make representations. This is consistent with guidance from the UNHCR that &quot;applicants undergoing individual RSD procedures must have the opportunity to present their claims in person&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination Under UNHCR's Mandate'', 26 August 2020, available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/5e870b254.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 5 September 2020], page 15.&lt;/ref&gt; However, this does not mean that all who claim refugee protection require an oral hearing; individuals whose claims are not referred to the IRB, for example those who already have protection elsewhere, are not seen to be so entitled.&lt;ref&gt;Alan Nash, ''International Refugee Pressures and the Canadian Public Policy Response'', Discussion Paper, January 1989, Studies in Social Policy, page 77.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Where, for example, the Board prevents a party from speaking on multiple occasions during a hearing,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Siba v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2001] F.C.J. No. 1890, 229 F.T.R. 161 (F.C.T.D.).&lt;/ref&gt; denies a party a reasonable opportunity to cross-examine a witness,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Cheung v. Canada (Minister of Employment &amp; Immigration),'' [1981] F.C.J. No. 43, 122 D.L.R. (3d) 41 (F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; refuses to receive evidence,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Gonzalez v. Canada (Minister of Employment &amp; Immigration),'' [1991] F.C.J. No. 408, 14 Imm. L.R. (2d) 51 (F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; prevents a party from calling witnesses,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;''Konadu c. Canada (Minister of Employment &amp; Immigration),'' [1991] A.C.F. No. 330 (C.F.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; or refuses to hear submissions from a party,&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;''Gabor v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 150 (CanLII), at para 75, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm94x#par75&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-15.&lt;/ref&gt; this may amount to a denial of the right to be heard and to a breach of natural justice. However, regard must be had to the relevant rules on, say, calling witnesses and submitting documents and the discretion that the Board has in certain circumstances to refuse such evidence. For more detail on fairness considerations related to the manner of conducting the hearing, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Fairness considerations related to the manner of conducting the hearing]]. 

Furthermore, it must be recognized that the principles of procedural fairness do not provide an untrammelled right to be heard, but the right to a ''reasonable'' ''opportunity'' to be heard. Where a party does not take advantage of that opportunity, or their actions or omissions result in them being unable to do so, procedural fairness does not automatically give them the right to another opportunity to be heard.&lt;ref&gt;''Perez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1171, &lt;https://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/fc-cf/decisions/en/490416/1/document.do&gt;, para. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, this principle should not be interpreted to constrain the Board's procedural flexibility. The Board’s procedure &quot;should not be confined in a model of due process that draws exclusively on the judicial paradigm and discourages innovation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Kozak v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FCA 124 (CanLII), [2006] 4 FCR 377, para. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the IRB gender guidelines provide that &quot;when a party to a joint proceeding wishes to testify in the absence of a co-party, ... the request should be decided on a case-by-case basis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson’s Guideline 4: Gender Considerations in Proceedings Before the Immigration and Refugee Board'', ​Amended: October 31, 2023, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir04.aspx&gt; (Accessed November 2, 2023), para. 9.2.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Baig v. Canada'', the court upheld a decision that he RPD did not breach procedural fairness when it questioned an adult applicant in the absence of the minor applicant, since there was an explicit exchange about, and consent from, the principal applicant regarding the absence of the minor claimant while very sensitive issues were being discussed.&lt;ref&gt;''Baig, Kaleem Ullah v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-11022-22), Turley, October 19, 2023; 2023 FC 1388.&lt;/ref&gt; In that case, the RAD was held to be reasonable in finding that the RPD was alert and sensitive to ensuring the proceedings were conducted in accordance with the best interests of the child and with the then-''Chairperson Guideline 3: Child Refugee Claimants: Procedural and Evidentiary Issues''. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/164 - Presence of parties and use of telecommunications for hearings#A hearing may be conducted either in the presence of the person, or by live telecommunication, but not normally in their absence]]. 

=== A party is entitled to a hearing without unreasonable delay that causes serious prejudice ===
Fundamental justice may be violated when there is an unreasonable delay in hearing a claim that causes serious prejudice to the person concerned.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Parekh,'' [2010] F.C.J. No. 856, 2010 FC 692 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt; The law in Canada may provide relief where there is such an inordinate delay that it offends the community’s sense of fairness and amounts to an &quot;abuse of process&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Bernataviciute v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2019 FC 953 at para 34.&lt;/ref&gt; Decision makers have, as a corollary to their duty to act fairly, the power to assess allegedly abusive delay.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Relevant delays may arise either from the actions of a party (for example, where the Minister delays in bringing an application to vacate refugee status) as well as actions of the Board (where an application is properly made but the Board delays in setting the matter down for hearing). There is a three-part test for whether delay that does not affect hearing fairness nonetheless amounts to an abuse of process: 

# First, the delay must be inordinate;&lt;ref&gt;''Badran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1292 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrxw9#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Second, the delay itself must have directly caused significant prejudice; and
# When these two requirements are met, the court or tribunal should conduct a final assessment as to whether abuse of process is established. This will be so when the delay is manifestly unfair to a party to the litigation or in some other way brings the administration of justice into disrepute.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
The threshold for establishing abuse of process as a result of delay is high.&lt;ref&gt;''Badran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1292 (CanLII), at para 58, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrxw9#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 1) Inordinate delay ====
Whether the delay is inordinate is to be determined on an assessment of the context overall, including the nature and purpose of the proceedings, the length and causes of the delay, and the complexity of the facts and issues in the case.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Ati v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2022 FC 1626 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt97p#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-29&lt;/ref&gt;

When it comes to proceedings at the IRB's Immigration Division, the Federal Court has held that for delay to qualify as an abuse of process under particular provisions of the IRPA, any delay must have been part of an administrative or legal proceeding that was already under way, and where delay pre-dated the commencement of proceedings, it did not qualify as an abuse of process.&lt;ref&gt;''Pardo v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 1769 (CanLII), at para 41, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1zfd#par41&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt; While it used to,&lt;ref&gt;''Naimi v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1294 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6fbs#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; this rule does not any more apply to the RPD or RAD. Abuse of process ''may'' be alleged regarding delay prior to an application being made to the Board.&lt;ref&gt;''Naimi v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1294 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6fbs#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The RPD can decide whether it would be an abuse of process for it to hear an application in light of inordinate delay in bringing the application.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par43&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; This is because the RPD could bring the administration of justice into disrepute by proceeding with such a delayed application.&lt;ref&gt;''Naimi v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1294 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6fbs#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The Division can consider whether a party has delayed in bringing an application, for example whether the Minister has delayed in commencing vacation proceedings at the Board.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07. See also: ''Mella v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2019 FC 1587 (CanLII), par. 39, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/j3wnl#par39&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Ganeswaran v. Canada'', the RPD concluded that even without evidence or an allegation that the Minister was acting in bad faith or making some sort of calculated move, a period of approximately nine years before the Minister brought an application to vacate refugee status constituted delay that was unacceptable.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, the court in ''Ati v. Canada'' concluded that Mr. Ati had contributed to a six-year delay in his case with his inaccurate representations about his time spent in Iraq in both his permanent resident card renewal application and his citizenship application, and that this pointed against the delay being inordinate.&lt;ref&gt;Ati v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2022 FC 1626 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt97p#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-29&lt;/ref&gt; 

Abuse of process may also be alleged regarding delay in the Board scheduling a matter after an application was made. The Federal Court recognizes that, practically, a hearing cannot be convened as of the date when a claimant perfects their claim; there will always be some gap of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;''Vera v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 189 (CanLII), par. 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jdz99#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2021-04-21.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Seid v. Canada'', the court held that in assessing whether there was an abuse of process, the RPD can only consider the delay related to the administrative procedures before the RPD, not delay related to another process like the citizenship regime.&lt;ref&gt;''Seid v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2018 FC 1167.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Vera v. Canada'' the Federal Court concluded that a delay of about six years from the time the applicants sought refugee protection in Canada until the RPD initially heard and determined the matter did not meet this threshold.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Issues of delay may also arise where a decision has been made, but there is a delay in communicating it. In ''Singh,'' the Court found no breach of procedural fairness from a 21-month period between the date of the PRRA decision, and the date the decision was communicated.&lt;ref&gt;''Kalonji v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 897 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k56dg#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-23.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taking a comparative approach to the question of timeliness, the UNHCR core standards for due process in Refugee Status Determination prescribe that &quot;RSD applications must be processed in the most timely and efficient manner possible&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination Under UNHCR's Mandate'', 26 August 2020, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5e870b254.html [accessed 5 September 2020], page 15.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, the reality is that asylum systems around the world are plagued by significant delays; for example, in the United States, on average, affirmative asylum seekers who receive asylum relief have waited more than 1,000 days to be granted asylum.&lt;ref&gt;Lauren Lee, ''Sanctuary, Safe Harbor and Aylum, But Is it Available for Domestic Violence Victims? The Analysis of Domestic Violence Asylum Seekers in the United States and Internationally'', 21 San Diego Int'l L.J. 495 (2020). Available at: https://digital.sandiego.edu/ilj/vol21/iss2/4 (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 500.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, it usually takes several years for refugees in Malaysia to go through official status determination and be recognized as a refugee by the UNHCR.&lt;ref&gt;Riva, S., Hoffstaedter, G. The aporia of refugee rights in a time of crises: the role of brokers in accessing refugee protection in transit and at the border. ''CMS'' 9, 1 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-020-00212-2.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, globally the average duration of a refugee situation is now 20 years.&lt;ref&gt;Gil Loescher, ''Refugees: A Very Short Introduction'', May 2021, Oxford, ISBN: 9780198811787, page 44.&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada, the timelines for convening hearings with the in-Canada asylum system are generally much shorter than how long it takes to process a privately-sponsored overseas refugee application - in 2001, it was taking up to 17 months to process 80% of such overseas cases and that number grew to 35 months by 2005 and 54 months by 2015,&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 146.&lt;/ref&gt; though such times have subsequently decreased.&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 148.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2) Significant prejudice ====
Inordinate delay on its own is insufficient to find an abuse of process. Significant prejudice to an individual that is a direct result of the delay is also required.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 44, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par44&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07. See also: ''Khan v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2022 FC 210 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmk0h#par23&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-16.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Chabanov v Canada,'' the Federal Court deemed a delay of eleven years as not reaching the threshold of abuse of process because the applicant failed to provide sufficient proof of significant prejudice resulting directly from the delay.&lt;ref&gt;''Chabanov v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2017 FC 73 at para 65.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal in ''Torre v Canada'' noted that the applicant in that case had not made out an abuse of process because he “had to do more than make vague allegations that the delay endangered his physical and psychological integrity and drained his ability to submit a full and complete defence, without providing any evidence to support them” and because he “never tried to show how he was prejudiced by the passage of time.”&lt;ref&gt;''Torre v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FCA 48, para. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Khan v. Canada'' the court noted that while a five-year delay between service of the Minister’s initial application in 2013 and the initiation of the proceedings before the RPD in 2019 may appear, at first impression, significant, there was not evidence before the tribunal that the delay was inordinate in the sense of offending the community’s sense of fairness in that case, taking into account the specific evidence on file about the prejudice to the person concerned.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2022 FC 210 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmk0h#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

The fact that waiting for a hearing can be traumatic for claimants has been discussed extensively in literature about refugee status determination processes. The uncertainty inherent in the asylum process can be a source of significant stress and anxiety for many claimants.&lt;ref&gt;Maestri, G., &amp; Monforte, P. (2020). ''Who Deserves Compassion? The Moral and Emotional Dilemmas of Volunteering in the ‘Refugee Crisis.''’ Sociology. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520928199&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/41657/1/Maestri_Monforte_Who_deserves_compassion.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 4, 2020), at page 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars have emphasized the consequences of slowness and waiting in the governance of migrants.&lt;ref&gt;Hambly, J. and Gill, N. (2020), Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening. J. Law Soc., 47: 3-28. doi:10.1111/jols.12220.&lt;/ref&gt; They point towards the painful state of limbo that waiting can induce in people with undetermined immigration status. For claimants who remain in the refugee status determination system for a lengthy period, what have been termed &quot;the toxic effects of refugee determination, uncertainty of situation, producing documentary evidence, demonstrating past trauma, and refugee racism&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Morris, Julia (2020) &quot;Refugee Extractivism: Law and the Mining of a Human Commodity in the Republic of Nauru,&quot; Saint Louis University Law Journal: Vol. 64 : No. 1 , Article 5. Available at: &lt;https://scholarship.law.slu.edu/lj/vol64/iss1/5&gt; (Accessed May 16, 2020), at page 84.&lt;/ref&gt; have all been identified contributors to a condition labelled Prolonged Asylum Seeker Syndrome, a condition characterized by powerlessness, depression, and identity crises.&lt;ref&gt;Linda Hunt, Psychiatrists Identify ‘Asylum Seeker Syndrome’, WKLY. BULL. NO. 16 (Mental Health Council of Austl.), 2012, at 8, https://mhaustralia.org/sites/default/files/imported/+component/rsfiles/mhca-bulletin/2012/MHCA_Bulletin_16.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt; The length of time that refugees ‘wait in limbo’ for a decision on their asylum claim also impacts on their subsequent economic integration - a 2016 study by Hainmueller, Hangartner and Lawrence found that one additional year of waiting reduces the subsequent employment rate by 4 to 5 percentage points.&lt;ref&gt;Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D. and Lawrence, D., 2016. When lives are put on hold: Lengthy asylum processes decrease employment among refugees. Science Advances, 2(8), p.e1600432.&lt;/ref&gt;

When assessing prejudice, the Board and courts have considered, among others, the following factors:

* &lt;u&gt;Destruction of the original file:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Badran v. Canada'' the applicant argued that his cessation proceeding occured after his refugee claim file had been destroyed as a result of the Board's normal document retention and disposal practices. The RPD found this was not an abuse of process, as the lack of access to the refugee claim file did not prejudice him given the RPD’s ability to consider his summary of the claim. The Federal Court agreed, holding that an Applicant must show more than the destruction of files to sustain an abuse of process argument.&lt;ref&gt;''Badran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1292 (CanLII), at para 48, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrxw9#par48&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Unavailability of a witness:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Polgar v. Canada'', the applicant argued that delay had caused him prejudice because an essential witness had passed away before the admissibility hearing. The Immigration Division rejected this argument in the circumstances on the basis that Mr. Polgar had the opportunity to present his evidence by other means.&lt;ref&gt;''Polgar v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 1381 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0xdj#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Legislative change:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Ganeswaran v. Canada'' the Applicants argued that they were deprived of a procedural safeguard due to a legislative change during the delay period. In 2012, Parliament amended section 25 of ''IRPA'' to impose a one-year bar on applications for permanent residence based on humanitarian and compassionate grounds following a negative refugee determination. The Applicants argued that they could be at risk of removal in that one-year period and that prior to the legislative amendments in 2012 they could have accessed an H &amp; C Application without waiting the one-year period. The court rejected this argument, finding that it did not amount to significant prejudice in the circumstances as the one-year bar on applying for a Pre-Removal Risk Assessment does not apply to those whose refugee status is vacated.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 46, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par46&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;An Applicant's apparent willingness to delay proceedings:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Singh v. Canada'', factors that could undermine evidence of hardship included the Applicant’s willingness to further delay the proceedings with an abandonment application, his application for a postponement, and his apparent silence in the interim period prior to the cessation hearing being scheduled.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 239 (CanLII), at para 41, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvp5c#par41&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-04.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Polgar v. Canada'', the Immigration Division noted that it was relevant that an individual had not informed the Board of a change of address, something that the Minister submitted made the individual responsible for the delay in convening a hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Polgar v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 1381 (CanLII), at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0xdj#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-29.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;u&gt;Prejudice faced by children:&lt;/u&gt; Where children are impacted by an administrative actor’s inordinate delay, their vulnerabilities as children need to be considered in evaluating whether the delay caused significant prejudice.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 55, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par55&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''R v Wong'', 2018 SCC 25, Chief Justice Wagner described the “serious life-changing consequences” facing those who are at risk of deportation after years of living in a country: “They may be forced to leave a country they have called home for decades. They may return to a country where they no longer have any personal connections, or even speak the language, if they emigrated as children. If they have family in Canada, they and their family members face dislocation or permanent separation”&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 54, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par54&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;u&gt;Whether having been able to reside in Canada in the interim should be considered a benefit:&lt;/u&gt; This issue was considered in ''Ganeswaran v. Canada'' as follows: &quot;The Principal Applicant misrepresented in order to obtain status in Canada and the Minister’s delay in proceeding with the vacation application allowed her and her children to remain in Canada. The complexity here is that the benefit and the prejudice are tied together and directly proportional. As explained above, the family’s integration into Canada is the very basis of the prejudice they are claiming. The more the family becomes integrated in Canada, which could be considered a benefit to them, the greater the prejudice associated with their risk of deportation. The benefits to the family of remaining in Canada cannot be considered in isolation from the impact of the Minister’s delay and the resulting prejudice. Each case has to be examined on its own facts. In these circumstances, the inordinate delay resulting in the prejudice complained of by the Applicants cannot simply be deemed as beneficial to them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 58, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

For more discussion of this, see:
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Hearings should be conducted in a trauma-informed manner]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 54 - Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding#Regulation 159.9(1): The Board will provide priority scheduling for certain types of claims]]

==== 3) Abuse of process bringing the administration of justice into disrepute ====
Once inordinate delay and significant prejudice have been established, a final assessment is needed to determine whether an abuse of process can be found. The decision maker needs to decide whether the “delay is manifestly unfair to the party to the proceedings or in some other way brings the administration of justice into disrepute”.&lt;ref&gt;''Law Society of Saskatchewan v Abrametz'', 2022 SCC 29, para. 72.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Even where an applicant establishes an abuse of process, a stay, which is only one of other potential remedies, is a discretionary remedy that will not always be warranted.&lt;ref&gt;''Hassan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1422 (CanLII), at para 41, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0tjr#par41&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-04.&lt;/ref&gt; There are special considerations where the remedy sought is a stay of the proceedings: “a stay should be granted only in the ‘clearest of cases’, when the abuse falls at the high end of the spectrum of seriousness”&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 62, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par62&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; In order to grant a stay on the basis of an abuse of process, the decision maker must be satisfied that, “the damage to the public interest in the fairness of the administrative process should the proceeding go ahead would exceed the harm to the public interest in the enforcement of the legislation if the proceedings were halted”.&lt;ref&gt;''Blencoe v British Columbia (Human Rights Commission)'', 2000 SCC 44, para. 120.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ganeswaran v. Canada'' was an example where this standard was met:&lt;blockquote&gt;I find the inordinate delay in this case is manifestly unfair to the Applicants and brings the administration of justice into disrepute. This case did not involve complex factual or legal issues, given that approximately five weeks after the Applicants’ claims had been accepted, the Minister had admissions and evidence confirming that there were serious misrepresentations. There was also a notation from an immigration officer at that time indicating that a vacation application would be pursued. The Minister has not explained why it did not proceed sooner; there was no evidence provided of any activity on the file for almost ten years. The Minister brings the administration of justice into disrepute by not proceeding for almost ten years, while the minor Applicants grew up in Canada, and then, based on no new information and without explanation as to the timing, deciding to bring an application to vacate their refugee status. It is unacceptable.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 61, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par61&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;See also:

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Parties are entitled to timely decisions and reasons therefor]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Abuse of process and actions of parties and the Board]]

=== Requests to delay convening a hearing or issuing a decision pending the receipt of new evidence ===
At times a party will request that the Board delay issuing a decision or postpone a hearing so that it can obtain additional evidence. 

For consideration of how this has been dealt with where the request is to delay convening a hearing, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 54 - Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding#Other exceptional circumstances and considerations about whether such circumstances properly qualify as exceptional]]. This notes that the ''Chairperson Guideline 6: Scheduling and Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding'' states that &quot;If a party requests a change of date or time of the proceedings for the purpose of obtaining documentation, the RPD generally proceeds and will determine at the end of the hearing whether or not it is necessary to grant a delay to obtain and provide the documents.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson Guideline 6: Scheduling and Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding'', &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir06.aspx&gt; (Accessed February 6, 2020) at para. 7.7.&lt;/ref&gt;

For consideration of how this has been dealt with where the request is to delay issuing a decision, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#Requests to submit a document post-hearing that the claimant does not have in their possession are not made pursuant to Rule 43]]. The court has held that fundamental justice requires a tribunal to delay its decision if it knows that, given a reasonable time, an applicant can obtain a crucial document.&lt;ref&gt;''Iqbal, Muhammad v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-4207-93), Muldoon, May 7, 1996. Reported: Iqbal v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1996), 33 Imm. L.R. (2d) 179 (F.C.T.D.).&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== The Board must take special measures to accommodate vulnerable claimants, including minors and those who cannot appreciate the nature of the proceedings, as well as those who are unrepresented ===
The right to procedural fairness includes the ability to meaningfully participate in the adjudicative process.&lt;ref&gt;''Etik v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2019 FC 762 at para 7.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board is obliged to take special measures to accommodate vulnerable claimants, including minors and those who cannot appreciate the nature of the proceedings, for example by appointing a designated representative to represent their interests during the hearing. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Board must ensure that certain claimants are assisted to make their cases]].

== Concerns about a lack of procedural fairness should be raised at the earliest practical opportunity ==
The common law principle of waiver provides that a party should raise allegations about a lack of procedural fairness at the earliest practical opportunity,&lt;ref&gt;''Mowatt v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 371 (CanLII), par. 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jfs47#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2021-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt; or the earliest reasonable moment.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 212, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par212&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; The court states that counsel has a responsibility to object and provide reasons for such an objection, as a lawyer entrusted with representing their client’s interests.&lt;ref&gt;''Khan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1330 (CanLII), at para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/js3dw#par43&gt;, retrieved on 2022-10-20.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so for the policy reason that even where procedural unfairness occurs in a hearing, it may be correctable. The rationale for why an applicant must raise a violation of natural justice or apprehension of bias at the earliest practical opportunity was articulated in ''Mohammadian v. Canada'' as follows:&lt;blockquote&gt;There is a powerful argument in favour of such a requirement arising from judicial economy. If applicants are permitted to obtain judicial review of adverse decisions by remaining silent in the face of known problems of interpretation, they will remain silent. This will result in a duplication of hearings. It seems a better policy to provide an incentive to make the original hearing as fair as possible and to avoid repetitious proceedings. Applicants should be required to complain at the first opportunity when it is reasonable to expect them to do so.&lt;ref&gt;''Mohammadian v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2000 CanLII 17118 (FC), [2000] 3 F.C. 371 (T.D), affd 2001 FCA 191 (CanLII), [2001] 4 F.C. 85 (C.A.)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;As such, where a panel interrupted counsel and provided her with a justification for limiting questioning that it considered irrelevant, the court concluded in ''Canada v.'' ''Tavares Carrera'' that the Member had &quot;tacitly invited [the counsel] to explain why she wished to ask questions about [the subject the Member considered irrelevant]&quot; and the fact that counsel did not object and articulate the logic of her questioning supported a conclusion that the panel had not acted unfairly.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration) c. Tavares Carrera,'' 2024 CF 1224 (CanLII), au para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k64rc#par13&gt;, consulté le 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt;

That said, for any waiver to be effective it must be made freely and with full knowledge of all the facts relevant to the decision whether to waive or not.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 218, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par218&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; As the Federal Court held in ''Benitez v. Canada,'' the earliest practical opportunity arises when the applicant is aware of the relevant information and it is reasonable to expect him or her to raise an objection.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 220, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par220&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#Allegations of an apprehension of bias must be raised at the earliest opportunity]].

=== The RAD may remedy some procedural fairness violations that occurred during an RPD hearing ===
A finding that procedural fairness has not been observed will ordinarily result in a determination that the decision of the tribunal is invalid.&lt;ref&gt;''Saghiri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 720 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgbf#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-03.&lt;/ref&gt; However, where the RPD takes a step that is procedurally unfair (or debatably so), for example not providing an opportunity to make submissions about the authenticity of documents on file, such unfairness may be remedied by the ability to file submissions and evidence on appeal to the RAD,&lt;ref&gt;''Karim v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 566 (CanLII), at para 3, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j6wq3#par3&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-16.&lt;/ref&gt; should the appellant have recourse to the RAD. This is consistent with the long-standing principle that an internal administrative appeal may cure unfairness that arises earlier in an administrative process.&lt;ref&gt;''King v University of Saskatchewan'', 1969 CanLII 89 (SCC), [1969] SCR 678 at pp 688-689, as cited in ''Karim v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 566 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j6wq3#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-16.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The RAD appeal process may allow for any unfairness in the RPD’s decision-making to be remedied, including through the filing of new evidence and submissions.&lt;ref&gt;''Rrukaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1647 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt97m&gt;, para. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; However, in some cases, the RAD process will not suffice to cure the procedural fairness violation and the RAD must order a new hearing. Whether a procedural fairness breach will require the RAD to remit the matter to the RPD will depend on the nature of that breach and its impact on the determinative issue before the RAD.&lt;ref&gt;''Yang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 385 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5vm0#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, in ''Yang v. Canada'', the RAD found that the RPD had breached procedural fairness by failing to confront a claimant with certain credibility concerns. However, given that the determinative issue before the RAD was not whether the applicant was credible, but instead that, even if credible, the applicant had failed to establish a forward-looking risk, the breach of procedural fairness before the RPD had no bearing on the determinative issue before the RAD. The court upheld the RAD's decision not to remit the matter to the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Yang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 385 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5vm0&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;  

However, in ''Abdelrahman v. Canada'', the RPD failed to provide an applicant an opportunity to respond to the RPD’s concerns about the authenticity of a document, thereby denying the applicant procedural fairness. The RAD then relied on this finding and upheld the RPD's credibility conclusion. The Federal Court held that the breach of natural justice was not cured by the ability to provide submissions and new evidence on the appeal to the RAD, concluding that the matter had to be remitted to the RPD for redetermination.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdelrahman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 527 (CanLII), at paras 18 and 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jg6tv#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-17.&lt;/ref&gt; Another common example where a matter must be remitted is where interpretation issues or incompetence of counsel have so tainted a proceeding that procedural fairness requires the matter to be redetermined afresh. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA ss. 111(1)(c) and 111(2): the Refugee Appeal Division may refer the matter to the Refugee Protection Division for re-determination in specified circumstances]]. However,  

The RAD may also not need to provide an explicit remedy for a procedural fairness issue where the merits of the claim are such that the outcome is legally inevitable despite the issue or when the procedural error is purely technical and does not result in substantial wrong.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Attorney General) v. McBain'', 2017 FCA 204, paragraphs 9–10 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 69-71 - General Provisions#RPD Rule 71 - Failure to follow a rule]].

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application#Once reopened, is a claim to be heard de novo or as a redetermination based on the previous record?]]

== Language of proceedings ==

=== A claimant has a right to proceedings in the official language of Canada of their choice ===
The IRB ''Policy Statement on Official Languages and the Principle of the Substantive Equality of English and French'' provides that the language rights of parties are substantive rights that are distinct from their right to procedural fairness. Both the ''Official Languages Act'' and the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' establish official languages rights for parties as well as for individuals who are otherwise involved in IRB proceedings, such as witnesses and counsel. Consequently, any issue or request concerning the use of either official language will be examined by the IRB independently of considerations of procedural fairness, although the language skills of the parties may nonetheless be considered when examining procedural fairness issues.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy Statement on Official Languages and the Principle of the Substantive Equality of English and French'', Date modified: 2018-07-03 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/pnnpollo.aspx&gt; (Accessed January 22, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; For more details about this right see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#Claimants need not provide documents in the language of the proceeding, only in English or French]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Official Languages Act]]. 

=== A claimant has a right to interpretation where it is necessary ===
The right to an interpreter in a proceeding in another language is enshrined in section 14 of the Canadian ''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'', and this right has been held to be generally applicable to a proceeding before the RPD. Interpretation should be continuous, precise, impartial, competent and contemporaneous. For a discussion of this, see the commentary to RPD Rule 19: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 19 - Interpreters#Legal standard for interpretation]]. A failure to provide an interpreter at all, or to provide one that offers adequate interpretation, will mean that the process was not fair: ''Kovacs v. Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Kovacs v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2003] F.C.J. No. 250, 36 Imm. L.R. (3d) 59 (F.C.T.D.).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Providing information about the status determination process in a range of languages ===
Academics have observed that it is a best practice that state authorities widely disseminate information on eligibility criteria, the determination procedure, and the rights associated with recognition in a range of languages.&lt;ref&gt;Momoh, S., van Eijken, H., &amp; Ryngaert, C. (2020). Statelessness Determination Procedures. ''The Statelessness and Citizenship Review'', ''2''(1), 86–111. Retrieved from https://statelessnessandcitizenshipreview.com/index.php/journal/article/view/137 at page 94.&lt;/ref&gt; While this may be a best practice for states, to the knowledge of this author, it does not translate into a legal entitlement for claimants under Canadian law. For more details, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The fact that a claimant lacks counsel does not, in and of itself, mean that their hearing is unfair]].

== Fairness considerations related to providing complete disclosure of information ==

=== Disclosure rights and obligations for the Claimant ===
The RPD is mandated by the common law and the IRPA to respect principles of natural justice and procedural fairness. The right to be heard is a fundamental principle of natural justice. An essential component of the right to be heard is to be able to put relevant evidence before the decision-maker.&lt;ref&gt;''Charkaoui v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 SCC 9 (CanLII), at para. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; For more details on this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to a hearing and the right to be heard#The Board must provide the parties with the opportunity to be heard]].

The information that a claimant provides in their Basis of Claim form must be complete: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 6 - Basis of Claim Form]]. The documents that parties are obliged to provide to the Board are specified in rules 7 and 34: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]]. See also &quot;Parties will cooperate with the asylum process and supply all pertinent information&quot; at [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of claimants and counsel]]. 

The court has held that fundamental justice may require a tribunal to delay its decision if it knows that, given a reasonable time, applicant can obtain a crucial document. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#Requests to submit a document post-hearing that the claimant does not have in their possession are not made pursuant to Rule 43]].

=== Disclosure rights and obligations for the Minister ===
While the Minister has no obligation to become a party to a proceeding (see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 29 - Intervention by the Minister#The Minister is permitted to intervene in proceedings, but is not required to do so]]), once it does so and provides disclosure, its disclosure must be &quot;complete&quot; and cannot be selective: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]].

On appeal to the RAD, the rules and regulations create a regime which Waldman describes as &quot;asymmetrical&quot;, where there are &quot;severe restrictions placed on the claimant versus substantial flexibility for the Minister&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Waldman, Lorne, ''Immigration Law and Practice, 2nd Edition (Butterworths)'', Looseleaf at 9-226.6 (Section 9.536) Rel. 68-4/2018.&lt;/ref&gt; By way of example, Waldman notes that the Minister can generally file documents at any time, is not limited in the types of evidence to be filed, and, aside from the filing of Minister's appeals, would not appear to be affected by many timelines.

=== Disclosure rights and obligations for the Board ===

==== Parties should have access to the complete record before the decision-maker, though there may be limited permissible exceptions to this principle ====
UNHCR affirms that a fair asylum system is one where parties will have access to the complete record that is before the decision-maker.&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Fair and Efficient Asylum Procedures: A Non-Exhaustive Overview of Applicable International Standards'', 2 September 2005, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/432ae9204.html [accessed 4 May 2020].&lt;/ref&gt; Fundamental justice requires the Board provide complete disclosure so as to allow parties to know the case and meet their obligations. In this way, the Board must generally provide disclosure of documents that it relies upon and provide parties with an opportunity to reply.&lt;ref&gt;For a general statement of this principle from a non-immigration context, see: ''May v Ferndale Institution'', 2005 SCC 82 at para 92.&lt;/ref&gt; Where the Division relied upon a document that was not on the record or in the NDP to evaluate country conditions (and was actually contradicted by documents on the record) the Federal Court held that it had acted unfairly.&lt;ref&gt;''Zheng v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 FC 1359 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fp53c#par9&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Board should consider the most up-to-date country conditions evidence]]. As a general matter, the Refugee Protection Division states that if a document before a panel contains hyperlinks to other documents, parties can expect that the &lt;abbr&gt;RPD&lt;/abbr&gt; will only consider the information in the original document and not the other documents which are linked.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Questions and answers: Practice Notice on Procedural Issues,'' Date modified: 2024-09-09 &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pnpi-qa.aspx&gt;, at question 10.&lt;/ref&gt;

Fairness can relate to the timing of disclosure, as well: in ''Moran v. Canada'' the court held that &quot;confronting the Applicant at the hearing with the seized statement without prior disclosure was a breach of procedural fairness.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Elias Moran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 90 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm236#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2022-02-07.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Ola v. Canada'', the court held that the RAD’s failure to provide the applicants with an opportunity to make submissions in response to the information provided in an updated NDP before the RAD amounted to a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Ola, Olanrewaju Adegboyega v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-8585-21), Lafreniere, September 9, 2022; 2022 FC 1272.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Lopez Aguilar v. Canada'', the Federal Court concluded that procedural fairness had been breached where extrinsic evidence (a narrative from another related claim) was in a party's claim file, and was discussed by the Member, in circumstances where the party did not have a sufficient opportunity to respond to the evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Lopez Aguilar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 FC 908 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fn552#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-02.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns]].

However, not every failure to disclose information will require setting aside a decision. Failure to disclose information can only be fatal to the fairness of a proceeding if that information is material to the decision-maker’s findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Aminu, Rasaki Aeniy v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-5778-23), Manson, February 12, 2024; 2024 FC 233.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Afzal v. Canada,'' the Court accepted that the the RPD’s failure to disclose the POE notes was a minor breach because the content of the notes was set out accurately in the Minister’s notice of intervention and the notes did not contain any additional information. Furthermore, in that case the RAD remedied the breach by providing the Applicant with the notes and inviting submissions.&lt;ref&gt;''Afzal, Syed Faheem v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-4256-22), Norris, September 22, 2023; 2023 FC 1273.&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there may be cases where there is information before a decision-maker which cannot be disclosed to the parties due to privacy or information sharing legislation, and where a document cannot be disclosed with appropriate redactions, and in such circumstances it will not be unfair for the decision-maker to proceed without relying upon the information when making the decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Sidhu v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 1681 (CanLII), at para 32, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1rpc#par32&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board must not rely on evidence that is not on the record or otherwise properly available to the Member]]. 

There are also many cases involving the decisions of immigration and visa officers which hold that extrinsic evidence from the internet may be used in particular circumstances. This approach is typified by ''Mancia v Canada'', which holds that while &quot;extrinsic evidence&quot; must be disclosed prior to the decision being rendered, a decision maker is not required to provide notice of their reliance on material that is (1) generally available to the public and (2) not novel and significant information that may affect the disposition of a case. In ''Ashiru v Canada'', a judicial review of a decision on a humanitarian and compassionate application, Justice Kane noted that in the recent application of the &quot;novel and significant&quot; test courts have adopted a contextual approach which includes consideration of the nature of the decision and the possible impact of the evidence on the decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Ashiru v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1313 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl2jx&gt; at paras 47-48.&lt;/ref&gt; This contextual approach was demonstrated in ''Alves v. Canada'', another judicial review of a decision in a humanitarian and compassionate application, in which the court held that in assessing whether the duty of fairness required the disclosure of extrinsic documents that a decision-maker has consulted, the Court is to consider factors such as (i) the source, including its reputability; (ii) the public availability of the documents and the extent to which the applicant could be reasonably expected to know of them; (iii) the novelty and significance of the information, including the extent to which it differs from other evidence; and (iv) the nature of the decision, including the applicant’s allegations and the evidentiary burden.&lt;ref&gt;''Alves v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 672 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jp59s#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Decisions of the Federal Court have also determined that there are circumstances in which PRRA officers cannot be criticized for relying upon country documentation that is publicly available but not specifically disclosed to a claimant.&lt;ref&gt;''Sinnasamy v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FC 67 at para 9, [2008] FCJ No 77; ''Manvalpillai v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 FC 584.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Pizarro Guiterrez v. Canada'' the court concluded that the fact that a Citizenship and Immigration Canada officer consulted public documents available on the internet about the situation in a country, and referred to them without advising the applicant, was not a breach of the duty of procedural fairness. This was so as the applicant was well aware that the issue was being considered, the documents were easily accessible on the internet, the documents originated from credible and known sources, and the applicant had had an interview in which related information had been put to him.&lt;ref&gt;''Pizarro Guiterrez v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 FC 623, at para 46.&lt;/ref&gt; 

There is some question as to whether the principles from the above cases allowing for reference to extrinsic information may apply to matters before the RPD and RAD. The Federal Court of Appeal held in a decision involving the IRB's predecessor Immigration Appeal Board that not every situation where a decision-maker does their own research and fails to disclose it prior to providing their reasons will be considered a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Maslej v. Minister of Manpower and Immigration,'' 1976 CanLII 2309 (FCA), [1977] 1 FC 194, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jqtbs&gt;, page 198.&lt;/ref&gt; Some decisions of the Federal Court find that this is permissible. For example, in ''Dubow-Noor v. Canada'', the court held that information obtained independently by the Board (a Google Maps search used to identify distances between particular points) did not need to be disclosed prior to the decision because it was publicly available and not novel.&lt;ref&gt;''Dubow-Noor v. Canada,'' 2017 FC 35, paras. 16-18.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Sylain-Pierre v. Canada'' the court relied on this test to conclude that it was not a breach of procedural fairness for the RAD to find news articles indicating that the agent of persecution had died, and consider this when assessing the claimant's prospective risk.&lt;ref&gt;''Sylvain-Pierre, Fauvette v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-864-21), Mosley, March 23, 2022; 2022 FC 404, paras. 19-28.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, in ''Byarugaba v. Canada'', the court distinguished the ''Mancia v Canada'' line of caselaw above and held that, as a quasi-judicial body, that deals with the fundamental rights those appearing before it, the Board has developed well-defined procedural rules and, if the member sees it necessary to conduct their own research and wants to rely on that research, they have a duty to disclose it to the parties and give them an opportunity to respond. The member’s failure to do this amounts to a breach of procedural fairness that taints the process.&lt;ref&gt;''Byarugaba v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 833 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k539g#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt;

See also the following RPD rule regarding the disclosure of documents by that Division: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 33 - Disclosure and use of documents by the Division]]. Judicial notice may also be invoked to relieve parties from having to prove facts that are not in dispute. As such, given the nature of facts that may be judicially noticed, prior disclosure will not generally be required. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge#IRPA s. 170: The Division may take notice of any facts that may be judicially noticed]].

==== Panels may conduct research, but the Board has rules about the process for it and how such research must be disclosed ====
The panel may conduct research and disclose the results of that research onto the record. In any research it conducts, the RPD is to follow the ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0222&quot;&gt;''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings,'' Instructions issued by the Chairperson pursuant to section 159(1)(a) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'', amended December, 2012 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstructInfo.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; These principles apply to how to Division has committed to collecting information regarding a claim, including that the RPD will gather information through a transparent and standard process to ensure fairness in decision-making. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Member's power to conduct research and find facts]].

==== The Minister, even when not a party, has a right to some disclosure at the Refugee Appeal Division ====
The Refugee Appeal Division has issued a practice notice entitled ''Providing post-perfection documents to the Minister when not a party to the appeal''. It specifies that the division will provide to the Minister all evidence and written submissions that it receives from the refugee a​ppellant following the perfection of the appeal, whether or not in response to any notice or request from the RAD.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice: Providing post-perfection documents to the Minister when not a party to the appeal'', March 1, 2023, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/RAD-pn-providing-post-perfection-documents.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 1 - Definitions#Commentary on the definition of &quot;party&quot;]].

=== The record on a court-ordered redetermination ===
Before the Court-Ordered Rehearings Policy came into effect in 1999, the IRB traditionally interpreted court-ordered redeterminations as a requirement for a new hearing or a hearing ''de novo''. It removed from the redetermination case file all documentary evidence except for the originating or jurisdictional document, and the order and reasons of the Court. The IRB also ensured that, where possible, the matter was reheard by decision-makers other than those who made the original decision, unless ordered by the Court otherwise. That changed in 1999 when the IRB adopted a more flexible procedure in conducting court-ordered redeterminations with the introduction of the Court-Ordered Rehearings Policy. That policy is referred to as the &quot;Policy on Court-Ordered Redeterminations&quot;, last updated in 2013. The IRB states that &quot;The guiding principle of the policy [is] to ensure that the use of evidence from previous hearings will not lead to a reasonable apprehension of bias, or affect the right to be heard.&quot; That document is now referred to as the IRB ''Policy on Court-Ordered Redeterminations''.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on Court-Ordered Redeterminations'', &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/PolOrderOrdon.aspx&gt; (Accessed July 2, 2023).&lt;/ref&gt;

In short, this policy provides that where the Court has determined that there was a denial of natural justice in the original hearing and provides specific directions, the IRB will comply with those directions. Where the Court has not given specific directions, the only documents that must, in every case, be included in the redetermination case file are the Court order and the jurisdictional documents (for example: notice of appeal, referral to the RPD, etc.). Where the Court has provided no specific directions and has made no determination that there was a denial of natural justice in the original hearing, the redetermination case file will contain the documents set out at section 5.1 of that policy, namely:

* jurisdictional documents (for example: notice of appeal, referral to the RPD, request for admissibility hearing or detention review);
* the Court order and any reasons;
* the original decision(s) of the IRB and any reasons;
* administrative documents (for example: notices to appear);
* exhibits filed at the previous hearing(s);
* any transcripts of the previous hearing (if available); and
* other evidence on the original file.
The inclusion of the Court order and any reasons in every case is consistent with jurisprudence that &quot;it goes without saying that an administrative tribunal to which a case is referred back must always take into account the decision and findings of the reviewing court, unless new facts call for a different analysis.”&lt;ref&gt;''Abeleira v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2017 FC 1008, para. 70.&lt;/ref&gt;

See also: 

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an independent decision-maker#The tribunal must follow explicit instructions stated in a judgment or direction from a reviewing court]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an impartial decision-maker#A Member considering prior testimony during a redetermination of a claim is not, in itself, indicative of bias]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application#Once reopened, is a claim to be heard de novo or as a redetermination based on the previous record?]]
* A question can also arise about the application of RAD Rule 29 concerning &quot;Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided&quot; applies to redeterminations. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 29: Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided]].

=== The record on a RAD-ordered redetermination ===
Similar to the above regarding matters remitted by the Federal Court, once a matter is remitted from the RAD to the RPD, it is to follow the process set out in the IRB ''Policy on Redeterminations Ordered by the Refugee Appeal Division''.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on Redeterminations Ordered by the Refugee Appeal Division,'' September 9, 2014, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/PolRpdSprRedetExam.aspx&gt; (Accessed April 27, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; For a discussion of directions that the RAD may provide on remittal to the RPD, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA 111(1)(c): the Refugee Appeal Division may give the directions to the Refugee Protection Division that it considers appropriate when referring a matter for re-determination]].

== The right to know the case to be met and the right of response ==

=== Claimants have an expectation that a claim will only be rejected on the basis of a legal issue that a panel has identified as being at issue ===
To ensure that proceedings are accessible and comprehensible, it is expected that an RPD panel will identify the issues that are at stake in a claim and, if the panel does not identify a particular legal issue as being in play, the panel would err if it subsequently rejected the claim on that basis. Furthermore, when a hearing is conducted by way of reverse-order questioning (i.e. the Board asking questions first and the claimant's counsel questioning them afterwards), the person with the onus is no longer in control of the process and there is an increased burden on the Board to ensure that issues which are determinative of the claim are raised at the hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Sarker v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2014 FC 1168 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gfmd6#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-19.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, where a panel did not advise a claimant that state protection was at issue in a claim, and then rejected the claim on the basis that they had not rebutted the presumption of the availability of state protection, the panel acted unfairly.&lt;ref&gt;''Gomes v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2006] F.C.J. No. 520, 52 Imm. L.R. (3d) 28 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt; It is generally sufficient for a panel of the Board to raise those issues at the start of the hearing; for example, there is no obligation on the RPD to raise an IFA and proposed locations before the RPD hearing, as it suffices to do so at the beginning of the hearing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;  

An exception to this principle is that some issues are said to always be at issue in every claim, and need not be identified as a distinct issue, including credibility,&lt;ref&gt;''El Haddad c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2020 CF 487 (CanLII), par. 24, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j6fqr#par24&gt;, consulté le 2020-04-20.&lt;/ref&gt; identity,&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Second Annual Report on Complaints'', April 2020, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/transparency/member-conduct/Documents/Second-Annual-Report-on-Complaints-April-2020-English.pdf&gt; (Accessed May 1, 2020), at page 18.&lt;/ref&gt; and the objective basis of the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Akinyemi-Oguntunde v. M.C.I.'' (F.C. IMM-5160-19), Ahmed, June 3, 2020, 2020 FC 666, para. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, the court nonetheless holds that where relevant, the claimant should be advised that identity is an issue, and of the need to provide specific documents or other corroborative evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Abubakar &lt;abbr&gt;v.&lt;/abbr&gt; Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (1998), 45 &lt;abbr&gt;Imm. L.R. (2d)&lt;/abbr&gt; 186 (&lt;abbr&gt;F.C.T.D.&lt;/abbr&gt;).&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, where a panel listed a series of issues that were of concern, but did not list the objective basis of the claim as being of concern, the panel erred when it rejected the claim on the basis that the claimant had not established the objective basis of their claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Zhang v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' [2015] F.C.J. No. 1031, 2015 FC 1031 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt; 

Where a panel identifies an issue, for example potential exclusion pursuant to Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, the Board does not have to advise the claimant of all the ins and outs that flow from that issue and relevant caselaw, such as the sub-issue in 1E exclusion cases of whether the appellant is at risk or not in their country of residence that is being considered during the exclusion analysis.&lt;ref&gt;''Lauture c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2023 CF 1121 (CanLII), au para 26-27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzqfq#par26&gt;, consulté le 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; It is not the Board's role to provide legal advice to claimants&lt;ref&gt;''Sundaram v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 291 (CanLII), par. 12, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;http://canlii.ca/t/1mr2v#par12&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-11.&lt;/ref&gt; and an administrative tribunal has no obligation to act as the attorney for a claimant.&lt;ref&gt;''Law v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (2007), 2007 FC 1006, 160 A.C.W.S. (3d) 879 at para. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; T Board states that the hearing should be expeditious, and members should not spend time unnecessarily covering such points.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of the Board]].

The rules at the RAD differ as RAD Rule 7 provides for when the Division may provide a decision without further notice to the parties, with exceptions for situations where the RAD raises a new issue and it would be procedurally unfair not to provide notice: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 7 provides that the Division may, without further notice, decide the appeal, but further notice is required if the appeal is decided on a new ground]].

Furthermore, cases should be decided based on all of the law that binds the Board. This obliges a panel to apply relevant statutory principles and follow relevant caselaw. For example, panels have an obligation to consider certain issues, such as whether the &quot;compelling reasons&quot; doctrine for granting refugee status despite a change in circumstances applies, whether or not the claimant expressly invokes the relevant subsection of the Act. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#To what extent does a panel of the Division have a duty to inquire into the claim?]]. Similarly, the Board “has a duty to consider all potential grounds for a refugee claim that arise on the evidence, even when they are not raised by the applicant”: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Refugee Protection Division has an inquisitorial mandate]]. However, it is not the role of the RAD to address concerns relating to the reasonableness of an IFA when such concerns are not raised by applicants.&lt;ref&gt;''Ogungbile v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1639 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtnkh#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

Where a claimant is unrepresented at a hearing, the RPD has a more onerous obligation to indicate what issues are in play and explain the case to be met. However, as the Court noted in ''Khosa v. Canada'', it has not identified &quot;any case that sets a minimum standard for what must be explained about an IFA to a self-represented claimant before the RPD&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Khosa v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 555 (CanLII), at para 67, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd8v#par67&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#The Board has a heightened duty of procedural fairness when dealing with self-represented claimants]].

=== Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns ===
Procedural fairness entitles those who are to be subjected to a decision affecting their rights, privileges, or interests to know the case against them.&lt;ref&gt;Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 181.&lt;/ref&gt; This requires that they &quot;know what evidence has been given and what statements have been made&quot; affecting them and that they be given &quot;a fair opportunity to correct or contradict them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Kane v Board of Governors of UBC'', [1980] 1 SCR 1105 at 1114.&lt;/ref&gt; Parties should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's credibility concerns. Where a panel may reach an adverse credibility finding, a party should have notice and an opportunity to respond.&lt;ref&gt;''Dalirani v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 258 (CanLII), par. 28, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j59ds#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-22.&lt;/ref&gt; This rule was articulated as follows by the Federal Court of Appeal in 1989: the claimant should be given an opportunity at the hearing to clarify the evidence and to explain apparent contradictions in their testimony.&lt;ref&gt;''Gracielome v Canada'' ''(MEI),'' [1989] FCJ No. 463 (CA).&lt;/ref&gt; The court has held that what is required of the Board is analogous to what is required by the evidentiary rule established in ''Browne v Dunn''.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdelrahman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 527 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jg6tv#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-17.&lt;/ref&gt; 

That said, there are limits to how far this proposition extends and a panel need not advert a claimant's attention to all possible credibility concerns,&lt;ref&gt;''Ngongo v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1999 CanLII 8885 (FC), par. 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/4611#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-13.&lt;/ref&gt; such as potential inconsistencies between their evidence and the objective country condition documents. As a general principle, the rules of procedural fairness do not require refugee claimants to be confronted about information that they are aware of and which they have, in addition, provided themselves.&lt;ref&gt;''Elias Moran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 90 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm236#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2022-02-07.&lt;/ref&gt; The rationale for this is that the claimant, having produced the documents, could have addressed any facial inconsistencies in them at the time of submission.&lt;ref&gt;''Badri, Younis Abdelkarim v. M.P.S.E.P.'' (F.C., no. IMM-1455-20), Gleeson, April 5, 2022; 2022 FC 473.&lt;/ref&gt; 

As well, the Board “is not required to bring to a claimant’s attention every reservation held or implausibility found in reflecting upon the [claimant’s] testimony as a whole, before its decision is made.”&lt;ref&gt;''Tchaynikova, Olga v. M.C.I.'' (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-4497-96), Richard, May 8, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board need not always confront a claimant over a contradiction in their testimony, but there may still be circumstances where a discrepancy should be brought to the attention of a refugee claimant. When determining whether explicitly confronting the claimant was required, the courts have endorsed the following factors: &lt;blockquote&gt;1. Was the contradiction found after a careful analysis of the transcript or recording of the hearing, or was it obvious?

2. Was it in answer to a direct question from the panel?

3. Was it an actual contradiction or just a slip?

4. Was the applicant represented by counsel, in which case counsel could have questioned him on any contradiction?

5. Was the applicant communicating through an interpreter? Using an interpreter makes misunderstandings due to interpretation (and thus, contradictions) more likely.

6. Is the panel&quot;s decision based on a single contradiction or on a number of contradictions or implausibilities?&lt;ref&gt;''Ngongo v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1999 CanLII 8885 (FC), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/4611#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-26.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;For the RAD context, see the following discussion of what is a new issue requiring notice to the parties, and sometimes additionally to the Minister: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#What is a new issue requiring notice?]]

Parties should also have a fair opportunity to respond to concerns that a panel has, even where they concern issues other than credibility. For example, in ''Conde v. Canada'', the claimant had been designated a vulnerable person by a previous panel of the Board. The claim was returned to the Board for redetermination after the original decision was overturned by the Federal Court. On redetermination, the Member de-designated the claimant as a vulnerable person. On judicial review, the court concluded that this had been done in a procedurally unfair manner as &quot;there was no reason, given the previous psychological evidence and the acceptance of the [applicant] as a vulnerable person at previous hearings, to expect that he needed to provide more psychological evidence without notice&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Losada Conde v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 626 (CanLII), par. 96, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j8863#par96&gt;, retrieved on 2020-08-31.&lt;/ref&gt; In that case, the Federal Court concluded &quot;clearly, this was procedurally unfair.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Losada Conde v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 626 (CanLII), par. 97, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j8863#par97&gt;, retrieved on 2020-08-31.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Board]].

This principle was not always operative in the Canadian refugee determination system; prior to the mid-1980s, the Federal Court held that the Minister was not bound to comply with the rules of natural justice and could even consider information without giving the claimant an opportunity to respond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 50.&lt;/ref&gt;

There are further principles that are related to this one, for example, refugees should have a full opportunity to challenge the evidence in their proceeding, which in turn entails the provision of information to refugees regarding the source and methodology used to obtain the evidence being used against them.&lt;ref&gt;''Ali v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1085 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5qq7#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

Further, where prior evidence is put to a witness as a contradiction, what is put to them must be a fair and accurate statement of their evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Mariyaseelan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 155 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmbdk#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2022-02-24.&lt;/ref&gt; For further details, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Members are expected to act honestly and in good faith and are precluded from &quot;setting traps&quot; for claimants]]. The Refugee Appeal Division has set out the following recommended questioning approach where a potential discrepancy has emerged in a witness's testimony:&lt;blockquote&gt;A recommended questioning approach is not to immediately flag a problem, but instead 1) to back up and ask an open question on the general area that includes the point where the discrepancy arose to see if the discrepancy is spontaneously resolved, 2) if the claimant repeats the discrepant evidence, a Member should summarize their understanding of the testimony – “so you are saying that he was a brother of your employee and they had the same parents?”, and 3) if the claimant confirms the Member’s understanding of the testimony, put the discrepancy to the claimant and ask for an explanation – “could you please explain why you said….”&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2024 CanLII 63781 (CA IRB), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5q2b#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;As the RAD explains, the results of the above approach can be far more useful in assessing credibility than where a Member immediately flags a problem. Apparent discrepancies which were caused merely by faulty translations or ambiguous terms often resolve themselves in a helpful and satisfying manner as the claimant restates the evidence without a motive to reconcile contradictions. Furthermore, if the discrepancy does not resolve itself on its own, the record will include a firmer foundation for assessing any explanation by the claimant. Should the RPD fail to apply such principles, this may decrease the weight properly attributed to the credibility issue that arose.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2024 CanLII 63781 (CA IRB), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5q2b#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-10.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The right to provide submissions on the law and the facts prior to a decision being reached ===
Failing to provide a party with an opportunity to make submissions prior to a decision being reached is a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; For more detail, see: 

* For how this applies at the RPD, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPA Section 170 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 170(e) - Must provide an opportunity to present evidence, question witnesses and make representations]]. 
* For the RAD, the provisions are different, but there rights of the Minister and the person who is the subject of the appeal are similarly protected: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPA Section 171 - Proceedings]]. 
* See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/165 - Powers of a Member#These powers must be employed fairly, which will generally require providing notice to the Minister]].

=== Ministerial notification rules ensure that a claimant will have advance notice of particular types of issues ===
Rule 26(1) of the RPD Rules stipulates that &quot;If the Division believes, before a hearing begins, that there is a possibility that section E or F of Article 1 of the Refugee Convention applies to the claim, the Division must without delay notify the Minister in writing and provide any relevant information to the Minister.&quot; The obligation to inform the Minister in writing where there is a “possibility” of exclusion, integrity issues, or other other types of issues that require such notice, not only ensures that the Minister is heard where they desire to intervene, but also ensures that a claimant will have adequate notice of the issues at the hearing, including time to prepare for a hearing that may involve a new issue or that may have become more complicated. The court commented on this aspect of the notice requirement in ''Canada v. Louis,'' indicating that procedural unfairness that arises from the failure to provide such notice may be relied upon by either a claimant or the Minister: ''&quot;''Even though in [''Kanya v. Canada''] the breach of the rules of procedural fairness was relied on to the benefit of the refugee claimant, there is no reason that a breach of the obligations provided for in subsection 23(1) of the Rules cannot be relied on in the same way by the Minister who, according to the wording of this provision, is the true beneficiary of the said obligation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Louis,'' 2009 FC 674 (CanLII), para. 23.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Similarly, a claimant is entitled to 10 days of advance notice where the Minister will be intervening in person and of the purpose of any Ministerial intervention: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Intervention by the Minister#Rule 29(2)(a) requirement that the notice state the purpose for which the Minister will intervene]].

For issues that are not noted in the above rule, it is generally sufficient for a panel of the Board to raise those issues at the start of the hearing. For example, there is no obligation on the RPD to raise the IFA issue and proposed locations before the RPD hearing as it suffices to do so at the beginning of the hearing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Aregbesola,'' 2022 FC 820 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpl53#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The Board is bound by its own undertakings where it indicates that something is not at issue, that particular evidence is unnecessary, or that a particular procedure will be followed ===
To be fair, the Board's conduct must not violate a party's legitimate expectations. A legitimate expectation arises when a government official makes “clear, unambiguous and unqualified” representations within the scope of their authority to an individual about an administrative process that the government will follow.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Attorney General) v Mavi'', 2011 SCC 30 at para 68.&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, the Board is bound by its own undertakings and, once an undertaking is given by a Board Member, failure to comply with it (or provide notice that it will not be complied with and an opportunity to respond&lt;ref&gt;''Gill, Arshdeep v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-1589-20), Gleeson, July 15, 2021; 2021 FC 741.&lt;/ref&gt;) will constitute a breach of natural justice.&lt;ref&gt;Waldman, Lorne, ''Canadian Immigration &amp; Refugee Law Practice'', Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2018, ISBN 9780433478928, ISSN [tel:1912-0311 1912-0311], &lt;https://search.library.utoronto.ca/details?5022478&gt; (Accessed April 1, 2020) at page 1740 of the PDF.&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada described this principle, and the related doctrine of legitimate expectations, in ''Agraira v Canada:''&lt;blockquote&gt;If a public authority has made representations about the procedure it will follow in making a particular decision, or if it has consistently adhered to certain procedural practices in the past in making such a decision, the scope of the duty of procedural fairness owed to the affected person will be broader than it otherwise would have been. Likewise, if representations with respect to a substantive result have been made to an individual, the duty owed to him by the public authority in terms of the procedures it must follow before making a contrary decision will be more onerous.&lt;ref&gt;''Agraira v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'', 2013 SCC 36.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
The specific conditions which must be satisfied in order for the doctrine of legitimate expectations to apply are summarized in the looseleaf ''Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Canada'':&lt;blockquote&gt;The distinguishing characteristic of a legitimate expectation is that it arises from some conduct of the decision-maker, or some other relevant actor. Thus, a legitimate expectation may result from an official practice or assurance that certain procedures will be followed as part of the decision-making process, or that a positive decision can be anticipated. As well, the existence of administrative rules of procedure, or a procedure on which the agency had voluntarily embarked in a particular instance, may give rise to a legitimate expectation that such procedures will be followed. Of course, the practice or conduct said to give rise to the reasonable expectation must be clear, unambiguous and unqualified.&lt;ref&gt;''Nshogoza v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1211 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/glsz3#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2021-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
There are additional qualifications to the applicability of the doctrine of legitimate expectations, including that it does not apply where the promise conflicts with a statutory duty.&lt;ref&gt;''Demirtas v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' 1992 CanLII 2425 (FCA), [1993] 1 FC 602, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/4nqh&gt;, retrieved on 2021-08-29; ''Al Dajani c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2024 CF 1415.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so as the doctrine of legitimate expectations does not create substantive rights and cannot hinder the discretion of the decision­maker responsible for applying the law.&lt;ref&gt;''Kaisar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2017 FC 789 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hpl63#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2021-08-29.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Furthermore, even where an undertaking has been made by the tribunal, it remains free to change its mind while seized with a case, so long as fair notice is provided to the parties. While the court has indicated that it is preferable to provide notice of issues as far in advance as possible,&lt;ref&gt;''Figueroa c Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration)'', 2016 CF 521 au paragraphe 56.&lt;/ref&gt; so long as the tribunal provides an adequate opportunity to respond to the issue, procedural fairness is respected&lt;ref&gt;''Ambroise c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2021 CF 62 (CanLII), par. 41, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jcq6t#par41&gt;, consulté le 2021-02-02.&lt;/ref&gt; - even if notice of an issue is provided at some point during the hearing, not at the start of, or prior to, the hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Ambroise c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2021 CF 62 (CanLII), par. 42, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jcq6t#par42&gt;, consulté le 2021-02-02.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an independent decision-maker#Members are not bound by previous interlocutory decisions on a file]].

These principles have been applied in the refugee context:

* &lt;u&gt;Where the tribunal indicates that it is not concerned about an issue, it should not find against a party on that issue without providing notice and an opportunity to respond:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Okwagbe v. Canada'' the tribunal advised that its only concern was delay but then rejected the claim based on the availability of an IFA. The Court held that this conduct constituted a breach of natural justice.&lt;ref&gt;''Okwagbe v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2012] F.C.J. No. 816, 2012 FC 792 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Where the tribunal indicates that it is not necessary to adduce particular evidence, it should not find against a party for failing to provide such evidence:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Isik v. Canada'' the court concluded that the Board had acted unfairly where it indicated that it was not necessary to call a witness and then made adverse credibility findings on the point that the witness may have testified about:  &lt;blockquote&gt;[T]he Court strongly believes that the RPD should refrain from taking a position on the necessity of presenting a witness unless it knows exactly what facts the witness will testify about and in what specific respect this evidence is meant to corroborate a claimant’s testimony or story. If a counsel simply inquires about the advisability of presenting a witness, the RPD can always refuse to take a position on the basis that it has yet to complete its evaluation of the evidence. If it chooses to take a stand, it must be fully aware that its decision will have consequences. In this particular case, the Court finds that the RPD ought to have known that its comment that the evidence was not necessary would clearly impact on the legal representatives acting in this case and it is clear that it did so without knowing the full extent of the facts on which the proposed witness was meant to testify.&lt;ref&gt;''Isik v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' [2011] F.C.J. No. 906, 2011 FC 718 (F.C.), paras. 14-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;Where the tribunal publishes a policy which indicates that it will follow a particular practice, parties may rely on it:&lt;/u&gt; Member Edward Bosveld of the RAD has held that the RPD’s actions in creating, publishing, and committing to follow its Front End Security Screening Instructions give rise to a legitimate expectation that those instructions will be followed.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 76391 (CA IRB), at para 57, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/g23dh#par57&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt;
*&lt;u&gt;The fact that the tribunal asks for submissions on an issue does not create a legitimate expectation that the issue will be canvassed in the reasons if it is not determinative:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Rodriguez v. Canada'', the court considered an argument that the fact that the tribunal had asked for submissions on an issue created a legitimate expectation that the issue was of significance and would be assessed by the tribunal in its reasons.&lt;ref&gt;''Correa Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 937 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jj24b#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2021-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; The court rejected this argument, holding that the fact that submissions have been requested on an issue does not oblige the tribunal to consider it if that issue is irrelevant. See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decisions may focus on the determinative issue]].
*&lt;u&gt;The Board is not bound by the arguments raised by the parties in the proceedings&lt;/u&gt;, for example by an argument by the Minister that focuses on some issues, but not others.&lt;ref&gt;''Vanovac, Nenad v. M.S.E.P.'' (F.C., no. IMM-11898-22), Fuhrer, January 30, 2024; 2024 FC 148.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The RAD is to conduct its own independent review of the file, including on issues of credibility, without holding a new oral hearing ===
The RAD has the power to set aside a determination made by the RPD and substitute its determination that, in its opinion, should have been made. This requires the RAD to conduct its own assessment of the evidence ''de novo''. The Federal Court of Appeal commented on the meaning of the word &quot;de novo&quot; in this context:&lt;blockquote&gt;I also conclude that an appeal before the RAD is not a true ''de novo'' proceeding. Recognizing that there may be different views and definitions, I need to clarify what I mean by “true ''de novo'' proceeding”. It is a proceeding where the second decision‑maker starts anew: the record below is not before the appeal body and the original decision is ignored in all respects. When the appeal is a true ''de novo'' proceeding, standard of review is not an issue. This is clearly not what is contemplated where the RAD proceeds without a hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Huruglica'', 2016 FCA 93 at para 79.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This may involve a re-assessment of the credibility of the evidence without entitling an appellant to a second oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Siddiqui v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1028 at para. 110, relying on ''Malambu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 CF 763 at para 38.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the RAD cannot be faulted for not having considered and addressed arguments that were not raised on appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Maklaj v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 617 (CanLII), at para 32, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4h3j#par32&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-12.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA s. 111(1)(b): the Refugee Appeal Division may set aside the determination of the RPD and substitute a determination that, in its opinion, should have been made]].

== Fairness considerations related to the manner of conducting a hearing ==
=== The right to counsel ===
For considerations of the right to counsel and incompetence of counsel, see the commentary to s. 167 of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#IRPA s. 167 - Right to counsel]].

=== Hearings shall normally be conducted privately ===
See the commentary on section 166 of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/166 - Proceedings must be held in the absence of the public]].

=== The right to present evidence ===
Section 170(e) of the Act states that the Refugee Protection Division, in any proceeding before it, must give the person and the Minister a reasonable opportunity to present evidence, question witnesses, and make representations. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that fundamental justice requires an oral hearing when issues of credibility are being determined in the refugee context.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; This hearing process must ensure that parties have an opportunity to present and respond to evidence and to make representations. Where, for example, the Board prevents a party from speaking on multiple occasions during a hearing,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; denies a party a reasonable opportunity to cross-examine a witness,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; refuses to receive evidence,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; or prevents a party from calling witnesses,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; this may amount to a denial of the right to be heard and to a breach of natural justice. However, regard must be had to the relevant rules on, say, calling witnesses and submitting documents and the discretion that the Board has in certain circumstances to refuse such evidence.

==== The failure to allow a witness to testify or discouraging a witness from testifying could constitute a breach of procedural fairness ====
Where the Board denies a party a reasonable opportunity to cross-examine a witness,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; refuses to receive evidence,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; prevents a party from calling witnesses,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; or discourages a witness from testifying,&lt;ref&gt;''V.S. v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2017 FC 109 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gx5lz#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-27.&lt;/ref&gt; this may amount to a denial of the right to be heard and to a breach of natural justice. As the court stated in ''Kamtasingh v. Canada'': &quot;the place to control excessive or repetitive evidence on issues of controversy which are central or determinative is generally not at the entrance to the witness box, but once the witness is testifying&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Kamtasingh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2010 FC 45 (CanLII), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/27mdg#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-27.&lt;/ref&gt; However, regard must be had to the relevant rules on, say, calling witnesses and submitting documents and the discretion that the Board has in certain circumstances to refuse such evidence. In the Federal Court's words in ''Ahmad v. Canada'', &quot;fairness does not require that an applicant be permitted to call multiple redundant witnesses to give repetitive evidence&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Ahmad v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2022 FC 1687 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtfn6#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-29&lt;/ref&gt; See more: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#Rule 10(6) provides that the Division may limit the questioning of witnesses]].

==== A panel can establish principled rules regarding the manner in which a witness testifies ====
The right to make one’s case is subject to reasonable limitations, but those limitations, when they are the result of the exercise of discretion, are to be made and applied in a principled way.&lt;ref&gt;''Kotelenets v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 209 at para 30.&lt;/ref&gt; Examples of such principled limitations include:

* &lt;u&gt;Having witnesses put away notes:&lt;/u&gt; The Board states that witnesses should not generally be permitted to give their testimony by reading from notes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; The Refugee Appeal Division has held that whether a hearing is in person or virtual, a refugee protection claimant must not read their Basis of Claim Form (BOC Form) or their notes during the hearing without obtaining the member’s authorization.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2022 CanLII 131316 (CA IRB), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvj7r#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-05.&lt;/ref&gt; A Member of the Board does not normally err by asking a witness to put away notes before giving testimony. One option for a panel in such circumstances is to offer to the party that they may admit the notes in question as an exhibit, something that was offered in ''Wysozki v. Canada.''&lt;ref&gt;''Wysozki v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'' (F.C., No. IMM-4958-19), Strickland, March 31, 2020; 2020 FC 458, para. 25.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &lt;u&gt;Requiring a witness to take steps to verify their identity:&lt;/u&gt; Another example of the right of a Board to establish principled limitations on the testimony that may be adduced in a proceeding was where a Member required a proposed overseas witness to attend at a Canadian embassy abroad for identification before the panel would hear their testimony by telephone, a limitation that was upheld by the Federal Court on judicial review: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 44-48 - Witnesses#44(1)(f): If a party wants to call a witness, the party must provide information on whether the party wants the witness to testify by means of live telecommunication]].
* &lt;u&gt;Limiting repetitive testimony:&lt;/u&gt; A decision-maker is entitled to limit repetitive testimony and to not allow testimony that is not central to the claim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;''Almoqaiad, Saosan Khalil I., v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-684-19), Favel, January 29, 2020; 2020 FC 160.&lt;/ref&gt; More detail on this is provided at RPD Rule 10(6): &quot;The Division may limit the questioning of witnesses, including a claimant or a protected person, taking into account the nature and complexity of the issues and the relevance of the questions&quot; ([[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 10 - Order of questioning in hearings, oral representations, oral decisions, limiting questioning]]). 
*&lt;u&gt;Having the panel question the claimant prior to a claimant's counsel asking questions:&lt;/u&gt; While the Federal Court allows that it may be necessary for the claimant’s counsel to question first in order to ensure that evidence is properly presented in particular hearings,&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 66, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par66&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; it is permissible for the tribunal to establish as a default that the panel questions the witness first, a default that can be deviated from in appropriate circumstances. 
*&lt;u&gt;Not allowing leading questions on direct examination:&lt;/u&gt; The Board states that a Member should not ordinarily allow leading questions in examination-in-chief, except for non-contentious basic information.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; 
*&lt;u&gt;Limiting the matters that may be raised by a claimant's counsel on redirect questioning:&lt;/u&gt; Where counsel has had an opportunity to ask a witness questions, and then they ask additional questions following the Member and other party's questions, counsel is not ordinarily at that point entitled to go into new areas of testimony with the claimant because counsel has already had a reasonable opportunity to present evidence on behalf of the claimant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. ''CRDD Handbook'', Dated March 31, 1999, online &lt;https://web.archive.org/web/20080331073416/https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hb01_e.htm&gt; (Accessed November 9, 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in Lokhande v. Canada, when counsel for the applicants stated at the second sitting of the hearing that he had some questions for the principal applicant, the RPD reminded counsel that they were “already finished with him.”&lt;ref&gt;''Lokhande v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1362 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0s9j#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD found that the applicants had not established a breach of procedural fairness and this decision was upheld by the court.&lt;ref&gt;''Lokhande v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1362 (CanLII), at para 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0s9j#par4&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Where a witness is interrupted while providing testimony, this may establish that their right to present oral testimony was interfered with ====
Where the Board prevents a party from speaking on multiple occasions during a hearing, this may amount to a denial of the right to be heard and to a breach of justice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; However, redirecting a witness is not in and of itself problematic; the court concluded in ''Wysozki v. Canada'' that seeking to have an applicant respond to the question asked rather than provide other irrelevant information is not a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Wysozki v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'' (F.C., No. IMM-4958-19), Strickland, March 31, 2020; 2020 FC 458, para. 38.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, a panel may determine that counsel will only be given a specified amount of time in order to ask questions in a case; in ''Ramachandiran v. Canada'', the RAD noted &quot;Counsel was given more than 40 minutes for questions, which is generally considered ample time&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ramachandiran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 228 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvkkt#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, where a panel interrupts a witness' testimony in a manner that could be described as &quot;constant interruptions or gross interference&quot;, this may establish that the process was not fair.&lt;ref&gt;''Lawal v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2008 FC 861 at para 36.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#The tone and tenor of the decision-maker’s involvement in the hearing]].

==== Where a panel or opposing counsel acts in an intimidating way, this may establish that the right to present oral testimony was interfered with ====
The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that &quot;Members shall conduct hearings in a courteous and respectful manner while ensuring that the proceedings are fair, orderly and efficient.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 9.&lt;/ref&gt; It is important for a decision-maker to be aware of their tone and their reactions when they are hearing evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Miranda Miranda'' v. ''M.C.I.'' (F.C. No. IMM-6024-21), Gleeson, October 19, 2022; 2022 FC.&lt;/ref&gt; Intrusive and intimidating interventions by a Board member may be found to interfere with an applicant's ability to present his case.&lt;ref&gt;''Kumar v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)'', [1988] 2 F.C. 14.&lt;/ref&gt; If the interruptions are made for the purpose of clarifying testimony or an issue, they will not raise a reasonable apprehension of bias, even if the manner of questioning or interruption is &quot;energetic&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ithibu v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration'', 2001 FCT 288 (CanLII), [2001] F.C.J. No. 499.&lt;/ref&gt; However, there will be cases where conduct crosses the line. For example, in ''Kumar'', the Federal Court of Appeal found that the decision-maker’s conduct of the hearing, which included statements such as &quot;[t]his is one of the most ridiculous cases I have ever heard in my life&quot; and, in response to a summary of the applicant’s political views stated &quot;Who cares?&quot;, was intrusive and that the intimidating character of the interventions interfered significantly with the applicant’s presentation of his case by his counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Kumar v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)'', [1988] 2 F.C. 14, paras. 4 and 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Farkas v. Canada'' a Board ruling was set aside because of persistent and aggressive questioning by one of the Board members.&lt;ref&gt;''Farkas v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2001 FCT 190.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, the fact that a panel acted in a manner the lacked sensitivity will not in itself suffice to overturn a decision; for example, in ''Miranda v. Canada'' the court concluded that the panel was &quot;abrupt and indifferent, which suggests, at worst, that the RPD was not welcoming or sensitive to the applicant while he was talking about difficult experiences&quot;, but nonetheless went on to uphold the decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Miranda Miranda v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1423 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1tpp#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-04.&lt;/ref&gt; This general issue is related to issues of bias and prejudgment of the evidence, which see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#Bias and the Member's Inquisitorial Role]].

==== In some cases, evidence may only be admitted where it is credible and trustworthy ====
Just as the refusal to admit relevant evidence may breach procedural fairness, so can a decision to admit and rely on evidence which may not be reliable, credible, or trustworthy or, in the case of hearsay evidence, in circumstances where a party is unable to correct or contradict any statement prejudicial to its view, including by means of cross-examination.&lt;ref&gt;David J Mullan, ''Administrative Law'' (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2001), at 3 as cited in Sharryn Aiken, et al, ''Immigration and Refugee Law: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (Third Edition)'', Jan. 1 2020, Emond, ISBN: [tel:1772556319 1772556319], at page 192.&lt;/ref&gt; For further discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 170(h) - May receive and base a decision on evidence considered credible or trustworthy]].

==== The RPD and RAD have rules on submitting evidence post-hearing and post-perfection of an appeal ====
The RPD and RAD have rules on submitting evidence post-hearing and post-perfection of an appeal, respectively. Which see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 43 - Additional documents provided as evidence after a hearing]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 29: Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided]]. 

In ''Abiola v. Canada'', near the end of the RPD hearing, the Associate Applicant addressed the RPD member with additional, new evidence that he had procured on his phone regarding the presence of Ijaw militants in Benin City, originally one of the IFA locations under consideration. In response, the RPD member told the Associate Applicant that she would consider only one article as part of her decision and would not accept any others: &quot;''So, are you -- I am not going to accept kind of every article that you can Google – certainly, but that first article on Benin State (sic), if you send that to Counsel, I will accept that first article on Benin State, okay?''&quot; The court concluded that, despite the appellant's submission that this RPD statement was procedurally unfair because it dissuaded the appellants from presenting new evidence during the hearing, the appellants had not provided evidence that demonstrated that they were prevented from submitting new evidence post-hearing as they had not attempted to do so.&lt;ref&gt;''Abiola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 724 (CanLII), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4k40#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Members are expected to act honestly and in good faith and are precluded from &quot;setting traps&quot; for claimants ===
The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that &quot;Members are expected to act honestly and in good faith, in a professional and ethical manner.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 11.&lt;/ref&gt; Parliament's objective with the IRPA is to fulfill Canada's international legal obligations with respect to refugees, including Canada's obligations pursuant to the ''Refugee Convention'', obligations which must be interpreted and performed in good faith.&lt;ref&gt;The terms of the Refugee Convention are to be interpreted pursuant to the principles set out at arts 31–32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (adopted 23 May 1969, entered into force 27 January 1980) 1155 UNTS 331, Can TS 1980 No 37 as noted in Joshua Blum, ''When Law Forgets: Coherence and Memory in the Determination of Stateless Palestinian Refugee Claims in Canada,'' International Journal of Refugee Law, eeaa019, https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa019. For a discussion of the relationship between this Vienna Convention and the Refugee Convention, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties codifies public international law rules of treaty interpretation applicable to the interpretation of the Refugee Convention]].&lt;/ref&gt; In international law, the concept of good faith, or ''bona fides'', is taken to include duties of honesty, loyalty, and reasonableness.&lt;ref&gt;Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 &lt;https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 15 of the article.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court observes that the Member's role &quot;calls for exemplary probity and integrity.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''De Leon v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', [2000] F.C.J. No. 852 (F.C.T.D.) (QL), IMM-6251-98, Pelletier J., para. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, this requirement will preclude outright dishonesty, such as falsely indicating that a claimant made a statement that they did not make, something that has been an issue in other countries' refugee status determination systems.&lt;ref&gt;Hankyoreh, ''S. Korean Justice Ministry offers 2nd chance to refugee applicants who were victims of false interview accounts'', Apr. 21, 2020, &lt;http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/941396.html&gt; (Accessed June 12, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; 

This will also preclude more subtle actions that do not demonstrate good faith, such as &quot;setting traps&quot; for claimants.&lt;ref&gt;''Sivaguru v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) (C.A.),'' 1992 CanLII 14796 (FCA), [1992] 2 FC 374, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jqlvj&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-19.&lt;/ref&gt; By way of example, the Board must not mislead a claimant by putting a false premise to them. This has been held to be a &quot;clear breach of procedural fairness&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Yahaya v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1570 (CanLII), para. 37.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Yahaya v. Canada'', the court concluded that the panel had breached procedural fairness as follows: &quot;the RPD member’s questioning on this issue added to the confusion, as it resulted from the initial misinterpretation of the Applicant’s statement. At the hearing, the RPD member put a false premise to the Applicant, i.e., that the police visit took place on December 21, 2016, and then took note of how the Applicant reacted to what the Applicant had never understood as being a discrepancy. In effect, the Applicant was asked to explain away a discrepancy that never existed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Yahaya v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1570 (CanLII), paras. 33-34.&lt;/ref&gt; That conduct was held to have been procedurally unfair, and the matter was remitted to the IRB for redetermination. Similarly, in ''Reveron v. Canada'' the Federal Court noted that &quot;The panel seems to have imposed a false premise on Mr. Chace Reveron and asked him to prove it&quot; and concluded that this was a procedural fairness violation.&lt;ref&gt;''Chace Reveron v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1114 (CanLII), par. 34, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jc7vh#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Herrera v. Canada'' the Federal Court concluded that the RPD had effectively set a trap for the applicant at the outset of the hearing by mis-describing the issues to be addressed, which has held to be unfair.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 81, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par81&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Sivaguru'' ''v.'' ''Canada'' the Federal Court of Appeal quashed a decision in a case where a panel member, after hearing evidence on the claimant’s knowledge of the LTTE’s violent activities in Sri Lanka, and doubting his credibility, initiated a search for further evidence, and upon resuming the hearing, did not disclose this contradicting evidence until he had questioned the claimant further, in a way that was described by the court as the setting of a trap.&lt;ref&gt;''Sivaguru'' ''v.'' ''M.E.I''., [1992] 2 F.C. 374 (F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abuse of process and actions of parties and the Board ===
Abuse of process “aims to prevent unfairness by precluding ‘abuse of the decision-making process’”.&lt;ref&gt;''Ganeswaran v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1797 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8r#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Pursuant to this doctrine, RPD Members have the ability to refuse to hear an application that was brought in an unjust or unfair manner.&lt;ref&gt;''Naimi v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1294 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6fbs#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The doctrine of abuse of process may be invoked in refugee proceedings, usually where the Minister has tarried in bringing an application to vacate status.&lt;ref&gt;''Mella v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2019 FC 1587 (CanLII), par. 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j3wnl#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-21.&lt;/ref&gt; For considerations related to delay in the tribunal convening a hearing, unrelated to the actions of any party, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#A party is entitled to a hearing without unreasonable delay that causes serious prejudice]]. However, the doctrine may apply in other ways, too, for example where a claimant fails to disclose a significant event, like a substantially identical past application, in an attempt to re-litigate a question while hiding unfavourable evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Diakité v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 170 (CanLII), at para 50, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2p18#par50&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-01.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== A hearing should be conducted in a way that upholds the dignity of the individual ===
Members who preside over refugee hearings should have appropriate skills and understanding. 

==== Hearings should be conducted in a trauma-informed manner ====
Refugee Status Determination processes can have negative psychological effects on asylum-seekers. Despite their diverse cultural backgrounds and nationalities, refugees and asylum seekers often share common experiences, including the loss or separation of family members, the hardships of flight, as well as stigma, discrimination, social isolation, financial insecurity, and protracted asylum determination processes.&lt;ref&gt;Ling San Lau and Graeme Rodgers, ''Cultural Competence in Refugee Service Settings: A Scoping Review,'' Health Equity, Volume 5.1, 2021, DOI: 10.1089/heq.2020.0094, &lt;https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/heq.2020.0094&gt; (Accessed March 20, 2022), page 125.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, IRB Member Railton has noted that &quot;most claimants are suffering some trauma or stress when they arrive in Canada&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 97437 (CA IRB), par. 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ggdpl#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt; The fact that hearings can have significant deleterious psychological effects for claimants is well documented. A study conducted by Katrin Schock, an expert in clinical psychology, examined the psychological impact of asylum interviews. The participants were examined 10 days prior and 16 days after their asylum interview and the results clearly showed an “increase in post-traumatic intrusions and a significant decrease in post-traumatic avoidance and hyper-arousal symptoms,” meaning that the findings confirm the stressful impact asylum interviews have.&lt;ref&gt;Katrin Schock, Rita Rosner, and Christine Knaevelsrud, &quot;Impact of Asylum Interviews on the Mental Health of Traumatized Asylum Seekers,&quot; European Journal of Psychotraumatology 6, no. 1 (2015).&lt;/ref&gt; A fair hearing process is one that takes these concerns into account and seeks to minimize them. 

The UNHCR ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status'' recognizes that decision-makers assessing refugee status must be sensitive to the mental health of asylum seekers and be prepared to adjust their decision-making strategy:&lt;ref&gt;Pierre-André Thériault, ''Settling the Law: An Empirical Assessment of Decision-Making and Judicial Review in Canada's Refugee Resettlement System'', April 2021, Ph.D Thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, &lt;https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/38504/Theriault_Pierre-Andre_2021_PhD_v2.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 10, 2021), page 196.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;207. It frequently happens that an examiner is confronted with an applicant having mental or emotional disturbances that impede a normal examination of his case. A mentally disturbed person may, however, be a refugee, and while his claim cannot therefore be disregarded, it will call for different techniques of examination.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html [accessed 26 January 2020].&lt;/ref&gt; The IRB's gender guidelines state that members shall “conduct the hearing and their questioning in a trauma-informed manner. Members should, to the extent possible, prevent individuals from becoming traumatized or re-traumatized by the hearing process. For example, members should avoid any line of questioning at a hearing, or reasoning in a decision, that suggests that a survivor is responsible for the abuse that they suffered.”&lt;ref&gt;Section 5.4.4 of Guideline 4.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Guideline 4 - Gender Considerations in Proceedings Before the Immigration and Refugee Board]].

Having a trauma-informed adjudication process has implications both for the manner in which any refugee status determination hearing is conducted, as well as the timeliness of the process:

* &lt;u&gt;Priority processing should be available for some claimants:&lt;/u&gt; The fact that waiting for a hearing can also be traumatic for claimants has been discussed extensively in literature about refugee status determination processes. For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#A party is entitled to a hearing without unreasonable delay that causes serious prejudice]].
* &lt;u&gt;Questions should be appropriate for the claimant:&lt;/u&gt; This is especially the case when conducting hearings involving children, where care must be taken to ensure that questions are asked in a manner appropriate to the claimant's age, maturity, and level of understanding, as discussed in the relevant Chairperson's Guideline. Furthermore, since the nature of a hearing is not adversarial, the panel should control the scope of any cross-examination where it is liable to traumatize a claimant. A panel should limit cross-examination when it believes that the proposed questioning would add little to the knowledge of the decision-maker and would unduly prejudice the claimant or cause unwarranted emotional strain.&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 124.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Members should adopt an appropriate demeanour:&lt;/u&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#A passive or distant countenance is not required of Board members]]. 
As Rehaag and Verman observe, the occasional problematic, insensitive, or insufficiently trained decision-maker has a disproportionate effect beyond the claimants appearing before them. This is so because counsel, concerned that their clients might be assigned an IRB member who adopt an invasive, stereotypical, and over-medicalized approach to their clients, feel that they have to marshal evidence and prepare clients for this potential. In other words, Rehaag argues, conscientious lawyers still needed to prepare clients for the worst-case scenario. This process, he set out, required digging into intimate personal information, condensing complex identities into digestible narratives, preparing to discuss traumatic experiences with a hostile authority figure, and practicing insensitive scrutiny of performed gender identities and expressions.&lt;ref&gt;Rehaag, Sean and Verman, Alexandra, &quot;Transgender Erasure: Barriers facing transgender refugees in Canada&quot; (2024) 69:1 McGill LJ 49 — (2024) 69:1 RD McGill 49, page 23.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Hearings should be conducted with appropriate skill in inter-cultural communication ====
In most cases, a claimant's evidence will be given through interpreters, usually different at each proceeding. The process is fraught with the possibility of innocent misunderstanding.&lt;ref&gt;''Punithavathy Rajaratnam v. The Minister of Employment and Immigration,'' (A-824-90, December 5, 1991, [1991] F.C.J. No. 1271.&lt;/ref&gt; Members should be aware of this in how they interpret testimony. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 19 - Interpreters#What should be done if there are concerns about the quality or accuracy of interpretation?]].

The Federal Court has held that a Member's findings must be &quot;duly sensitive to cultural differences&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Rahal v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2012 FC 319, para. 44.&lt;/ref&gt; and that the Board &quot;must be careful not to review evidence unduly with a North American lens&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Yusuf v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1032 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzf2f#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-21.&lt;/ref&gt; The court also states that &quot;the Board should not be quick to apply the North American logic and reasoning to the claimant's behaviour: consideration should be given to the claimant's age, cultural background and previous social experiences&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Lubana v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2003 FCT 115.&lt;/ref&gt; In Justice Harrington's words, &quot;sometimes it can be difficult to realize that many of our attitudes derive from our own culture and may not be universally shared. If these attitudes, or biases if you will, are not recognized, it is impossible to cast them aside and try to walk a mile in someone else’s shoes.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Owusu v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 1195 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1pqwr#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-18.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Federal Court has spoken positively of the RAD being &quot;clearly alert to the risks of unconscious or implicit racial bias&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Arafa v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 238 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvp5g#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-26.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD has also emphasized that this has implications for who should be selected to serve on the tribunal, stating: &quot;It is desirable and, arguably, necessary that the composition of the tribunal reflect the composition of Canadian society and, in particular, the immigrant community which it has been created to serve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2011 CanLII 99019 (CA IRB).&lt;/ref&gt; 

The court also states that every application for protection in Canada presents its own unique and distinct anatomy, and demands that attention be paid to cultural, historical, socio-political and socio-economic factors.&lt;ref&gt;''Mukamusoni v. Canada (Citizenship &amp; Immigration),'' 2015 FC 196, para. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; International standards provide that decision-makers should be taught the inter-cultural skills required to conduct interviews in a non-discriminatory and meaningful manner.&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, Introduction to Chapter V, written by Hofmann &amp; Löhr, at p. 1119 (para. 103).&lt;/ref&gt; Mary Crock, et. al., note that 'cultural competence' can range from understanding the impact that religious belief systems might have on behaviour to acknowledging the impact of the dissonance caused by cultural and social dislocation to understanding the expectations that a person might have of a government official in a position of authority and acknowledging the type of education and experiences that a person likely has (or has not) had.&lt;ref&gt;Mary Crock, Kate Bones, Daniel Ghezelbash, Jemma Hollonds and Mary Anne Kenny, ''Children and Young People in Asylum and Refugee Processes: Towards Best Practice'', Published 18 May 2020, The Federation Press, ISBN 9781760022419, page 10.&lt;/ref&gt; The general view is that cultural competence is likely to be context-specific, given the heterogeneity of refugee populations;&lt;ref&gt;Lau LS, Rodgers G (2021) Cultural competence in refugee service settings: a scoping review, Health Equity 5:1, 124–134, DOI: 10.1089/heq.2020.0094, page 132.&lt;/ref&gt; in the words of Riggs, &quot;there may not be one ‘model’ of best practice, but a suite of strategies that are flexible and adaptable and are reflective of the clients’ cultures, languages, existing social groups and resources of local service providers—both mainstream and culturally-specific.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Riggs E, Davis E, Gibbs L, et al. ''Accessing maternal and child health services in Melbourne, Australia: reflections from refugee families and service providers''. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:1–16, page 14.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the ''UN High Commissioner for Human Rights'' states that their officials doing interviews need to be aware that some interviewees may use different temporal references or do not pay attention to dates and time. Staff should understand how they relate to time (e.g., by linking facts to remarkable events, seasons, holidays and festivities) to trace back possible dates of human rights incidents.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ''Manual on human rights monitoring: Chapter 11 (Interviewing),''&lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/Chapter11-MHRM.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, page 11.&lt;/ref&gt; Rehaag and Verman observe that claimants may use concepts that are unfamiliar to IRB members or counsel, necessitating a degree of complicated cultural translation.&lt;ref&gt;Alex Verman and Sean Rehaag, ''Transgender Erasure: Barriers Facing Transgender Refugees in Canada,'' (2024) 69:1 McGill LJ 49 — (2024) 69:1 RD McGill 49, &lt;https://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/article/transgender-erasure-barriers-facing-transgender-refugees-in-canada/&gt;, page 26.&lt;/ref&gt; 

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Decisions taken under this Act are to be consistent with the principles of equality and freedom from discrimination]]. 

==== Hearings should be conducted in manner that appropriately considers gender ====
If a Member acts in a way that does not appropriately consider gender, they may be raising a reasonable apprehension of bias. For example, the Federal Court of Appeal commented as following in ''Yusuf v. Canada:''&lt;blockquote&gt;In my opinion, these sexist, unwarranted and highly irrelevant observations by a member of the Refugee Division are capable of giving the impression that their originator was biased. The day is past when women who dared to penetrate the male sanctum of the courts of justice were all too often met with condescension, a tone of inherent superiority and insulting &quot;compliments&quot;. A judge who indulges in that now loses his cloak of impartiality. The decision cannot stand.&lt;ref&gt;''Yusuf v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)'', 1991 CanLII 13547 (FCA), [1992] 1 F.C. 629 (C.A.), pages 637-638.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an impartial decision-maker]].

Gender should also be appropriately considered when assigning adjudicators to claims, as one academic has argued: &quot;This will help to ensure respect for people whose culture does not allow for a woman to be seen alone with a man who is not her husband, and ensure that women are able to discuss their protection concerns freely with caseworkers.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Momoh, S., van Eijken, H., &amp; Ryngaert, C. (2020). Statelessness Determination Procedures. ''The Statelessness and Citizenship Review'', ''2''(1), 86–111. Retrieved from https://statelessnessandcitizenshipreview.com/index.php/journal/article/view/137 at page 94.&lt;/ref&gt; Most staff who work at refugee status determination bodies in western countries are women - for example 70% of those at Norway's body are female&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; and the percentage is similar in Canada. For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Chairperson Guidelines]].

''Kaur v. Canada'' provides another type of example. In that case, the person concerned had not made a refugee claim at an inquiry because of threats and duress by her husband.&lt;ref&gt;''Kaur v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1990] 2 F.C. 209 (C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kaur'' has been taken for the proposition &quot;that an immigration inquiry, held at a moment when the person concerned was under the direct influence of a third party (her husband) and not free to bring up facts as they were, could be seen as having breached the rules of natural justice, with the result that the decision that followed was a nullity under the Charter and the adjudicator could reconsider his decision.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Longia v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1990] 3 F.C. 288 (C.A.), page 294.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Videoconferencing is not ''per se'' unfair, but may be inappropriate in certain circumstances ===
Section 164 of the Act provides that the Board may conduct a hearing via live telecommunication. For a discussion of the fairness implications of such technology, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/164 - Presence of parties and use of telecommunications for hearings#IRPA Section 164]].

=== The Board is not obliged to record hearings, but a lack of such a recording may constitute grounds for setting aside the decision ===
There is no statutory right to a recording of a Division's proceedings. A lack of a recording is not by itself a ground for allowing an appeal of a decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Agbon v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration''), 2004 FC 356 at para 3.&lt;/ref&gt; However, if an issue of natural justice is raised, a reviewing body must consider whether the applicant has been deprived of his or her grounds of appeal given the absence of a recording of the impugned hearing. If the decision facing the RAD or court can be made on the basis of evidence established through other means, the principles of natural justice will not be infringed. To succeed, the onus rests on an applicant to raise an issue that “affects the outcome of the case that can only be determined on the basis of a record of what was said at the hearing such that the absence of a transcript prevents the Court from addressing the issue properly”.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 215 at para 11.&lt;/ref&gt; 

As such, in ''Popoola v. Canada'' the court concluded that the fact that the recording included inaudible portions in the testimony about which credibility findings were made was not a basis for setting aside the decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Popoola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 555 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jp10h#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt; This was so because the inaudible portions were &quot;minimal in nature and often [were] illuminated by follow-up questions from the RPD&quot;, and as such, the case was one where the record permitted the court to determine whether the RAD’s findings were reasonable on the evidence before it. The fact that a hearing was not recorded whatsoever will also not be a basis for setting aside the decision where an applicant does not explain how this failure to record the hearing is determinative in resolving an issue central to the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Imafidon v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1592 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1f2c#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in cases where no recording has been made, it remains open to the decision-maker to provide their notes of what was said at the hearing, which may be sufficient.&lt;ref&gt;''Ali v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 757 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxkld#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-07.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board may also provide a summary of the claimant's evidence and this may provide an adequate record.&lt;ref&gt;''Oladeji v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1183 (CanLII), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k01h1#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

On the other hand, if the appellant raises an issue that can only be determined through a record of what was said at the hearing, and the absence of, or gaps in, such a record prevents the appeal body from addressing the issue properly, this would normally constitute a ground for allowing the appeal (or review, in the case of a judicial review).&lt;ref&gt;''Jeon v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1429 (CanLII), &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j3pd4&gt;, retrieved on 2020-05-30&lt;/ref&gt; However, the applicant retains the burden of proving that a breach of procedural fairness occurred. They may do this by, for example, submitting an affidavit with sufficient particulars to establish this.&lt;ref&gt;''Ali v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 757 (CanLII), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxkld#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-07.&lt;/ref&gt; It is relevant to consider, for example, whether the claimant states that they did not remember their testimony and need the recording to verify what was said, and whether they are alleging that the Board has misconstrued their testimony,&lt;ref&gt;''Oladeji v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1183 (CanLII), at para 7, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k01h1#par7&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-12.&lt;/ref&gt; or that there were other material factual errors in the RPD Decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Imafidon v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1592 (CanLII), at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1f2c#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Where an applicant relies on gaps in the recording of the hearing, the applicant must show a “serious possibility” that the gaps have denied the applicant a means of appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Oladele v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-4397-23), St-Louis, March 27, 2024, 2024 FC 470.&lt;/ref&gt; 

This is consistent with international jurisprudence. For example, in the UK the Court of Appeal has found that in the interests of fairness, claimants have the right to request that their interview be electronically recorded in the absence of having a legal representative present.&lt;ref&gt;''R (Dirshe) v Secretary of State for the Home Department,'' [2005] EWCA Civ 421 &lt;https://www.asylumlawdatabase.eu/sites/default/files/aldfiles/UK_069%20Judgment.pdf&gt; (Accessed June 30, 2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The Board is not obliged to provide a transcript of an RPD proceeding, regardless of whether or not a recording of the proceeding was made ===
The ''Federal Courts Citizenship, Immigration and Refugee Protection Rules'' provide that the tribunal must prepare a record containing a transcript &quot;if any&quot;. Essentially, at the judicial review stage of proceedings, the transcript must be provided to the parties if it has been prepared, but the Board is not obliged to produce such a transcript of its own accord: ''Zhang v. Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Zhang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 510.&lt;/ref&gt; It used to be the case that transcripts were produced as a matter of course in the Canadian refugee protection system; for example in the Refugee Status Advisory Committee system that existed prior to the establishment of the IRB, a senior immigration officer would examine the claimant under oath, a stenographer would be present, and then that transcript would be forwarded to the RSAC.&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 28.&lt;/ref&gt; This was abandoned as the regime developed, decision-makers were now face-to-face with claimants as a legal requirement, and audio recordings of hearings became the norm. That said, transcripts are frequently prepared for hearings of more than two hours in duration that are appealed to the RAD. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 3(3)(b): The appellant's record must contain all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal]]. The court held in ''Abdi v. Canada'' that it was procedurally fair for the RAD to rely on such a transcript which had not been provided to the appellant. This was so as the evidence in question was the applicant’s own and he had been provided with a recording of that testimony.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1322 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0gnw#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fairness considerations related to decisions ==

=== Parties are entitled to timely decisions and reasons therefor ===
The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' stipulates that &quot;Members are expected to render their reasons in accordance with any standards that may be established by the &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; regarding quality decision-making and timeliness.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 35.&lt;/ref&gt; Ordinarily, RPD decisions are to be provided orally at the end of the hearing: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 10 - Order of questioning in hearings, oral representations, oral decisions, limiting questioning]]. Where a decision has been reserved and is not being issued in a timely manner, a party can apply to the Federal Court for mandamus to require that the decision be provided''.''&lt;ref&gt;''Nyamoya v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 642 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gs1b2&gt; is an example of a decision which considered the remedy of mandamus in the refugee context, albeit in the context of scheduling a hearing, not providing a decision.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The fact that there has been a delay in providing a decision will not generally justify setting aside the decision, once issued. Delay in itself does not amount to a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration''), 2014 FC 867 at paragraph 23.&lt;/ref&gt; As the Federal Court of Appeal has stated, “the 'unreasonable delay' argument cannot be perceived as a fertile basis for setting aside decisions of tribunals. It is probably closer to legal reality for one to presuppose that rarely, if ever, will the argument be successfully invoked.”&lt;ref&gt;''Hernandez v. M.C.I.'' (1993), 154 N.R. 231.&lt;/ref&gt; However, if the delay is excessive, and that the delay causes prejudice or harm to the Applicant, then relief could be available.&lt;ref&gt;''Kalonji v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 897 (CanLII), at para 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k56dg#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-23.&lt;/ref&gt; For a discussion of this test, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to a hearing and the right to be heard#A party is entitled to a hearing without unreasonable delay that causes serious prejudice]].

=== Decision-making assigned to a Member must be done by the Member and shall not be delegated ===
The principle that ''delegata potestas non potest delegari'' applies to matters at the RPD. In short, no delegated powers can be further delegated. Alternatively, this administrative law principle can be stated ''delegatus non potest delegare'' (&quot;one to whom power is delegated cannot himself further delegate that power&quot;). This is affirmed in the ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' which stipulates that &quot;decision-making responsibility shall not be delegated.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Each claim should be considered individually, while overall decision-making should be predictable and consistent ===
There are two fundamental principles regarding decision-making: each claim should be considered individually, and yet, overall decision-making should be consistent. The following sections explicate these principles and the tension that they can have with one another. 

==== Each claim should be considered individually ====
Every application should be considered individually and where multiple persons make a claim and the claims are joined, each claimant is entitled to have their unique circumstances considered in the decision that ultimately ensues.&lt;ref&gt;''Akinfolajimi v. Canada (MCI)'', 2018 FC 722, at para. 30.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, where claims are joined and they rely on a similar version of events, the panel's factual determinations may reasonably apply to each joined claim. In ''Pedige v. Canada'', the court wrote as follows: &lt;blockquote&gt;[T]he Applicants argue that the RAD erred by failing to consider the Associate Applicant’s case independently by improperly importing findings from the Principal Applicant’s claim. Each of the Applicants’ claims in this case relied on a similar version of events. Namely, Sri Lankan authorities had pursued and abused them and their family following an environmental protest instigated by the Principal Applicant. The RAD rejected this version of events. It was reasonable for the RAD to import those findings into the analysis of the Associate Applicant’s claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Wijayalath Pedige v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1573 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt9x2#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;See also RPD Rule 55: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 55-56 - Joining or Separating Claims or Applications]].

This principle that each claim should be considered individually is also in play where one RPD panel relies upon fact-finding conducted by another panel. As a starting point, &quot;an individual case does not establish binding factual precedents or eliminate the necessity of proving facts in each [subsequent] individual case.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Edom v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2019 FC 958 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j1k7v#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-08.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, there are circumstances in which one panel of the RPD can rely on fact-finding conducted by another.&lt;ref&gt;''Rodriguez Lopez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 66 (CanLII), par. 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jcq6v#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2021-02-05.&lt;/ref&gt; This usually occurs uncontroversially in the context of documentary evidence about conditions in the country in question, where both panels had the same record before them from the same National Documentation Package. That said, the Federal Court has stated that relying on fact-finding conducted by another panel must be done &quot;sparingly&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Rodriguez Lopez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 66 (CanLII), par. 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jcq6v#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2021-02-05.&lt;/ref&gt; and cautions that a panel cannot “blindly” or “blithely” adopt another panel’s findings and that “reliance on the findings of another panel must be limited, careful and justified”.&lt;ref&gt;''Badal v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2003 FCT 311 at para 25.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so for a number of reasons, including that the information before another panel generally cannot be verified, as the record in another case is generally not before the new panel that is deciding what weight to place on another panel's factual findings. Even where a party submits that the record in the case at bar is similar to that in another case, the Federal Court has noted that &quot;this does not establish that it was&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Edom v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2019 FC 958 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j1k7v#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

A panel may not rely on fact-finding done by another panel where the same evidence is not before the new panel; in ''Smith v. Canada'', the RPD found that 94 percent of U.S. military deserters are dealt with administratively based on a finding made by a previous panel. The Federal Court held that such a finding of fact cannot be the subject of “judicial notice” and no notice was given of the use of specialized knowledge. Furthermore, importing this finding of fact was “clearly not acceptable” because a finding of fact must be based on the evidence submitted to the decision maker.&lt;ref&gt;''Smith v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2009 FC 1194 ​at paras 55-64.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board must not rely on evidence that is not on the record or otherwise properly available to the Member]].

Such concerns apply equally to more case-specific factual findings. For example, in ''Lopez v. Canada,'' the RPD noted that the father’s claim was found not to be credible. The RPD recognized that it was not bound by the prior decision and had to arrive at a conclusion based on the evidence before it. However, given that Ms. Rodriguez Lopez’s claim was based on the facts alleged by her father, the RPD found on a balance of probabilities that the credibility of her own claim had been undermined. The court held that this was unreasonable in the circumstances:&lt;blockquote&gt;The RPD relied on credibility findings made by the panel in Ms Rodriguez Lopez’s father’s claim to draw conclusions about her own credibility. This was not a reasonable or fair use of the fact-finding of another panel. Ms Rodriguez Lopez was ill-placed to rehabilitate her father’s claim, not knowing what evidence might have overcome the panel’s concerns in his case. … There was little that Ms Rodriguez Lopez could do to sustain the veracity of her own claim once the RPD had determined, based on her father’s claim, that there had been no persecution by the ELN. Accordingly, having erred by applying the credibility findings of another panel to the claim before it, the RPD’s decision cannot stand.&lt;ref&gt;''Rodriguez Lopez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 66 (CanLII), par. 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jcq6v#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2021-02-05.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Another way that this issue can arise is with the use of boilerplate language that has been used in past decisions. The Federal Court has held that &quot;while use of boilerplate text in some cases provides sufficient grounds to believe the decision was not personalized, it is acceptable when the boilerplate used addresses historic documents and actions taken by a country provided that it is clear the decision-maker put their mind to the actual issues and made an independent decision based on the evidence&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;''Abdi v Canada (MCI),'' 2016 FC 1050 at para 26.&lt;/ref&gt; For further detail on this point, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Use of templates and precedents]].

Moreover, this issue can arise on appeal where the RAD does not engage in an independent assessment of the case. A RAD Member may not dispose of an appeal in a few sentences by simply stating that they had reviewed the record, done an independent assessment, and agreed with the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Tan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 807 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpl52#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; In the Federal Court's words in ''Jeyaseelan v Canada,'' “An overly obsequious support for and reinforcement of all RPD findings can bring into question the independence of the RAD’s analysis”.&lt;ref&gt;''Jeyaseelan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2017 FC 278, para. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, when a matter is remitted for redetermination, the new panel should not copy and paste from the prior decision in a way that calls into question whether they considered new evidence at all: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Use of templates and precedents]].

A separate issue can arise about the necessity to determine where an individual's family members will likely reside in future and how that could affect their risk upon return: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 55-56 - Joining or Separating Claims or Applications#Even where claims are joined as per RPD Rule 55, each claim is still considered individually]].

==== Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board ====
While keeping in mind the principle that each claim should be considered individually, as the Federal Court of Appeal has held, one of Parliament's intentions with the IRPA is also to promote the consistency of decisions.&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2020 FCA 196 (CanLII), par. 47, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jblsl#par47&gt;, retrieved on 2020-11-17.&lt;/ref&gt; Persons affected by administrative decisions are entitled to expect that like cases will generally be treated alike, and that outcomes will not depend merely on the identity of the individual decision-maker.&lt;ref&gt;''Domtar Inc. v. Quebec (Commission d'appel en matière de lésions professionnelles)'', 1993 CanLII 106 (SCC), [1993] 2 S.C.R. 756 at p. 800.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that &quot;Members, in their decision-making, have a responsibility to support the institutional interest of the &lt;abbr&gt;IRB&lt;/abbr&gt; in ensuring the consistency of its decisions, while recognizing that no improper influence may be brought to bear upon their adjudicative independence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 22.&lt;/ref&gt; In short, in the context of this decision-making scheme, from a policy point of view, it is important that like cases be treated alike, and that this be seen to be done.&lt;ref&gt;John R Campbell, ''Examining Procedural Unfairness and Credibility Findings in the UK Asylum System'', Refugee Survey Quarterly, Volume 39, Issue 1, March 2020, Pages 56–75, https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/rsq/hdz017, page 73.&lt;/ref&gt; As Neil Yeates writes in his report on the Board‘s operations, &quot;fairness is undermined when decision making is not perceived as consistent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Neil Yeates, ''Report of the Independent Review of the Immigration and Refugee Board'', Government of Canada, April 10, 2018, &lt;https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/pub/irb-report-en.pdf&gt; (Accessed April 27, 2020), page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; In the pithy words of the philosopher Patricia Mindus, &quot;arbitrariness is detrimental to the legitimacy of any rule in a deep and decisive way&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Mindus, P. (2020). Towards a Theory of Arbitrary Law-making in Migration Policy. ''Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics'', ''14''(2), 9-33. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.5324.eip.v14i2.3712&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, in the evocative words of refugee lawyer David Matas, consistency and accuracy in the system’s determinations are important, lest, “real refugees seeking protection in Canada [] evade authorities rather than submit themselves to a deadly game of Russian roulette.”&lt;ref&gt;David Matas, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-920197-81-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 146.&lt;/ref&gt;

Achieving consistency is a challenge for any judicial system; for example, in the context of the American asylum system, it has been said that “in many cases, the most important moment in an asylum case is the instant in which a clerk randomly assigns an application to a particular asylum officer or immigration judge”.&lt;ref&gt;Former US Attorney General Robert Jackson during a speech in the US Congress in 1940, quoted in J. Ramji- Nogales, A. Schoenholtz, &amp; P. G. Schrag, Refugee Roulette: Disparities in Asylum Adjudication, 60 Stanford Law Review 295 (2007)&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, decisions on claims appear to be affected by factors as diverse as the decision-maker and the zeitgeist. For example, scholarship from Europe notes a relationship where the number of xenophobic attacks in a region leads to lower recognition rates in the following year, suggesting that for case officers the “preferences and moods that prevail in their land guide their decisions.”&lt;ref&gt;Lisa Riedel &amp; Gerald Schneider, “The Asylum Lottery: Recognition Rates Vary Strongly within Germany” (9 June 2017), online (blog): EU Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy &lt;eumigrationlawblog.eu&gt; [[http://Perma.cc/3UKQ-GW72 perma.cc/3UKQ-GW72]].&lt;/ref&gt; Research in the United States compared asylum recognition rates in the pre- and post-9/11 environments, observing that between 2002 and 2004, asylum claims were about 7 percent less likely to be accepted than before the September 11 attacks in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;Vanto J, Saarikkomäki E, Alvesalo-Kuusi A, Lepinkäinen N, Pirjatanniemi E, Lavapuro J. Collectivized Discretion: Seeking Explanations for Decreased Asylum Recognition Rates in Finland After Europe’s 2015 “Refugee Crisis.” ''International Migration Review''. November 2021. doi:10.1177/01979183211044096 at page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; In Canada, academic studies point to variations in refugee claim approvals and rejections by individual decision-makers at the RPD for cases that have similar facts and relate to the same country of origin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Sean Rehaag of York University/Osgoode Hall writes on outcomes at the RPD and RAD suggesting divergent decision-making among individual decision makers. See, e.g., Rehaag, Sean. &quot;Troubling Patterns in Canadian Refugee Adjudication.&quot; Ottawa Law Review 39.2 (2008): 335-365.&lt;/ref&gt; Yet it can be difficult to know how similar the facts are given that, immigration cases, like any administrative decision, are heavily fact dependent and arise out of uniquely personal circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;''Bayode v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 18 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k238x#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt; Professor Sean Rehaag states that there is an extent to which inconsistency is a necessary corollary of independence, writing that &quot;while the independence of Board members offers important protections against inappropriate government interference in refugee adjudication, this independence sometimes makes it difficult for the IRB to achieve another key policy objective: consistency across refugee determinations made by different Board members&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Yet, that said, research by scholars focused on variation within RSD regimes confirms that the Canadian RSD regime has lower levels of variation by individual decision makers than that seen in other regimes, including those in Australia and the United States.&lt;ref&gt;Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Page 184.&lt;/ref&gt;

Moreover, the importance of consistency does not mean that the courts will intervene in the Board’s operations for this reason alone; the general rule is that unlike judges, tribunal members are free, as far as the law is concerned, not to follow previous decisions of their tribunal colleagues even if the previous decisions cannot be distinguished.&lt;ref&gt;S. Ronald Ellis, ''The Corporate Responsibility of Tribunal Members'',  Canadian Journal of Administrative Law &amp; Practice, February 2009, 22 Can. J. Admin. L. &amp; Prac. 1, &lt;http://www.ccat-ctac.org/CMFiles/Ron%20Ellis/21.TheCorporateResponsibilityofTribunalMembers.pdf#page15&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 8.&lt;/ref&gt; This was recognized in the Supreme Court of Canada’s 1993 decision ''Domtar v. Québec,'' where it held that the fact that two tribunal decisions are in direct conflict with one another does not render either one of them necessarily reviewable by the courts.&lt;ref&gt;''Domtar Inc. v. Québec (Commission d'appel en matière de lésions professionnelles),'' [1993] 2 S.C.R. 756 (S.C.C.) at para. 93.&lt;/ref&gt; As per the Federal Court, Canadian administrative law does not recognize inconsistency in a tribunal’s decisions as a stand-alone ground of review.&lt;ref&gt;''Sami-Ullah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1525 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt2kd#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; Potential disparity of outcomes is said to be &quot;the natural consequence of the framework established by the Supreme Court of Canada in ''Canada v Vavilov''&quot; and &quot;where there is evidence on both sides of the issue, decision makers may well reach opposite decisions that are equally reasonable.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Nuri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1783 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtp8z#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, as the Federal Court recognized in ''Arumaithurai v. Canada'', Members are not even bound by their own past decisions as &quot;the principle of ''stare decisis'' does not apply horizontally with respect to decisions of administrative tribunals such as the RPD&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Arumaithurai v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 604 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnwwt#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-20.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the Supreme Court of Canada, &quot;the mere fact that some conflict exists among an administrative body’s decisions does not threaten the rule of law.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Vavilov'', 2019 SCC 65, para. 129.&lt;/ref&gt; 

That said, in order for their decision to be reasonable, it may be incumbent upon a Member to show that they have turned their mind to any other decisions that have been brought to their attention. It is said that the starting point for tribunals is that while they should try to follow their earlier decisions, they are not bound by them.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Attorney General) v. Bri-Chem Supply Ltd.,'' [2017] 3 FCR 123, 2016 FCA 257, para. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; The principle of judicial comity provides that judges of the same court should follow earlier decisions rendered by judges of that court, although those earlier decisions are not binding on the judge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;''Montano Alarcon v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 395, para. 30.&lt;/ref&gt; The principle of judicial comity can also be articulated as the principle that judges treat fellow judges’ decisions with courtesy and consideration.&lt;ref&gt;''Bentaher v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1187 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k61w6#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; The same principle applies to decisions made by members of the same Division of the IRB. As the Supreme Court of Canada articulated in ''Canada v.'' ''Vavilov'', to promote “general consistency”, any administrative body that departs from its own past decisions typically “bears the justificatory burden of explaining that departure in its reasons”.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Vavilov,'' 2019 SCC 65 (CanLII), paras. 129-131, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j46kb#par129&gt;, retrieved on 2020-08-08.&lt;/ref&gt; The court observes that consistency is a particularly important concern in areas such as assessments of NDP evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Kumar, Ashok v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-7685-22), McHaffie, September 22, 2023; 2023 FC 1279.&lt;/ref&gt; If another decision is brought to the attention of a panel, for example that of a family member or other similarly situated persons, the panel should review the similarities and explain why a different result is being reached from earlier decisions based on the same or very similar circumstances and country condition documentation, if that is what is happening.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; As stated by Justice Norris, “where … there are substantial similarities between the circumstances of the claimant and those of others whose claims have been accepted, if a different outcome is to be reasonable, the decision maker must provide a reasoned explanation distinguishing the earlier positive decisions”.&lt;ref&gt;''Ferko v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1357, at paragraph 44.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in the case of ''Arumaithurai v. Canada'', cited in the previous paragraph, the court has noted that there were material differences between the earlier findings in respect of the two brothers and the case of the applicant in that matter.&lt;ref&gt;''Sebamalai v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 501 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3trn#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2024-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Mosley stated specifically that the “Member implicitly took into account the distinguishing characteristics between the Applicant’s case and those of his brothers”.&lt;ref&gt;''Arumaithurai v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2022 FC 604, para. 16.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In choosing to follow, or distinguish, another decision, Federal Court judges consider factors such as whether the decisions materially differ in the facts, a different question was asked in the other decision, the other decision is clearly wrong, or the application of the other decision would create an injustice.&lt;ref&gt;''Alyafi v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2014 FC 952 at para 45.&lt;/ref&gt; While recognizing that the standards applicable to courts and tribunal differ, regard may also be had to what are known as the ''Spruce Mills'' criteria for when a judge of a court may depart from horizontal ''stare decisis'': (1) the rationale of an earlier decision has been undermined by subsequent appellate decisions; (2) the earlier decision was reached ''per incuriam'' (“through carelessness” or “by inadvertence”); or (3) the earlier decision was not fully considered, e.g. taken in exigent circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;''Bentaher v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1187 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k61w6#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt;

However, it will not always be necessary for a panel to articulate how a previous decision of the RPD differed from the previous case; in ''Arumaithurai v. Canada'' the court concluded that in the circumstances &quot;the RPD was not required to engage in such an analysis&quot; and &quot;any flaw or shortcoming in the reasons of the RPD in this regard was not 'sufficiently central or significant to render the decision unreasonable'”.&lt;ref&gt;''Arumaithurai v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 604 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnwwt#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Vanam v'' ''Canada'' the court concluded that &quot;the prior IFA decisions cited by the Applicants are distinguishable and are not the type of decisions imposing a 'justificatory burden' on the RAD to explain a departure from its previous decisions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Vanam v'' ''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2022 FC 1457, as affirmed in ''Sami-Ullah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1525 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt2kd#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Paljor v. Canada'', the court held that the RAD was not required to review and cite all prior decisions of the Board that were provided by the applicant because &quot;assessing claims for refugee protection is individualized to the claimant&quot; and &quot;The fact that the IRB assessed other Tibetan individuals in a separate claim differently is not necessarily relevant to the reasonableness of the RAD’s decision&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Tsering Paljor v. Canada,'' 2024 FC 228, para. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, from a practical perspective, it is effectively impossible for each member of the RAD to be aware of every decision issued by every other member. It is unrealistic to impose on the RAD any obligation to be aware of all of its other decisions, let alone cite them or distinguish them, particularly in a case where they have not been raised.&lt;ref&gt;''Kumar v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2023 FC 1279, para. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, in the words of Tone Liodden, it is worth keeping in mind that while equal treatment contributes to consistency and predictability, it is a normatively empty concept; as Liodden notes, &quot;it is entirely possible that decisions are 100 per cent consistent, but substantially wrong&quot;. She cautions that &quot;although a focus on consistency is important in order to avoid the outcome of a case depending mainly upon the decision maker, it is equally important to ensure that equal treatment does not contribute to perpetuating patterns of practice that are no longer valid.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; The Board has stated that &quot;it would be wrong to take a position only on the basis that the member previously took that position or that other panels have done so. Where fairness suggests a change in approach, it may be more important to be flexible than to be consistent.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; In this respect, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The procedures used by Canada must ensure the effectiveness of the substantive provisions in the Refugee Convention]].

From an institutional point of view, one of the key tools that a large tribunal like the IRB uses to achieve consistency in decision-making is the guidelines issued by the Chairperson.&lt;ref&gt;''Thamotharem v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2007 FCA 198, [2008] 1 FCR 385, para. 60.&lt;/ref&gt; For more information on which, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/159 - Duties of Chairperson#159(1)(h) The Chairperson may issue guidelines in writing to members of the Board and identify decisions of the Board as jurisprudential guides]]. See also the ability of a Division's Deputy Chairperson to designate particular decisions as &quot;persuasive&quot;: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/159 - Duties of Chairperson#The Board has other ways of designating decisions, besides its power to issue jurisprudential guides]]. The legislation also provides that a decision of a panel of three members of the Refugee Appeal Division has, for the Refugee Protection Division and for a panel of one member of the Refugee Appeal Division, the same precedential value as a decision of an appeal court has for a trial court: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/171 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 171(c)]].  

To avoid the prospect of duelling administrative interpretations of a provision, and to ensure that an interpretation of a provision is correct, at any stage during proceedings, a “federal board, commission or other tribunal”, such as the Refugee Protection Division, may “refer any question or issue of law…to the Federal Court for hearing and determination”: s. 18.3(1) of the ''Federal Courts Act''. In such a reference, the Federal Courts would not have to defer to any administrative decision-making, could receive all necessary evidence and submissions, and could pronounce the correct state of the law.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Mason,'' 2021 FCA 156 (CanLII), at para 77, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jh8ch#par77&gt;, retrieved on 2021-08-24.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Parties are entitled to reasoned decisions ===
Parties are entitled to reasoned decisions on applications they make to the Board. This is so both as a result of Canada's international law obligations,&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, Introduction to Chapter V, written by Hofmann &amp; Löhr, at p. 1120 (para. 108).&lt;/ref&gt; and also Canada's domestic law.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (MCI) v Vavilov,'' 2019 SCC 65.&lt;/ref&gt; The requirement to provide reasons for a decision is a fundamental part of due process. It ensures that the inquiry processes is meaningful and assures the applicant that their representations have been given due consideration and a decision was taken on the factual and legal merits of their application.&lt;ref&gt;E Macharia-Mokobi, J Pfumorodze, ''Advancing refugee protection in Botswana through improved refugee status determination'', African Human Rights Law Journal 13 (1), 01-26, &lt;http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1996-20962013000100008&amp;script=sci_arttext&amp;tlng=es&gt; (Accessed February 5, 2021), page 170.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Whether or not reasons for decisions must be in writing or may be provided orally is a question governed by specific provisions of the IRPA; see the commentary to section 169 of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/169 - Decisions and Reasons]]. 

The requirement to provide reasons when an application is made applies equally to refugee claims by claimants, appeals, applications by the Minister, as well as to preliminary matters that are raised by a party. However, the reasons provided for interlocutory matters may be more brief: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions#Section 169 of the IRPA specify circumstances in which written reasons must be provided, circumstances which do not include interlocutory decisions]]. Furthermore, non-parties, such as a former counsel who provides submissions on their alleged incompetent representation, do not have a statutory entitlement to reasons. 

Fairness requires that a party's argument be considered and responded to. This principle was illustrated by ''Goodman v. Canada,'' in which Mr. Goodman asked that his PRRA application be held in abeyance pending the determination of his outstanding application for Ministerial relief. Counsel asked the officer to respond to the request for a deferral and, if it was refused, to allow &quot;an additional 30 days from the date of the CIC’s response in order to provide updated submissions and materials&quot;. The Officer never responded to these requests and then went on to render a negative decision. The court held that this was an error and that a response to the application should have been provided.&lt;ref&gt;''Goodman, Joseph John v. M.P.S.E.P.'' (F.C. nos. IMM-686-16, IMM-1508-18, IMM-1633-15, IMM-4246-16), Barnes, December 9, 2019; 2019 FC 1569.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Naeem v. Canada'', the court concluded that the applicant was denied fairness by not receiving a decision in response to a deferral request.&lt;ref&gt;''Naeem v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 1073, ACWS (3d) 382.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Pardo v. Canada'' the Federal Court held that the Board erred by not acting on an argument that had been submitted to it and returned to the matter to the Board for redetermination.&lt;ref&gt;''Pardo v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2023 FC 1769 (CanLII), at para 55, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1zfd#par55&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Reasons should be sufficiently clear and provide a rational chain of reasoning]].

=== A panel must make a decision based on evidence on the record or evidence that is otherwise available to them ===

==== The Board must not ignore evidence that is validly before a panel ====
If the Board fails to receive and consider evidence properly submitted to it, for example where evidence is submitted but does not reach the panel deciding the case, then the procedure cannot be said to have been fair. As the Federal Court held in ''Mannan v. Canada,'' the Board has a duty to receive and consider evidence submitted by the parties at any time until a decision is rendered.&lt;ref&gt;''Mannan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 144 (CanLII), para. 45.&lt;/ref&gt; This duty is subject to the specific provisions of the RPD Rules, such as Rule 43 which concerns additional documents provided as evidence after a hearing: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 43 - Additional documents provided as evidence after a hearing]]. Where there is a question about whether materials were submitted to the Board or not, a bare assertion by the applicant that the document was sent will not generally suffice to meet their burden to show that the document was properly submitted but not placed on the record.&lt;ref&gt;''Adeko,'' ''Temitope Elizabeth et al v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-445-21), St-Louis, July 14, 2022; 2022 FC 1047.&lt;/ref&gt;  

That said, a decision-maker is entitled to place principled limits on the evidence that can be adduced in a case. This applies both to oral evidence, for example, a decision-maker is entitled to limit repetitive testimony, and to written evidence. For a description of how this principle applies to oral evidence, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#A panel can establish principled rules regarding the manner in which a witness testifies]]. For a description of how this principle applies to written evidence, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#The Board has jurisdiction to refuse to admit documents for reasons that are broader than the Rule 35 criteria]]. Ultimately, while there may be valid grounds for a panel to refuse to admit evidence in particular circumstances, a panel cannot refuse to consider evidence without such valid grounds.  

Indeed, the Board Member must consider the entirety of the evidence in the record before making any determinations.&lt;ref&gt;''Tung v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1991] FCJ No 292, 124 NR 388 (FCA).&lt;/ref&gt; The Board ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'' commits that &quot;the &lt;abbr&gt;RPD&lt;/abbr&gt; and &lt;abbr&gt;RAD&lt;/abbr&gt; will consider the most recent &lt;abbr&gt;NDP&lt;/abbr&gt;(s) in support of assessing forward-looking risk.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings,'' Effective date: June 5, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/national-documentation-packages.aspx&gt; (Accessed August 30, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; That said, there are limitations on this principle, for example article 1E exclusion determinations by the Refugee Appeal Division may be limited to evidence regarding the risk to the claimant at the time of the RPD's determination of the matter, excluding evidence of new risks that emerged subsequently.&lt;ref&gt;''Majebi, Henry v. M.C.I.'' (F.C.A., no. A-52-16), Dawson, Near, Woods, November 9, 2016; 2016 FCA 274.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#The panel should consider the most recent National Documentation Package]].  

Furthermore, it is generally expected that a claimant will bring the passages that they are relying on to the attention of the decision maker; the Federal Court has held that the RPD &quot;is not obliged to comb through every document listed in the National Document Package in the hope of finding passages that may support the claim and specifically address why they do not, in fact, support the claim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Giraldo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1052, para. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail on this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#There is a shared duty of fact-finding in refugee matters]]. 

==== The Board's findings of fact should accurately reflect the evidence ====
Misapprehending evidence that may have impacted the outcome of a decision constitutes a reviewable error.&lt;ref&gt;''Tamayo Valencia v Canada'', 2018 FC 1013.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Varga v. Canada'' the Federal Court concluded that &quot;The RPD seriously misstates Ms. Varga’s evidence&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Varga v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 102 (CanLII), par. 81, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j4tz1#par81&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; and overturned the decision on this basis as follows: &quot;the RPD's serious misstatement of the evidence on a matter central to its Decision vitiates its whole credibility finding with regard to Ms. Varga&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Varga v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 102 (CanLII), par. 82, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j4tz1#par82&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, if the RAD misapprehends the RPD's reasons, this will also be a potentially determinative error.&lt;ref&gt;''Rahman, Abdur'' v. ''M.C.I.''  (F.C., no. IMM-5598-21), Elliott, April 17, 2023, 2023 FC 557.&lt;/ref&gt;

However, in other situations where a misstatement has no effect on the analysis or the outcome of the application, this will not render the decision unreasonable. For example, in ''Rosu v. Canada'', the court commented: &quot;At most, the RAD’s statement that the applicant was “beaten up” at the gym (rather than threatened with a beating) was a minor misstatement. It had no effect on the RAD’s analysis or the outcome of the appeal. It did not render the decision unreasonable&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Rosu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 57 (CanLII), at para 47, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmbdh#par47&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

The requirement that the Board's findings accurately reflect the evidence does not mean that each piece of evidence or source for each statement needs to be cited, though it is preferable for a panel to do so. The court commented in ''Saidur v. Canada, &quot;''It would have been preferable if the IAD had cited the articles and reports in the country condition documentation from which it drew the language, facts, and figures, however, I do not find that this renders the Decision unreasonable.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Rahman, Saidur v. CIC'' (F.C. no. IMM-6598-22), Rochester, December 15, 2023; 2023 FC 1695.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== The Board must not rely on evidence that is not on the record or otherwise properly available to the Member ====
A panel of the Refugee Protection Division may only base a decision on evidence on the record, or evidence that is otherwise properly available to the Member, for example through their specialized knowledge, or because the evidence may be judicially noticed or is otherwise a generally recognized fact. As stated in ''Regina v. Barthe,'' and cited with approval in the refugee context, &quot;the ability to judge a case only on the legal evidence adduced is an essential part of the judicial process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Lopez Aguilar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 FC 908 (CanLII), par. 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fn552#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt; Where a Member “fills in the gaps” in a refugee's account by making false assumptions, they err.&lt;ref&gt;E. Dowd, J. Hunter, B. Liddell, J. McAdam, A. Nickerson &amp; R. Bryant, “Filling Gaps and Verifying Facts: Assumptions and Credibility Assessment in the Australian Refugee Review Tribunal”, International Journal of Refugee Law, 30(1), 2018, 71–103.&lt;/ref&gt; Inferences drawn by a decision maker must be based on clear and non-speculative evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Wijekoon Mudiyanselage v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2022 FC 312 at para 22.&lt;/ref&gt; 

For more discussion of this, see:
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Board]]. 
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge]]
A panel may also not rely on fact-finding done by another panel where the same evidence is not before the new panel; in ''Smith v. Canada'', the RPD found that 94 percent of U.S. military deserters are dealt with administratively based on a finding made by a previous panel. The Federal Court held that such a finding of fact cannot be the subject of “judicial notice” and no notice was given of the use of specialized knowledge. Furthermore, importing this finding of fact was “clearly not acceptable” because a finding of fact must be based on the evidence submitted to the decision maker.&lt;ref&gt;''Smith v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2009 FC 1194 ​at paras 55-64.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Each claim should be considered individually]].

=== The Board's reasons should show that the panel meaningfully grappled with the key elements of the case ===
The Board should provide explicit findings and meaningful justifications of its decision regarding the central issues and concerns raised by the parties in a transparent and intelligible manner. See ''Gomes v. Canada'' for a discussion of this principle.&lt;ref&gt;''Gomes, Eloi Biquer Silva Rosa v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-2283-19), Pamel, April 9, 2020; 2020 FC 506.&lt;/ref&gt; In the context of a claim for refugee protection, where the impact of the decision on the individual is severe, “the reasons provided to that individual must reflect the stakes”.&lt;ref&gt;''Egenti v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 639 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd96#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-06.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Decisions must follow the law ====
The Board's decision-makers are obliged to follow the law. In the words of the Federal Court, Board Members &quot;must keep up with the case law&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Myle v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FC 1073, para. 18.&lt;/ref&gt; If a claimant fulfils the criteria set out in the IRPA for receiving protection, they are to be granted protection – at this point in the process, there is no space for discretion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Tone Maia Liodden, ''Who Is a Refugee? Uncertainty and Discretion in Asylum Decisions,'' International Journal of Refugee Law, Advance Article, 29 April 2021 &lt;https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeab003&gt; (Accessed May 1, 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; For further discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#Refugee Status Determination is declaratory, not constitutive]]. A corollary of this is that a decision-maker should be fully conversant with refugee law in order to properly assess the claim. Cases should be decided based on all of the law that binds the Board, not just the law that the parties happen to put in front of a panel.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) et al. v. The Canadian Council for Refugees et al.,'' 2021 FCA 72, para. 125 (decision overturned at the Supreme Court of Canada, but not on this point).&lt;/ref&gt; The International Court of Justice has held that a panel is not limited to the arguments submitted by the parties and the panel is deemed to take judicial notice of the law and is therefore required to consider on its own initiative all rules which may be relevant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;Alain Pellet, Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, ''Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'', July 2013, &lt;https://prawo.uni.wroc.pl/sites/default/files/students-resources/law-9780199231690-e54-1.pdf&gt; (Accessed September 30, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Adherence to well-established jurisprudence and legal rules supports the virtues of uniformity and predictability, two key principles that underlie the rule of law and the rule of vertical ''stare decisis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Ukhueduan,'' 2023 FC 189 (CanLII), at para 47, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvlh3#par47&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The doctrine of binding precedent, or ''stare decisis'', is the “principle by which courts render decisions consistent with those they have already rendered or those that higher courts have already rendered”.&lt;ref&gt;''Sanchez Herrera v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2021 FC 401 (CanLII), at para 72, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jg94r#par72&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Administrative decision makers have the right to make a distinction based on the background facts before them. However, it is not open to them to refuse to follow the decision of a higher court on the ground that they consider the decision of the superior court to be erroneous, that they disagree with it, or that another interpretation should have prevailed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; S''tare decisis'' is fundamental to our legal system and remains the presumed starting point for any analysis to settle the state of the law on a given point.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Ukhueduan,'' 2023 FC 189 (CanLII), at para 49, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvlh3#par49&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt; An administrative decision-maker is bound to follow applicable precedents originating from a court; the doctrine of ''stare decisis'' calls for no less.&lt;ref&gt;''Bank of Montreal v Li'', 2020 FCA 22 [''BMO''] at para 37, citing ''Tan v Canada (Attorney General)'', 2018 FCA 186 [''Tan''] at para 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Trial courts (and administrative decision makers) may only reconsider settled rulings of higher courts in certain situations, specifically where a new legal issue is raised or where there is a change in the circumstances or evidence that “fundamentally shifts the parameters of the debate”.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v. Ukhueduan,'' 2023 FC 189 (CanLII), at para 48, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvlh3#par48&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-15.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the standard to review and revisit a question that has already been decided by appellate courts is not an easy one to meet. That said, precedents may sometimes be revisited and… the doctrine of ''stare decisis'' is not inflexible and courts and administrative decision makers alike may consider whether there are compelling reasons to depart from earlier jurisprudence.&lt;ref&gt;''Bentaher v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1187 (CanLII), at paras 22-23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k61w6#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]]. 

In certain situations, there will be multiple streams of inconsistent jurisprudence. In such situations, it is justifiable for a member to choose the one they prefer or believe most fits the fact situation. In doing so, members should acknowledge in their decision that the jurisprudence is divergent. Furthermore, in some cases an argument will be advanced that a binding court decision was itself incorrectly decided in light of a higher authority, such as a Supreme Court of Canada decision; when faced with such an argument, a panel should grapple with and consider it, not consider itself bound by the lower decision on point.&lt;ref&gt;''Bentaher v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1187 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k61w6#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-19.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]]. 

For more detail on how Board members must follow the law, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Principles about the expectations that one reasonably has of the Board]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Principles about the manner in which the Board is to exercise its discretion]].

==== Reasons should be sufficiently clear and provide a rational chain of reasoning ====
Parties are entitled to reasoned decisions: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Parties are entitled to reasoned decisions]]. This has a number of implications:

* &lt;u&gt;Decisions should be clear, precise, and intelligible:&lt;/u&gt; The Federal Court holds that reasons should be &quot;sufficiently clear, precise and intelligible&quot; on all key points.&lt;ref&gt;''Mehterian'' v. ''M.E.I.'' (A-717-90, 17 June 1992, F.C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; For example, credibility determinations should be made in “clear and unmistakable terms”.&lt;ref&gt;''Hilo v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1991] FCJ No 228 (CA).&lt;/ref&gt; It is a best practice for the reasons to explain the decision and conclusions in a manner that enables affected individuals and their counsel (as well as any reviewing body) to readily understand the Member's reasoning &quot;without having to invest substantial time and effort to connect the bits of relevant evidence, [and any prior decisions and submissions]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Rosu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 57 (CanLII), at para 45, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmbdh#par45&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Decisions should provide a rational chain of reasoning:&lt;/u&gt; Decisions should provide a rational chain of reasoning and not contain any fundamental logical flaws, internal inconsistencies or contradictions, or other reasoning errors that can render a decision irrational or arbitrary.&lt;ref&gt;''Rosu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 57 (CanLII), at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmbdh#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-14.

See also the work of Mindus, P. (2020). Towards a Theory of Arbitrary Law-making in Migration Policy. ''Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics'', ''14''(2), 9-33. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.5324.eip.v14i2.3712&lt;/nowiki&gt; at page 17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Decisions must include an analysis of how the legal criteria relate to the facts.&lt;/u&gt; For example, in ''Samra v Canada'', Favel J found a decision unreasonable because it “lacked analysis”: “the officer’s decision is merely a recitation of the evidence before him followed by a conclusion”.&lt;ref&gt;''Samra v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 157 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j53xz&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Gedi v. Canada'', the RAD accepted that the applicant's identity had not been established because of photographic evidence which the Minister had submitted which, the RAD accepted, tied the applicant to another identity. The Federal Court overturned this decision on judicial review, on the basis that the RAD failed to justify how it reached the conclusion that the photographs were of the same individual as it did not explain what distinguishing features led it to find that the photographs were of the same person.&lt;ref&gt;''Gedi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 318 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jn1cg#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Decisions must contend with evidence that appears to contradict key findings.&lt;/u&gt; The Board Member must engage with evidence that, on its face, appears to contradict their key findings about the case.&lt;ref&gt;''Cepeda-Gutierrez v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 157 FTR 35, [1998] FCJ No 1425 (FC).&lt;/ref&gt; 

In this way, the Board’s decision-makers do not generally have the freedom to be arbitrary but must provide reasons that are justified and intelligible. In the words of refugee lawyer David Matas, &quot;reasons must be more than just stock phrases and conclusions. They should manifest reasoning. They should relate refugee law to the claim, deal with the substantial points raised, and relate the facts to the conclusion.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;David Matas, Fairness in Refugee Determination, 1989 18-1 ''Manitoba Law Journal'' 71, 1989 CanLIIDocs 150, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/spb3&gt;, retrieved on 2021-01-22, page 80.&lt;/ref&gt; One of the policy rationales for this was articulated by Plaut, who observed: &quot;cogent, proper reasons can go a long way in assisting the claimant in accepting the decision and will also assist counsel in determining whether there are grounds for appeal or review.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 127.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Decisions may focus on the determinative issue ====
Decision-makers are not required to explicitly respond to each and every argument raised by the parties,&lt;ref&gt;''Benavides, Nixon Conde v. M.C.I''., (F.C., No. IMM-7207-19), Pamel, January 12, 2021, 2021 FC 43.&lt;/ref&gt; or every line of possible analysis,&lt;ref&gt;''Sellathambi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1227 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jrnkz#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-15.&lt;/ref&gt; but may instead focus on the determinative issues in the case.&lt;ref&gt;''Correa Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 937 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jj24b#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2021-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the RPD is entitled to proceed directly to a forward-looking assessment of whether the applicant for refugee protection has a well-founded fear of future persecution, without first making a determination of whether a person has suffered past persecution.&lt;ref&gt;''Alfaka Alharazim, Suleyman v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-1828-09), Crampton, October 22, 2010; 2010 FC 1044, para. 31.&lt;/ref&gt; A decision-maker has particular latitude not to address an argument that arises on the record where the arguments in question were not made on appeal to the RAD but only earlier in the process, to the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Alazar,'' 2021 FC 637 (CanLII), at para 58, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jgr79#par58&gt;, retrieved on 2022-03-16.&lt;/ref&gt; 

That said, each Division has the discretion to engage in analyses of alternative issues that are not essential to resolve the matter, for example for reasons of judicial economy in case the panel erred in making a different determination.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Complications arise, however, with respect to decisions that applicants are excluded from the refugee protection regime. In a 1993 decision, the Federal Court of Appeal encouraged the Division to carry out an inclusion analysis even where a claimant has been found to be excluded.&lt;ref&gt;''Moreno v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' [1994] 1 FC 298, 1993 CanLII 2993 (FCA).&lt;/ref&gt; In light of subsequent amendments to the immigration legislation, including with the creation of the Pre-Removal Risk Assessment process in the IRPA, it is arguable that where exclusion is an issue in a claim, that should be analyzed before inclusion, and if the claimant is excluded, the analysis should stop there.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at para 39, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par39&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court of Appeal held in 2004 that to do otherwise is an infringement upon the Minister's responsibilities:&lt;blockquote&gt; 

Once the Board found that the exclusion applied, it had done everything that it was required to do, and there was nothing more it could do, for the appellant. The appellant was now excluded from refugee protection, a matter within the Board's competence, and was limited to applying for protection, a matter within the Minister's jurisdiction. The Board's conclusions as to the appellant's risk of torture were gratuitous and were an infringement upon the Minister's responsibilities.&lt;ref&gt;''Xie v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (F.C.A.), 2004 FCA 250 (CanLII), [2005] 1 FCR 304, at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1hts5#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; 

That said, the Federal Court has held that, after concluding that an applicant has been excluded, the Board may continue to carry out an inclusion analysis, but such an analysis may be made only in the alternative, to be considered only if the exclusion decision is overturned in the future.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so as the scheme of the Act is that there is a restricted PRRA for persons excluded under Article 1F and such inclusion analysis is not carried out by the IRB. See paragraph 112(3)(c) of IRPA: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/112-114 - Pre-Removal Risk Assessment]]. In the words of the court in ''Binder Singh v. Canada:''&lt;blockquote&gt;The requirement to decide the exclusion issue in priority over the refugee protection issue is also implicitly supported by other provisions of the Act. The applicant points out above in the passage cited from his memorandum that Parliament exempted persons excluded by the Immigration and Refugee Board (I.R.B.) under Article 1F(b) [of the Refugee Convention] from the one-year PRRA bar, reinforcing the understanding that such claims should always have been heard at first instance by the Minister and not by the I.R.B.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1415 (CanLII), [2016] 3 FCR 248, at para 35, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gn1jt#par35&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#The objectives of this Act with respect to refugees include the establishment of efficient procedures]].

==== Use of templates and precedents ====
Where a panel's reasons are taken virtually word for word from its earlier decision, this can suggest to the unsuccessful party that the decision was written without due care and attention to the record; as such, the Federal Court comments that this practice is not to be encouraged.&lt;ref&gt;''Zeng v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 318 (CanLII), par. 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jfb1q#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-07.&lt;/ref&gt; The Federal Court has held that &quot;while use of boilerplate text in some cases provides sufficient grounds to believe the decision was not personalized, it is acceptable when the boilerplate used addresses historic documents and actions taken by a country provided that it is clear the decision-maker put their mind to the actual issues and made an independent decision based on the evidence&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; The Federal Court states that the use of &quot;boilerplate passages&quot; in a decision is not unreasonable by default:&lt;blockquote&gt;[…] the Applicant’s suggestion that the use of “boilerplate passages” in the Board’s decision renders it unreasonable by default. On the whole, the Board’s state protection analysis addresses the correct question of whether a journalist such as the Applicant would be at risk. It is self-evident that much of the analysis will be the same for any given country. Provided that the “boilerplate” is based on the documentary evidence and addresses the particular evidence and position of a claimant, the Board’s repetition of certain passages from other decisions is not, in and of itself, an error.&lt;ref&gt;''Cordova v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2009 FC 309 at para 24, [2009] FCJ No 620 (Snider).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Federal Court states that an immigration officer can never use reasons that were set aside in a new decision:&lt;blockquote&gt;The applicant had a new interview upon consent of the parties. A new decision must be a new decision. If the officer takes the liberty of using the old reasons, the decision is not new. A decision that follows reasons that have been set aside, whether or not on consent, can never be based on the reasons that were set aside. The fear must be addressed ''de novo'' by the new officer.&lt;ref&gt;''Khemiri v. Canada (Solicitor General),'' 2005 FC 821 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n1t0#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In a case where a claim had been remitted for a ''de novo'' hearing, and the new decision largely copied and pasted from the first, the Federal Court held that this issue was &quot;so severe&quot; that it amounted to an &quot;unquestionable breach of the Applicant’s right to a ''de novo'' hearing&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Belay v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1154 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzwtv#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; In that case, the RAD discussed the issue as follows:&lt;blockquote&gt;In my review of both RPD Decisions and the oral testimony, I agree with Appellant’s Counsel that the second RPD Decision is seriously deficient. To a large extent, it appears that the second RPD Decision is “[copied] and pasted” from the first RPD Decision. As Appellant’s Counsel submits, paragraphs 4-21 of the second RPD Decision have the same wording as paragraphs 3-23 and paragraphs 26-30 of the earlier RPD Decision. Additionally, the references to Exhibits in the second RPD Decision follows the numbering of the original RPD Record as reflected in the first RPD Decision. The second RPD Panel does not refer anywhere to the oral testimony that the Appellant gave during the hearing that took place before the second RAD, thus making it unclear whether that testimony was assessed. I agree with Appellant’s Counsel that, considering all the evidence, this amounts to a substantive breach of the Appellant’s right to a ''de novo'' hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Belay v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1154 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzwtv#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;See also:

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Each claim should be considered individually]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making assigned to a Member must be done by the Member and shall not be delegated]].

=== Decisions must be non-discriminatory ===
Section 3(3)(d) of the IRPA provides that the Act is to be construed and applied in a manner that ensures that decisions are consistent with the principles of equality and freedom from discrimination in the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'': [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#IRPA Section 3(3)(d) - The Act is to be applied in a manner that complies with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. 

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Guideline 4 - Gender Considerations in Proceedings Before the Immigration and Refugee Board]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Principles about the manner in which the Board is to exercise its discretion]].

=== Appeals ===
UNHCR states that an appeal stage is a standard feature of any refugee status determination procedure.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR Canada, Submission on Bill C-31, Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act, May 2012, &lt;https://www.unhcr.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/RPT-2012-05-08-billc31-submission-e.pdf&gt;, at para. 43.&lt;/ref&gt; The Executive Committee of the UNHCR has stated that applicants that are not recognized should be given a reasonable time to appeal for a formal reconsideration of the decision.&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 52. See also: UNHCR, ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees'', HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV.4 (1979, reissued 2019) para 192.&lt;/ref&gt; The concept of an appeal has been part of the Immigration and Refugee Board process since its founding. Originally, this was focused on the Federal Court's judicial review function, with the Immigration and Refugee Board writing in 1989:&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;u&gt;The Right to Appeal&lt;/u&gt;

Throughout all stages of this refugee determination process, the claimant is entitled to appeal negative decisions to the Federal Court of Canada. However, the claimant must obtain leave of a Federal Court judge to initiate such a review, which will only consider questions of law or ‘capricious’ findings of fact. The Federal Court will not consider the merits of the refugee claim.&lt;ref&gt;Government of Canada, ''Refugee Determination: What it is and how it works'', Pamphlet, 1989, Immigration and Refugee Board, page 8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Later, the Refugee Appeal Division was instituted: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/History of refugee procedure in Canada#Refugee reform in 2010 and 2012]]. Policy reports have urged that as a matter of fairness, parties should be given reasonable time to appeal a decision that they receive, whether to the Refugee Appeal Division or the Federal Court.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; That said, a full right of appeal on law and fact, as opposed to a more limited judicial review, has not been recognized as a principle of fundamental justice in Canada.&lt;ref&gt;''Esteban v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 SCC 51, [2005] 2 S.C.R. 539, at paragraph 47.&lt;/ref&gt; 

For the role and standard of review to be applied by the RAD when determining an appeal, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA s. 111(1)(b): the Refugee Appeal Division may set aside the determination of the RPD and substitute a determination that, in its opinion, should have been made]].

== References ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;&quot; /&gt;

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    <title>Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an independent decision-maker</title>
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      <text bytes="50178" sha1="6xzr26fztbgmv5dgr5uqe5ybd1c8ie1" xml:space="preserve">Parties are entitled to an independent decision maker.&lt;ref&gt;''Bourbonnais v. Canada (Attorney General),'' 2004 FC 1754, [2005] 4 F.C.R. 529 at paras. 49-57, 267 F.T.R. 169.&lt;/ref&gt; When we speak of independence, we are referring to the ability of the decision-maker to render decisions in an atmosphere that is free from inappropriate influences so that they approach and determine the matters in issue freely and in a sufficiently dispassionate and disinterested way.&lt;ref&gt;Laverne A. Jacobs, Tribunal Independence and Impartiality: Rethinking the Theory after Bell and Ocean Port Hotel—A Call for Empirical Analysis, Essays In Administrative Law and Justice (2001–2007), &lt;https://ciaj-icaj.ca/wp-content/uploads/documents/2016/09/pub2007-2.pdf?id=7966&amp;1474963642&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Key legal issues that have emerged related to this independence follow.

== The right to an independent decision-maker ==
The ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' stipulates that &quot;Members shall not be influenced by extraneous or improper considerations in their decision-making. Members shall make their decisions free from the improper influence of other persons, institutions, interest groups or the political process.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 34.&lt;/ref&gt; There is a presumption that a Member will perform their duties independently and in accordance with their oath and legal obligations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Mohammad v. Canada (Minister of Employment &amp; Immigration),'' 1988 CanLII 9450 (FCA), [1989] 2 FC 363, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/g91pk&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-13, page 385.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The requirement that decisions in refugee matters be made (or be reviewable) by an independent decision-maker not only emerges from Canada's domestic law, but also arises from Canada’s international obligations. The independence of tribunals is provided for in article 14 of the ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights''.&lt;ref&gt;UN General Assembly, ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'', United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171, 16 December 1966, https://www.refworld.org/legal/agreements/unga/1966/en/17703&lt;/ref&gt; The UN Human Rights Committee has also found, in ''Alzery v Sweden'', that effective, independent review of the decision to expel prior to expulsion is necessitated by the nature of the ''non-refoulement'' obligation under article 7 of the ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'', as read with the right to effective remedies under article 2 of that instrument.&lt;ref&gt;UN doc CCPR/C/88/D/1416/2005 (10 November 2006).&lt;/ref&gt;

The following are some of the more specific ways that this right to an independent decision-maker applies to the IRB process. 

=== Decision-makers must be free of any reasonable apprehension of bias ===
Decision makers must enjoy independence from the parties to the cases before them.&lt;ref&gt;Burgh House Principles On The Independence Of The International Judiciary, ''Study Group of the International Law Association on the Practice and Procedure of International Courts and Tribunals'', &lt;https://docs.pca-cpa.org/2020/04/ef1f0fb6-burgh-house-principles.pdf&gt; (Accessed September 30, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, the court holds that the Immigration and Refugee Board is structured to operate as an administrative tribunal with as much independence from its sponsoring Department as is ever found in the contemporary administrative justice system.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahumada'', 2001 FCA 97.&lt;/ref&gt; The fact that the government or a Minister may have made comments about a case in public or the House of Commons cannot itself be taken to create a reasonable apprehension of bias that the Member will decide the case unfairly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

For a discussion of the doctrine of bias, or a reasonable apprehension thereof, as it relates to any relationship, past or present, between the decision-maker and the parties or those who may benefit from the decision, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#Any relationship, past or present, between the decision-maker and the party/parties or those who may benefit from the decision]].

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an impartial decision-maker#Exposure to political and bilateral relations considerations]].

=== The IRB may use &quot;soft law&quot; instruments such as policy statements, guidelines, manuals, and handbooks ===
The Federal Court of Appeal holds that administrative agencies do not require an express grant of statutory authority in order to use “soft law” such as policy statements, guidelines, manuals and handbooks to structure the exercise of their discretion.&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2020 FCA 196 (CanLII), par. 45, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jblsl#par45&gt;, retrieved on 2020-11-17.&lt;/ref&gt; In any event, the IRPA provides an express grant of authority to the Chairperson to issue guidelines in writing to members of the Board and identify decisions of the Board as jurisprudential guides. Members are expected to follow such guidelines unless compelling or exceptional reasons exist to depart from them.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on the Use of Chairperson's Guidelines and Jurisprudential Guides,'' July 7​, 2022, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/policy-chairperson-guidelines-jurisprudential-guides.aspx&gt; (Accessed July 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; See the discussion of this authority at the commentary on section 159 of the IRPA: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/159 - Duties of Chairperson]].

=== The Board may not fetter the discretion of Members and Members may not fetter their own discretion ===

==== Members should engage in an independent assessment of the case before them ====
Every application should be considered individually.&lt;ref&gt;''Akinfolajimi v. Canada (MCI)'', 2018 FC 722, at para. 30.&lt;/ref&gt; A decision maker's reasons must make clear that they put their mind to the actual issues and made an independent decision based on the evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdi v Canada (MCI),'' 2016 FC 1050 at para 26.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, when a matter is remitted for redetermination, the new panel should not copy and paste from the prior decision in a way that calls into question whether they genuinely reconsidered the matter.&lt;ref&gt;''Belay v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1154 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzwtv#par24&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Similarly, a RAD Member may not dispose of an appeal in a few sentences by simply stating that they had reviewed the record, done an independent assessment, and agreed with the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Tan v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 807 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpl52#par10&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, while the RAD is required to undertake an independent review of the evidence, it need not engage in a repetitive analysis where the RAD is in agreement with both the outcome reached and the reasoning relied upon by the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Wiltshire, Simone Alecia v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-853-23), Gleeson, January 22, 2024; 2024 FC 103.&lt;/ref&gt;  

See: 

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Each claim should be considered individually]]

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Use of templates and precedents]]

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making assigned to a Member must be done by the Member and shall not be delegated]]

==== The Board may not fetter the discretion of Members through policy statements or guidelines that take on a mandatory character ====
Fundamental to the right of a fair hearing is that a Board member exercise independent judgment in deciding a case on its merits free from undue influence. Where policy statements, guidelines, or other institutional actions fetter a decision-maker's independence, this can constitute undue influence upon the member and violate the principles of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 133, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par133&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; The fettering of discretion doctrine has been used primarily to assess the validity of policy instruments such as guidelines.&lt;ref&gt;Houle, F. (2008). Thamotharem and Guideline 7 of the IRB: Rethinking the Scope of the Fettering of Discretion Doctrine. ''Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees'', ''25''(2), 103-118. Retrieved from https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/view/26034, page 105.&lt;/ref&gt; The fact that a guideline is intended to establish how discretion will normally be exercised is not enough to make it an unlawful fetter, as long as it does not preclude the possibility that the decision-maker may deviate from normal practice in the light of particular facts.&lt;ref&gt;''Thamotharem v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FCA 198 (CanLII), [2008] 1 FCR 385, par. 78, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1rmr4#par78&gt;, retrieved on 2020-12-23.&lt;/ref&gt; When assessing whether a policy statement or guideline amounts to an unlawful fetter on a decision-maker's discretion, courts have recourse to the factors from ''Ainsley'': (1) the language of the policy; (2) the practical effect of failing to comply with the policy; and (3) the evidence with respect to the expectations of the Commission and staff regarding the implementation of the policy.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 130, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par130&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; If a policy statement is actually a set of binding rules, then this will require legislative or regulatory authority. For discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#What is the Board's jurisdiction to limit voluminous country conditions disclosure?]]. An example of where a policy in the immigration context was held by the Federal Court of Appeal to have invalidly fettered discretion was a blanket directive issued by ''Citizenship and Immigration Canada'' prohibiting lawyers and representatives from attending interviews in the overseas refugee resettlement context. This policy was held by the court in ''Ha v. Canada'' to be invalid because it fettered visa officers’ discretion to consider each case on their facts and determine whether to allow lawyers to attend the interview.&lt;ref&gt;''Ha v Canada (MCI),'' 2004 FCA 49.&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== Members may not fetter their own discretion ====
In addition, Members may not fetter their ''own'' discretion through excessive deference to policy statements and other extraneous materials. Just as a decision-maker cannot “arrogate powers to themselves that they were never intended to have”, it is unreasonable for a decision maker to eschew powers they were intended to have.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Lamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1621, para. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;

As the court held in ''Yanasik v. Canada'', a decision-maker cannot limit the exercise of the discretion imposed upon them by adopting a policy, and then refusing to consider other factors that are legally relevant.&lt;ref&gt;''Yanasik v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1319 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl2k1#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2021-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; The application of a policy guideline may amount to an unlawful fettering of a panel's discretion if it is applied without due consideration to the evidence and submissions in a particular case. Such a situation may arise where a member decides to apply the guideline without exception and ignores the evidence or submissions of counsel that there is reason to vary the procedure.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 172, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par172&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt;

A separate, but related, issue can arise where one RPD panel relies upon fact-finding conducted by another panel. Generally speaking, one panel of the RPD can rely on fact-finding conducted by another.&lt;ref&gt;''Rodriguez Lopez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 66 (CanLII), par. 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jcq6v#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2021-02-05.&lt;/ref&gt; This usually occurs uncontroversially in the context of documentary evidence about conditions in a country. That said, the Federal Court cautions that a panel cannot “blindly” or “blithely” adopt another panel’s findings and that “reliance on the findings of another panel must be limited, careful and justified”.&lt;ref&gt;''Badal v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2003 FCT 311 at para 25.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Calandrini v Canada,'' Justice Mosley explained that “[t]he exercise of discretion by a decision-maker is said to have been fettered if the decision is made in accordance with the views of another without the exercise of independent judgment”.&lt;ref&gt;''Calandrini v Canada (AG)'', 2018 FC 52, para 126.&lt;/ref&gt; For further discussion of this, see [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Each claim should be considered individually]] and also see the discussion of the use that a new panel can make of previous reasons where a matter is being heard ''de novo'': [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Use of templates and precedents]].

Another example of where Members may be held to have fettered their own discretion is where they refuse to admit evidence on the basis that it is unsworn. There is no requirement that a document be sworn in order to be admitted,&lt;ref&gt;''Mathieu v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2021 FC 249 at paras 28-29.&lt;/ref&gt; as the Refugee Division is not bound by legal or technical rules of evidence. In the words of ''Siad v. Canada'', it is not for the Refugee Division to impose on itself or claimants evidentiary fetters of which Parliament has freed them.&lt;ref&gt;''Siad v. Canada (Secretary of State),'' 1996 CanLII 4099 (FCA), [1997] 1 FC 608, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/4n98&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-02.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, a panel should not refuse to admit evidence because it is hearsay; however, this may be a valid basis for admitting the evidence and then assigning less weight to it: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings#While the Division is not bound by rules of evidence, the Division may still have regard to them]].

==== Members are not bound by previous interlocutory decisions on a file ====
The IRPA distinguishes between interlocutory and non-interlocutory decisions: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 67-68 - Decisions#Section 169 of the IRPA specify circumstances in which written reasons must be provided, circumstances which do not include interlocutory decisions]]. A member is not technically bound by a past interlocutory decision made on a file, for example the decision of a coordinating member on a preliminary matter. This is so as a result of the tribunal's power to control its own procedure, including its ability to reconsider past interlocutory decisions when new evidence or argument is provided. As a general matter, where a decision-maker has a reconsideration power—a power to “review and rescind or vary any decision made by it”—the decision-maker “should not be fettered by statements it may have made in a different context at a different time by a different author”.&lt;ref&gt;''Teksavvy Solutions Inc v Bell Canada,'' 2024 FCA 121 (July 22, 2024), para. 47.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board is bound by its own undertakings where it indicates that something is not at issue, that particular evidence is unnecessary, or that a particular procedure will be followed]].   

That said, section 23 of the IRB Code of Conduct states: “Members, in their decision-making, have a responsibility to support the institutional interest of the IRB in ensuring the consistency of its decisions, while recognizing that no improper influence may be brought to bear upon their adjudicative independence.” For reasons of consistency and judicial comity, previous decisions should generally be respected unless there are reasons to deviate from them (e.g., new evidence is filed, new arguments are raised); see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Each claim should be considered individually, while overall decision-making should be predictable and consistent]]. 

Furthermore, some RAD and RPD Rules have specific provisions concerning subsequent or multiple applications for the same relief, which need to be applied if a Member is to deviate from a past decision: see, e.g. [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 54 - Changing the Date or Time of a Proceeding#RPD Rule 54(9) - Subsequent applications]].  

==== Members are not bound where the Minister concedes a point ====
A situation can arise where the Minister is a party to a proceeding and concedes a point or makes a recommendation in the claimant's favour; this does not bind the Division and does not relieve a claimant from their obligation to make their case: ''Fong v Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Fong v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'', 2010 FC 1134 at para 31.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, while a joint submission is not binding on the Division, the caselaw establishes that it should be given serious consideration: ''Nguyen v Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Nguyen v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2000 CanLII 16488 (FC) at para 14.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#A hearing becomes adversarial where the Minister is involved]].

=== Members will be seized of a matter in certain circumstances ===
When a panel which is hearing a case becomes seized of the case, only that panel may complete the case; members become seized once substantive evidence has been adduced.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. ''CRDD Handbook'', Dated March 31, 1999, online &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20080331073416/https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hb01_e.htm&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed November 9, 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; As RAD Member Edward Bosveld noted in ''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 76391 (CA IRB), the tribunal may remain seized of a matter.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 76391 (CA IRB), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/g23dh&gt;, retrieved on 2021-02-20.&lt;/ref&gt; The fact that the tribunal is seized of a matter means that it remains in consideration of the matter. Once a superior court of record has heard evidence, it is seized of the case and no other judge may decide it.&lt;ref&gt;''Demirtas v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)'', 1992 CanLII 2425 (FCA), [1993] 1 F.C. 602 (C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt; However, this principle does not apply to a tribunal like the IRB, which maintains more flexibility than a court to proceed in an informal and expeditious manner: ''Manalang v. Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Manalang v. Canada (Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2007 FC 1368 (CanLII), [2008] 4 FCR 440, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1vbp6&gt;, retrieved on 2021-02-20.&lt;/ref&gt; For examine, in a case involving another tribunal, the Quebec Court of Appeal concluded that it was not improper for the Senior Chair of the Office of Disciplinary Chairs to remove seized cases from a member due to long delays in rendering decisions.&lt;ref&gt;''Perreault,'' 2019 QCCS 4853 ''/'' 2020 QCCA 51.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Informal discussions with colleagues are permissible so long as independence is maintained ===
A question can arise about the permissible limits of voluntary and informal discussions amongst Members of a tribunal about the issues raised in their files. As Mullan notes in his text, &quot;the case law on the subject is surprisingly far from comprehensive&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; The Ontario Court of Appeal held that there is no bar on a tribunal member consulting and being influenced by those internal consultations in ''Khan v. College of Physicians &amp; Surgeons of Ontario'':&lt;blockquote&gt;The volume and complexity of modern decision-making all but necessitates resort to &quot;outside&quot; sources during the drafting process. Contemporary reason-writing is very much a consultive process during which the writer of the reasons resorts to many sources, including persons not charged with the responsibility of deciding the matter, in formulating his or her reasons. It is inevitable that the author of the reasons will be influenced by some of these sources. To hold that any &quot;outside&quot; influence vitiates the validity of the proceedings or the decision reached is to insist on a degree of isolation which is not only totally unrealistic, but also destructive of effective reason-writing.&lt;/blockquote&gt;This is reinforced in the IRB context by section 13 of the Code of Conduct for Members which provides that &quot;Members have a responsibility to perform their duties in a manner that fosters collegiality among members and with staff and to treat them with courtesy and respect. Members are expected to assist their colleagues through the respectful exchange of views, information and opinions.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 13.&lt;/ref&gt; There is no doubt that the participation of &quot;outsiders&quot; in the decision-making process of an administrative tribunal may sometimes cause problems. The decisions of the tribunal must, indeed, be rendered by those on whom Parliament has conferred power to decide and their decisions must, unless the relevant legislation impliedly or expressly provides otherwise, meet the requirements of natural justice. However, the court has held that &quot;when the practice followed by members of an administrative tribunal does not violate natural justice and does not infringe on their ability to decide according to their opinion, even though it may influence that opinion, it cannot be criticized.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; As such, there is no issue with the Board, for example, hiring mentors for new members who may work with those new members in order to assist with preparing for hearings and then assist post-hearing with reaching factual findings about the evidence heard. There is indeed a body of literature on such mentoring for adjudicators and its permissibility so long as it is carried out in a way that maintains the mentee's independence.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenzie, Ian, ''Mentoring for Adjudicators: The Need for Guidelines'', Slaw: Canada's online legal magazine, July 6, 2016, &lt;http://www.slaw.ca/2016/07/06/mentoring-for-adjudicators-the-need-for-guidelines/&gt; (accessed January 18, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; As well, it is permissible for other tribunal members, even a member's superiors such as the Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson of the tribunal, to comment on a member's draft reasons as noted by the Federal Court of Appeal: &quot;While the Acting Deputy Chairperson reviewed drafts of the member’s decision, under the ''IRPA'', the Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson are also members of the RAD and paragraph 159(1)(''h'') does not prohibit them from suggesting changes to a draft at a deliberative stage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2020 FCA 196 (CanLII), par. 98, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jblsl#par98&gt;, retrieved on 2020-11-17.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the use of administrative and proofreading assistance is not prohibited so long as, in every case, the ultimate decision is that of the decision maker.&lt;ref&gt;''Krasilov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 635 (CanLII), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jx63g#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Internal discussions between tribunal members on process, law, and policy are encouraged ===

A key issue that arises with respect to independence is the extent of permitted discussions amongst members of the tribunal about a case that is under consideration. The leading case on this subject is the Supreme Court of Canada decision ''I.W.A. v. Consolidated Bathurst Packaging Ltd.''&lt;ref&gt;''I.W.A. v. Consolidated Bathurst Packaging Ltd''., [1990] 1 S.C.R. 282.&lt;/ref&gt; The rules on this subject allow for a broad latitude for internal discussions, within an atmosphere that has been referred to as “assertive collegiality”, provided that the final decision-maker is unencumbered in freely making their own decision. The principles are well captured by this passage from the paper ''Consistency in Tribunal Decision Making'' from the Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice:&lt;blockquote&gt;This culture of ongoing discussion can be described as a system of “assertive collegiality”—where there can be vigorous debate internally within the complement of adjudicators, but once the discussion is complete, the person hearing the case is free to make their own decision. Discussions also occur regularly between tribunal Chairs and individual adjudicators at any stage in the hearing process. For example, particular types of cases which raise significant or novel issues may be flagged at the intake stage. Once identified, they are brought to the attention of the Chair who will then choose a particular adjudicator to deal with the case. The Chair may have a discussion with the adjudicator before the assignment is made in order to canvass the procedural, law and policy issues that might be presented in the case. During the course of the hearing, the adjudicator and the Chair may continue the discussion, so that the adjudicator understands the issues in the context of the tribunal’s institutional views. Once the hearing is completed, the Chair and the adjudicator may then continue their discussion throughout the decision writing process.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Whitaker, Kevin, ''Consistency in Tribunal Decision Making: What Really Goes On Behind Closed Doors...,'' Essays in Administrative Law and Justice (2001-2007), Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice, &lt;https://ciaj-icaj.ca/wp-content/uploads/documents/2016/09/pub2007-8.pdf?id=7973&amp;1577812348&gt; (Accessed January 18, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;It is entirely permissible, and even desirable for reasons of training and consistency, for members to be encouraged to distribute draft decisions amongst each other for comment: “Most tribunals schedule regular meetings for more formal discussions and it is not unusual where adjudicators are primarily full time and based in one location for there to be weekly or in some cases, daily meetings where drafts are exchanged and where issues of process, law and policy are discussed.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In the words of the Supreme Court of Canada, the “criteria for independence are not absence of influence but rather the freedom to decide according to one’s own conscience and opinions” &lt;ref&gt;''Iwa v. Consolidated-Bathurst Packaging Ltd.,'' 1990 CanLII 132 (SCC), [1990] 1 SCR 282, para. 84.&lt;/ref&gt;

As a general rule, the members of the organization who have not heard the evidence cannot be allowed to re-assess it.&lt;ref&gt;''Ellis-Don Ltd,'' [2001] 1 S.C.R. 221.&lt;/ref&gt; Discussions of policy in the context of refugee adjudication may, and indeed should, cover consideration of country conditions. As the Federal Court of Appeal notes when distinguishing the type of factual findings at issue in ''Consolidated Bathurst'', ''supra'', factual issues in refugee adjudication can be of a &quot;special nature to the extent that they go beyond the evidence specific to any particular claimant.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2020 FCA 196 (CanLII), par. 75, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/jblsl#par75&gt;, retrieved on 2020-11-17.&lt;/ref&gt; As the Federal Court noted in ''Barrantes v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', “it would not do to have one panel member’s terrorist organization be characterized by another member as a benevolent non-government organization”.&lt;ref&gt;''Barrantes v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 FC 518.&lt;/ref&gt; As such, in the context of refugee adjudication, discussions between tribunal members on general issues of fact related to a country are not just permissible, but desirable. 

=== Discussions cannot be imposed upon a Member ===
''Consolidated-Bathurst'' involved discussions by members of an administrative tribunal after hearing cases but before reaching final decisions. In that decision Gonthier J. okayed the practice, but imposed important limitations. In short, discussions could not be coercive and could not delve into the facts of particular cases.&lt;ref&gt;Daly, Paul, ''Judges Talking to other Judges: Judicious Consultation?'', Administrative Law Matters Blog &lt;https://www.administrativelawmatters.com/blog/2015/05/22/judges-talking-to-other-judges-judicious-consultation/&gt; (Accessed January 19, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; The rules for such discussions are enumerated in the eponymous case.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Iwa v. Consolidated-Bathurst Packaging Ltd.,'' 1990 CanLII 132 (SCC), [1990] 1 SCR 282.&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court of Canada affirmed this conclusion in ''Tremblay v. Quebec: “''In my view, the mere fact that the president can of his own motion refer a matter for plenary discussion may in itself be a constraint on decision makers. In such circumstances, they may not feel free to refuse to submit a question to the &quot;consensus table&quot; when the president suggests this. Further, the statute clearly provides that it is the decision makers who must decide a matter. Accordingly, it is those decision makers who must retain the right to initiate consultation; imposing it on them amounts to an act of compulsion towards them and a denial of the choice expressly made by the legislature.”&lt;ref&gt;''Tremblay v. Quebec (Commission des affaires sociales)'', 1992 CanLII 1135 (SCC), [1992] 1 S.C.R. 952&lt;/ref&gt; As such, where a Member does not wish to consult, either with other members, a supervisor, or legal services, they must be truly free to not do so (aside from during special circumstances such as during an initial probationary training period).

=== Legal services review of decisions may discuss issues of fact in the reasons but should not attempt to influence factual findings ===
Gonthier J. of the Supreme Court of Canada made the following comment (in dissent) in ''Consolidated-Bathurst:''&lt;blockquote&gt;The determination and assessment of facts are delicate tasks which turn on the credibility of the witness and an overall evaluation of the relevancy of all the information presented as evidence. As a general rule, these tasks cannot be properly performed by persons who have not heard all the evidence and the rules of natural justice do not allow such persons to vote on the result. Their participation in discussions dealing with such factual issues is less problematic when there is no participation in the final decision. However, ''I am of the view that generally such discussions constitute a breach of the rules of natural justice because they allow persons other than the parties to make representations on factual issues when they have not heard the evidence. [emphasis added]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The applicability of this comment to the refugee context was considered by the Federal Court of Appeal in ''Bovbel v. Canada''. Specifically, in that case, the court considered whether having legal advisors have access to the files of refugee claimants when providing legal advice to Members, the above principle could be offended. The court rejected this concern as follows:&lt;blockquote&gt;A fair reading of the documents on the record shows, in our view, that the legal advisors were not expected to discuss the findings of facts made by the members but merely, if there was a factual inconsistency in the reasons, to look at the file in order to determine, if possible, how the inconsistency could be resolved. True, there was always the possibility that the legal advisors might, since they were in possession of the file, exceed their mandate and try to influence the factual findings of the Board. However, as mentioned by Mahoney J.A. in ''Weerasinge'', any policy is susceptible of abuse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Bovbel v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' 1994 CanLII 3465 (FCA), [1994] 2 FC 563&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;As such, discussions, whether with the Board's legal services team, or otherwise, should not aim to influence the factual findings of Members, but need not eschew all discussion of facts, for example where a Member has made inconsistent factual findings in a decision and that concern should be resolved. Procedural fairness does not demand that Members of the Board never discuss the facts of a file. That said, it is plain that a mandatory policy of legal review in which legal services members attempted to influence or pressure Members to make certain factual findings regarding a hearing that they had never observed would offend principles of independence. Finally, there appears to be a real lack of clarity on exactly how to interpret the statements of Gonthier J. in ''Consolidated-Bathurst.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; For example, David Mullan writes in his text ''Administrative Law'' that &quot;on the mater of discussion of the evidence, the Court itself is not totally unequivocal even in the context of discussions with colleagues who have not heard the evidence. Where staff have been present at giving of the relevant testimony or where the evidence is written rather than given orally, the constraint on discussion may not have quite the same force.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;Mullan, David, ''Administrative Law'' (Irwin Law), page 301.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Discussions between Members of different Divisions must be limited ===
The IRB Chairperson’s ''Instructions Governing Communications Between Related Divisions'' reaffirm the importance of institutional independence so that members are free from improper influence.&lt;ref&gt;Chairperson’s Instructions Governing Communications Between Related Divisions at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' May 30, 2014. Online: &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Documents/InstructDivisions_e.pdf&gt; (accessed April 28, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; The Instructions provide that members of a first-level Division must never communicate with members of a related appeal Division, and vice versa, with respect to:

* particular files, whether before or during deliberations, or after the final decision is rendered; and
* adjudicative strategies pertaining to their Division.

=== The fact that IRB Members have limited terms of appointment does not in itself unduly constrain their independence ===
The IRPA establishes that IRB members have appointments of fixed duration. Generally speaking, independent decision makers should have terms that are sufficiently long to limit the pressure stemming from frequent renewals. This is compatible with having a term of fixed duration. For example, judges of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the African Court of Justice and Human Rights, and the Court of Justice of the European Union all have terms of six years.&lt;ref&gt;Alain Pellet, Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, ''Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'', July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, while RPD members are granted ‘a high degree of independence’, they lack ‘the judicial independence of courts of law’.&lt;ref&gt;''Bourbonnais v Canada (Attorney General),'' 2004 FC 1754, para 35.&lt;/ref&gt; 

In ''Sethi v. Canada'', the Federal Court concluded that the fact that the government had introduced a bill into Parliament discharging Board members without compensation for the unexpired term of their appointment did not, in itself, create a reasonable apprehension of bias. The Court noted in that case that the introduction of a bill does not create bias as passage of any bill is speculative and public policy dictates the government should be allowed to announce proposed changes without bringing tribunal to a halt.&lt;ref&gt;''Sethi v. M.E.I.,'' [1988] 2 F.C. 552, rev’g [1988] 2 F.C. 537.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The tribunal must follow explicit instructions stated in a judgment or direction from a reviewing court ===
Where a matter is remitted by the Court to an administrative tribunal for redetermination, a tribunal is required to follow explicit instruction stated in the judgment or direction from the reviewing Court.&lt;ref&gt;Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Yansane, 2017 FCA 48 at para 19.&lt;/ref&gt; While the decision maker is advised to consider the comments and recommendations in the reviewing Court’s reasons, it is not required to follow them.&lt;ref&gt;''Ouellet v Canada (Attorney General),'' 2018 FCA 25 at para 7&lt;/ref&gt; The fact that a judgment includes the statement that the matter is to be re-determined “in accordance with these reasons” does not mean that everything in the reasons constitutes a direction from the court. In the words of the Federal Court of Appeal: &quot;I am of the opinion that only instructions explicitly stated in the judgment bind the subsequent decision-maker; otherwise, the comments and recommendations made by the Court in its reasons would have to be considered mere ''obiters'', and the decision-maker would be advised to consider them but not required to follow them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Yansane, 2017 FCA 48 at para 19&lt;/ref&gt; As such, in ''Patricks v. Canada'', wherein a matter had been returned to the RAD on consent at the Federal Court on the basis that the compelling reasons doctrine had not been adequately considered in the underlying decision, the court held that as the court order did not make any explicit reference to &quot;compelling reasons&quot;, the new RAD panel was &quot;[free] to conduct a complete assessment and to reach a different conclusion from the RPD and namely, on the issue of credibility&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Patricks v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2023 FC 745 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxhpp#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-28&lt;/ref&gt; 

See also: 

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The record on a court-ordered redetermination]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Reopening a Claim or Application#Once reopened, is a claim to be heard de novo or as a redetermination based on the previous record?]]

== Deliberative Secrecy ==
The principle of deliberative secrecy prevents disclosure of how and why adjudicative decision-makers make their decisions. The &quot;how and why&quot; of decision-making are kept secret to protect the decision-maker and the decision-making process.&lt;ref&gt;''Summitt Energy Management Inc. v. Ontario Energy Board,'' 2012 ONSC 2753 (CanLII), as discussed in Cass, Fred D,; Thoms, Zoe, ''Deliberative Secrecy in the Context of Decision-Making by Administrative Tribunals'', Advocates' Quarterly 44 Advoc. Q. (2015) &lt;https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/aqrty44&amp;i=177&gt;, page 169 (Accessed January 18, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; In the context of administrative decision-making, the common law principle of deliberative secrecy has two elements: (i) the general rule that the deliberative process is secret, and (ii) that secrecy will be lifted when this is necessary for effective judicial review of the administrative decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Mamut v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1108 (CanLII), at para 3, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k003d#par3&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-27.&lt;/ref&gt; The jurisprudence establishes that, in the administrative context, the principle of deliberative secrecy applies only to administrative tribunals – that is, to bodies that make adjudicative decisions. It does not apply to “administrative decision makers” writ large.&lt;ref&gt;''Mamut v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1108 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k003d#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-27.&lt;/ref&gt; Secrecy remains the rule, but it may nonetheless be lifted when the litigant can present valid reasons for believing that the process followed did not comply with the rules of natural justice.&lt;ref&gt;''Tremblay v Quebec (Commission des affaires sociales)'', 1992 CanLII 1135 (SCC), [1992] 1 SCR 952, as cited in ''Mamut v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1108 (CanLII), at para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k003d#par43&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-27.&lt;/ref&gt;

This principle is reflected in s. 156 of the IRPA, which provides that members are not competent or compellable to appear as a witness in any civil proceedings in respect of the exercise or purported exercise of their functions under this Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/156 - Immunity and no summons]]. 

=== Access to information rights under the ''Privacy Act and Access to Information Act'' apply to files and recordings made of hearings ===
In general, the IRB may be required to release records related to hearing, including copies of files, audio recordings, and videos of hearing under the ''Access to Information Act'' to non-party requestors. This includes third-party subpoenas, media requests, and requests from academics or the general public. Such requests can also be made by a party to the case pursuant to the ''Privacy Act''. For example, in ''Krasilov v. Canada'', the applicants obtained a series of internal emails between the RAD member and an assistant working at the RAD regarding the assistant's review of the member’s draft decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Krasilov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 635 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jx63g#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-28.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Privacy Act]].

=== Access to information rights under the ''Privacy Act'' do not apply to a Board Member's notes ===
The issue of how the principle of deliberative secrecy intersects with access to information rights under the federal ''Privacy Act'' was considered in ''Tunian v. Chairman of the Immigration and Refugee Board.''&lt;ref&gt;''Tunian v. Chairman of the Immigration and Refugee Board,'' 2004 FC 849 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; The Tunian family were refused refugee status. They applied pursuant to section 41 of the ''Privacy Act'' to receive the draft reasons and notes prepared by the member of the Refugee Protection Division of the IRB who made the decision determining that they were not Convention refugees. Section 41 of the Privacy Act gives the Court the jurisdiction to review instances in which an individual has been refused access to personal information. The ''Privacy Act'' provides individuals with a right of access to information about them where it is either in a &quot;personal information bank&quot; or under the &quot;control&quot; of a government institution. Access to the Member's notes was refused in this case on the basis that notes made by quasi-judicial decision-makers in the course of carrying out an independent adjudicative function are not in the control of the administrative tribunal but, rather, are in the control of the member themself. In this case, the court affirmed the decision ''Privacy Commissioner v. Labour Relations Board'' and held that the principles discussed therein apply to the Immigration and Refugee Board, particularly:&lt;blockquote&gt;It is the duty and role of courts to ensure that administrative tribunals make their decisions in accordance with the rules of natural justice. ... As such, courts are called upon to warrant the fairness of the process. To do so the Court must ensure that the tribunal possesses the freedom to decide matters independently, as it sees fit, without interference from anyone at any time. In my view, regulated and systematic intrusions by outsiders into the thought process of a decision maker as it stands to be revealed by the hearing notes would impact negatively on the integrity of the decision-making process.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Privacy Commissioner v. Canada (Labour Relations Board)'' (2000), 257 N.R. 66 (F.C.A.), [2000] F.C.J. No. 617 (C.A.) (QL)).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

=== Board Members are neither competent nor compellable witnesses as a result of the principle of deliberative secrecy ===
The rule protecting deliberative secrecy is an exclusionary rule. The rule operates to prohibit compelled testimony from judges about their deliberations. It also provides that judges are not ''competent'' to testify about their deliberations. That is because the purpose of the rule is not to protect judges’ personal interests, but rather “to ensure public confidence in an impartial and independent judicial system”: ''Kosko c. Bijimine.''&lt;ref&gt;''Kosko c. Bijimine,'' 2006 QCCA 671 at para. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; Gascon J. stated in ''Laval v. Syndicat de l’enseignement de la région de Laval'' that “[j]udges cannot of course choose to lift deliberative secrecy to explain the reasoning behind their conclusions whenever it suits them to do so.”&lt;ref&gt;''Commission scolaire de Laval v. Syndicat de l’enseignement de la région de Laval,'' 2016 SCC 8, at para. 64.&lt;/ref&gt; Among the broader rationales that have been offered for this rule is to prevent judges themselves from subsequently augmenting or qualifying their reasons, which offends the need for finality in judicial decision-making and undermines public confidence in the administration of justice.&lt;ref&gt;''West Moberly First Nations v British Columbia,'' 2018 BCSC 1835 (CanLII), para. 159.&lt;/ref&gt;

The applicability of this rule to Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board was considered in ''Ermina v. Canada.''&lt;ref&gt;''Ermina v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'' (1998), 1998 CanLII 8969 (FC), 167 D.L.R. (4th) 764 (F.C.).&lt;/ref&gt; In that case, the applicant’s refugee status had been vacated by a panel of the Board. At the hearing before the Board, the applicant had sought to elicit testimony from the chair of the panel that had originally granted her that status. The Board refused to hear such testimony, relying on the rule protecting deliberative secrecy. The applicant then tried to adduce an affidavit sworn by the former chair and containing the same information. The Board refused to receive that as well. On the ensuing application for judicial review, Tremblay-Lamer J. upheld the Board’s decisions in that regard, finding that the former chair was neither a compellable nor a competent witness. In that decision, justice Tremblay-Lamer explained that “[d]ecisions must be final and subject only to review in the ordinary channels.” In reaching that conclusion, she relied heavily on ''Agnew v. Ontario Association of Architects'',&lt;ref&gt;''Agnew v. Ontario Association of Architects'' (1987), 1987 CanLII 4030 (ON SC), 64 O.R. (2d) 8 (Div. Ct.) at 14.&lt;/ref&gt; in which the Court elaborated on the rationale for extending the rule to administrative decision-makers:&lt;blockquote&gt;The authorities do not make it clear whether this general rule applies equally to members of administrative tribunals. In logic, there is no reason why it should not. The mischief of penetrating the decision process of a tribunal member is exactly the same as the mischief of penetrating the decision process of a judge.

Apart from the practical consideration that tribunal members and judges would spend more time testifying about their decisions than making them, their compellability would be inconsistent with any system of finality of decisions. No decision and ''a fortiori'' no record, would be really final until the judge or tribunal member had been cross-examined about his decision. Instead of review by appeal or extraordinary remedy, a system would grow up of review by cross-examination.

In the case of a specialized tribunal representing different interests the mischief would be even greater because the process of discussion and compromise among different points of view would not work if stripped of its confidentiality.

It is not necessary to catalogue all the different forms of mischief that might result from the compellability of judges and tribunal members to testify about their decisions. It is sufficient to say that there is no reason in logic to distinguish between a judge and a member of the statutory tribunal under consideration here.&lt;/blockquote&gt;See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/156 - Immunity and no summons]].

This is consistent with international practices regarding human rights and refugee inquiries. For example, the Special Court for Sierra Leone concluded that the High Commissioner for Human Rights was protected by privilege and should not be compelled to provide information considered confidential.&lt;ref&gt;Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara and Kanu, case No. SCSL-2004-16-AR73, Appeals Chamber, Decision on Prosecution Appeal against Decision on Oral Application for Witness TF1-150 to Testify without Being Compelled to Answer Questions on Grounds of Confidentiality, 26 May 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Board management cannot read a Member's emails without good reason ===
The IRB has stated that it supports the principle that access to an employee's e-mail without consent is justified only in extreme situations, for example in situations involving a criminal or security infraction, and only after proper authorization from senior management. As a result, a Member's emails will ordinarily be private and not readable by managers or others in the organization, absent exceptional circumstances and good reason to do so. The federal Privacy Commissioner chastised the IRB when it departed from this standard in one case.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, ''Inappropriate monitoring of employees' e-mail accounts,'' Date modified: 2003-01-29, &lt;https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/opc-actions-and-decisions/investigations/investigations-into-federal-institutions/2001-02/pa_200102_05/&gt; (Accessed August 16, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;&quot; /&gt;

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    <title>Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate</title>
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      <text bytes="81027" sha1="lknfhdvib3e54x4sbyrx3owe1xm0gx9" xml:space="preserve">Refugee Status Determination is said to be among the most difficult forms of adjudication, involving as it does fact-finding in regard to foreign conditions, cross-cultural and interpreted examination of witnesses, ever-present evidentiary voids, and a duty to prognosticate potential risks rather than simply to declare the more plausible account of past events.&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, James C., ''Rebuilding trust: a report of the Review of Fundamental Justice in Information Gathering and Dissemination at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', Refugee Studies Centre, Publisher: Osgoode Hall Law School, 01/12/1993 &lt;http://repository.forcedmigration.org/show_metadata.jsp?pid=fmo:1136&gt; (Accessed April 14, 2020), page 6.&lt;/ref&gt; Within this context, RPD Members have to make high-stakes decisions on the basis of scarce and uncertain information, they need to strike a balance between the goals of protection and control, and Canadian refugee law is ambiguous and provides limited guidance, with credibility often being a key point in any given case.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Tone Maia Liodden, ''Who Is a Refugee? Uncertainty and Discretion in Asylum Decisions,'' International Journal of Refugee Law, Advance Article, 29 April 2021 &lt;https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeab003&gt; (Accessed May 1, 2021). &lt;/ref&gt; The process for Refugee Status Determination adopted in Canada that seeks to address these challenges is one where the Board has an inquisitorial mandate. The following are some of the contours of that mandate. 

== The Refugee Protection Division has an inquisitorial mandate ==

The Board generally uses an inquisitorial, as opposed to adversarial, approach to decision-making. Rebecca Hamlin describes the contrast between these two decision-making approaches this way:&lt;blockquote&gt;The adversarial style takes the shape of a triad: two disputants arguing their respective cases before a passive judge, who must resolve the dispute by deciding which case is more persuasive. In an adversarial process, justice is based on the premise that an impartial judge decides between competing versions of this story after hearing both sides argued forcefully. Unlike this courtroom-like setting, inquisitorial hearings are designed to be non-adversarial and non-legalistic, taking the form of a dyad between the person whose fate is to be decided and the person deciding it. The inquisitorial decision-maker is engaged in a conversation with the parties, and the facts must be discovered through a collaborative process of research and questioning. Justice is demonstrated through the decision-maker's commitment to an active investigatory process.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia. By Hamlin, Rebecca. New York: Oxford University Press,  2014, p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Refugee Protection Division has an inquisitorial mandate. The Board's ''Chairperson Guideline 7'' describes a Member's inquisitorial mandate this way:&lt;blockquote&gt;A member's role is different from the role of a judge. A judge's primary role is to consider the evidence and arguments that the opposing parties choose to present; it is not to tell parties how to present their cases. Case law has clearly established that the RPD has control of its own procedures. The RPD decides and gives directions as to how a hearing is to proceed. The members have to be actively involved to make the RPD's inquiry process work properly.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson Guidelines 7: Concerning Preparation and Conduct of a Hearing in the Refugee Protection Division'', Amended December 15, 2012 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir07.aspx#FailureA4&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed January 26, 2020), section 2.2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Board states that the decision-maker is mandated to play an engaged role in the process.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. ''CRDD Handbook'', Dated March 31, 1999, online &lt;https://web.archive.org/web/20080331073416/https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hb01_e.htm&gt; (Accessed November 9, 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; This inquisitorial mandate has implications for how a Member is to assess the claim; it implies that the Board “has a duty to consider all potential grounds for a refugee claim that arise on the evidence, even when they are not raised by the applicant”.&lt;ref&gt;''Viafara v. Canada (MCI)'', 2006 FC 1526, at para. 6; ''Gutierrez v. Canada (MCI)'', 2011 FC 1055, at para. 35.&lt;/ref&gt; Such inquisitorial processes are commonly utilized in human rights adjudicatory contexts in order to compensate for inequalities between parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Alain Pellet, Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, ''Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'', July 2013, &lt;https://prawo.uni.wroc.pl/sites/default/files/students-resources/law-9780199231690-e54-1.pdf&gt; (Accessed September 30, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; As recognized by the Supreme Court of Canada in ''Canada v Ward'', it is the duty of the examiner to determine whether the Convention refugee definition is met.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Lamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1621, para. 23.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Refugee Status Determination is declaratory, not constitutive ==
Recognizing someone as a refugee does not make the person a refugee. This is because refugee status determination is a declaratory, not constitutive act.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR, Note on Determination of Refugee Status under International Instruments EC/SCP/5 (UNHCR, 24 August 1977).&lt;/ref&gt; As refugee lawyer David Matas writes, “a declaratory act recognizes someone to be what he is or always was. A constitutive act makes a person something he was not before. An asylum government cannot constitute someone to be a refugee, because he already is one.”&lt;ref&gt;David Matas with Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-920197-81-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 196.&lt;/ref&gt; As the refugee law academic James Hathaway puts it, refugee status arises out of the refugee's predicament, rather than from a formal determination of status.&lt;ref&gt;JC Hathaway, ''The rights of refugees under international law'' (2005), Cambridge University Press, page 278.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the UK Supreme Court, &quot;the obligation not to refoule an individual arises by virtue of the fact that their circumstances meet the definition of ‘refugee’, not by reason of the recognition by a contracting state that the definition is met.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''G. v. G.'', [2021] UKSC 9, [2022] A.C. 544, at para. 81, as cited in ''Mason v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 SCC 21 (CanLII), at para 114, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0c85#par114&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-27.&lt;/ref&gt; 

When determining refugee status, the Immigration and Refugee Board is not given a discretion but must make a judicial type decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' Judgment: October 8, 1993, Action No. IMM-888-93, 44 A.C.W.S. (3d) 767, [1993] A.C.F. no 1034, para. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, a decision-maker errs when they fail to recognize a genuine refugee as such, and a decision-maker also errs when they do the converse by wrongly recognizing someone who is not a refugee as such. While, in principle, a state may grant asylum to anyone that it may so choose, regardless of whether or not they meet the criteria enshrined in the Refugee Convention, or any other international treaty,&lt;ref&gt;Roman Boed, ''The State of the Right of Aslyum in International Law'', Duke Journal of Comparative &amp; International Law, 5, 1-34 (1994), &lt;https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1342&amp;context=djcil&gt;, page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; such a wide-ranging power has not been delegated to Immigration and Refugee Board Members, who are restricted to recognizing cases where the applicable criteria in either s. 96 or s. 97 of the IRPA have been met. This principle is reflected in section 107 of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/107 - Decision on Claim for Refugee Protection#IRPA Section 107: Decision on Claim for Refugee Protection]]. Once the Board has concluded that a claimant does not satisfy the definition of a refugee, the Board had no general discretion to allow the claimant to remain in Canada on “equitable” grounds.&lt;ref&gt;''Nazifpour v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (F.C.A.),'' 2007 FCA 35 (CanLII), [2007] 4 FCR 515, at para 42, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1qg9c#par42&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-24.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, this is consistent with the terms of the Refugee Convention itself and UNHCR's guidance thereon, for example its statements that the exclusion provision in the convention is mandatory and must be applied scrupulously.&lt;ref&gt;Colin Grey, Cosmopolitan Pariahs: The Moral Rationale for Exclusion under Article 1F, ''International Journal of Refugee Law'', 2024, eeae025, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae025, at page 18.&lt;/ref&gt;

This modern conception of the refugee regime stands in contrast to pre-20th century views of asylum, where diplomatic and territorial asylum were considered to be constitutive acts such that it was the decision that made the person asking for asylum an asylee.&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, ''Regional Developments: Americas'', written by Piovesan and Jubilut, at p. 213 (para. 29).&lt;/ref&gt; This move away from a constitutive view of asylum to a declaratory one reflects the emergence of a rights-based view of the institution of asylum and refugee status. In Canada, this takes the form of the concrete legal obligation on the Canadian state to recognize as refugees those who meet the criteria in ss. 96 and 97 of the IRPA. Recognition of such is not a discretionary charitable act by Canada, but instead a personal right that individuals have pursuant to the IRPA, and, as recognized by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Refugee Convention. In their words in their decision in ''Pacheco Tineo v. Bolivia:''&lt;blockquote&gt;

Even if the 1951 Convention does not explicitly establish the right to asylum as a right, it is considered to be implicitly incorporated into its text, which mentions the definition of a refugee, the protection against the principle of ''non-refoulement'', and a list of rights to which refugees have access.... With the protection provided by the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol, the institution of asylum assumed a specific form and mechanism at the global level: that of refugee status.&lt;ref&gt;''Pacheco Tineo v. Bolivia,'' Ser. C No. 272 (IACtHR, Nov. 25, 2013), at 139.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Shauna Labman writes about the significance of this conception of asylum:&lt;blockquote&gt;The benefit of a rights-based stance in law is that it adds a concrete assertion of legal obligation and accountability to refugee protection. It is equality between the parties. Stuart Scheingold defines this as &quot;the call of the law.&quot; He suggests that the assertion of a right implies a legitimate and dignified reciprocal relationship that is societal and not personal. The current alternative calls in refugee protection are for compassion, humanitarianism, and morality. Such claims lack reciprocity and are founded on personal need. As Catherine Dauvergne explains, &quot;a claim for compassion does not effectively function as a right because rights are grounded in equality but compassion is grounded in generosity and inequality.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 117.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;All this said, the assertion that refugee status determination procedures are declaratory and not constitutive, and its implicit representation of ‘refugeehood’ as an objective identity given by law, appears to be tendentious. It is belied by the large variations in the way different individuals and systems answer the question of &quot;who is a refugee?&quot;, even where they are all interpreting the same Convention provisions, evidence, and laws. That said, in the words of Tone Liodden, &quot;the idea of the refugee as a non-negotiable identity across time and space may largely be fictional, but [it] is a ‘crucial fiction’ that has very real consequences for those who are granted – or denied – refugee status.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; For more on this point, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]].

== A hearing becomes adversarial where the Minister is involved ==
While the Division's mandate is primarily conceived of as inquisitorial and non-adversarial,&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 62, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par62&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; in some cases the Minister intervenes in a claim and the process becomes an adversarial one. As the Board states, &quot;adversarial simply means that there are two opposing parties.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Designated representative guide'', Date modified: 2022-12-06, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/designated-representant/Pages/designated-representative-guide.aspx&gt;, at 3.4.&lt;/ref&gt; This properly constrains the Member's role. Madam Justice Tremblay-Lamer observed in ''Rivas v. Canada'' that in some situations, such as where exclusion is at issue, “it may be problematic for the tribunal to proceed without the Minister since the Minister usually has the burden of proof. As the applicant argues, it is a situation that can force the member to [translation] ‘descend into the arena’.”&lt;ref&gt;''Reyes Rivas v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FC 317 (CanLII), para. 39.&lt;/ref&gt; As Lorne Waldman states in his looseleaf: “… Since the burden of proof falls squarely on the Minister, it is certainly arguable that it is not appropriate for tribunal members themselves to engage in an investigation with respect to the exclusion matters. For the tribunal members to do so would result in their becoming prosecutors seeking to establish if the claimant falls within the exclusion clauses.”&lt;ref&gt;Immigration Law and Practice, Vol. 1, looseleaf (Markham, Ont.: Butterworths, 1992), at paragraph 8.511.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Despite all of this, the jurisprudence recognizes that the Board may make a decision on the issue of exclusion without the Minister’s participation,&lt;ref&gt;''Reyes Rivas v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FC 317 (CanLII), para. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; and indeed that it may have an obligation to do so even where the Minister does not participate in a case. Furthermore, the RAD may consider issues of exclusion even where they are not raised in an appellant's appeal memorandum.&lt;ref&gt;''Milfort-Laguere v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1361 (CanLII), at para 26.&lt;/ref&gt; But once the Minister becomes involved, the hearing is seen to become an adversarial process, with both the Minister’s Hearings Officer and the refugee claimant presenting evidence to establish or rebut, say, the allegation of exclusion.&lt;ref&gt;Jennifer Bond, Nathan Benson, Jared Porter, ''Guilt by Association: Ezokola’s Unfinished Business in Canadian Refugee Law'', Refugee Survey Quarterly, hdz019, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/rsq/hdz019, footnote 35.&lt;/ref&gt; This may entail some limits on the Member's proper role, and this relates to the requirement in the RPD Rules that the hearing be suspended immediately upon notification to the Minister of possible exclusion (which see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 26-28 - Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility]]). 

A situation can arise where the Minister concedes a point or makes a recommendation in the claimant's favour; this does not bind the Division and does not relieve a claimant from their obligation to make their case: ''Fong v Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Fong v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'', 2010 FC 1134 at para 31.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, while a joint submission is not binding on the Division, the caselaw establishes that it should be given serious consideration: ''Nguyen v Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Nguyen v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2000 CanLII 16488 (FC) at para 14.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an independent decision-maker#Members are not bound where the Minister concedes a point]].

While the Minister has no obligation to become a party to a proceeding, once it does so and provides disclosure, its disclosure must be &quot;complete&quot; and cannot be selective: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]].

== A Member should be adequately trained ==
A decision-maker should be adequately trained on issues of law and fact. The Board states that Members should have a thorough knowledge of the legal framework and a good command of the relevant provisions of the legislation, rules, principles of natural justice, and the case law, etc., in order to make the proper decision and to maintain the credibility and the authoritativeness of the panel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

While the training of Members of the Refugee Protection Division has generally been well regarded, in contrast, this has not always been seen to be the case with overseas visa officers deciding applications for resettlement from abroad. For example, in ''Ghirmatsion v. Canada'', the Federal Court concluded that the visa officer's &quot;lack of adequate training and support&quot; were evident on cross-examination.&lt;ref&gt;''Ghirmatsion v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2011 FC 773, para. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; 

There are also limits to the training and competency properly expected of a Member. In ''Ramirez v. Canada'', the claimant argued on judicial review that the Board Member should have considered whether counselling in the proposed IFA location would be likely to adequately address the applicant’s mental health issues; the court rejected this argument, concluding that &quot;such an analysis would have been speculative and well beyond the RAD’s expertise.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;''Vilchis Ramirez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 265.&lt;/ref&gt; This principle is also reflected in the additional services available to Members, for example the statement in the ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings'' that where, after consulting with the responsible member manager, the assigned member forms the opinion that forensic verification is necessary, they may direct the RPD adjudicative support team to send the document to the RCMP Forensic Laboratory Services for verification.&lt;ref&gt;''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings,'' Instructions issued by the Chairperson pursuant to section 159(1)(a) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'', amended December, 2012 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstructInfo.aspx&gt; (Accessed November 28, 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; 

== A claimant has an onus to show that they meet the criteria to be recognized as a refugee ==
The Federal Court affirms that the burden of proof rests on a claimant to show that they meet the definition of a Convention Refugee or a 'person in need of protection' in the Act.&lt;ref&gt;''Lugunda v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 FC 467 (CanLII), par. 17, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1k43l#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-15.&lt;/ref&gt; The Irwin Law text ''Refugee Law'' notes that this burden flows from the general proposition in international law that an individual seeking admission to a state must justify their admission.&lt;ref&gt;Lassa Oppenheim, ''Oppenheim's International Law'', 7th ed by Hersch Lauterpacht (London: Longmans Green, 1952) at 616, as cited in Martin David Jones and Sasha Baglay. ''Refugee Law (Second Edition)''. Irwin Law, 2017, page 144.&lt;/ref&gt; The UNHCR is of the view that this principle properly applies in the refugee context, stating that &quot;the burden of proof in principle rests on the applicant&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The burden of proof was previously allocated differently in Canadian refugee law, but in 1988 Canada's legislature modified the immigration legislation to shift the burden of proof for making a claim onto the asylum seeker.&lt;ref&gt;Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Page 49.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Federal Court holds that the onus is on the applicant to submit a clear, detailed, and complete application.&lt;ref&gt;''Hussain v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2022 FC 1412 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jsgr3#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; The UNHCR Handbook provides that those examining a refugee claim should &quot;ensure that the applicant presents his case as fully as possible and with all available evidence.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html [accessed 26 January 2020], page 45.&lt;/ref&gt; This does not mean that the Board member is obliged to undertake a freestanding inquiry into a claim; the Refugee Appeal Division has held that the following principles apply in the refugee determination context: &quot;a decision-maker [is] entitled to proper notice as to what exactly [is] being advanced. It is not up to the decision-maker to ferret out points which might possibly assist an applicant.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2016 CanLII 107938 (CA IRB), para. 28.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Member Railton of the Refugee Protection Division has noted that &quot;The role of the Division hearing an application to re-open does not include a fact-finding mission on behalf of the applicants&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 97437 (CA IRB), par. 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ggdpl#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt; One of the reasons for this is about judicial economy; indeed, it is said that &quot;states have a right to a fair and efficient asylum procedure&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 &lt;https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 14 of the article.&lt;/ref&gt;

In the Canadian system there also exist legal issues where the burden of proof does not fall on the claimant: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#A panel has a duty to enquire into matters where the onus for adducing evidence falls onto the Board]].

Furthermore, even where the burden of proof rests on the claimant, the Board cannot base some findings, for example that there is an internal flight alternative, in the absence of sufficient evidence, solely on the basis that the claimant has not fulfilled the onus of proof.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;''Chauhdry, Mukhtar Ahmed v. M.C.I.'' (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-3951-97), Wetston, August 17, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#There is a shared duty of fact-finding in refugee matters]]. 

== A panel has a duty to consider all potential grounds for a refugee claim that arise on the evidence and relevant law ==
Even though the burden of proof rests on a claimant to show that they meet the requirements to be accorded protection, this does not mean that they are obliged to frame their case using the terminology of refugee law or by citing particular cases or statutory provisions.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1020 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5jvb#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-09.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board “has a duty to consider all potential grounds for a refugee claim that arise on the evidence, even when they are not raised by the applicant”.&lt;ref&gt;''Viafara v. Canada (MCI)'', 2006 FC 1526, at para. 6; ''Gutierrez v. Canada (MCI)'', 2011 FC 1055, at para. 35.&lt;/ref&gt; Cases should be decided based on all of the law that binds the Board, not just the law that the parties happen to put in front of a panel.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1020 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5jvb#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-09, citing ''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) et al. v. The Canadian Council for Refugees et al.,'' 2021 FCA 72, para. 125 (overturned on appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada, but not on this point).&lt;/ref&gt; This principle is reflected in the UNHCR Handbook, which provides that it is not the duty of a claimant to identify the reasons for their persecution:&lt;blockquote&gt;Often the applicant himself may not be aware of the reasons for the persecution feared. It is not, however, his duty to analyze his case to such an extent as to identify the reasons in detail. It is for the examiner, when investigating the facts of the case, to ascertain the reason or reasons for the persecution feared and to decide whether the definition in the 1951 Convention is met with in this respect.&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 29 February 2024], paragraphs 66-67, at page 23.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Where evidence is provided, the Division then needs to analyze how this evidence applies to an applicant’s future risks, from a realistic and real-world perspective.&lt;ref&gt;''Egwuekwe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1533 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k74ql#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 

See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decisions must follow the law]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge#IRPA s. 170: The Division may take notice of any facts that may be judicially noticed]].

Based on this principle, evidence of political activities in Canada should be considered by the panel whether or not the claimant specifically raises a ''sur place'' claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Moradi, Ahmad v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-2317-97), 1998 CanLII 8507, MacKay, September 23, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, if the evidence suggests a risk of gender-based persecution, the member must assess this risk, even if it is not explicitly alleged.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson’s Guideline 4: Gender Considerations in Proceedings Before the Immigration and Refugee Board'', ​Amended: October 31, 2023, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir04.aspx&gt; (Accessed November 2, 2023), at 11.2.6.&lt;/ref&gt; In every case in which the RPD concludes that a claimant has suffered past persecution, but there has been a change of country conditions, the Board is obligated under s. 108(4) to consider whether the evidence presented establishes that there are &quot;compelling reasons&quot; as contemplated by that subsection.&lt;ref&gt;''Jalloh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 948 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jz5nz#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; This obligation arises whether or not the claimant expressly invokes this subsection: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 64 - Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection#The Board must consider &quot;compelling reasons&quot; under s. 108(4) when determining whether an individual qualifies as a refugee]].

This obligation can have implications for the Board's duty to inquire into a claim; in ''Eke v. Canada'', the court commented that &quot;as no questions were asked about the potential motives for the attacks, [the RAD] did not have sufficient evidence through the RPD's interrogatories to properly assess the issues on its own.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Eke c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2024 CF 179 (CanLII), au para 14, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2mw3#par14&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, consulté le 2024-03-08.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#To what extent does a panel of the Division have a duty to inquire into the claim?]].

== The Member's power to conduct research and find facts ==
As a starting point, the Divisions of the Board are creatures of statute, “and as such, [a Division] has no powers, rights and duties save those bestowed on it by the Act”.&lt;ref&gt;''Medina Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 401 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3b91#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; The Refugee Protection Division, the Refugee Appeal Division, and the Immigration Division, and each member of those Divisions have the powers and authority of a commissioner appointed under Part I of the Inquiries Act and may do any other thing they consider necessary to provide a full and proper hearing. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/165 - Powers of a Member]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 170(a) - May inquire into any matter that it considers relevant to establishing whether a claim is well-founded]]. 

The RPD and RAD may also convene conferences and may require the parties to give any information or provide any document, at or before the conference: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 24 - Conferences]]. 

A panel of the Board may consider judicial notice, specialized knowledge, generally recognized facts, and other sources of knowledge: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge]]. 

Panels are also entitled to rely on &quot;common sense&quot;. Common sense necessarily involves importing considerations arising not from the evidence itself but from a decision maker's accumulated life experience.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Kruk,'' 2024 SCC 7 (CanLII), at para 76, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k39g6#par76&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, common sense is far from a catch-all phrase that licenses any form of reasoning.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Kruk,'' 2024 SCC 7 (CanLII), at para 99, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k39g6#par99&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt; While the Board has jurisdiction to determine the plausibility of an applicant’s testimony, there are legal standards for when such determinations can be made.&lt;ref&gt;''Jin v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2012 FC 595 at para 10.&lt;/ref&gt;

When a member determines that it is necessary to consult social media in the adjudication of a proceeding, the Division must channel this type of research through the Board's Research Directorate in accordance with the ''Procedures for Requesting Research on Individuals Using Social Media Sources''.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on the use of social media by authorized individuals at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', Amended: May 30, 2016, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/PolSocMedia.aspx&gt;, at 6.3.&lt;/ref&gt;

In any research it conducts, the RPD is to follow the ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings,'' Instructions issued by the Chairperson pursuant to section 159(1)(a) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'', amended December, 2012 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstructInfo.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; The Instructions note that while RPD members are responsible for identifying information needed for the adjudication of a claim and may gather information, the Research Directorate is primarily responsible for gathering information. The Instructions set out general principles related to the gathering and disclosing of information, as well as specific instructions.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2015 CanLII 39898 (CA IRB), par. 143, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/gk23z#par143&gt;, retrieved on 2020-08-16.&lt;/ref&gt; These principles apply to how to Division has committed to collecting information regarding a claim, including that:&lt;blockquote&gt;1. Responsibility to present supporting evidence rests with the parties. This responsibility remains even when the RPD decides to obtain information other than that provided by the parties.

2. To ensure a fair determination of a refugee claim, the assigned member requires all the relevant evidence whether such evidence may be favourable or prejudicial to any party.

3. The RPD will gather information through a transparent and standard process to ensure fairness in decision-making.

4. The assigned members will request claimant specific information and use such information only where they complete a risk assessment and are satisfied that there is no serious possibility that gathering the information would endanger the life, liberty or security of the claimant or any other person.

...

6. The information will be sought by the RPD only in instances where the information is deemed relevant to a determinative issue in the claim, can be obtained in a timely manner, and is likely to result in obtaining new or conclusive information. ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings,'' Instructions issued by the Chairperson pursuant to section 159(1)(a) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'', amended December, 2012 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstructInfo.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;There is a similar document for the RAD: ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings.''&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'', Effective: May 30, 2016, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstRadSpr0516.aspx&gt; (Accessed October 2, 2023), section D.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The RAD must proceed without a hearing on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the RPD, subject to listed exceptions, but this provision does not restrict the RAD from posing questions or introducing new evidence]].

== The Member has wide latitude to question claimants in an inquisitorial process ==

The text ''Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Canada'' provides that particular latitude will be given to tribunals to question where the matter is not adversarial, as with most refugee proceedings:&lt;blockquote&gt;Extensive and &quot;energetic&quot; questioning alone by tribunal members will not in itself give rise to a reasonable apprehension of bias. And particular latitude is likely to be given to tribunals operating in a non-adversarial setting, such as refugee determination hearings, where there is no one appearing to oppose the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Canada'' (Brown and Evans, Toronto : Canvasback Publishing, 1998) at pages 11-31 and 11-32.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The nature of the mandate that decision-makers have in inquisitorial RSD processes is summarized by Rebecca Hamlin as follows:&lt;blockquote&gt;The inquisitorial form requires much more active decision makers. Instead of placing the responsibility for the collection of evidence and the presentation of arguments on the disputing parties themselves, the inquisitorial process combines the role of investigator and decision-maker into one. RSD is inquisitorial if the asylum seeker goes before a decision maker who both researches and decides the claim.&lt;ref&gt;Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia. By Hamlin, Rebecca. New York: Oxford University Press,  2014, p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;That said, there are limits on appropriate questioning. For example: 

* A Member may not approach questioning with a discriminatory or hostile attitude: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#The tone and tenor of the decision-maker’s involvement in the hearing]].
* A refugee claim is not a memory test and an applicant's failure to recall dates may not appropriately be the foundation of a credibility finding.&lt;ref&gt;''Sheikh v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2000 CanLII 15200 (FC), at para. 28.&lt;/ref&gt; This principle would seem to have implications for the type of questions rightly asked by a panel. 
* A decision maker must be scrupulous about not trenching on privileged matters.&lt;ref&gt;''Anulur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1070 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzs#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-28.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings#The Division must refuse to admit evidence where admitting it would violate a substantive rule of law such as solicitor-client privilege]]. 
* A decision maker must approach the case with an open mind: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an impartial decision-maker#Impartiality]]. 

== Evidence is primarily presented in written form in the Canadian process ==
The starting point in a claimant's process before the Immigration and Refugee Board is that they complete a Basis of Claim form. This document is to include &quot;everything important for [their] claim&quot;, as stated on the form - [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#Requirement that the information provided be complete, true and correct]]. In some cases, a claim will be accepted based on the contents of that form: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 23 - Allowing a Claim Without a Hearing]]. In a majority of cases, a hearing will be scheduled. 

A hearing is an opportunity for a claimant to complete their evidence and not to introduce new and important facts to their story.&lt;ref&gt;''Navaratnam v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 FC 856 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fmcdg#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-23.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the purpose of an oral hearing before the Refugee Protection Division is not for a claimant to repeat everything that is in their Basis of Claim form. As per the ''Chairperson Guidelines 7: Concerning Preparation and Conduct of a Hearing in the Refugee Protection Division,'' &quot;questions that are answered by the claimant just repeating what is written in the BOC Form do not help the Member.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson Guidelines 7: Concerning Preparation and Conduct of a Hearing in the Refugee Protection Division'', Amended December 15, 2012 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir07.aspx#FailureA4&gt; (Accessed January 26, 2020), section 5.7.&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, if the information on the form reliably establishes that the claimant meets the criteria to receive protection, then an oral hearing need not be held ([[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 23 - Allowing a Claim Without a Hearing]]). The purpose of an oral hearing is to test and explore the evidence presented, or lack thereof, where it is necessary to do so. This is in contrast to the practice in some other jurisdictions; for example, in Finland the practice is to have a portion of their asylum interviews in which the claimant is expected to state the grounds for claiming asylum and disclose evidence to support that claim through free narration.&lt;ref&gt;Eeva Puumala, Riitta Ylikomi &amp; Hanna-Leena Ristimäki, ''Giving an account of persecution: The dynamic formation of asylum narratives'', Journal of Refugee Studies 31(2), pp. 197-215 (2018) &lt;[https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/61879698/Refugee_Studies_Puumala__Ylikomi_and_Ristimaki_accepted_version.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DGiving_an_account_of_persecution_The_Dyn.pdf&amp;X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200211%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Date=20200211T055113Z&amp;X-Amz-Expires=3600&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Signature=878633bdefe48a2e211f43459a4fadc9498bc441b43a2952d9dda847c62cee65 https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/61879698/Refugee_Studies_Puumala__Ylikomi_and_Ristimaki_accepted_version.pdf]&gt; (Accessed February 10, 2020), at page 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

The priority given to a written statement in the Canadian refugee claim narrative process may be seen to be trauma-informed. Studies focusing on memory and narrative in the context of refugee claims find that individuals who have experienced repeated and ongoing traumatic events are unlikely to recall and recite these events in a linear, detailed, and chronological fashion that is immediately coherent to IRB members.&lt;ref&gt;Alex Verman and Sean Rehaag, ''Transgender Erasure: Barriers Facing Transgender Refugees in Canada,'' (2024) 69:1 McGill LJ 49 — (2024) 69:1 RD McGill 49, &lt;https://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/article/transgender-erasure-barriers-facing-transgender-refugees-in-canada/&gt;, page 27.&lt;/ref&gt; Allowing individuals to prepare such a statement in writing, usually with the assistance of their own counsel, may help. See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Hearings should be conducted in a trauma-informed manner]].

Finally, while claimants must have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns, it is also not always necessary for a panel to confront a party regarding deficiencies in their evidence. For example, in ''Ati v. Canada'' the court concluded that it was proper for the RPD to have concluded that a party did not meet their onus as a result of a lack of evidence, and that it was procedurally fair for the RPD to have done so even where the panel did not ask why such evidence was not presented.&lt;ref&gt;Ati v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2022 FC 1626 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt97p#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-29&lt;/ref&gt; For more on this issue, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns]].

== There is a shared duty of fact-finding in refugee matters ==
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees states in their handbook that there is a shared duty of fact-finding between a claimant and the examiner: &quot;In most cases a person fleeing from persecution will have arrived with the barest necessities and very frequently even without personal documents. Thus, while the burden of proof in principle rests on the applicant, the duty to ascertain and evaluate all the relevant facts is shared between the applicant and the examiner.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status'' 47 (1992).&lt;/ref&gt; States must consider persons exercising their right to asylum honestly and with due diligence so as to not violate their obligation of non-refoulement.&lt;ref&gt;Kipras Adomaitis, ''The Right to Liberty in the Context of Migration'', Masters Thesis, Mykolas Romeris Law School, &lt;https://vb.mruni.eu/object/elaba:64888610/64888610.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 19, 2020), page 21.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Canada must perform its international legal obligations with respect to refugees in good faith]].

=== National Documentation Packages ===
One of the ways that this principle is implemented in practice is through packages of information that states compile on the countries of origin against which claimants are filing claims. It is an international norm that states ensure that precise and up-to-date information from various sources, such as the UNHCR and knowledgeable NGOs, is made available to the personnel responsible for examining applications and taking decisions.&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, Introduction to Chapter V, written by Hofmann &amp; Löhr, at p. 1119 (para. 101).&lt;/ref&gt; This information will concern the general situation prevailing in the countries of origin against which applications of asylum are being made. For the authority of the RAD to disclose such information, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The RAD must proceed without a hearing on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the RPD, subject to listed exceptions, but this provision does not restrict the RAD from introducing new evidence]].

That said, it is generally expected that a claimant will bring the passages that they are relying on to the attention of the decision maker; the Federal Court has held that the RPD &quot;is not obliged to comb through every document listed in the National Document Package in the hope of finding passages that may support the claim and specifically address why they do not, in fact, support the claim&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Giraldo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1052, para. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; When conducting a judicial review of a PRRA decision, the court commented that &quot;It is not for the Officer, who has many applications to adjudicate, to comb through all available National Documentation Package evidence looking for something that might establish risk for the Applicant. Rather, the onus lies with the Applicant to demonstrate to the Officer the basis for the risk claimed, he must include - or at minimum point to - the relevant country condition evidence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Li v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1461 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jsnnw#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, the Board should consider the most recent version of the National Documentation Package available at the time that it makes its decision. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#The panel should consider the most recent National Documentation Package]].

=== Claimant-specific research ===

Another way that Canada fulfils this obligation is through claimant-specific research. The RAD provides the following as examples of where it may engage in such research: where the RPD record and information provided by the parties fail to resolve certain issues that are before the RAD and if new issues arise.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'', Effective: May 30, 2016, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstRadSpr0516.aspx&gt; (Accessed October 2, 2023), section c.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board has committed to using the following process when engaging in such research pre-hearing: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Board]].   

For a discussion of whether (and when) a panel may be obliged to engage in such claimant-specific research, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#To what extent does a panel of the Division have a duty to inquire into the claim?]].    

== The Board must ensure that certain claimants are assisted to make their cases ==
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees states in their handbook that the scope of the shared duty of fact-finding between a claimant and the examiner will vary depending on the nature of the case: &quot;While the burden of proof in principle rests on the applicant, the duty to ascertain and evaluate all the relevant facts is shared between the applicant and the examiner. Indeed, in some cases, it may be for the examiner to use all the means at [their] disposal to produce the necessary evidence in support of the application.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; What are those cases in which an examiner is to go to greater lengths to produce such evidence? 

There is widespread recognition that certain types of claimants may be particularly prejudiced in presenting their cases and that in such circumstances this may affect the onus that is placed on the claimant to provide corroboration of their claim. Indeed, the ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that &quot;Members must take reasonable measures to accommodate all participants in a proceeding so that they may participate effectively.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 10.&lt;/ref&gt; The UNHCR stipulates that &quot;procedures should be in place to identify and assist asylum seekers with specific needs.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination Under UNHCR's Mandate'', 26 August 2020, available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/5e870b254.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 5 September 2020], page 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Minors and others entitled to designated representatives ===
One such category of claimants is those whose ability to appreciate the nature of the proceedings is impaired, either because they are incompetent or a minor. The principal way that such assistance is provided in the Board's process is through the appointment of a designated representative for the person: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 20 - Designated Representatives]].

The failure to appoint a designated representative in a refugee protection proceeding, when one is required by the rules, is a violation of procedural fairness. As the court stated in ''Kurija v. Canada'', “I place the proper representation of young immigrant claimants in refugee proceedings on the same plane as concerns over bias of a decision-maker. By this I mean that it is a ‘knock-out’ issue requiring the decision to be set aside, and furthermore an issue on which new evidence is admissible after the fact for the purpose of determining the partiality of the decision-maker, or in this case, the age of the claimant.”&lt;ref&gt;''Kurija v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 FC 1158 (CanLII), par. 23, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/g1tm3#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Ravi v. Canada'' the claim of an Applicant who had severe mental health issues related to schizophrenia, psychosis and potential alcohol dependency was reopened on the basis that it was unfair to assess the Applicant’s credibility, and his case more broadly, when he had significant mental illness issues at the hearing, and lacked a designated representative.&lt;ref&gt;''Ravi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1359 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl70x#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2021-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Furthermore, the UNHCR states that determining the claim of a minor &quot;may call for a liberal application of the benefit-of-the-doubt principle&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR and Inter-Parliamentary Union, ''Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law'', &lt;https://www.academia.edu/36070452/REFUGEE_PROTECTION_A_Guide_to_International_Refugee_Law?email_work_card=view-paper&gt; (Accessed December 13, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Claimants in detention ===
Another category of claimant which may require special assistance is those who are in detention at the time that they are preparing for, or attending, their refugee hearing. There are particular access to justice issues for claimants in detention, who have consistently been identified as being among those who have the greatest difficulty accessing legal counsel.&lt;ref&gt;BC Public Interest Advocacy Centre, ''Refugee Reform Paper'', &lt;https://bcpiac.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/LFBC-Refugee-Reform-Paper-Final-July-30-2015-2.pdf&gt;, page 3. See internet archive link: &lt;https://web.archive.org/web/20220609184430/https://www.bcpiac.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/LFBC-Refugee-Reform-Paper-Final-July-30-2015-2.pdf&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; The UN Committee Against Torture, in its General Comment on ''non-refoulement'', has listed this as one situation in which the burden of proof should reverse, and it should fall on the state to rebut the claimant's assertions where the author of the complaint has faced difficulties in obtaining evidence to substantiate their claim as a result of their deprivation of liberty:&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Çalı, B., Costello, C., &amp; Cunningham, S., ''Hard Protection through Soft Courts? Non-Refoulement before the United Nations Treaty Bodies,'' German Law Journal, 21(3) (2020), 355-384. doi:10.1017/glj.2020.28 (Accessed April 11, 2020), page 375.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;[W]hen the complainant is in a situation where he/she cannot elaborate on his/her case, for instance, when the complainant ... is deprived of his/her liberty, the burden of proof is reversed and it is up to the State party concerned to investigate the allegations and verify the information on which the communication is based.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;CAT, General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the Implementation of Article 3 of the Convention in the Context of Article 22, Paragraphs 15 and 16, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/GC/4 (Sep. 4, 2018), at para. 38.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;For further discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 30 - Claimant or Protected Person in Custody]].

=== Self-represented claimants ===
See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#Where a claimant is unrepresented and is clearly not understanding what is occurring, the Board should inquire about whether they wish to have counsel]].

=== Where a claimant has no possibility of obtaining documentation relating to their allegation ===
Where a claimant has no possibility of obtaining documentation relating to their allegation, fairness may require the Board to assist a claimant to make their case. The UN Committee Against Torture, in its General Comment on ''non-refoulement'', has listed this as one situation in which the burden of proof should reverse, and it should fall on the state to rebut the claimant's assertions where the author of the complaint has faced difficulties in obtaining evidence to substantiate their claim:&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;[W]hen the complainant is in a situation where he/she cannot elaborate on his/her case, for instance, when the complainant has demonstrated that he/she has no possibility of obtaining documentation relating to his/her allegation of torture..., the burden of proof is reversed and it is up to the State party concerned to investigate the allegations and verify the information on which the communication is based.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In ''Jankovic v. Canada'' the Federal Court held that the RPD breached procedural fairness by not taking steps to acquire information where it appeared that the information was in a document that had been submitted to Canadian authorities:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Applicant seeks the RPD’s assistance to obtain a document that has presumably been submitted to Canadian authorities, who have thus far failed to respond to the Applicant’s ATIP request. The document in question is not in the possession of the Applicant, but instead is in the possession of the Canadian authorities. The Applicant is not in a position to force the Canadian authorities to produce the document to the RPD, only the Minister would be able to do so, should he so choose. Further, the Minister has relied on the Interpol Zagreb letter to seek the Applicant’s exclusion from refugee protection – the same letter whose accuracy is now put into question by the very document that the Applicant requires assistance to obtain. ... Given all these circumstances, and given the importance of the Adjustment Letter to the Applicant’s claim, the RPD’s conclusion that verifying the information contained in the Interpol letter did not fall within its role was not only unreasonable, it was a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Jankovic v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 857 (CanLII), at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jprtv#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-09.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This is akin to the Federal Court's reasoning in ''Abdallah v. Canada'' in which the court concluded that it was unfair for the RAD not to have assisted the Applicant to obtain an original document held by the CBSA:&lt;blockquote&gt;[5]  It is clear from the RAD’s decision that the RAD came to a negative credibility finding with respect to the identity documents evidence. Counsel for the Applicant argues that had the RAD allowed the Applicant to verify the genuineness of the documents through requesting the originals from the CBSA, the outcome might have been different. If the identity documents were proved to be genuine, it could have an impact on the conclusions drawn. I accept this argument.

[6]  On the facts of this particular case, I find it was unreasonable for the RAD not to have assisted the Applicant to obtain the original SNC from the CBSA, particularly when the authenticity of the SNC was questioned by only viewing a copy. The Applicant asked for fairness since she was helpless in obtaining the original SNC; fairness was not granted. In my opinion, this action constitutes a breach of the duty of fairness owed to the Applicant.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdallah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1046 (CanLII), at para 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hvmqp#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;However, the Federal Court of Appeal notes that it will not always be necessary for a claimant to have the Board's assistance to obtain a document from CBSA; in ''Singh v. Canada'', the court noted that the appellant &quot;could have obtained a copy [of a document - his diploma] from the CBSA and submitted it himself as evidence to the RPD.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 65, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par65&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

A related example arises from ''Ali v. Canada'', a case in which the Federal Court held that the RPD breached procedural fairness when it denied the applicant's request for further information about the source and methodology used by the Minister in obtaining and comparing the photographs, thereby blocking the applicant’s attempts to test the reliability of the evidence being used against him.&lt;ref&gt;''Ali v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1085 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5qq7#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

== To what extent does a panel of the Division have a duty to inquire into the claim? ==
Ordinarily, the onus to establish their claim rests upon the applicant. It will suffice for a panel to identify the issues and ask open-ended questions about the main points for a claimant to have had a fair opportunity to present their case. For example, in ''Singh v. Canada'', the court stated: &quot;It is clear, later in the hearing, that the female Applicant was asked open-ended questions as to whether there were any reasons why she would not wish to move to any of the IFAs and had the option to address the impacts of her rape had she wished to. The RAD, therefore, did not err&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1457 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0wrx#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-10.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#A claimant has an onus to show that they meet the criteria to be recognized as a refugee]]. However, in some cases a panel has a duty to inquire into a claim.

=== The Board should consider the most up-to-date country conditions evidence ===
Where a new National Documentation Package is released by the Board's research unit prior to a panel rendering a decision, the panel should consider it. In ''Zhao v. Canada'', the court held that the Board should consider the most recent information on country conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;''Zhao v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1593 (CanLII), par. 12, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j48rf#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Procedural fairness dictates that the parties should have an opportunity to present submissions and evidence on the new documents if they include material new information. As such, disclosure of an updated NDP is not required in all cases, only where they include material new information.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; This principle is reflected in the IRB ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'', which provides that the &lt;abbr&gt;RAD&lt;/abbr&gt; will disclose to the parties new &lt;abbr&gt;NDP&lt;/abbr&gt; documents only when they wish to rely upon them.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings,'' Effective date: June 5, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/national-documentation-packages.aspx&gt; (Accessed August 30, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; As such, while the Federal Court holds that procedural fairness obligations can be met simply by &quot;[disclosing] the most recent NDP and [giving] the Applicants an opportunity to respond and make submissions&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;''Zhao v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1593 (CanLII), par. 31, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j48rf#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt; the IRB's policy quoted above appears to specify that the RAD will instead only provide specific documents that it wishes to rely on. In other words, when considering the most recent NDP, the RAD must also notify the parties if there are material updates on which it intends to rely, and grant the parties the possibility to make additional representations.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1623 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1hg9#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-19.&lt;/ref&gt;   

That said, the Board is not generally required to look for evidence on its own in these documents to support either the claimant's or Minister's arguments and propositions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; For example, it is not the role of the RAD to address concerns relating to the reasonableness of an IFA when such concerns are not raised by applicants.&lt;ref&gt;Ogungbile v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2022 FC 1639 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtnkh#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-29&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board must not ignore evidence that is validly before a panel]]. 

For an additional discussion of this issue, see: 

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Board]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#The panel should consider the most recent National Documentation Package]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#What is a new issue requiring notice?]]

=== A panel is not required to tell the applicant that their evidence is insufficient or ask the applicant to provide additional evidence, but it may elicit information where this is necessary to determine whether the claimant is a refugee ===
Refugee determination as a process of inquiry requires that Members ensure that they are adequately informed in order to determine whether the claimant is a Convention refugee.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; While there are a number of policy statements indicating that it may be advisable for Members to solicit additional information in particular cases, the law appears to be adequately captured by the Federal Court's statement in ''Mbengani v. Canada'' that a panel is not required to tell the applicant that their evidence is insufficient or ask the applicant to provide additional evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Mbengani v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2017 FC 706 (CanLII), par. 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hqpcm#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-05.&lt;/ref&gt; While that decision involved a PRRA proceeding, the principle would apply with equal force to the RPD. That said, there are policy statements made to the effect that where there is a lack of evidence in a particular case, a Member may have a duty to elicit it. The Member's inquisitorial role means that they have a duty not only to hear whatever evidence comes before them, but, ultimately, according to the academic Hathaway, that they must inform themselves sufficiently to &quot;determine whether or not the [claimant] is a Convention refugee.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, James C., ''Rebuilding trust: a report of the Review of Fundamental Justice in Information Gathering and Dissemination at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', Refugee Studies Centre, Publisher: Osgoode Hall Law School, 01/12/1993 &lt;http://repository.forcedmigration.org/show_metadata.jsp?pid=fmo:1136&gt; (Accessed April 14, 2020), page 5.&lt;/ref&gt; To this end, in 1990s the IRB developed what was sometimes called the “Specialized Board of Inquiry Model”, in which the CRDD members were proactive in pre-hearing file review, preliminary issue identification, claim screening, scheduling hearings, and the acquisition of information necessary for the fair and expeditious determination of a refugee claim.&lt;ref&gt;David Vinokur, ''30 Years of Changes at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', CIHS Bulletin, Issue #88, March 2019, &lt;https://senate-gro.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bulletin-88-Final.pdf&gt; (Accessed May 13, 2021), page 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, to this day the ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that &quot;Members shall make each decision on the merits of the case, based on thorough preparation, the assessment of evidence properly before the member and the application of the relevant law.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The panel should confront a claimant and probe where it harbours credibility concerns ===

When it comes to a Member's obligations with respect to the acquisition of information necessary for the fair and expeditious determination of a refugee claim, the court has commented on a Member's duty to enquire by stating that &quot;the RPD has a responsibility to prompt and probe&quot; where it harbours a concern about credibility in certain circumstances:&lt;blockquote&gt;[I]t was unreasonable for the RAD to draw an adverse inference from the Applicant’s bare “no” in this second brief exchange. This was an issue where considerably more questioning was required in order to assess the true depth of the Applicant’s knowledge. Indeed, the RPD has a responsibility to prompt and probe where it harbours a concern like this and the RAD has a corresponding responsibility to hold the RPD to that interrogatorial standard.&lt;ref&gt;''Zeng v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 318 (CanLII), par. 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jfb1q#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-07.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The purpose of a hearing is in part for the panel to complete the record to a sufficient degree for the panel to conduct its assessment. If a panel is to make a negative credibility determination, it needs to sufficiently inform itself of the facts in order to make that determination. RAD Member Ayanna Roberts commented that an intersectional analysis should consider the society in which the person is operating and any barriers that the person may encounter, but that in the case before her, the RPD had failed to consider relevant factors in its analysis when it drew a negative credibility inference, specifically noting that the personal beliefs and openness to sexual diversity of the families that the appellant had been living with were not canvassed during the hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2021 CanLII 154071 (CA IRB), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvjvt#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The panel is obliged to test the evidence where this is necessary in order to ascertain the truth ===
Where evidence is provided by a claimant, there may be an obligation on the Board to test that evidence. Members are responsible for making the inquiries necessary, including questioning the claimant, to determine the validity of the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Thamotharem v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FCA 198 (CanLII), at para 46, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1rmr4#par46&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-19&lt;/ref&gt; As the Board's legal services department puts it in its paper on ''Assessment of Credibility in Claims for Refugee Protection'', &lt;abbr&gt;RPD&lt;/abbr&gt; members have a duty to get at the truth concerning the claims they hear.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Assessment of Credibility in Claims for Refugee Protection'', January 31, 2004, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/legal-concepts/Documents/Credib_e.pdf&gt; (Accessed January 27, 2020), section 2.6.4.&lt;/ref&gt; The law “imposes a duty upon RPD members to assess the credibility of refugee claimants.”&lt;ref&gt;''I.P.P. v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 123 (CanLII), para. 129. &lt;/ref&gt; As Justice Nadon stated in ''Maksudur v. Canada'', &quot;In most refugee claims, the prime issue, if not the only issue, is whether the story related by the [claimant] is true. Consequently, Board members have a duty to the [claimant] and to Canada to employ their best endeavours in the pursuit of that goal to discover the truth.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Maksudur v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1999 CanLII 8826 (FC), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/466k&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Mosley writes that &quot;a close examination of the merits of the claim is consistent with the nature of the process and the role[] of the member&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 98, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par98&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board states that there is a duty to ascertain the truth, and relevant questions should not be left in the air through the failure of counsel to ask those questions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; This is consistent with the role of the Refugee Protection Division, as envisaged in the report from Rabbi Plaut that led to the IRB's founding, with that report stating: &quot;a determination that a claimant is a refugee requires an assessment of credibility, for the [Division] must satisfy itself that the facts as asserted by the claimant are true.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 106.&lt;/ref&gt; Plaut goes on to note about refugee status determination that &quot;the whole exercise falters and justice is thwarted if the truth is not elicited&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 159.&lt;/ref&gt; 

There are many ways in which a panel may seek to fulfill its mandate to test evidence; in general, one technique that is used by the government is to seek to corroborate the information.&lt;ref&gt;''Mahjoub (Re),'' 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw&gt;, para. 94.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings#How should the Division determine whether evidence should be considered credible or trustworthy?]]

=== A panel may have a duty to contact a witness to obtain information where it has credibility concerns ===

When it comes to whether the Board is obliged to conduct claimant-specific research, or to reach out to a potential witness during a hearing, there is a split in the Federal Court jurisprudence about whether and in what circumstances the Board has any such obligation. One line of jurisprudence is represented by the decision of Justice Russell in ''Paxi v Canada'' wherein he commented that &quot;for the Board to take issue with the authenticity of the document yet make no further inquiries despite having the appropriate contact information to do so is a reviewable error.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Paxi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 905 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; This appears to place a higher onus on the Board to inquire into a claim and solicit independent evidence. A contrasting line of jurisprudence is exemplified by the decision of Mr. Justice Roy in ''Lutonadio v. Canada'' that endorsed the following statement:&lt;blockquote&gt;I disagree that an administrative tribunal has an obligation to contact a witness to obtain information. This is not its role. The onus rests with the Applicant to bring forward evidence it intends to rely upon and in doing so, always to put the best foot forward. It is not up to the RPD to chase down evidence from a witness to be satisfied that the document is authentic and that a person exists who has sworn to the truth of its contents before someone authorized to confirm that fact. This onus rests with the Applicant who should provide the necessary information authenticating the author and the document.&lt;ref&gt;''Lutonadio, Marcelina v. M.C.I''., (FC, No. IMM-7709-19), Roy, January 6, 2021; 2021 FC 18.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Both lines of jurisprudence continue to be followed. For example, in the 2022 decision ''Zhang v Canada'', the court commented about immigration officers that &quot;there does appear to be an expectation that an Officer will take it upon themselves to simply use the contact information provided to verify the authenticity of the evidence that is provided&quot;, citing ''Paxi v Canada'' in support of this proposition.&lt;ref&gt;''Jankovic v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 857 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jprtv#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-09.&lt;/ref&gt; Relatedly, the 2022 decision ''Jankovic v. Canada'' held that fairness will &quot;sometimes require the RPD to take a small, not-too-onerous, step of making further inquiry into the information relevant to a claim.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Jankovic v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 857 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jprtv#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

There are limits to the Board's onus to inquire into matters. In ''Ramirez v. Canada'', the claimant argued on judicial review that the Board Member should have considered whether counselling in the proposed IFA location would be likely to adequately address the applicant’s mental health issues. The court rejected this argument, concluding that &quot;such an analysis would have been speculative and well beyond the RAD’s expertise.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

=== A panel has a duty to enquire into matters where the onus for adducing evidence falls onto the Board ===
As a general matter, a claimant has an onus to show that they meet the criteria to be recognized as a refugee: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#A claimant has an onus to show that they meet the criteria to be recognized as a refugee]]. However, in the Canadian system there also exist legal issues where the burden of proof does not fall on the claimant, for example:

* The Minister (or the Board, if the Minister is not participating in a hearing) bears the onus to establish that a refugee claimant comes within one of the Convention's exclusion clauses.&lt;ref&gt;''Ramirez'' v. ''Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)'', 1992 CanLII 8540 (FCA), [1992] 2 F.C. 306 (C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt;
* If the Board finds that the agent of persecution is the state, then the burden to establish that there is an IFA within that country where the state persecution is not happening or where a claimant would be protected by the state rests on the party asserting it and not on the claimant.&lt;ref&gt;''Buyuksahin v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 772 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gk0rh#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt;
* If the Board or the Minister is asserting that a claimant has status in a third country, the burden to establish that they have an entitlement to citizenship pursuant to that country's laws rests on the party asserting the proposition, not the claimant.&lt;ref&gt;''Tretsetsang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 175 (CanLII), [2017] 3 FCR 399, at para 40, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gs2j6#par40&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-01.&lt;/ref&gt;

Where the record indicates that something is a possible concern, and the onus for establishing that matter falls to the Board, the RPD should conduct a sufficiently thorough questioning to adequately assess the facts and appropriate conclusion, for example an individual is excluded under the ''Refugee Convention.'' The failure to conduct such an examination, for example where the RPD does not inquire into the matter and simply relies on the absence of sufficient evidence on the record to determine that exclusion has not been established, is an error.&lt;ref&gt;''Saghiri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 720 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgbf#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-21.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board cannot base some findings, for example that there is an internal flight alternative, in the absence of sufficient evidence, solely on the basis that the claimant has not fulfilled the onus of proof.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; 

=== The panel has a duty to enquire into matters related to the fairness of the proceedings if there is an indication of a procedural fairness issue ===
For example, in ''Gallardo v. Canada'' the Federal Court commented that the Division should have inquired into the claimant's capacity to represent himself given counsel’s statements that the claimant had not been properly prepared and the claim had been inadequately put together without the assistance of counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Gallardo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 441 (CanLII), par. 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jg7pv#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-08.&lt;/ref&gt; The Court held that the Division erred in not so inquiring. In ''Gorgulu v. Canada'', the Federal Court concluded that a decision maker should have alerted an applicant to what appeared to be an oversight in their submissions, stating that the &quot;reasons fail to demonstrate that they considered the consequences of not providing the applicant with an opportunity to rectify what may very well have been an oversight concerning important information in support of his PRRA application&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Gorgulu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 23 (CanLII), at para 57, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtsr9#par57&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board should also verify that representatives appearing before the Board are authorized to do so: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Counsel of Record#The Board should verify that representatives appearing before the Board are authorized pursuant to the Act and regulations]].

== The Refugee Appeal Division must independently assess claims ==
The RAD is obliged to conduct an independent review of the case, focusing on the errors identified by the appellant.&lt;ref&gt;''Fatime v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 594 at para 19.&lt;/ref&gt; This has implications for the role of the RAD; the RAD cannot be expected to examine every piece of evidence and try to draw out arguments that could support an asylum claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Chakroun c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2023 CF 1170 (CanLII), au para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzxbz#par18&gt;, consulté le 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Simply because the RAD expresses agreement with the RPD’s reasoning does not mean it failed to undertake its own assessment or analysis.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2023 FC 332 at para 27.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 3(3)(g)(i): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal]].

That said, the Board Member must engage with evidence that, on its face, appears to contradict their key findings about the case.&lt;ref&gt;''Cepeda-Gutierrez v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 157 FTR 35, [1998] FCJ No 1425 (FC).&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Reasons should be sufficiently clear and provide a rational chain of reasoning]].

== References ==
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      <text bytes="81893" sha1="mg8dy3p4z4ibt1b842e6hi8qrzvehgi" xml:space="preserve">Refugee Status Determination is said to be among the most difficult forms of adjudication, involving as it does fact-finding in regard to foreign conditions, cross-cultural and interpreted examination of witnesses, ever-present evidentiary voids, and a duty to prognosticate potential risks rather than simply to declare the more plausible account of past events.&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, James C., ''Rebuilding trust: a report of the Review of Fundamental Justice in Information Gathering and Dissemination at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', Refugee Studies Centre, Publisher: Osgoode Hall Law School, 01/12/1993 &lt;http://repository.forcedmigration.org/show_metadata.jsp?pid=fmo:1136&gt; (Accessed April 14, 2020), page 6.&lt;/ref&gt; Within this context, RPD Members have to make high-stakes decisions on the basis of scarce and uncertain information, they need to strike a balance between the goals of protection and control, and Canadian refugee law is ambiguous and provides limited guidance, with credibility often being a key point in any given case.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Tone Maia Liodden, ''Who Is a Refugee? Uncertainty and Discretion in Asylum Decisions,'' International Journal of Refugee Law, Advance Article, 29 April 2021 &lt;https://doi-org.peacepalace.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeab003&gt; (Accessed May 1, 2021). &lt;/ref&gt; The process for Refugee Status Determination adopted in Canada that seeks to address these challenges is one where the Board has an inquisitorial mandate. The following are some of the contours of that mandate. 

== The Refugee Protection Division has an inquisitorial mandate ==

The Board generally uses an inquisitorial, as opposed to adversarial, approach to decision-making. Rebecca Hamlin describes the contrast between these two decision-making approaches this way:&lt;blockquote&gt;The adversarial style takes the shape of a triad: two disputants arguing their respective cases before a passive judge, who must resolve the dispute by deciding which case is more persuasive. In an adversarial process, justice is based on the premise that an impartial judge decides between competing versions of this story after hearing both sides argued forcefully. Unlike this courtroom-like setting, inquisitorial hearings are designed to be non-adversarial and non-legalistic, taking the form of a dyad between the person whose fate is to be decided and the person deciding it. The inquisitorial decision-maker is engaged in a conversation with the parties, and the facts must be discovered through a collaborative process of research and questioning. Justice is demonstrated through the decision-maker's commitment to an active investigatory process.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia. By Hamlin, Rebecca. New York: Oxford University Press,  2014, p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Refugee Protection Division has an inquisitorial mandate. The Board's ''Chairperson Guideline 7'' describes a Member's inquisitorial mandate this way:&lt;blockquote&gt;A member's role is different from the role of a judge. A judge's primary role is to consider the evidence and arguments that the opposing parties choose to present; it is not to tell parties how to present their cases. Case law has clearly established that the RPD has control of its own procedures. The RPD decides and gives directions as to how a hearing is to proceed. The members have to be actively involved to make the RPD's inquiry process work properly.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson Guidelines 7: Concerning Preparation and Conduct of a Hearing in the Refugee Protection Division'', Amended December 15, 2012 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir07.aspx#FailureA4&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed January 26, 2020), section 2.2.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The Board states that the decision-maker is mandated to play an engaged role in the process.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. ''CRDD Handbook'', Dated March 31, 1999, online &lt;https://web.archive.org/web/20080331073416/https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/legal/rpd/handbook/hb01_e.htm&gt; (Accessed November 9, 2023).&lt;/ref&gt; This inquisitorial mandate has implications for how a Member is to assess the claim; it implies that the Board “has a duty to consider all potential grounds for a refugee claim that arise on the evidence, even when they are not raised by the applicant”.&lt;ref&gt;''Viafara v. Canada (MCI)'', 2006 FC 1526, at para. 6; ''Gutierrez v. Canada (MCI)'', 2011 FC 1055, at para. 35.&lt;/ref&gt; Such inquisitorial processes are commonly utilized in human rights adjudicatory contexts in order to compensate for inequalities between parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Alain Pellet, Judicial Settlement of International Disputes, ''Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law'', July 2013, &lt;https://prawo.uni.wroc.pl/sites/default/files/students-resources/law-9780199231690-e54-1.pdf&gt; (Accessed September 30, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; As recognized by the Supreme Court of Canada in ''Canada v Ward'', it is the duty of the examiner to determine whether the Convention refugee definition is met.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Lamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1621, para. 23.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Refugee Status Determination is declaratory, not constitutive ==
Recognizing someone as a refugee does not make the person a refugee. This is because refugee status determination is a declaratory, not constitutive act.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR, Note on Determination of Refugee Status under International Instruments EC/SCP/5 (UNHCR, 24 August 1977).&lt;/ref&gt; As refugee lawyer David Matas writes, “a declaratory act recognizes someone to be what he is or always was. A constitutive act makes a person something he was not before. An asylum government cannot constitute someone to be a refugee, because he already is one.”&lt;ref&gt;David Matas with Ilana Simon, ''Closing the Doors: The Failure of Refugee Protection'', Summerhill Press Ltd., Toronto, 1989, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-920197-81-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 196.&lt;/ref&gt; As the refugee law academic James Hathaway puts it, refugee status arises out of the refugee's predicament, rather than from a formal determination of status.&lt;ref&gt;JC Hathaway, ''The rights of refugees under international law'' (2005), Cambridge University Press, page 278.&lt;/ref&gt; In the words of the UK Supreme Court, &quot;the obligation not to refoule an individual arises by virtue of the fact that their circumstances meet the definition of ‘refugee’, not by reason of the recognition by a contracting state that the definition is met.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''G. v. G.'', [2021] UKSC 9, [2022] A.C. 544, at para. 81, as cited in ''Mason v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 SCC 21 (CanLII), at para 114, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0c85#par114&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-27.&lt;/ref&gt; 

When determining refugee status, the Immigration and Refugee Board is not given a discretion but must make a judicial type decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration),'' Judgment: October 8, 1993, Action No. IMM-888-93, 44 A.C.W.S. (3d) 767, [1993] A.C.F. no 1034, para. 10.&lt;/ref&gt; In this way, a decision-maker errs when they fail to recognize a genuine refugee as such, and a decision-maker also errs when they do the converse by wrongly recognizing someone who is not a refugee as such. While, in principle, a state may grant asylum to anyone that it may so choose, regardless of whether or not they meet the criteria enshrined in the Refugee Convention, or any other international treaty,&lt;ref&gt;Roman Boed, ''The State of the Right of Aslyum in International Law'', Duke Journal of Comparative &amp; International Law, 5, 1-34 (1994), &lt;https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1342&amp;context=djcil&gt;, page 4.&lt;/ref&gt; such a wide-ranging power has not been delegated to Immigration and Refugee Board Members, who are restricted to recognizing cases where the applicable criteria in either s. 96 or s. 97 of the IRPA have been met. This principle is reflected in section 107 of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/107 - Decision on Claim for Refugee Protection#IRPA Section 107: Decision on Claim for Refugee Protection]]. Once the Board has concluded that a claimant does not satisfy the definition of a refugee, the Board had no general discretion to allow the claimant to remain in Canada on “equitable” grounds.&lt;ref&gt;''Nazifpour v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (F.C.A.),'' 2007 FCA 35 (CanLII), [2007] 4 FCR 515, at para 42, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1qg9c#par42&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-24.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, this is consistent with the terms of the Refugee Convention itself and UNHCR's guidance thereon, for example its statements that the exclusion provision in the convention is mandatory and must be applied scrupulously.&lt;ref&gt;Colin Grey, Cosmopolitan Pariahs: The Moral Rationale for Exclusion under Article 1F, ''International Journal of Refugee Law'', 2024, eeae025, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeae025, at page 18.&lt;/ref&gt;

This modern conception of the refugee regime stands in contrast to pre-20th century views of asylum, where diplomatic and territorial asylum were considered to be constitutive acts such that it was the decision that made the person asking for asylum an asylee.&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, ''Regional Developments: Americas'', written by Piovesan and Jubilut, at p. 213 (para. 29).&lt;/ref&gt; This move away from a constitutive view of asylum to a declaratory one reflects the emergence of a rights-based view of the institution of asylum and refugee status. In Canada, this takes the form of the concrete legal obligation on the Canadian state to recognize as refugees those who meet the criteria in ss. 96 and 97 of the IRPA. Recognition of such is not a discretionary charitable act by Canada, but instead a personal right that individuals have pursuant to the IRPA, and, as recognized by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Refugee Convention. In their words in their decision in ''Pacheco Tineo v. Bolivia:''&lt;blockquote&gt;

Even if the 1951 Convention does not explicitly establish the right to asylum as a right, it is considered to be implicitly incorporated into its text, which mentions the definition of a refugee, the protection against the principle of ''non-refoulement'', and a list of rights to which refugees have access.... With the protection provided by the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol, the institution of asylum assumed a specific form and mechanism at the global level: that of refugee status.&lt;ref&gt;''Pacheco Tineo v. Bolivia,'' Ser. C No. 272 (IACtHR, Nov. 25, 2013), at 139.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Shauna Labman writes about the significance of this conception of asylum:&lt;blockquote&gt;The benefit of a rights-based stance in law is that it adds a concrete assertion of legal obligation and accountability to refugee protection. It is equality between the parties. Stuart Scheingold defines this as &quot;the call of the law.&quot; He suggests that the assertion of a right implies a legitimate and dignified reciprocal relationship that is societal and not personal. The current alternative calls in refugee protection are for compassion, humanitarianism, and morality. Such claims lack reciprocity and are founded on personal need. As Catherine Dauvergne explains, &quot;a claim for compassion does not effectively function as a right because rights are grounded in equality but compassion is grounded in generosity and inequality.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Shauna Labman, ''Crossing Law’s Border: Canada’s Refugee Resettlement Program,'' 2019, UBC Press: Vancouver, page 117.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;All this said, the assertion that refugee status determination procedures are declaratory and not constitutive, and its implicit representation of ‘refugeehood’ as an objective identity given by law, appears to be tendentious. It is belied by the large variations in the way different individuals and systems answer the question of &quot;who is a refugee?&quot;, even where they are all interpreting the same Convention provisions, evidence, and laws. That said, in the words of Tone Liodden, &quot;the idea of the refugee as a non-negotiable identity across time and space may largely be fictional, but [it] is a ‘crucial fiction’ that has very real consequences for those who are granted – or denied – refugee status.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; For more on this point, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decision-making should be predictable and consistent across the Board]].

== A hearing becomes adversarial where the Minister is involved ==
While the Division's mandate is primarily conceived of as inquisitorial and non-adversarial,&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 62, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par62&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; in some cases the Minister intervenes in a claim and the process becomes an adversarial one. As the Board states, &quot;adversarial simply means that there are two opposing parties.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Designated representative guide'', Date modified: 2022-12-06, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/designated-representant/Pages/designated-representative-guide.aspx&gt;, at 3.4.&lt;/ref&gt; This properly constrains the Member's role. Madam Justice Tremblay-Lamer observed in ''Rivas v. Canada'' that in some situations, such as where exclusion is at issue, “it may be problematic for the tribunal to proceed without the Minister since the Minister usually has the burden of proof. As the applicant argues, it is a situation that can force the member to [translation] ‘descend into the arena’.”&lt;ref&gt;''Reyes Rivas v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FC 317 (CanLII), para. 39.&lt;/ref&gt; As Lorne Waldman states in his looseleaf: “… Since the burden of proof falls squarely on the Minister, it is certainly arguable that it is not appropriate for tribunal members themselves to engage in an investigation with respect to the exclusion matters. For the tribunal members to do so would result in their becoming prosecutors seeking to establish if the claimant falls within the exclusion clauses.”&lt;ref&gt;Immigration Law and Practice, Vol. 1, looseleaf (Markham, Ont.: Butterworths, 1992), at paragraph 8.511.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Despite all of this, the jurisprudence recognizes that the Board may make a decision on the issue of exclusion without the Minister’s participation,&lt;ref&gt;''Reyes Rivas v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FC 317 (CanLII), para. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; and indeed that it may have an obligation to do so even where the Minister does not participate in a case. Furthermore, the RAD may consider issues of exclusion even where they are not raised in an appellant's appeal memorandum.&lt;ref&gt;''Milfort-Laguere v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1361 (CanLII), at para 26.&lt;/ref&gt; But once the Minister becomes involved, the hearing is seen to become an adversarial process, with both the Minister’s Hearings Officer and the refugee claimant presenting evidence to establish or rebut, say, the allegation of exclusion.&lt;ref&gt;Jennifer Bond, Nathan Benson, Jared Porter, ''Guilt by Association: Ezokola’s Unfinished Business in Canadian Refugee Law'', Refugee Survey Quarterly, hdz019, https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1093/rsq/hdz019, footnote 35.&lt;/ref&gt; This may entail some limits on the Member's proper role, and this relates to the requirement in the RPD Rules that the hearing be suspended immediately upon notification to the Minister of possible exclusion (which see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 26-28 - Exclusion, Integrity Issues, Inadmissibility and Ineligibility]]). 

A situation can arise where the Minister concedes a point or makes a recommendation in the claimant's favour; this does not bind the Division and does not relieve a claimant from their obligation to make their case: ''Fong v Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Fong v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness)'', 2010 FC 1134 at para 31.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, while a joint submission is not binding on the Division, the caselaw establishes that it should be given serious consideration: ''Nguyen v Canada''.&lt;ref&gt;''Nguyen v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2000 CanLII 16488 (FC) at para 14.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an independent decision-maker#Members are not bound where the Minister concedes a point]].

While the Minister has no obligation to become a party to a proceeding, once it does so and provides disclosure, its disclosure must be &quot;complete&quot; and cannot be selective: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#What documents does a party need to provide when?]].

== A Member should be adequately trained ==
A decision-maker should be adequately trained on issues of law and fact. The Board states that Members should have a thorough knowledge of the legal framework and a good command of the relevant provisions of the legislation, rules, principles of natural justice, and the case law, etc., in order to make the proper decision and to maintain the credibility and the authoritativeness of the panel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

While the training of Members of the Refugee Protection Division has generally been well regarded, in contrast, this has not always been seen to be the case with overseas visa officers deciding applications for resettlement from abroad. For example, in ''Ghirmatsion v. Canada'', the Federal Court concluded that the visa officer's &quot;lack of adequate training and support&quot; were evident on cross-examination.&lt;ref&gt;''Ghirmatsion v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2011 FC 773, para. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; 

There are also limits to the training and competency properly expected of a Member. In ''Ramirez v. Canada'', the claimant argued on judicial review that the Board Member should have considered whether counselling in the proposed IFA location would be likely to adequately address the applicant’s mental health issues; the court rejected this argument, concluding that &quot;such an analysis would have been speculative and well beyond the RAD’s expertise.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;''Vilchis Ramirez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 265.&lt;/ref&gt; This principle is also reflected in the additional services available to Members, for example the statement in the ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings'' that where, after consulting with the responsible member manager, the assigned member forms the opinion that forensic verification is necessary, they may direct the RPD adjudicative support team to send the document to the RCMP Forensic Laboratory Services for verification.&lt;ref&gt;''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings,'' Instructions issued by the Chairperson pursuant to section 159(1)(a) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'', amended December, 2012 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstructInfo.aspx&gt; (Accessed November 28, 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; 

== A claimant has an onus to show that they meet the criteria to be recognized as a refugee ==
The Federal Court affirms that the burden of proof rests on a claimant to show that they meet the definition of a Convention Refugee or a 'person in need of protection' in the Act.&lt;ref&gt;''Lugunda v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2005 FC 467 (CanLII), par. 17, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/1k43l#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-15.&lt;/ref&gt; The Irwin Law text ''Refugee Law'' notes that this burden flows from the general proposition in international law that an individual seeking admission to a state must justify their admission.&lt;ref&gt;Lassa Oppenheim, ''Oppenheim's International Law'', 7th ed by Hersch Lauterpacht (London: Longmans Green, 1952) at 616, as cited in Martin David Jones and Sasha Baglay. ''Refugee Law (Second Edition)''. Irwin Law, 2017, page 144.&lt;/ref&gt; The UNHCR is of the view that this principle properly applies in the refugee context, stating that &quot;the burden of proof in principle rests on the applicant&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The burden of proof was previously allocated differently in Canadian refugee law, but in 1988 Canada's legislature modified the immigration legislation to shift the burden of proof for making a claim onto the asylum seeker.&lt;ref&gt;Hamlin, Rebecca. ''Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. Print. Page 49.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Federal Court holds that the onus is on the applicant to submit a clear, detailed, and complete application.&lt;ref&gt;''Hussain v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2022 FC 1412 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jsgr3#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; The UNHCR Handbook provides that those examining a refugee claim should &quot;ensure that the applicant presents his case as fully as possible and with all available evidence.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html [accessed 26 January 2020], page 45.&lt;/ref&gt; This does not mean that the Board member is obliged to undertake a freestanding inquiry into a claim; the Refugee Appeal Division has held that the following principles apply in the refugee determination context: &quot;a decision-maker [is] entitled to proper notice as to what exactly [is] being advanced. It is not up to the decision-maker to ferret out points which might possibly assist an applicant.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2016 CanLII 107938 (CA IRB), para. 28.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Member Railton of the Refugee Protection Division has noted that &quot;The role of the Division hearing an application to re-open does not include a fact-finding mission on behalf of the applicants&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 97437 (CA IRB), par. 25, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/ggdpl#par25&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-26.&lt;/ref&gt; One of the reasons for this is about judicial economy; indeed, it is said that &quot;states have a right to a fair and efficient asylum procedure&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Uçaryılmaz, Talya. (2020). ''The Principle of Good Faith in Public International Law (El principio de buena fe en el Derecho internacional público)''. Estudios de Deusto. 68.43.10.18543/ed-68(1)-2020pp43-59 &lt;https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7483935&gt; (Accessed July 25, 2020), page 14 of the article.&lt;/ref&gt;

In the Canadian system there also exist legal issues where the burden of proof does not fall on the claimant: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#A panel has a duty to enquire into matters where the onus for adducing evidence falls onto the Board]].

Furthermore, even where the burden of proof rests on the claimant, the Board cannot base some findings, for example that there is an internal flight alternative, in the absence of sufficient evidence, solely on the basis that the claimant has not fulfilled the onus of proof.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;''Chauhdry, Mukhtar Ahmed v. M.C.I.'' (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-3951-97), Wetston, August 17, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#There is a shared duty of fact-finding in refugee matters]]. 

== A panel has a duty to consider all potential grounds for a refugee claim that arise on the evidence and relevant law ==
Even though the burden of proof rests on a claimant to show that they meet the requirements to be accorded protection, this does not mean that they are obliged to frame their case using the terminology of refugee law or by citing particular cases or statutory provisions.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1020 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5jvb#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-09.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board “has a duty to consider all potential grounds for a refugee claim that arise on the evidence, even when they are not raised by the applicant”.&lt;ref&gt;''Viafara v. Canada (MCI)'', 2006 FC 1526, at para. 6; ''Gutierrez v. Canada (MCI)'', 2011 FC 1055, at para. 35.&lt;/ref&gt; Cases should be decided based on all of the law that binds the Board, not just the law that the parties happen to put in front of a panel.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1020 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5jvb#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-09, citing ''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) et al. v. The Canadian Council for Refugees et al.,'' 2021 FCA 72, para. 125 (overturned on appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada, but not on this point).&lt;/ref&gt; This principle is reflected in the UNHCR Handbook, which provides that it is not the duty of a claimant to identify the reasons for their persecution:&lt;blockquote&gt;Often the applicant himself may not be aware of the reasons for the persecution feared. It is not, however, his duty to analyze his case to such an extent as to identify the reasons in detail. It is for the examiner, when investigating the facts of the case, to ascertain the reason or reasons for the persecution feared and to decide whether the definition in the 1951 Convention is met with in this respect.&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection Under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees'', April 2019, HCR/1P/4/ENG/REV. 4, available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/5cb474b27.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 29 February 2024], paragraphs 66-67, at page 23.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Where evidence is provided, the Division then needs to analyze how this evidence applies to an applicant’s future risks, from a realistic and real-world perspective.&lt;ref&gt;''Egwuekwe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1533 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k74ql#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-04.&lt;/ref&gt; 

See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Decisions must follow the law]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge#IRPA s. 170: The Division may take notice of any facts that may be judicially noticed]].

Based on this principle, evidence of political activities in Canada should be considered by the panel whether or not the claimant specifically raises a ''sur place'' claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Moradi, Ahmad v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'' (F.C.T.D., no. IMM-2317-97), 1998 CanLII 8507, MacKay, September 23, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, if the evidence suggests a risk of gender-based persecution, the member must assess this risk, even if it is not explicitly alleged.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson’s Guideline 4: Gender Considerations in Proceedings Before the Immigration and Refugee Board'', ​Amended: October 31, 2023, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir04.aspx&gt; (Accessed November 2, 2023), at 11.2.6.&lt;/ref&gt; In every case in which the RPD concludes that a claimant has suffered past persecution, but there has been a change of country conditions, the Board is obligated under s. 108(4) to consider whether the evidence presented establishes that there are &quot;compelling reasons&quot; as contemplated by that subsection.&lt;ref&gt;''Jalloh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 948 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jz5nz#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; This obligation arises whether or not the claimant expressly invokes this subsection: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 64 - Applications to Vacate or to Cease Refugee Protection#The Board must consider &quot;compelling reasons&quot; under s. 108(4) when determining whether an individual qualifies as a refugee]].

This obligation can have implications for the Board's duty to inquire into a claim; in ''Eke v. Canada'', the court commented that &quot;as no questions were asked about the potential motives for the attacks, [the RAD] did not have sufficient evidence through the RPD's interrogatories to properly assess the issues on its own.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Eke c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2024 CF 179 (CanLII), au para 14, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://canlii.ca/t/k2mw3#par14&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, consulté le 2024-03-08.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#To what extent does a panel of the Division have a duty to inquire into the claim?]].

== The Member's power to conduct research and find facts ==
As a starting point, the Divisions of the Board are creatures of statute, “and as such, [a Division] has no powers, rights and duties save those bestowed on it by the Act”.&lt;ref&gt;''Medina Rodriguez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 401 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k3b91#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt; The Refugee Protection Division, the Refugee Appeal Division, and the Immigration Division, and each member of those Divisions have the powers and authority of a commissioner appointed under Part I of the Inquiries Act and may do any other thing they consider necessary to provide a full and proper hearing. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/165 - Powers of a Member]] and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings#IRPA Section 170(a) - May inquire into any matter that it considers relevant to establishing whether a claim is well-founded]]. 

The RPD and RAD may also convene conferences and may require the parties to give any information or provide any document, at or before the conference: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 24 - Conferences]]. 

A panel of the Board may consider judicial notice, specialized knowledge, generally recognized facts, and other sources of knowledge: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge]]. 

Panels are also entitled to rely on &quot;common sense&quot;. Common sense necessarily involves importing considerations arising not from the evidence itself but from a decision maker's accumulated life experience.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Kruk,'' 2024 SCC 7 (CanLII), at para 76, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k39g6#par76&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, common sense is far from a catch-all phrase that licenses any form of reasoning.&lt;ref&gt;''R. v. Kruk,'' 2024 SCC 7 (CanLII), at para 99, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k39g6#par99&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt; While the Board has jurisdiction to determine the plausibility of an applicant’s testimony, there are legal standards for when such determinations can be made.&lt;ref&gt;''Jin v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2012 FC 595 at para 10.&lt;/ref&gt;

When a member determines that it is necessary to consult social media in the adjudication of a proceeding, the Division must channel this type of research through the Board's Research Directorate in accordance with the ''Procedures for Requesting Research on Individuals Using Social Media Sources''.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on the use of social media by authorized individuals at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', Amended: May 30, 2016, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/PolSocMedia.aspx&gt;, at 6.3.&lt;/ref&gt;

In any research it conducts, the RPD is to follow the ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings,'' Instructions issued by the Chairperson pursuant to section 159(1)(a) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'', amended December, 2012 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstructInfo.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; The Instructions note that while RPD members are responsible for identifying information needed for the adjudication of a claim and may gather information, the Research Directorate is primarily responsible for gathering information. The Instructions set out general principles related to the gathering and disclosing of information, as well as specific instructions.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2015 CanLII 39898 (CA IRB), par. 143, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/gk23z#par143&gt;, retrieved on 2020-08-16.&lt;/ref&gt; These principles apply to how to Division has committed to collecting information regarding a claim, including that:&lt;blockquote&gt;1. Responsibility to present supporting evidence rests with the parties. This responsibility remains even when the RPD decides to obtain information other than that provided by the parties.

2. To ensure a fair determination of a refugee claim, the assigned member requires all the relevant evidence whether such evidence may be favourable or prejudicial to any party.

3. The RPD will gather information through a transparent and standard process to ensure fairness in decision-making.

4. The assigned members will request claimant specific information and use such information only where they complete a risk assessment and are satisfied that there is no serious possibility that gathering the information would endanger the life, liberty or security of the claimant or any other person.

...

6. The information will be sought by the RPD only in instances where the information is deemed relevant to a determinative issue in the claim, can be obtained in a timely manner, and is likely to result in obtaining new or conclusive information. ...&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Protection Division Proceedings,'' Instructions issued by the Chairperson pursuant to section 159(1)(a) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'', amended December, 2012 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstructInfo.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;There is a similar document for the RAD: ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings.''&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'', Effective: May 30, 2016, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstRadSpr0516.aspx&gt; (Accessed October 2, 2023), section D.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The RAD must proceed without a hearing on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the RPD, subject to listed exceptions, but this provision does not restrict the RAD from posing questions or introducing new evidence]].

== The Member has wide latitude to question claimants in an inquisitorial process ==

The text ''Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Canada'' provides that particular latitude will be given to tribunals to question where the matter is not adversarial, as with most refugee proceedings:&lt;blockquote&gt;Extensive and &quot;energetic&quot; questioning alone by tribunal members will not in itself give rise to a reasonable apprehension of bias. And particular latitude is likely to be given to tribunals operating in a non-adversarial setting, such as refugee determination hearings, where there is no one appearing to oppose the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Canada'' (Brown and Evans, Toronto : Canvasback Publishing, 1998) at pages 11-31 and 11-32.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The nature of the mandate that decision-makers have in inquisitorial RSD processes is summarized by Rebecca Hamlin as follows:&lt;blockquote&gt;The inquisitorial form requires much more active decision makers. Instead of placing the responsibility for the collection of evidence and the presentation of arguments on the disputing parties themselves, the inquisitorial process combines the role of investigator and decision-maker into one. RSD is inquisitorial if the asylum seeker goes before a decision maker who both researches and decides the claim.&lt;ref&gt;Let Me Be a Refugee: Administrative Justice and the Politics of Asylum in the United States, Canada, and Australia. By Hamlin, Rebecca. New York: Oxford University Press,  2014, p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;That said, there are limits on appropriate questioning. For example: 

* A Member may not approach questioning with a discriminatory or hostile attitude: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an unbiased decision-maker#The tone and tenor of the decision-maker’s involvement in the hearing]].
* A refugee claim is not a memory test and an applicant's failure to recall dates may not appropriately be the foundation of a credibility finding.&lt;ref&gt;''Sheikh v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2000 CanLII 15200 (FC), at para. 28.&lt;/ref&gt; This principle would seem to have implications for the type of questions rightly asked by a panel. 
* A decision maker must be scrupulous about not trenching on privileged matters.&lt;ref&gt;''Anulur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1070 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgzs#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-28.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings#The Division must refuse to admit evidence where admitting it would violate a substantive rule of law such as solicitor-client privilege]]. 
* A decision maker must approach the case with an open mind: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to an impartial decision-maker#Impartiality]]. 

== Evidence is primarily presented in written form in the Canadian process ==
The starting point in a claimant's process before the Immigration and Refugee Board is that they complete a Basis of Claim form. This document is to include &quot;everything important for [their] claim&quot;, as stated on the form - [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#Requirement that the information provided be complete, true and correct]]. In some cases, a claim will be accepted based on the contents of that form: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 23 - Allowing a Claim Without a Hearing]]. In a majority of cases, a hearing will be scheduled. 

A hearing is an opportunity for a claimant to complete their evidence and not to introduce new and important facts to their story.&lt;ref&gt;''Navaratnam v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2011 FC 856 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/fmcdg#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-23.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the purpose of an oral hearing before the Refugee Protection Division is not for a claimant to repeat everything that is in their Basis of Claim form. As per the ''Chairperson Guidelines 7: Concerning Preparation and Conduct of a Hearing in the Refugee Protection Division,'' &quot;questions that are answered by the claimant just repeating what is written in the BOC Form do not help the Member.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Chairperson Guidelines 7: Concerning Preparation and Conduct of a Hearing in the Refugee Protection Division'', Amended December 15, 2012 &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/GuideDir07.aspx#FailureA4&gt; (Accessed January 26, 2020), section 5.7.&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, if the information on the form reliably establishes that the claimant meets the criteria to receive protection, then an oral hearing need not be held ([[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 23 - Allowing a Claim Without a Hearing]]). The purpose of an oral hearing is to test and explore the evidence presented, or lack thereof, where it is necessary to do so. This is in contrast to the practice in some other jurisdictions; for example, in Finland the practice is to have a portion of their asylum interviews in which the claimant is expected to state the grounds for claiming asylum and disclose evidence to support that claim through free narration.&lt;ref&gt;Eeva Puumala, Riitta Ylikomi &amp; Hanna-Leena Ristimäki, ''Giving an account of persecution: The dynamic formation of asylum narratives'', Journal of Refugee Studies 31(2), pp. 197-215 (2018) &lt;[https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/61879698/Refugee_Studies_Puumala__Ylikomi_and_Ristimaki_accepted_version.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DGiving_an_account_of_persecution_The_Dyn.pdf&amp;X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20200211%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Date=20200211T055113Z&amp;X-Amz-Expires=3600&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Signature=878633bdefe48a2e211f43459a4fadc9498bc441b43a2952d9dda847c62cee65 https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/61879698/Refugee_Studies_Puumala__Ylikomi_and_Ristimaki_accepted_version.pdf]&gt; (Accessed February 10, 2020), at page 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

The priority given to a written statement in the Canadian refugee claim narrative process may be seen to be trauma-informed. Studies focusing on memory and narrative in the context of refugee claims find that individuals who have experienced repeated and ongoing traumatic events are unlikely to recall and recite these events in a linear, detailed, and chronological fashion that is immediately coherent to IRB members.&lt;ref&gt;Alex Verman and Sean Rehaag, ''Transgender Erasure: Barriers Facing Transgender Refugees in Canada,'' (2024) 69:1 McGill LJ 49 — (2024) 69:1 RD McGill 49, &lt;https://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/article/transgender-erasure-barriers-facing-transgender-refugees-in-canada/&gt;, page 27.&lt;/ref&gt; Allowing individuals to prepare such a statement in writing, usually with the assistance of their own counsel, may help. See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Hearings should be conducted in a trauma-informed manner]].

Finally, while claimants must have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns, it is also not always necessary for a panel to confront a party regarding deficiencies in their evidence. For example, in ''Ati v. Canada'' the court concluded that it was proper for the RPD to have concluded that a party did not meet their onus as a result of a lack of evidence, and that it was procedurally fair for the RPD to have done so even where the panel did not ask why such evidence was not presented.&lt;ref&gt;Ati v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2022 FC 1626 (CanLII), at para 27, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt97p#par27&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-29&lt;/ref&gt; For more on this issue, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns]].

== There is a shared duty of fact-finding in refugee matters ==
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees states in their handbook that there is a shared duty of fact-finding between a claimant and the examiner: &quot;In most cases a person fleeing from persecution will have arrived with the barest necessities and very frequently even without personal documents. Thus, while the burden of proof in principle rests on the applicant, the duty to ascertain and evaluate all the relevant facts is shared between the applicant and the examiner.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, ''Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status'' 47 (1992).&lt;/ref&gt; This duty applies to the RPD but also to the RAD in the context of an appeal on a correctness standard of review.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Lamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1621, para. 23.&lt;/ref&gt; States must consider persons exercising their right to asylum honestly and with due diligence so as to not violate their obligation of non-refoulement.&lt;ref&gt;Kipras Adomaitis, ''The Right to Liberty in the Context of Migration'', Masters Thesis, Mykolas Romeris Law School, &lt;https://vb.mruni.eu/object/elaba:64888610/64888610.pdf&gt; (Accessed July 19, 2020), page 21.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Principles for the interpretation of refugee procedure#Canada must perform its international legal obligations with respect to refugees in good faith]].

=== National Documentation Packages ===
One of the ways that this principle is implemented in practice is through packages of information that states compile on the countries of origin against which claimants are filing claims. It is an international norm that states ensure that precise and up-to-date information from various sources, such as the UNHCR and knowledgeable NGOs, is made available to the personnel responsible for examining applications and taking decisions.&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Zimmermann (editor), ''The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary''. Oxford University Press, 2011, 1799 pp, ISBN 978-0-19-954251-2, Introduction to Chapter V, written by Hofmann &amp; Löhr, at p. 1119 (para. 101).&lt;/ref&gt; This information will concern the general situation prevailing in the countries of origin against which applications of asylum are being made. For the authority of the RAD to disclose such information, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The RAD must proceed without a hearing on the basis of the record of the proceedings of the RPD, subject to listed exceptions, but this provision does not restrict the RAD from introducing new evidence]].

That said, it is generally expected that a claimant will bring the passages that they are relying on to the attention of the decision maker; the Federal Court has held that the RPD &quot;is not obliged to comb through every document listed in the National Document Package in the hope of finding passages that may support the claim and specifically address why they do not, in fact, support the claim&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Giraldo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2020 FC 1052, para. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; When conducting a judicial review of a PRRA decision, the court commented that &quot;It is not for the Officer, who has many applications to adjudicate, to comb through all available National Documentation Package evidence looking for something that might establish risk for the Applicant. Rather, the onus lies with the Applicant to demonstrate to the Officer the basis for the risk claimed, he must include - or at minimum point to - the relevant country condition evidence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Li v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1461 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jsnnw#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

Furthermore, the Board should consider the most recent version of the National Documentation Package available at the time that it makes its decision. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#The panel should consider the most recent National Documentation Package]].

=== Claimant-specific research ===

Another way that Canada fulfils this obligation is through claimant-specific research. The RAD provides the following as examples of where it may engage in such research: where the RPD record and information provided by the parties fail to resolve certain issues that are before the RAD and if new issues arise.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Instructions for Gathering and Disclosing Information for Refugee Appeal Division Proceedings'', Effective: May 30, 2016, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/InstRadSpr0516.aspx&gt; (Accessed October 2, 2023), section c.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board has committed to using the following process when engaging in such research pre-hearing: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Board]].   

For a discussion of whether (and when) a panel may be obliged to engage in such claimant-specific research, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#To what extent does a panel of the Division have a duty to inquire into the claim?]].    

== The Board must ensure that certain claimants are assisted to make their cases ==
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees states in their handbook that the scope of the shared duty of fact-finding between a claimant and the examiner will vary depending on the nature of the case: &quot;While the burden of proof in principle rests on the applicant, the duty to ascertain and evaluate all the relevant facts is shared between the applicant and the examiner. Indeed, in some cases, it may be for the examiner to use all the means at [their] disposal to produce the necessary evidence in support of the application.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; What are those cases in which an examiner is to go to greater lengths to produce such evidence? 

There is widespread recognition that certain types of claimants may be particularly prejudiced in presenting their cases and that in such circumstances this may affect the onus that is placed on the claimant to provide corroboration of their claim. Indeed, the ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that &quot;Members must take reasonable measures to accommodate all participants in a proceeding so that they may participate effectively.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 10.&lt;/ref&gt; The UNHCR stipulates that &quot;procedures should be in place to identify and assist asylum seekers with specific needs.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ''Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination Under UNHCR's Mandate'', 26 August 2020, available at: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.refworld.org/docid/5e870b254.html&lt;/nowiki&gt; [accessed 5 September 2020], page 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Minors and others entitled to designated representatives ===
One such category of claimants is those whose ability to appreciate the nature of the proceedings is impaired, either because they are incompetent or a minor. The principal way that such assistance is provided in the Board's process is through the appointment of a designated representative for the person: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 20 - Designated Representatives]].

The failure to appoint a designated representative in a refugee protection proceeding, when one is required by the rules, is a violation of procedural fairness. As the court stated in ''Kurija v. Canada'', “I place the proper representation of young immigrant claimants in refugee proceedings on the same plane as concerns over bias of a decision-maker. By this I mean that it is a ‘knock-out’ issue requiring the decision to be set aside, and furthermore an issue on which new evidence is admissible after the fact for the purpose of determining the partiality of the decision-maker, or in this case, the age of the claimant.”&lt;ref&gt;''Kurija v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2013 FC 1158 (CanLII), par. 23, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/g1tm3#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2020-03-15.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Ravi v. Canada'' the claim of an Applicant who had severe mental health issues related to schizophrenia, psychosis and potential alcohol dependency was reopened on the basis that it was unfair to assess the Applicant’s credibility, and his case more broadly, when he had significant mental illness issues at the hearing, and lacked a designated representative.&lt;ref&gt;''Ravi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1359 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jl70x#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2021-12-21.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Furthermore, the UNHCR states that determining the claim of a minor &quot;may call for a liberal application of the benefit-of-the-doubt principle&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;UNHCR and Inter-Parliamentary Union, ''Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law'', &lt;https://www.academia.edu/36070452/REFUGEE_PROTECTION_A_Guide_to_International_Refugee_Law?email_work_card=view-paper&gt; (Accessed December 13, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Claimants in detention ===
Another category of claimant which may require special assistance is those who are in detention at the time that they are preparing for, or attending, their refugee hearing. There are particular access to justice issues for claimants in detention, who have consistently been identified as being among those who have the greatest difficulty accessing legal counsel.&lt;ref&gt;BC Public Interest Advocacy Centre, ''Refugee Reform Paper'', &lt;https://bcpiac.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/LFBC-Refugee-Reform-Paper-Final-July-30-2015-2.pdf&gt;, page 3. See internet archive link: &lt;https://web.archive.org/web/20220609184430/https://www.bcpiac.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/LFBC-Refugee-Reform-Paper-Final-July-30-2015-2.pdf&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; The UN Committee Against Torture, in its General Comment on ''non-refoulement'', has listed this as one situation in which the burden of proof should reverse, and it should fall on the state to rebut the claimant's assertions where the author of the complaint has faced difficulties in obtaining evidence to substantiate their claim as a result of their deprivation of liberty:&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Çalı, B., Costello, C., &amp; Cunningham, S., ''Hard Protection through Soft Courts? Non-Refoulement before the United Nations Treaty Bodies,'' German Law Journal, 21(3) (2020), 355-384. doi:10.1017/glj.2020.28 (Accessed April 11, 2020), page 375.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;[W]hen the complainant is in a situation where he/she cannot elaborate on his/her case, for instance, when the complainant ... is deprived of his/her liberty, the burden of proof is reversed and it is up to the State party concerned to investigate the allegations and verify the information on which the communication is based.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;CAT, General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the Implementation of Article 3 of the Convention in the Context of Article 22, Paragraphs 15 and 16, U.N. Doc. CAT/C/GC/4 (Sep. 4, 2018), at para. 38.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;For further discussion of this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 30 - Claimant or Protected Person in Custody]].

=== Self-represented claimants ===
See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#Where a claimant is unrepresented and is clearly not understanding what is occurring, the Board should inquire about whether they wish to have counsel]].

=== Where a claimant has no possibility of obtaining documentation relating to their allegation ===
Where a claimant has no possibility of obtaining documentation relating to their allegation, fairness may require the Board to assist a claimant to make their case. The UN Committee Against Torture, in its General Comment on ''non-refoulement'', has listed this as one situation in which the burden of proof should reverse, and it should fall on the state to rebut the claimant's assertions where the author of the complaint has faced difficulties in obtaining evidence to substantiate their claim:&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;[W]hen the complainant is in a situation where he/she cannot elaborate on his/her case, for instance, when the complainant has demonstrated that he/she has no possibility of obtaining documentation relating to his/her allegation of torture..., the burden of proof is reversed and it is up to the State party concerned to investigate the allegations and verify the information on which the communication is based.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In ''Jankovic v. Canada'' the Federal Court held that the RPD breached procedural fairness by not taking steps to acquire information where it appeared that the information was in a document that had been submitted to Canadian authorities:&lt;blockquote&gt;The Applicant seeks the RPD’s assistance to obtain a document that has presumably been submitted to Canadian authorities, who have thus far failed to respond to the Applicant’s ATIP request. The document in question is not in the possession of the Applicant, but instead is in the possession of the Canadian authorities. The Applicant is not in a position to force the Canadian authorities to produce the document to the RPD, only the Minister would be able to do so, should he so choose. Further, the Minister has relied on the Interpol Zagreb letter to seek the Applicant’s exclusion from refugee protection – the same letter whose accuracy is now put into question by the very document that the Applicant requires assistance to obtain. ... Given all these circumstances, and given the importance of the Adjustment Letter to the Applicant’s claim, the RPD’s conclusion that verifying the information contained in the Interpol letter did not fall within its role was not only unreasonable, it was a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Jankovic v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 857 (CanLII), at para 38, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jprtv#par38&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-09.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;This is akin to the Federal Court's reasoning in ''Abdallah v. Canada'' in which the court concluded that it was unfair for the RAD not to have assisted the Applicant to obtain an original document held by the CBSA:&lt;blockquote&gt;[5]  It is clear from the RAD’s decision that the RAD came to a negative credibility finding with respect to the identity documents evidence. Counsel for the Applicant argues that had the RAD allowed the Applicant to verify the genuineness of the documents through requesting the originals from the CBSA, the outcome might have been different. If the identity documents were proved to be genuine, it could have an impact on the conclusions drawn. I accept this argument.

[6]  On the facts of this particular case, I find it was unreasonable for the RAD not to have assisted the Applicant to obtain the original SNC from the CBSA, particularly when the authenticity of the SNC was questioned by only viewing a copy. The Applicant asked for fairness since she was helpless in obtaining the original SNC; fairness was not granted. In my opinion, this action constitutes a breach of the duty of fairness owed to the Applicant.&lt;ref&gt;''Abdallah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 1046 (CanLII), at para 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hvmqp#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;However, the Federal Court of Appeal notes that it will not always be necessary for a claimant to have the Board's assistance to obtain a document from CBSA; in ''Singh v. Canada'', the court noted that the appellant &quot;could have obtained a copy [of a document - his diploma] from the CBSA and submitted it himself as evidence to the RPD.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 65, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par65&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

A related example arises from ''Ali v. Canada'', a case in which the Federal Court held that the RPD breached procedural fairness when it denied the applicant's request for further information about the source and methodology used by the Minister in obtaining and comparing the photographs, thereby blocking the applicant’s attempts to test the reliability of the evidence being used against him.&lt;ref&gt;''Ali v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness),'' 2024 FC 1085 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k5qq7#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2024-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

== To what extent does a panel of the Division have a duty to inquire into the claim? ==
Ordinarily, the onus to establish their claim rests upon the applicant. It will suffice for a panel to identify the issues and ask open-ended questions about the main points for a claimant to have had a fair opportunity to present their case. For example, in ''Singh v. Canada'', the court stated: &quot;It is clear, later in the hearing, that the female Applicant was asked open-ended questions as to whether there were any reasons why she would not wish to move to any of the IFAs and had the option to address the impacts of her rape had she wished to. The RAD, therefore, did not err&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1457 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0wrx#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-10.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#A claimant has an onus to show that they meet the criteria to be recognized as a refugee]]. However, in some cases a panel has a duty to inquire into a claim.

=== The Board should consider the most up-to-date country conditions evidence ===
Where a new National Documentation Package is released by the Board's research unit prior to a panel rendering a decision, the panel should consider it. In ''Zhao v. Canada'', the court held that the Board should consider the most recent information on country conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;''Zhao v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1593 (CanLII), par. 12, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j48rf#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt;  

Procedural fairness dictates that the parties should have an opportunity to present submissions and evidence on the new documents if they include material new information. As such, disclosure of an updated NDP is not required in all cases, only where they include material new information.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; This principle is reflected in the IRB ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings'', which provides that the &lt;abbr&gt;RAD&lt;/abbr&gt; will disclose to the parties new &lt;abbr&gt;NDP&lt;/abbr&gt; documents only when they wish to rely upon them.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Policy on National Documentation Packages in Refugee Determination Proceedings,'' Effective date: June 5, 2019, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/policies/Pages/national-documentation-packages.aspx&gt; (Accessed August 30, 2020).&lt;/ref&gt; As such, while the Federal Court holds that procedural fairness obligations can be met simply by &quot;[disclosing] the most recent NDP and [giving] the Applicants an opportunity to respond and make submissions&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;''Zhao v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 1593 (CanLII), par. 31, &lt;http://canlii.ca/t/j48rf#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2020-04-01.&lt;/ref&gt; the IRB's policy quoted above appears to specify that the RAD will instead only provide specific documents that it wishes to rely on. In other words, when considering the most recent NDP, the RAD must also notify the parties if there are material updates on which it intends to rely, and grant the parties the possibility to make additional representations.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1623 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1hg9#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-19.&lt;/ref&gt;   

That said, the Board is not generally required to look for evidence on its own in these documents to support either the claimant's or Minister's arguments and propositions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; For example, it is not the role of the RAD to address concerns relating to the reasonableness of an IFA when such concerns are not raised by applicants.&lt;ref&gt;Ogungbile v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2022 FC 1639 (CanLII), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtnkh#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-29&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board must not ignore evidence that is validly before a panel]]. 

For an additional discussion of this issue, see: 

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Board]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#The panel should consider the most recent National Documentation Package]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#What is a new issue requiring notice?]]

=== A panel is not required to tell the applicant that their evidence is insufficient or ask the applicant to provide additional evidence, but it may elicit information where this is necessary to determine whether the claimant is a refugee ===
Refugee determination as a process of inquiry requires that Members ensure that they are adequately informed in order to determine whether the claimant is a Convention refugee.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; While there are a number of policy statements indicating that it may be advisable for Members to solicit additional information in particular cases, the law appears to be adequately captured by the Federal Court's statement in ''Mbengani v. Canada'' that a panel is not required to tell the applicant that their evidence is insufficient or ask the applicant to provide additional evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Mbengani v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2017 FC 706 (CanLII), par. 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hqpcm#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-05.&lt;/ref&gt; While that decision involved a PRRA proceeding, the principle would apply with equal force to the RPD. That said, there are policy statements made to the effect that where there is a lack of evidence in a particular case, a Member may have a duty to elicit it. The Member's inquisitorial role means that they have a duty not only to hear whatever evidence comes before them, but, ultimately, according to the academic Hathaway, that they must inform themselves sufficiently to &quot;determine whether or not the [claimant] is a Convention refugee.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hathaway, James C., ''Rebuilding trust: a report of the Review of Fundamental Justice in Information Gathering and Dissemination at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', Refugee Studies Centre, Publisher: Osgoode Hall Law School, 01/12/1993 &lt;http://repository.forcedmigration.org/show_metadata.jsp?pid=fmo:1136&gt; (Accessed April 14, 2020), page 5.&lt;/ref&gt; To this end, in 1990s the IRB developed what was sometimes called the “Specialized Board of Inquiry Model”, in which the CRDD members were proactive in pre-hearing file review, preliminary issue identification, claim screening, scheduling hearings, and the acquisition of information necessary for the fair and expeditious determination of a refugee claim.&lt;ref&gt;David Vinokur, ''30 Years of Changes at the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'', CIHS Bulletin, Issue #88, March 2019, &lt;https://senate-gro.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Bulletin-88-Final.pdf&gt; (Accessed May 13, 2021), page 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, to this day the ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada'' provides that &quot;Members shall make each decision on the merits of the case, based on thorough preparation, the assessment of evidence properly before the member and the application of the relevant law.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Code of Conduct for Members of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,'' Effective Date: April 9, 2019, &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/members/Pages/MemComCode.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt; (Accessed May 3, 2020), at section 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The panel should confront a claimant and probe where it harbours credibility concerns ===

When it comes to a Member's obligations with respect to the acquisition of information necessary for the fair and expeditious determination of a refugee claim, the court has commented on a Member's duty to enquire by stating that &quot;the RPD has a responsibility to prompt and probe&quot; where it harbours a concern about credibility in certain circumstances:&lt;blockquote&gt;[I]t was unreasonable for the RAD to draw an adverse inference from the Applicant’s bare “no” in this second brief exchange. This was an issue where considerably more questioning was required in order to assess the true depth of the Applicant’s knowledge. Indeed, the RPD has a responsibility to prompt and probe where it harbours a concern like this and the RAD has a corresponding responsibility to hold the RPD to that interrogatorial standard.&lt;ref&gt;''Zeng v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 318 (CanLII), par. 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jfb1q#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-07.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;The purpose of a hearing is in part for the panel to complete the record to a sufficient degree for the panel to conduct its assessment. If a panel is to make a negative credibility determination, it needs to sufficiently inform itself of the facts in order to make that determination. RAD Member Ayanna Roberts commented that an intersectional analysis should consider the society in which the person is operating and any barriers that the person may encounter, but that in the case before her, the RPD had failed to consider relevant factors in its analysis when it drew a negative credibility inference, specifically noting that the personal beliefs and openness to sexual diversity of the families that the appellant had been living with were not canvassed during the hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2021 CanLII 154071 (CA IRB), at para 12, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jvjvt#par12&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The panel is obliged to test the evidence where this is necessary in order to ascertain the truth ===
Where evidence is provided by a claimant, there may be an obligation on the Board to test that evidence. Members are responsible for making the inquiries necessary, including questioning the claimant, to determine the validity of the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Thamotharem v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2007 FCA 198 (CanLII), at para 46, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1rmr4#par46&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-19&lt;/ref&gt; As the Board's legal services department puts it in its paper on ''Assessment of Credibility in Claims for Refugee Protection'', &lt;abbr&gt;RPD&lt;/abbr&gt; members have a duty to get at the truth concerning the claims they hear.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Assessment of Credibility in Claims for Refugee Protection'', January 31, 2004, &lt;https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/legal-concepts/Documents/Credib_e.pdf&gt; (Accessed January 27, 2020), section 2.6.4.&lt;/ref&gt; The law “imposes a duty upon RPD members to assess the credibility of refugee claimants.”&lt;ref&gt;''I.P.P. v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 123 (CanLII), para. 129. &lt;/ref&gt; As Justice Nadon stated in ''Maksudur v. Canada'', &quot;In most refugee claims, the prime issue, if not the only issue, is whether the story related by the [claimant] is true. Consequently, Board members have a duty to the [claimant] and to Canada to employ their best endeavours in the pursuit of that goal to discover the truth.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Maksudur v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 1999 CanLII 8826 (FC), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/466k&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Mosley writes that &quot;a close examination of the merits of the claim is consistent with the nature of the process and the role[] of the member&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Benitez v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2006 FC 461 (CanLII), [2007] 1 FCR 107, par. 98, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/1n3nx#par98&gt;, retrieved on 2021-07-17.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board states that there is a duty to ascertain the truth, and relevant questions should not be left in the air through the failure of counsel to ask those questions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; This is consistent with the role of the Refugee Protection Division, as envisaged in the report from Rabbi Plaut that led to the IRB's founding, with that report stating: &quot;a determination that a claimant is a refugee requires an assessment of credibility, for the [Division] must satisfy itself that the facts as asserted by the claimant are true.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 106.&lt;/ref&gt; Plaut goes on to note about refugee status determination that &quot;the whole exercise falters and justice is thwarted if the truth is not elicited&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;W. Gunther Plaut, ''Refugee determination in Canada: A report to the Honourable Flora MacDonald, Minister of Employment and Immigration'', April 1985, Government of Canada publication, page 159.&lt;/ref&gt; 

There are many ways in which a panel may seek to fulfill its mandate to test evidence; in general, one technique that is used by the government is to seek to corroborate the information.&lt;ref&gt;''Mahjoub (Re),'' 2010 FC 787 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/2btjw&gt;, para. 94.&lt;/ref&gt; See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/170 - Proceedings#How should the Division determine whether evidence should be considered credible or trustworthy?]]

=== A panel may have a duty to contact a witness to obtain information where it has credibility concerns ===

When it comes to whether the Board is obliged to conduct claimant-specific research, or to reach out to a potential witness during a hearing, there is a split in the Federal Court jurisprudence about whether and in what circumstances the Board has any such obligation. One line of jurisprudence is represented by the decision of Justice Russell in ''Paxi v Canada'' wherein he commented that &quot;for the Board to take issue with the authenticity of the document yet make no further inquiries despite having the appropriate contact information to do so is a reviewable error.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Paxi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 905 (CanLII).&lt;/ref&gt; This appears to place a higher onus on the Board to inquire into a claim and solicit independent evidence. A contrasting line of jurisprudence is exemplified by the decision of Mr. Justice Roy in ''Lutonadio v. Canada'' that endorsed the following statement:&lt;blockquote&gt;I disagree that an administrative tribunal has an obligation to contact a witness to obtain information. This is not its role. The onus rests with the Applicant to bring forward evidence it intends to rely upon and in doing so, always to put the best foot forward. It is not up to the RPD to chase down evidence from a witness to be satisfied that the document is authentic and that a person exists who has sworn to the truth of its contents before someone authorized to confirm that fact. This onus rests with the Applicant who should provide the necessary information authenticating the author and the document.&lt;ref&gt;''Lutonadio, Marcelina v. M.C.I''., (FC, No. IMM-7709-19), Roy, January 6, 2021; 2021 FC 18.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Both lines of jurisprudence continue to be followed. For example, in the 2022 decision ''Zhang v Canada'', the court commented about immigration officers that &quot;there does appear to be an expectation that an Officer will take it upon themselves to simply use the contact information provided to verify the authenticity of the evidence that is provided&quot;, citing ''Paxi v Canada'' in support of this proposition.&lt;ref&gt;''Jankovic v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 857 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jprtv#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-09.&lt;/ref&gt; Relatedly, the 2022 decision ''Jankovic v. Canada'' held that fairness will &quot;sometimes require the RPD to take a small, not-too-onerous, step of making further inquiry into the information relevant to a claim.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Jankovic v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 857 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jprtv#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

There are limits to the Board's onus to inquire into matters. In ''Ramirez v. Canada'', the claimant argued on judicial review that the Board Member should have considered whether counselling in the proposed IFA location would be likely to adequately address the applicant’s mental health issues. The court rejected this argument, concluding that &quot;such an analysis would have been speculative and well beyond the RAD’s expertise.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

=== A panel has a duty to enquire into matters where the onus for adducing evidence falls onto the Board ===
As a general matter, a claimant has an onus to show that they meet the criteria to be recognized as a refugee: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#A claimant has an onus to show that they meet the criteria to be recognized as a refugee]]. However, in the Canadian system there also exist legal issues where the burden of proof does not fall on the claimant, for example:

* The Minister (or the Board, if the Minister is not participating in a hearing) bears the onus to establish that a refugee claimant comes within one of the Convention's exclusion clauses.&lt;ref&gt;''Ramirez'' v. ''Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)'', 1992 CanLII 8540 (FCA), [1992] 2 F.C. 306 (C.A.).&lt;/ref&gt;
* If the Board finds that the agent of persecution is the state, then the burden to establish that there is an IFA within that country where the state persecution is not happening or where a claimant would be protected by the state rests on the party asserting it and not on the claimant.&lt;ref&gt;''Buyuksahin v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 772 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gk0rh#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-20.&lt;/ref&gt;
* If the Board or the Minister is asserting that a claimant has status in a third country, the burden to establish that they have an entitlement to citizenship pursuant to that country's laws rests on the party asserting the proposition, not the claimant.&lt;ref&gt;''Tretsetsang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 175 (CanLII), [2017] 3 FCR 399, at para 40, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gs2j6#par40&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-01.&lt;/ref&gt;

Where the record indicates that something is a possible concern, and the onus for establishing that matter falls to the Board, the RPD should conduct a sufficiently thorough questioning to adequately assess the facts and appropriate conclusion, for example an individual is excluded under the ''Refugee Convention.'' The failure to conduct such an examination, for example where the RPD does not inquire into the matter and simply relies on the absence of sufficient evidence on the record to determine that exclusion has not been established, is an error.&lt;ref&gt;''Saghiri v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 720 (CanLII), at para 33, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzgbf#par33&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-21.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board cannot base some findings, for example that there is an internal flight alternative, in the absence of sufficient evidence, solely on the basis that the claimant has not fulfilled the onus of proof.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; 

=== The panel has a duty to enquire into matters related to the fairness of the proceedings if there is an indication of a procedural fairness issue ===
For example, in ''Gallardo v. Canada'' the Federal Court commented that the Division should have inquired into the claimant's capacity to represent himself given counsel’s statements that the claimant had not been properly prepared and the claim had been inadequately put together without the assistance of counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Gallardo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 441 (CanLII), par. 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jg7pv#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2021-06-08.&lt;/ref&gt; The Court held that the Division erred in not so inquiring. In ''Gorgulu v. Canada'', the Federal Court concluded that a decision maker should have alerted an applicant to what appeared to be an oversight in their submissions, stating that the &quot;reasons fail to demonstrate that they considered the consequences of not providing the applicant with an opportunity to rectify what may very well have been an oversight concerning important information in support of his PRRA application&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Gorgulu v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 23 (CanLII), at para 57, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jtsr9#par57&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-03.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board should also verify that representatives appearing before the Board are authorized to do so: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Counsel of Record#The Board should verify that representatives appearing before the Board are authorized pursuant to the Act and regulations]].

== The Refugee Appeal Division must independently assess claims ==
The RAD is obliged to conduct an independent review of the case, focusing on the errors identified by the appellant.&lt;ref&gt;''Fatime v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 594 at para 19.&lt;/ref&gt; This has implications for the role of the RAD; the RAD cannot be expected to examine every piece of evidence and try to draw out arguments that could support an asylum claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Chakroun c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2023 CF 1170 (CanLII), au para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzxbz#par18&gt;, consulté le 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; Simply because the RAD expresses agreement with the RPD’s reasoning does not mean it failed to undertake its own assessment or analysis.&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2023 FC 332 at para 27.&lt;/ref&gt; For more detail, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 3(3)(g)(i): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal]].

That said, while the RAD is an appellate body, it would not be consistent with the inquisitorial approach to refugee determination to design an appeal that abandons this approach, placing the onus exclusively on the appellant to advance all issues of risk.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Lamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1621, para. 24.&lt;/ref&gt; The Board Member must engage with evidence that, on its face, appears to contradict their key findings about the case.&lt;ref&gt;''Cepeda-Gutierrez v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 157 FTR 35, [1998] FCJ No 1425 (FC).&lt;/ref&gt; While the RAD is not required to assess every finding made by the RPD, it is required to provide justified, transparent, and intelligible reasons supporting or disagreeing with the RPD’s risk findings, even if those findings are unchallenged.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Lamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1621, para. 29.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Reasons should be sufficiently clear and provide a rational chain of reasoning]].

== References ==
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    <title>Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal</title>
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      <comment>/* Rule 3(3)(g)(i): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal */</comment>
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      <text bytes="68770" sha1="fae4chjocs5l8fuf3gohyz1t7sbnwqr" xml:space="preserve">== RAD Rules - Part 1 ==


The text of the relevant rules reads:&lt;pre&gt;PART 1
Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rules 2-3: Filing and Perfecting an Appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Filing and Perfecting an Appeal&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 2: Filing appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Filing appeal
2 (1) To file an appeal, the person who is the subject of the appeal must provide to the Division three copies of a written notice of appeal.

Copy provided to Minister
(2) The Division must provide a copy of the notice of appeal to the Minister without delay.

Content of notice of appeal
(3) In the notice of appeal, the appellant must indicate
(a) their name and telephone number, and an address where documents can be provided to them;
(b) if represented by counsel, counsel’s contact information and any limitations on counsel’s retainer;
(c) the identification number given by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration to them;
(d) the Refugee Protection Division file number, the date of the notice of decision relating to the decision being appealed and the date that they received the written reasons for the decision;
(e) the language — English or French — chosen by them as the language of the appeal; and
(f) the representative’s contact information if the Refugee Protection Division has designated a representative for them in the proceedings relating to the decision being appealed, and any proposed change in representative.

Time limit
(4) The notice of appeal provided under this rule must be received by the Division within the time limit for filing an appeal set out in the Regulations.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== RAD Rule 2(1): The requirement to provide three copies of the written notice of appeal has been waived ===
The ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that multiple copies of documents do not need to be submitted where required in the Rules.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice: Exchange of Documents through Canada Post epost Connect to the Refugee Appeal Division,'' ​​​​​June 15, 2020, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/notice-documents-epost-connect.aspx&gt; (Accessed September 16, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== RAD Rule 2(4): The notice of appeal must be received by the Division within the time limit for filing an appeal set out in the Regulations ===
The time limit for filing an appeal is set out in s. 159.91 of the Regulation:&lt;pre&gt;Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division

Time limit for appeal
159.91 (1) Subject to subsection (2), for the purpose of subsection 110(2.1) of the Act,
(a) the time limit for a person or the Minister to file an appeal to the Refugee Appeal Division against a decision of the Refugee Protection Division is 15 days after the day on which the person or the Minister receives written reasons for the decision; and
(b) the time limit for a person or the Minister to perfect such an appeal is 30 days after the day on which the person or the Minister receives written reasons for the decision.
&lt;/pre&gt;For more context to this part of the regulations, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159.91: Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division]]. For more details about requesting an extension of time to file or perfect, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#RAD Rule 6: Extension of Time]].

== RAD Rule 3: Perfecting appeal and content of appellant's record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Perfecting appeal
3 (1) To perfect an appeal, the person who is the subject of the appeal must provide to the Division two copies of the appellant’s record.

Copy provided to Minister
(2) The Division must provide a copy of the appellant’s record to the Minister without delay.

Content of appellant’s record
(3) The appellant’s record must contain the following documents, on consecutively numbered pages, in the following order:
(a) the notice of decision and written reasons for the Refugee Protection Division’s decision that the appellant is appealing;
(b) all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal, together with a declaration, signed by the transcriber, that includes the transcriber’s name and a statement that the transcript is accurate;
(c) any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal;
(d) a written statement indicating
 (i) whether the appellant is relying on any evidence referred to in subsection 110(4) of the Act,
 (ii) whether the appellant is requesting that a hearing be held under subsection 110(6) of the Act, and if they are requesting a hearing, whether they are making an application under rule 66 to change the location of the hearing, and
 (iii) the language and dialect, if any, to be interpreted, if the Division decides that a hearing is necessary and the appellant needs an interpreter;
(e) any documentary evidence that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal;
(f) any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal; and
(g) a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding
 (i) the errors that are the grounds of the appeal,
 (ii) where the errors are located in the written reasons for the Refugee Protection Division’s decision that the appellant is appealing or in the transcript or in any audio or other electronic recording of the Refugee Protection Division hearing,
 (iii) how any documentary evidence referred to in paragraph (e) meets the requirements of subsection 110(4) of the Act and how that evidence relates to the appellant,
 (iv) the decision the appellant wants the Division to make, and
 (v) why the Division should hold a hearing under subsection 110(6) of the Act if the appellant is requesting that a hearing be held.

Length of memorandum
(4) The memorandum referred to in paragraph (3)(g) must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Time limit
(5) The appellant’s record provided under this rule must be received by the Division within the time limit for perfecting an appeal set out in the Regulations.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 3(1): The requirement to provide two copies of the appellant's record has been waived ===
The ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that multiple copies of documents do not need to be submitted where required in the Rules.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Rule 3(3)(b): The appellant's record must contain all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal ===
Rule 3(3)(b) provides that the appellant's record must contain all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal, together with a declaration, signed by the transcriber, that includes the transcriber’s name and a statement that the transcript is accurate. That said, the ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that the RAD removes (waives) the requirement in the rules for signatures on documents and RAD forms submitted in support of an appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

The intent of this rule is that a transcript of relevant portions of the hearing will be provided by the appellant if the appellant wants to rely on a transcript on appeal. The court held in ''Abdi v. Canada'' that, even in a situation where the appellant did not have the means to have a transcript prepared, the RAD was not obliged to assist the appellant in meeting this requirement by producing and providing a transcript itself.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;''Abdi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1322 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0gnw#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

The IRB has a policy and objective of producing transcripts for all hearings that last more than two hours. The court held in ''Abdi v. Canada'' that it was procedurally fair for the RAD to rely on such a transcript which had not been provided to the appellant. This was so as the evidence in question was the applicant’s own and he had been provided with a recording of that testimony.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; While members of the public are not legally entitled to transcripts and documents from RAD proceedings, available transcripts are shared when requested by appellants and their counsel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, ''Final Investigation Report dated June 2023'', 2022-0101-EI (2022-0330-CAS and 2022-0798-CAS). &lt;/ref&gt; That said, while the RAD produces transcripts for all English hearings, as of 2022 it did so for only 37.5% of French hearings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board is not obliged to provide a transcript of an RPD proceeding, regardless of whether or not a recording of the proceeding was made]].

Rule 3(3)(b) is to be read in conjunction with Rule 3(3)(g)(ii) which provides that the appellant may, as an alternative to relying on a transcript, point to specific sections or an &quot;audio or other electronic recordings of the Refugee Protection Division hearing&quot;. 

=== Rule 3(3)(c): The appellant's record must contain any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal ===
RAD Rule 3(3)(c) provides that the appellant's record must contain any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal. These documents need not be assessed as new evidence in accordance with subsection 110(4) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act''.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 124039 (CA IRB), at para 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jn804#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, the RAD is to consider whether the RPD was correct to exclude them. If they were improperly excluded, then the RAD may consider them.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2021 CanLII 140071 (CA IRB), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jlvh5&gt;, retrieved on 2022-12-06.&lt;/ref&gt; 

For documents provided to the RPD at or before a hearing, but not within required timelines, the relevant RPD rule is number 36: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 36 - Use of undisclosed documents]]. For documents provided after a hearing, but prior to the RPD rendering its decision, the relevant RPD rule is number 43: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 43 - Additional documents provided as evidence after a hearing]].

Placing the onus on the appellant to provide such documents in the appellant's record relates to RAD Rule 21(3)(c), which provides that the Refugee Protection Division record is to contain all documentary evidence that the Refugee Protection Division accepted as evidence, during or after the hearing, but that it need not contain evidence that was not accepted.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2014 CanLII 93098 (CA IRB), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkb49#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 21: Refugee Protection Division Record]]. For example, the RPD states that if an application to admit late disclosure is refused, a claimant &quot;will have to proceed with your hearing without the use of the late disclosure&quot; and the RPD states that it will return these documents to the party &quot;if they arrived by mail, courier, fax, or in-person delivery​ but will dispose of them if they were submitted electronically&quot;, indicating that a copy of such rejected documents is not retained for referral to the RAD as part of the RPD record.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Questions and answers: Practice Notice on Procedural Issues,'' Date modified: 2024-09-09 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pnpi-qa.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, at question 23.&lt;/ref&gt; If the rejected documents are not before it, the RAD cannot review whether the RPD was correct to exclude the evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2014 CanLII 93098 (CA IRB), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkb49#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rule 3(3)(e): The appellant's record must contain any documentary evidence that the appellants want to rely on in the appeal, but this is subject to rules on admitting new evidence ===
Rule 3(3)(e) provides that the appellant's record must contain any documentary evidence that the appellants want to rely on in the appeal, but where such evidence is new evidence, it must be admissible as per IRPA s. 110: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA Section 110(4)-(5): Evidence that may be presented]]. The phrase &quot;documentary evidence&quot; implies that where &quot;evidence&quot; is used without modification elsewhere in the rules, it can include both documentary evidence and non-documentary evidence, such as oral evidence. See also RAD Rule 24, which refers to &quot;written evidence&quot;, a subset of all &quot;evidence&quot;: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 24: Specialized Knowledge]].

All evidence that the RPD accepted as evidence is part of the RPD record and will be provided to the RAD by the RPD under rule 21 of the ''RAD Rules''. Therefore, an appellant does not have to include this evidence in their appellant's record.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Important Instructions Concerning your Appellant's Record to the Refugee Appeal Division of the IRB'', Date modified: 2020-09-18, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/refugee-appeals/Pages/RadSar3010Instruct.aspx&gt; (Accessed September 19, 2023), at footnote 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rule 3(3)(f) provides that an appellant's record must contain any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal, but citations to Canadian court decisions suffice ===
Rule 3(3)(f) provides that an appellant's record must contain &quot;any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal&quot;. While new evidence must be in printed form, not a simple reference to an Internet link,&lt;ref&gt;''Iribhogbe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 501 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnm47&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; this principle does not apply to the submission of Canadian caselaw as a legal authority. Copies of Canadian court decisions generally do not need be appended to an appellant's memorandum. In practice, a citation suffices. This is summarized as followed by the Board in the Appellant's Guide that it publishes: &quot;For legal cases that are publicly available, you can provide references and links (for example, links from CanLII) instead of hard copies. If the case is not publicly available (for example, because it is from a foreign jurisdiction or it is very recent), provide a hard copy with the relevant portions highlighted.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Appellant's Guide'', April 2017, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/refugee-appeals/Pages/RefAppGuide.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; This flows from the requirement that cases should be decided based on all of the law that binds the Board&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) et al. v. The Canadian Council for Refugees et al.,'' 2021 FCA 72, para. 125, overturned at the Supreme Court of Canada, though not on this point.&lt;/ref&gt; and the reasonable expectation of parties that judicial notice will be taken of published decisions in Canadian judicial proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;''Kovac v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 497 at para 10.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, judicial notice cannot be taken of foreign law&lt;ref&gt;J G Castel, ''Canadian Conflict of Laws, 4th ed'' (Toronto: Butterworths, 1997) at 7-1.&lt;/ref&gt; and so copies of foreign laws or judgments that a party wishes to rely on should normally be appended. See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge#IRPA s. 170: The Division may take notice of any facts that may be judicially noticed]].

=== Rules 3(3)(e) and 3(3)(f): Legal authorities may be distinguished from evidence that an appellant wants to rely on ===
Rule 3(3)(f) provides that an appellant's record must contain &quot;any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal&quot;. This rule is to be distinguished from Rule 3(3)(e), which provides that an appellant's record must also contain &quot;any documentary evidence that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal&quot;. In this way, legal authorities may be considered distinct from documentary evidence that an appellant seeks to rely on. While some documents clearly fall into one category or the other, often whether a document is evidence or a legal authority is ambiguous and may depend on the proposition which the appellant aims to establish from the document. As noted in ''Basra v. Canada'', the hallmark of a document properly admitted pursuant to Rule 3(3)(f) is that it is either an authority in law or else it interprets the law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Basra v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2023 FC 707 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd95#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Where an applicant is referring to a document as objective evidence in support of their factual assertions, the document is properly considered under Rule 3(3)(e) and the accompanying new evidence provisions of the Act.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Some examples which highlight this dichotomy follow: 

* &lt;u&gt;UNHCR guidelines may be considered legal authority or evidence:&lt;/u&gt; The Federal Court accepted in ''Osemwenkhae v. Canada'' that &quot;UNHCR Guidelines are not new documents in the sense of being new evidence but rather should have been introduced as doctrinal or legal support for [the appellant's] position.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Osemwenkhae v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 503 (CanLII), at para 7, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnlcq#par7&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-04.&lt;/ref&gt; But see ''Valdez v. Canada'' which held it was reasonable for the RAD to consider the UNHCR Handbook under the new evidence framework of subsection 110(4) of the IRPA in a circumstance where the appellant had argued that the Handbook was new evidence justifying an oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Davila Valdez c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2022 CF 596 (CanLII), au para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnwwq#par17&gt;, consulté le 2022-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Sharma v. Canada'' the court held that a UN High Commissioner for Refugees Guidance note was properly considered as new evidence, not a legal authority.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharma v. Canada (Immigration and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 1444 (CanLII), at para 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6sx4#par4&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Prior cases may be considered legal authority or evidence:&lt;/u&gt; Prior tribunal decisions&lt;ref&gt;''Mansour v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 846 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jprtr#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt; legal cases,&lt;ref&gt;''Sami-Ullah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1525 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt2kd#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; and decisions of international bodies such as the United Nations Committee Against Torture&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Basra v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2023 FC 707 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd95#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-06.&lt;/ref&gt; may be considered legal authorities and not evidence. However, in ''Ismailov v. Canada'' the Appellant submitted a decision from the European Court of Human Rights.&lt;ref&gt;''Ismailov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 967 (CanLII), at para 67, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkrb5#par67&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-09.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD declined to admit it because it found that it was not bound by jurisprudence outside of Canada. The court concluded that this was in error because the decision was submitted as evidence, not a legal authority:&lt;blockquote&gt;In my view, the fact that the RAD is not bound by jurisprudence outside of Canada is irrelevant. The Applicant did not submit this evidence for a point of law, but rather for its factual findings regarding the country conditions in Uzbekistan. In other words, this decision formed part of the new evidence that was submitted to the RAD. Thus, the RAD erred by dismissing it out of hand and refusing to determine whether the decision satisfied the test for new evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Ismailov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 967 (CanLII), at para 67, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkrb5#par67&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-09.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;But see the following commentary to RPD Rule 43, including a case concluding that under that rule past tribunal decisions should not be considered evidence: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#Rule 43 applies to evidence, not submissions, caselaw, or other tribunal decisions]]. It is unclear how to reconcile the above decision with the Federal Court's conclusion in ''Smith v. Canada'' that importing a finding of fact from another decision was “clearly not acceptable” because a finding of fact must be based on the evidence submitted to the decision maker: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board must not rely on evidence that is not on the record or otherwise properly available to the Member]].

* &lt;u&gt;Foreign law is considered to be a question of fact:&lt;/u&gt; Foreign law is considered by Canada's legal system to be a question of fact.&lt;ref&gt;''Hunt v T&amp;N PLC,'' [1993] 4 SCR 289 at 306; J G Castel, Canadian Conflict of Laws, 4th ed (Toronto: Butterworths, 1997) at 155.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, the content of Canada’s international legal obligations has usually been held to be a question of law.&lt;ref&gt;See ''Jose Pereira E Hijos, SA v Canada (Attorney General)'' (1996), 126 FTR 167; ''Ielovski v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' [2008] FC 739 at para 7.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Reports discussing and critiquing IRB decisions may be considered legal authority or evidence:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Basra v. Canada'', the appellant submitted ''a'' 2004 report entitled ''Comprehensive Discussion of the Internal Flight Option for Punjabi Sikh Survivors of Political Rape and other Forms of Institutionalized Violence'' to the RAD as a legal authority.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The RAD concluded that the document was not admissible as jurisprudence. The Federal Court upheld this decision, concluding that the content in the report was &quot;factual in nature, containing discussion and opinion based on research and experience&quot; and noting that the document was &quot;analogous to many documents typically contained in a national documentation package&quot; and that in his appeal submissions the applicant referred to the document as objective evidence in support of his factual assertions and not as jurisprudence or expressions of law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Legal texts:&lt;/u&gt; Legal texts written by Canadian scholars on, ''inter alia'', immigration law, properly constitute legal doctrine.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharma v. Canada (Immigration and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 1444 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6sx4#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Legislative instruments:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Sharma v. Canada'', the RAD found that “legal authority” in Rule 3(3)(f) may include Canadian Orders in Council and other such legislative instruments.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharma v. Canada (Immigration and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 1444 (CanLII), at para 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6sx4#par4&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rule 3(3)(g)(i): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal ===
Rule 3(3)(g) provides that the appellant's record must contain a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding (i) the errors that are the grounds of the appeal, and (ii) where the errors are located in the reasons for the Refugee Protection Division's decision or in a recording of the Refugee Protection Division hearing. A corollary of the obligation to identify such errors is that an applicant cannot reasonably fault the RAD for not going beyond the grounds of appeal or for not providing extensive reasons regarding the grounds of appeal that the applicant did not previously challenge.&lt;ref&gt;''Shalaiev, Dmytro'' ''v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., No. IMM-6383-20), Roussel, April 1, 2022; 2022 FC 457.&lt;/ref&gt; However, it also cannot be presumed that unchallenged findings are correct. Such a presumption would interfere with the RAD’s statutory obligation. As the court held in ''Derxhia v. Canada'', &quot;While it may be unwise for an appellant to leave credibility determinations by the RPD unchallenged, this does not relieve the RAD of its role in determining the correctness of the RPD’s decision in all relevant matters.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Derxhia v. MCI'', 2018 FC 180, para. 28.&lt;/ref&gt; These Rules are procedural and cannot circumscribe the broad decision-making authority of the RAD as described in sections 110 and 111 of the legislation.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Lamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1621, para. 21. &lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The jurisdiction of the RAD is to hear appeals on a question or law, of fact, or of mixed law and fact against a decision of the RPD]]. That said, the RAD also cannot be expected to examine every piece of evidence and try to draw out arguments that could support an asylum claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Chakroun c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2023 CF 1170 (CanLII), au para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzxbz#par18&gt;, consulté le 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Where the grounds of appeal are not sufficiently clear in accordance with paragraph 3(3)(g) of the RAD Rules, it is open to the RAD to include in its analysis only the most intelligible submissions.&lt;ref&gt;''Ngandeu, Floriane Payo v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., No. IMM-8158-21), Walker, December 1, 2022, 2022 FC 1651.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it is not sufficient for an appellant &quot;to throw cases against the wall in the hope that they will stick, or to leave to the reviewing court the task of establishing somehow the connection. The connection of the dots on the page must be done by those who suggest some connection. ... [A] collection of cases in search of some connection with the facts of this case did not result in a cogent and persuasive argument without an articulation of what that connection may be.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Bayode v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 18 (CanLII), at paras 21 and 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k238x#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

The memorandum with submissions discussed in subrule (g) is to be distinct from the documentary evidence that the appellant wants to rely on in the hearing discussed in subrule (e). That said, at times there may be overlap between these. Where an appellant submits an affidavit on appeal that is not new evidence pursuant to subsection 110(4) of the IRPA, but is instead more akin to submissions on the errors that are the grounds of the appeal, the RAD is entitled to treat the affidavit as submissions.&lt;ref&gt;''Adekunle v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 882 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxtq6#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the fact that the RAD states that it is treating such an affidavit as submissions does not mean that the RAD errs by referring to the material in the appellant's affidavit as an example of an inconsistency in the statements provided by the appellant that can properly detract from the appellant's credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Adekunle v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 882 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxtq6#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

See also: 

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Refugee Appeal Division must independently assess claims]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#A panel has a duty to consider all potential grounds for a refugee claim that arise on the evidence]]

=== Rule 3(3)(g)(iii): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding how any documentary evidence referred to in paragraph (e) relates to the appellant ===
The requirement in RAD Rule 3(3)(g)(iii) that the appellant's record contain a memorandum with submissions regarding how any newly submitted documentary evidence relates to the appellant has been interpreted as a requirement that the appellant establish its relevance. In the words of the Federal Court of Appeal, this is a basic condition for the admissibility of any piece of evidence, and it would be difficult to imagine the introduction of new evidence being somehow exempt from this criterion. Indeed, subparagraphs 3(3)(g)(iii) and 5(2)(d)(ii) of the ''Refugee Appeal Division Rules'', SOR/2012-257 implicitly allude to this by providing that both the appellant’s memorandum and memorandum in reply must include full and detailed submissions regarding how any documentary evidence the appellant wishes to rely on not only meets the requirements of subsection 110(4), but also “how that evidence relates to the appellant” (“''la façon dont ils sont liés à l’appelant''”).&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 45, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par45&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-16.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#Additional Raza/Singh factors]].

== RAD Rule 4: Intervention by the Minister ==
&lt;pre&gt;Intervention by the Minister

Notice of intervention
4 (1) To intervene in an appeal at any time before the Division makes a decision, the Minister must provide, first to the appellant and then to the Division, a written notice of intervention, together with any documentary evidence that the Minister wants to rely on in the appeal.

Content of notice of intervention
(2) In the notice of intervention, the Minister must indicate
(a) counsel’s contact information;
(b) the identification number given by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration to the appellant;
(c) the appellant’s name, the Refugee Protection Division file number, the date of the notice of decision relating to the decision being appealed and the date that the Minister received the written reasons for the decision;
(d) whether the Minister is relying on any documentary evidence referred to in subsection 110(3) of the Act and the relevance of that evidence; and
(e) whether the Minister is requesting that a hearing be held under subsection 110(6) of the Act, and if the Minister is requesting a hearing, why the Division should hold a hearing and whether the Minister is making an application under rule 66 to change the location of the hearing.

Minister’s intervention record
(3) In addition to the documents referred to in subrule (1), the Minister may provide, first to the appellant and then to the Division, the Minister’s intervention record containing the following documents, on consecutively numbered pages, in the following order:
(a) all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the Minister wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal and the transcript was not provided with the appellant’s record, together with a declaration, signed by the transcriber, that includes the transcriber’s name and a statement that the transcript is accurate;
(b) any law, case law or other legal authority that the Minister wants to rely on in the appeal; and
(c) a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding
(i) the grounds on which the Minister is contesting the appeal, and
(ii) the decision the Minister wants the Division to make.

Length of memorandum
(4) The memorandum referred to in paragraph (3)(c) must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Proof documents were provided
(5) The documents provided to the Division under this rule must be accompanied by proof that they were provided to the appellant.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 4: To intervene in an appeal the Minister must provide a written notice of intervention ===
Rule 4(1) provides that if it wants to intervene in an appeal, the Minister must provide a written notice of intervention, together with any documentary evidence that the Minister wants to rely on in the appeal. Where the Minister attempts to provide documentary evidence or argument without such a written notice of intervention that meets the requirements of RAD Rule 4, the Division has in the past refused to accept the document. 

== RAD Rule 5 - Reply ==
&lt;pre&gt;Reply to Minister’s intervention
5 (1) To reply to a Minister’s intervention, the appellant must provide, first to the Minister and then to the Division, a reply record.

Content of reply record
(2) The reply record must contain the following documents, on consecutively numbered pages, in the following order:
(a) all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript to support the reply and the transcript was not provided with the appellant’s record or by the Minister, together with a declaration, signed by the transcriber, that includes the transcriber’s name and a statement that the transcript is accurate;
(b) any documentary evidence that the appellant wants to rely on to support the reply and that was not provided with the appellant’s record or by the Minister;
(c) any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on to support the reply and that was not provided with the appellant’s record or by the Minister; and
(d) a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding
(i) only the grounds raised by the Minister,
(ii) how any documentary evidence referred to in paragraph (b) meets the requirements of subsection 110(4) or (5) of the Act and how that evidence relates to the appellant, and
(iii) why the Division should hold a hearing under subsection 110(6) of the Act if the appellant is requesting that a hearing be held and they did not include such a request in the appellant’s record, and if the appellant is requesting a hearing, whether they are making an application under rule 66 to change the location of the hearing.

Length of memorandum
(3) The memorandum referred to in paragraph (2)(d) must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Proof document was provided
(4) The reply record provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that it was provided to the Minister.

Time limit
(5) Documents provided under this rule must be received by the Division no later than 15 days after the day on which the appellant receives the Minister’s notice of intervention, the Minister’s intervention record, or any additional documents provided by the Minister, as the case may be.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 6: Extension of Time ==
&lt;pre&gt;Extension of Time

Application for extension of time to file or perfect
6 (1) A person who is the subject of an appeal who makes an application to the Division for an extension of the time to file or to perfect an appeal under the Regulations must do so in accordance with rule 37, except that the person must provide to the Division the original and a copy of the application.

Copy provided to Minister
(2) The Division must provide a copy of an application under subrule (1) to the Minister without delay.

Content of application
(3) The person who is the subject of the appeal must include in an application under subrule (1)
(a) their name and telephone number, and an address where documents can be provided to them;
(b) if represented by counsel, counsel’s contact information and any limitations on counsel’s retainer;
(c) the identification number given by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration to them; and
(d) the Refugee Protection Division file number, the date of the notice of decision relating to the decision being appealed and the date that they received the written reasons for the decision.

Accompanying documents — filing
(4) An application for an extension of the time to file an appeal under subrule (1) must be accompanied by three copies of a written notice of appeal.

Accompanying documents — perfecting
(5) An application for an extension of the time to perfect an appeal under subrule (1) must be accompanied by two copies of the appellant’s record.

Application for extension of time to reply
(6) A person who is the subject of an appeal may make an application to the Division for an extension of the time to reply to a Minister’s intervention in accordance with rule 37.

Factors — reply
(7) In deciding an application under subrule (6), the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) whether the application was made in a timely manner and the justification for any delay;
(b) whether there is an arguable case;
(c) prejudice to the Minister, if the application was granted; and
(d) the nature and complexity of the appeal.

Notification of decision on application
(8) The Division must without delay notify, in writing, both the person who is the subject of the appeal and the Minister of its decision with respect to an application under subrule (1) or (6).&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The Regulation sets out the process for extending the time limit for filing an appeal ===
RAD Rule 2(4) provides that the notice of appeal provided under this rule must be received by the Division within the time limit for filing an appeal set out in the Regulations. Section 159.91(2) of that regulation sets out the criteria to be granted an extension to that time limit:&lt;pre&gt;Extension
159.91 (2) If the appeal cannot be filed within the time limit set out in paragraph 1)(a) or perfected within the time limit set out in paragraph (1)(b), the Refugee Appeal Division may, for reasons of fairness and natural justice, extend each of those time limits by the number of days that is necessary in the circumstances.
&lt;/pre&gt;In short, this provision contains three elements: 

# It must not be possible for the appeal to be filed and perfected within the time limits of, respectively, 15 and 30 calendar days. Under this element, the party seeking an extension of time must provide an explanation for the delay and must show a continuing intention to appeal during the delay.
# An extension must be for the number of days necessary in the circumstances. This requirement suggests that the delay should be as short as possible or, in other words, that every day of delay should be justified. The reference to &quot;circumstances&quot; implies an individualised assessment of the circumstances in each particular request for an extension of time.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2017 CanLII 149353 (CA IRB), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j46pm#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Any extension must be for reasons of fairness and natural justice.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 76391 (CA IRB), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/g23dh#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Jurisprudence has established four factors to be considered in the applications for extension of time made before courts or administrative tribunals. These factors are not exhaustive and other factors may be considered, such as, for example, the complexity of an appeal, a factor mentioned in RAD Rule 6(7). All of the factors do not have to be met. The appropriate weight must be given to each factor in the context of a particular case. The four factors are to be applied in order to determine whether fairness and natural justice, in the circumstances, require an extension of time for a particular number of days:

&lt;blockquote&gt;a) there was and is a continuing intention on the part of the party presenting the motion to pursue the appeal;

b) the subject matter of the appeal discloses an arguable case;

c) there is a reasonable explanation for the defaulting parties delay; and

d) there is no prejudice to the other party in allowing the extension.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Attorney General) v. Pentney'', 2008 FC 96, as cited and applied in the RAD context in ''X (Re),'' 2017 CanLII 149353 (CA IRB), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j46pm#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;For more context to this part of the regulations, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159.91: Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division]]. See also the practice notice on extending the time limit for perfecting an appeal.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice notice extending time limit for perfecting an appeal,'' Date modified: 2020-09-18, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/practice-notice-extending-time-perfecting-appeal.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; This practice notice sets out that informal requests are no longer acceptable and that the application to extend the time limit to perfect an appeal must include the Appellant's Record.

== RAD Rule 7: Decision without further notice ==
&lt;pre&gt;Disposition of an Appeal

Decision without further notice
7 Unless a hearing is held under subsection 110(6) of the Act, the Division may, without further notice to the appellant and to the Minister, decide an appeal on the basis of the materials provided
(a) if a period of 15 days has passed since the day on which the Minister received the appellant’s record, or the time limit for perfecting the appeal set out in the Regulations has expired; or
(b) if the reply record has been provided, or the time limit for providing it has expired.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 7 provides that the Division may, without further notice, decide the appeal, but further notice is required if the appeal is decided on a new ground ===
Rule 7 of the ''RAD Rules'' provides that, where a hearing is not warranted, the RAD may, “without further notice to the appellant and to the Minister, decide an appeal on the basis of the materials provided.” The Federal Court has recognized that, notwithstanding this rule, deciding an appeal on a new ground without first giving notice to the parties that the issue is in play can breach the requirements of procedural fairness. The RAD has a mandate to wholly appreciate the record before them and reach their own conclusions on review.&lt;ref&gt;Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2024 FC 1259, para. 13.&lt;/ref&gt; The duty of procedural fairness requires the RAD to provide the appellant with an opportunity to make submissions when considering an issue that was not raised by the appellant or by the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Ehondor v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 1253 (CanLII), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gvqr5#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-03.&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Hughes expressed this exception to the general rule as follows in ''Husian v Canada'': “The point is that if the RAD chooses to take a frolic and venture into the record to make further substantive findings, it should give some sort of notice to the parties and give them an opportunity to make submissions.”&lt;ref&gt;''Husian v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 684 at para 10.&lt;/ref&gt; When determining whether notice should have been provided, panels have considered whether an applicant could have made submissions on the issue or whether they were insufficiently aware of it earlier.&lt;ref&gt;''Ojarikre v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 896 at para 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, where the Division raises a new issue, the Minister should be given notice of the new issue, even if they are not a party to the proceeding.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Alazar,'' 2021 FC 637 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jgr79&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-29&lt;/ref&gt;

=== When may the RAD raise a new issue? ===
The RAD is obliged to conduct an independent review of the case, focusing on the errors identified by the appellant.&lt;ref&gt;''Fatime v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 594 at para 19.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the RAD has a broad discretion to raise new issues where doing so will bring finality to an issue. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The RAD may raise new issues that are not raised in the appeal submissions]]. 

=== What is a new issue requiring notice? ===
A new issue can be identified as one that (1) is legally and factually distinct from the grounds of appeal raised by the parties and cannot reasonably be said to stem from the issues raised on appeal,&lt;ref&gt;''Ching v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 725 at paras 65 to 76.&lt;/ref&gt; and (2) is an issue where the RPD made no determination.&lt;ref&gt;''Tan v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 876 at para 40.&lt;/ref&gt; If the RAD will decide a matter on a ground that is a new issue, including by making additional substantive findings based on the record,&lt;ref&gt;''Husian,'' 2015 FC 684, para. 10 and ''Dalirani,'' 2020 FC 258, paras. 29 and 20.&lt;/ref&gt; which were not addressed in the RPD decision and not raised by the parties on appeal, then procedural fairness requires that notice and an opportunity to make submissions be given.&lt;ref&gt;''Ching v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 725, paragraph 71.&lt;/ref&gt;

Essentially, this protects persons who are the subject of an appeal and the Minister against unfair surprise. As in all matters of procedural fairness, the ultimate question remains whether the applicant knew the case to meet and had a full and fair chance to respond.&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Pacific Railway (GP Rail) Company v. Canada (Attorney General),'' 2018 FCA 69 (CanLll), para. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Notice should be provided whenever new or additional arguments, reasoning, or analysis unknown to the parties is being considered by the Division.&lt;ref&gt;''Kwakwa,'' 2016 FC 600, para. 26.&lt;/ref&gt;  

This said, “issues that are rooted in or are components of an existing issue” are not “new issues” necessitating such a notice.&lt;ref&gt;''Musthaffa v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 59 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmswm#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, where an RPD finding is not challenged on appeal, then the RAD may uphold such non-challenged findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Shalaiev, Dmytro'' ''v. M.C.I.'', Roussel, April 1, 2022; 2022 FC 457.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 3(3)(g)(i): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal]].

Whether or not the issue was explicitly raised as an issue at the beginning of the RPD hearing by that panel is not determinative.&lt;ref&gt;''Yin v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 564 (CanLII), at paras 25 and 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnsrk#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2022-11-14.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, some issues are said to always be at issue in every claim, and need not be identified as a distinct issue by the RPD: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants have an expectation that a claim will only be rejected on the basis of a legal issue that a panel has identified as being at issue]]. Regardless of the fact that certain issues, such as prospective risk, are central issues in any refugee protection claim, if the RPD did not make a clear and definitive finding on the issue, and it was not one of the grounds of appeal, then it would be unfair for a panel to dismiss a claim on that basis without providing notice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;''Kaur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1189 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzzjd#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

Categories of cases in which the Board may err if notice is not provided include:

* &lt;u&gt;Where the Board considers new evidence.&lt;/u&gt; Where new evidence is being considered on appeal, notice should be provided. For example, this applies where new country condition documentation comes up after the appeal has been perfected, such as a new NDP that is relevant.&lt;ref&gt;''Zhang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1031 (CanLII)&lt;/ref&gt; Specifically, the RAD is required to disclose the version of the NDP it used if the following two factors are present: (1) the version of the NDP that the RAD used to make its decision was not available or accessible to the public when the refugee protection claimant perfected their appeal and made their submissions, and (2) the most recent information in this version of the NDP is sufficiently different, novel and significant and shows a change in the general country conditions.&lt;ref&gt;''Kumar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'' (F.C. IMM-1277-21), Lafrenière, October 21, 2022, 2022 FC 1440.&lt;/ref&gt; For more discussion and nuance on this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Board should consider the most up-to-date country conditions evidence]], and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Board]], and also [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#The panel should consider the most recent National Documentation Package]]. However, because the RAD has fact-finding authority, and may make additional findings or even different findings than the RPD in assessing the evidence, doing so does not in and of itself elevate such findings to a new issue or trigger a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Gadafi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1011 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jjblb#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-26.&lt;/ref&gt; Referring to additional evidence in the record which supports the conclusions reached by the RPD does not amount to examining a &quot;new question&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Kwakwa v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 600 at para 25.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Where the Board considers a&lt;/u&gt; &lt;u&gt;new legal issue.&lt;/u&gt; The RAD must provide notice where it wants to make a finding on an issue where the RPD did not make a clear and definitive finding on the issue and it was not among the grounds of appeal advanced by the parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; This includes where the RAD makes a finding on state protection,&lt;ref&gt;''Xu v. Canada'', 2019 FC 639, paras. 47 to 53.&lt;/ref&gt; IFA,&lt;ref&gt;''Cardenas,'' 2017 FC 1194 at para. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; nexus,&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. M.C.I.'' (F.C. No. IMM-543-22), Gascon, March 24, 2023; 2023 FC 409.&lt;/ref&gt; lack of prospective risk,&lt;ref&gt;''Gonzalez Jimenez, Nerio Miguel'' ''v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., No. IMM-3382-21), Roussel, April 5, 2022, 2022 FC 479. See also: ''Kaur, Daljit v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-5781-22), Rochester, September 1, 2023; 2023 FC 1189.&lt;/ref&gt; a reconsideration of a claimant's credibility,&lt;ref&gt;''Koanda,'' 2019 FC 169, paras. 15 to 18 and ''Laag,'' 2019 FC 890, paras. 22-23.&lt;/ref&gt; and exclusion.&lt;ref&gt;''Milfort-Laguere,'' 2019 FC 1361, para. 27.&lt;/ref&gt; This applies whenever the RPD did not make a clear and definitive finding on the issue&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; and the issue was not raised in the appeal memoranda of the parties,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Laag v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 890 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j19kn#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-23.&lt;/ref&gt; regardless of whether the issue was canvassed by the RPD at the hearing&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Ojarikre, 2015 FC 896, paras. 22 and 23.&lt;/ref&gt; or not raised at the initial hearing at all,&lt;ref&gt;''Jianzhu,'' 2015 FC 551, para. 12 and ''Ching,'' 2015 FC 725, paras. 66, 67 and 72.&lt;/ref&gt; and regardless of whether the issue was not discussed by the RPD at all&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; or was mentioned in passing in the RPD's reasons but not relied upon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The fact that the Minister provides a Notice of Intervention to the RAD and the person who is the subject of the appeal, along with arguments regarding an issue, suffices as &quot;notice&quot; that that issue is &quot;in play&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Gondal v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1226 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k03bv#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants have an expectation that a claim will only be rejected on the basis of a legal issue that a panel has identified as being at issue]].
* &lt;u&gt;Where the Board makes a&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;dditional substantive findings on a legal issue that is at issue in the appeal.&lt;/u&gt; In some circumstances, the Division should provide notice before making additional substantive findings on a legal issue that is at issue in the appeal, even though the issue was raised in the parties' appeal memoranda. That said, this area of the law is unclear and there are decisions that offer conflicting conclusions on the necessity of notice in such circumstances. Some discussion of the cases follows:
** &lt;u&gt;Credibility:&lt;/u&gt; While the RAD cannot raise a new issue without notice to the parties, it is entitled to make independent findings of credibility against an appellant without questioning the claimant or providing a further opportunity to make submissions&lt;ref&gt;''Mchedlishvili, Vasili v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-360-21), Mosley, February 21, 2022; 2022 FC 6229.&lt;/ref&gt; where the following criteria are met: a) credibility was at issue before the RPD; b) the RPD’s findings are contested on appeal; c) the credibility concerns from the RAD are linked to the applicant’s appeal submissions; and d) the RAD’s findings arise from the evidentiary record.&lt;ref&gt;''Salman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 340 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwf81#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-24.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Popoola v. Canada'' the court upheld a RAD decision which considered two additional credibility concerns (regarding the applicants’ US visas and the alleged presence of a neighbour during a break-in at their home) in a case where credibility was already at issue.&lt;ref&gt;''Popoola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 555 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jp10h#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Sun v. Canada,'' the court found no breach of procedural fairness where the RAD raised new credibility issues about alleged inconsistencies in the claimant's evidence that had not been considered by the RPD and for which she was not given notice. The court held that the RAD was entitled to find an additional basis to question the applicant’s credibility using the record that was before the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Sun v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'' – (FC File number IMM-4459-21) Justice Brown, May 12, 2022; 2022 FC 710.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so even where the document that the RAD relies upon to make such a credibility finding is &quot;[one] out of 125 items in the National Documentation Package&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 72 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jv0bc#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-28.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Ahmed v. Canada'', the court upheld the RAD making an additional negative credibility conclusion related to delay in claiming where credibility was at issue on appeal, even though delay was not discussed by the RPD and the appellant was not specifically given notice regarding delay on appeal and invited to make submissions.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 830 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxm6d#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Onwuanagbule v. Canada'', in contrast, the court held that the RAD should provide notice where it makes negative credibility inferences with respect to areas that were not addressed either by the RPD or in the appellant’s memorandum (even where credibility is generally raised on appeal).&lt;ref&gt;''Palliyaralalage,'' 2019 FC 596; ''Mei Ling He,'' 2019 FC 1316, para. 80 and ''Onwuanagbule,'' 2020 FC 550, paras. 9 to 13.&lt;/ref&gt; 
** &lt;u&gt;Genuineness of documents:&lt;/u&gt; There appear to be two approaches to this in the jurisprudence:
*** One approach holds that the RAD is tasked with undertaking its own review of evidence, and may make additional or different credibility findings with respect to a document without this being a new issue that triggers a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Gadafi v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2021 FC 1011 at para 24; ''Tan v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 876 at para 40.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD does not have a duty to confront a claimant about its concerns related to documents provided by the claimant where the issues raised and considered by the RAD are linked to the parties’ submissions or the RPD’s findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Lemma v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 770 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpj13#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Zerihaymanot v. Canada'', the court held that the RAD did not raise a new issue when it commented on additional ways in which the applicant’s birth certificate did not match the samples in the NDP that were not identified by the RPD (absence of signing official’s name and language in document).&lt;ref&gt;''Zerihaymanot, Brhane Ghebrihiwet, v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-3077-21), McHaffie, April 26, 2022; 2022 FC 610.&lt;/ref&gt; This approach was also endorsed by Justice Little in ''Kabunga v. Canada'', where the court concluded that it was not unfair to make a new finding that a document had been fabricated to advance the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Kabunga v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 867 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxsgl&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
*** A different approach holds that notice should be provided where the RAD raises new concerns about the genuineness of evidence tendered before the RPD which had not been discussed or put to the appellant prior.&lt;ref&gt;''Ortiz,'' 2016 FC 180, para. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD cannot give further reasons based on its own review of the record, if the refugee claimant has not had the chance to address them.&lt;ref&gt;''Porosh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1638 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1jf9#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Porosh v. Canada'' the RPD had concluded that an arrest warrant submitted by the claimant was fraudulent. Justice Go held that it was an error for the RAD to provide an additional reason to buttress this finding which had not been expressly put to the appellant (that the document did not include an authorizing signature from a judge, a requirement discussed in the NDP).&lt;ref&gt;''Porosh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1638 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1jf9#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Warsame v. Canada'', while the RPD had raised doubt about the veracity of the aunt’s affidavit, it did not find the document to be fraudulent. The RPD's findings related to the affidavit were challenged on appeal and the RAD overturned some of the RPD’s findings on the aunt’s affidavit. However, it went further than the RPD in its negative assessment and found the document to be fraudulent. Justice Go held that in doing so, the RAD breached the duty of procedural fairness as the applicant could not have anticipated the fraudulent finding as a live issue for the RAD.&lt;ref&gt;''Warsame v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 630 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k48fr#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &lt;u&gt;Forward-facing risk:&lt;/u&gt; The courts have been prepared to accept in many cases that the forward-looking nature of the risk allegedly faced by the applicant was an inherent or implicit component of the RPD’s analysis, and that where expressly discussed in the appellant's written memorandum to the RAD, notice that a new issue was going to be considered was consequently unnecessary.&lt;ref&gt;''Musthaffa v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 59 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmswm#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Lopez v. Canada'', the court accepted that the RAD was not required to advise the applicant that it would analyze the question of whether the alleged discrimination was sufficiently serious, repetitive or systematic to constitute persecution given that &quot;this issue underlies the question of whether the applicant runs a prospective risk of persecution should she return to Mexico [and] it was therefore at the heart of her claim for refugee protection.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Marquez Lopez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 782 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k50nk#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-26&lt;/ref&gt; However, in ''Mehra v. Canada,'' the court concluded that the risk that the Appellant faced in their city that was considered their &quot;home base&quot; based on the address that they used in their documents was a new issue requiring notice because the Appellant had not ever lived in that city (or their country) and the RPD had not canvassed this issue.&lt;ref&gt;''Mehra, Subesten Shyam v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-4796-21), Sadrehashemi, November 21, 2022; 2022 FC 1591.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &lt;u&gt;IFA:&lt;/u&gt; Notice should be provided where the RAD considers an IFA in a city not considered by the RPD, even where the RPD had raised IFA as an issue.&lt;ref&gt;''Boluwaji v. Canada'', 2018 FC 1154, para. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; However, notice need not be given on every chain of reasoning regarding risk in an IFA location. After all, issues that are rooted in or are components of an existing issue are not “new issues”.&lt;ref&gt;''Sadeghi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 604 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jgh76#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-26.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the court has held that in considering how the passage of time may have affected an individual's risk in an IFA location, the RAD did not raise an issue that was legally and factually distinct from the issue on appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Savit v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 194 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k00gk#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-26.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &lt;u&gt;Incompetence of counsel:&lt;/u&gt; The Board does not err by dismissing an argument that past counsel acted incompetently where the party did not comply with the Board's practice notice on point, including having notified the former counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Jaramillo Escobar c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2023 CF 1379 (CanLII), au para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0nsj#par43&gt;, consulté le 2023-12-04.&lt;/ref&gt; Doing so is not raising a new issue that requires independent notice. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#3) The representative must be given notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond]]. 
That said, there is no requirement for the RAD to seek further submission when it assesses and weighs an applicant's own earlier evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Nwankwo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2023 FC 786, paragraph 41.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the RAD relying on a jurisprudential guide not mentioned by the RPD is not a new issue, even if the jurisprudential guide was designated following the RPD hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Feng v. Canada'', 2019 FC 18, at para. 23; ''Mao v. Canada,'' 2020 FC 542, at para. 33. &lt;/ref&gt; 

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns]].

=== The notice must be sufficiently clear and specific ===
Any notice that is provided must be sufficiently specific such that the parties can appreciate the real concern of the RAD. For example, in ''Nasr v. Canada'', the court concluded that the panel's notice regarding a credibility issue that the RAD was going to consider, but the RPD had not, was &quot;vague&quot; such that &quot;the Applicants would have been unaware that the real concern of the RAD&quot;. As the credibility issue &quot;had to be clearly put to [the Appellants] for response&quot; and it was not, the court overturned the decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Nasr v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 757 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpgx9#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; In a case where no basic description of the RAD’s areas of concern with respect to credibility was provided, the court held that the applicant &quot;was required to try to identify what these credibility concerns might be and to make anticipatory submissions, rather than providing submissions in response to specific credibility concerns.&quot; The court found that this was not a fair procedure.&lt;ref&gt;''Collins v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 665 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4d5z#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The caselaw on the specificity requirements for “procedural fairness” letters in other immigration contexts may also be instructive; see, e.g., ''Chuen v. Canada'', in which this court concluded: &quot;''The procedural fairness letter put the Applicant on notice that the Officer was concerned by his ties to the tobacco trade. However, the letter lacked specificity. It did not provide him with the opportunity to respond to the allegation that his spouse’s conviction demonstrated his participation in organized crime.''&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Chuen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 690 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4gjk#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-12.&lt;/ref&gt;   

However, such notice requirements do not extend to requiring the Board to engage in an ongoing dialogue with a claimant. For example, in ''Savit v. Canada'', the court concluded that once it had notified the applicant, it was reasonable for the RAD to point out a significant contradiction between the applicant’s new statement made in response to the notice and her testimony before the RPD. The court held that if the applicant contradicted her initial testimony in addressing the RAD’s concerns, she could not criticize the RAD for noticing this contradiction. In the court's view, the RAD was not required to give a second notice to give the applicant an opportunity to be confronted with her own contradictions; the requirement to give notice did not oblige the RAD to create a dialogue with her.&lt;ref&gt;''Savit, Aleksandra v. M.C.I.'' (FC, IMM-1961-22), Grammond, February 9, 2023, 2023 FC 194.&lt;/ref&gt;

A principle that has emerged from non-refugee caselaw is that parties should have knowledge of the essential issues in dispute so they can meaningfully respond. But the right to be heard does not require a tribunal to provide the parties with a further opportunity to make legal submissions every time a legal argument arises in deliberations that was not mentioned by the parties.&lt;ref&gt;''2198806 Ontario Inc. v. The Corporation of the City of Windsor,'' 2024 ONSC 139 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k231b#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns]].

=== How long should a party have to respond to a notice ===
There does not appear to be a specific rule that sets out how long a party has to respond to a new issue notice. That said, the Refugee Appeal Division has issued a practice notice entitled ''providing post-perfection documents to the Minister when not a party to the appeal''. It specifies that the Minister will be provided with 10 days to respond to any new documents from the person who is the subject of the appeal. As such, it could be considered that this practice notice establishes 10 days as a norm.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice: Providing post-perfection documents to the Minister when not a party to the appeal'', March 1, 2023, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/RAD-pn-providing-post-perfection-documents.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it could be argued that this creates a legitimate expectation for the person who is the subject of the appeal that a claim will not be decided within 10 days of them providing a new document in a circumstance where the Minister is not a party and has not responded to the document, or otherwise waived their right to respond to it. 

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board is bound by its own undertakings where it indicates that something is not at issue, that particular evidence is unnecessary, or that a particular procedure will be followed]]. 

== References ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;&quot; /&gt;

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        <id>3267488</id>
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      <comment>/* Rule 3(3)(g)(i): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal */</comment>
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      <text bytes="68874" sha1="1ysx8jc8tspt771v3i2f4ucjbmqwe2q" xml:space="preserve">== RAD Rules - Part 1 ==


The text of the relevant rules reads:&lt;pre&gt;PART 1
Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rules 2-3: Filing and Perfecting an Appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Filing and Perfecting an Appeal&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 2: Filing appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Filing appeal
2 (1) To file an appeal, the person who is the subject of the appeal must provide to the Division three copies of a written notice of appeal.

Copy provided to Minister
(2) The Division must provide a copy of the notice of appeal to the Minister without delay.

Content of notice of appeal
(3) In the notice of appeal, the appellant must indicate
(a) their name and telephone number, and an address where documents can be provided to them;
(b) if represented by counsel, counsel’s contact information and any limitations on counsel’s retainer;
(c) the identification number given by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration to them;
(d) the Refugee Protection Division file number, the date of the notice of decision relating to the decision being appealed and the date that they received the written reasons for the decision;
(e) the language — English or French — chosen by them as the language of the appeal; and
(f) the representative’s contact information if the Refugee Protection Division has designated a representative for them in the proceedings relating to the decision being appealed, and any proposed change in representative.

Time limit
(4) The notice of appeal provided under this rule must be received by the Division within the time limit for filing an appeal set out in the Regulations.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== RAD Rule 2(1): The requirement to provide three copies of the written notice of appeal has been waived ===
The ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that multiple copies of documents do not need to be submitted where required in the Rules.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice: Exchange of Documents through Canada Post epost Connect to the Refugee Appeal Division,'' ​​​​​June 15, 2020, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/notice-documents-epost-connect.aspx&gt; (Accessed September 16, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== RAD Rule 2(4): The notice of appeal must be received by the Division within the time limit for filing an appeal set out in the Regulations ===
The time limit for filing an appeal is set out in s. 159.91 of the Regulation:&lt;pre&gt;Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division

Time limit for appeal
159.91 (1) Subject to subsection (2), for the purpose of subsection 110(2.1) of the Act,
(a) the time limit for a person or the Minister to file an appeal to the Refugee Appeal Division against a decision of the Refugee Protection Division is 15 days after the day on which the person or the Minister receives written reasons for the decision; and
(b) the time limit for a person or the Minister to perfect such an appeal is 30 days after the day on which the person or the Minister receives written reasons for the decision.
&lt;/pre&gt;For more context to this part of the regulations, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159.91: Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division]]. For more details about requesting an extension of time to file or perfect, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#RAD Rule 6: Extension of Time]].

== RAD Rule 3: Perfecting appeal and content of appellant's record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Perfecting appeal
3 (1) To perfect an appeal, the person who is the subject of the appeal must provide to the Division two copies of the appellant’s record.

Copy provided to Minister
(2) The Division must provide a copy of the appellant’s record to the Minister without delay.

Content of appellant’s record
(3) The appellant’s record must contain the following documents, on consecutively numbered pages, in the following order:
(a) the notice of decision and written reasons for the Refugee Protection Division’s decision that the appellant is appealing;
(b) all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal, together with a declaration, signed by the transcriber, that includes the transcriber’s name and a statement that the transcript is accurate;
(c) any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal;
(d) a written statement indicating
 (i) whether the appellant is relying on any evidence referred to in subsection 110(4) of the Act,
 (ii) whether the appellant is requesting that a hearing be held under subsection 110(6) of the Act, and if they are requesting a hearing, whether they are making an application under rule 66 to change the location of the hearing, and
 (iii) the language and dialect, if any, to be interpreted, if the Division decides that a hearing is necessary and the appellant needs an interpreter;
(e) any documentary evidence that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal;
(f) any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal; and
(g) a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding
 (i) the errors that are the grounds of the appeal,
 (ii) where the errors are located in the written reasons for the Refugee Protection Division’s decision that the appellant is appealing or in the transcript or in any audio or other electronic recording of the Refugee Protection Division hearing,
 (iii) how any documentary evidence referred to in paragraph (e) meets the requirements of subsection 110(4) of the Act and how that evidence relates to the appellant,
 (iv) the decision the appellant wants the Division to make, and
 (v) why the Division should hold a hearing under subsection 110(6) of the Act if the appellant is requesting that a hearing be held.

Length of memorandum
(4) The memorandum referred to in paragraph (3)(g) must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Time limit
(5) The appellant’s record provided under this rule must be received by the Division within the time limit for perfecting an appeal set out in the Regulations.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 3(1): The requirement to provide two copies of the appellant's record has been waived ===
The ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that multiple copies of documents do not need to be submitted where required in the Rules.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Rule 3(3)(b): The appellant's record must contain all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal ===
Rule 3(3)(b) provides that the appellant's record must contain all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal, together with a declaration, signed by the transcriber, that includes the transcriber’s name and a statement that the transcript is accurate. That said, the ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that the RAD removes (waives) the requirement in the rules for signatures on documents and RAD forms submitted in support of an appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

The intent of this rule is that a transcript of relevant portions of the hearing will be provided by the appellant if the appellant wants to rely on a transcript on appeal. The court held in ''Abdi v. Canada'' that, even in a situation where the appellant did not have the means to have a transcript prepared, the RAD was not obliged to assist the appellant in meeting this requirement by producing and providing a transcript itself.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;''Abdi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1322 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0gnw#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

The IRB has a policy and objective of producing transcripts for all hearings that last more than two hours. The court held in ''Abdi v. Canada'' that it was procedurally fair for the RAD to rely on such a transcript which had not been provided to the appellant. This was so as the evidence in question was the applicant’s own and he had been provided with a recording of that testimony.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; While members of the public are not legally entitled to transcripts and documents from RAD proceedings, available transcripts are shared when requested by appellants and their counsel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, ''Final Investigation Report dated June 2023'', 2022-0101-EI (2022-0330-CAS and 2022-0798-CAS). &lt;/ref&gt; That said, while the RAD produces transcripts for all English hearings, as of 2022 it did so for only 37.5% of French hearings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board is not obliged to provide a transcript of an RPD proceeding, regardless of whether or not a recording of the proceeding was made]].

Rule 3(3)(b) is to be read in conjunction with Rule 3(3)(g)(ii) which provides that the appellant may, as an alternative to relying on a transcript, point to specific sections or an &quot;audio or other electronic recordings of the Refugee Protection Division hearing&quot;. 

=== Rule 3(3)(c): The appellant's record must contain any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal ===
RAD Rule 3(3)(c) provides that the appellant's record must contain any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal. These documents need not be assessed as new evidence in accordance with subsection 110(4) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act''.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 124039 (CA IRB), at para 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jn804#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, the RAD is to consider whether the RPD was correct to exclude them. If they were improperly excluded, then the RAD may consider them.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2021 CanLII 140071 (CA IRB), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jlvh5&gt;, retrieved on 2022-12-06.&lt;/ref&gt; 

For documents provided to the RPD at or before a hearing, but not within required timelines, the relevant RPD rule is number 36: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 36 - Use of undisclosed documents]]. For documents provided after a hearing, but prior to the RPD rendering its decision, the relevant RPD rule is number 43: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 43 - Additional documents provided as evidence after a hearing]].

Placing the onus on the appellant to provide such documents in the appellant's record relates to RAD Rule 21(3)(c), which provides that the Refugee Protection Division record is to contain all documentary evidence that the Refugee Protection Division accepted as evidence, during or after the hearing, but that it need not contain evidence that was not accepted.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2014 CanLII 93098 (CA IRB), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkb49#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 21: Refugee Protection Division Record]]. For example, the RPD states that if an application to admit late disclosure is refused, a claimant &quot;will have to proceed with your hearing without the use of the late disclosure&quot; and the RPD states that it will return these documents to the party &quot;if they arrived by mail, courier, fax, or in-person delivery​ but will dispose of them if they were submitted electronically&quot;, indicating that a copy of such rejected documents is not retained for referral to the RAD as part of the RPD record.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Questions and answers: Practice Notice on Procedural Issues,'' Date modified: 2024-09-09 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pnpi-qa.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, at question 23.&lt;/ref&gt; If the rejected documents are not before it, the RAD cannot review whether the RPD was correct to exclude the evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2014 CanLII 93098 (CA IRB), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkb49#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rule 3(3)(e): The appellant's record must contain any documentary evidence that the appellants want to rely on in the appeal, but this is subject to rules on admitting new evidence ===
Rule 3(3)(e) provides that the appellant's record must contain any documentary evidence that the appellants want to rely on in the appeal, but where such evidence is new evidence, it must be admissible as per IRPA s. 110: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA Section 110(4)-(5): Evidence that may be presented]]. The phrase &quot;documentary evidence&quot; implies that where &quot;evidence&quot; is used without modification elsewhere in the rules, it can include both documentary evidence and non-documentary evidence, such as oral evidence. See also RAD Rule 24, which refers to &quot;written evidence&quot;, a subset of all &quot;evidence&quot;: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 24: Specialized Knowledge]].

All evidence that the RPD accepted as evidence is part of the RPD record and will be provided to the RAD by the RPD under rule 21 of the ''RAD Rules''. Therefore, an appellant does not have to include this evidence in their appellant's record.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Important Instructions Concerning your Appellant's Record to the Refugee Appeal Division of the IRB'', Date modified: 2020-09-18, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/refugee-appeals/Pages/RadSar3010Instruct.aspx&gt; (Accessed September 19, 2023), at footnote 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rule 3(3)(f) provides that an appellant's record must contain any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal, but citations to Canadian court decisions suffice ===
Rule 3(3)(f) provides that an appellant's record must contain &quot;any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal&quot;. While new evidence must be in printed form, not a simple reference to an Internet link,&lt;ref&gt;''Iribhogbe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 501 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnm47&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; this principle does not apply to the submission of Canadian caselaw as a legal authority. Copies of Canadian court decisions generally do not need be appended to an appellant's memorandum. In practice, a citation suffices. This is summarized as followed by the Board in the Appellant's Guide that it publishes: &quot;For legal cases that are publicly available, you can provide references and links (for example, links from CanLII) instead of hard copies. If the case is not publicly available (for example, because it is from a foreign jurisdiction or it is very recent), provide a hard copy with the relevant portions highlighted.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Appellant's Guide'', April 2017, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/refugee-appeals/Pages/RefAppGuide.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; This flows from the requirement that cases should be decided based on all of the law that binds the Board&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) et al. v. The Canadian Council for Refugees et al.,'' 2021 FCA 72, para. 125, overturned at the Supreme Court of Canada, though not on this point.&lt;/ref&gt; and the reasonable expectation of parties that judicial notice will be taken of published decisions in Canadian judicial proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;''Kovac v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 497 at para 10.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, judicial notice cannot be taken of foreign law&lt;ref&gt;J G Castel, ''Canadian Conflict of Laws, 4th ed'' (Toronto: Butterworths, 1997) at 7-1.&lt;/ref&gt; and so copies of foreign laws or judgments that a party wishes to rely on should normally be appended. See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge#IRPA s. 170: The Division may take notice of any facts that may be judicially noticed]].

=== Rules 3(3)(e) and 3(3)(f): Legal authorities may be distinguished from evidence that an appellant wants to rely on ===
Rule 3(3)(f) provides that an appellant's record must contain &quot;any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal&quot;. This rule is to be distinguished from Rule 3(3)(e), which provides that an appellant's record must also contain &quot;any documentary evidence that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal&quot;. In this way, legal authorities may be considered distinct from documentary evidence that an appellant seeks to rely on. While some documents clearly fall into one category or the other, often whether a document is evidence or a legal authority is ambiguous and may depend on the proposition which the appellant aims to establish from the document. As noted in ''Basra v. Canada'', the hallmark of a document properly admitted pursuant to Rule 3(3)(f) is that it is either an authority in law or else it interprets the law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Basra v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2023 FC 707 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd95#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Where an applicant is referring to a document as objective evidence in support of their factual assertions, the document is properly considered under Rule 3(3)(e) and the accompanying new evidence provisions of the Act.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Some examples which highlight this dichotomy follow: 

* &lt;u&gt;UNHCR guidelines may be considered legal authority or evidence:&lt;/u&gt; The Federal Court accepted in ''Osemwenkhae v. Canada'' that &quot;UNHCR Guidelines are not new documents in the sense of being new evidence but rather should have been introduced as doctrinal or legal support for [the appellant's] position.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Osemwenkhae v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 503 (CanLII), at para 7, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnlcq#par7&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-04.&lt;/ref&gt; But see ''Valdez v. Canada'' which held it was reasonable for the RAD to consider the UNHCR Handbook under the new evidence framework of subsection 110(4) of the IRPA in a circumstance where the appellant had argued that the Handbook was new evidence justifying an oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Davila Valdez c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2022 CF 596 (CanLII), au para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnwwq#par17&gt;, consulté le 2022-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Sharma v. Canada'' the court held that a UN High Commissioner for Refugees Guidance note was properly considered as new evidence, not a legal authority.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharma v. Canada (Immigration and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 1444 (CanLII), at para 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6sx4#par4&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Prior cases may be considered legal authority or evidence:&lt;/u&gt; Prior tribunal decisions&lt;ref&gt;''Mansour v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 846 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jprtr#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt; legal cases,&lt;ref&gt;''Sami-Ullah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1525 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt2kd#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; and decisions of international bodies such as the United Nations Committee Against Torture&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Basra v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2023 FC 707 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd95#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-06.&lt;/ref&gt; may be considered legal authorities and not evidence. However, in ''Ismailov v. Canada'' the Appellant submitted a decision from the European Court of Human Rights.&lt;ref&gt;''Ismailov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 967 (CanLII), at para 67, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkrb5#par67&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-09.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD declined to admit it because it found that it was not bound by jurisprudence outside of Canada. The court concluded that this was in error because the decision was submitted as evidence, not a legal authority:&lt;blockquote&gt;In my view, the fact that the RAD is not bound by jurisprudence outside of Canada is irrelevant. The Applicant did not submit this evidence for a point of law, but rather for its factual findings regarding the country conditions in Uzbekistan. In other words, this decision formed part of the new evidence that was submitted to the RAD. Thus, the RAD erred by dismissing it out of hand and refusing to determine whether the decision satisfied the test for new evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Ismailov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 967 (CanLII), at para 67, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkrb5#par67&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-09.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;But see the following commentary to RPD Rule 43, including a case concluding that under that rule past tribunal decisions should not be considered evidence: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#Rule 43 applies to evidence, not submissions, caselaw, or other tribunal decisions]]. It is unclear how to reconcile the above decision with the Federal Court's conclusion in ''Smith v. Canada'' that importing a finding of fact from another decision was “clearly not acceptable” because a finding of fact must be based on the evidence submitted to the decision maker: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board must not rely on evidence that is not on the record or otherwise properly available to the Member]].

* &lt;u&gt;Foreign law is considered to be a question of fact:&lt;/u&gt; Foreign law is considered by Canada's legal system to be a question of fact.&lt;ref&gt;''Hunt v T&amp;N PLC,'' [1993] 4 SCR 289 at 306; J G Castel, Canadian Conflict of Laws, 4th ed (Toronto: Butterworths, 1997) at 155.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, the content of Canada’s international legal obligations has usually been held to be a question of law.&lt;ref&gt;See ''Jose Pereira E Hijos, SA v Canada (Attorney General)'' (1996), 126 FTR 167; ''Ielovski v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' [2008] FC 739 at para 7.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Reports discussing and critiquing IRB decisions may be considered legal authority or evidence:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Basra v. Canada'', the appellant submitted ''a'' 2004 report entitled ''Comprehensive Discussion of the Internal Flight Option for Punjabi Sikh Survivors of Political Rape and other Forms of Institutionalized Violence'' to the RAD as a legal authority.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The RAD concluded that the document was not admissible as jurisprudence. The Federal Court upheld this decision, concluding that the content in the report was &quot;factual in nature, containing discussion and opinion based on research and experience&quot; and noting that the document was &quot;analogous to many documents typically contained in a national documentation package&quot; and that in his appeal submissions the applicant referred to the document as objective evidence in support of his factual assertions and not as jurisprudence or expressions of law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Legal texts:&lt;/u&gt; Legal texts written by Canadian scholars on, ''inter alia'', immigration law, properly constitute legal doctrine.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharma v. Canada (Immigration and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 1444 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6sx4#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Legislative instruments:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Sharma v. Canada'', the RAD found that “legal authority” in Rule 3(3)(f) may include Canadian Orders in Council and other such legislative instruments.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharma v. Canada (Immigration and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 1444 (CanLII), at para 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6sx4#par4&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rule 3(3)(g)(i): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal ===
Rule 3(3)(g) provides that the appellant's record must contain a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding (i) the errors that are the grounds of the appeal, and (ii) where the errors are located in the reasons for the Refugee Protection Division's decision or in a recording of the Refugee Protection Division hearing. A corollary of the obligation to identify such errors is that an applicant cannot reasonably fault the RAD for not going beyond the grounds of appeal or for not providing extensive reasons regarding the grounds of appeal that the applicant did not previously challenge.&lt;ref&gt;''Shalaiev, Dmytro'' ''v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., No. IMM-6383-20), Roussel, April 1, 2022; 2022 FC 457.&lt;/ref&gt; However, it also cannot be presumed that unchallenged findings are correct. Such a presumption would interfere with the RAD’s statutory obligation. As the court held in ''Derxhia v. Canada'', &quot;While it may be unwise for an appellant to leave credibility determinations by the RPD unchallenged, this does not relieve the RAD of its role in determining the correctness of the RPD’s decision in all relevant matters.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Derxhia v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 140 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hqf58#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-15.&lt;/ref&gt; These Rules are procedural and cannot circumscribe the broad decision-making authority of the RAD as described in sections 110 and 111 of the legislation.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Lamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1621, para. 21. &lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The jurisdiction of the RAD is to hear appeals on a question or law, of fact, or of mixed law and fact against a decision of the RPD]]. That said, the RAD also cannot be expected to examine every piece of evidence and try to draw out arguments that could support an asylum claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Chakroun c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2023 CF 1170 (CanLII), au para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzxbz#par18&gt;, consulté le 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Where the grounds of appeal are not sufficiently clear in accordance with paragraph 3(3)(g) of the RAD Rules, it is open to the RAD to include in its analysis only the most intelligible submissions.&lt;ref&gt;''Ngandeu, Floriane Payo v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., No. IMM-8158-21), Walker, December 1, 2022, 2022 FC 1651.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it is not sufficient for an appellant &quot;to throw cases against the wall in the hope that they will stick, or to leave to the reviewing court the task of establishing somehow the connection. The connection of the dots on the page must be done by those who suggest some connection. ... [A] collection of cases in search of some connection with the facts of this case did not result in a cogent and persuasive argument without an articulation of what that connection may be.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Bayode v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 18 (CanLII), at paras 21 and 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k238x#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

The memorandum with submissions discussed in subrule (g) is to be distinct from the documentary evidence that the appellant wants to rely on in the hearing discussed in subrule (e). That said, at times there may be overlap between these. Where an appellant submits an affidavit on appeal that is not new evidence pursuant to subsection 110(4) of the IRPA, but is instead more akin to submissions on the errors that are the grounds of the appeal, the RAD is entitled to treat the affidavit as submissions.&lt;ref&gt;''Adekunle v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 882 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxtq6#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the fact that the RAD states that it is treating such an affidavit as submissions does not mean that the RAD errs by referring to the material in the appellant's affidavit as an example of an inconsistency in the statements provided by the appellant that can properly detract from the appellant's credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Adekunle v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 882 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxtq6#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

See also: 

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Refugee Appeal Division must independently assess claims]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#A panel has a duty to consider all potential grounds for a refugee claim that arise on the evidence]]

=== Rule 3(3)(g)(iii): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding how any documentary evidence referred to in paragraph (e) relates to the appellant ===
The requirement in RAD Rule 3(3)(g)(iii) that the appellant's record contain a memorandum with submissions regarding how any newly submitted documentary evidence relates to the appellant has been interpreted as a requirement that the appellant establish its relevance. In the words of the Federal Court of Appeal, this is a basic condition for the admissibility of any piece of evidence, and it would be difficult to imagine the introduction of new evidence being somehow exempt from this criterion. Indeed, subparagraphs 3(3)(g)(iii) and 5(2)(d)(ii) of the ''Refugee Appeal Division Rules'', SOR/2012-257 implicitly allude to this by providing that both the appellant’s memorandum and memorandum in reply must include full and detailed submissions regarding how any documentary evidence the appellant wishes to rely on not only meets the requirements of subsection 110(4), but also “how that evidence relates to the appellant” (“''la façon dont ils sont liés à l’appelant''”).&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 45, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par45&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-16.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#Additional Raza/Singh factors]].

== RAD Rule 4: Intervention by the Minister ==
&lt;pre&gt;Intervention by the Minister

Notice of intervention
4 (1) To intervene in an appeal at any time before the Division makes a decision, the Minister must provide, first to the appellant and then to the Division, a written notice of intervention, together with any documentary evidence that the Minister wants to rely on in the appeal.

Content of notice of intervention
(2) In the notice of intervention, the Minister must indicate
(a) counsel’s contact information;
(b) the identification number given by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration to the appellant;
(c) the appellant’s name, the Refugee Protection Division file number, the date of the notice of decision relating to the decision being appealed and the date that the Minister received the written reasons for the decision;
(d) whether the Minister is relying on any documentary evidence referred to in subsection 110(3) of the Act and the relevance of that evidence; and
(e) whether the Minister is requesting that a hearing be held under subsection 110(6) of the Act, and if the Minister is requesting a hearing, why the Division should hold a hearing and whether the Minister is making an application under rule 66 to change the location of the hearing.

Minister’s intervention record
(3) In addition to the documents referred to in subrule (1), the Minister may provide, first to the appellant and then to the Division, the Minister’s intervention record containing the following documents, on consecutively numbered pages, in the following order:
(a) all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the Minister wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal and the transcript was not provided with the appellant’s record, together with a declaration, signed by the transcriber, that includes the transcriber’s name and a statement that the transcript is accurate;
(b) any law, case law or other legal authority that the Minister wants to rely on in the appeal; and
(c) a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding
(i) the grounds on which the Minister is contesting the appeal, and
(ii) the decision the Minister wants the Division to make.

Length of memorandum
(4) The memorandum referred to in paragraph (3)(c) must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Proof documents were provided
(5) The documents provided to the Division under this rule must be accompanied by proof that they were provided to the appellant.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 4: To intervene in an appeal the Minister must provide a written notice of intervention ===
Rule 4(1) provides that if it wants to intervene in an appeal, the Minister must provide a written notice of intervention, together with any documentary evidence that the Minister wants to rely on in the appeal. Where the Minister attempts to provide documentary evidence or argument without such a written notice of intervention that meets the requirements of RAD Rule 4, the Division has in the past refused to accept the document. 

== RAD Rule 5 - Reply ==
&lt;pre&gt;Reply to Minister’s intervention
5 (1) To reply to a Minister’s intervention, the appellant must provide, first to the Minister and then to the Division, a reply record.

Content of reply record
(2) The reply record must contain the following documents, on consecutively numbered pages, in the following order:
(a) all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript to support the reply and the transcript was not provided with the appellant’s record or by the Minister, together with a declaration, signed by the transcriber, that includes the transcriber’s name and a statement that the transcript is accurate;
(b) any documentary evidence that the appellant wants to rely on to support the reply and that was not provided with the appellant’s record or by the Minister;
(c) any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on to support the reply and that was not provided with the appellant’s record or by the Minister; and
(d) a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding
(i) only the grounds raised by the Minister,
(ii) how any documentary evidence referred to in paragraph (b) meets the requirements of subsection 110(4) or (5) of the Act and how that evidence relates to the appellant, and
(iii) why the Division should hold a hearing under subsection 110(6) of the Act if the appellant is requesting that a hearing be held and they did not include such a request in the appellant’s record, and if the appellant is requesting a hearing, whether they are making an application under rule 66 to change the location of the hearing.

Length of memorandum
(3) The memorandum referred to in paragraph (2)(d) must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Proof document was provided
(4) The reply record provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that it was provided to the Minister.

Time limit
(5) Documents provided under this rule must be received by the Division no later than 15 days after the day on which the appellant receives the Minister’s notice of intervention, the Minister’s intervention record, or any additional documents provided by the Minister, as the case may be.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 6: Extension of Time ==
&lt;pre&gt;Extension of Time

Application for extension of time to file or perfect
6 (1) A person who is the subject of an appeal who makes an application to the Division for an extension of the time to file or to perfect an appeal under the Regulations must do so in accordance with rule 37, except that the person must provide to the Division the original and a copy of the application.

Copy provided to Minister
(2) The Division must provide a copy of an application under subrule (1) to the Minister without delay.

Content of application
(3) The person who is the subject of the appeal must include in an application under subrule (1)
(a) their name and telephone number, and an address where documents can be provided to them;
(b) if represented by counsel, counsel’s contact information and any limitations on counsel’s retainer;
(c) the identification number given by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration to them; and
(d) the Refugee Protection Division file number, the date of the notice of decision relating to the decision being appealed and the date that they received the written reasons for the decision.

Accompanying documents — filing
(4) An application for an extension of the time to file an appeal under subrule (1) must be accompanied by three copies of a written notice of appeal.

Accompanying documents — perfecting
(5) An application for an extension of the time to perfect an appeal under subrule (1) must be accompanied by two copies of the appellant’s record.

Application for extension of time to reply
(6) A person who is the subject of an appeal may make an application to the Division for an extension of the time to reply to a Minister’s intervention in accordance with rule 37.

Factors — reply
(7) In deciding an application under subrule (6), the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) whether the application was made in a timely manner and the justification for any delay;
(b) whether there is an arguable case;
(c) prejudice to the Minister, if the application was granted; and
(d) the nature and complexity of the appeal.

Notification of decision on application
(8) The Division must without delay notify, in writing, both the person who is the subject of the appeal and the Minister of its decision with respect to an application under subrule (1) or (6).&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The Regulation sets out the process for extending the time limit for filing an appeal ===
RAD Rule 2(4) provides that the notice of appeal provided under this rule must be received by the Division within the time limit for filing an appeal set out in the Regulations. Section 159.91(2) of that regulation sets out the criteria to be granted an extension to that time limit:&lt;pre&gt;Extension
159.91 (2) If the appeal cannot be filed within the time limit set out in paragraph 1)(a) or perfected within the time limit set out in paragraph (1)(b), the Refugee Appeal Division may, for reasons of fairness and natural justice, extend each of those time limits by the number of days that is necessary in the circumstances.
&lt;/pre&gt;In short, this provision contains three elements: 

# It must not be possible for the appeal to be filed and perfected within the time limits of, respectively, 15 and 30 calendar days. Under this element, the party seeking an extension of time must provide an explanation for the delay and must show a continuing intention to appeal during the delay.
# An extension must be for the number of days necessary in the circumstances. This requirement suggests that the delay should be as short as possible or, in other words, that every day of delay should be justified. The reference to &quot;circumstances&quot; implies an individualised assessment of the circumstances in each particular request for an extension of time.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2017 CanLII 149353 (CA IRB), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j46pm#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Any extension must be for reasons of fairness and natural justice.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 76391 (CA IRB), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/g23dh#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Jurisprudence has established four factors to be considered in the applications for extension of time made before courts or administrative tribunals. These factors are not exhaustive and other factors may be considered, such as, for example, the complexity of an appeal, a factor mentioned in RAD Rule 6(7). All of the factors do not have to be met. The appropriate weight must be given to each factor in the context of a particular case. The four factors are to be applied in order to determine whether fairness and natural justice, in the circumstances, require an extension of time for a particular number of days:

&lt;blockquote&gt;a) there was and is a continuing intention on the part of the party presenting the motion to pursue the appeal;

b) the subject matter of the appeal discloses an arguable case;

c) there is a reasonable explanation for the defaulting parties delay; and

d) there is no prejudice to the other party in allowing the extension.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Attorney General) v. Pentney'', 2008 FC 96, as cited and applied in the RAD context in ''X (Re),'' 2017 CanLII 149353 (CA IRB), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j46pm#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;For more context to this part of the regulations, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159.91: Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division]]. See also the practice notice on extending the time limit for perfecting an appeal.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice notice extending time limit for perfecting an appeal,'' Date modified: 2020-09-18, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/practice-notice-extending-time-perfecting-appeal.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; This practice notice sets out that informal requests are no longer acceptable and that the application to extend the time limit to perfect an appeal must include the Appellant's Record.

== RAD Rule 7: Decision without further notice ==
&lt;pre&gt;Disposition of an Appeal

Decision without further notice
7 Unless a hearing is held under subsection 110(6) of the Act, the Division may, without further notice to the appellant and to the Minister, decide an appeal on the basis of the materials provided
(a) if a period of 15 days has passed since the day on which the Minister received the appellant’s record, or the time limit for perfecting the appeal set out in the Regulations has expired; or
(b) if the reply record has been provided, or the time limit for providing it has expired.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 7 provides that the Division may, without further notice, decide the appeal, but further notice is required if the appeal is decided on a new ground ===
Rule 7 of the ''RAD Rules'' provides that, where a hearing is not warranted, the RAD may, “without further notice to the appellant and to the Minister, decide an appeal on the basis of the materials provided.” The Federal Court has recognized that, notwithstanding this rule, deciding an appeal on a new ground without first giving notice to the parties that the issue is in play can breach the requirements of procedural fairness. The RAD has a mandate to wholly appreciate the record before them and reach their own conclusions on review.&lt;ref&gt;Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2024 FC 1259, para. 13.&lt;/ref&gt; The duty of procedural fairness requires the RAD to provide the appellant with an opportunity to make submissions when considering an issue that was not raised by the appellant or by the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Ehondor v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 1253 (CanLII), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gvqr5#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-03.&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Hughes expressed this exception to the general rule as follows in ''Husian v Canada'': “The point is that if the RAD chooses to take a frolic and venture into the record to make further substantive findings, it should give some sort of notice to the parties and give them an opportunity to make submissions.”&lt;ref&gt;''Husian v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 684 at para 10.&lt;/ref&gt; When determining whether notice should have been provided, panels have considered whether an applicant could have made submissions on the issue or whether they were insufficiently aware of it earlier.&lt;ref&gt;''Ojarikre v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 896 at para 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, where the Division raises a new issue, the Minister should be given notice of the new issue, even if they are not a party to the proceeding.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Alazar,'' 2021 FC 637 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jgr79&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-29&lt;/ref&gt;

=== When may the RAD raise a new issue? ===
The RAD is obliged to conduct an independent review of the case, focusing on the errors identified by the appellant.&lt;ref&gt;''Fatime v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 594 at para 19.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the RAD has a broad discretion to raise new issues where doing so will bring finality to an issue. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The RAD may raise new issues that are not raised in the appeal submissions]]. 

=== What is a new issue requiring notice? ===
A new issue can be identified as one that (1) is legally and factually distinct from the grounds of appeal raised by the parties and cannot reasonably be said to stem from the issues raised on appeal,&lt;ref&gt;''Ching v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 725 at paras 65 to 76.&lt;/ref&gt; and (2) is an issue where the RPD made no determination.&lt;ref&gt;''Tan v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 876 at para 40.&lt;/ref&gt; If the RAD will decide a matter on a ground that is a new issue, including by making additional substantive findings based on the record,&lt;ref&gt;''Husian,'' 2015 FC 684, para. 10 and ''Dalirani,'' 2020 FC 258, paras. 29 and 20.&lt;/ref&gt; which were not addressed in the RPD decision and not raised by the parties on appeal, then procedural fairness requires that notice and an opportunity to make submissions be given.&lt;ref&gt;''Ching v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 725, paragraph 71.&lt;/ref&gt;

Essentially, this protects persons who are the subject of an appeal and the Minister against unfair surprise. As in all matters of procedural fairness, the ultimate question remains whether the applicant knew the case to meet and had a full and fair chance to respond.&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Pacific Railway (GP Rail) Company v. Canada (Attorney General),'' 2018 FCA 69 (CanLll), para. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Notice should be provided whenever new or additional arguments, reasoning, or analysis unknown to the parties is being considered by the Division.&lt;ref&gt;''Kwakwa,'' 2016 FC 600, para. 26.&lt;/ref&gt;  

This said, “issues that are rooted in or are components of an existing issue” are not “new issues” necessitating such a notice.&lt;ref&gt;''Musthaffa v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 59 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmswm#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, where an RPD finding is not challenged on appeal, then the RAD may uphold such non-challenged findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Shalaiev, Dmytro'' ''v. M.C.I.'', Roussel, April 1, 2022; 2022 FC 457.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 3(3)(g)(i): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal]].

Whether or not the issue was explicitly raised as an issue at the beginning of the RPD hearing by that panel is not determinative.&lt;ref&gt;''Yin v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 564 (CanLII), at paras 25 and 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnsrk#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2022-11-14.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, some issues are said to always be at issue in every claim, and need not be identified as a distinct issue by the RPD: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants have an expectation that a claim will only be rejected on the basis of a legal issue that a panel has identified as being at issue]]. Regardless of the fact that certain issues, such as prospective risk, are central issues in any refugee protection claim, if the RPD did not make a clear and definitive finding on the issue, and it was not one of the grounds of appeal, then it would be unfair for a panel to dismiss a claim on that basis without providing notice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;''Kaur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1189 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzzjd#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

Categories of cases in which the Board may err if notice is not provided include:

* &lt;u&gt;Where the Board considers new evidence.&lt;/u&gt; Where new evidence is being considered on appeal, notice should be provided. For example, this applies where new country condition documentation comes up after the appeal has been perfected, such as a new NDP that is relevant.&lt;ref&gt;''Zhang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1031 (CanLII)&lt;/ref&gt; Specifically, the RAD is required to disclose the version of the NDP it used if the following two factors are present: (1) the version of the NDP that the RAD used to make its decision was not available or accessible to the public when the refugee protection claimant perfected their appeal and made their submissions, and (2) the most recent information in this version of the NDP is sufficiently different, novel and significant and shows a change in the general country conditions.&lt;ref&gt;''Kumar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'' (F.C. IMM-1277-21), Lafrenière, October 21, 2022, 2022 FC 1440.&lt;/ref&gt; For more discussion and nuance on this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Board should consider the most up-to-date country conditions evidence]], and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Board]], and also [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#The panel should consider the most recent National Documentation Package]]. However, because the RAD has fact-finding authority, and may make additional findings or even different findings than the RPD in assessing the evidence, doing so does not in and of itself elevate such findings to a new issue or trigger a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Gadafi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1011 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jjblb#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-26.&lt;/ref&gt; Referring to additional evidence in the record which supports the conclusions reached by the RPD does not amount to examining a &quot;new question&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Kwakwa v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 600 at para 25.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Where the Board considers a&lt;/u&gt; &lt;u&gt;new legal issue.&lt;/u&gt; The RAD must provide notice where it wants to make a finding on an issue where the RPD did not make a clear and definitive finding on the issue and it was not among the grounds of appeal advanced by the parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; This includes where the RAD makes a finding on state protection,&lt;ref&gt;''Xu v. Canada'', 2019 FC 639, paras. 47 to 53.&lt;/ref&gt; IFA,&lt;ref&gt;''Cardenas,'' 2017 FC 1194 at para. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; nexus,&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. M.C.I.'' (F.C. No. IMM-543-22), Gascon, March 24, 2023; 2023 FC 409.&lt;/ref&gt; lack of prospective risk,&lt;ref&gt;''Gonzalez Jimenez, Nerio Miguel'' ''v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., No. IMM-3382-21), Roussel, April 5, 2022, 2022 FC 479. See also: ''Kaur, Daljit v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-5781-22), Rochester, September 1, 2023; 2023 FC 1189.&lt;/ref&gt; a reconsideration of a claimant's credibility,&lt;ref&gt;''Koanda,'' 2019 FC 169, paras. 15 to 18 and ''Laag,'' 2019 FC 890, paras. 22-23.&lt;/ref&gt; and exclusion.&lt;ref&gt;''Milfort-Laguere,'' 2019 FC 1361, para. 27.&lt;/ref&gt; This applies whenever the RPD did not make a clear and definitive finding on the issue&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; and the issue was not raised in the appeal memoranda of the parties,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Laag v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 890 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j19kn#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-23.&lt;/ref&gt; regardless of whether the issue was canvassed by the RPD at the hearing&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Ojarikre, 2015 FC 896, paras. 22 and 23.&lt;/ref&gt; or not raised at the initial hearing at all,&lt;ref&gt;''Jianzhu,'' 2015 FC 551, para. 12 and ''Ching,'' 2015 FC 725, paras. 66, 67 and 72.&lt;/ref&gt; and regardless of whether the issue was not discussed by the RPD at all&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; or was mentioned in passing in the RPD's reasons but not relied upon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The fact that the Minister provides a Notice of Intervention to the RAD and the person who is the subject of the appeal, along with arguments regarding an issue, suffices as &quot;notice&quot; that that issue is &quot;in play&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Gondal v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1226 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k03bv#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants have an expectation that a claim will only be rejected on the basis of a legal issue that a panel has identified as being at issue]].
* &lt;u&gt;Where the Board makes a&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;dditional substantive findings on a legal issue that is at issue in the appeal.&lt;/u&gt; In some circumstances, the Division should provide notice before making additional substantive findings on a legal issue that is at issue in the appeal, even though the issue was raised in the parties' appeal memoranda. That said, this area of the law is unclear and there are decisions that offer conflicting conclusions on the necessity of notice in such circumstances. Some discussion of the cases follows:
** &lt;u&gt;Credibility:&lt;/u&gt; While the RAD cannot raise a new issue without notice to the parties, it is entitled to make independent findings of credibility against an appellant without questioning the claimant or providing a further opportunity to make submissions&lt;ref&gt;''Mchedlishvili, Vasili v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-360-21), Mosley, February 21, 2022; 2022 FC 6229.&lt;/ref&gt; where the following criteria are met: a) credibility was at issue before the RPD; b) the RPD’s findings are contested on appeal; c) the credibility concerns from the RAD are linked to the applicant’s appeal submissions; and d) the RAD’s findings arise from the evidentiary record.&lt;ref&gt;''Salman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 340 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwf81#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-24.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Popoola v. Canada'' the court upheld a RAD decision which considered two additional credibility concerns (regarding the applicants’ US visas and the alleged presence of a neighbour during a break-in at their home) in a case where credibility was already at issue.&lt;ref&gt;''Popoola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 555 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jp10h#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Sun v. Canada,'' the court found no breach of procedural fairness where the RAD raised new credibility issues about alleged inconsistencies in the claimant's evidence that had not been considered by the RPD and for which she was not given notice. The court held that the RAD was entitled to find an additional basis to question the applicant’s credibility using the record that was before the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Sun v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'' – (FC File number IMM-4459-21) Justice Brown, May 12, 2022; 2022 FC 710.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so even where the document that the RAD relies upon to make such a credibility finding is &quot;[one] out of 125 items in the National Documentation Package&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 72 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jv0bc#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-28.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Ahmed v. Canada'', the court upheld the RAD making an additional negative credibility conclusion related to delay in claiming where credibility was at issue on appeal, even though delay was not discussed by the RPD and the appellant was not specifically given notice regarding delay on appeal and invited to make submissions.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 830 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxm6d#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Onwuanagbule v. Canada'', in contrast, the court held that the RAD should provide notice where it makes negative credibility inferences with respect to areas that were not addressed either by the RPD or in the appellant’s memorandum (even where credibility is generally raised on appeal).&lt;ref&gt;''Palliyaralalage,'' 2019 FC 596; ''Mei Ling He,'' 2019 FC 1316, para. 80 and ''Onwuanagbule,'' 2020 FC 550, paras. 9 to 13.&lt;/ref&gt; 
** &lt;u&gt;Genuineness of documents:&lt;/u&gt; There appear to be two approaches to this in the jurisprudence:
*** One approach holds that the RAD is tasked with undertaking its own review of evidence, and may make additional or different credibility findings with respect to a document without this being a new issue that triggers a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Gadafi v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2021 FC 1011 at para 24; ''Tan v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 876 at para 40.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD does not have a duty to confront a claimant about its concerns related to documents provided by the claimant where the issues raised and considered by the RAD are linked to the parties’ submissions or the RPD’s findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Lemma v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 770 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpj13#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Zerihaymanot v. Canada'', the court held that the RAD did not raise a new issue when it commented on additional ways in which the applicant’s birth certificate did not match the samples in the NDP that were not identified by the RPD (absence of signing official’s name and language in document).&lt;ref&gt;''Zerihaymanot, Brhane Ghebrihiwet, v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-3077-21), McHaffie, April 26, 2022; 2022 FC 610.&lt;/ref&gt; This approach was also endorsed by Justice Little in ''Kabunga v. Canada'', where the court concluded that it was not unfair to make a new finding that a document had been fabricated to advance the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Kabunga v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 867 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxsgl&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
*** A different approach holds that notice should be provided where the RAD raises new concerns about the genuineness of evidence tendered before the RPD which had not been discussed or put to the appellant prior.&lt;ref&gt;''Ortiz,'' 2016 FC 180, para. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD cannot give further reasons based on its own review of the record, if the refugee claimant has not had the chance to address them.&lt;ref&gt;''Porosh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1638 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1jf9#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Porosh v. Canada'' the RPD had concluded that an arrest warrant submitted by the claimant was fraudulent. Justice Go held that it was an error for the RAD to provide an additional reason to buttress this finding which had not been expressly put to the appellant (that the document did not include an authorizing signature from a judge, a requirement discussed in the NDP).&lt;ref&gt;''Porosh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1638 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1jf9#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Warsame v. Canada'', while the RPD had raised doubt about the veracity of the aunt’s affidavit, it did not find the document to be fraudulent. The RPD's findings related to the affidavit were challenged on appeal and the RAD overturned some of the RPD’s findings on the aunt’s affidavit. However, it went further than the RPD in its negative assessment and found the document to be fraudulent. Justice Go held that in doing so, the RAD breached the duty of procedural fairness as the applicant could not have anticipated the fraudulent finding as a live issue for the RAD.&lt;ref&gt;''Warsame v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 630 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k48fr#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &lt;u&gt;Forward-facing risk:&lt;/u&gt; The courts have been prepared to accept in many cases that the forward-looking nature of the risk allegedly faced by the applicant was an inherent or implicit component of the RPD’s analysis, and that where expressly discussed in the appellant's written memorandum to the RAD, notice that a new issue was going to be considered was consequently unnecessary.&lt;ref&gt;''Musthaffa v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 59 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmswm#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Lopez v. Canada'', the court accepted that the RAD was not required to advise the applicant that it would analyze the question of whether the alleged discrimination was sufficiently serious, repetitive or systematic to constitute persecution given that &quot;this issue underlies the question of whether the applicant runs a prospective risk of persecution should she return to Mexico [and] it was therefore at the heart of her claim for refugee protection.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Marquez Lopez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 782 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k50nk#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-26&lt;/ref&gt; However, in ''Mehra v. Canada,'' the court concluded that the risk that the Appellant faced in their city that was considered their &quot;home base&quot; based on the address that they used in their documents was a new issue requiring notice because the Appellant had not ever lived in that city (or their country) and the RPD had not canvassed this issue.&lt;ref&gt;''Mehra, Subesten Shyam v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-4796-21), Sadrehashemi, November 21, 2022; 2022 FC 1591.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &lt;u&gt;IFA:&lt;/u&gt; Notice should be provided where the RAD considers an IFA in a city not considered by the RPD, even where the RPD had raised IFA as an issue.&lt;ref&gt;''Boluwaji v. Canada'', 2018 FC 1154, para. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; However, notice need not be given on every chain of reasoning regarding risk in an IFA location. After all, issues that are rooted in or are components of an existing issue are not “new issues”.&lt;ref&gt;''Sadeghi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 604 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jgh76#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-26.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the court has held that in considering how the passage of time may have affected an individual's risk in an IFA location, the RAD did not raise an issue that was legally and factually distinct from the issue on appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Savit v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 194 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k00gk#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-26.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &lt;u&gt;Incompetence of counsel:&lt;/u&gt; The Board does not err by dismissing an argument that past counsel acted incompetently where the party did not comply with the Board's practice notice on point, including having notified the former counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Jaramillo Escobar c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2023 CF 1379 (CanLII), au para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0nsj#par43&gt;, consulté le 2023-12-04.&lt;/ref&gt; Doing so is not raising a new issue that requires independent notice. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#3) The representative must be given notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond]]. 
That said, there is no requirement for the RAD to seek further submission when it assesses and weighs an applicant's own earlier evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Nwankwo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2023 FC 786, paragraph 41.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the RAD relying on a jurisprudential guide not mentioned by the RPD is not a new issue, even if the jurisprudential guide was designated following the RPD hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Feng v. Canada'', 2019 FC 18, at para. 23; ''Mao v. Canada,'' 2020 FC 542, at para. 33. &lt;/ref&gt; 

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns]].

=== The notice must be sufficiently clear and specific ===
Any notice that is provided must be sufficiently specific such that the parties can appreciate the real concern of the RAD. For example, in ''Nasr v. Canada'', the court concluded that the panel's notice regarding a credibility issue that the RAD was going to consider, but the RPD had not, was &quot;vague&quot; such that &quot;the Applicants would have been unaware that the real concern of the RAD&quot;. As the credibility issue &quot;had to be clearly put to [the Appellants] for response&quot; and it was not, the court overturned the decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Nasr v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 757 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpgx9#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; In a case where no basic description of the RAD’s areas of concern with respect to credibility was provided, the court held that the applicant &quot;was required to try to identify what these credibility concerns might be and to make anticipatory submissions, rather than providing submissions in response to specific credibility concerns.&quot; The court found that this was not a fair procedure.&lt;ref&gt;''Collins v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 665 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4d5z#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The caselaw on the specificity requirements for “procedural fairness” letters in other immigration contexts may also be instructive; see, e.g., ''Chuen v. Canada'', in which this court concluded: &quot;''The procedural fairness letter put the Applicant on notice that the Officer was concerned by his ties to the tobacco trade. However, the letter lacked specificity. It did not provide him with the opportunity to respond to the allegation that his spouse’s conviction demonstrated his participation in organized crime.''&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Chuen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 690 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4gjk#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-12.&lt;/ref&gt;   

However, such notice requirements do not extend to requiring the Board to engage in an ongoing dialogue with a claimant. For example, in ''Savit v. Canada'', the court concluded that once it had notified the applicant, it was reasonable for the RAD to point out a significant contradiction between the applicant’s new statement made in response to the notice and her testimony before the RPD. The court held that if the applicant contradicted her initial testimony in addressing the RAD’s concerns, she could not criticize the RAD for noticing this contradiction. In the court's view, the RAD was not required to give a second notice to give the applicant an opportunity to be confronted with her own contradictions; the requirement to give notice did not oblige the RAD to create a dialogue with her.&lt;ref&gt;''Savit, Aleksandra v. M.C.I.'' (FC, IMM-1961-22), Grammond, February 9, 2023, 2023 FC 194.&lt;/ref&gt;

A principle that has emerged from non-refugee caselaw is that parties should have knowledge of the essential issues in dispute so they can meaningfully respond. But the right to be heard does not require a tribunal to provide the parties with a further opportunity to make legal submissions every time a legal argument arises in deliberations that was not mentioned by the parties.&lt;ref&gt;''2198806 Ontario Inc. v. The Corporation of the City of Windsor,'' 2024 ONSC 139 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k231b#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns]].

=== How long should a party have to respond to a notice ===
There does not appear to be a specific rule that sets out how long a party has to respond to a new issue notice. That said, the Refugee Appeal Division has issued a practice notice entitled ''providing post-perfection documents to the Minister when not a party to the appeal''. It specifies that the Minister will be provided with 10 days to respond to any new documents from the person who is the subject of the appeal. As such, it could be considered that this practice notice establishes 10 days as a norm.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice: Providing post-perfection documents to the Minister when not a party to the appeal'', March 1, 2023, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/RAD-pn-providing-post-perfection-documents.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it could be argued that this creates a legitimate expectation for the person who is the subject of the appeal that a claim will not be decided within 10 days of them providing a new document in a circumstance where the Minister is not a party and has not responded to the document, or otherwise waived their right to respond to it. 

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board is bound by its own undertakings where it indicates that something is not at issue, that particular evidence is unnecessary, or that a particular procedure will be followed]]. 

== References ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;&quot; /&gt;

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      <text bytes="68879" sha1="3idxjbe52pgz7lt5qqfg1o8zft3b5z6" xml:space="preserve">== RAD Rules - Part 1 ==

The text of the relevant rules reads:&lt;pre&gt;PART 1
Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rules 2-3 - Filing and Perfecting an Appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Filing and Perfecting an Appeal&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 2 - Filing appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Filing appeal
2 (1) To file an appeal, the person who is the subject of the appeal must provide to the Division three copies of a written notice of appeal.

Copy provided to Minister
(2) The Division must provide a copy of the notice of appeal to the Minister without delay.

Content of notice of appeal
(3) In the notice of appeal, the appellant must indicate
(a) their name and telephone number, and an address where documents can be provided to them;
(b) if represented by counsel, counsel’s contact information and any limitations on counsel’s retainer;
(c) the identification number given by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration to them;
(d) the Refugee Protection Division file number, the date of the notice of decision relating to the decision being appealed and the date that they received the written reasons for the decision;
(e) the language — English or French — chosen by them as the language of the appeal; and
(f) the representative’s contact information if the Refugee Protection Division has designated a representative for them in the proceedings relating to the decision being appealed, and any proposed change in representative.

Time limit
(4) The notice of appeal provided under this rule must be received by the Division within the time limit for filing an appeal set out in the Regulations.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== RAD Rule 2(1): The requirement to provide three copies of the written notice of appeal has been waived ===
The ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that multiple copies of documents do not need to be submitted where required in the Rules.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice: Exchange of Documents through Canada Post epost Connect to the Refugee Appeal Division,'' ​​​​​June 15, 2020, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/notice-documents-epost-connect.aspx&gt; (Accessed September 16, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== RAD Rule 2(4): The notice of appeal must be received by the Division within the time limit for filing an appeal set out in the Regulations ===
The time limit for filing an appeal is set out in s. 159.91 of the Regulation:&lt;pre&gt;Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division

Time limit for appeal
159.91 (1) Subject to subsection (2), for the purpose of subsection 110(2.1) of the Act,
(a) the time limit for a person or the Minister to file an appeal to the Refugee Appeal Division against a decision of the Refugee Protection Division is 15 days after the day on which the person or the Minister receives written reasons for the decision; and
(b) the time limit for a person or the Minister to perfect such an appeal is 30 days after the day on which the person or the Minister receives written reasons for the decision.
&lt;/pre&gt;For more context to this part of the regulations, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159.91: Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division]]. For more details about requesting an extension of time to file or perfect, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#RAD Rule 6: Extension of Time]].

== RAD Rule 3 - Perfecting appeal and content of appellant's record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Perfecting appeal
3 (1) To perfect an appeal, the person who is the subject of the appeal must provide to the Division two copies of the appellant’s record.

Copy provided to Minister
(2) The Division must provide a copy of the appellant’s record to the Minister without delay.

Content of appellant’s record
(3) The appellant’s record must contain the following documents, on consecutively numbered pages, in the following order:
(a) the notice of decision and written reasons for the Refugee Protection Division’s decision that the appellant is appealing;
(b) all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal, together with a declaration, signed by the transcriber, that includes the transcriber’s name and a statement that the transcript is accurate;
(c) any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal;
(d) a written statement indicating
 (i) whether the appellant is relying on any evidence referred to in subsection 110(4) of the Act,
 (ii) whether the appellant is requesting that a hearing be held under subsection 110(6) of the Act, and if they are requesting a hearing, whether they are making an application under rule 66 to change the location of the hearing, and
 (iii) the language and dialect, if any, to be interpreted, if the Division decides that a hearing is necessary and the appellant needs an interpreter;
(e) any documentary evidence that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal;
(f) any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal; and
(g) a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding
 (i) the errors that are the grounds of the appeal,
 (ii) where the errors are located in the written reasons for the Refugee Protection Division’s decision that the appellant is appealing or in the transcript or in any audio or other electronic recording of the Refugee Protection Division hearing,
 (iii) how any documentary evidence referred to in paragraph (e) meets the requirements of subsection 110(4) of the Act and how that evidence relates to the appellant,
 (iv) the decision the appellant wants the Division to make, and
 (v) why the Division should hold a hearing under subsection 110(6) of the Act if the appellant is requesting that a hearing be held.

Length of memorandum
(4) The memorandum referred to in paragraph (3)(g) must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Time limit
(5) The appellant’s record provided under this rule must be received by the Division within the time limit for perfecting an appeal set out in the Regulations.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 3(1): The requirement to provide two copies of the appellant's record has been waived ===
The ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that multiple copies of documents do not need to be submitted where required in the Rules.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

=== Rule 3(3)(b): The appellant's record must contain all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal ===
Rule 3(3)(b) provides that the appellant's record must contain all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal, together with a declaration, signed by the transcriber, that includes the transcriber’s name and a statement that the transcript is accurate. That said, the ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that the RAD removes (waives) the requirement in the rules for signatures on documents and RAD forms submitted in support of an appeal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

The intent of this rule is that a transcript of relevant portions of the hearing will be provided by the appellant if the appellant wants to rely on a transcript on appeal. The court held in ''Abdi v. Canada'' that, even in a situation where the appellant did not have the means to have a transcript prepared, the RAD was not obliged to assist the appellant in meeting this requirement by producing and providing a transcript itself.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;''Abdi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1322 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0gnw#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-12.&lt;/ref&gt;

The IRB has a policy and objective of producing transcripts for all hearings that last more than two hours. The court held in ''Abdi v. Canada'' that it was procedurally fair for the RAD to rely on such a transcript which had not been provided to the appellant. This was so as the evidence in question was the applicant’s own and he had been provided with a recording of that testimony.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; While members of the public are not legally entitled to transcripts and documents from RAD proceedings, available transcripts are shared when requested by appellants and their counsel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, ''Final Investigation Report dated June 2023'', 2022-0101-EI (2022-0330-CAS and 2022-0798-CAS). &lt;/ref&gt; That said, while the RAD produces transcripts for all English hearings, as of 2022 it did so for only 37.5% of French hearings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board is not obliged to provide a transcript of an RPD proceeding, regardless of whether or not a recording of the proceeding was made]].

Rule 3(3)(b) is to be read in conjunction with Rule 3(3)(g)(ii) which provides that the appellant may, as an alternative to relying on a transcript, point to specific sections or an &quot;audio or other electronic recordings of the Refugee Protection Division hearing&quot;. 

=== Rule 3(3)(c): The appellant's record must contain any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal ===
RAD Rule 3(3)(c) provides that the appellant's record must contain any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal. These documents need not be assessed as new evidence in accordance with subsection 110(4) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act''.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2020 CanLII 124039 (CA IRB), at para 5, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jn804#par5&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, the RAD is to consider whether the RPD was correct to exclude them. If they were improperly excluded, then the RAD may consider them.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2021 CanLII 140071 (CA IRB), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jlvh5&gt;, retrieved on 2022-12-06.&lt;/ref&gt; 

For documents provided to the RPD at or before a hearing, but not within required timelines, the relevant RPD rule is number 36: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 36 - Use of undisclosed documents]]. For documents provided after a hearing, but prior to the RPD rendering its decision, the relevant RPD rule is number 43: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 43 - Additional documents provided as evidence after a hearing]].

Placing the onus on the appellant to provide such documents in the appellant's record relates to RAD Rule 21(3)(c), which provides that the Refugee Protection Division record is to contain all documentary evidence that the Refugee Protection Division accepted as evidence, during or after the hearing, but that it need not contain evidence that was not accepted.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2014 CanLII 93098 (CA IRB), at para 14, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkb49#par14&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 21: Refugee Protection Division Record]]. For example, the RPD states that if an application to admit late disclosure is refused, a claimant &quot;will have to proceed with your hearing without the use of the late disclosure&quot; and the RPD states that it will return these documents to the party &quot;if they arrived by mail, courier, fax, or in-person delivery​ but will dispose of them if they were submitted electronically&quot;, indicating that a copy of such rejected documents is not retained for referral to the RAD as part of the RPD record.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Questions and answers: Practice Notice on Procedural Issues,'' Date modified: 2024-09-09 &lt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rpd-pnpi-qa.aspx&lt;/nowiki&gt;&gt;, at question 23.&lt;/ref&gt; If the rejected documents are not before it, the RAD cannot review whether the RPD was correct to exclude the evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2014 CanLII 93098 (CA IRB), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkb49#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-05.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rule 3(3)(e): The appellant's record must contain any documentary evidence that the appellants want to rely on in the appeal, but this is subject to rules on admitting new evidence ===
Rule 3(3)(e) provides that the appellant's record must contain any documentary evidence that the appellants want to rely on in the appeal, but where such evidence is new evidence, it must be admissible as per IRPA s. 110: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#IRPA Section 110(4)-(5): Evidence that may be presented]]. The phrase &quot;documentary evidence&quot; implies that where &quot;evidence&quot; is used without modification elsewhere in the rules, it can include both documentary evidence and non-documentary evidence, such as oral evidence. See also RAD Rule 24, which refers to &quot;written evidence&quot;, a subset of all &quot;evidence&quot;: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 24: Specialized Knowledge]].

All evidence that the RPD accepted as evidence is part of the RPD record and will be provided to the RAD by the RPD under rule 21 of the ''RAD Rules''. Therefore, an appellant does not have to include this evidence in their appellant's record.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Important Instructions Concerning your Appellant's Record to the Refugee Appeal Division of the IRB'', Date modified: 2020-09-18, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/refugee-appeals/Pages/RadSar3010Instruct.aspx&gt; (Accessed September 19, 2023), at footnote 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rule 3(3)(f) provides that an appellant's record must contain any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal, but citations to Canadian court decisions suffice ===
Rule 3(3)(f) provides that an appellant's record must contain &quot;any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal&quot;. While new evidence must be in printed form, not a simple reference to an Internet link,&lt;ref&gt;''Iribhogbe v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 501 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnm47&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; this principle does not apply to the submission of Canadian caselaw as a legal authority. Copies of Canadian court decisions generally do not need be appended to an appellant's memorandum. In practice, a citation suffices. This is summarized as followed by the Board in the Appellant's Guide that it publishes: &quot;For legal cases that are publicly available, you can provide references and links (for example, links from CanLII) instead of hard copies. If the case is not publicly available (for example, because it is from a foreign jurisdiction or it is very recent), provide a hard copy with the relevant portions highlighted.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Appellant's Guide'', April 2017, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/refugee-appeals/Pages/RefAppGuide.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; This flows from the requirement that cases should be decided based on all of the law that binds the Board&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) et al. v. The Canadian Council for Refugees et al.,'' 2021 FCA 72, para. 125, overturned at the Supreme Court of Canada, though not on this point.&lt;/ref&gt; and the reasonable expectation of parties that judicial notice will be taken of published decisions in Canadian judicial proceedings.&lt;ref&gt;''Kovac v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 497 at para 10.&lt;/ref&gt; That said, judicial notice cannot be taken of foreign law&lt;ref&gt;J G Castel, ''Canadian Conflict of Laws, 4th ed'' (Toronto: Butterworths, 1997) at 7-1.&lt;/ref&gt; and so copies of foreign laws or judgments that a party wishes to rely on should normally be appended. See further: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge#IRPA s. 170: The Division may take notice of any facts that may be judicially noticed]].

=== Rules 3(3)(e) and 3(3)(f): Legal authorities may be distinguished from evidence that an appellant wants to rely on ===
Rule 3(3)(f) provides that an appellant's record must contain &quot;any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal&quot;. This rule is to be distinguished from Rule 3(3)(e), which provides that an appellant's record must also contain &quot;any documentary evidence that the appellant wants to rely on in the appeal&quot;. In this way, legal authorities may be considered distinct from documentary evidence that an appellant seeks to rely on. While some documents clearly fall into one category or the other, often whether a document is evidence or a legal authority is ambiguous and may depend on the proposition which the appellant aims to establish from the document. As noted in ''Basra v. Canada'', the hallmark of a document properly admitted pursuant to Rule 3(3)(f) is that it is either an authority in law or else it interprets the law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;''Basra v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2023 FC 707 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd95#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-06.&lt;/ref&gt; Where an applicant is referring to a document as objective evidence in support of their factual assertions, the document is properly considered under Rule 3(3)(e) and the accompanying new evidence provisions of the Act.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Some examples which highlight this dichotomy follow: 

* &lt;u&gt;UNHCR guidelines may be considered legal authority or evidence:&lt;/u&gt; The Federal Court accepted in ''Osemwenkhae v. Canada'' that &quot;UNHCR Guidelines are not new documents in the sense of being new evidence but rather should have been introduced as doctrinal or legal support for [the appellant's] position.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Osemwenkhae v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 503 (CanLII), at para 7, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnlcq#par7&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-04.&lt;/ref&gt; But see ''Valdez v. Canada'' which held it was reasonable for the RAD to consider the UNHCR Handbook under the new evidence framework of subsection 110(4) of the IRPA in a circumstance where the appellant had argued that the Handbook was new evidence justifying an oral hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Davila Valdez c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2022 CF 596 (CanLII), au para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnwwq#par17&gt;, consulté le 2022-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Sharma v. Canada'' the court held that a UN High Commissioner for Refugees Guidance note was properly considered as new evidence, not a legal authority.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharma v. Canada (Immigration and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 1444 (CanLII), at para 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6sx4#par4&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Prior cases may be considered legal authority or evidence:&lt;/u&gt; Prior tribunal decisions&lt;ref&gt;''Mansour v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 846 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jprtr#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-14.&lt;/ref&gt; legal cases,&lt;ref&gt;''Sami-Ullah v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 1525 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jt2kd#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2023-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; and decisions of international bodies such as the United Nations Committee Against Torture&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;''Basra v. Canada (Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship),'' 2023 FC 707 (CanLII), at para 9, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxd95#par9&gt;, retrieved on 2023-07-06.&lt;/ref&gt; may be considered legal authorities and not evidence. However, in ''Ismailov v. Canada'' the Appellant submitted a decision from the European Court of Human Rights.&lt;ref&gt;''Ismailov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 967 (CanLII), at para 67, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkrb5#par67&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-09.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD declined to admit it because it found that it was not bound by jurisprudence outside of Canada. The court concluded that this was in error because the decision was submitted as evidence, not a legal authority:&lt;blockquote&gt;In my view, the fact that the RAD is not bound by jurisprudence outside of Canada is irrelevant. The Applicant did not submit this evidence for a point of law, but rather for its factual findings regarding the country conditions in Uzbekistan. In other words, this decision formed part of the new evidence that was submitted to the RAD. Thus, the RAD erred by dismissing it out of hand and refusing to determine whether the decision satisfied the test for new evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Ismailov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 967 (CanLII), at para 67, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gkrb5#par67&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-09.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;But see the following commentary to RPD Rule 43, including a case concluding that under that rule past tribunal decisions should not be considered evidence: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#Rule 43 applies to evidence, not submissions, caselaw, or other tribunal decisions]]. It is unclear how to reconcile the above decision with the Federal Court's conclusion in ''Smith v. Canada'' that importing a finding of fact from another decision was “clearly not acceptable” because a finding of fact must be based on the evidence submitted to the decision maker: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board must not rely on evidence that is not on the record or otherwise properly available to the Member]].

* &lt;u&gt;Foreign law is considered to be a question of fact:&lt;/u&gt; Foreign law is considered by Canada's legal system to be a question of fact.&lt;ref&gt;''Hunt v T&amp;N PLC,'' [1993] 4 SCR 289 at 306; J G Castel, Canadian Conflict of Laws, 4th ed (Toronto: Butterworths, 1997) at 155.&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, the content of Canada’s international legal obligations has usually been held to be a question of law.&lt;ref&gt;See ''Jose Pereira E Hijos, SA v Canada (Attorney General)'' (1996), 126 FTR 167; ''Ielovski v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' [2008] FC 739 at para 7.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Reports discussing and critiquing IRB decisions may be considered legal authority or evidence:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Basra v. Canada'', the appellant submitted ''a'' 2004 report entitled ''Comprehensive Discussion of the Internal Flight Option for Punjabi Sikh Survivors of Political Rape and other Forms of Institutionalized Violence'' to the RAD as a legal authority.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The RAD concluded that the document was not admissible as jurisprudence. The Federal Court upheld this decision, concluding that the content in the report was &quot;factual in nature, containing discussion and opinion based on research and experience&quot; and noting that the document was &quot;analogous to many documents typically contained in a national documentation package&quot; and that in his appeal submissions the applicant referred to the document as objective evidence in support of his factual assertions and not as jurisprudence or expressions of law.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Legal texts:&lt;/u&gt; Legal texts written by Canadian scholars on, ''inter alia'', immigration law, properly constitute legal doctrine.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharma v. Canada (Immigration and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 1444 (CanLII), at para 16, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6sx4#par16&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Legislative instruments:&lt;/u&gt; In ''Sharma v. Canada'', the RAD found that “legal authority” in Rule 3(3)(f) may include Canadian Orders in Council and other such legislative instruments.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharma v. Canada (Immigration and Citizenship),'' 2024 FC 1444 (CanLII), at para 4, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k6sx4#par4&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rule 3(3)(g)(i): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal ===
Rule 3(3)(g) provides that the appellant's record must contain a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding (i) the errors that are the grounds of the appeal, and (ii) where the errors are located in the reasons for the Refugee Protection Division's decision or in a recording of the Refugee Protection Division hearing. A corollary of the obligation to identify such errors is that an applicant cannot reasonably fault the RAD for not going beyond the grounds of appeal or for not providing extensive reasons regarding the grounds of appeal that the applicant did not previously challenge.&lt;ref&gt;''Shalaiev, Dmytro'' ''v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., No. IMM-6383-20), Roussel, April 1, 2022; 2022 FC 457.&lt;/ref&gt; However, it also cannot be presumed that unchallenged findings are correct. Such a presumption would interfere with the RAD’s statutory obligation. As the court held in ''Derxhia v. Canada'', &quot;While it may be unwise for an appellant to leave credibility determinations by the RPD unchallenged, this does not relieve the RAD of its role in determining the correctness of the RPD’s decision in all relevant matters.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Derxhia v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2018 FC 140 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hqf58#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2024-10-15.&lt;/ref&gt; These Rules are procedural and cannot circumscribe the broad decision-making authority of the RAD as described in sections 110 and 111 of the legislation.&lt;ref&gt;''Al-Lamy v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 1621, para. 21. &lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The jurisdiction of the RAD is to hear appeals on a question or law, of fact, or of mixed law and fact against a decision of the RPD]]. That said, the RAD also cannot be expected to examine every piece of evidence and try to draw out arguments that could support an asylum claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Chakroun c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2023 CF 1170 (CanLII), au para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzxbz#par18&gt;, consulté le 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Where the grounds of appeal are not sufficiently clear in accordance with paragraph 3(3)(g) of the RAD Rules, it is open to the RAD to include in its analysis only the most intelligible submissions.&lt;ref&gt;''Ngandeu, Floriane Payo v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., No. IMM-8158-21), Walker, December 1, 2022, 2022 FC 1651.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it is not sufficient for an appellant &quot;to throw cases against the wall in the hope that they will stick, or to leave to the reviewing court the task of establishing somehow the connection. The connection of the dots on the page must be done by those who suggest some connection. ... [A] collection of cases in search of some connection with the facts of this case did not result in a cogent and persuasive argument without an articulation of what that connection may be.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Bayode v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 18 (CanLII), at paras 21 and 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k238x#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2024-02-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

The memorandum with submissions discussed in subrule (g) is to be distinct from the documentary evidence that the appellant wants to rely on in the hearing discussed in subrule (e). That said, at times there may be overlap between these. Where an appellant submits an affidavit on appeal that is not new evidence pursuant to subsection 110(4) of the IRPA, but is instead more akin to submissions on the errors that are the grounds of the appeal, the RAD is entitled to treat the affidavit as submissions.&lt;ref&gt;''Adekunle v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 882 (CanLII), at para 20, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxtq6#par20&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the fact that the RAD states that it is treating such an affidavit as submissions does not mean that the RAD errs by referring to the material in the appellant's affidavit as an example of an inconsistency in the statements provided by the appellant that can properly detract from the appellant's credibility.&lt;ref&gt;''Adekunle v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 882 (CanLII), at para 21, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxtq6#par21&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

See also: 

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Refugee Appeal Division must independently assess claims]]
* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#A panel has a duty to consider all potential grounds for a refugee claim that arise on the evidence]]

=== Rule 3(3)(g)(iii): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding how any documentary evidence referred to in paragraph (e) relates to the appellant ===
The requirement in RAD Rule 3(3)(g)(iii) that the appellant's record contain a memorandum with submissions regarding how any newly submitted documentary evidence relates to the appellant has been interpreted as a requirement that the appellant establish its relevance. In the words of the Federal Court of Appeal, this is a basic condition for the admissibility of any piece of evidence, and it would be difficult to imagine the introduction of new evidence being somehow exempt from this criterion. Indeed, subparagraphs 3(3)(g)(iii) and 5(2)(d)(ii) of the ''Refugee Appeal Division Rules'', SOR/2012-257 implicitly allude to this by providing that both the appellant’s memorandum and memorandum in reply must include full and detailed submissions regarding how any documentary evidence the appellant wishes to rely on not only meets the requirements of subsection 110(4), but also “how that evidence relates to the appellant” (“''la façon dont ils sont liés à l’appelant''”).&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FCA 96 (CanLII), [2016] 4 FCR 230, at para 45, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gp31b#par45&gt;, retrieved on 2023-10-16.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#Additional Raza/Singh factors]].

== RAD Rule 4 - Intervention by the Minister ==
&lt;pre&gt;Intervention by the Minister

Notice of intervention
4 (1) To intervene in an appeal at any time before the Division makes a decision, the Minister must provide, first to the appellant and then to the Division, a written notice of intervention, together with any documentary evidence that the Minister wants to rely on in the appeal.

Content of notice of intervention
(2) In the notice of intervention, the Minister must indicate
(a) counsel’s contact information;
(b) the identification number given by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration to the appellant;
(c) the appellant’s name, the Refugee Protection Division file number, the date of the notice of decision relating to the decision being appealed and the date that the Minister received the written reasons for the decision;
(d) whether the Minister is relying on any documentary evidence referred to in subsection 110(3) of the Act and the relevance of that evidence; and
(e) whether the Minister is requesting that a hearing be held under subsection 110(6) of the Act, and if the Minister is requesting a hearing, why the Division should hold a hearing and whether the Minister is making an application under rule 66 to change the location of the hearing.

Minister’s intervention record
(3) In addition to the documents referred to in subrule (1), the Minister may provide, first to the appellant and then to the Division, the Minister’s intervention record containing the following documents, on consecutively numbered pages, in the following order:
(a) all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the Minister wants to rely on the transcript in the appeal and the transcript was not provided with the appellant’s record, together with a declaration, signed by the transcriber, that includes the transcriber’s name and a statement that the transcript is accurate;
(b) any law, case law or other legal authority that the Minister wants to rely on in the appeal; and
(c) a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding
(i) the grounds on which the Minister is contesting the appeal, and
(ii) the decision the Minister wants the Division to make.

Length of memorandum
(4) The memorandum referred to in paragraph (3)(c) must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Proof documents were provided
(5) The documents provided to the Division under this rule must be accompanied by proof that they were provided to the appellant.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 4: To intervene in an appeal the Minister must provide a written notice of intervention ===
Rule 4(1) provides that if it wants to intervene in an appeal, the Minister must provide a written notice of intervention, together with any documentary evidence that the Minister wants to rely on in the appeal. Where the Minister attempts to provide documentary evidence or argument without such a written notice of intervention that meets the requirements of RAD Rule 4, the Division has in the past refused to accept the document. 

== RAD Rule 5 - Reply ==
&lt;pre&gt;Reply to Minister’s intervention
5 (1) To reply to a Minister’s intervention, the appellant must provide, first to the Minister and then to the Division, a reply record.

Content of reply record
(2) The reply record must contain the following documents, on consecutively numbered pages, in the following order:
(a) all or part of the transcript of the Refugee Protection Division hearing if the appellant wants to rely on the transcript to support the reply and the transcript was not provided with the appellant’s record or by the Minister, together with a declaration, signed by the transcriber, that includes the transcriber’s name and a statement that the transcript is accurate;
(b) any documentary evidence that the appellant wants to rely on to support the reply and that was not provided with the appellant’s record or by the Minister;
(c) any law, case law or other legal authority that the appellant wants to rely on to support the reply and that was not provided with the appellant’s record or by the Minister; and
(d) a memorandum that includes full and detailed submissions regarding
(i) only the grounds raised by the Minister,
(ii) how any documentary evidence referred to in paragraph (b) meets the requirements of subsection 110(4) or (5) of the Act and how that evidence relates to the appellant, and
(iii) why the Division should hold a hearing under subsection 110(6) of the Act if the appellant is requesting that a hearing be held and they did not include such a request in the appellant’s record, and if the appellant is requesting a hearing, whether they are making an application under rule 66 to change the location of the hearing.

Length of memorandum
(3) The memorandum referred to in paragraph (2)(d) must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Proof document was provided
(4) The reply record provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that it was provided to the Minister.

Time limit
(5) Documents provided under this rule must be received by the Division no later than 15 days after the day on which the appellant receives the Minister’s notice of intervention, the Minister’s intervention record, or any additional documents provided by the Minister, as the case may be.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 6 - Extension of Time ==
&lt;pre&gt;Extension of Time

Application for extension of time to file or perfect
6 (1) A person who is the subject of an appeal who makes an application to the Division for an extension of the time to file or to perfect an appeal under the Regulations must do so in accordance with rule 37, except that the person must provide to the Division the original and a copy of the application.

Copy provided to Minister
(2) The Division must provide a copy of an application under subrule (1) to the Minister without delay.

Content of application
(3) The person who is the subject of the appeal must include in an application under subrule (1)
(a) their name and telephone number, and an address where documents can be provided to them;
(b) if represented by counsel, counsel’s contact information and any limitations on counsel’s retainer;
(c) the identification number given by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration to them; and
(d) the Refugee Protection Division file number, the date of the notice of decision relating to the decision being appealed and the date that they received the written reasons for the decision.

Accompanying documents — filing
(4) An application for an extension of the time to file an appeal under subrule (1) must be accompanied by three copies of a written notice of appeal.

Accompanying documents — perfecting
(5) An application for an extension of the time to perfect an appeal under subrule (1) must be accompanied by two copies of the appellant’s record.

Application for extension of time to reply
(6) A person who is the subject of an appeal may make an application to the Division for an extension of the time to reply to a Minister’s intervention in accordance with rule 37.

Factors — reply
(7) In deciding an application under subrule (6), the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) whether the application was made in a timely manner and the justification for any delay;
(b) whether there is an arguable case;
(c) prejudice to the Minister, if the application was granted; and
(d) the nature and complexity of the appeal.

Notification of decision on application
(8) The Division must without delay notify, in writing, both the person who is the subject of the appeal and the Minister of its decision with respect to an application under subrule (1) or (6).&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The Regulation sets out the process for extending the time limit for filing an appeal ===
RAD Rule 2(4) provides that the notice of appeal provided under this rule must be received by the Division within the time limit for filing an appeal set out in the Regulations. Section 159.91(2) of that regulation sets out the criteria to be granted an extension to that time limit:&lt;pre&gt;Extension
159.91 (2) If the appeal cannot be filed within the time limit set out in paragraph 1)(a) or perfected within the time limit set out in paragraph (1)(b), the Refugee Appeal Division may, for reasons of fairness and natural justice, extend each of those time limits by the number of days that is necessary in the circumstances.
&lt;/pre&gt;In short, this provision contains three elements: 

# It must not be possible for the appeal to be filed and perfected within the time limits of, respectively, 15 and 30 calendar days. Under this element, the party seeking an extension of time must provide an explanation for the delay and must show a continuing intention to appeal during the delay.
# An extension must be for the number of days necessary in the circumstances. This requirement suggests that the delay should be as short as possible or, in other words, that every day of delay should be justified. The reference to &quot;circumstances&quot; implies an individualised assessment of the circumstances in each particular request for an extension of time.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2017 CanLII 149353 (CA IRB), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j46pm#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
# Any extension must be for reasons of fairness and natural justice.&lt;ref&gt;''X (Re),'' 2013 CanLII 76391 (CA IRB), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/g23dh#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Jurisprudence has established four factors to be considered in the applications for extension of time made before courts or administrative tribunals. These factors are not exhaustive and other factors may be considered, such as, for example, the complexity of an appeal, a factor mentioned in RAD Rule 6(7). All of the factors do not have to be met. The appropriate weight must be given to each factor in the context of a particular case. The four factors are to be applied in order to determine whether fairness and natural justice, in the circumstances, require an extension of time for a particular number of days:

&lt;blockquote&gt;a) there was and is a continuing intention on the part of the party presenting the motion to pursue the appeal;

b) the subject matter of the appeal discloses an arguable case;

c) there is a reasonable explanation for the defaulting parties delay; and

d) there is no prejudice to the other party in allowing the extension.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Attorney General) v. Pentney'', 2008 FC 96, as cited and applied in the RAD context in ''X (Re),'' 2017 CanLII 149353 (CA IRB), at para 6, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j46pm#par6&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;For more context to this part of the regulations, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/IRPR s. 159.91: Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division]]. See also the practice notice on extending the time limit for perfecting an appeal.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice notice extending time limit for perfecting an appeal,'' Date modified: 2020-09-18, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/practice-notice-extending-time-perfecting-appeal.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; This practice notice sets out that informal requests are no longer acceptable and that the application to extend the time limit to perfect an appeal must include the Appellant's Record.

== RAD Rule 7 - Decision without further notice ==
&lt;pre&gt;Disposition of an Appeal

Decision without further notice
7 Unless a hearing is held under subsection 110(6) of the Act, the Division may, without further notice to the appellant and to the Minister, decide an appeal on the basis of the materials provided
(a) if a period of 15 days has passed since the day on which the Minister received the appellant’s record, or the time limit for perfecting the appeal set out in the Regulations has expired; or
(b) if the reply record has been provided, or the time limit for providing it has expired.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 7 provides that the Division may, without further notice, decide the appeal, but further notice is required if the appeal is decided on a new ground ===
Rule 7 of the ''RAD Rules'' provides that, where a hearing is not warranted, the RAD may, “without further notice to the appellant and to the Minister, decide an appeal on the basis of the materials provided.” The Federal Court has recognized that, notwithstanding this rule, deciding an appeal on a new ground without first giving notice to the parties that the issue is in play can breach the requirements of procedural fairness. The RAD has a mandate to wholly appreciate the record before them and reach their own conclusions on review.&lt;ref&gt;Singh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2024 FC 1259, para. 13.&lt;/ref&gt; The duty of procedural fairness requires the RAD to provide the appellant with an opportunity to make submissions when considering an issue that was not raised by the appellant or by the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Ehondor v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2016 FC 1253 (CanLII), at para 13, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/gvqr5#par13&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-03.&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Hughes expressed this exception to the general rule as follows in ''Husian v Canada'': “The point is that if the RAD chooses to take a frolic and venture into the record to make further substantive findings, it should give some sort of notice to the parties and give them an opportunity to make submissions.”&lt;ref&gt;''Husian v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 684 at para 10.&lt;/ref&gt; When determining whether notice should have been provided, panels have considered whether an applicant could have made submissions on the issue or whether they were insufficiently aware of it earlier.&lt;ref&gt;''Ojarikre v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 896 at para 22.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, where the Division raises a new issue, the Minister should be given notice of the new issue, even if they are not a party to the proceeding.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Alazar,'' 2021 FC 637 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jgr79&gt;, retrieved on 2022-04-29&lt;/ref&gt;

=== When may the RAD raise a new issue? ===
The RAD is obliged to conduct an independent review of the case, focusing on the errors identified by the appellant.&lt;ref&gt;''Fatime v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2020 FC 594 at para 19.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the RAD has a broad discretion to raise new issues where doing so will bring finality to an issue. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#The RAD may raise new issues that are not raised in the appeal submissions]]. 

=== What is a new issue requiring notice? ===
A new issue can be identified as one that (1) is legally and factually distinct from the grounds of appeal raised by the parties and cannot reasonably be said to stem from the issues raised on appeal,&lt;ref&gt;''Ching v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2015 FC 725 at paras 65 to 76.&lt;/ref&gt; and (2) is an issue where the RPD made no determination.&lt;ref&gt;''Tan v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 876 at para 40.&lt;/ref&gt; If the RAD will decide a matter on a ground that is a new issue, including by making additional substantive findings based on the record,&lt;ref&gt;''Husian,'' 2015 FC 684, para. 10 and ''Dalirani,'' 2020 FC 258, paras. 29 and 20.&lt;/ref&gt; which were not addressed in the RPD decision and not raised by the parties on appeal, then procedural fairness requires that notice and an opportunity to make submissions be given.&lt;ref&gt;''Ching v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 725, paragraph 71.&lt;/ref&gt;

Essentially, this protects persons who are the subject of an appeal and the Minister against unfair surprise. As in all matters of procedural fairness, the ultimate question remains whether the applicant knew the case to meet and had a full and fair chance to respond.&lt;ref&gt;''Canadian Pacific Railway (GP Rail) Company v. Canada (Attorney General),'' 2018 FCA 69 (CanLll), para. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Notice should be provided whenever new or additional arguments, reasoning, or analysis unknown to the parties is being considered by the Division.&lt;ref&gt;''Kwakwa,'' 2016 FC 600, para. 26.&lt;/ref&gt;  

This said, “issues that are rooted in or are components of an existing issue” are not “new issues” necessitating such a notice.&lt;ref&gt;''Musthaffa v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 59 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmswm#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, where an RPD finding is not challenged on appeal, then the RAD may uphold such non-challenged findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Shalaiev, Dmytro'' ''v. M.C.I.'', Roussel, April 1, 2022; 2022 FC 457.&lt;/ref&gt; See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 3(3)(g)(i): The appellant's record must contain a memorandum with submissions regarding the errors that are the grounds of the appeal]].

Whether or not the issue was explicitly raised as an issue at the beginning of the RPD hearing by that panel is not determinative.&lt;ref&gt;''Yin v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 564 (CanLII), at paras 25 and 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jnsrk#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2022-11-14.&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed, some issues are said to always be at issue in every claim, and need not be identified as a distinct issue by the RPD: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants have an expectation that a claim will only be rejected on the basis of a legal issue that a panel has identified as being at issue]]. Regardless of the fact that certain issues, such as prospective risk, are central issues in any refugee protection claim, if the RPD did not make a clear and definitive finding on the issue, and it was not one of the grounds of appeal, then it would be unfair for a panel to dismiss a claim on that basis without providing notice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;''Kaur v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1189 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jzzjd#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt;

Categories of cases in which the Board may err if notice is not provided include:

* &lt;u&gt;Where the Board considers new evidence.&lt;/u&gt; Where new evidence is being considered on appeal, notice should be provided. For example, this applies where new country condition documentation comes up after the appeal has been perfected, such as a new NDP that is relevant.&lt;ref&gt;''Zhang v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2015 FC 1031 (CanLII)&lt;/ref&gt; Specifically, the RAD is required to disclose the version of the NDP it used if the following two factors are present: (1) the version of the NDP that the RAD used to make its decision was not available or accessible to the public when the refugee protection claimant perfected their appeal and made their submissions, and (2) the most recent information in this version of the NDP is sufficiently different, novel and significant and shows a change in the general country conditions.&lt;ref&gt;''Kumar v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'' (F.C. IMM-1277-21), Lafrenière, October 21, 2022, 2022 FC 1440.&lt;/ref&gt; For more discussion and nuance on this, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The Board's inquisitorial mandate#The Board should consider the most up-to-date country conditions evidence]], and [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Disclosure rights and obligations for the Board]], and also [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#The panel should consider the most recent National Documentation Package]]. However, because the RAD has fact-finding authority, and may make additional findings or even different findings than the RPD in assessing the evidence, doing so does not in and of itself elevate such findings to a new issue or trigger a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Gadafi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 1011 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jjblb#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-26.&lt;/ref&gt; Referring to additional evidence in the record which supports the conclusions reached by the RPD does not amount to examining a &quot;new question&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Kwakwa v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 600 at para 25.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;u&gt;Where the Board considers a&lt;/u&gt; &lt;u&gt;new legal issue.&lt;/u&gt; The RAD must provide notice where it wants to make a finding on an issue where the RPD did not make a clear and definitive finding on the issue and it was not among the grounds of appeal advanced by the parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; This includes where the RAD makes a finding on state protection,&lt;ref&gt;''Xu v. Canada'', 2019 FC 639, paras. 47 to 53.&lt;/ref&gt; IFA,&lt;ref&gt;''Cardenas,'' 2017 FC 1194 at para. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; nexus,&lt;ref&gt;''Singh v. M.C.I.'' (F.C. No. IMM-543-22), Gascon, March 24, 2023; 2023 FC 409.&lt;/ref&gt; lack of prospective risk,&lt;ref&gt;''Gonzalez Jimenez, Nerio Miguel'' ''v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., No. IMM-3382-21), Roussel, April 5, 2022, 2022 FC 479. See also: ''Kaur, Daljit v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-5781-22), Rochester, September 1, 2023; 2023 FC 1189.&lt;/ref&gt; a reconsideration of a claimant's credibility,&lt;ref&gt;''Koanda,'' 2019 FC 169, paras. 15 to 18 and ''Laag,'' 2019 FC 890, paras. 22-23.&lt;/ref&gt; and exclusion.&lt;ref&gt;''Milfort-Laguere,'' 2019 FC 1361, para. 27.&lt;/ref&gt; This applies whenever the RPD did not make a clear and definitive finding on the issue&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; and the issue was not raised in the appeal memoranda of the parties,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Laag v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 890 (CanLII), at para 22, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/j19kn#par22&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-23.&lt;/ref&gt; regardless of whether the issue was canvassed by the RPD at the hearing&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Ojarikre, 2015 FC 896, paras. 22 and 23.&lt;/ref&gt; or not raised at the initial hearing at all,&lt;ref&gt;''Jianzhu,'' 2015 FC 551, para. 12 and ''Ching,'' 2015 FC 725, paras. 66, 67 and 72.&lt;/ref&gt; and regardless of whether the issue was not discussed by the RPD at all&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; or was mentioned in passing in the RPD's reasons but not relied upon.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The fact that the Minister provides a Notice of Intervention to the RAD and the person who is the subject of the appeal, along with arguments regarding an issue, suffices as &quot;notice&quot; that that issue is &quot;in play&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Gondal v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1226 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k03bv#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt; See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants have an expectation that a claim will only be rejected on the basis of a legal issue that a panel has identified as being at issue]].
* &lt;u&gt;Where the Board makes a&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;dditional substantive findings on a legal issue that is at issue in the appeal.&lt;/u&gt; In some circumstances, the Division should provide notice before making additional substantive findings on a legal issue that is at issue in the appeal, even though the issue was raised in the parties' appeal memoranda. That said, this area of the law is unclear and there are decisions that offer conflicting conclusions on the necessity of notice in such circumstances. Some discussion of the cases follows:
** &lt;u&gt;Credibility:&lt;/u&gt; While the RAD cannot raise a new issue without notice to the parties, it is entitled to make independent findings of credibility against an appellant without questioning the claimant or providing a further opportunity to make submissions&lt;ref&gt;''Mchedlishvili, Vasili v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-360-21), Mosley, February 21, 2022; 2022 FC 6229.&lt;/ref&gt; where the following criteria are met: a) credibility was at issue before the RPD; b) the RPD’s findings are contested on appeal; c) the credibility concerns from the RAD are linked to the applicant’s appeal submissions; and d) the RAD’s findings arise from the evidentiary record.&lt;ref&gt;''Salman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 340 (CanLII), at para 34, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jwf81#par34&gt;, retrieved on 2023-08-24.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Popoola v. Canada'' the court upheld a RAD decision which considered two additional credibility concerns (regarding the applicants’ US visas and the alleged presence of a neighbour during a break-in at their home) in a case where credibility was already at issue.&lt;ref&gt;''Popoola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 555 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jp10h#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2022-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Sun v. Canada,'' the court found no breach of procedural fairness where the RAD raised new credibility issues about alleged inconsistencies in the claimant's evidence that had not been considered by the RPD and for which she was not given notice. The court held that the RAD was entitled to find an additional basis to question the applicant’s credibility using the record that was before the RPD.&lt;ref&gt;''Sun v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'' – (FC File number IMM-4459-21) Justice Brown, May 12, 2022; 2022 FC 710.&lt;/ref&gt; This is so even where the document that the RAD relies upon to make such a credibility finding is &quot;[one] out of 125 items in the National Documentation Package&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 72 (CanLII), at para 28, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jv0bc#par28&gt;, retrieved on 2023-11-28.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Ahmed v. Canada'', the court upheld the RAD making an additional negative credibility conclusion related to delay in claiming where credibility was at issue on appeal, even though delay was not discussed by the RPD and the appellant was not specifically given notice regarding delay on appeal and invited to make submissions.&lt;ref&gt;''Ahmed v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 830 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxm6d#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2023-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Onwuanagbule v. Canada'', in contrast, the court held that the RAD should provide notice where it makes negative credibility inferences with respect to areas that were not addressed either by the RPD or in the appellant’s memorandum (even where credibility is generally raised on appeal).&lt;ref&gt;''Palliyaralalage,'' 2019 FC 596; ''Mei Ling He,'' 2019 FC 1316, para. 80 and ''Onwuanagbule,'' 2020 FC 550, paras. 9 to 13.&lt;/ref&gt; 
** &lt;u&gt;Genuineness of documents:&lt;/u&gt; There appear to be two approaches to this in the jurisprudence:
*** One approach holds that the RAD is tasked with undertaking its own review of evidence, and may make additional or different credibility findings with respect to a document without this being a new issue that triggers a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Gadafi v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2021 FC 1011 at para 24; ''Tan v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2016 FC 876 at para 40.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD does not have a duty to confront a claimant about its concerns related to documents provided by the claimant where the issues raised and considered by the RAD are linked to the parties’ submissions or the RPD’s findings.&lt;ref&gt;''Lemma v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 770 (CanLII), at para 23, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpj13#par23&gt;, retrieved on 2022-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Zerihaymanot v. Canada'', the court held that the RAD did not raise a new issue when it commented on additional ways in which the applicant’s birth certificate did not match the samples in the NDP that were not identified by the RPD (absence of signing official’s name and language in document).&lt;ref&gt;''Zerihaymanot, Brhane Ghebrihiwet, v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-3077-21), McHaffie, April 26, 2022; 2022 FC 610.&lt;/ref&gt; This approach was also endorsed by Justice Little in ''Kabunga v. Canada'', where the court concluded that it was not unfair to make a new finding that a document had been fabricated to advance the claim.&lt;ref&gt;''Kabunga v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 867 (CanLII), &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jxsgl&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
*** A different approach holds that notice should be provided where the RAD raises new concerns about the genuineness of evidence tendered before the RPD which had not been discussed or put to the appellant prior.&lt;ref&gt;''Ortiz,'' 2016 FC 180, para. 22.&lt;/ref&gt; The RAD cannot give further reasons based on its own review of the record, if the refugee claimant has not had the chance to address them.&lt;ref&gt;''Porosh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1638 (CanLII), at para 36, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1jf9#par36&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in ''Porosh v. Canada'' the RPD had concluded that an arrest warrant submitted by the claimant was fraudulent. Justice Go held that it was an error for the RAD to provide an additional reason to buttress this finding which had not been expressly put to the appellant (that the document did not include an authorizing signature from a judge, a requirement discussed in the NDP).&lt;ref&gt;''Porosh v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 1638 (CanLII), at para 37, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k1jf9#par37&gt;, retrieved on 2023-12-07.&lt;/ref&gt; In ''Warsame v. Canada'', while the RPD had raised doubt about the veracity of the aunt’s affidavit, it did not find the document to be fraudulent. The RPD's findings related to the affidavit were challenged on appeal and the RAD overturned some of the RPD’s findings on the aunt’s affidavit. However, it went further than the RPD in its negative assessment and found the document to be fraudulent. Justice Go held that in doing so, the RAD breached the duty of procedural fairness as the applicant could not have anticipated the fraudulent finding as a live issue for the RAD.&lt;ref&gt;''Warsame v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 630 (CanLII), at para 18, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k48fr#par18&gt;, retrieved on 2024-05-18.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &lt;u&gt;Forward-facing risk:&lt;/u&gt; The courts have been prepared to accept in many cases that the forward-looking nature of the risk allegedly faced by the applicant was an inherent or implicit component of the RPD’s analysis, and that where expressly discussed in the appellant's written memorandum to the RAD, notice that a new issue was going to be considered was consequently unnecessary.&lt;ref&gt;''Musthaffa v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 59 (CanLII), at para 31, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jmswm#par31&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, in ''Lopez v. Canada'', the court accepted that the RAD was not required to advise the applicant that it would analyze the question of whether the alleged discrimination was sufficiently serious, repetitive or systematic to constitute persecution given that &quot;this issue underlies the question of whether the applicant runs a prospective risk of persecution should she return to Mexico [and] it was therefore at the heart of her claim for refugee protection.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Marquez Lopez v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 782 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k50nk#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-26&lt;/ref&gt; However, in ''Mehra v. Canada,'' the court concluded that the risk that the Appellant faced in their city that was considered their &quot;home base&quot; based on the address that they used in their documents was a new issue requiring notice because the Appellant had not ever lived in that city (or their country) and the RPD had not canvassed this issue.&lt;ref&gt;''Mehra, Subesten Shyam v. M.C.I.'' (F.C., no. IMM-4796-21), Sadrehashemi, November 21, 2022; 2022 FC 1591.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &lt;u&gt;IFA:&lt;/u&gt; Notice should be provided where the RAD considers an IFA in a city not considered by the RPD, even where the RPD had raised IFA as an issue.&lt;ref&gt;''Boluwaji v. Canada'', 2018 FC 1154, para. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; However, notice need not be given on every chain of reasoning regarding risk in an IFA location. After all, issues that are rooted in or are components of an existing issue are not “new issues”.&lt;ref&gt;''Sadeghi v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2021 FC 604 (CanLII), at para 17, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jgh76#par17&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-26.&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the court has held that in considering how the passage of time may have affected an individual's risk in an IFA location, the RAD did not raise an issue that was legally and factually distinct from the issue on appeal.&lt;ref&gt;''Savit v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2023 FC 194 (CanLII), at para 29, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k00gk#par29&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-26.&lt;/ref&gt;
** &lt;u&gt;Incompetence of counsel:&lt;/u&gt; The Board does not err by dismissing an argument that past counsel acted incompetently where the party did not comply with the Board's practice notice on point, including having notified the former counsel.&lt;ref&gt;''Jaramillo Escobar c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),'' 2023 CF 1379 (CanLII), au para 43, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k0nsj#par43&gt;, consulté le 2023-12-04.&lt;/ref&gt; Doing so is not raising a new issue that requires independent notice. See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record#3) The representative must be given notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond]]. 
That said, there is no requirement for the RAD to seek further submission when it assesses and weighs an applicant's own earlier evidence.&lt;ref&gt;''Nwankwo v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)'', 2023 FC 786, paragraph 41.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the RAD relying on a jurisprudential guide not mentioned by the RPD is not a new issue, even if the jurisprudential guide was designated following the RPD hearing.&lt;ref&gt;''Feng v. Canada'', 2019 FC 18, at para. 23; ''Mao v. Canada,'' 2020 FC 542, at para. 33. &lt;/ref&gt; 

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns]].

=== The notice must be sufficiently clear and specific ===
Any notice that is provided must be sufficiently specific such that the parties can appreciate the real concern of the RAD. For example, in ''Nasr v. Canada'', the court concluded that the panel's notice regarding a credibility issue that the RAD was going to consider, but the RPD had not, was &quot;vague&quot; such that &quot;the Applicants would have been unaware that the real concern of the RAD&quot;. As the credibility issue &quot;had to be clearly put to [the Appellants] for response&quot; and it was not, the court overturned the decision.&lt;ref&gt;''Nasr v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 757 (CanLII), at para 30, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jpgx9#par30&gt;, retrieved on 2022-07-29.&lt;/ref&gt; In a case where no basic description of the RAD’s areas of concern with respect to credibility was provided, the court held that the applicant &quot;was required to try to identify what these credibility concerns might be and to make anticipatory submissions, rather than providing submissions in response to specific credibility concerns.&quot; The court found that this was not a fair procedure.&lt;ref&gt;''Collins v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 665 (CanLII), at para 26, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4d5z#par26&gt;, retrieved on 2024-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; 

The caselaw on the specificity requirements for “procedural fairness” letters in other immigration contexts may also be instructive; see, e.g., ''Chuen v. Canada'', in which this court concluded: &quot;''The procedural fairness letter put the Applicant on notice that the Officer was concerned by his ties to the tobacco trade. However, the letter lacked specificity. It did not provide him with the opportunity to respond to the allegation that his spouse’s conviction demonstrated his participation in organized crime.''&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Chuen v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2024 FC 690 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k4gjk#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2024-08-12.&lt;/ref&gt;   

However, such notice requirements do not extend to requiring the Board to engage in an ongoing dialogue with a claimant. For example, in ''Savit v. Canada'', the court concluded that once it had notified the applicant, it was reasonable for the RAD to point out a significant contradiction between the applicant’s new statement made in response to the notice and her testimony before the RPD. The court held that if the applicant contradicted her initial testimony in addressing the RAD’s concerns, she could not criticize the RAD for noticing this contradiction. In the court's view, the RAD was not required to give a second notice to give the applicant an opportunity to be confronted with her own contradictions; the requirement to give notice did not oblige the RAD to create a dialogue with her.&lt;ref&gt;''Savit, Aleksandra v. M.C.I.'' (FC, IMM-1961-22), Grammond, February 9, 2023, 2023 FC 194.&lt;/ref&gt;

A principle that has emerged from non-refugee caselaw is that parties should have knowledge of the essential issues in dispute so they can meaningfully respond. But the right to be heard does not require a tribunal to provide the parties with a further opportunity to make legal submissions every time a legal argument arises in deliberations that was not mentioned by the parties.&lt;ref&gt;''2198806 Ontario Inc. v. The Corporation of the City of Windsor,'' 2024 ONSC 139 (CanLII), at para 24, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/k231b#par24&gt;, retrieved on 2024-01-16.&lt;/ref&gt;

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#Claimants should have a fair opportunity to respond to a panel's concerns]].

=== How long should a party have to respond to a notice ===
There does not appear to be a specific rule that sets out how long a party has to respond to a new issue notice. That said, the Refugee Appeal Division has issued a practice notice entitled ''providing post-perfection documents to the Minister when not a party to the appeal''. It specifies that the Minister will be provided with 10 days to respond to any new documents from the person who is the subject of the appeal. As such, it could be considered that this practice notice establishes 10 days as a norm.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice: Providing post-perfection documents to the Minister when not a party to the appeal'', March 1, 2023, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/RAD-pn-providing-post-perfection-documents.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, it could be argued that this creates a legitimate expectation for the person who is the subject of the appeal that a claim will not be decided within 10 days of them providing a new document in a circumstance where the Minister is not a party and has not responded to the document, or otherwise waived their right to respond to it. 

See also: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The Board is bound by its own undertakings where it indicates that something is not at issue, that particular evidence is unnecessary, or that a particular procedure will be followed]]. 

== References ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;&quot; /&gt;

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    <title>Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals</title>
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The text of Part 3 of the RAD Rules reads:

== RAD Rules - Part 3 ==
&lt;pre&gt;PART 3
Rules Applicable to All Appeals&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 14 - Communicating with the Division ==
&lt;pre&gt;Communicating with the Division

Communicating with Division
14 All communication with the Division must be directed to the registry office specified by the Division.&lt;/pre&gt;Regarding RAD Rule 14, see the commentary to RPD Rule 2: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 2 - Communicating with the Division]].

== RAD Rule 15: Change to contact information ==
&lt;pre&gt;Change to contact information
15 If the contact information of a person who is the subject of an appeal changes, the person must without delay provide the changes in writing to the Division and to the Minister.&lt;/pre&gt;Regarding RAD Rule 15, see the commentary to RPD Rule 4: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 4 - Claimant's contact information]].

== RAD Rule 16: Counsel ==
&lt;pre&gt;Counsel

Retaining counsel after providing notice
16 (1) If a person who is the subject of an appeal retains counsel after providing a notice of appeal or a notice of intent to respond, as the case may be, the person must without delay provide the counsel’s contact information in writing to the Division and to the Minister.

Change to counsel’s contact information — person
(2) If the contact information of counsel for a person who is the subject of an appeal changes, the person must without delay provide the changes in writing to the Division and to the Minister.

Change to counsel’s contact information — Minister
(3) If the contact information of counsel for the Minister changes, the Minister must without delay provide the changes in writing to the Division and to the person who is the subject of the appeal.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 16(2): A failure to copy the Minister on a change of counsel can be procedurally unfair ===
RAD Rule 16(2) provides that if the person who is the subject of the appeal retains new counsel, that person must without delay notify the Minister in writing. A failure to do so is potentially procedurally unfair and may justify setting aside the decision, as the Federal Court did in ''Canada v. Miller''.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Miller,'' 2022 FC 1131 (CanLII), at para 72, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jr5nh#par72&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-03.&lt;/ref&gt;
== RAD Rule 17: Declaration — counsel not representing or advising for consideration ==
&lt;pre&gt;Declaration — counsel not representing or advising for consideration
17 If a person who is the subject of an appeal retains counsel who is not a person referred to in any of paragraphs 91(2)(a) to (c) of the Act, both the person who is the subject of the appeal and their counsel must without delay provide the information and declarations set out in the schedule to the Division in writing.

Becoming counsel of record
18 (1) Subject to subrule (2), as soon as counsel for a person who is the subject of an appeal provides on behalf of the person a notice of appeal or a notice of intent to respond, as the case may be, or as soon as a person becomes counsel after the person provided a notice, the counsel becomes counsel of record for the person.

Limitation on counsel’s retainer
(2) If a person who is the subject of an appeal has notified the Division of a limitation on their counsel’s retainer, counsel is counsel of record only to the extent of the services to be provided within the limited retainer. Counsel ceases to be counsel of record as soon as those services are completed.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 19: Declaration — Request to be removed as counsel of record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Request to be removed as counsel of record
19 (1) To be removed as counsel of record, counsel for a person who is the subject of an appeal must first provide to the person and to the Minister a copy of a written request to be removed and then provide the written request to the Division.

Proof request was provided
(2) The request provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that copies were provided to the person represented and to the Minister.

Request — if date for proceeding fixed
(3) If a date for a proceeding has been fixed and three working days or less remain before that date, counsel must make the request orally at the proceeding.

Division’s permission required
(4) Counsel remains counsel of record unless the request to be removed is granted.

Removing counsel of record
20 (1) To remove counsel as counsel of record, a person who is the subject of an appeal must first provide to counsel and to the Minister a copy of a written notice that counsel is no longer counsel for the person and then provide the written notice to the Division.

Proof notice was provided
(2) The notice provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that copies were provided to counsel and to the Minister.

Ceasing to be counsel of record
(3) Counsel ceases to be counsel of record when the Division receives the notice.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 21: Refugee Protection Division Record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Refugee Protection Division Record

Providing notice of appeal
21 (1) The Division must without delay provide a copy of the notice of appeal to the Refugee Protection Division after the appeal is perfected under rule 3 or 9, as the case may be.

Preparing and providing record
(2) The Refugee Protection Division must prepare a record and provide it to the Division no later than 10 days after the day on which the Refugee Protection Division receives the notice of appeal.

Content of record
(3) The Refugee Protection Division record must contain
(a) the notice of decision and written reasons for the decision that is being appealed;
(b) the Basis of Claim Form as defined in the Refugee Protection Division Rules and any changes or additions to it;
(c) all documentary evidence that the Refugee Protection Division accepted as evidence, during or after the hearing;
(d) any written representations made during or after the hearing but before the decision being appealed was made; and
(e) any audio or other electronic recording of the hearing.

Providing record to absent Minister
(4) If the Minister did not take part in the proceedings relating to the decision being appealed, the Division must provide a copy of the Refugee Protection Division record to the Minister as soon as the Division receives it.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The onus is on the appellant to include in their appeal record any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal ===
See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 3(3)(c): The appellant's record must contain any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal]].

== RAD Rule 22: Language of the Appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Language of the Appeal

Choice of language
22 (1) A person who is the subject of an appeal must choose English or French as the language of the appeal. The person must indicate that choice in the notice of appeal if they are the appellant or in the notice of intent to respond if they are the respondent.

Language — Minister’s appeals
(2) If the appellant is the Minister, the language of the appeal is the language chosen by the person who is the subject of the appeal in the proceedings relating to the decision being appealed.

Changing language
(3) A person who is the subject of an appeal may change the language of the appeal that they chose under subrule (1) by notifying the Division and the Minister in writing without delay and, if a date for a proceeding has been fixed, the notice must be received by their recipients no later than 20 days before that date.&lt;/pre&gt;See the commentary on the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 17-18 - Language of Proceedings]].

== RAD Rule 23: Designated Representatives ==
&lt;pre&gt;Designated Representatives

Continuation of designation
23 (1) If the Refugee Protection Division designated a representative for the person who is the subject of the appeal in the proceedings relating to the decision being appealed, the representative is deemed to have been designated by the Division, unless the Division orders otherwise.

Duty of counsel to notify
(2) If the Refugee Protection Division did not designate a representative for the person who is the subject of the appeal and counsel for a party believes that the Division should designate a representative for the person because the person is under 18 years of age or is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings, counsel must without delay notify the Division in writing.

Exception
(3) Subrule (2) does not apply in the case of a person under 18 years of age whose appeal is joined with the appeal of their parent or legal guardian if the parent or legal guardian is 18 years of age or older.

Content of notice
(4) The notice must include the following information:
(a) whether counsel is aware of a person in Canada who meets the requirements to be designated as a representative and, if so, the person’s contact information;
(b) a copy of any available supporting documents; and
(c) the reasons why counsel believes that a representative should be designated.

Requirements for being designated
(5) To be designated as a representative, a person must
(a) be 18 years of age or older;
(b) understand the nature of the proceedings;
(c) be willing and able to act in the best interests of the person who is the subject of the appeal; and
(d) not have interests that conflict with those of the person who is the subject of the appeal.

Factors
(6) When determining whether a person who is the subject of an appeal is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) whether the person can understand the reason for the proceeding and can instruct counsel;
(b) the person’s statements and behaviour at the proceeding;
(c) expert evidence, if any, on the person’s intellectual or physical faculties, age or mental condition; and
(d) whether the person has had a representative designated for a proceeding in a division other than the Refugee Protection Division.

Designation applies to all proceedings
(7) The designation of a representative for a person who is under 18 years of age or who is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings applies to all subsequent proceedings in the Division with respect to that person unless the Division orders otherwise.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 23(7): Designation applies to all proceedings in the Refugee Appeal Division ===
Rule 23(7) specifies that the designation of a representative for a person who is under 18 years of age applies to all subsequent proceedings in the Refugee Appeal Division with respect to that person, unless the Division orders otherwise. A designated representative appointed by the RAD would not ordinarily establish such a relationship before another division, for example if the RAD remitted a matter to the RPD and had appointed a DR prior to that remittal. Instead, the fact that a person has had a representative designated for a proceeding in another division of the Board is simply one factor for the RPD to take account in such circumstances when determining whether the RPD should appoint a designated representative: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Designated Representatives#RPD Rule 20(5) - Factors for determining whether a claimant or protected person is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings]]. &lt;pre&gt;End of designation — person reaches 18 years of age
(8) The designation of a representative for a person who is under 18 years of age ends when the person reaches 18 years of age unless that representative has also been designated because the person is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings.

Termination of designation
(9) The Division may terminate a designation if the Division is of the opinion that the representative is no longer required or suitable and may designate a new representative if required.

Designation criteria
(10) Before designating a person as a representative, the Division must
(a) assess the person’s ability to fulfil the responsibilities of a designated representative; and
(b) ensure that the person has been informed of the responsibilities of a designated representative.

Responsibilities of representative
(11) The responsibilities of a designated representative include
(a) deciding whether to retain counsel and, if counsel is retained, instructing counsel or assisting the represented person in instructing counsel;
(b) making decisions regarding the appeal or assisting the represented person in making those decisions;
(c) informing the represented person about the various stages and procedures in the processing of their case;
(d) assisting in gathering evidence to support the represented person’s case and in providing evidence and, if necessary, being a witness at the hearing;
(e) protecting the interests of the represented person and putting forward the best possible case to the Division; and
(f) informing and consulting the represented person to the extent possible when making decisions about the case.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
See the commentary on the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 20 - Designated Representatives]]. 

== RAD Rule 24: Specialized Knowledge ==
&lt;pre&gt;Specialized Knowledge

Notice to parties
24 (1) Before using any information or opinion that is within its specialized knowledge, the Division must notify the parties and give them an opportunity to,
(a) if a date for a hearing has not been fixed, make written representations on the reliability and use of the information or opinion and provide written evidence in support of their representations; and
(b) if a date for a hearing has been fixed, make oral or written representations on the reliability and use of the information or opinion and provide evidence in support of their representations.

Providing written representations and evidence
(2) A party must provide its written representations and evidence first to any other party and then to the Division.

Proof written representations and evidence were provided
(3) The written representations and evidence provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that they were provided to any other party.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
See the commentary on the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge]].

== RAD Rule 25: Notice of Constitutional Question ==
&lt;pre&gt;Notice of constitutional question
25 (1) A party who wants to challenge the constitutional validity, applicability or operability of a legislative provision must complete a notice of constitutional question.

Form and content of notice
(2) The party must complete the notice as set out in Form 69 of the Federal Courts Rules or any other form that includes
(a) the party’s name;
(b) the Division file number;
(c) the specific legislative provision that is being challenged;
(d) the material facts relied on to support the constitutional challenge; and
(e) a summary of the legal argument to be made in support of the constitutional challenge.

Providing notice
(3) The party must provide
(a) a copy of the notice to the Attorney General of Canada and to the attorney general of each province of Canada, in accordance with section 57 of the Federal Courts Act;
(b) a copy of the notice to the Minister even if the Minister has not yet intervened in the appeal;
(c) a copy of the notice to the UNHCR, if the UNHCR has provided notice of its intention to provide written submissions, and to any interested person; and
(d) the original notice to the Division, together with proof that copies were provided under paragraphs (a) to (c).

Time limit
(4) Documents provided under this rule must be received by their recipients at the same time as the Division receives the appellant’s record, respondent’s record or the reply record, as the case may be.

Deciding of constitutional question
(5) The Division must not make a decision on the constitutional question until at least 10 days after the day on which it receives the notice of constitutional question.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 25(3)(c): An &quot;interested person&quot; is a concept that normally only applies to three-member panels at the RAD ===
RAD Rule 25(3)(c) provides that a party must provide a copy of any notice of constitutional question to any interested person. The concept of an &quot;interested person&quot; is defined in RAD Rule 1 as &quot;a person whose application to participate in an appeal under rule 46 has been granted&quot;. RAD Rule 46 is the rule that specifically governs three-member panels: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 46: Application by person to participate in three-member panel]].

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 66 - Notice of Constitutional Question]].

== RAD Rule 26: Conferences ==
&lt;pre&gt;Conferences

Requirement to participate at conference
26 (1) The Division may require the parties to participate at a conference to discuss issues, relevant facts and any other matter in order to make the appeal fairer and more efficient.

Information or documents
(2) The Division may require the parties to give any information or provide any document, at or before the conference.

Written record
(3) The Division must make a written record of any decisions and agreements made at the conference.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 24 - Conferences]].

== RAD Rule 27: Documents ==
&lt;pre&gt;Documents
Form and Language of Documents

Documents prepared by party
27 (1) A document prepared for use by a party in a proceeding must be typewritten, in a type not smaller than 12 point, on one or both sides of 216 mm by 279 mm (8 ½ inches x 11 inches) paper.

Photocopies
(2) Any photocopy provided by a party must be a clear copy of the document photocopied and be on one or both sides of 216 mm by 279 mm (8 ½ inches x 11 inches) paper.

List of documents
(3) If more than one document is provided, the party must provide a list identifying each of the documents.

Consecutively numbered pages
(4) A party must consecutively number each page of all the documents provided as if they were one document.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 31 - How to provide documents]].

== RAD Rule 28: Language of Documents ==
&lt;pre&gt;Language of documents — person
28 (1) All documents used by a person who is the subject of an appeal in an appeal must be in English or French or, if in another language, be provided together with an English or French translation and a declaration signed by the translator.

Language of Minister’s documents
(2) All documents used by the Minister in an appeal must be in the language of the appeal or be provided together with a translation in the language of the appeal and a declaration signed by the translator.

Translator’s declaration
(3) A translator’s declaration must include the translator’s name, the language and dialect, if any, translated and a statement that the translation is accurate.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see the equivalent RPD rules: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#RPD Rule 32 - Language of Documents]].

== RAD Rule 29: Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided ==
&lt;pre&gt;Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided

Documents or written submissions not previously provided — person
29 (1) A person who is the subject of an appeal who does not provide a document or written submissions with the appellant’s record, respondent’s record or reply record must not use the document or provide the written submissions in the appeal unless allowed to do so by the Division.

Application
(2) If a person who is the subject of an appeal wants to use a document or provide written submissions that were not previously provided, the person must make an application to the Division in accordance with rule 37.

Documents — new evidence
(3) The person who is the subject of the appeal must include in an application to use a document that was not previously provided an explanation of how the document meets the requirements of subsection 110(4) of the Act and how that evidence relates to the person, unless the document is being presented in response to evidence presented by the Minister.

Factors
(4) In deciding whether to allow an application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) the document’s relevance and probative value;
(b) any new evidence the document brings to the appeal; and
(c) whether the person who is the subject of the appeal, with reasonable effort, could have provided the document or written submissions with the appellant’s record, respondent’s record or reply record.

Documents or written submissions not previously provided — Minister
(5) If, at any time before the Division makes a decision, the Minister, in accordance with paragraph 171(a.5) of the Act, submits documentary evidence or written submissions in support of the Minister’s appeal or intervention that were not previously provided, the Minister must provide the documentary evidence or written submissions first to the person who is the subject of the appeal and then to the Division.

Proof documents or written submissions provided
(6) The additional documents or written submissions provided to the Division under subrule (5) must be accompanied by proof that they were provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal.

Reply to Minister’s documents or written submissions
(7) The person who is the subject of the appeal may reply to the additional documents or written submissions in accordance with rule 5 with any modifications that the circumstances require.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== In deciding whether to allow an application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including those listed in Rule 29(4) ===
In deciding whether to allow an application under RAD Rule 29, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the three listed in RAD Rule 29(4). The RAD must consider all three criteria under subsection 29(4) of the RAD Rules, and cannot simply limit its analysis to one of the relevant factors, namely, whether the evidence could have been provided with the Appellants’ perfected record.&lt;ref&gt;''Arisekola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 275 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hxxcj#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt; While the list of factors to be considered in Rule 37(3) is not exhaustive, the use of the word &lt;q&gt;“including”&lt;/q&gt; rather than the words &lt;q&gt;“such as”&lt;/q&gt; before the list of factors indicates the intent that each of the factors included in the sub-rule be considered.  A failure to do so gives rise to a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Arisekola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 275 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hxxcj#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== RAD Rule 29 may apply even in cases where submissions are solicited on an issue by the RAD ===
RAD Rule 29(2) states that a person who wants to use a document or provide written submissions that were not previously provided must make an application. This is so even in cases where submissions are solicited by the RAD. In ''Gomez Guzman v. Canada'', upon the reopening of the RAD’s offices following a closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the RAD wrote to the Applicants’ counsel giving 30 days to submit documents in support of the appeal which “[would] be accepted without an application.” The RAD letter further specified that “other requirements of Rule 29 and 110(4) continue to apply.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Gomez Guzman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 152 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm88g#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt; The panel did not accept the evidence, concluding that it did not meet the requirements of RAD Rule 29. The court upheld this decision, concluding that the panel was right to apply Rule 29, despite the submissions having been invited by the Division.&lt;ref&gt;''Gomez Guzman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 152 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm88g#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Whether and how RAD Rule 29 applies to court-ordered redeterminations ===
RAD Rule 29(1) provides that a person who is the subject of an appeal who does not provide a document or written submissions with the appellant’s record, respondent’s record, or reply record must not use the document or provide the written submissions in the appeal unless allowed to do so by the Division. As such, the intent of this rule is that a person who is the subject of an appeal does not need to satisfy the requirements of RAD Rule 29 when they are originally providing their appellant's record, respondent's record, or reply record, but they must do so where they provide documents or written submissions afterwards. 

A question can arise about how this rule should be interpreted in the case of a court-ordered redetermination of a file, as when a case is remitted by the Federal Court for reconsideration. The practice of the RAD is to send out a standard form letter regarding such cases which makes clear that the person who is the subject of the appeal may submit new evidence (subject to the statutory criteria thereon) and implicitly indicates that RAD Rule 29 does not apply provided that the evidence is received prior to the deadline specified in the letter:&lt;blockquote&gt;Please be advised that any objections to the file content should be made in writing and any additional evidence should satisfy the admissibility requirements for new evidence (s. 110(4) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' and the criteria set out in ''MCI v.'' ''Singh'', 2016 FCA 96), as well as be provided to every party and to the RAD no later than &lt;date&gt;'''.''' In instances where there was a RAD hearing, unless ordered to hold a new hearing by the Federal Court, the new panel may or may not decide to hold a new hearing.&lt;/blockquote&gt;See also: 

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#RAD Rule 3: Perfecting Appeal]]

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The record on a court-ordered redetermination]].

== RAD Rule 30: Providing a Document ==
&lt;pre&gt;Providing a Document

General provision
30 Rules 31 to 35 apply to any document, including a notice or request in writing.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 31: Providing documents to RAD, RPD, Minister, and a person other than the Minister ==
&lt;pre&gt;Providing documents to Division
31 (1) A document to be provided to the Division must be provided to the Division’s registry office that is located in the same region as the Refugee Protection Division’s registry office through which the notice of decision under appeal was provided.

Providing documents to Refugee Protection Division
(2) A document to be provided to the Refugee Protection Division must be provided to the Refugee Protection Division’s registry office through which the notice of decision under appeal was provided.

Providing documents to Minister
(3) A document to be provided to the Minister must be provided to the Minister’s counsel.

Providing documents to person other than Minister
(4) A document to be provided to a person other than the Minister must be provided to the person’s counsel if the person has counsel of record. If the person does not have counsel of record, the document must be provided to the person.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 32: How to provide document ==
&lt;pre&gt;How to provide document
32 A document may be provided in any of the following ways:
(a) by hand;
(b) by regular mail or registered mail;
(c) by courier;
(d) by fax if the recipient has a fax number and the document is no more than 20 pages long, unless the recipient consents to receiving more than 20 pages; and
(e) by email or other electronic means if the Division allows.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The Division allows documents to be provided by email and other electronic means ===
RAD Rule 32(e) provides that a document may be provided by email or other electronic means if the Division allows. The Division has a practice notice on ''Exchange of Documents through Canada Post epost Connect to the Refugee Appeal Division'' which so allows.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice: Exchange of Documents through Canada Post epost Connect to the Refugee Appeal Division,'' ​​​​​June 15, 2020, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/notice-documents-epost-connect.aspx&gt; (Accessed September 16, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Practice Notice on Resumption of Time Limits at the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD)'' also provides that the Division accepts documents by email to the email addresses listed.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice on Resumption of Time Limits at the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD),'' June 12, 2020, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rad-business-resumption.aspx&gt; (Accessed September 16, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

== RAD Rule 33: Application if unable to provide document ==
&lt;pre&gt;Application if unable to provide document
33 (1) If a party is unable to provide a document in a way required by rule 32, the party may make an application to the Division to be allowed to provide the document in another way or to be excused from providing the document.

Form of application
(2) The application must be made in accordance with rule 37.

Allowing application
(3) The Division must not allow the application unless the party has made reasonable efforts to provide the document to the person to whom the document must be provided.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 34: Proof document was provided ==
&lt;pre&gt;Proof document was provided
34 (1) Proof that a document was provided must be established by
(a) an acknowledgment of receipt signed by the recipient or a statement of service, if the document was provided by hand;
(b) a confirmation of receipt if the document was provided by registered mail, courier, fax or email or other electronic means; or
(c) a statement of service if the document was provided by regular mail.

Statement of service
(2) For the purpose of paragraph (1)(a) or (c), a statement of service consists of a written statement, signed by the person who provided the document, that includes the person’s name and a statement of how and when the document was provided.

Statement – unable to provide proof
(3) If a party is unable to provide proof that a document was provided in a way required by paragraph (1)(a) to (c), the party must provide a written statement, signed by the party, that includes an explanation of why they are unable to provide proof.&lt;/pre&gt;For commentary, see the concomitant RPD Rule 34: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 34 - Obligation, process, and timeline for a party to disclose documents they want to use in a hearing]].

== RAD Rule 35: When a document is considered received ==
&lt;pre&gt;When document received by division
35 (1) A document provided to the Division or to the Refugee Protection Division is considered to be received on the day on which the document is date-stamped by that division.

When document received by recipient other than division
(2) A document provided by regular mail other than to the Division or to the Refugee Protection Division is considered to be received seven days after the day on which it was mailed. If the seventh day is not a working day, the document is considered to be received on the next working day.

Extension of time limit — next working day
(3) When the time limit for providing a document ends on a day that is not a working day, the time limit is extended to the next working day.&lt;/pre&gt;For commentary, see the concomitant RPD Rule 41: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 41 - When documents are considered received]].

== RAD Rule 36: Applications ==
&lt;pre&gt;Applications
General

General provision
36 Unless these Rules provide otherwise,
(a) a party who wants the Division to make a decision on any matter in a proceeding, including the procedure to be followed, must make an application to the Division in accordance with rule 37;
(b) a party who wants to respond to the application must respond in accordance with rule 38; and
(c) a party who wants to reply to a response must reply in accordance with rule 39.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 37: How to Make an Application ==
&lt;pre&gt;How to Make an Application

Form of application and time limit
37 (1) Unless these Rules provide otherwise, an application must be made in writing and without delay.

Oral application
(2) If a date for a hearing has been fixed, the Division must not allow a party to make an application orally at the hearing unless the party, with reasonable effort, could not have made a written application before that date.

Content of application
(3) Unless these Rules provide otherwise, in a written application, the party must
(a) state the decision the party wants the Division to make;
(b) give reasons why the Division should make that decision; and
(c) if there is another party and the views of that party are known, state whether the other party agrees to the application.

Affidavit or statutory declaration
(4) Unless these Rules provide otherwise, any evidence that the party wants the Division to consider with a written application must be given in an affidavit or statutory declaration that accompanies the application.

Providing application to other party and Division
(5) A party who makes a written application must provide
(a) to any other party, a copy of the application and a copy of any affidavit or statutory declaration; and
(b) to the Division, the original application and the original of any affidavit or statutory declaration, together with proof that a copy was provided to any other party.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== RAD Rule 37(4): The requirement to submit an affidavit or statutory declaration under RAD Rule 37(4) has been waived ===
The ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that the RAD will not require a signed affidavit or statutory declaration to accompany an application under Rule 37 if it is submitted electronically.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, the ''Refugee Appeal Division: Practice Notice on the temporary waiving of rules for submitting documents during the COVID-19 pandemic'' provides that the RAD will not require an​ appellant's records to be signed, nor will it require a signed affidavit or statutory declaration to accompany an application under Rule 37. The rationale for this is that &quot;given the continued presence of COVID-19, the RAD will continue to encourage electronic communication with the division and promote physical distancing by removing the requirement in the rules for signatures on documents and RAD forms submitted in support of an appeal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Refugee Appeal Division: Practice Notice on the temporary waiving of rules for submitting documents during the COVID-19 pandemic,'' Date modified: 2024-05-27, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rad-pn-temporary-waiving-submitting-documents.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== RAD Rule 38: How to Respond to a Written Application ==
&lt;pre&gt;How to Respond to a Written Application

Responding to written application
38 (1) A response to a written application must be in writing and
(a) state the decision the party wants the Division to make; and
(b) give reasons why the Division should make that decision.

Evidence in written response
(2) Any evidence that the party wants the Division to consider with the written response must be given in an affidavit or statutory declaration that accompanies the response. Unless the Division requires it, an affidavit or statutory declaration is not required if the party who made the application was not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration, together with the application.

Providing response
(3) A party who responds to a written application must provide
(a) to the other party, a copy of the response and a copy of any affidavit or statutory declaration; and
(b) to the Division, the original response and the original of any affidavit or statutory declaration, together with proof that a copy was provided to the other party.

Time limit
(4) Documents provided under subrule (3) must be received by their recipients no later than seven days after the day on which the party receives the copy of the application.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The requirement to submit an affidavit or statutory declaration under RAD Rule 38(2) has been waived ===
The ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that the RAD will not require a signed affidavit or statutory declaration to accompany an application under Rule 37 if it is submitted electronically.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Given that RAD Rule 38(2) provides that an affidavit or statutory declaration is not required if the party who made the application was not required to give evidence in that form, and given that this requirement has been waived for all applications, it cannot be said that the requirement in RAD Rule 38(2) applies either.

== RAD Rule 39: How to Reply to a Written Response ==
&lt;pre&gt;How to Reply to a Written Response
Replying to written response

39 (1) A reply to a written response must be in writing.

Evidence in reply

(2) Any evidence that the party wants the Division to consider with the written reply must be given in an affidavit or statutory declaration that accompanies the reply. Unless the Division requires it, an affidavit or statutory declaration is not required if the party was not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration, together with the application.

Providing reply

(3) A party who replies to a written response must provide

(a) to the other party, a copy of the reply and a copy of any affidavit or statutory declaration; and

(b) to the Division, the original reply and the original of any affidavit or statutory declaration, together with proof that a copy was provided to the other party.

Time limit

(4) Documents provided under subrule (3) must be received by their recipients no later than five days after the day on which the party receives the copy of the response.

Joining or Separating Appeals
Appeals automatically joined

40 The Division must join any appeals of decisions on claims that were joined at the time that the Refugee Protection Division decided the claims.

Application to join

41 (1) A party may make an application to the Division to join appeals.

Application to separate

(2) A party may make an application to the Division to separate appeals that are joined.

Form of application and providing application

(3) A party who makes an application to join or separate appeals must do so in accordance with rule 37, but the party is not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration. The party must also

(a) provide a copy of the application to any person who will be affected by the Division’s decision on the application; and

(b) provide to the Division proof that the party provided the copy of the application to any affected person.

Time limit

(4) Documents provided under this rule must be received by their recipients,

(a) if the person who is the subject of the appeal is the applicant, at the same time as the Division receives the person’s notice of appeal, notice of intent to respond or reply record; or

(b) if the Minister is the applicant, at the same time as the Division receives the Minister’s notice of appeal, notice of intervention or reply.

Factors
(5) In deciding the application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including whether
(a) the appeals involve similar questions of fact or law;
(b) allowing the application would promote the efficient administration of the Division’s work; and
(c) allowing the application would likely cause an injustice.

Proceedings Conducted in Public

Minister considered party
42 (1) For the purpose of this rule, the Minister is considered to be a party even if the Minister has not yet intervened in the appeal.

Application
(2) A person who makes an application to the Division to have a proceeding conducted in public must do so in writing and in accordance with this rule rather than rule 37.

Oral application
(3) If a date for a hearing has been fixed, the Division must not allow a person to make an application orally at the hearing unless the person, with reasonable effort, could not have made a written application before that date.

Content of application
(4) In the application, the person must
(a) state the decision they want the Division to make;
(b) give reasons why the Division should make that decision;
(c) state whether they want the Division to consider the application in public or in the absence of the public;
(d) give reasons why the Division should consider the application in public or in the absence of the public; and
(e) include any evidence that they want the Division to consider in deciding the application.

Providing application
(5) The person must provide the original application and two copies to the Division. The Division must provide a copy of the application to the parties.

Response to application
(6) A party may respond to a written application. The response must
(a) state the decision they want the Division to make;
(b) give reasons why the Division should make that decision;
(c) state whether they want the Division to consider the application in public or in the absence of the public;
(d) give reasons why the Division should consider the application in public or in the absence of the public; and
(e) include any evidence that they want the Division to consider in deciding the application.

Minister’s notice
(7) If the Minister responds to a written application, the response must be accompanied by a notice of intervention in accordance with subrule 4(2), if one was not previously provided.

Providing response
(8) The party must provide a copy of the response to the other party and provide the original response and a copy to the Division, together with proof that the copy was provided to the other party.

Providing response to applicant
(9) The Division must provide to the applicant either a copy of the response or a summary of the response referred to in paragraph (13)(a).

Reply to response
(10) An applicant or a party may reply in writing to a written response or a summary of a response.

Providing reply
(11) An applicant or a party who replies to a written response or a summary of a response must provide the original reply and two copies to the Division. The Division must provide a copy of the reply to the parties.

Time limit
(12) An application made under this rule must be received by the Division without delay. The Division must specify the time limit within which a response or reply, if any, is to be provided.

Confidentiality
(13) The Division may take any measures it considers necessary to ensure the confidentiality of the proceeding in respect of the application, including
(a) providing a summary of the response to the applicant instead of a copy; and
(b) if the Division holds a hearing in respect of the appeal and the application,
(i) excluding the applicant or the applicant and their counsel from the hearing while the party responding to the application provides evidence and makes representations, or
(ii) allowing the presence of the applicant’s counsel at the hearing while the party responding to the application provides evidence and makes representations, on receipt of a written undertaking by counsel not to disclose any evidence or information adduced until a decision is made to hold the hearing in public.

Summary of response
(14) If the Division provides a summary of the response under paragraph (13)(a), or excludes the applicant and their counsel from a hearing in respect of the application under subparagraph (13)(b)(i), the Division must provide a summary of the representations and evidence, if any, that is sufficient to enable the applicant to reply, while ensuring the confidentiality of the proceeding having regard to the factors set out in paragraph 166(b) of the Act.

Notification of decision on application
(15) The Division must notify the applicant and the parties of its decision on the application and provide reasons for the decision.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 43: Assignment of Three-member Panel ==
&lt;pre&gt;Assignment of Three-member Panel

Notice of order
43 (1) If the Chairperson of the Board orders a proceeding to be conducted by three Division members, the Division must without delay notify the parties — including the Minister even if the Minister has not yet intervened in the appeal — and the UNHCR in writing of the order.

Providing documents to UNHCR
(2) The Division must provide the UNHCR with a copy of the following documents at the same time that it provides notice of the order:
(a) the Refugee Protection Division record; and
(b) the notice of appeal, appellant’s record, notice of intent to respond, respondent’s record, reply record, Minister’s notice of intervention, Minister’s intervention record, if any, Minister’s reply, and Minister’s reply record, if any.

UNHCR’s notice to Division
(3) If the UNHCR receives notice of an order, the UNHCR may provide notice to the Division in accordance with subrule 45(1) of its intention to provide written submissions.

Time limit
(4) The Division may, without further notice to the parties and to the UNHCR, decide the appeal on the basis of the materials provided if a period of 15 days has passed since the day on which the Minister and the UNHCR receive notice of the order.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 44: These Rules apply to UNHCR and Interested Persons ==
&lt;pre&gt;UNHCR and Interested Persons

Rules applicable to UNHCR and interested persons
44 These Rules, with the exception of rules 25 (notice of constitutional question) and 47 to 49 (withdrawal, reinstatement, reopening), apply to the UNHCR and interested persons with any modifications that the circumstances require.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Interested person is a term defined in RAD Rule 1 ===
See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rule 1 - Interpretation and Definitions#Interested Person]].

== RAD Rule 45: UNHCR providing written submissions in an appeal conducted by a three-member panel ==
&lt;pre&gt;Notice to Division
45 (1) The UNHCR must notify the Division in writing of its intention to provide written submissions in an appeal conducted by a three-member panel, and include its contact information and that of its counsel, if any.

Notice to person and Minister
(2) The Division must without delay provide a copy of the UNHCR’s notice to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister.

Providing written submissions to Division
(3) The UNHCR’s written submissions must be received by the Division no later than 10 days after the day on which the UNHCR provided the notice.

Limitation — written submissions
(4) The UNHCR’s written submissions must not raise new issues.

Length of written submissions
(5) The UNHCR’s written submissions must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Providing written submissions
(6) The Division must without delay provide a copy of the UNHCR’s written submissions to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister.

Response
(7) The person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister may respond to the UNHCR’s submissions in writing.

Limitation — response
(8) A response must not raise new issues.

Length of response
(9) A response must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Providing response
(10) The response must first be provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal or to the Minister, as the case may be, and then to the Division.

Proof response provided
(11) The response provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that it was provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal or to the Minister, as the case may be.

Time limit
(12) Documents provided under subrules (10) and (11) must be received by their recipients no later than seven days after the day on which the person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister, as the case may be, receives the UNHCR’s submissions.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== A three-member panel may accept written submissions from UNHCR ===
The above provisions of RAD Rule 45 relate to s. 110(3) of the IRPA: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#In the case of a matter that is conducted before a panel of three members, the RAD may accept documentary evidence and written submissions from UNHCR]].

== RAD Rule 46: Application by person to participate in three-member panel ==
&lt;pre&gt;Application by person to participate
46 (1) Any person, other than the UNHCR, may make an application to the Division to be allowed to participate in an appeal conducted by a three-member panel. The person must make the application without delay and in accordance with this rule.

Form and content of application
(2) The application must be in writing and include
(a) the applicant’s name;
(b) an explanation of why the applicant wants to participate;
(c) the submissions the applicant wants to put forward and an explanation of how they are relevant to the appeal;
(d) an explanation of the differences between the applicant’s submissions and those of the person who is the subject of the appeal and the Minister;
(e) an explanation of how the applicant’s submissions may help the Division decide the appeal; and
(f) the contact information of the applicant and their counsel, if any.

Providing application
(3) The Division must provide a copy of the application to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister.

Response
(4) The person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister may respond to the application in writing.

Limitation — response
(5) A response must not raise new issues.

Length of response
(6) A response must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Time limit
(7) A response must be received by the Division no later than 10 days after the day on which the person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister, as the case may be, receives the application.

Notification of decision on application
(8) The Division must without delay notify the applicant, the person who is the subject of the appeal and the Minister in writing of its decision on the application.

Providing documents
(9) If the Division allows the application, it must without delay provide the interested person with a copy of the following documents as soon as they are available:
(a) the Refugee Protection Division record;
(b) the notice of appeal, appellant’s record, notice of intent to respond, respondent’s record, reply record, Minister’s notice of intervention, Minister’s intervention record, if any, Minister’s reply, and Minister’s reply record, if any; and
(c) the written submissions of any other interested person and the UNHCR.

Limitation — written submissions
(10) The interested person’s written submissions must not raise new issues.

Length of written submissions
(11) The interested person’s written submissions must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Providing written submissions
(12) The interested person’s written submissions must first be provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister and then to the Division.

Proof written submissions provided
(13) The written submissions provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that they were provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister.

Response
(14) The person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister may respond to the written submissions in writing.

Limitation — response
(15) A response must not raise new issues.

Length of response
(16) A response must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Providing response
(17) The response must first be provided to the interested person, then to the person who is the subject of the appeal or to the Minister, as the case may be, and then to the Division.

Proof response provided
(18) The response provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that it was provided to the interested person, and to the person who is the subject of the appeal or to the Minister, as the case may be.

Time limit
(19) Documents provided under subrules (17) and (18) must be received by their recipients no later than seven days after the day on which the person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister, as the case may be, receives the interested person’s written submissions.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 47: Withdrawal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Abuse of process
47 (1) For the purpose of subsection 168(2) of the Act, withdrawal of an appeal is an abuse of process if withdrawal would likely have a negative effect on the Division’s integrity. If the requirements set out in rule 7 or 13, as the case may be, for deciding an appeal on the basis of the materials provided have not been met, withdrawal is not an abuse of process.

Withdrawal on notice
(2) If the requirements set out in rule 7 or 13, as the case may be, for deciding an appeal have not been met, an appellant may withdraw an appeal by notifying the Division in writing.

Application to withdraw
(3) If the requirements set out in rule 7 or 13, as the case may be, for deciding an appeal have been met, an appellant who wants to withdraw an appeal must make an application to the Division in accordance with rule 37.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Withdrawal is not an abuse of process if the requirements set out in rules 7 or 13 have not been met ===
See RAD Rule 7: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#RAD Rule 7: Decision without further notice]] and/or RAD Rule 13: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 2 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by the Minister#RAD Rule 13: Disposition of an Appeal]].

=== A Division may refuse to allow an applicant to withdraw from a proceeding if it is of the opinion that the withdrawal would be an abuse of process under its rules ===
Section 168(2) of the Act provides that a Division may refuse to allow an applicant to withdraw from a proceeding if it is of the opinion that the withdrawal would be an abuse of process under its rules. For more context, see the commentary to the RPD rule on withdrawal: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 59 - Withdrawal]].

== RAD Rule 48: Reinstating a Withdrawn Appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Application to reinstate withdrawn appeal
48 (1) An appellant may apply to the Division to reinstate an appeal that was made by the appellant and was withdrawn.

Form and content of application
(2) The appellant must make the application in accordance with rule 37. If a person who is the subject of an appeal makes the application, they must provide to the Division the original and a copy of the application and include in the application their contact information and, if represented by counsel, their counsel’s contact information and any limitations on counsel’s retainer.

Documents provided to Minister
(3) The Division must provide to the Minister, without delay, a copy of an application made by a person who is the subject of an appeal.

Factors
(4) The Division must not allow the application unless it is established that there was a failure to observe a principle of natural justice or it is otherwise in the interests of justice to allow the application.

Factors
(5) In deciding the application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including whether the application was made in a timely manner and the justification for any delay.

Subsequent application
(6) If the appellant made a previous application to reinstate an appeal that was denied, the Division must consider the reasons for the denial and must not allow the subsequent application unless there are exceptional circumstances supported by new evidence.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 49: Reopening an Appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Reopening an Appeal

Application to reopen appeal
49 (1) At any time before the Federal Court has made a final determination in respect of an appeal that has been decided or declared abandoned, the appellant may make an application to the Division to reopen the appeal.

Form and content of application
(2) The application must be made in accordance with rule 37. If a person who is the subject of an appeal makes the application, they must provide to the Division the original and a copy of the application and include in the application their contact information and, if represented by counsel, their counsel’s contact information and any limitations on counsel’s retainer.

Documents provided to Minister
(3) The Division must provide to the Minister, without delay, a copy of an application made by a person who is the subject of an appeal.

Allegations against counsel
(4) If it is alleged in the application that the person who is the subject of the appeal’s counsel in the proceedings that are the subject of the application provided inadequate representation,
(a) the person must first provide a copy of the application to the counsel and then provide the original and a copy of the application to the Division, and
(b) the application provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that a copy was provided to the counsel.

Copy of pending application
(5) The application must be accompanied by a copy of any pending application for leave to apply for judicial review or any pending application for judicial review.

Factor
(6) The Division must not allow the application unless it is established that there was a failure to observe a principle of natural justice.

Factors
(7) In deciding the application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) whether the application was made in a timely manner and the justification for any delay; and
(b) if the appellant did not make an application for leave to apply for judicial review or an application for judicial review, the reasons why an application was not made.

Subsequent application
(8) If the appellant made a previous application to reopen an appeal that was denied, the Division must consider the reasons for the denial and must not allow the subsequent application unless there are exceptional circumstances supported by new evidence.

Other remedies
(9) If there is a pending application for leave to apply for judicial review or a pending application for judicial review on the same or similar grounds, the Division must, as soon as is practicable, allow the application to reopen if it is necessary for the timely and efficient processing of appeals, or dismiss the application.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see the equivalent RPD Rules: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application]]. See also section 168 of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Section 168 IRPA: Abandonment of proceeding]].

=== Rule 49(6): The Division must not allow the application unless it is established that there was a failure to observe a principle of natural justice ===
The interpretation of this rule is similar to the concomitant RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application]]. One difference relates to the largely paper-based RAD process, where the RAD has held that perfecting an appeal cannot be delayed for the purpose of gathering and translating new evidence because Rule 29 of the ''RAD Rules'' allows applicants to tender new evidence after an appeal has been perfected.&lt;ref&gt;''Masoud v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 103 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hxlwh#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-17.&lt;/ref&gt;

== RAD Rules 50-51: Decisions ==
&lt;pre&gt;Decisions

Notice of decision
50 (1) When the Division makes a decision, other than an interlocutory decision, it must provide in writing a notice of decision to the person who is the subject of the appeal, to the Minister and to the Refugee Protection Division. The Division must also provide in writing a notice of decision to the UNHCR and to any interested person, if they provided written submissions in the appeal.

Written reasons
(2) The Division must provide written reasons for the decision, together with the notice of decision, if a hearing
(a) was not held under subsection 110(6) of the Act; or
(b) was held under subsection 110(6) of the Act and the decision and reasons were not given orally at the hearing.

Request for written reasons
(3) A request under paragraph 169(1)(e) of the Act for written reasons for a decision must be made in writing.

When decision of single member takes effect
51 (1) A decision, other than an interlocutory decision, made by a single Division member takes effect
(a) if made in writing, when the member signs and dates the reasons for the decision; and
(b) if given orally at a hearing, when the member states the decision and gives the reasons.

When decision of three-member panel takes effect
(2) A decision, other than an interlocutory decision, made by a panel of three Division members takes effect
(a) if made in writing, when all the members sign and date their reasons for the decision; and
(b) if given orally at a hearing, when all the members state their decision and give their reasons.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The RAD can issue amended decisions ===
The RAD can issue amended decisions; this is generally done to correct clerical errors. See the following RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application#What jurisdiction does the Board have to reopen a decision that it has reached?]].

=== Rule 50(2)(b) provides that a decision and reasons may be given orally, but this is not allowed by the statute for non-interlocutory decision ===
Rule 50(2)(b) provides that where the RAD holds a hearing, it may provide a decision and reasons for that decision orally at the hearing and that doing so obviates the need to provide written reasons. However, s. 169(c) of the Act provides that all decisions of the Refugee Appeal Division must be rendered in writing: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Decisions and Reasons]]. To the extent of inconsistency between this provision of the rules and the statute, s. 169 of the statute is controlling. As such, non-interlocutory RAD decisions may not be provided orally. It appears that this provision in the rules reflects an earlier version of the Act which had allowed oral reasons to be provided, and it was not updated when the Act was amended to preclude that. However, it could also be read as only applying to interlocutory decisions provided during a RAD hearing.  

== RAD Rules 52-53: General Provisions ==
&lt;pre&gt;General Provisions

No applicable rule
52 In the absence of a provision in these Rules dealing with a matter raised during the proceedings, the Division may do whatever is necessary to deal with the matter.

Powers of Division
53 The Division may, after giving the parties notice and an opportunity to object,
(a) act on its own initiative, without a party having to make an application or request to the Division;
(b) change a requirement of a rule;
(c) excuse a person from a requirement of a rule; and
(d) extend a time limit, before or after the time limit has expired, or shorten it if the time limit has not expired.

Failure to follow rules
54 Unless proceedings are declared invalid by the Division, a failure to follow any requirement of these Rules does not make the proceedings invalid.&lt;/pre&gt;

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The text of Part 3 of the RAD Rules reads:

== RAD Rules - Part 3 ==
&lt;pre&gt;PART 3
Rules Applicable to All Appeals&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 14 - Communicating with the Division ==
&lt;pre&gt;Communicating with the Division

Communicating with Division
14 All communication with the Division must be directed to the registry office specified by the Division.&lt;/pre&gt;Regarding RAD Rule 14, see the commentary to RPD Rule 2: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 2 - Communicating with the Division]].

== RAD Rule 15: Change to contact information ==
&lt;pre&gt;Change to contact information
15 If the contact information of a person who is the subject of an appeal changes, the person must without delay provide the changes in writing to the Division and to the Minister.&lt;/pre&gt;Regarding RAD Rule 15, see the commentary to RPD Rule 4: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 4 - Claimant's contact information]].

== RAD Rule 16: Counsel ==
&lt;pre&gt;Counsel

Retaining counsel after providing notice
16 (1) If a person who is the subject of an appeal retains counsel after providing a notice of appeal or a notice of intent to respond, as the case may be, the person must without delay provide the counsel’s contact information in writing to the Division and to the Minister.

Change to counsel’s contact information — person
(2) If the contact information of counsel for a person who is the subject of an appeal changes, the person must without delay provide the changes in writing to the Division and to the Minister.

Change to counsel’s contact information — Minister
(3) If the contact information of counsel for the Minister changes, the Minister must without delay provide the changes in writing to the Division and to the person who is the subject of the appeal.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 16(2): A failure to copy the Minister on a change of counsel can be procedurally unfair ===
RAD Rule 16(2) provides that if the person who is the subject of the appeal retains new counsel, that person must without delay notify the Minister in writing. A failure to do so is potentially procedurally unfair and may justify setting aside the decision, as the Federal Court did in ''Canada v. Miller''.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Miller,'' 2022 FC 1131 (CanLII), at para 72, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jr5nh#par72&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-03.&lt;/ref&gt;
== RAD Rule 17: Declaration — counsel not representing or advising for consideration ==
&lt;pre&gt;Declaration — counsel not representing or advising for consideration
17 If a person who is the subject of an appeal retains counsel who is not a person referred to in any of paragraphs 91(2)(a) to (c) of the Act, both the person who is the subject of the appeal and their counsel must without delay provide the information and declarations set out in the schedule to the Division in writing.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 18: Becoming counsel of record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Becoming counsel of record
18 (1) Subject to subrule (2), as soon as counsel for a person who is the subject of an appeal provides on behalf of the person a notice of appeal or a notice of intent to respond, as the case may be, or as soon as a person becomes counsel after the person provided a notice, the counsel becomes counsel of record for the person.

Limitation on counsel’s retainer
(2) If a person who is the subject of an appeal has notified the Division of a limitation on their counsel’s retainer, counsel is counsel of record only to the extent of the services to be provided within the limited retainer. Counsel ceases to be counsel of record as soon as those services are completed.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 19: Declaration — Request to be removed as counsel of record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Request to be removed as counsel of record
19 (1) To be removed as counsel of record, counsel for a person who is the subject of an appeal must first provide to the person and to the Minister a copy of a written request to be removed and then provide the written request to the Division.

Proof request was provided
(2) The request provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that copies were provided to the person represented and to the Minister.

Request — if date for proceeding fixed
(3) If a date for a proceeding has been fixed and three working days or less remain before that date, counsel must make the request orally at the proceeding.

Division’s permission required
(4) Counsel remains counsel of record unless the request to be removed is granted.

Removing counsel of record
20 (1) To remove counsel as counsel of record, a person who is the subject of an appeal must first provide to counsel and to the Minister a copy of a written notice that counsel is no longer counsel for the person and then provide the written notice to the Division.

Proof notice was provided
(2) The notice provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that copies were provided to counsel and to the Minister.

Ceasing to be counsel of record
(3) Counsel ceases to be counsel of record when the Division receives the notice.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 21: Refugee Protection Division Record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Refugee Protection Division Record

Providing notice of appeal
21 (1) The Division must without delay provide a copy of the notice of appeal to the Refugee Protection Division after the appeal is perfected under rule 3 or 9, as the case may be.

Preparing and providing record
(2) The Refugee Protection Division must prepare a record and provide it to the Division no later than 10 days after the day on which the Refugee Protection Division receives the notice of appeal.

Content of record
(3) The Refugee Protection Division record must contain
(a) the notice of decision and written reasons for the decision that is being appealed;
(b) the Basis of Claim Form as defined in the Refugee Protection Division Rules and any changes or additions to it;
(c) all documentary evidence that the Refugee Protection Division accepted as evidence, during or after the hearing;
(d) any written representations made during or after the hearing but before the decision being appealed was made; and
(e) any audio or other electronic recording of the hearing.

Providing record to absent Minister
(4) If the Minister did not take part in the proceedings relating to the decision being appealed, the Division must provide a copy of the Refugee Protection Division record to the Minister as soon as the Division receives it.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The onus is on the appellant to include in their appeal record any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal ===
See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 3(3)(c): The appellant's record must contain any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal]].

== RAD Rule 22: Language of the Appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Language of the Appeal

Choice of language
22 (1) A person who is the subject of an appeal must choose English or French as the language of the appeal. The person must indicate that choice in the notice of appeal if they are the appellant or in the notice of intent to respond if they are the respondent.

Language — Minister’s appeals
(2) If the appellant is the Minister, the language of the appeal is the language chosen by the person who is the subject of the appeal in the proceedings relating to the decision being appealed.

Changing language
(3) A person who is the subject of an appeal may change the language of the appeal that they chose under subrule (1) by notifying the Division and the Minister in writing without delay and, if a date for a proceeding has been fixed, the notice must be received by their recipients no later than 20 days before that date.&lt;/pre&gt;See the commentary on the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 17-18 - Language of Proceedings]].

== RAD Rule 23: Designated Representatives ==
&lt;pre&gt;Designated Representatives

Continuation of designation
23 (1) If the Refugee Protection Division designated a representative for the person who is the subject of the appeal in the proceedings relating to the decision being appealed, the representative is deemed to have been designated by the Division, unless the Division orders otherwise.

Duty of counsel to notify
(2) If the Refugee Protection Division did not designate a representative for the person who is the subject of the appeal and counsel for a party believes that the Division should designate a representative for the person because the person is under 18 years of age or is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings, counsel must without delay notify the Division in writing.

Exception
(3) Subrule (2) does not apply in the case of a person under 18 years of age whose appeal is joined with the appeal of their parent or legal guardian if the parent or legal guardian is 18 years of age or older.

Content of notice
(4) The notice must include the following information:
(a) whether counsel is aware of a person in Canada who meets the requirements to be designated as a representative and, if so, the person’s contact information;
(b) a copy of any available supporting documents; and
(c) the reasons why counsel believes that a representative should be designated.

Requirements for being designated
(5) To be designated as a representative, a person must
(a) be 18 years of age or older;
(b) understand the nature of the proceedings;
(c) be willing and able to act in the best interests of the person who is the subject of the appeal; and
(d) not have interests that conflict with those of the person who is the subject of the appeal.

Factors
(6) When determining whether a person who is the subject of an appeal is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) whether the person can understand the reason for the proceeding and can instruct counsel;
(b) the person’s statements and behaviour at the proceeding;
(c) expert evidence, if any, on the person’s intellectual or physical faculties, age or mental condition; and
(d) whether the person has had a representative designated for a proceeding in a division other than the Refugee Protection Division.

Designation applies to all proceedings
(7) The designation of a representative for a person who is under 18 years of age or who is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings applies to all subsequent proceedings in the Division with respect to that person unless the Division orders otherwise.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 23(7): Designation applies to all proceedings in the Refugee Appeal Division ===
Rule 23(7) specifies that the designation of a representative for a person who is under 18 years of age applies to all subsequent proceedings in the Refugee Appeal Division with respect to that person, unless the Division orders otherwise. A designated representative appointed by the RAD would not ordinarily establish such a relationship before another division, for example if the RAD remitted a matter to the RPD and had appointed a DR prior to that remittal. Instead, the fact that a person has had a representative designated for a proceeding in another division of the Board is simply one factor for the RPD to take account in such circumstances when determining whether the RPD should appoint a designated representative: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Designated Representatives#RPD Rule 20(5) - Factors for determining whether a claimant or protected person is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings]]. &lt;pre&gt;End of designation — person reaches 18 years of age
(8) The designation of a representative for a person who is under 18 years of age ends when the person reaches 18 years of age unless that representative has also been designated because the person is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings.

Termination of designation
(9) The Division may terminate a designation if the Division is of the opinion that the representative is no longer required or suitable and may designate a new representative if required.

Designation criteria
(10) Before designating a person as a representative, the Division must
(a) assess the person’s ability to fulfil the responsibilities of a designated representative; and
(b) ensure that the person has been informed of the responsibilities of a designated representative.

Responsibilities of representative
(11) The responsibilities of a designated representative include
(a) deciding whether to retain counsel and, if counsel is retained, instructing counsel or assisting the represented person in instructing counsel;
(b) making decisions regarding the appeal or assisting the represented person in making those decisions;
(c) informing the represented person about the various stages and procedures in the processing of their case;
(d) assisting in gathering evidence to support the represented person’s case and in providing evidence and, if necessary, being a witness at the hearing;
(e) protecting the interests of the represented person and putting forward the best possible case to the Division; and
(f) informing and consulting the represented person to the extent possible when making decisions about the case.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
See the commentary on the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 20 - Designated Representatives]]. 

== RAD Rule 24: Specialized Knowledge ==
&lt;pre&gt;Specialized Knowledge

Notice to parties
24 (1) Before using any information or opinion that is within its specialized knowledge, the Division must notify the parties and give them an opportunity to,
(a) if a date for a hearing has not been fixed, make written representations on the reliability and use of the information or opinion and provide written evidence in support of their representations; and
(b) if a date for a hearing has been fixed, make oral or written representations on the reliability and use of the information or opinion and provide evidence in support of their representations.

Providing written representations and evidence
(2) A party must provide its written representations and evidence first to any other party and then to the Division.

Proof written representations and evidence were provided
(3) The written representations and evidence provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that they were provided to any other party.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
See the commentary on the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge]].

== RAD Rule 25: Notice of Constitutional Question ==
&lt;pre&gt;Notice of constitutional question
25 (1) A party who wants to challenge the constitutional validity, applicability or operability of a legislative provision must complete a notice of constitutional question.

Form and content of notice
(2) The party must complete the notice as set out in Form 69 of the Federal Courts Rules or any other form that includes
(a) the party’s name;
(b) the Division file number;
(c) the specific legislative provision that is being challenged;
(d) the material facts relied on to support the constitutional challenge; and
(e) a summary of the legal argument to be made in support of the constitutional challenge.

Providing notice
(3) The party must provide
(a) a copy of the notice to the Attorney General of Canada and to the attorney general of each province of Canada, in accordance with section 57 of the Federal Courts Act;
(b) a copy of the notice to the Minister even if the Minister has not yet intervened in the appeal;
(c) a copy of the notice to the UNHCR, if the UNHCR has provided notice of its intention to provide written submissions, and to any interested person; and
(d) the original notice to the Division, together with proof that copies were provided under paragraphs (a) to (c).

Time limit
(4) Documents provided under this rule must be received by their recipients at the same time as the Division receives the appellant’s record, respondent’s record or the reply record, as the case may be.

Deciding of constitutional question
(5) The Division must not make a decision on the constitutional question until at least 10 days after the day on which it receives the notice of constitutional question.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 25(3)(c): An &quot;interested person&quot; is a concept that normally only applies to three-member panels at the RAD ===
RAD Rule 25(3)(c) provides that a party must provide a copy of any notice of constitutional question to any interested person. The concept of an &quot;interested person&quot; is defined in RAD Rule 1 as &quot;a person whose application to participate in an appeal under rule 46 has been granted&quot;. RAD Rule 46 is the rule that specifically governs three-member panels: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 46: Application by person to participate in three-member panel]].

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 66 - Notice of Constitutional Question]].

== RAD Rule 26: Conferences ==
&lt;pre&gt;Conferences

Requirement to participate at conference
26 (1) The Division may require the parties to participate at a conference to discuss issues, relevant facts and any other matter in order to make the appeal fairer and more efficient.

Information or documents
(2) The Division may require the parties to give any information or provide any document, at or before the conference.

Written record
(3) The Division must make a written record of any decisions and agreements made at the conference.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 24 - Conferences]].

== RAD Rule 27: Documents ==
&lt;pre&gt;Documents
Form and Language of Documents

Documents prepared by party
27 (1) A document prepared for use by a party in a proceeding must be typewritten, in a type not smaller than 12 point, on one or both sides of 216 mm by 279 mm (8 ½ inches x 11 inches) paper.

Photocopies
(2) Any photocopy provided by a party must be a clear copy of the document photocopied and be on one or both sides of 216 mm by 279 mm (8 ½ inches x 11 inches) paper.

List of documents
(3) If more than one document is provided, the party must provide a list identifying each of the documents.

Consecutively numbered pages
(4) A party must consecutively number each page of all the documents provided as if they were one document.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 31 - How to provide documents]].

== RAD Rule 28: Language of Documents ==
&lt;pre&gt;Language of documents — person
28 (1) All documents used by a person who is the subject of an appeal in an appeal must be in English or French or, if in another language, be provided together with an English or French translation and a declaration signed by the translator.

Language of Minister’s documents
(2) All documents used by the Minister in an appeal must be in the language of the appeal or be provided together with a translation in the language of the appeal and a declaration signed by the translator.

Translator’s declaration
(3) A translator’s declaration must include the translator’s name, the language and dialect, if any, translated and a statement that the translation is accurate.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see the equivalent RPD rules: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#RPD Rule 32 - Language of Documents]].

== RAD Rule 29: Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided ==
&lt;pre&gt;Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided

Documents or written submissions not previously provided — person
29 (1) A person who is the subject of an appeal who does not provide a document or written submissions with the appellant’s record, respondent’s record or reply record must not use the document or provide the written submissions in the appeal unless allowed to do so by the Division.

Application
(2) If a person who is the subject of an appeal wants to use a document or provide written submissions that were not previously provided, the person must make an application to the Division in accordance with rule 37.

Documents — new evidence
(3) The person who is the subject of the appeal must include in an application to use a document that was not previously provided an explanation of how the document meets the requirements of subsection 110(4) of the Act and how that evidence relates to the person, unless the document is being presented in response to evidence presented by the Minister.

Factors
(4) In deciding whether to allow an application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) the document’s relevance and probative value;
(b) any new evidence the document brings to the appeal; and
(c) whether the person who is the subject of the appeal, with reasonable effort, could have provided the document or written submissions with the appellant’s record, respondent’s record or reply record.

Documents or written submissions not previously provided — Minister
(5) If, at any time before the Division makes a decision, the Minister, in accordance with paragraph 171(a.5) of the Act, submits documentary evidence or written submissions in support of the Minister’s appeal or intervention that were not previously provided, the Minister must provide the documentary evidence or written submissions first to the person who is the subject of the appeal and then to the Division.

Proof documents or written submissions provided
(6) The additional documents or written submissions provided to the Division under subrule (5) must be accompanied by proof that they were provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal.

Reply to Minister’s documents or written submissions
(7) The person who is the subject of the appeal may reply to the additional documents or written submissions in accordance with rule 5 with any modifications that the circumstances require.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== In deciding whether to allow an application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including those listed in Rule 29(4) ===
In deciding whether to allow an application under RAD Rule 29, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the three listed in RAD Rule 29(4). The RAD must consider all three criteria under subsection 29(4) of the RAD Rules, and cannot simply limit its analysis to one of the relevant factors, namely, whether the evidence could have been provided with the Appellants’ perfected record.&lt;ref&gt;''Arisekola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 275 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hxxcj#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt; While the list of factors to be considered in Rule 37(3) is not exhaustive, the use of the word &lt;q&gt;“including”&lt;/q&gt; rather than the words &lt;q&gt;“such as”&lt;/q&gt; before the list of factors indicates the intent that each of the factors included in the sub-rule be considered.  A failure to do so gives rise to a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Arisekola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 275 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hxxcj#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== RAD Rule 29 may apply even in cases where submissions are solicited on an issue by the RAD ===
RAD Rule 29(2) states that a person who wants to use a document or provide written submissions that were not previously provided must make an application. This is so even in cases where submissions are solicited by the RAD. In ''Gomez Guzman v. Canada'', upon the reopening of the RAD’s offices following a closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the RAD wrote to the Applicants’ counsel giving 30 days to submit documents in support of the appeal which “[would] be accepted without an application.” The RAD letter further specified that “other requirements of Rule 29 and 110(4) continue to apply.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Gomez Guzman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 152 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm88g#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt; The panel did not accept the evidence, concluding that it did not meet the requirements of RAD Rule 29. The court upheld this decision, concluding that the panel was right to apply Rule 29, despite the submissions having been invited by the Division.&lt;ref&gt;''Gomez Guzman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 152 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm88g#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Whether and how RAD Rule 29 applies to court-ordered redeterminations ===
RAD Rule 29(1) provides that a person who is the subject of an appeal who does not provide a document or written submissions with the appellant’s record, respondent’s record, or reply record must not use the document or provide the written submissions in the appeal unless allowed to do so by the Division. As such, the intent of this rule is that a person who is the subject of an appeal does not need to satisfy the requirements of RAD Rule 29 when they are originally providing their appellant's record, respondent's record, or reply record, but they must do so where they provide documents or written submissions afterwards. 

A question can arise about how this rule should be interpreted in the case of a court-ordered redetermination of a file, as when a case is remitted by the Federal Court for reconsideration. The practice of the RAD is to send out a standard form letter regarding such cases which makes clear that the person who is the subject of the appeal may submit new evidence (subject to the statutory criteria thereon) and implicitly indicates that RAD Rule 29 does not apply provided that the evidence is received prior to the deadline specified in the letter:&lt;blockquote&gt;Please be advised that any objections to the file content should be made in writing and any additional evidence should satisfy the admissibility requirements for new evidence (s. 110(4) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' and the criteria set out in ''MCI v.'' ''Singh'', 2016 FCA 96), as well as be provided to every party and to the RAD no later than &lt;date&gt;'''.''' In instances where there was a RAD hearing, unless ordered to hold a new hearing by the Federal Court, the new panel may or may not decide to hold a new hearing.&lt;/blockquote&gt;See also: 

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#RAD Rule 3: Perfecting Appeal]]

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The record on a court-ordered redetermination]].

== RAD Rule 30: Providing a Document ==
&lt;pre&gt;Providing a Document

General provision
30 Rules 31 to 35 apply to any document, including a notice or request in writing.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 31: Providing documents to RAD, RPD, Minister, and a person other than the Minister ==
&lt;pre&gt;Providing documents to Division
31 (1) A document to be provided to the Division must be provided to the Division’s registry office that is located in the same region as the Refugee Protection Division’s registry office through which the notice of decision under appeal was provided.

Providing documents to Refugee Protection Division
(2) A document to be provided to the Refugee Protection Division must be provided to the Refugee Protection Division’s registry office through which the notice of decision under appeal was provided.

Providing documents to Minister
(3) A document to be provided to the Minister must be provided to the Minister’s counsel.

Providing documents to person other than Minister
(4) A document to be provided to a person other than the Minister must be provided to the person’s counsel if the person has counsel of record. If the person does not have counsel of record, the document must be provided to the person.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 32: How to provide document ==
&lt;pre&gt;How to provide document
32 A document may be provided in any of the following ways:
(a) by hand;
(b) by regular mail or registered mail;
(c) by courier;
(d) by fax if the recipient has a fax number and the document is no more than 20 pages long, unless the recipient consents to receiving more than 20 pages; and
(e) by email or other electronic means if the Division allows.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The Division allows documents to be provided by email and other electronic means ===
RAD Rule 32(e) provides that a document may be provided by email or other electronic means if the Division allows. The Division has a practice notice on ''Exchange of Documents through Canada Post epost Connect to the Refugee Appeal Division'' which so allows.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice: Exchange of Documents through Canada Post epost Connect to the Refugee Appeal Division,'' ​​​​​June 15, 2020, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/notice-documents-epost-connect.aspx&gt; (Accessed September 16, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Practice Notice on Resumption of Time Limits at the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD)'' also provides that the Division accepts documents by email to the email addresses listed.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice on Resumption of Time Limits at the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD),'' June 12, 2020, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rad-business-resumption.aspx&gt; (Accessed September 16, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

== RAD Rule 33: Application if unable to provide document ==
&lt;pre&gt;Application if unable to provide document
33 (1) If a party is unable to provide a document in a way required by rule 32, the party may make an application to the Division to be allowed to provide the document in another way or to be excused from providing the document.

Form of application
(2) The application must be made in accordance with rule 37.

Allowing application
(3) The Division must not allow the application unless the party has made reasonable efforts to provide the document to the person to whom the document must be provided.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 34: Proof document was provided ==
&lt;pre&gt;Proof document was provided
34 (1) Proof that a document was provided must be established by
(a) an acknowledgment of receipt signed by the recipient or a statement of service, if the document was provided by hand;
(b) a confirmation of receipt if the document was provided by registered mail, courier, fax or email or other electronic means; or
(c) a statement of service if the document was provided by regular mail.

Statement of service
(2) For the purpose of paragraph (1)(a) or (c), a statement of service consists of a written statement, signed by the person who provided the document, that includes the person’s name and a statement of how and when the document was provided.

Statement – unable to provide proof
(3) If a party is unable to provide proof that a document was provided in a way required by paragraph (1)(a) to (c), the party must provide a written statement, signed by the party, that includes an explanation of why they are unable to provide proof.&lt;/pre&gt;For commentary, see the concomitant RPD Rule 34: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 34 - Obligation, process, and timeline for a party to disclose documents they want to use in a hearing]].

== RAD Rule 35: When a document is considered received ==
&lt;pre&gt;When document received by division
35 (1) A document provided to the Division or to the Refugee Protection Division is considered to be received on the day on which the document is date-stamped by that division.

When document received by recipient other than division
(2) A document provided by regular mail other than to the Division or to the Refugee Protection Division is considered to be received seven days after the day on which it was mailed. If the seventh day is not a working day, the document is considered to be received on the next working day.

Extension of time limit — next working day
(3) When the time limit for providing a document ends on a day that is not a working day, the time limit is extended to the next working day.&lt;/pre&gt;For commentary, see the concomitant RPD Rule 41: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 41 - When documents are considered received]].

== RAD Rule 36: Applications ==
&lt;pre&gt;Applications
General

General provision
36 Unless these Rules provide otherwise,
(a) a party who wants the Division to make a decision on any matter in a proceeding, including the procedure to be followed, must make an application to the Division in accordance with rule 37;
(b) a party who wants to respond to the application must respond in accordance with rule 38; and
(c) a party who wants to reply to a response must reply in accordance with rule 39.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 37: How to Make an Application ==
&lt;pre&gt;How to Make an Application

Form of application and time limit
37 (1) Unless these Rules provide otherwise, an application must be made in writing and without delay.

Oral application
(2) If a date for a hearing has been fixed, the Division must not allow a party to make an application orally at the hearing unless the party, with reasonable effort, could not have made a written application before that date.

Content of application
(3) Unless these Rules provide otherwise, in a written application, the party must
(a) state the decision the party wants the Division to make;
(b) give reasons why the Division should make that decision; and
(c) if there is another party and the views of that party are known, state whether the other party agrees to the application.

Affidavit or statutory declaration
(4) Unless these Rules provide otherwise, any evidence that the party wants the Division to consider with a written application must be given in an affidavit or statutory declaration that accompanies the application.

Providing application to other party and Division
(5) A party who makes a written application must provide
(a) to any other party, a copy of the application and a copy of any affidavit or statutory declaration; and
(b) to the Division, the original application and the original of any affidavit or statutory declaration, together with proof that a copy was provided to any other party.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== RAD Rule 37(4): The requirement to submit an affidavit or statutory declaration under RAD Rule 37(4) has been waived ===
The ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that the RAD will not require a signed affidavit or statutory declaration to accompany an application under Rule 37 if it is submitted electronically.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, the ''Refugee Appeal Division: Practice Notice on the temporary waiving of rules for submitting documents during the COVID-19 pandemic'' provides that the RAD will not require an​ appellant's records to be signed, nor will it require a signed affidavit or statutory declaration to accompany an application under Rule 37. The rationale for this is that &quot;given the continued presence of COVID-19, the RAD will continue to encourage electronic communication with the division and promote physical distancing by removing the requirement in the rules for signatures on documents and RAD forms submitted in support of an appeal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Refugee Appeal Division: Practice Notice on the temporary waiving of rules for submitting documents during the COVID-19 pandemic,'' Date modified: 2024-05-27, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rad-pn-temporary-waiving-submitting-documents.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== RAD Rule 38: How to Respond to a Written Application ==
&lt;pre&gt;How to Respond to a Written Application

Responding to written application
38 (1) A response to a written application must be in writing and
(a) state the decision the party wants the Division to make; and
(b) give reasons why the Division should make that decision.

Evidence in written response
(2) Any evidence that the party wants the Division to consider with the written response must be given in an affidavit or statutory declaration that accompanies the response. Unless the Division requires it, an affidavit or statutory declaration is not required if the party who made the application was not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration, together with the application.

Providing response
(3) A party who responds to a written application must provide
(a) to the other party, a copy of the response and a copy of any affidavit or statutory declaration; and
(b) to the Division, the original response and the original of any affidavit or statutory declaration, together with proof that a copy was provided to the other party.

Time limit
(4) Documents provided under subrule (3) must be received by their recipients no later than seven days after the day on which the party receives the copy of the application.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The requirement to submit an affidavit or statutory declaration under RAD Rule 38(2) has been waived ===
The ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that the RAD will not require a signed affidavit or statutory declaration to accompany an application under Rule 37 if it is submitted electronically.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Given that RAD Rule 38(2) provides that an affidavit or statutory declaration is not required if the party who made the application was not required to give evidence in that form, and given that this requirement has been waived for all applications, it cannot be said that the requirement in RAD Rule 38(2) applies either.

== RAD Rule 39: How to Reply to a Written Response ==
&lt;pre&gt;How to Reply to a Written Response
Replying to written response

39 (1) A reply to a written response must be in writing.

Evidence in reply

(2) Any evidence that the party wants the Division to consider with the written reply must be given in an affidavit or statutory declaration that accompanies the reply. Unless the Division requires it, an affidavit or statutory declaration is not required if the party was not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration, together with the application.

Providing reply

(3) A party who replies to a written response must provide

(a) to the other party, a copy of the reply and a copy of any affidavit or statutory declaration; and

(b) to the Division, the original reply and the original of any affidavit or statutory declaration, together with proof that a copy was provided to the other party.

Time limit

(4) Documents provided under subrule (3) must be received by their recipients no later than five days after the day on which the party receives the copy of the response.

Joining or Separating Appeals
Appeals automatically joined

40 The Division must join any appeals of decisions on claims that were joined at the time that the Refugee Protection Division decided the claims.

Application to join

41 (1) A party may make an application to the Division to join appeals.

Application to separate

(2) A party may make an application to the Division to separate appeals that are joined.

Form of application and providing application

(3) A party who makes an application to join or separate appeals must do so in accordance with rule 37, but the party is not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration. The party must also

(a) provide a copy of the application to any person who will be affected by the Division’s decision on the application; and

(b) provide to the Division proof that the party provided the copy of the application to any affected person.

Time limit

(4) Documents provided under this rule must be received by their recipients,

(a) if the person who is the subject of the appeal is the applicant, at the same time as the Division receives the person’s notice of appeal, notice of intent to respond or reply record; or

(b) if the Minister is the applicant, at the same time as the Division receives the Minister’s notice of appeal, notice of intervention or reply.

Factors
(5) In deciding the application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including whether
(a) the appeals involve similar questions of fact or law;
(b) allowing the application would promote the efficient administration of the Division’s work; and
(c) allowing the application would likely cause an injustice.

Proceedings Conducted in Public

Minister considered party
42 (1) For the purpose of this rule, the Minister is considered to be a party even if the Minister has not yet intervened in the appeal.

Application
(2) A person who makes an application to the Division to have a proceeding conducted in public must do so in writing and in accordance with this rule rather than rule 37.

Oral application
(3) If a date for a hearing has been fixed, the Division must not allow a person to make an application orally at the hearing unless the person, with reasonable effort, could not have made a written application before that date.

Content of application
(4) In the application, the person must
(a) state the decision they want the Division to make;
(b) give reasons why the Division should make that decision;
(c) state whether they want the Division to consider the application in public or in the absence of the public;
(d) give reasons why the Division should consider the application in public or in the absence of the public; and
(e) include any evidence that they want the Division to consider in deciding the application.

Providing application
(5) The person must provide the original application and two copies to the Division. The Division must provide a copy of the application to the parties.

Response to application
(6) A party may respond to a written application. The response must
(a) state the decision they want the Division to make;
(b) give reasons why the Division should make that decision;
(c) state whether they want the Division to consider the application in public or in the absence of the public;
(d) give reasons why the Division should consider the application in public or in the absence of the public; and
(e) include any evidence that they want the Division to consider in deciding the application.

Minister’s notice
(7) If the Minister responds to a written application, the response must be accompanied by a notice of intervention in accordance with subrule 4(2), if one was not previously provided.

Providing response
(8) The party must provide a copy of the response to the other party and provide the original response and a copy to the Division, together with proof that the copy was provided to the other party.

Providing response to applicant
(9) The Division must provide to the applicant either a copy of the response or a summary of the response referred to in paragraph (13)(a).

Reply to response
(10) An applicant or a party may reply in writing to a written response or a summary of a response.

Providing reply
(11) An applicant or a party who replies to a written response or a summary of a response must provide the original reply and two copies to the Division. The Division must provide a copy of the reply to the parties.

Time limit
(12) An application made under this rule must be received by the Division without delay. The Division must specify the time limit within which a response or reply, if any, is to be provided.

Confidentiality
(13) The Division may take any measures it considers necessary to ensure the confidentiality of the proceeding in respect of the application, including
(a) providing a summary of the response to the applicant instead of a copy; and
(b) if the Division holds a hearing in respect of the appeal and the application,
(i) excluding the applicant or the applicant and their counsel from the hearing while the party responding to the application provides evidence and makes representations, or
(ii) allowing the presence of the applicant’s counsel at the hearing while the party responding to the application provides evidence and makes representations, on receipt of a written undertaking by counsel not to disclose any evidence or information adduced until a decision is made to hold the hearing in public.

Summary of response
(14) If the Division provides a summary of the response under paragraph (13)(a), or excludes the applicant and their counsel from a hearing in respect of the application under subparagraph (13)(b)(i), the Division must provide a summary of the representations and evidence, if any, that is sufficient to enable the applicant to reply, while ensuring the confidentiality of the proceeding having regard to the factors set out in paragraph 166(b) of the Act.

Notification of decision on application
(15) The Division must notify the applicant and the parties of its decision on the application and provide reasons for the decision.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 43: Assignment of Three-member Panel ==
&lt;pre&gt;Assignment of Three-member Panel

Notice of order
43 (1) If the Chairperson of the Board orders a proceeding to be conducted by three Division members, the Division must without delay notify the parties — including the Minister even if the Minister has not yet intervened in the appeal — and the UNHCR in writing of the order.

Providing documents to UNHCR
(2) The Division must provide the UNHCR with a copy of the following documents at the same time that it provides notice of the order:
(a) the Refugee Protection Division record; and
(b) the notice of appeal, appellant’s record, notice of intent to respond, respondent’s record, reply record, Minister’s notice of intervention, Minister’s intervention record, if any, Minister’s reply, and Minister’s reply record, if any.

UNHCR’s notice to Division
(3) If the UNHCR receives notice of an order, the UNHCR may provide notice to the Division in accordance with subrule 45(1) of its intention to provide written submissions.

Time limit
(4) The Division may, without further notice to the parties and to the UNHCR, decide the appeal on the basis of the materials provided if a period of 15 days has passed since the day on which the Minister and the UNHCR receive notice of the order.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 44: These Rules apply to UNHCR and Interested Persons ==
&lt;pre&gt;UNHCR and Interested Persons

Rules applicable to UNHCR and interested persons
44 These Rules, with the exception of rules 25 (notice of constitutional question) and 47 to 49 (withdrawal, reinstatement, reopening), apply to the UNHCR and interested persons with any modifications that the circumstances require.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Interested person is a term defined in RAD Rule 1 ===
See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rule 1 - Interpretation and Definitions#Interested Person]].

== RAD Rule 45: UNHCR providing written submissions in an appeal conducted by a three-member panel ==
&lt;pre&gt;Notice to Division
45 (1) The UNHCR must notify the Division in writing of its intention to provide written submissions in an appeal conducted by a three-member panel, and include its contact information and that of its counsel, if any.

Notice to person and Minister
(2) The Division must without delay provide a copy of the UNHCR’s notice to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister.

Providing written submissions to Division
(3) The UNHCR’s written submissions must be received by the Division no later than 10 days after the day on which the UNHCR provided the notice.

Limitation — written submissions
(4) The UNHCR’s written submissions must not raise new issues.

Length of written submissions
(5) The UNHCR’s written submissions must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Providing written submissions
(6) The Division must without delay provide a copy of the UNHCR’s written submissions to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister.

Response
(7) The person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister may respond to the UNHCR’s submissions in writing.

Limitation — response
(8) A response must not raise new issues.

Length of response
(9) A response must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Providing response
(10) The response must first be provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal or to the Minister, as the case may be, and then to the Division.

Proof response provided
(11) The response provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that it was provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal or to the Minister, as the case may be.

Time limit
(12) Documents provided under subrules (10) and (11) must be received by their recipients no later than seven days after the day on which the person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister, as the case may be, receives the UNHCR’s submissions.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== A three-member panel may accept written submissions from UNHCR ===
The above provisions of RAD Rule 45 relate to s. 110(3) of the IRPA: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#In the case of a matter that is conducted before a panel of three members, the RAD may accept documentary evidence and written submissions from UNHCR]].

== RAD Rule 46: Application by person to participate in three-member panel ==
&lt;pre&gt;Application by person to participate
46 (1) Any person, other than the UNHCR, may make an application to the Division to be allowed to participate in an appeal conducted by a three-member panel. The person must make the application without delay and in accordance with this rule.

Form and content of application
(2) The application must be in writing and include
(a) the applicant’s name;
(b) an explanation of why the applicant wants to participate;
(c) the submissions the applicant wants to put forward and an explanation of how they are relevant to the appeal;
(d) an explanation of the differences between the applicant’s submissions and those of the person who is the subject of the appeal and the Minister;
(e) an explanation of how the applicant’s submissions may help the Division decide the appeal; and
(f) the contact information of the applicant and their counsel, if any.

Providing application
(3) The Division must provide a copy of the application to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister.

Response
(4) The person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister may respond to the application in writing.

Limitation — response
(5) A response must not raise new issues.

Length of response
(6) A response must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Time limit
(7) A response must be received by the Division no later than 10 days after the day on which the person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister, as the case may be, receives the application.

Notification of decision on application
(8) The Division must without delay notify the applicant, the person who is the subject of the appeal and the Minister in writing of its decision on the application.

Providing documents
(9) If the Division allows the application, it must without delay provide the interested person with a copy of the following documents as soon as they are available:
(a) the Refugee Protection Division record;
(b) the notice of appeal, appellant’s record, notice of intent to respond, respondent’s record, reply record, Minister’s notice of intervention, Minister’s intervention record, if any, Minister’s reply, and Minister’s reply record, if any; and
(c) the written submissions of any other interested person and the UNHCR.

Limitation — written submissions
(10) The interested person’s written submissions must not raise new issues.

Length of written submissions
(11) The interested person’s written submissions must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Providing written submissions
(12) The interested person’s written submissions must first be provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister and then to the Division.

Proof written submissions provided
(13) The written submissions provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that they were provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister.

Response
(14) The person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister may respond to the written submissions in writing.

Limitation — response
(15) A response must not raise new issues.

Length of response
(16) A response must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Providing response
(17) The response must first be provided to the interested person, then to the person who is the subject of the appeal or to the Minister, as the case may be, and then to the Division.

Proof response provided
(18) The response provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that it was provided to the interested person, and to the person who is the subject of the appeal or to the Minister, as the case may be.

Time limit
(19) Documents provided under subrules (17) and (18) must be received by their recipients no later than seven days after the day on which the person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister, as the case may be, receives the interested person’s written submissions.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 47: Withdrawal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Abuse of process
47 (1) For the purpose of subsection 168(2) of the Act, withdrawal of an appeal is an abuse of process if withdrawal would likely have a negative effect on the Division’s integrity. If the requirements set out in rule 7 or 13, as the case may be, for deciding an appeal on the basis of the materials provided have not been met, withdrawal is not an abuse of process.

Withdrawal on notice
(2) If the requirements set out in rule 7 or 13, as the case may be, for deciding an appeal have not been met, an appellant may withdraw an appeal by notifying the Division in writing.

Application to withdraw
(3) If the requirements set out in rule 7 or 13, as the case may be, for deciding an appeal have been met, an appellant who wants to withdraw an appeal must make an application to the Division in accordance with rule 37.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Withdrawal is not an abuse of process if the requirements set out in rules 7 or 13 have not been met ===
See RAD Rule 7: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#RAD Rule 7: Decision without further notice]] and/or RAD Rule 13: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 2 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by the Minister#RAD Rule 13: Disposition of an Appeal]].

=== A Division may refuse to allow an applicant to withdraw from a proceeding if it is of the opinion that the withdrawal would be an abuse of process under its rules ===
Section 168(2) of the Act provides that a Division may refuse to allow an applicant to withdraw from a proceeding if it is of the opinion that the withdrawal would be an abuse of process under its rules. For more context, see the commentary to the RPD rule on withdrawal: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 59 - Withdrawal]].

== RAD Rule 48: Reinstating a Withdrawn Appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Application to reinstate withdrawn appeal
48 (1) An appellant may apply to the Division to reinstate an appeal that was made by the appellant and was withdrawn.

Form and content of application
(2) The appellant must make the application in accordance with rule 37. If a person who is the subject of an appeal makes the application, they must provide to the Division the original and a copy of the application and include in the application their contact information and, if represented by counsel, their counsel’s contact information and any limitations on counsel’s retainer.

Documents provided to Minister
(3) The Division must provide to the Minister, without delay, a copy of an application made by a person who is the subject of an appeal.

Factors
(4) The Division must not allow the application unless it is established that there was a failure to observe a principle of natural justice or it is otherwise in the interests of justice to allow the application.

Factors
(5) In deciding the application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including whether the application was made in a timely manner and the justification for any delay.

Subsequent application
(6) If the appellant made a previous application to reinstate an appeal that was denied, the Division must consider the reasons for the denial and must not allow the subsequent application unless there are exceptional circumstances supported by new evidence.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 49: Reopening an Appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Reopening an Appeal

Application to reopen appeal
49 (1) At any time before the Federal Court has made a final determination in respect of an appeal that has been decided or declared abandoned, the appellant may make an application to the Division to reopen the appeal.

Form and content of application
(2) The application must be made in accordance with rule 37. If a person who is the subject of an appeal makes the application, they must provide to the Division the original and a copy of the application and include in the application their contact information and, if represented by counsel, their counsel’s contact information and any limitations on counsel’s retainer.

Documents provided to Minister
(3) The Division must provide to the Minister, without delay, a copy of an application made by a person who is the subject of an appeal.

Allegations against counsel
(4) If it is alleged in the application that the person who is the subject of the appeal’s counsel in the proceedings that are the subject of the application provided inadequate representation,
(a) the person must first provide a copy of the application to the counsel and then provide the original and a copy of the application to the Division, and
(b) the application provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that a copy was provided to the counsel.

Copy of pending application
(5) The application must be accompanied by a copy of any pending application for leave to apply for judicial review or any pending application for judicial review.

Factor
(6) The Division must not allow the application unless it is established that there was a failure to observe a principle of natural justice.

Factors
(7) In deciding the application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) whether the application was made in a timely manner and the justification for any delay; and
(b) if the appellant did not make an application for leave to apply for judicial review or an application for judicial review, the reasons why an application was not made.

Subsequent application
(8) If the appellant made a previous application to reopen an appeal that was denied, the Division must consider the reasons for the denial and must not allow the subsequent application unless there are exceptional circumstances supported by new evidence.

Other remedies
(9) If there is a pending application for leave to apply for judicial review or a pending application for judicial review on the same or similar grounds, the Division must, as soon as is practicable, allow the application to reopen if it is necessary for the timely and efficient processing of appeals, or dismiss the application.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see the equivalent RPD Rules: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application]]. See also section 168 of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Section 168 IRPA: Abandonment of proceeding]].

=== Rule 49(6): The Division must not allow the application unless it is established that there was a failure to observe a principle of natural justice ===
The interpretation of this rule is similar to the concomitant RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application]]. One difference relates to the largely paper-based RAD process, where the RAD has held that perfecting an appeal cannot be delayed for the purpose of gathering and translating new evidence because Rule 29 of the ''RAD Rules'' allows applicants to tender new evidence after an appeal has been perfected.&lt;ref&gt;''Masoud v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 103 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hxlwh#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-17.&lt;/ref&gt;

== RAD Rules 50-51: Decisions ==
&lt;pre&gt;Decisions

Notice of decision
50 (1) When the Division makes a decision, other than an interlocutory decision, it must provide in writing a notice of decision to the person who is the subject of the appeal, to the Minister and to the Refugee Protection Division. The Division must also provide in writing a notice of decision to the UNHCR and to any interested person, if they provided written submissions in the appeal.

Written reasons
(2) The Division must provide written reasons for the decision, together with the notice of decision, if a hearing
(a) was not held under subsection 110(6) of the Act; or
(b) was held under subsection 110(6) of the Act and the decision and reasons were not given orally at the hearing.

Request for written reasons
(3) A request under paragraph 169(1)(e) of the Act for written reasons for a decision must be made in writing.

When decision of single member takes effect
51 (1) A decision, other than an interlocutory decision, made by a single Division member takes effect
(a) if made in writing, when the member signs and dates the reasons for the decision; and
(b) if given orally at a hearing, when the member states the decision and gives the reasons.

When decision of three-member panel takes effect
(2) A decision, other than an interlocutory decision, made by a panel of three Division members takes effect
(a) if made in writing, when all the members sign and date their reasons for the decision; and
(b) if given orally at a hearing, when all the members state their decision and give their reasons.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The RAD can issue amended decisions ===
The RAD can issue amended decisions; this is generally done to correct clerical errors. See the following RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application#What jurisdiction does the Board have to reopen a decision that it has reached?]].

=== Rule 50(2)(b) provides that a decision and reasons may be given orally, but this is not allowed by the statute for non-interlocutory decision ===
Rule 50(2)(b) provides that where the RAD holds a hearing, it may provide a decision and reasons for that decision orally at the hearing and that doing so obviates the need to provide written reasons. However, s. 169(c) of the Act provides that all decisions of the Refugee Appeal Division must be rendered in writing: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Decisions and Reasons]]. To the extent of inconsistency between this provision of the rules and the statute, s. 169 of the statute is controlling. As such, non-interlocutory RAD decisions may not be provided orally. It appears that this provision in the rules reflects an earlier version of the Act which had allowed oral reasons to be provided, and it was not updated when the Act was amended to preclude that. However, it could also be read as only applying to interlocutory decisions provided during a RAD hearing.  

== RAD Rules 52-53: General Provisions ==
&lt;pre&gt;General Provisions

No applicable rule
52 In the absence of a provision in these Rules dealing with a matter raised during the proceedings, the Division may do whatever is necessary to deal with the matter.

Powers of Division
53 The Division may, after giving the parties notice and an opportunity to object,
(a) act on its own initiative, without a party having to make an application or request to the Division;
(b) change a requirement of a rule;
(c) excuse a person from a requirement of a rule; and
(d) extend a time limit, before or after the time limit has expired, or shorten it if the time limit has not expired.

Failure to follow rules
54 Unless proceedings are declared invalid by the Division, a failure to follow any requirement of these Rules does not make the proceedings invalid.&lt;/pre&gt;

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The text of Part 3 of the RAD Rules reads:

== RAD Rules - Part 3 ==
&lt;pre&gt;PART 3
Rules Applicable to All Appeals&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 14 - Communicating with the Division ==
&lt;pre&gt;Communicating with the Division

Communicating with Division
14 All communication with the Division must be directed to the registry office specified by the Division.&lt;/pre&gt;Regarding RAD Rule 14, see the commentary to RPD Rule 2: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 2 - Communicating with the Division]].

== RAD Rule 15 - Change to contact information ==
&lt;pre&gt;Change to contact information
15 If the contact information of a person who is the subject of an appeal changes, the person must without delay provide the changes in writing to the Division and to the Minister.&lt;/pre&gt;Regarding RAD Rule 15, see the commentary to RPD Rule 4: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 4 - Claimant's contact information]].

== RAD Rule 16 - Counsel ==
&lt;pre&gt;Counsel

Retaining counsel after providing notice
16 (1) If a person who is the subject of an appeal retains counsel after providing a notice of appeal or a notice of intent to respond, as the case may be, the person must without delay provide the counsel’s contact information in writing to the Division and to the Minister.

Change to counsel’s contact information — person
(2) If the contact information of counsel for a person who is the subject of an appeal changes, the person must without delay provide the changes in writing to the Division and to the Minister.

Change to counsel’s contact information — Minister
(3) If the contact information of counsel for the Minister changes, the Minister must without delay provide the changes in writing to the Division and to the person who is the subject of the appeal.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 16(2): A failure to copy the Minister on a change of counsel can be procedurally unfair ===
RAD Rule 16(2) provides that if the person who is the subject of the appeal retains new counsel, that person must without delay notify the Minister in writing. A failure to do so is potentially procedurally unfair and may justify setting aside the decision, as the Federal Court did in ''Canada v. Miller''.&lt;ref&gt;''Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Miller,'' 2022 FC 1131 (CanLII), at para 72, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jr5nh#par72&gt;, retrieved on 2022-08-03.&lt;/ref&gt;
== RAD Rule 17 - Declaration — counsel not representing or advising for consideration ==
&lt;pre&gt;Declaration — counsel not representing or advising for consideration
17 If a person who is the subject of an appeal retains counsel who is not a person referred to in any of paragraphs 91(2)(a) to (c) of the Act, both the person who is the subject of the appeal and their counsel must without delay provide the information and declarations set out in the schedule to the Division in writing.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 18 - Becoming counsel of record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Becoming counsel of record
18 (1) Subject to subrule (2), as soon as counsel for a person who is the subject of an appeal provides on behalf of the person a notice of appeal or a notice of intent to respond, as the case may be, or as soon as a person becomes counsel after the person provided a notice, the counsel becomes counsel of record for the person.

Limitation on counsel’s retainer
(2) If a person who is the subject of an appeal has notified the Division of a limitation on their counsel’s retainer, counsel is counsel of record only to the extent of the services to be provided within the limited retainer. Counsel ceases to be counsel of record as soon as those services are completed.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 19 - Declaration — Request to be removed as counsel of record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Request to be removed as counsel of record
19 (1) To be removed as counsel of record, counsel for a person who is the subject of an appeal must first provide to the person and to the Minister a copy of a written request to be removed and then provide the written request to the Division.

Proof request was provided
(2) The request provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that copies were provided to the person represented and to the Minister.

Request — if date for proceeding fixed
(3) If a date for a proceeding has been fixed and three working days or less remain before that date, counsel must make the request orally at the proceeding.

Division’s permission required
(4) Counsel remains counsel of record unless the request to be removed is granted.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 20 - Removing counsel of record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Removing counsel of record
20 (1) To remove counsel as counsel of record, a person who is the subject of an appeal must first provide to counsel and to the Minister a copy of a written notice that counsel is no longer counsel for the person and then provide the written notice to the Division.

Proof notice was provided
(2) The notice provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that copies were provided to counsel and to the Minister.

Ceasing to be counsel of record
(3) Counsel ceases to be counsel of record when the Division receives the notice.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 21 - Refugee Protection Division Record ==
&lt;pre&gt;Refugee Protection Division Record

Providing notice of appeal
21 (1) The Division must without delay provide a copy of the notice of appeal to the Refugee Protection Division after the appeal is perfected under rule 3 or 9, as the case may be.

Preparing and providing record
(2) The Refugee Protection Division must prepare a record and provide it to the Division no later than 10 days after the day on which the Refugee Protection Division receives the notice of appeal.

Content of record
(3) The Refugee Protection Division record must contain
(a) the notice of decision and written reasons for the decision that is being appealed;
(b) the Basis of Claim Form as defined in the Refugee Protection Division Rules and any changes or additions to it;
(c) all documentary evidence that the Refugee Protection Division accepted as evidence, during or after the hearing;
(d) any written representations made during or after the hearing but before the decision being appealed was made; and
(e) any audio or other electronic recording of the hearing.

Providing record to absent Minister
(4) If the Minister did not take part in the proceedings relating to the decision being appealed, the Division must provide a copy of the Refugee Protection Division record to the Minister as soon as the Division receives it.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The onus is on the appellant to include in their appeal record any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal ===
See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#Rule 3(3)(c): The appellant's record must contain any documents that the Refugee Protection Division refused to accept as evidence, during or after the hearing, if the appellant wants to rely on the documents in the appeal]].

== RAD Rule 22 - Language of the Appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Language of the Appeal

Choice of language
22 (1) A person who is the subject of an appeal must choose English or French as the language of the appeal. The person must indicate that choice in the notice of appeal if they are the appellant or in the notice of intent to respond if they are the respondent.

Language — Minister’s appeals
(2) If the appellant is the Minister, the language of the appeal is the language chosen by the person who is the subject of the appeal in the proceedings relating to the decision being appealed.

Changing language
(3) A person who is the subject of an appeal may change the language of the appeal that they chose under subrule (1) by notifying the Division and the Minister in writing without delay and, if a date for a proceeding has been fixed, the notice must be received by their recipients no later than 20 days before that date.&lt;/pre&gt;See the commentary on the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 17-18 - Language of Proceedings]].

== RAD Rule 23 - Designated Representatives ==
&lt;pre&gt;Designated Representatives

Continuation of designation
23 (1) If the Refugee Protection Division designated a representative for the person who is the subject of the appeal in the proceedings relating to the decision being appealed, the representative is deemed to have been designated by the Division, unless the Division orders otherwise.

Duty of counsel to notify
(2) If the Refugee Protection Division did not designate a representative for the person who is the subject of the appeal and counsel for a party believes that the Division should designate a representative for the person because the person is under 18 years of age or is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings, counsel must without delay notify the Division in writing.

Exception
(3) Subrule (2) does not apply in the case of a person under 18 years of age whose appeal is joined with the appeal of their parent or legal guardian if the parent or legal guardian is 18 years of age or older.

Content of notice
(4) The notice must include the following information:
(a) whether counsel is aware of a person in Canada who meets the requirements to be designated as a representative and, if so, the person’s contact information;
(b) a copy of any available supporting documents; and
(c) the reasons why counsel believes that a representative should be designated.

Requirements for being designated
(5) To be designated as a representative, a person must
(a) be 18 years of age or older;
(b) understand the nature of the proceedings;
(c) be willing and able to act in the best interests of the person who is the subject of the appeal; and
(d) not have interests that conflict with those of the person who is the subject of the appeal.

Factors
(6) When determining whether a person who is the subject of an appeal is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) whether the person can understand the reason for the proceeding and can instruct counsel;
(b) the person’s statements and behaviour at the proceeding;
(c) expert evidence, if any, on the person’s intellectual or physical faculties, age or mental condition; and
(d) whether the person has had a representative designated for a proceeding in a division other than the Refugee Protection Division.

Designation applies to all proceedings
(7) The designation of a representative for a person who is under 18 years of age or who is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings applies to all subsequent proceedings in the Division with respect to that person unless the Division orders otherwise.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 23(7): Designation applies to all proceedings in the Refugee Appeal Division ===
Rule 23(7) specifies that the designation of a representative for a person who is under 18 years of age applies to all subsequent proceedings in the Refugee Appeal Division with respect to that person, unless the Division orders otherwise. A designated representative appointed by the RAD would not ordinarily establish such a relationship before another division, for example if the RAD remitted a matter to the RPD and had appointed a DR prior to that remittal. Instead, the fact that a person has had a representative designated for a proceeding in another division of the Board is simply one factor for the RPD to take account in such circumstances when determining whether the RPD should appoint a designated representative: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Designated Representatives#RPD Rule 20(5) - Factors for determining whether a claimant or protected person is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings]]. &lt;pre&gt;End of designation — person reaches 18 years of age
(8) The designation of a representative for a person who is under 18 years of age ends when the person reaches 18 years of age unless that representative has also been designated because the person is unable to appreciate the nature of the proceedings.

Termination of designation
(9) The Division may terminate a designation if the Division is of the opinion that the representative is no longer required or suitable and may designate a new representative if required.

Designation criteria
(10) Before designating a person as a representative, the Division must
(a) assess the person’s ability to fulfil the responsibilities of a designated representative; and
(b) ensure that the person has been informed of the responsibilities of a designated representative.

Responsibilities of representative
(11) The responsibilities of a designated representative include
(a) deciding whether to retain counsel and, if counsel is retained, instructing counsel or assisting the represented person in instructing counsel;
(b) making decisions regarding the appeal or assisting the represented person in making those decisions;
(c) informing the represented person about the various stages and procedures in the processing of their case;
(d) assisting in gathering evidence to support the represented person’s case and in providing evidence and, if necessary, being a witness at the hearing;
(e) protecting the interests of the represented person and putting forward the best possible case to the Division; and
(f) informing and consulting the represented person to the extent possible when making decisions about the case.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
See the commentary on the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 20 - Designated Representatives]]. 

== RAD Rule 24 - Specialized Knowledge ==
&lt;pre&gt;Specialized Knowledge

Notice to parties
24 (1) Before using any information or opinion that is within its specialized knowledge, the Division must notify the parties and give them an opportunity to,
(a) if a date for a hearing has not been fixed, make written representations on the reliability and use of the information or opinion and provide written evidence in support of their representations; and
(b) if a date for a hearing has been fixed, make oral or written representations on the reliability and use of the information or opinion and provide evidence in support of their representations.

Providing written representations and evidence
(2) A party must provide its written representations and evidence first to any other party and then to the Division.

Proof written representations and evidence were provided
(3) The written representations and evidence provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that they were provided to any other party.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
See the commentary on the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 22 - Specialized Knowledge]].

== RAD Rule 25 - Notice of Constitutional Question ==
&lt;pre&gt;Notice of constitutional question
25 (1) A party who wants to challenge the constitutional validity, applicability or operability of a legislative provision must complete a notice of constitutional question.

Form and content of notice
(2) The party must complete the notice as set out in Form 69 of the Federal Courts Rules or any other form that includes
(a) the party’s name;
(b) the Division file number;
(c) the specific legislative provision that is being challenged;
(d) the material facts relied on to support the constitutional challenge; and
(e) a summary of the legal argument to be made in support of the constitutional challenge.

Providing notice
(3) The party must provide
(a) a copy of the notice to the Attorney General of Canada and to the attorney general of each province of Canada, in accordance with section 57 of the Federal Courts Act;
(b) a copy of the notice to the Minister even if the Minister has not yet intervened in the appeal;
(c) a copy of the notice to the UNHCR, if the UNHCR has provided notice of its intention to provide written submissions, and to any interested person; and
(d) the original notice to the Division, together with proof that copies were provided under paragraphs (a) to (c).

Time limit
(4) Documents provided under this rule must be received by their recipients at the same time as the Division receives the appellant’s record, respondent’s record or the reply record, as the case may be.

Deciding of constitutional question
(5) The Division must not make a decision on the constitutional question until at least 10 days after the day on which it receives the notice of constitutional question.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Rule 25(3)(c): An &quot;interested person&quot; is a concept that normally only applies to three-member panels at the RAD ===
RAD Rule 25(3)(c) provides that a party must provide a copy of any notice of constitutional question to any interested person. The concept of an &quot;interested person&quot; is defined in RAD Rule 1 as &quot;a person whose application to participate in an appeal under rule 46 has been granted&quot;. RAD Rule 46 is the rule that specifically governs three-member panels: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 3 - Rules Applicable to All Appeals#RAD Rule 46: Application by person to participate in three-member panel]].

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 66 - Notice of Constitutional Question]].

== RAD Rule 26 - Conferences ==
&lt;pre&gt;Conferences

Requirement to participate at conference
26 (1) The Division may require the parties to participate at a conference to discuss issues, relevant facts and any other matter in order to make the appeal fairer and more efficient.

Information or documents
(2) The Division may require the parties to give any information or provide any document, at or before the conference.

Written record
(3) The Division must make a written record of any decisions and agreements made at the conference.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 24 - Conferences]].

== RAD Rule 27 - Documents ==
&lt;pre&gt;Documents
Form and Language of Documents

Documents prepared by party
27 (1) A document prepared for use by a party in a proceeding must be typewritten, in a type not smaller than 12 point, on one or both sides of 216 mm by 279 mm (8 ½ inches x 11 inches) paper.

Photocopies
(2) Any photocopy provided by a party must be a clear copy of the document photocopied and be on one or both sides of 216 mm by 279 mm (8 ½ inches x 11 inches) paper.

List of documents
(3) If more than one document is provided, the party must provide a list identifying each of the documents.

Consecutively numbered pages
(4) A party must consecutively number each page of all the documents provided as if they were one document.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 31 - How to provide documents]].

== RAD Rule 28 - Language of Documents ==
&lt;pre&gt;Language of documents — person
28 (1) All documents used by a person who is the subject of an appeal in an appeal must be in English or French or, if in another language, be provided together with an English or French translation and a declaration signed by the translator.

Language of Minister’s documents
(2) All documents used by the Minister in an appeal must be in the language of the appeal or be provided together with a translation in the language of the appeal and a declaration signed by the translator.

Translator’s declaration
(3) A translator’s declaration must include the translator’s name, the language and dialect, if any, translated and a statement that the translation is accurate.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see the equivalent RPD rules: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents#RPD Rule 32 - Language of Documents]].

== RAD Rule 29 - Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided ==
&lt;pre&gt;Documents or Written Submissions not Previously Provided

Documents or written submissions not previously provided — person
29 (1) A person who is the subject of an appeal who does not provide a document or written submissions with the appellant’s record, respondent’s record or reply record must not use the document or provide the written submissions in the appeal unless allowed to do so by the Division.

Application
(2) If a person who is the subject of an appeal wants to use a document or provide written submissions that were not previously provided, the person must make an application to the Division in accordance with rule 37.

Documents — new evidence
(3) The person who is the subject of the appeal must include in an application to use a document that was not previously provided an explanation of how the document meets the requirements of subsection 110(4) of the Act and how that evidence relates to the person, unless the document is being presented in response to evidence presented by the Minister.

Factors
(4) In deciding whether to allow an application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) the document’s relevance and probative value;
(b) any new evidence the document brings to the appeal; and
(c) whether the person who is the subject of the appeal, with reasonable effort, could have provided the document or written submissions with the appellant’s record, respondent’s record or reply record.

Documents or written submissions not previously provided — Minister
(5) If, at any time before the Division makes a decision, the Minister, in accordance with paragraph 171(a.5) of the Act, submits documentary evidence or written submissions in support of the Minister’s appeal or intervention that were not previously provided, the Minister must provide the documentary evidence or written submissions first to the person who is the subject of the appeal and then to the Division.

Proof documents or written submissions provided
(6) The additional documents or written submissions provided to the Division under subrule (5) must be accompanied by proof that they were provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal.

Reply to Minister’s documents or written submissions
(7) The person who is the subject of the appeal may reply to the additional documents or written submissions in accordance with rule 5 with any modifications that the circumstances require.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== In deciding whether to allow an application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including those listed in Rule 29(4) ===
In deciding whether to allow an application under RAD Rule 29, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the three listed in RAD Rule 29(4). The RAD must consider all three criteria under subsection 29(4) of the RAD Rules, and cannot simply limit its analysis to one of the relevant factors, namely, whether the evidence could have been provided with the Appellants’ perfected record.&lt;ref&gt;''Arisekola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 275 (CanLII), at para 10, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hxxcj#par10&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt; While the list of factors to be considered in Rule 37(3) is not exhaustive, the use of the word &lt;q&gt;“including”&lt;/q&gt; rather than the words &lt;q&gt;“such as”&lt;/q&gt; before the list of factors indicates the intent that each of the factors included in the sub-rule be considered.  A failure to do so gives rise to a breach of procedural fairness.&lt;ref&gt;''Arisekola v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 275 (CanLII), at para 11, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hxxcj#par11&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== RAD Rule 29 may apply even in cases where submissions are solicited on an issue by the RAD ===
RAD Rule 29(2) states that a person who wants to use a document or provide written submissions that were not previously provided must make an application. This is so even in cases where submissions are solicited by the RAD. In ''Gomez Guzman v. Canada'', upon the reopening of the RAD’s offices following a closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the RAD wrote to the Applicants’ counsel giving 30 days to submit documents in support of the appeal which “[would] be accepted without an application.” The RAD letter further specified that “other requirements of Rule 29 and 110(4) continue to apply.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Gomez Guzman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 152 (CanLII), at para 15, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm88g#par15&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt; The panel did not accept the evidence, concluding that it did not meet the requirements of RAD Rule 29. The court upheld this decision, concluding that the panel was right to apply Rule 29, despite the submissions having been invited by the Division.&lt;ref&gt;''Gomez Guzman v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2022 FC 152 (CanLII), at para 19, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/jm88g#par19&gt;, retrieved on 2022-09-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Whether and how RAD Rule 29 applies to court-ordered redeterminations ===
RAD Rule 29(1) provides that a person who is the subject of an appeal who does not provide a document or written submissions with the appellant’s record, respondent’s record, or reply record must not use the document or provide the written submissions in the appeal unless allowed to do so by the Division. As such, the intent of this rule is that a person who is the subject of an appeal does not need to satisfy the requirements of RAD Rule 29 when they are originally providing their appellant's record, respondent's record, or reply record, but they must do so where they provide documents or written submissions afterwards. 

A question can arise about how this rule should be interpreted in the case of a court-ordered redetermination of a file, as when a case is remitted by the Federal Court for reconsideration. The practice of the RAD is to send out a standard form letter regarding such cases which makes clear that the person who is the subject of the appeal may submit new evidence (subject to the statutory criteria thereon) and implicitly indicates that RAD Rule 29 does not apply provided that the evidence is received prior to the deadline specified in the letter:&lt;blockquote&gt;Please be advised that any objections to the file content should be made in writing and any additional evidence should satisfy the admissibility requirements for new evidence (s. 110(4) of the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' and the criteria set out in ''MCI v.'' ''Singh'', 2016 FCA 96), as well as be provided to every party and to the RAD no later than &lt;date&gt;'''.''' In instances where there was a RAD hearing, unless ordered to hold a new hearing by the Federal Court, the new panel may or may not decide to hold a new hearing.&lt;/blockquote&gt;See also: 

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#RAD Rule 3: Perfecting Appeal]]

* [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing#The record on a court-ordered redetermination]].

== RAD Rule 30 - Providing a Document ==
&lt;pre&gt;Providing a Document

General provision
30 Rules 31 to 35 apply to any document, including a notice or request in writing.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 31 - Providing documents to RAD, RPD, Minister, and a person other than the Minister ==
&lt;pre&gt;Providing documents to Division
31 (1) A document to be provided to the Division must be provided to the Division’s registry office that is located in the same region as the Refugee Protection Division’s registry office through which the notice of decision under appeal was provided.

Providing documents to Refugee Protection Division
(2) A document to be provided to the Refugee Protection Division must be provided to the Refugee Protection Division’s registry office through which the notice of decision under appeal was provided.

Providing documents to Minister
(3) A document to be provided to the Minister must be provided to the Minister’s counsel.

Providing documents to person other than Minister
(4) A document to be provided to a person other than the Minister must be provided to the person’s counsel if the person has counsel of record. If the person does not have counsel of record, the document must be provided to the person.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 32 - How to provide document ==
&lt;pre&gt;How to provide document
32 A document may be provided in any of the following ways:
(a) by hand;
(b) by regular mail or registered mail;
(c) by courier;
(d) by fax if the recipient has a fax number and the document is no more than 20 pages long, unless the recipient consents to receiving more than 20 pages; and
(e) by email or other electronic means if the Division allows.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The Division allows documents to be provided by email and other electronic means ===
RAD Rule 32(e) provides that a document may be provided by email or other electronic means if the Division allows. The Division has a practice notice on ''Exchange of Documents through Canada Post epost Connect to the Refugee Appeal Division'' which so allows.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice: Exchange of Documents through Canada Post epost Connect to the Refugee Appeal Division,'' ​​​​​June 15, 2020, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/notice-documents-epost-connect.aspx&gt; (Accessed September 16, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Practice Notice on Resumption of Time Limits at the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD)'' also provides that the Division accepts documents by email to the email addresses listed.&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Practice Notice on Resumption of Time Limits at the Refugee Appeal Division (RAD),'' June 12, 2020, &lt;https://irb.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rad-business-resumption.aspx&gt; (Accessed September 16, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt;

== RAD Rule 33 - Application if unable to provide document ==
&lt;pre&gt;Application if unable to provide document
33 (1) If a party is unable to provide a document in a way required by rule 32, the party may make an application to the Division to be allowed to provide the document in another way or to be excused from providing the document.

Form of application
(2) The application must be made in accordance with rule 37.

Allowing application
(3) The Division must not allow the application unless the party has made reasonable efforts to provide the document to the person to whom the document must be provided.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 34 - Proof document was provided ==
&lt;pre&gt;Proof document was provided
34 (1) Proof that a document was provided must be established by
(a) an acknowledgment of receipt signed by the recipient or a statement of service, if the document was provided by hand;
(b) a confirmation of receipt if the document was provided by registered mail, courier, fax or email or other electronic means; or
(c) a statement of service if the document was provided by regular mail.

Statement of service
(2) For the purpose of paragraph (1)(a) or (c), a statement of service consists of a written statement, signed by the person who provided the document, that includes the person’s name and a statement of how and when the document was provided.

Statement – unable to provide proof
(3) If a party is unable to provide proof that a document was provided in a way required by paragraph (1)(a) to (c), the party must provide a written statement, signed by the party, that includes an explanation of why they are unable to provide proof.&lt;/pre&gt;For commentary, see the concomitant RPD Rule 34: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 34 - Obligation, process, and timeline for a party to disclose documents they want to use in a hearing]].

== RAD Rule 35 - When a document is considered received ==
&lt;pre&gt;When document received by division
35 (1) A document provided to the Division or to the Refugee Protection Division is considered to be received on the day on which the document is date-stamped by that division.

When document received by recipient other than division
(2) A document provided by regular mail other than to the Division or to the Refugee Protection Division is considered to be received seven days after the day on which it was mailed. If the seventh day is not a working day, the document is considered to be received on the next working day.

Extension of time limit — next working day
(3) When the time limit for providing a document ends on a day that is not a working day, the time limit is extended to the next working day.&lt;/pre&gt;For commentary, see the concomitant RPD Rule 41: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 31-43 - Documents#RPD Rule 41 - When documents are considered received]].

== RAD Rule 36 - Applications ==
&lt;pre&gt;Applications
General

General provision
36 Unless these Rules provide otherwise,
(a) a party who wants the Division to make a decision on any matter in a proceeding, including the procedure to be followed, must make an application to the Division in accordance with rule 37;
(b) a party who wants to respond to the application must respond in accordance with rule 38; and
(c) a party who wants to reply to a response must reply in accordance with rule 39.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 37 - How to Make an Application ==
&lt;pre&gt;How to Make an Application

Form of application and time limit
37 (1) Unless these Rules provide otherwise, an application must be made in writing and without delay.

Oral application
(2) If a date for a hearing has been fixed, the Division must not allow a party to make an application orally at the hearing unless the party, with reasonable effort, could not have made a written application before that date.

Content of application
(3) Unless these Rules provide otherwise, in a written application, the party must
(a) state the decision the party wants the Division to make;
(b) give reasons why the Division should make that decision; and
(c) if there is another party and the views of that party are known, state whether the other party agrees to the application.

Affidavit or statutory declaration
(4) Unless these Rules provide otherwise, any evidence that the party wants the Division to consider with a written application must be given in an affidavit or statutory declaration that accompanies the application.

Providing application to other party and Division
(5) A party who makes a written application must provide
(a) to any other party, a copy of the application and a copy of any affidavit or statutory declaration; and
(b) to the Division, the original application and the original of any affidavit or statutory declaration, together with proof that a copy was provided to any other party.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== RAD Rule 37(4): The requirement to submit an affidavit or statutory declaration under RAD Rule 37(4) has been waived ===
The ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that the RAD will not require a signed affidavit or statutory declaration to accompany an application under Rule 37 if it is submitted electronically.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Furthermore, the ''Refugee Appeal Division: Practice Notice on the temporary waiving of rules for submitting documents during the COVID-19 pandemic'' provides that the RAD will not require an​ appellant's records to be signed, nor will it require a signed affidavit or statutory declaration to accompany an application under Rule 37. The rationale for this is that &quot;given the continued presence of COVID-19, the RAD will continue to encourage electronic communication with the division and promote physical distancing by removing the requirement in the rules for signatures on documents and RAD forms submitted in support of an appeal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, ''Refugee Appeal Division: Practice Notice on the temporary waiving of rules for submitting documents during the COVID-19 pandemic,'' Date modified: 2024-05-27, &lt;https://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/legal-policy/procedures/Pages/rad-pn-temporary-waiving-submitting-documents.aspx&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== RAD Rule 38 - How to Respond to a Written Application ==
&lt;pre&gt;How to Respond to a Written Application

Responding to written application
38 (1) A response to a written application must be in writing and
(a) state the decision the party wants the Division to make; and
(b) give reasons why the Division should make that decision.

Evidence in written response
(2) Any evidence that the party wants the Division to consider with the written response must be given in an affidavit or statutory declaration that accompanies the response. Unless the Division requires it, an affidavit or statutory declaration is not required if the party who made the application was not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration, together with the application.

Providing response
(3) A party who responds to a written application must provide
(a) to the other party, a copy of the response and a copy of any affidavit or statutory declaration; and
(b) to the Division, the original response and the original of any affidavit or statutory declaration, together with proof that a copy was provided to the other party.

Time limit
(4) Documents provided under subrule (3) must be received by their recipients no later than seven days after the day on which the party receives the copy of the application.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The requirement to submit an affidavit or statutory declaration under RAD Rule 38(2) has been waived ===
The ''Practice Notice: Exchange of documents through Canada Post epost Connect™ to the Refugee Appeal Division'' states that the RAD will not require a signed affidavit or statutory declaration to accompany an application under Rule 37 if it is submitted electronically.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Given that RAD Rule 38(2) provides that an affidavit or statutory declaration is not required if the party who made the application was not required to give evidence in that form, and given that this requirement has been waived for all applications, it cannot be said that the requirement in RAD Rule 38(2) applies either.

== RAD Rule 39 - How to Reply to a Written Response ==
&lt;pre&gt;How to Reply to a Written Response

Replying to written response
39 (1) A reply to a written response must be in writing.

Evidence in reply
(2) Any evidence that the party wants the Division to consider with the written reply must be given in an affidavit or statutory declaration that accompanies the reply. Unless the Division requires it, an affidavit or statutory declaration is not required if the party was not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration, together with the application.

Providing reply
(3) A party who replies to a written response must provide
(a) to the other party, a copy of the reply and a copy of any affidavit or statutory declaration; and
(b) to the Division, the original reply and the original of any affidavit or statutory declaration, together with proof that a copy was provided to the other party.

Time limit
(4) Documents provided under subrule (3) must be received by their recipients no later than five days after the day on which the party receives the copy of the response.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rules 40-41 - Joining or Separating Appeals ==
&lt;pre&gt;Joining or Separating Appeals

Appeals automatically joined
40 The Division must join any appeals of decisions on claims that were joined at the time that the Refugee Protection Division decided the claims.

Application to join
41 (1) A party may make an application to the Division to join appeals.

Application to separate
(2) A party may make an application to the Division to separate appeals that are joined.

Form of application and providing application
(3) A party who makes an application to join or separate appeals must do so in accordance with rule 37, but the party is not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration. The party must also
(a) provide a copy of the application to any person who will be affected by the Division’s decision on the application; and
(b) provide to the Division proof that the party provided the copy of the application to any affected person.

Time limit
(4) Documents provided under this rule must be received by their recipients,
(a) if the person who is the subject of the appeal is the applicant, at the same time as the Division receives the person’s notice of appeal, notice of intent to respond or reply record; or
(b) if the Minister is the applicant, at the same time as the Division receives the Minister’s notice of appeal, notice of intervention or reply.

Factors
(5) In deciding the application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including whether
(a) the appeals involve similar questions of fact or law;
(b) allowing the application would promote the efficient administration of the Division’s work; and
(c) allowing the application would likely cause an injustice.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 42 - Proceedings Conducted in Public ==
&lt;pre&gt;Proceedings Conducted in Public

Minister considered party
42 (1) For the purpose of this rule, the Minister is considered to be a party even if the Minister has not yet intervened in the appeal.

Application
(2) A person who makes an application to the Division to have a proceeding conducted in public must do so in writing and in accordance with this rule rather than rule 37.

Oral application
(3) If a date for a hearing has been fixed, the Division must not allow a person to make an application orally at the hearing unless the person, with reasonable effort, could not have made a written application before that date.

Content of application
(4) In the application, the person must
(a) state the decision they want the Division to make;
(b) give reasons why the Division should make that decision;
(c) state whether they want the Division to consider the application in public or in the absence of the public;
(d) give reasons why the Division should consider the application in public or in the absence of the public; and
(e) include any evidence that they want the Division to consider in deciding the application.

Providing application
(5) The person must provide the original application and two copies to the Division. The Division must provide a copy of the application to the parties.

Response to application
(6) A party may respond to a written application. The response must
(a) state the decision they want the Division to make;
(b) give reasons why the Division should make that decision;
(c) state whether they want the Division to consider the application in public or in the absence of the public;
(d) give reasons why the Division should consider the application in public or in the absence of the public; and
(e) include any evidence that they want the Division to consider in deciding the application.

Minister’s notice
(7) If the Minister responds to a written application, the response must be accompanied by a notice of intervention in accordance with subrule 4(2), if one was not previously provided.

Providing response
(8) The party must provide a copy of the response to the other party and provide the original response and a copy to the Division, together with proof that the copy was provided to the other party.

Providing response to applicant
(9) The Division must provide to the applicant either a copy of the response or a summary of the response referred to in paragraph (13)(a).

Reply to response
(10) An applicant or a party may reply in writing to a written response or a summary of a response.

Providing reply
(11) An applicant or a party who replies to a written response or a summary of a response must provide the original reply and two copies to the Division. The Division must provide a copy of the reply to the parties.

Time limit
(12) An application made under this rule must be received by the Division without delay. The Division must specify the time limit within which a response or reply, if any, is to be provided.

Confidentiality
(13) The Division may take any measures it considers necessary to ensure the confidentiality of the proceeding in respect of the application, including
(a) providing a summary of the response to the applicant instead of a copy; and
(b) if the Division holds a hearing in respect of the appeal and the application,
(i) excluding the applicant or the applicant and their counsel from the hearing while the party responding to the application provides evidence and makes representations, or
(ii) allowing the presence of the applicant’s counsel at the hearing while the party responding to the application provides evidence and makes representations, on receipt of a written undertaking by counsel not to disclose any evidence or information adduced until a decision is made to hold the hearing in public.

Summary of response
(14) If the Division provides a summary of the response under paragraph (13)(a), or excludes the applicant and their counsel from a hearing in respect of the application under subparagraph (13)(b)(i), the Division must provide a summary of the representations and evidence, if any, that is sufficient to enable the applicant to reply, while ensuring the confidentiality of the proceeding having regard to the factors set out in paragraph 166(b) of the Act.

Notification of decision on application
(15) The Division must notify the applicant and the parties of its decision on the application and provide reasons for the decision.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 43 - Assignment of Three-member Panel ==
&lt;pre&gt;Assignment of Three-member Panel

Notice of order
43 (1) If the Chairperson of the Board orders a proceeding to be conducted by three Division members, the Division must without delay notify the parties — including the Minister even if the Minister has not yet intervened in the appeal — and the UNHCR in writing of the order.

Providing documents to UNHCR
(2) The Division must provide the UNHCR with a copy of the following documents at the same time that it provides notice of the order:
(a) the Refugee Protection Division record; and
(b) the notice of appeal, appellant’s record, notice of intent to respond, respondent’s record, reply record, Minister’s notice of intervention, Minister’s intervention record, if any, Minister’s reply, and Minister’s reply record, if any.

UNHCR’s notice to Division
(3) If the UNHCR receives notice of an order, the UNHCR may provide notice to the Division in accordance with subrule 45(1) of its intention to provide written submissions.

Time limit
(4) The Division may, without further notice to the parties and to the UNHCR, decide the appeal on the basis of the materials provided if a period of 15 days has passed since the day on which the Minister and the UNHCR receive notice of the order.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 44 - These Rules apply to UNHCR and Interested Persons ==
&lt;pre&gt;UNHCR and Interested Persons

Rules applicable to UNHCR and interested persons
44 These Rules, with the exception of rules 25 (notice of constitutional question) and 47 to 49 (withdrawal, reinstatement, reopening), apply to the UNHCR and interested persons with any modifications that the circumstances require.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Interested person is a term defined in RAD Rule 1 ===
See: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rule 1 - Interpretation and Definitions#Interested Person]].

== RAD Rule 45 - UNHCR providing written submissions in an appeal conducted by a three-member panel ==
&lt;pre&gt;Notice to Division
45 (1) The UNHCR must notify the Division in writing of its intention to provide written submissions in an appeal conducted by a three-member panel, and include its contact information and that of its counsel, if any.

Notice to person and Minister
(2) The Division must without delay provide a copy of the UNHCR’s notice to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister.

Providing written submissions to Division
(3) The UNHCR’s written submissions must be received by the Division no later than 10 days after the day on which the UNHCR provided the notice.

Limitation — written submissions
(4) The UNHCR’s written submissions must not raise new issues.

Length of written submissions
(5) The UNHCR’s written submissions must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Providing written submissions
(6) The Division must without delay provide a copy of the UNHCR’s written submissions to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister.

Response
(7) The person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister may respond to the UNHCR’s submissions in writing.

Limitation — response
(8) A response must not raise new issues.

Length of response
(9) A response must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Providing response
(10) The response must first be provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal or to the Minister, as the case may be, and then to the Division.

Proof response provided
(11) The response provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that it was provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal or to the Minister, as the case may be.

Time limit
(12) Documents provided under subrules (10) and (11) must be received by their recipients no later than seven days after the day on which the person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister, as the case may be, receives the UNHCR’s submissions.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== A three-member panel may accept written submissions from UNHCR ===
The above provisions of RAD Rule 45 relate to s. 110(3) of the IRPA: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/110-111 - Appeal to Refugee Appeal Division#In the case of a matter that is conducted before a panel of three members, the RAD may accept documentary evidence and written submissions from UNHCR]].

== RAD Rule 46 - Application by person to participate in three-member panel ==
&lt;pre&gt;Application by person to participate
46 (1) Any person, other than the UNHCR, may make an application to the Division to be allowed to participate in an appeal conducted by a three-member panel. The person must make the application without delay and in accordance with this rule.

Form and content of application
(2) The application must be in writing and include
(a) the applicant’s name;
(b) an explanation of why the applicant wants to participate;
(c) the submissions the applicant wants to put forward and an explanation of how they are relevant to the appeal;
(d) an explanation of the differences between the applicant’s submissions and those of the person who is the subject of the appeal and the Minister;
(e) an explanation of how the applicant’s submissions may help the Division decide the appeal; and
(f) the contact information of the applicant and their counsel, if any.

Providing application
(3) The Division must provide a copy of the application to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister.

Response
(4) The person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister may respond to the application in writing.

Limitation — response
(5) A response must not raise new issues.

Length of response
(6) A response must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Time limit
(7) A response must be received by the Division no later than 10 days after the day on which the person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister, as the case may be, receives the application.

Notification of decision on application
(8) The Division must without delay notify the applicant, the person who is the subject of the appeal and the Minister in writing of its decision on the application.

Providing documents
(9) If the Division allows the application, it must without delay provide the interested person with a copy of the following documents as soon as they are available:
(a) the Refugee Protection Division record;
(b) the notice of appeal, appellant’s record, notice of intent to respond, respondent’s record, reply record, Minister’s notice of intervention, Minister’s intervention record, if any, Minister’s reply, and Minister’s reply record, if any; and
(c) the written submissions of any other interested person and the UNHCR.

Limitation — written submissions
(10) The interested person’s written submissions must not raise new issues.

Length of written submissions
(11) The interested person’s written submissions must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Providing written submissions
(12) The interested person’s written submissions must first be provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister and then to the Division.

Proof written submissions provided
(13) The written submissions provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that they were provided to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister.

Response
(14) The person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister may respond to the written submissions in writing.

Limitation — response
(15) A response must not raise new issues.

Length of response
(16) A response must not be more than 30 pages long if typewritten on one side or 15 pages if typewritten on both sides.

Providing response
(17) The response must first be provided to the interested person, then to the person who is the subject of the appeal or to the Minister, as the case may be, and then to the Division.

Proof response provided
(18) The response provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that it was provided to the interested person, and to the person who is the subject of the appeal or to the Minister, as the case may be.

Time limit
(19) Documents provided under subrules (17) and (18) must be received by their recipients no later than seven days after the day on which the person who is the subject of the appeal or the Minister, as the case may be, receives the interested person’s written submissions.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 47 - Withdrawal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Abuse of process
47 (1) For the purpose of subsection 168(2) of the Act, withdrawal of an appeal is an abuse of process if withdrawal would likely have a negative effect on the Division’s integrity. If the requirements set out in rule 7 or 13, as the case may be, for deciding an appeal on the basis of the materials provided have not been met, withdrawal is not an abuse of process.

Withdrawal on notice
(2) If the requirements set out in rule 7 or 13, as the case may be, for deciding an appeal have not been met, an appellant may withdraw an appeal by notifying the Division in writing.

Application to withdraw
(3) If the requirements set out in rule 7 or 13, as the case may be, for deciding an appeal have been met, an appellant who wants to withdraw an appeal must make an application to the Division in accordance with rule 37.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Withdrawal is not an abuse of process if the requirements set out in rules 7 or 13 have not been met ===
See RAD Rule 7: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 1 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by a Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal#RAD Rule 7: Decision without further notice]] and/or RAD Rule 13: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 2 - Rules Applicable to Appeals Made by the Minister#RAD Rule 13: Disposition of an Appeal]].

=== A Division may refuse to allow an applicant to withdraw from a proceeding if it is of the opinion that the withdrawal would be an abuse of process under its rules ===
Section 168(2) of the Act provides that a Division may refuse to allow an applicant to withdraw from a proceeding if it is of the opinion that the withdrawal would be an abuse of process under its rules. For more context, see the commentary to the RPD rule on withdrawal: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 59 - Withdrawal]].

== RAD Rule 48 - Reinstating a Withdrawn Appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Application to reinstate withdrawn appeal
48 (1) An appellant may apply to the Division to reinstate an appeal that was made by the appellant and was withdrawn.

Form and content of application
(2) The appellant must make the application in accordance with rule 37. If a person who is the subject of an appeal makes the application, they must provide to the Division the original and a copy of the application and include in the application their contact information and, if represented by counsel, their counsel’s contact information and any limitations on counsel’s retainer.

Documents provided to Minister
(3) The Division must provide to the Minister, without delay, a copy of an application made by a person who is the subject of an appeal.

Factors
(4) The Division must not allow the application unless it is established that there was a failure to observe a principle of natural justice or it is otherwise in the interests of justice to allow the application.

Factors
(5) In deciding the application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including whether the application was made in a timely manner and the justification for any delay.

Subsequent application
(6) If the appellant made a previous application to reinstate an appeal that was denied, the Division must consider the reasons for the denial and must not allow the subsequent application unless there are exceptional circumstances supported by new evidence.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 49 - Reopening an Appeal ==
&lt;pre&gt;Reopening an Appeal

Application to reopen appeal
49 (1) At any time before the Federal Court has made a final determination in respect of an appeal that has been decided or declared abandoned, the appellant may make an application to the Division to reopen the appeal.

Form and content of application
(2) The application must be made in accordance with rule 37. If a person who is the subject of an appeal makes the application, they must provide to the Division the original and a copy of the application and include in the application their contact information and, if represented by counsel, their counsel’s contact information and any limitations on counsel’s retainer.

Documents provided to Minister
(3) The Division must provide to the Minister, without delay, a copy of an application made by a person who is the subject of an appeal.

Allegations against counsel
(4) If it is alleged in the application that the person who is the subject of the appeal’s counsel in the proceedings that are the subject of the application provided inadequate representation,
(a) the person must first provide a copy of the application to the counsel and then provide the original and a copy of the application to the Division, and
(b) the application provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that a copy was provided to the counsel.

Copy of pending application
(5) The application must be accompanied by a copy of any pending application for leave to apply for judicial review or any pending application for judicial review.

Factor
(6) The Division must not allow the application unless it is established that there was a failure to observe a principle of natural justice.

Factors
(7) In deciding the application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) whether the application was made in a timely manner and the justification for any delay; and
(b) if the appellant did not make an application for leave to apply for judicial review or an application for judicial review, the reasons why an application was not made.

Subsequent application
(8) If the appellant made a previous application to reopen an appeal that was denied, the Division must consider the reasons for the denial and must not allow the subsequent application unless there are exceptional circumstances supported by new evidence.

Other remedies
(9) If there is a pending application for leave to apply for judicial review or a pending application for judicial review on the same or similar grounds, the Division must, as soon as is practicable, allow the application to reopen if it is necessary for the timely and efficient processing of appeals, or dismiss the application.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
For commentary, see the equivalent RPD Rules: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application]]. See also section 168 of the Act: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Section 168 IRPA: Abandonment of proceeding]].

=== Rule 49(6): The Division must not allow the application unless it is established that there was a failure to observe a principle of natural justice ===
The interpretation of this rule is similar to the concomitant RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application]]. One difference relates to the largely paper-based RAD process, where the RAD has held that perfecting an appeal cannot be delayed for the purpose of gathering and translating new evidence because Rule 29 of the ''RAD Rules'' allows applicants to tender new evidence after an appeal has been perfected.&lt;ref&gt;''Masoud v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration),'' 2019 FC 103 (CanLII), at para 8, &lt;https://canlii.ca/t/hxlwh#par8&gt;, retrieved on 2024-03-17.&lt;/ref&gt;

== RAD Rules 50-51: Decisions ==
&lt;pre&gt;Decisions

Notice of decision
50 (1) When the Division makes a decision, other than an interlocutory decision, it must provide in writing a notice of decision to the person who is the subject of the appeal, to the Minister and to the Refugee Protection Division. The Division must also provide in writing a notice of decision to the UNHCR and to any interested person, if they provided written submissions in the appeal.

Written reasons
(2) The Division must provide written reasons for the decision, together with the notice of decision, if a hearing
(a) was not held under subsection 110(6) of the Act; or
(b) was held under subsection 110(6) of the Act and the decision and reasons were not given orally at the hearing.

Request for written reasons
(3) A request under paragraph 169(1)(e) of the Act for written reasons for a decision must be made in writing.

When decision of single member takes effect
51 (1) A decision, other than an interlocutory decision, made by a single Division member takes effect
(a) if made in writing, when the member signs and dates the reasons for the decision; and
(b) if given orally at a hearing, when the member states the decision and gives the reasons.

When decision of three-member panel takes effect
(2) A decision, other than an interlocutory decision, made by a panel of three Division members takes effect
(a) if made in writing, when all the members sign and date their reasons for the decision; and
(b) if given orally at a hearing, when all the members state their decision and give their reasons.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The RAD can issue amended decisions ===
The RAD can issue amended decisions; this is generally done to correct clerical errors. See the following RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 62-63 - Reopening a Claim or Application#What jurisdiction does the Board have to reopen a decision that it has reached?]].

=== Rule 50(2)(b) provides that a decision and reasons may be given orally, but this is not allowed by the statute for non-interlocutory decision ===
Rule 50(2)(b) provides that where the RAD holds a hearing, it may provide a decision and reasons for that decision orally at the hearing and that doing so obviates the need to provide written reasons. However, s. 169(c) of the Act provides that all decisions of the Refugee Appeal Division must be rendered in writing: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/Decisions and Reasons]]. To the extent of inconsistency between this provision of the rules and the statute, s. 169 of the statute is controlling. As such, non-interlocutory RAD decisions may not be provided orally. It appears that this provision in the rules reflects an earlier version of the Act which had allowed oral reasons to be provided, and it was not updated when the Act was amended to preclude that. However, it could also be read as only applying to interlocutory decisions provided during a RAD hearing.  

== RAD Rules 52-53: General Provisions ==
&lt;pre&gt;General Provisions

No applicable rule
52 In the absence of a provision in these Rules dealing with a matter raised during the proceedings, the Division may do whatever is necessary to deal with the matter.

Powers of Division
53 The Division may, after giving the parties notice and an opportunity to object,
(a) act on its own initiative, without a party having to make an application or request to the Division;
(b) change a requirement of a rule;
(c) excuse a person from a requirement of a rule; and
(d) extend a time limit, before or after the time limit has expired, or shorten it if the time limit has not expired.

Failure to follow rules
54 Unless proceedings are declared invalid by the Division, a failure to follow any requirement of these Rules does not make the proceedings invalid.&lt;/pre&gt;

== References{{BookCat}} ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Canadian Refugee Procedure/RAD Rules Part 4 - Rules Applicable to an Appeal for Which a Hearing Is Held</title>
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      <comment>/* RAD Rule 61 - Witnesses */</comment>
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== RAD Rules Part 4 ==
The text of the relevant rules reads:&lt;pre&gt;PART 4
Rules Applicable to an Appeal for Which a Hearing Is Held&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 55 - Fixing a Date for a Hearing ==
&lt;pre&gt;Fixing a Date for a Hearing

Conference to fix date for hearing
55 The Division may require the parties to participate in a scheduling conference or otherwise give information to help the Division fix a date for a hearing.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 56 - Notice to Appear ==
&lt;pre&gt;Notice to appear
56 (1) When, in accordance with paragraph 171(a) of the Act, the Division gives notice to the person who is the subject of the appeal and to the Minister of any hearing, it must notify them in writing of the date, time and location fixed for the hearing and the issues that will be raised at the hearing.

Date fixed for hearing
(2) The date fixed for the hearing of an appeal must not be earlier than 10 days after the day on which the person who is the subject of the appeal and the Minister receive the notice referred to in subrule (1), unless they consent to an earlier date.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Hearings at the RAD will normally be scheduled 3-6 weeks from the date on which the hearing is ordered ===
RAD Rule 56(2) provides that the date fixed for the hearing of an appeal must not be earlier than 10 days after the day on which the person who is the subject of the appeal and the Minister receive the Notice to appear for the hearing. RAD policy is also that the hearing must be scheduled within 42 days (6 weeks) from the date that the hearing is ordered, which provides a window of several weeks during which the hearing will normally be scheduled. 

== RAD Rule 57 - Conduct of a Hearing ==
&lt;pre&gt;Conduct of a Hearing

Restriction of hearing
57 (1) A hearing is restricted to matters relating to the issues provided with the notice to appear unless the Division considers that other issues have been raised by statements made by the person who is the subject of the appeal or by a witness during the hearing.

Standard order of questioning
(2) Unless the Division orders otherwise, any witness, including the person who is the subject of the appeal, will be questioned first by the appellant, then by any other party, then by the appellant in reply, and then by the Division.

Limiting questioning of witnesses
(3) The Division may limit the questioning of witnesses, including the person who is the subject of the appeal, taking into account the nature and complexity of the issues and the relevance of the questions.

Oral representations
(4) Representations must be made orally at the end of a hearing unless the Division orders otherwise.

Limits on representations
(5) After all the evidence has been heard, the Division must
(a) set time limits for representations, taking into account the complexity of the issues and the amount of relevant evidence heard; and
(b) indicate what issues need to be addressed in the representations.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The order of questioning in RAD hearings is not the same as the order of questioning in RPD hearings ===
In hearings at the RAD, the rules provides that any witness will be questioned first by the appellant, including the person who is the subject of the appeal. In contrast, at the RPD, the rules provide that the Member will question first: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 3-13 - Information and Documents to be Provided#RPD Rule 10 - Order of questioning in hearings, oral representations, oral decisions, limiting questioning]].

== RAD Rule 58 - Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal in Custody ==
&lt;pre&gt;Person Who Is the Subject of an Appeal in Custody

Custody
58 The Division may order a person who holds a person who is the subject of an appeal in custody to bring the person to a proceeding at a location specified by the Division.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 59 - Interpreters ==
&lt;pre&gt;Interpreters

Need for interpreter — person
59 (1) If a person who is the subject of an appeal needs an interpreter, the person must indicate the language and dialect, if any, to be interpreted in the appellant’s record if they are the appellant or in the respondent’s record if they are the respondent.

Changing language of interpretation
(2) A person who is the subject of an appeal may change the language and dialect, if any, that they specified under subrule (1), or if they had not indicated that an interpreter was needed, they may indicate that they need an interpreter, by notifying the Division in writing and indicating the language and dialect, if any, to be interpreted. The notice must be received by the Division no later than 20 days before the date fixed for the hearing.

Need for interpreter — witness
(3) If any party’s witness needs an interpreter for a hearing, the party must notify the Division in writing and specify the language and dialect, if any, to be interpreted. The notice must be received by the Division no later than 20 days before the date fixed for the hearing.

Interpreter’s oath
(4) The interpreter must take an oath or make a solemn affirmation to interpret accurately.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
See the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 19 - Interpreters]].

== RAD Rule 60 - Observers ==
&lt;pre&gt;Observers

Observers
60 (1) An application under rule 42 is not necessary if an observer is the UNHCR or a member of the staff of the Board or if the person who is the subject of the appeal consents to or requests the presence of an observer other than a representative of the press or other media of communication at the proceeding.

Observers — factor
(2) The Division must allow the attendance of an observer unless, in the opinion of the Division, the observer’s attendance is likely to impede the proceeding.

Observers — confidentiality of proceeding
(3) The Division may take any measures it considers necessary to ensure the confidentiality of the proceeding despite the presence of an observer.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Commentary ===
See the equivalent RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 58 - Observers]].

== RAD Rule 61 - Witnesses ==
&lt;pre&gt;Witnesses

Providing witness information
61 (1) If a party wants to call a witness, the party must provide the following witness information in writing to any other party and to the Division:
(a) the witness’s contact information;
(b) a brief statement of the purpose and substance of the witness’s testimony or, in the case of an expert witness, the expert witness’s brief signed summary of the testimony to be given;
(c) the time needed for the witness’s testimony;
(d) the party’s relationship to the witness;
(e) in the case of an expert witness, a description of the expert witness’s qualifications; and
(f) whether the party wants the witness to testify by means of live telecommunication.

Proof witness information provided
(2) The witness information provided to the Division must be accompanied by proof that it was provided to any other party.

Time limit
(3) Documents provided under this rule must be received by their recipients no later than 20 days before the date fixed for the hearing.

Failure to provide witness information
(4) If a party does not provide the witness information, the witness must not testify at the hearing unless the Division allows them to testify.

Factors
(5) In deciding whether to allow a witness to testify, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) the relevance and probative value of the proposed testimony; and
(b) the reason why the witness information was not provided.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 62 - Requesting summons ==
&lt;pre&gt;Requesting summons
62 (1) A party who wants the Division to order a person to testify at a hearing must make a request to the Division for a summons, either orally at a proceeding or in writing.

Factors
(2) In deciding whether to issue a summons, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) the necessity of the testimony to a full and proper hearing;
(b) the person’s ability to give that testimony; and
(c) whether the person has agreed to be summoned as a witness.

Using summons
(3) If a party wants to use a summons, they must
(a) provide the summons to the person by hand;
(b) provide a copy of the summons to the Division, together with proof that it was provided to the person by hand; and
(c) pay or offer to pay the person the applicable witness fees and travel expenses set out in Tariff A of the Federal Courts Rules.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 63 - Cancelling summons ==
&lt;pre&gt;Cancelling summons
63 (1) If a person who is summoned to appear as a witness wants the summons cancelled, the person must make an application in writing to the Division.

Application
(2) The person must make the application in accordance with rule 37, but is not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 64 - Arrest warrant ==
&lt;pre&gt;Arrest warrant
64 (1) If a person does not obey a summons to appear as a witness, the party who requested the summons may make a request to the Division orally at the hearing, or in writing, to issue a warrant for the person’s arrest.

Written request
(2) A party who makes a written request for a warrant must provide supporting evidence by affidavit or statutory declaration.

Requirements for issue of arrest warrant
(3) The Division must not issue a warrant unless
(a) the person was provided the summons by hand or the person is avoiding being provided the summons;
(b) the person was paid or offered the applicable witness fees and travel expenses set out in Tariff A of the Federal Courts Rules;
(c) the person did not appear at the hearing as required by the summons; and
(d) the person’s testimony is still needed for a full and proper hearing.

Content of warrant
(4) A warrant issued by the Division for the arrest of a person must include directions concerning detention or release.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 65 - Excluded witness ==
&lt;pre&gt;Excluded witness
65 If the Division excludes a witness from a hearing room, no person may communicate to the witness any evidence given while the witness was excluded unless allowed to do so by the Division or until the witness has finished testifying.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 66 - Changing the Location of a Hearing ==
&lt;pre&gt;Changing the Location of a Hearing

Application to change location
66 (1) A party may make an application to the Division to change the location of a hearing.

Form and content of application
(2) The party must make the application in accordance with rule 37, but is not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration.

Time limit
(3) Documents provided under this rule must be received by their recipients no later than 20 days before the date fixed for the hearing.

Factors
(4) In deciding the application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) whether the party is residing in the location where the party wants the hearing to be held;
(b) whether a change of location would allow the hearing to be full and proper;
(c) whether a change of location would likely delay the hearing;
(d) how a change of location would affect the Division’s operation;
(e) how a change of location would affect the parties;
(f) whether a change of location is necessary in order to accommodate a vulnerable person; and
(g) whether a hearing may be conducted by means of live telecommunication with the person who is the subject of the appeal.

Duty to appear
(5) Unless a party receives a decision from the Division allowing the application, the party must appear for the hearing at the location fixed and be ready to start or continue the hearing.&lt;/pre&gt;

== RAD Rule 67 - Changing the Date or Time of a Hearing ==
&lt;pre&gt;Changing the Date or Time of a Hearing

Application to change date or time
67 (1) A party may make an application to the Division to change the date or time fixed for a hearing.

Form and content of application
(2) The party must
(a) make the application in accordance with rule 37, but is not required to give evidence in an affidavit or statutory declaration; and
(b) give at least six dates and times, within the period specified by the Division, on which the party is available to start or continue the hearing.

Notice of period specified by Division
(3) The Division must provide notice of the period referred to in paragraph (2)(b) in a manner that will allow public access to it.

Hearing two working days or less away
(4) If the party wants to make an application two working days or less before the date fixed for the hearing, the party must make the application orally on the date fixed for the hearing.

Factors
(5) In deciding the application, the Division must consider any relevant factors, including
(a) in the case of a date and time that was fixed after the Division consulted or tried to consult the party, any exceptional circumstances for allowing the application;
(b) when the party made the application;
(c) the time the party has had to prepare for the hearing;
(d) the efforts made by the party to be ready to start or continue the hearing;
(e) in the case of a party who requests more time to obtain information in support of their arguments, the Division’s ability to proceed in the absence of that information without causing an injustice;
(f) whether the party has counsel;
(g) the knowledge and experience of any counsel who represents the party;
(h) any previous delays and the reasons for them;
(i) whether the date and time fixed were peremptory;
(j) whether the change is required to accommodate a vulnerable person;
(k) whether allowing the application would unreasonably delay the hearing or likely cause an injustice; and
(l) the nature and complexity of the matter to be heard.

Subsequent application
(6) If the party made a previous application that was denied, the Division must consider the reasons for the denial and must not allow the subsequent application unless there are exceptional circumstances supported by new evidence.

Application for medical reasons
(7) If a person who is the subject of an appeal makes the application for medical reasons, other than those related to their counsel, they must provide, together with the application, a legible, recently dated medical certificate signed by a qualified medical practitioner whose name and address are printed or stamped on the certificate. A person who has provided a copy of the certificate to the Division must provide the original document to the Division without delay.

Content of certificate
(8) The medical certificate must set out
(a) the particulars of the medical condition, without specifying the diagnosis, that prevent the person from participating in the hearing on the date fixed for the hearing; and
(b) the date on which the person is expected to be able to participate in the hearing.

Failure to provide medical certificate
(9) If a person who is the subject of an appeal fails to provide a medical certificate in accordance with subrules (7) and (8), the person must include in their application
(a) particulars of any efforts they made to obtain the required medical certificate, supported by corroborating evidence;
(b) particulars of the medical reasons for the application, supported by corroborating evidence; and
(c) an explanation of how the medical condition prevents them from participating in the hearing on the date fixed for the hearing.

Duty to appear
(10) Unless a party receives a decision from the Division allowing the application, the party must appear for the hearing at the date and time fixed and be ready to start or continue the hearing.&lt;/pre&gt;
== RAD Rule 68 - Abandonment ==
&lt;pre&gt;Abandonment

Abandonment after hearing scheduled
68 (1) In determining whether an appeal has been abandoned under subsection 168(1) of the Act after a date for a hearing has been fixed, the Division must give the appellant an opportunity to explain why the appeal should not be declared abandoned,
(a) immediately, if the appellant is present at the hearing and the Division considers that it is fair to do so; or
(b) in any other case, by way of a special hearing, after notifying the appellant in writing.

Factors to consider
(2) The Division must consider, in deciding if the appeal should be declared abandoned, the explanation given by the appellant and any other relevant factors, including the fact that the appellant is ready to start or continue the proceedings.

Medical reasons
(3) If the appellant is the person who is the subject of the appeal and the explanation includes medical reasons, other than those related to their counsel, they must provide, together with the explanation, the original of a legible, recently dated medical certificate signed by a qualified medical practitioner whose name and address are printed or stamped on the certificate.

Content of certificate
(4) The medical certificate must set out
(a) the particulars of the medical condition, without specifying the diagnosis, that prevented the person from pursuing their appeal; and
(b) the date on which the person is expected to be able to pursue their appeal.

Failure to provide medical certificate
(5) If a person who is the subject of an appeal fails to provide a medical certificate in accordance with subrules (3) and (4), the person must include in their explanation
(a) particulars of any efforts they made to obtain the required medical certificate, supported by corroborating evidence;
(b) particulars of the medical reasons included in the explanation, supported by corroborating evidence; and
(c) an explanation of how the medical condition prevented them from pursuing their appeal.

Start or continue proceedings
(6) If the Division decides not to declare the appeal abandoned, it must start or continue the proceedings without delay.&lt;/pre&gt;

=== The RAD may determine that any proceeding before it has been abandoned, not just one where a hearing is scheduled ===
The RAD rule on abandonment is part of Part 4 of the rules, namely &quot;Rules Applicable to an Appeal for Which a Hearing Is Held&quot;. However, this should not restrict the RAD's discretion to declare an appeal abandoned even where a hearing has not been scheduled, a power which is enshrined in the IRPA. For more information, see this discussion of the related RPD rule: [[Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 65 - Abandonment#A Division may determine that any proceeding before it has been abandoned, not just a refugee claim]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Guide to the Godot game engine/toc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>446836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4441233</id>
      <parentid>4440801</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-16T09:41:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>L10nM4st3r</username>
        <id>3380243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision 4440801 by [[Special:Contributions/2400:6A80:B034:16B0:E8FD:908F:FC99:F210|2400:6A80:B034:16B0:E8FD:908F:FC99:F210]] ([[User talk:2400:6A80:B034:16B0:E8FD:908F:FC99:F210|discuss]]) Never ever seen anything to do with this in godot ever. What are you even talking about?</comment>
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:'''Getting started'''{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|Print version||&lt;nowiki/&gt; [{{edit|Template:Guide to the Godot game engine/toc}}]}}
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Installation|Installation]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/What is a node|What is a node?]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Programming|Programming]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Resources and importing|Resources and importing]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Signals and methods|Signals and methods]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Your first game|Your first game]]

:'''Making it work'''
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Debugging|Debugging]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Input|Input]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Physics|Physics]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Saving and loading|Saving and loading]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Multiplayer|Multiplayer]]

:'''Making it look good'''
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/UI skinning|UI skinning]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Animation|Animation]]

:'''Advanced help'''
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Servers (singletons)|Servers (singletons)]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Platform specific|Platform specific]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Optimisation|Optimisation]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Encryption|Encryption]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Exporting|Exporting]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Plugins|Plugins]]

:'''Miscellaneous'''
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Helpful links|Helpful links]]
::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Contributors|Authors and contributors]]
{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|Print version|&lt;!-- do not show in print --&gt;|::[[Guide to the Godot game engine/Print version|Print version]]}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{bookCat}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Minecraft/Bat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-16T09:42:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>L10nM4st3r</username>
        <id>3380243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision 4402643 by [[Special:Contributions/182.178.60.159|182.178.60.159]] ([[User talk:182.178.60.159|discuss]]) Test edit</comment>
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      <text bytes="269" sha1="0h3va453rs3wx0lr4w0nkym671f6lfn" xml:space="preserve">{{minecraft/mob
|cat=Animals
|health=6|spawning=In the Overworld, in the dark, mostly underground.
|intro=Flying mobs that prefer the dark.

|des=Bats can be used to help you find caves when underground. Other than that, all they offer is target-practice.}}
{{bookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Minecraft/Commands</title>
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Commands can be executed on any version of Minecraft which has the chat console. To run a command, type a forward slash. There are many commands to learn.

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Variables
|-
!How to select!!What it is
|-
|~||Inserts the current axis position when used inside a position argument. This can be used so you don't need to know your coordinates, or if a command block is likely not going to be in a set location. You may add a number after it, positive or negative, to add an offset, so ~~-3~ is 3 blocks below, and ~~3~ is 3 blocks above. ~ 3 ~ would be an absolute y=3. ~3~ would not be invalid, however, as there is only an x and y, but not a z.
|-
|@p||The closest player.
|-
|@a||All players.
|-
|@r||Random player.
|-
|@e||All entities.
|-
|@s||Self. Note that this does not work on command blocks unless using the [[/execute|/execute]] command.
|}

The @ selectors also allow finer tuning, like this: @r[r=10,tags=alive] checks for a random player within ten blocks, with the &quot;alive&quot; tag (set with [[/tag|/tag]]). All of them are:
*r: range. Note that this is a spherical ''radius''!
*rm: minimum range. Note that this is a spherical ''radius''! Any entity closer than this radius will not be included.
*l &amp; lm: Level and minimum level, respectively.
*c: count. The maximum number of entities that can be returned.
*m: gamemode. Only works on players. Supported values are: ''creative'', ''survival'', ''adventure'', ''spectator''.
*name: Checks the name of the entity matches this value.
*tags: checks if a tag exists on that entity.
*type: checks its identifier matches. The identifier is usually a snake_case (all lowercase, underscores instead of spaces) version of its name.
*family: Checks if a entity is part of a particular entity family. Examples include ''undead'', ''zombie'', ''monster'', and ''inanimate''.
*x / y / z: If a coordinate matches.
*dx / dy / dz: distance from x / y / z. Example, an &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; of 0 and &lt;code&gt;dx&lt;/code&gt; of 5 will only check x=0 to x=5. Set &lt;code&gt;dx&lt;/code&gt; to -5 to reverse this, or &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; to -5 and &lt;code&gt;dx&lt;/code&gt; to 10 to check between x=-5 and x=5. If one of these parameters are not set, and are used, a value of 0 is assumed.

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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Minecraft/Commands/execute</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>448210</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4441235</id>
      <parentid>4435433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-16T09:48:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>L10nM4st3r</username>
        <id>3380243</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4441235</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="924" sha1="a5cuqe4pfdevwbp72kbhraqma9e5wvj" xml:space="preserve">Example1 : &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;/execute at @e setblock ~~~ glass_block&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; places a glass block at the feet of all players, mobs, boats, minecarts, armour stands, ect..

Syntax:

/execute &lt;target: selector (required)&gt;  &lt;command (required)&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;The target is the entity(s) to effect. The position is where to run the command from, according to target, so ~~~ means where the target is. The command is any command, even another /execute command, may be placed.&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Example2:   /&lt;code&gt;execute as @a[hasitem={name=diamond}] run say @s &quot;congratulations you found diamonds!&quot;&lt;/code&gt; (Java)
Example2:   /&lt;code&gt;execute as @a[hasitem={name=diamond}] run tell @s &quot;congratulations you found diamonds!&quot;&lt;/code&gt; (Bedrock)

This command will check all players inventory , if he/she has diamond. Every player that had a diamond in their inventory will get the message  ''&quot;congratulations you found diamonds!&quot;.''

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    <revision>
      <id>4441236</id>
      <parentid>4441235</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-16T09:52:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>L10nM4st3r</username>
        <id>3380243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bedrock doesnt need the quotemarks, not sure about java though</comment>
      <origin>4441236</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="982" sha1="cpxj3djdfd1yaj18va8lhv0k1a8kupe" xml:space="preserve">Example1 : &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;/execute at @e setblock ~~~ glass_block&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; places a glass block at the feet of all players, mobs, boats, minecarts, armour stands, ect..

Syntax:

/execute &lt;target: selector (required)&gt;  &lt;command (required)&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;The target is the entity(s) to effect. The position is where to run the command from, according to target, so ~~~ means where the target is. The command is any command, even another /execute command, may be placed.&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Example2 (Java Edition &lt;ref&gt;(I think, could be wrong??)&lt;/ref&gt;):   &lt;code&gt;/execute as @a[hasitem={name=diamond}] run say @s Congratulations, you found diamonds!&lt;/code&gt;

Example2 (Bedrock Edition):   &lt;code&gt;/execute as @a[hasitem={name=diamond}] run tell @s Congratulations, you found diamonds!&lt;/code&gt;

This command will check every player's inventory, if he/she has a diamond. Every player that had a diamond in their inventory will get the message ''&quot;congratulations, you found diamonds!&quot;.''

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    <revision>
      <id>4441238</id>
      <parentid>4441236</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-16T09:57:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>L10nM4st3r</username>
        <id>3380243</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4441238</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1036" sha1="c379mqgnoed39kjmxtlr4ij153wtizv" xml:space="preserve">Example1 : &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;/execute at @e setblock ~~~ glass_block&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; places a glass block at the feet of all players, mobs, boats, minecarts, armour stands, ect..

Syntax:

/execute &lt;target: selector (required)&gt;  &lt;command (required)&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;The target is the entity(s) to effect. The position is where to run the command from, according to target, so ~~~ means where the target is. The command is any command, even another /execute command, may be placed.&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Example2 (Java Edition &lt;ref&gt;(I think, could be wrong?? I have no idea how this command works on java edition)&lt;/ref&gt;):   &lt;code&gt;/execute as @a[hasitem={name=diamond}] run say @s Congratulations, you found diamonds!&lt;/code&gt;

Example2 (Bedrock Edition):   &lt;code&gt;/execute as @a[hasitem={name=diamond}] run tell @s Congratulations, you found diamonds!&lt;/code&gt;

This command will check every player's inventory, if he/she has a diamond. Every player that had a diamond in their inventory will get the message ''&quot;congratulations, you found diamonds!&quot;.''

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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>AI Art Generation Handbook/Limitations of AI Art Generation</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>452530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4441231</id>
      <parentid>4437230</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-16T08:28:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MrAlanKoh</username>
        <id>3392840</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>semantics</comment>
      <origin>4441231</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12881" sha1="phy0jr44wmrwasw570rr88ajjx8r9j8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;As of currently, AI Art Generation model may have limitations which also including the latest FLUX 1.0-DEV&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;My criteria of limitations is if the AI ART are unable to generate less than 75% of the time (3 out of 4 images)&lt;/big&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!No
!Image
!Description
|-
|1
|[[File:An_AI_generated_picture_of_a_woman_posing_herself_on_top_of_a_rock_,_with_surroundings_of_muddy_water.png|512x512px]]
|'''&lt;u&gt;&lt;big&gt;Human Anatomy&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/u&gt;''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;Human anatomy will be always a subject of ridicule of the AI Art generation, most of the time is more onto hands/fingers&lt;/big&gt;


&lt;big&gt;As shown below, this AI art generated woman have few of the flaws as shown&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;(i) The woman have 3 hands&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;(ii) The woman have 2 navels (belly button)&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;(iii) The woman right hands which are touching the rock have 6 fingers&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;(iv) The woman right leg heels looked deformed&lt;/big&gt;


&lt;big&gt;Note: This can be potentially solved by using [[AI Art Generation Handbook/ControlNet|ControlNet]] and latest AI Model (FLUX 1.0)&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|2
| [[File:DALL·E2_-_Javan_rhinoceros_wearing_a_business_suit_and_safety_hard_hats_,_holding_a_Under_Construction_signboard_with_background_of_construction_area.png|center|frameless|512x512px|DALL·E2 - Javan rhinoceros wearing a business suit and safety hard hats , holding a Under Construction signboard with background of construction area]]
|'''&lt;u&gt;&lt;big&gt;Text Rendition Spelling&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;The part of text prompt for the images is actually &lt;code&gt;&quot;UNDER CONSTRUCTIONS&quot;&lt;/code&gt; in DALL-E2 (Prompted during Sept 2023) but rendered is shown to be gibberish most of the time (not following any known English words) at least maybe for English speaking natives. However, the text rendition is slowly improved with models such as IF-Deepfloyd , DALL-E3 (As of March 2024) and FLUX 1.0 (Sept 2024)&lt;/big&gt;

|-
|3
|[[File:SD-CGI_yellow_sphere_on_left_,_purple_pyramid_on_right.png|frameless|512x512px]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;&lt;u&gt;Relative Positioning&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;The picture originally prompt is &lt;code&gt;yellow sphere on left , purple pyramid on right&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/big&gt; 
&lt;big&gt;but as seen, it is completely wrong with the relative positioning with pyramid on left and sphere on right&lt;/big&gt;


&lt;big&gt;The relative positioning is slowly improving with release of newer AI Model such as FLUX 1.0 which can mostly generate images with correct relative positioning.&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|4
|[[File:SD_-_Three_Rabbits.png|frameless|512x512px]]
|'''&lt;u&gt;&lt;big&gt;Object Counting&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;Originally, the prompt for this SDXL images is &lt;code&gt;three rabbits&lt;/code&gt;. (Dec 2023) . However, possibly due to the training dataset that did not specify the amount of object appeared in the picture, AI Art Generations may sometimes have issue of generating the correct amount of object many times during the AI Art generations.&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|5
|[[File:An_AI_Generated_Artwork_of_twin_sisters_wearing_sport_bra.png|frameless|512x512px]]
|'''&lt;u&gt;&lt;big&gt;Some of the Design Patterns&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/u&gt;''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;AI Models may or may not have sufficient data / meta-data to train on certain types of clothing design patterns.&lt;/big&gt;


&lt;big&gt;For example, the prompt is to generate the &lt;u&gt;&lt;code&gt;zig zag&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/u&gt; designs for the sports bra but unfortunately, AI Models is unable to generate in most of the random generated pictures.&lt;/big&gt;
  
&lt;big&gt;Other known offendors:&lt;/big&gt;
 
&lt;big&gt;(a) Herringbone&lt;/big&gt;
 
&lt;big&gt;(b) Houndstooth&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;(c) Ogee&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;(d) Paisely&lt;/big&gt;  

&lt;big&gt;See more here: [[AI Art Generation Handbook/VACT/Fabric Patterns]]&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|6
|[[File:FLUX_-_A_Indian_tailor_measuring_his_customer_waist_sizes_using_yellow_tailor's_tape.png|frameless|512x512px]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''&lt;u&gt;Subject's Interaction with Other Subjects / Objects&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;big&gt;AI models are not able to generate many of the everyday actions such as &quot;&lt;code&gt;aiming with crossbow&lt;/code&gt;&quot; , &quot;&lt;code&gt;measuring waist sizes&lt;/code&gt;&quot; , &quot;&lt;code&gt;cutting fabrics with scissors&lt;/code&gt;&quot; (Sept 2024). Currently, it is far from perfect yet&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|7
|[[File:SD_-_Lady_wearing_bedleh_costume.png|frameless|512x512px]]
|'''&lt;u&gt;&lt;big&gt;Cultural Lost in Translation&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;During training, there are many intangible cultural / heritage that are overlooked during AI Model training (presumed) as it relied heavily on CLIP for automatic tagging but unfortunately it is more bias to the West sub-cultures and ignores many of the sub-cultures that are other than Western nations.&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;big&gt;As example, picture on right should generate a lady wearing a [[wikipedia:Badlah_(Egyptian_folklore_costume)|badlah]] (dancing costume from North Africa) but it generates loli type of dress.&lt;/big&gt;


&lt;big&gt;For example, it does not recognize :&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;(i) [[wikipedia:Badlah_(Egyptian_folklore_costume)|badlah costume]] from north Africa region&lt;/big&gt; 

&lt;big&gt;(ii) [[wikipedia:Kebaya|kebaya costume]] from South East Asia&lt;/big&gt;

|-
|8
|[[File:Centaur Failed Generation in Stable Diffusion.png|frameless|512x512px]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''&lt;u&gt;Unable to generate many of mythological creatures&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;Many AI Image Models are unable to generate any mythological creatures such as&lt;/big&gt; &lt;br&gt;
(i) Cyclop (At times, it will generate this type of copyrighted [[wikipedia:Cyclops_(Marvel_Comics)|cyclop]] )&lt;br&gt;
(ii) Centaur (Mostly it will generate man riding a horse in awkward ways) &lt;br&gt;
(iii) Pegasus  (It will generate a white horse without wings) , &lt;br&gt;
(iv) Medusa (It will generate a middle aged Caucasian woman wearing tiara without the famous snake hairs ) &lt;br&gt;
(v) Hydra (It will generate the [[wikipedia:Hydra_(island)|island town surroundings which is conveniently named Hydra]]) &lt;br&gt;
(vi) Cerberus (It will generate image of German Shepperd with one head only) &lt;br&gt;
(vii) Kraken (It will generate Cthulhu-ish type of monster)&lt;br&gt;
(viii) Mummy (It will generate middle aged Egyptian woman)&lt;br&gt;
(ix) Phoenix (It will generate an area in [[wikipedia:Phoenix,_Arizona|Phoenix, Arizona]])&lt;br&gt;
(x) Sphinx (It just generate the sphinx architecture in Egypt) &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

&lt;big&gt;But surprisingly, a few mythological creatures (are seems to be mostly fixed in SDXL) such as :&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;

&lt;big&gt;Minotaur&lt;/big&gt; &lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;Frost Giant&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;Anubis&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
|-
|9
|[[File:DALL-E - Anthropomorphic rhinoceros wearing business suit touching up painting Girl with Pearl Earringwith brushes.jpg|frameless|512x512px]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''&lt;u&gt;Bleeding Concepts&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;There are some concepts that are so strong that they &quot; bleed &quot; into the other subjects.&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;big&gt;For examples, the intention of prompt for this images is &lt;u&gt;the anthropomorphic rhinoceros are touching up paintings of [[commons:File:Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring.jpg|Girls with Pearl Earring (but in human forms)]]&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;big&gt;&lt;code&gt;Anthropomorphic rhinoceros wearing business suit touching up painting Girl with Pearl Earring with brushes&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;At times, changing word ordering may successfully improved the chances of your images according to your intention : [[AI Art Generation Handbook/Promptcrafting#Word Ordering|Refer here for more examples]]&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|10
|[[File:DALL-E- Oil painting of Self-portrait of a Mocker by painter Joseph Ducreux, the painting's subject talking to a smartphone.jpg|frameless|512x512px]]
|&lt;u&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Limited Training Data on Under Represented Subjects'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
&lt;big&gt;In context of painting , we may know the more popular painting such as ''[[commons:File:Mona_Lisa-LF-restoration-v2.jpg|Mona Lisa]]'' or ''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa_LACMA_M.81.91.2_(1_of_2).jpg The Great Wave off Kanagawa]'' but we may not know painting names of [[commons:File:Joseph_ducreux,_autoritratto_dell'artista_che_prende_il_giro,_1793,_01.jpg|&lt;u&gt;'''&quot;The Self Portrait of Mocker&quot;'''&lt;/u&gt;]]&lt;/big&gt; &lt;big&gt;(apart from the [https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/joseph-ducreux-archaic-rap &quot;Classical Art Men Pointing&quot; meme] in the late 2000's Internet)&lt;/big&gt; .  

&lt;big&gt;For example, the prompt of this image is &lt;code&gt;&quot;Oil painting of Self-portrait of a Mocker by painter Joseph Ducreux, the painting's subject talking to a smartphone&quot;&lt;/code&gt; but the generated images does not looked anything like the original painting at all&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;big&gt;Hence, the &quot;data curator&quot; may need to curate to include more of the under-represented subjects&lt;/big&gt; . 
|-
|11
|[[File:SD-_Female_superstar_model_without_a_moustache.jpg|frameless|512x512px]]
|&lt;big&gt;&lt;u&gt;'''Unable to understand negation'''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;big&gt;Many of AI image model up to this point unable to understand [[wiktionary:negation|negation]] (meant absence of nothing). For example in this image, the prompt is&lt;/big&gt; 

&lt;big&gt;&lt;code&gt;Female superstar model '''without''' a moustache&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;but however, the prompt unable to understand negation and still gives a woman with moustache&lt;/big&gt;

|-
|12
|[[File:SD_-_Tux_(Linux_Mascot)_Made_Out_of_Bamboo.jpg|frameless|512x512px]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''&lt;u&gt;Abstract Combinations&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/big&gt; 
&lt;big&gt;In this examples, combining concepts that are rarely seen together in the real world (like a penguin and bamboo) may not well-represented in the training data causing the model might struggle to generate it accurately.&lt;/big&gt;


&lt;big&gt;The prompt in this example is :&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;code&gt;Tux (Linux Mascot) is made out bamboo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|13
|[[File:SD_-_Stock_photo_of_Asian_male_with_Caucasian_female.jpg|frameless|512x512px]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''&lt;u&gt;Diversity in Image Training Dataset&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;big&gt;The prompt is &lt;code&gt;Stock photo of Asian male with '''Caucasian''' female&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;big&gt;Altough the AI Art are able to generate very realistic looking people but it is unable to generate the diverse races of people (For examples, pictures unable to generate Caucasian looking female although requested in the prompt). This is perhaps due to dataset that are trained which lacked of this features or the text encoder are not functionally good yet&lt;/big&gt; 

&lt;big&gt;See this news link for more detailed insight:&lt;/big&gt; 
&lt;big&gt;https://www.theverge.com/2024/4/3/24120029/instagram-meta-ai-sticker-generator-asian-people-racism&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|14
|[[File:Spring_in_the_desert.png|frameless|512x512px]]
|'''&lt;u&gt;&lt;big&gt;Semantic Undersatnding&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/u&gt;'''
&lt;big&gt;At times, AI are also having difficulties to understand some of the nuances of English language ; semantics.&lt;/big&gt; 

&lt;big&gt;As example, the ''spring'' in this context is referring to &quot;''water spring''&quot; instead of the &quot;''metal spring''&quot; although it is considered to be correct literally.&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|15
|[[File:FAKE_-_AI_generated_images_of_Isis_terrorist.png|frameless|512x512px]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''&lt;u&gt;Potential Tools for Propaganda&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt;A bad actor may misuse the AI Art Generation technology to generate propaganda images for their own benefits.&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;big&gt;As for example, this images were generated by Bing Image Creator (BIC) ~September 2023 before the Great Filter Purge happened where Bing Image Creator are able to generate the images of these prompts:&lt;/big&gt; 

&lt;big&gt;&lt;code&gt;Two ISIS terrorists are planting down ISIS flag in deserts of Afghanistan &lt;/code&gt; without any blocks back then&lt;/big&gt;
|}

== Training Image Dataset Issues ==
&lt;big&gt;For the AI art generations , from the white paper, each AI Art generation system uses own dataset to train .&lt;/big&gt; 

&lt;big&gt;For example: OpenAI 's DALL-E it is trained using [https://openai.com/research/image-gpt '''Image-GPT'''] and Stable Diffusion using '''[https://commoncrawl.org/ Common Crawl]''' , [https://rom1504.medium.com/semantic-search-at-billions-scale-95f21695689a '''Laion-5B'''](but it is believed it is not trained on all of 5B images) . It is believed SDXL are trained in '''[https://laion.ai/blog/laion-aesthetics/ Laion-Aesthetic].'''&lt;/big&gt; https://github.com/google-research-datasets/conceptual-12m
 

&lt;big&gt;As per saying goes, &quot;'''Garbage In, Garbage Out'''&quot; , generally meant as if the training images (input) is not properly curated, there are chances that the output images may be gibberish as well. This is the lesser known issues  but as times goes on, the AI Image models themself are also finetuned to let the generated images are getting better overtime . But generally,  many of limitations is due to the images suffers the following issues:&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;(i) Many of the smaller resolution picture [Less than 512*512px , out of focus (but not for aesthetic purposes)]&lt;/big&gt;  

&lt;big&gt;(ii) Wrong / misleading captions related to the images&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;(iii) Incomplete captioning of the images&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;(iv) The images database are heavily biased towards Western contexts inside images&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;(v) Absence of certain images / subjects&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
To solve many of the limitations, more curations (but expensive) are needed to curate the input images at least to Open-AI Dall-E standard (at least for year 2022 versions)&lt;/big&gt; 

[[Category:Book:AI Art Generation Handbook]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:לובר</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>469033</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4441204</id>
      <parentid>4428114</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-15T23:55:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nihonjoe</username>
        <id>58048</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Nihonjoe moved page [[User:גני טווילרי]] to [[User:לובר]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/גני טווילרי|גני טווילרי]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/לובר|לובר]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>4428114</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="127" sha1="d7xr53k8pwg24onxtneh5ajfc2qxwbp" xml:space="preserve">{{user language|he|N}}
[[File:Louvre Paris from top.jpg|350px]]&lt;br&gt;'''[[:w:fr:Jardin des Tuileries|Le jardin des Tuileries]]'''</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4441209</id>
      <parentid>4441204</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-16T01:54:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>לובר</username>
        <id>3480407</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update</comment>
      <origin>4441209</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="125" sha1="azfy34q32kfdndz6gw3q5twttbbldan" xml:space="preserve">{{user language|he|N}}
[[File:Louvre Courtyard, Looking West.jpg|400px]]&lt;br&gt;'''[[:w:fr:Musée du Louvre|Musée du Louvre]]'''</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2024/August</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>469569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4441229</id>
      <parentid>4441008</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-16T08:10:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ArchiverBot</username>
        <id>1227662</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bot: Archiving 1 thread from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="13209" sha1="pva7klv0ih62xa5ib4q6zefuia4ympo" xml:space="preserve">{{talk archive}}

== Another user editing User:Jay Bolero's user page ==

{{ping|MarcGarver|Xania}} (I'm pinging CUs because this is related to my previous CU request, [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2024/February#Alert_about_possible_evasion_of_previous_1-week_block_at_English_Wikibooks_(CU_needed?)]]). &lt;br&gt;
Last time I was able to request CU because I found [[Special:Contributions/BASILLABASALLOTE]] editing the user page of {{noping|Jay Bolero}} (JB, [[special:diff/4369584]]). I recently found a [[Special:Contributions/Me_Lendroz|another account]] (3rd account) changing JB's user page ([[special:diff/4424293]]). Also, JB and the 3rd account refer to the same region in the Philippines. In addition, JB and the 3rd account also overlap at [[Bikol/Why Study Bikol?]], [[Bikol/Introduction]], [[Bikol/Numbers]], [[Bikol/Particles]], [[Bikol/Vocabulary]], etc. As can be seen in [[special:permalink/4369359]] and [[special:permalink/4366300]], both users are causing recipe-related issues (all of them are warned by [[user:Kittycataclysm]]), and I think increasing issues by more accounts is unacceptable. &lt;br&gt;
If they are related, what should we do with them? If they are not related, should we revert the user page edits made by the 3rd account? What do our admins and CUs think about this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 08:22, 28 July 2024 (UTC)

:Thank you for flagging this! If these are the same individual, I think we would have to determine whether this is an acceptable use of sockpuppetry. We don't have an official policy for sockpuppets (just [[Wikibooks:Sockpuppets|this proposal]]), but I'm not seeing any good reason for these sockpuppets to exist (assuming they are indeed sockpuppets). —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:55, 28 July 2024 (UTC)
: (Note) Talkback sent to CU ([[Special:Diff/4425128]]). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:55, 1 August 2024 (UTC)
::They've done similar on the English Wikivoyage – I'd say they're not really using socks to actively disrupt Wikibooks so it's not as huge of a problem as it would be on Wikipedia. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 13:01, 1 August 2024 (UTC)
== EDP ==

Hello! I'm trying to update [[:m:Non-free_content#Wikibooks]] and link EDP's to {{q|Q4391089}} the Exemption Doctrine Policy (EDP) page.

English Wikibooks have this EDP: [[Wikibooks:Media#Non-free_media]]. It is linked to {{Q|Q4618557}} which is a help page.

So I wonder if we could create [[Wikibooks:EDP]] as a redirect and link that to {{q|Q4391089}}. Or to move the EDP to that page and just transclude it at [[Wikibooks:Media#Non-free_media]] (similar to what enwiki does). --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 13:23, 1 August 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:MGA73|MGA73]]! I'm not sure I understand the reason for the following:
::&quot;I wonder if we could create Wikibooks:EDP as a redirect and link that to Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria (Q4391089). Or to move the EDP to that page and just transclude it at Wikibooks:Media#Non-free_media (similar to what enwiki does).&quot;
:Could you explain why you're suggesting this? Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:18, 5 August 2024 (UTC)
::I can try :-) If you look at {{q|Q4391089}} then it looks like the only Wikibooks that allow non-free content is the Russian wikibooks. The list on meta is maintained manually and as you can see it is not updated. If we use Wikidata it should be more updated and give a better understanding of how many wikis allow non-free content. But since it is not possible to have more items on Wikidata to point to one page on Wikibooks we should either split out the EDP from the page or link the item on Wikidata to a redirect. If we split out the page the link will work both from Wikibooks to Wikidata and reversed. If we add the item to a redirect the link will only work one way because it is not likely anyone will go to the redirect and click wikidata from there. --[[User:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[User talk:MGA73|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MGA73|contribs]]) 18:29, 5 August 2024 (UTC)
== [[Special:Contributions/Maklerfinden]] ==

This is a spam-only account. Please take care of the pages. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 13:52, 8 August 2024 (UTC)

:[[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|&lt;small&gt;|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|&lt;/small&gt;|}} —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:25, 8 August 2024 (UTC)
== [[Special:Contributions/Inspilingua]] ==

Spam-only account which username matches a website domain. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:44, 9 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{done}} by Kittycatalcysm. I've also changed the visibility of said edits. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 01:28, 10 August 2024 (UTC)
== [[Special:Contributions/2405:204:0:0:0:0:0:0/32]] and [[:w:Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard/IncidentArchive1157#IP_editor_adds_unsourced_content_to_JP_writing_system_articles]] ==

{{ping|MarcGarver}} (pinging ENWB-based steward) It looks like there is ongoing xwiki abuse involving the unicode-related topics (please see [[Special:Contributions/2405:204:0:0:0:0:0:0/32]] and the block log of [[:w:Special:Contributions/2405:204:0:0:0:0:0:0/32]]). I noticed this via [[special:diff/4425793]], [[special:diff/4424181]], [[special:diff/4424007]] (semi-protection by [[user:Kittycataclysm]]), etc. How should we handle this? Should all targeted pages be semi-protected, and should we have range blocks here? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 07:56, 5 August 2024 (UTC)
: I also noticed that [[Special:Contributions/2409:4040:0:0:0:0:0:0/32]] (see also [[:w:Special:Contributions/2409:4040:0:0:0:0:0:0/32]]) is also involved here ([[special:diff/4425787]]). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 08:00, 5 August 2024 (UTC)
:Thanks @[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]]! I've done some partial blocking of these ranges for a few of the main book pages; however, I don't see a way to block them from editing the entire book—we would have to do each page individually, and there are a lot. I also can't seem to do cascading protection for the book pages, since cascading protection is only allowed when restricting edit access to administrators only (I don't understand why this is). We would have to protect each page individually. @[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] do you know how we could request more cascading protection/blocking options in the interface? These would make a lot of sense here at WB. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:36, 5 August 2024 (UTC)
::{{re|Kittycataclysm}}, a filter can do this. I can set this up. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 13:27, 5 August 2024 (UTC)
:::Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:14, 5 August 2024 (UTC)
::::{{re|Kittycataclysm}}, {{done}} - see filter 69 [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 16:20, 12 August 2024 (UTC)
:::::Thank you again! Is there a good resource for me to learn how to use the edit filter? I'd like to be able to help manage it. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:32, 12 August 2024 (UTC)
::::::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} I recommend looking at [[mediawikiwiki:Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format]] and playing with it on the Beta Cluster ([[mediawikiwiki:Beta Cluster]]) which gives you an opportunity to test these things without causing any kind of damage from a bad filter. It may also help looking at the filters we already have to see how they work. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 06:38, 13 August 2024 (UTC)
== CU request ==

Hello! @[[User:Xania|Xania]]@[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] Could we get a CU for the following users?
*[[User:MatthewTheUnicodeGuy]]
*[[User:MatthewtheUnicodeGuy25]]
*[[User:Matthew7829]]
They are all active in [[Unicode]], which has been the target of a lot of vandalism. Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:45, 12 August 2024 (UTC)
:I tried but couldn't get anything conclusive about these users because the edits were not made in the past 90 days for two of the users (maybe this is a recent change as I think it used to show IP information for all edits).--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 07:37, 13 August 2024 (UTC)
:Follow up: The last of these users is definietely connected to other blocked users who were blocked for editing the Unicode pages (Ashtontameirao7829 and Ashtoncreates1225). I'll block each of these accounts which should also auto-block the last IP address used.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]]  [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|&lt;sup&gt;talk&lt;/sup&gt;]] 07:43, 13 August 2024 (UTC)
::CU has always been time limited due to the WMF privacy policy. For LTAs, some data is manually archived on the CheckUser Wiki. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:34, 13 August 2024 (UTC)
::Thank you! I'm going to be very conservative with this book's edit approvals going forward, since the vandalism appears to be quite extensive and hard to detect, with many socks. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:28, 13 August 2024 (UTC)
== [[Special:Contributions/Nadi_Astrology_Service]] ==

Username issues (implies business). [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:28, 16 August 2024 (UTC)

:Blocked—thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:23, 16 August 2024 (UTC)
== [[Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B000:0:0:0:0:0/41]] again ==

An IP range that was previously blocked per [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance/Archives/2024/June#Special:Contributions/2600:1003:B000:0:0:0:0:0/41]] has become active again with no good. Please consider the extension of the previous range block. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:14, 19 August 2024 (UTC)

:Blocked again—thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:30, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
== [[Special:Contributions/Gourjass]] ==

Please check this, all page creations are spam-only. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 08:03, 20 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{done}} by Kittycataclysm. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 00:20, 21 August 2024 (UTC)
== [[Special:Contributions/Dhfhdhddh]] ==

Vandalism-only account. [[User:FatalFit|FatalFit]] ([[User talk:FatalFit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/FatalFit|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 August 2024 (UTC)

:Looks globally locked! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:04, 24 August 2024 (UTC)
== [[Hosenul Islam]] ==

I recognize that (auto)biographies do not belong to Wikibooks, but the deletion tag is being removed by the author. Please delete this page. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:21, 25 August 2024 (UTC)

:{{done}} by Kittycataclysm. Thanks for the report. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 13:10, 26 August 2024 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bikol/False Friends</title>
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        <username>Crystal East</username>
        <id>3480006</id>
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      <text bytes="986" sha1="4n1pvumr0asf5tkdgg7bc48fuwkoqb4" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Bikol/Vocabulary}}
False friend is a word or expression that has a similar form to one in a person's native language, but a different meaning (for example English gift and German Gift ‘poison’).

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!word
!English translation of the Bikol word 
!English translation of the Tagalog word
|-
|bulong
|medication 
|whisper 
|-
|sira 
|fish
|beyond repair 
|-
|kulog
|pain
|thunder 
|-
|gamot
|root
|medication 
|-
|daga
|soil
|rat
|-
|iyo
|yes
|yours
|-
|batok 
|barking of a dog 
|nape 
|-
|matibay
|excellent 
|tough
|-
|hiling
|to see, to look
|wish
|-
|ito
|that&lt;br&gt; (''Bikol Legazpi'')
|this
|-
|asin
|and
|salt*
|-
|pasa
|broken&lt;br&gt; (as in ''of glass'')
|bruise 
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;  ''salt'' is also called ''asin'' in Bikol


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!word
!English translation of the Bikol word 
!English translation of the Indonesian word
|-
|pagi
|stingray 
|morning 
|-
|ayam 
|dog 
|chicken
|- 
|}
{{Template:Bikol/Vocabulary}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Interesting social sciences/Glossary of terms</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Валерий Стариков</username>
        <id>936112</id>
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      <text bytes="4006" sha1="3d8mdyi87mkllnq960muyp0pjynxagf" xml:space="preserve">==Glossary of terms==

'''Absolute truth''' is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

'''Absolute delusion''' is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

'''Authoritarianism''' is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

'''Socialization agents''' are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

'''Agnosticism''' is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

'''Additive behavior''' is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

'''Axiology''' is the science of values.

'''Altruism''' is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

'''Questionnaire''' is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

'''Anomia (sociology)''' is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

'''Anti-social behavior''' is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

'''Philosophical anthropology''' is the doctrine about man.

'''Apartheid''' is South Africa's system of segregating whites and &quot;people of color&quot; in the recent past.

'''Apeiron '''(according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

'''Aporia''' (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

'''Apostle''' is disciple of Jesus Christ.

'''Aristocracy''' is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

'''Artifact''' is the creation of human hands

'''Asceticism''' (from the Greek &quot;exercise&quot;) is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

'''Atheist''' is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

'''Atman''' (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

'''Biosphere''' is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

'''Behaviorism''' (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

'''Bohemianism''' is a culture of artists and painters.

'''Marriage''' is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

'''Bourgeoisie''' is a class of entrepreneurs.

'''Government budget''' is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

'''Budget deficit''' is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

'''Bureaucracy''' is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

'''Gross national product (GNP)''' is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

'''Verification procedure''' is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

'''Veto''' is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

'''Guilt''' is a negative judgment about yourself.

'''Political power''' is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

'''Elections''' are a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

'''Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class''' is a group of people who are controllers in society.

'''Heliocentric theory''' is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

'''Geographical direction in sociology''' is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

'''Geopolitics''' (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4441163</id>
      <parentid>4441158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-15T14:40:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Валерий Стариков</username>
        <id>936112</id>
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      <text bytes="3998" sha1="5bhiclgijlfvtvjsgbl9yydcw61yni7" xml:space="preserve">==Glossary of terms==

'''Absolute truth''' is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

'''Absolute delusion''' is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

'''Authoritarianism''' is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

'''Socialization agents''' are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

'''Agnosticism''' is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

'''Additive behavior''' is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

'''Axiology''' is the science of values.

'''Altruism''' is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

'''Questionnaire''' is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

'''Anomia (sociology)''' is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

'''Anti-social behavior''' is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

'''Philosophical anthropology''' is the doctrine about man.

'''Apartheid''' is South Africa's system of segregating whites and &quot;people of color&quot; in the recent past.

'''Apeiron '''(according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

'''Aporia''' (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

'''Apostle''' is disciple of Jesus Christ.

'''Aristocracy''' is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

'''Artifact''' is the creation of human hands

'''Asceticism''' (from the Greek &quot;exercise&quot;) is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

'''Atheist''' is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

'''Atman''' (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

'''Biosphere''' is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

'''Behaviorism''' (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

'''Bohemianism''' is a culture of artists and painters.

'''Marriage''' is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

'''Bourgeoisie''' is a class of entrepreneurs.

'''Government budget''' is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

'''Budget deficit''' is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

'''Bureaucracy''' is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

'''Gross national product (GNP)''' is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

'''Verification procedure''' is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

'''Veto''' is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

'''Guilt''' is a negative judgment about yourself.

'''Political power''' is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

'''Election''' is a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

'''Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class''' is a group of people who are controllers in society.

'''Heliocentrism''' is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

'''Geographical direction in sociology''' is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

'''Geopolitics''' (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4441166</id>
      <parentid>4441163</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-15T15:01:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>936112</id>
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      <text bytes="4745" sha1="tf6wozl095s39qhm5u0r88nxk0v2d1p" xml:space="preserve">==Glossary of terms==

'''Absolute truth''' is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

'''Absolute delusion''' is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

'''Authoritarianism''' is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

'''Socialization agents''' are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

'''Agnosticism''' is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

'''Additive behavior''' is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

'''Axiology''' is the science of values.

'''Altruism''' is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

'''Questionnaire''' is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

'''Anomia (sociology)''' is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

'''Anti-social behavior''' is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

'''Philosophical anthropology''' is the doctrine about man.

'''Apartheid''' is South Africa's system of segregating whites and &quot;people of color&quot; in the recent past.

'''Apeiron '''(according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

'''Aporia''' (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

'''Apostle''' is disciple of Jesus Christ.

'''Aristocracy''' is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

'''Artifact''' is the creation of human hands

'''Asceticism''' (from the Greek &quot;exercise&quot;) is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

'''Atheist''' is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

'''Atman''' (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

'''Biosphere''' is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

'''Behaviorism''' (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

'''Bohemianism''' is a culture of artists and painters.

'''Marriage''' is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

'''Bourgeoisie''' is a class of entrepreneurs.

'''Government budget''' is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

'''Budget deficit''' is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

'''Bureaucracy''' is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

'''Gross national product (GNP)''' is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

'''Verification procedure''' is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

'''Veto''' is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

'''Guilt''' is a negative judgment about yourself.

'''Political power''' is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

'''Election''' is a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

'''Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class''' is a group of people who are controllers in society.

'''Heliocentrism''' is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

'''Geographical direction in sociology''' is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

'''Geopolitics''' (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

'''Geocentric model''' is a false theory about the rotation of the Sun, planets and stars around the Earth.

'''Geoeconomics''' is the global economy.

'''Gerontocracy''' is the rule of old people.

'''Gerusia''' is the council of elders (in Greek - geronts).

'''Hypnosis''' is the suggestion of norms of behavior through the immersion of a person in a trance.

'''Global society''' is a modern society throughout the globe, when a single earthly civilization arose instead of many isolated local civilizations.

'''Epistemology''' is a theory about human knowledge of the world.

'''Homeostasis''' is the process of maintaining equilibrium.

'''State''' (polity) is a political organization that controls the activities of citizens in society.

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'''Absolute truth''' is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

'''Absolute delusion''' is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

'''Authoritarianism''' is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

'''Socialization agents''' are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

'''Agnosticism''' is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

'''Additive behavior''' is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

'''Axiology''' is the science of values.

'''Altruism''' is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

'''Questionnaire''' is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

'''Anomia (sociology)''' is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

'''Anti-social behavior''' is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

'''Philosophical anthropology''' is the doctrine about man.

'''Apartheid''' is South Africa's system of segregating whites and &quot;people of color&quot; in the recent past.

'''Apeiron '''(according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

'''Aporia''' (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

'''Apostle''' is disciple of Jesus Christ.

'''Aristocracy''' is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

'''Artifact''' is the creation of human hands

'''Asceticism''' (from the Greek &quot;exercise&quot;) is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

'''Atheist''' is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

'''Atman''' (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

'''Biosphere''' is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

'''Behaviorism''' (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

'''Bohemianism''' is a culture of artists and painters.

'''Marriage''' is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

'''Bourgeoisie''' is a class of entrepreneurs.

'''Government budget''' is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

'''Budget deficit''' is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

'''Bureaucracy''' is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

'''Gross national product (GNP)''' is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

'''Verification procedure''' is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

'''Veto''' is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

'''Guilt''' is a negative judgment about yourself.

'''Political power''' is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

'''Election''' is a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

'''Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class''' is a group of people who are controllers in society.

'''Heliocentrism''' is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

'''Geographical direction in sociology''' is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

'''Geopolitics''' (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

'''Geocentric model''' is a false theory about the rotation of the Sun, planets and stars around the Earth.

'''Geoeconomics''' is the global economy.

'''Gerontocracy''' is the rule of old people.

'''Gerusia''' is the council of elders (in Greek - geronts).

'''Hypnosis''' is the suggestion of norms of behavior through the immersion of a person in a trance.

'''Global society''' is a modern society throughout the globe, when a single earthly civilization arose instead of many isolated local civilizations.

'''Epistemology''' is a theory about human knowledge of the world.

'''Homeostasis''' is the process of maintaining equilibrium.

'''State''' (polity) is a political organization that controls the activities of citizens in society.

'''Civil society''' is a collection of people, groups and non-governmental organizations that should be able to control the activities of the bureaucracy.

'''Group marriage''' is a marriage between several men and several women.

'''Social movement''' is active group of people whose goal is to establish a new system of life.

'''Devaluation''' is the depreciation of the national currency.

'''Deviant behavior''' (sociology) is abnormal behavior.

'''Deduction''' is condescension from abstract to concrete, from axioms to consequences and predictions that should be checked.

'''Acting crowd''' is an aggressive crowd.

'''Demagogue''' is a person who knows how to influence a crowd in personal unseemly interests.

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      <text bytes="6048" sha1="0m3b76nolgaabqph2eaqqo2m721rqcx" xml:space="preserve">==Glossary of terms==

'''Absolute truth''' is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

'''Absolute delusion''' is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

'''Authoritarianism''' is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

'''Socialization agents''' are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

'''Agnosticism''' is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

'''Additive behavior''' is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

'''Axiology''' is the science of values.

'''Altruism''' is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

'''Questionnaire''' is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

'''Anomia (sociology)''' is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

'''Anti-social behavior''' is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

'''Philosophical anthropology''' is the doctrine about man.

'''Apartheid''' is South Africa's system of segregating whites and &quot;people of color&quot; in the recent past.

'''Apeiron '''(according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

'''Aporia''' (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

'''Apostle''' is disciple of Jesus Christ.

'''Aristocracy''' is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

'''Artifact''' is the creation of human hands

'''Asceticism''' (from the Greek &quot;exercise&quot;) is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

'''Atheist''' is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

'''Atman''' (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

'''Biosphere''' is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

'''Behaviorism''' (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

'''Bohemianism''' is a culture of artists and painters.

'''Marriage''' is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

'''Bourgeoisie''' is a class of entrepreneurs.

'''Government budget''' is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

'''Budget deficit''' is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

'''Bureaucracy''' is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

'''Gross national product (GNP)''' is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

'''Verification procedure''' is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

'''Veto''' is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

'''Guilt''' is a negative judgment about yourself.

'''Political power''' is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

'''Election''' is a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

'''Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class''' is a group of people who are controllers in society.

'''Heliocentrism''' is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

'''Geographical direction in sociology''' is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

'''Geopolitics''' (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

'''Geocentric model''' is a false theory about the rotation of the Sun, planets and stars around the Earth.

'''Geoeconomics''' is the global economy.

'''Gerontocracy''' is the rule of old people.

'''Gerusia''' is the council of elders (in Greek - geronts).

'''Hypnosis''' is the suggestion of norms of behavior through the immersion of a person in a trance.

'''Global society''' is a modern society throughout the globe, when a single earthly civilization arose instead of many isolated local civilizations.

'''Epistemology''' is a theory about human knowledge of the world.

'''Homeostasis''' is the process of maintaining equilibrium.

'''State''' (polity) is a political organization that controls the activities of citizens in society.

'''Civil society''' is a collection of people, groups and non-governmental organizations that should be able to control the activities of the bureaucracy.

'''Group marriage''' is a marriage between several men and several women.

'''Social movement''' is active group of people whose goal is to establish a new system of life.

'''Devaluation''' is the depreciation of the national currency.

'''Deviant behavior''' (sociology) is abnormal behavior.

'''Deduction''' is condescension from abstract to concrete, from axioms to consequences and predictions that should be checked.

'''Acting crowd''' is an aggressive crowd.

'''Demagogue''' is a person who knows how to influence a crowd in personal unseemly interests.

'''Demography''' is the science of population numbers, composition and change.

'''Democracy''' is a political regime in which the ruler can control only the political sphere, but within the framework of the constitution.

'''Ochlocracy''' is rabble power, a form of government in which power belongs to the majority of citizens who rule badly.

'''Money''' is a special commodity that is accepted by all people in exchange for any other goods.

'''Default''' is gross deception, the government's refusal to pay the debts of its creditors.

'''Dialectics''' is the art of dispute.

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      <text bytes="6560" sha1="477yaxh4vdpdpsehvbhk6387wa54owj" xml:space="preserve">==Glossary of terms==

'''Absolute truth''' is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

'''Absolute delusion''' is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

'''Authoritarianism''' is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

'''Socialization agents''' are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

'''Agnosticism''' is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

'''Additive behavior''' is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

'''Axiology''' is the science of values.

'''Altruism''' is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

'''Questionnaire''' is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

'''Anomia (sociology)''' is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

'''Anti-social behavior''' is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

'''Philosophical anthropology''' is the doctrine about man.

'''Apartheid''' is South Africa's system of segregating whites and &quot;people of color&quot; in the recent past.

'''Apeiron '''(according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

'''Aporia''' (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

'''Apostle''' is disciple of Jesus Christ.

'''Aristocracy''' is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

'''Artifact''' is the creation of human hands

'''Asceticism''' (from the Greek &quot;exercise&quot;) is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

'''Atheist''' is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

'''Atman''' (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

'''Biosphere''' is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

'''Behaviorism''' (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

'''Bohemianism''' is a culture of artists and painters.

'''Marriage''' is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

'''Bourgeoisie''' is a class of entrepreneurs.

'''Government budget''' is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

'''Budget deficit''' is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

'''Bureaucracy''' is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

'''Gross national product (GNP)''' is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

'''Verification procedure''' is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

'''Veto''' is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

'''Guilt''' is a negative judgment about yourself.

'''Political power''' is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

'''Election''' is a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

'''Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class''' is a group of people who are controllers in society.

'''Heliocentrism''' is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

'''Geographical direction in sociology''' is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

'''Geopolitics''' (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

'''Geocentric model''' is a false theory about the rotation of the Sun, planets and stars around the Earth.

'''Geoeconomics''' is the global economy.

'''Gerontocracy''' is the rule of old people.

'''Gerusia''' is the council of elders (in Greek - geronts).

'''Hypnosis''' is the suggestion of norms of behavior through the immersion of a person in a trance.

'''Global society''' is a modern society throughout the globe, when a single earthly civilization arose instead of many isolated local civilizations.

'''Epistemology''' is a theory about human knowledge of the world.

'''Homeostasis''' is the process of maintaining equilibrium.

'''State''' (polity) is a political organization that controls the activities of citizens in society.

'''Civil society''' is a collection of people, groups and non-governmental organizations that should be able to control the activities of the bureaucracy.

'''Group marriage''' is a marriage between several men and several women.

'''Social movement''' is active group of people whose goal is to establish a new system of life.

'''Devaluation''' is the depreciation of the national currency.

'''Deviant behavior''' (sociology) is abnormal behavior.

'''Deduction''' is condescension from abstract to concrete, from axioms to consequences and predictions that should be checked.

'''Acting crowd''' is an aggressive crowd.

'''Demagogue''' is a person who knows how to influence a crowd in personal unseemly interests.

'''Demography''' is the science of population numbers, composition and change.

'''Democracy''' is a political regime in which the ruler can control only the political sphere, but within the framework of the constitution.

'''Ochlocracy''' is rabble power, a form of government in which power belongs to the majority of citizens who rule badly.

'''Money''' is a special commodity that is accepted by all people in exchange for any other goods.

'''Default''' is gross deception, the government's refusal to pay the debts of its creditors.

'''Dialectics''' is the art of dispute.

'''Dictatorship''' is a strong power that often means tyranny.

'''Dynamics''' is a description of the sequence of stages in the development of the structure of a social organism, that is, the emergence of more and more new organizations and groups.

'''Strike''' is a way of conducting an administrative conflict on the part of employees, which means stopping work until the employer agrees to an increase in wages.

'''Law''' is the norm and rule of conduct.

'''Id''' is the instinctive core of personality.

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'''Absolute truth''' is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

'''Absolute delusion''' is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

'''Authoritarianism''' is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

'''Socialization agents''' are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

'''Agnosticism''' is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

'''Additive behavior''' is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

'''Axiology''' is the science of values.

'''Altruism''' is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

'''Questionnaire''' is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

'''Anomia (sociology)''' is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

'''Anti-social behavior''' is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

'''Philosophical anthropology''' is the doctrine about man.

'''Apartheid''' is South Africa's system of segregating whites and &quot;people of color&quot; in the recent past.

'''Apeiron '''(according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

'''Aporia''' (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

'''Apostle''' is disciple of Jesus Christ.

'''Aristocracy''' is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

'''Artifact''' is the creation of human hands

'''Asceticism''' (from the Greek &quot;exercise&quot;) is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

'''Atheist''' is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

'''Atman''' (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

'''Biosphere''' is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

'''Behaviorism''' (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

'''Bohemianism''' is a culture of artists and painters.

'''Marriage''' is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

'''Bourgeoisie''' is a class of entrepreneurs.

'''Government budget''' is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

'''Budget deficit''' is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

'''Bureaucracy''' is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

'''Gross national product (GNP)''' is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

'''Verification procedure''' is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

'''Veto''' is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

'''Guilt''' is a negative judgment about yourself.

'''Political power''' is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

'''Election''' is a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

'''Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class''' is a group of people who are controllers in society.

'''Heliocentrism''' is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

'''Geographical direction in sociology''' is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

'''Geopolitics''' (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

'''Geocentric model''' is a false theory about the rotation of the Sun, planets and stars around the Earth.

'''Geoeconomics''' is the global economy.

'''Gerontocracy''' is the rule of old people.

'''Gerusia''' is the council of elders (in Greek - geronts).

'''Hypnosis''' is the suggestion of norms of behavior through the immersion of a person in a trance.

'''Global society''' is a modern society throughout the globe, when a single earthly civilization arose instead of many isolated local civilizations.

'''Epistemology''' is a theory about human knowledge of the world.

'''Homeostasis''' is the process of maintaining equilibrium.

'''State''' (polity) is a political organization that controls the activities of citizens in society.

'''Civil society''' is a collection of people, groups and non-governmental organizations that should be able to control the activities of the bureaucracy.

'''Group marriage''' is a marriage between several men and several women.

'''Social movement''' is active group of people whose goal is to establish a new system of life.

'''Devaluation''' is the depreciation of the national currency.

'''Deviant behavior''' (sociology) is abnormal behavior.

'''Deduction''' is condescension from abstract to concrete, from axioms to consequences and predictions that should be checked.

'''Acting crowd''' is an aggressive crowd.

'''Demagogue''' is a person who knows how to influence a crowd in personal unseemly interests.

'''Demography''' is the science of population numbers, composition and change.

'''Democracy''' is a political regime in which the ruler can control only the political sphere, but within the framework of the constitution.

'''Ochlocracy''' is rabble power, a form of government in which power belongs to the majority of citizens who rule badly.

'''Money''' is a special commodity that is accepted by all people in exchange for any other goods.

'''Default''' is gross deception, the government's refusal to pay the debts of its creditors.

'''Dialectics''' is the art of dispute.

'''Dictatorship''' is a strong power that often means tyranny.

'''Dynamics''' is a description of the sequence of stages in the development of the structure of a social organism, that is, the emergence of more and more new organizations and groups.

'''Strike''' is a way of conducting an administrative conflict on the part of employees, which means stopping work until the employer agrees to an increase in wages.

'''Law''' is the norm and rule of conduct.

'''Id''' is the instinctive core of personality.

'''Subjective idealism''' is a theory according to which things are complexes of our sensations, there are not things, but only our consciousness.

'''Ideology''' is a theoretical system that justifies certain values ​ ​ and norms.

'''Isomorphism''' is a similarity of various systems.

'''Social hierarchy''' is a pyramid.

'''Empire''' is a country built by conquest.

'''Impeachment''' (from English impeachment - accusation, conviction) - the procedure for removing the president of the country from office by parliament.

'''Import''' is the purchase of goods abroad.

'''Inductive reasoning''' is the ascent from concrete to abstract, from experienced data to theory.

'''Industrialization''' is the creation of industry.

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'''Absolute truth''' is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

'''Absolute delusion''' is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

'''Authoritarianism''' is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

'''Socialization agents''' are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

'''Agnosticism''' is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

'''Additive behavior''' is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

'''Axiology''' is the science of values.

'''Altruism''' is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

'''Questionnaire''' is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

'''Anomia (sociology)''' is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

'''Anti-social behavior''' is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

'''Philosophical anthropology''' is the doctrine about man.

'''Apartheid''' is South Africa's system of segregating whites and &quot;people of color&quot; in the recent past.

'''Apeiron '''(according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

'''Aporia''' (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

'''Apostle''' is disciple of Jesus Christ.

'''Aristocracy''' is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

'''Artifact''' is the creation of human hands

'''Asceticism''' (from the Greek &quot;exercise&quot;) is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

'''Atheist''' is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

'''Atman''' (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

'''Biosphere''' is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

'''Behaviorism''' (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

'''Bohemianism''' is a culture of artists and painters.

'''Marriage''' is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

'''Bourgeoisie''' is a class of entrepreneurs.

'''Government budget''' is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

'''Budget deficit''' is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

'''Bureaucracy''' is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

'''Gross national product (GNP)''' is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

'''Verification procedure''' is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

'''Veto''' is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

'''Guilt''' is a negative judgment about yourself.

'''Political power''' is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

'''Election''' is a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

'''Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class''' is a group of people who are controllers in society.

'''Heliocentrism''' is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

'''Geographical direction in sociology''' is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

'''Geopolitics''' (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

'''Geocentric model''' is a false theory about the rotation of the Sun, planets and stars around the Earth.

'''Geoeconomics''' is the global economy.

'''Gerontocracy''' is the rule of old people.

'''Gerusia''' is the council of elders (in Greek - geronts).

'''Hypnosis''' is the suggestion of norms of behavior through the immersion of a person in a trance.

'''Global society''' is a modern society throughout the globe, when a single earthly civilization arose instead of many isolated local civilizations.

'''Epistemology''' is a theory about human knowledge of the world.

'''Homeostasis''' is the process of maintaining equilibrium.

'''State''' (polity) is a political organization that controls the activities of citizens in society.

'''Civil society''' is a collection of people, groups and non-governmental organizations that should be able to control the activities of the bureaucracy.

'''Group marriage''' is a marriage between several men and several women.

'''Social movement''' is active group of people whose goal is to establish a new system of life.

'''Devaluation''' is the depreciation of the national currency.

'''Deviant behavior''' (sociology) is abnormal behavior.

'''Deduction''' is condescension from abstract to concrete, from axioms to consequences and predictions that should be checked.

'''Acting crowd''' is an aggressive crowd.

'''Demagogue''' is a person who knows how to influence a crowd in personal unseemly interests.

'''Demography''' is the science of population numbers, composition and change.

'''Democracy''' is a political regime in which the ruler can control only the political sphere, but within the framework of the constitution.

'''Ochlocracy''' is rabble power, a form of government in which power belongs to the majority of citizens who rule badly.

'''Money''' is a special commodity that is accepted by all people in exchange for any other goods.

'''Default''' is gross deception, the government's refusal to pay the debts of its creditors.

'''Dialectics''' is the art of dispute.

'''Dictatorship''' is a strong power that often means tyranny.

'''Dynamics''' is a description of the sequence of stages in the development of the structure of a social organism, that is, the emergence of more and more new organizations and groups.

'''Strike''' is a way of conducting an administrative conflict on the part of employees, which means stopping work until the employer agrees to an increase in wages.

'''Law''' is the norm and rule of conduct.

'''Id''' is the instinctive core of personality.

'''Subjective idealism''' is a theory according to which things are complexes of our sensations, there are not things, but only our consciousness.

'''Ideology''' is a theoretical system that justifies certain values ​ ​ and norms.

'''Isomorphism''' is a similarity of various systems.

'''Social hierarchy''' is a pyramid.

'''Empire''' is a country built by conquest.

'''Impeachment''' (from English impeachment - accusation, conviction) - the procedure for removing the president of the country from office by parliament.

'''Import''' is the purchase of goods abroad.

'''Inductive reasoning''' is the ascent from concrete to abstract, from experienced data to theory.

'''Industrialization''' is the creation of industry.

'''Instinctivism''' is the theory that social processes are explained by people's instincts.

'''Symbolic interactionism''' is a theory whose representatives believe that people exchange information, conflict and control the activities of other people using symbols - gestures, acting out scenes and creating an image.

'''Introvert''' is a person whose interest is directed towards himself, he is guided in his behavior only by internal principles.

'''Intuition''' is the perception of the world around a person or animal with the help of the unconscious, when, based on past experience and without any thought, from somewhere in the depths of the subconscious, a ready-made recipe for solving a problem or a ready-made action plan in the form of a premonition emerges.

'''Inflation''' (from Latin &quot;bloat&quot;) is the process of raising the overall level of prices in a country, leading to the depreciation of the monetary unit.

'''Economic infrastructure''' is the construction of a transport network, ports, communications, gasification and electrification.

'''Irrationalism''' is a current in philosophy that insists on limiting the role of the mind in history and cognition, where instincts, intuition and feelings play the main role.

'''Art''' is a specific form of reflecting the world around us using artistic images.

'''Truth''' is confirmability, consistency and efficiency.

'''Cadastre''' is a taxpayer's book.

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      <text bytes="9362" sha1="smigd35a4jlcdvjvrfjt1ijqpq71ctm" xml:space="preserve">==Glossary of terms==

'''Absolute truth''' is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

'''Absolute delusion''' is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

'''Authoritarianism''' is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

'''Socialization agents''' are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

'''Agnosticism''' is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

'''Additive behavior''' is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

'''Axiology''' is the science of values.

'''Altruism''' is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

'''Questionnaire''' is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

'''Anomia (sociology)''' is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

'''Anti-social behavior''' is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

'''Philosophical anthropology''' is the doctrine about man.

'''Apartheid''' is South Africa's system of segregating whites and &quot;people of color&quot; in the recent past.

'''Apeiron '''(according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

'''Aporia''' (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

'''Apostle''' is disciple of Jesus Christ.

'''Aristocracy''' is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

'''Artifact''' is the creation of human hands

'''Asceticism''' (from the Greek &quot;exercise&quot;) is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

'''Atheist''' is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

'''Atman''' (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

'''Biosphere''' is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

'''Behaviorism''' (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

'''Bohemianism''' is a culture of artists and painters.

'''Marriage''' is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

'''Bourgeoisie''' is a class of entrepreneurs.

'''Government budget''' is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

'''Budget deficit''' is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

'''Bureaucracy''' is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

'''Gross national product (GNP)''' is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

'''Verification procedure''' is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

'''Veto''' is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

'''Guilt''' is a negative judgment about yourself.

'''Political power''' is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

'''Election''' is a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

'''Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class''' is a group of people who are controllers in society.

'''Heliocentrism''' is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

'''Geographical direction in sociology''' is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

'''Geopolitics''' (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

'''Geocentric model''' is a false theory about the rotation of the Sun, planets and stars around the Earth.

'''Geoeconomics''' is the global economy.

'''Gerontocracy''' is the rule of old people.

'''Gerusia''' is the council of elders (in Greek - geronts).

'''Hypnosis''' is the suggestion of norms of behavior through the immersion of a person in a trance.

'''Global society''' is a modern society throughout the globe, when a single earthly civilization arose instead of many isolated local civilizations.

'''Epistemology''' is a theory about human knowledge of the world.

'''Homeostasis''' is the process of maintaining equilibrium.

'''State''' (polity) is a political organization that controls the activities of citizens in society.

'''Civil society''' is a collection of people, groups and non-governmental organizations that should be able to control the activities of the bureaucracy.

'''Group marriage''' is a marriage between several men and several women.

'''Social movement''' is active group of people whose goal is to establish a new system of life.

'''Devaluation''' is the depreciation of the national currency.

'''Deviant behavior''' (sociology) is abnormal behavior.

'''Deduction''' is condescension from abstract to concrete, from axioms to consequences and predictions that should be checked.

'''Acting crowd''' is an aggressive crowd.

'''Demagogue''' is a person who knows how to influence a crowd in personal unseemly interests.

'''Demography''' is the science of population numbers, composition and change.

'''Democracy''' is a political regime in which the ruler can control only the political sphere, but within the framework of the constitution.

'''Ochlocracy''' is rabble power, a form of government in which power belongs to the majority of citizens who rule badly.

'''Money''' is a special commodity that is accepted by all people in exchange for any other goods.

'''Default''' is gross deception, the government's refusal to pay the debts of its creditors.

'''Dialectics''' is the art of dispute.

'''Dictatorship''' is a strong power that often means tyranny.

'''Dynamics''' is a description of the sequence of stages in the development of the structure of a social organism, that is, the emergence of more and more new organizations and groups.

'''Strike''' is a way of conducting an administrative conflict on the part of employees, which means stopping work until the employer agrees to an increase in wages.

'''Law''' is the norm and rule of conduct.

'''Id''' is the instinctive core of personality.

'''Subjective idealism''' is a theory according to which things are complexes of our sensations, there are not things, but only our consciousness.

'''Ideology''' is a theoretical system that justifies certain values ​ ​ and norms.

'''Isomorphism''' is a similarity of various systems.

'''Social hierarchy''' is a pyramid.

'''Empire''' is a country built by conquest.

'''Impeachment''' (from English impeachment - accusation, conviction) - the procedure for removing the president of the country from office by parliament.

'''Import''' is the purchase of goods abroad.

'''Inductive reasoning''' is the ascent from concrete to abstract, from experienced data to theory.

'''Industrialization''' is the creation of industry.

'''Instinctivism''' is the theory that social processes are explained by people's instincts.

'''Symbolic interactionism''' is a theory whose representatives believe that people exchange information, conflict and control the activities of other people using symbols - gestures, acting out scenes and creating an image.

'''Introvert''' is a person whose interest is directed towards himself, he is guided in his behavior only by internal principles.

'''Intuition''' is the perception of the world around a person or animal with the help of the unconscious, when, based on past experience and without any thought, from somewhere in the depths of the subconscious, a ready-made recipe for solving a problem or a ready-made action plan in the form of a premonition emerges.

'''Inflation''' (from Latin &quot;bloat&quot;) is the process of raising the overall level of prices in a country, leading to the depreciation of the monetary unit.

'''Economic infrastructure''' is the construction of a transport network, ports, communications, gasification and electrification.

'''Irrationalism''' is a current in philosophy that insists on limiting the role of the mind in history and cognition, where instincts, intuition and feelings play the main role.

'''Art''' is a specific form of reflecting the world around us using artistic images.

'''Truth''' is confirmability, consistency and efficiency.

'''Cadastre''' is a taxpayer's book.

'''Cartel''' is an agreement between oligarchs to share the sales market, agree on sales volumes and price levels for each of them.

'''Caste''' is group of people in a social hierarchy where social lifts are completely off, so people have no way of pursuing a career.

'''Social class''' is a large group of people that occupies a certain place in the system of social control.

'''Clique''' (from the French &quot;gang,&quot; &quot;gang&quot;) is a small group of comrades-in-arms, closely united among themselves in order to achieve unseemly goals at any cost.

'''Сlergy''' is a hierarchical pyramid of priests with severe discipline within that pyramid.


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      <text bytes="10386" sha1="3drwy5aqbn5hc59cpnmtwry8bqpdb4r" xml:space="preserve">==Glossary of terms==

'''Absolute truth''' is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

'''Absolute delusion''' is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

'''Authoritarianism''' is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

'''Socialization agents''' are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

'''Agnosticism''' is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

'''Additive behavior''' is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

'''Axiology''' is the science of values.

'''Altruism''' is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

'''Questionnaire''' is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

'''Anomia (sociology)''' is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

'''Anti-social behavior''' is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

'''Philosophical anthropology''' is the doctrine about man.

'''Apartheid''' is South Africa's system of segregating whites and &quot;people of color&quot; in the recent past.

'''Apeiron '''(according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

'''Aporia''' (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

'''Apostle''' is disciple of Jesus Christ.

'''Aristocracy''' is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

'''Artifact''' is the creation of human hands

'''Asceticism''' (from the Greek &quot;exercise&quot;) is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

'''Atheist''' is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

'''Atman''' (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

'''Biosphere''' is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

'''Behaviorism''' (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

'''Bohemianism''' is a culture of artists and painters.

'''Marriage''' is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

'''Bourgeoisie''' is a class of entrepreneurs.

'''Government budget''' is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

'''Budget deficit''' is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

'''Bureaucracy''' is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

'''Gross national product (GNP)''' is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

'''Verification procedure''' is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

'''Veto''' is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

'''Guilt''' is a negative judgment about yourself.

'''Political power''' is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

'''Election''' is a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

'''Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class''' is a group of people who are controllers in society.

'''Heliocentrism''' is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

'''Geographical direction in sociology''' is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

'''Geopolitics''' (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

'''Geocentric model''' is a false theory about the rotation of the Sun, planets and stars around the Earth.

'''Geoeconomics''' is the global economy.

'''Gerontocracy''' is the rule of old people.

'''Gerusia''' is the council of elders (in Greek - geronts).

'''Hypnosis''' is the suggestion of norms of behavior through the immersion of a person in a trance.

'''Global society''' is a modern society throughout the globe, when a single earthly civilization arose instead of many isolated local civilizations.

'''Epistemology''' is a theory about human knowledge of the world.

'''Homeostasis''' is the process of maintaining equilibrium.

'''State''' (polity) is a political organization that controls the activities of citizens in society.

'''Civil society''' is a collection of people, groups and non-governmental organizations that should be able to control the activities of the bureaucracy.

'''Group marriage''' is a marriage between several men and several women.

'''Social movement''' is active group of people whose goal is to establish a new system of life.

'''Devaluation''' is the depreciation of the national currency.

'''Deviant behavior''' (sociology) is abnormal behavior.

'''Deduction''' is condescension from abstract to concrete, from axioms to consequences and predictions that should be checked.

'''Acting crowd''' is an aggressive crowd.

'''Demagogue''' is a person who knows how to influence a crowd in personal unseemly interests.

'''Demography''' is the science of population numbers, composition and change.

'''Democracy''' is a political regime in which the ruler can control only the political sphere, but within the framework of the constitution.

'''Ochlocracy''' is rabble power, a form of government in which power belongs to the majority of citizens who rule badly.

'''Money''' is a special commodity that is accepted by all people in exchange for any other goods.

'''Default''' is gross deception, the government's refusal to pay the debts of its creditors.

'''Dialectics''' is the art of dispute.

'''Dictatorship''' is a strong power that often means tyranny.

'''Dynamics''' is a description of the sequence of stages in the development of the structure of a social organism, that is, the emergence of more and more new organizations and groups.

'''Strike''' is a way of conducting an administrative conflict on the part of employees, which means stopping work until the employer agrees to an increase in wages.

'''Law''' is the norm and rule of conduct.

'''Id''' is the instinctive core of personality.

'''Subjective idealism''' is a theory according to which things are complexes of our sensations, there are not things, but only our consciousness.

'''Ideology''' is a theoretical system that justifies certain values ​ ​ and norms.

'''Isomorphism''' is a similarity of various systems.

'''Social hierarchy''' is a pyramid.

'''Empire''' is a country built by conquest.

'''Impeachment''' (from English impeachment - accusation, conviction) - the procedure for removing the president of the country from office by parliament.

'''Import''' is the purchase of goods abroad.

'''Inductive reasoning''' is the ascent from concrete to abstract, from experienced data to theory.

'''Industrialization''' is the creation of industry.

'''Instinctivism''' is the theory that social processes are explained by people's instincts.

'''Symbolic interactionism''' is a theory whose representatives believe that people exchange information, conflict and control the activities of other people using symbols - gestures, acting out scenes and creating an image.

'''Introvert''' is a person whose interest is directed towards himself, he is guided in his behavior only by internal principles.

'''Intuition''' is the perception of the world around a person or animal with the help of the unconscious, when, based on past experience and without any thought, from somewhere in the depths of the subconscious, a ready-made recipe for solving a problem or a ready-made action plan in the form of a premonition emerges.

'''Inflation''' (from Latin &quot;bloat&quot;) is the process of raising the overall level of prices in a country, leading to the depreciation of the monetary unit.

'''Economic infrastructure''' is the construction of a transport network, ports, communications, gasification and electrification.

'''Irrationalism''' is a current in philosophy that insists on limiting the role of the mind in history and cognition, where instincts, intuition and feelings play the main role.

'''Art''' is a specific form of reflecting the world around us using artistic images.

'''Truth''' is confirmability, consistency and efficiency.

'''Cadastre''' is a taxpayer's book.

'''Cartel''' is an agreement between oligarchs to share the sales market, agree on sales volumes and price levels for each of them.

'''Caste''' is group of people in a social hierarchy where social lifts are completely off, so people have no way of pursuing a career.

'''Social class''' is a large group of people that occupies a certain place in the system of social control.

'''Clique''' (from the French &quot;gang,&quot; &quot;gang&quot;) is a small group of comrades-in-arms, closely united among themselves in order to achieve unseemly goals at any cost.

'''Сlergy''' is a hierarchical pyramid of priests with severe discipline within that pyramid.

'''Coacervate''' is protocell, organic structure, surrounded by fatty membranes.

'''Code of law''' is a lot of laws describing the norms of behavior in some area of ​ ​ activity - in the economy, family sphere and the like.

'''Collective agreement''' is a legal act governing the relationship between an employer and employees in an enterprise.

'''Administrative-command system''' is a way of organizing the economy in which land and capital are state-owned and the allocation of resources is in the hands of state central authorities in accordance with state plans.

'''Inferiority complex''' is a deep pervasive sense of one's own inferiority compared to other people.

'''Communist movement''' is one of the directions of the socialist movement, the communists, in fact, following the example of Lenin, seek to seize power without elections or cancel free elections after they come to power in elections, establish tyranny or oligarchy instead of representative democracy, abolish private property and the market.

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      <text bytes="11440" sha1="mo45vhcx3lcirmhkv236thkcq3cyga0" xml:space="preserve">==Glossary of terms==

'''Absolute truth''' is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

'''Absolute delusion''' is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

'''Authoritarianism''' is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

'''Socialization agents''' are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

'''Agnosticism''' is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

'''Additive behavior''' is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

'''Axiology''' is the science of values.

'''Altruism''' is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

'''Questionnaire''' is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

'''Anomia (sociology)''' is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

'''Anti-social behavior''' is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

'''Philosophical anthropology''' is the doctrine about man.

'''Apartheid''' is South Africa's system of segregating whites and &quot;people of color&quot; in the recent past.

'''Apeiron '''(according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

'''Aporia''' (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

'''Apostle''' is disciple of Jesus Christ.

'''Aristocracy''' is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

'''Artifact''' is the creation of human hands

'''Asceticism''' (from the Greek &quot;exercise&quot;) is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

'''Atheist''' is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

'''Atman''' (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

'''Biosphere''' is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

'''Behaviorism''' (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

'''Bohemianism''' is a culture of artists and painters.

'''Marriage''' is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

'''Bourgeoisie''' is a class of entrepreneurs.

'''Government budget''' is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

'''Budget deficit''' is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

'''Bureaucracy''' is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

'''Gross national product (GNP)''' is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

'''Verification procedure''' is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

'''Veto''' is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

'''Guilt''' is a negative judgment about yourself.

'''Political power''' is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

'''Election''' is a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

'''Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class''' is a group of people who are controllers in society.

'''Heliocentrism''' is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

'''Geographical direction in sociology''' is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

'''Geopolitics''' (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

'''Geocentric model''' is a false theory about the rotation of the Sun, planets and stars around the Earth.

'''Geoeconomics''' is the global economy.

'''Gerontocracy''' is the rule of old people.

'''Gerusia''' is the council of elders (in Greek - geronts).

'''Hypnosis''' is the suggestion of norms of behavior through the immersion of a person in a trance.

'''Global society''' is a modern society throughout the globe, when a single earthly civilization arose instead of many isolated local civilizations.

'''Epistemology''' is a theory about human knowledge of the world.

'''Homeostasis''' is the process of maintaining equilibrium.

'''State''' (polity) is a political organization that controls the activities of citizens in society.

'''Civil society''' is a collection of people, groups and non-governmental organizations that should be able to control the activities of the bureaucracy.

'''Group marriage''' is a marriage between several men and several women.

'''Social movement''' is active group of people whose goal is to establish a new system of life.

'''Devaluation''' is the depreciation of the national currency.

'''Deviant behavior''' (sociology) is abnormal behavior.

'''Deduction''' is condescension from abstract to concrete, from axioms to consequences and predictions that should be checked.

'''Acting crowd''' is an aggressive crowd.

'''Demagogue''' is a person who knows how to influence a crowd in personal unseemly interests.

'''Demography''' is the science of population numbers, composition and change.

'''Democracy''' is a political regime in which the ruler can control only the political sphere, but within the framework of the constitution.

'''Ochlocracy''' is rabble power, a form of government in which power belongs to the majority of citizens who rule badly.

'''Money''' is a special commodity that is accepted by all people in exchange for any other goods.

'''Default''' is gross deception, the government's refusal to pay the debts of its creditors.

'''Dialectics''' is the art of dispute.

'''Dictatorship''' is a strong power that often means tyranny.

'''Dynamics''' is a description of the sequence of stages in the development of the structure of a social organism, that is, the emergence of more and more new organizations and groups.

'''Strike''' is a way of conducting an administrative conflict on the part of employees, which means stopping work until the employer agrees to an increase in wages.

'''Law''' is the norm and rule of conduct.

'''Id''' is the instinctive core of personality.

'''Subjective idealism''' is a theory according to which things are complexes of our sensations, there are not things, but only our consciousness.

'''Ideology''' is a theoretical system that justifies certain values ​ ​ and norms.

'''Isomorphism''' is a similarity of various systems.

'''Social hierarchy''' is a pyramid.

'''Empire''' is a country built by conquest.

'''Impeachment''' (from English impeachment - accusation, conviction) - the procedure for removing the president of the country from office by parliament.

'''Import''' is the purchase of goods abroad.

'''Inductive reasoning''' is the ascent from concrete to abstract, from experienced data to theory.

'''Industrialization''' is the creation of industry.

'''Instinctivism''' is the theory that social processes are explained by people's instincts.

'''Symbolic interactionism''' is a theory whose representatives believe that people exchange information, conflict and control the activities of other people using symbols - gestures, acting out scenes and creating an image.

'''Introvert''' is a person whose interest is directed towards himself, he is guided in his behavior only by internal principles.

'''Intuition''' is the perception of the world around a person or animal with the help of the unconscious, when, based on past experience and without any thought, from somewhere in the depths of the subconscious, a ready-made recipe for solving a problem or a ready-made action plan in the form of a premonition emerges.

'''Inflation''' (from Latin &quot;bloat&quot;) is the process of raising the overall level of prices in a country, leading to the depreciation of the monetary unit.

'''Economic infrastructure''' is the construction of a transport network, ports, communications, gasification and electrification.

'''Irrationalism''' is a current in philosophy that insists on limiting the role of the mind in history and cognition, where instincts, intuition and feelings play the main role.

'''Art''' is a specific form of reflecting the world around us using artistic images.

'''Truth''' is confirmability, consistency and efficiency.

'''Cadastre''' is a taxpayer's book.

'''Cartel''' is an agreement between oligarchs to share the sales market, agree on sales volumes and price levels for each of them.

'''Caste''' is group of people in a social hierarchy where social lifts are completely off, so people have no way of pursuing a career.

'''Social class''' is a large group of people that occupies a certain place in the system of social control.

'''Clique''' (from the French &quot;gang,&quot; &quot;gang&quot;) is a small group of comrades-in-arms, closely united among themselves in order to achieve unseemly goals at any cost.

'''Сlergy''' is a hierarchical pyramid of priests with severe discipline within that pyramid.

'''Coacervate''' is protocell, organic structure, surrounded by fatty membranes.

'''Code of law''' is a lot of laws describing the norms of behavior in some area of ​ ​ activity - in the economy, family sphere and the like.

'''Collective agreement''' is a legal act governing the relationship between an employer and employees in an enterprise.

'''Administrative-command system''' is a way of organizing the economy in which land and capital are state-owned and the allocation of resources is in the hands of state central authorities in accordance with state plans.

'''Inferiority complex''' is a deep pervasive sense of one's own inferiority compared to other people.

'''Communist movement''' is one of the directions of the socialist movement, the communists, in fact, following the example of Lenin, seek to seize power without elections or cancel free elections after they come to power in elections, establish tyranny or oligarchy instead of representative democracy, abolish private property and the market.

'''Market competition''' is an economic conflict for the right to obtain economic resources.

'''Conservatism''' is a movement whose representatives have the goal of restoring social order, sometimes even a return to the past, preserving the power of the old elite, bureaucracy or aristocracy, preserving traditional moral, family and religious values.

'''Counterculture''' is a type of culture whose norms contradict those of mainstream culture.

'''Social control''' is a type of social interaction in which the controller forces the object of control to comply with the norms by threatening to apply positive or negative sanctions, by introducing stereotypes.

'''Confederation''' is a form of territorial structure where almost all powers and tax revenues remain at the periphery.

'''Social conflict''' is a type of social interaction in which participants try to defeat their opponents through various means in order to physically destroy the enemy, turn him into an object of control or conquer someone else's sphere of influence and resources.

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      <text bytes="11443" sha1="hlflb77joybyen6vobhmjfl04docly5" xml:space="preserve">==Glossary of terms==

'''Absolute truth''' is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

'''Absolute delusion''' is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

'''Authoritarianism''' is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

'''Agents of socialization''' are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

'''Agnosticism''' is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

'''Additive behavior''' is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

'''Axiology''' is the science of values.

'''Altruism''' is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

'''Questionnaire''' is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

'''Anomia (sociology)''' is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

'''Anti-social behavior''' is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

'''Philosophical anthropology''' is the doctrine about man.

'''Apartheid''' is South Africa's system of segregating whites and &quot;people of color&quot; in the recent past.

'''Apeiron '''(according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

'''Aporia''' (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

'''Apostle''' is disciple of Jesus Christ.

'''Aristocracy''' is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

'''Artifact''' is the creation of human hands

'''Asceticism''' (from the Greek &quot;exercise&quot;) is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

'''Atheist''' is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

'''Atman''' (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

'''Biosphere''' is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

'''Behaviorism''' (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

'''Bohemianism''' is a culture of artists and painters.

'''Marriage''' is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

'''Bourgeoisie''' is a class of entrepreneurs.

'''Government budget''' is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

'''Budget deficit''' is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

'''Bureaucracy''' is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

'''Gross national product (GNP)''' is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

'''Verification procedure''' is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

'''Veto''' is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

'''Guilt''' is a negative judgment about yourself.

'''Political power''' is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

'''Election''' is a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

'''Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class''' is a group of people who are controllers in society.

'''Heliocentrism''' is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

'''Geographical direction in sociology''' is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

'''Geopolitics''' (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

'''Geocentric model''' is a false theory about the rotation of the Sun, planets and stars around the Earth.

'''Geoeconomics''' is the global economy.

'''Gerontocracy''' is the rule of old people.

'''Gerusia''' is the council of elders (in Greek - geronts).

'''Hypnosis''' is the suggestion of norms of behavior through the immersion of a person in a trance.

'''Global society''' is a modern society throughout the globe, when a single earthly civilization arose instead of many isolated local civilizations.

'''Epistemology''' is a theory about human knowledge of the world.

'''Homeostasis''' is the process of maintaining equilibrium.

'''State''' (polity) is a political organization that controls the activities of citizens in society.

'''Civil society''' is a collection of people, groups and non-governmental organizations that should be able to control the activities of the bureaucracy.

'''Group marriage''' is a marriage between several men and several women.

'''Social movement''' is active group of people whose goal is to establish a new system of life.

'''Devaluation''' is the depreciation of the national currency.

'''Deviant behavior''' (sociology) is abnormal behavior.

'''Deduction''' is condescension from abstract to concrete, from axioms to consequences and predictions that should be checked.

'''Acting crowd''' is an aggressive crowd.

'''Demagogue''' is a person who knows how to influence a crowd in personal unseemly interests.

'''Demography''' is the science of population numbers, composition and change.

'''Democracy''' is a political regime in which the ruler can control only the political sphere, but within the framework of the constitution.

'''Ochlocracy''' is rabble power, a form of government in which power belongs to the majority of citizens who rule badly.

'''Money''' is a special commodity that is accepted by all people in exchange for any other goods.

'''Default''' is gross deception, the government's refusal to pay the debts of its creditors.

'''Dialectics''' is the art of dispute.

'''Dictatorship''' is a strong power that often means tyranny.

'''Dynamics''' is a description of the sequence of stages in the development of the structure of a social organism, that is, the emergence of more and more new organizations and groups.

'''Strike''' is a way of conducting an administrative conflict on the part of employees, which means stopping work until the employer agrees to an increase in wages.

'''Law''' is the norm and rule of conduct.

'''Id''' is the instinctive core of personality.

'''Subjective idealism''' is a theory according to which things are complexes of our sensations, there are not things, but only our consciousness.

'''Ideology''' is a theoretical system that justifies certain values ​ ​ and norms.

'''Isomorphism''' is a similarity of various systems.

'''Social hierarchy''' is a pyramid.

'''Empire''' is a country built by conquest.

'''Impeachment''' (from English impeachment - accusation, conviction) - the procedure for removing the president of the country from office by parliament.

'''Import''' is the purchase of goods abroad.

'''Inductive reasoning''' is the ascent from concrete to abstract, from experienced data to theory.

'''Industrialization''' is the creation of industry.

'''Instinctivism''' is the theory that social processes are explained by people's instincts.

'''Symbolic interactionism''' is a theory whose representatives believe that people exchange information, conflict and control the activities of other people using symbols - gestures, acting out scenes and creating an image.

'''Introvert''' is a person whose interest is directed towards himself, he is guided in his behavior only by internal principles.

'''Intuition''' is the perception of the world around a person or animal with the help of the unconscious, when, based on past experience and without any thought, from somewhere in the depths of the subconscious, a ready-made recipe for solving a problem or a ready-made action plan in the form of a premonition emerges.

'''Inflation''' (from Latin &quot;bloat&quot;) is the process of raising the overall level of prices in a country, leading to the depreciation of the monetary unit.

'''Economic infrastructure''' is the construction of a transport network, ports, communications, gasification and electrification.

'''Irrationalism''' is a current in philosophy that insists on limiting the role of the mind in history and cognition, where instincts, intuition and feelings play the main role.

'''Art''' is a specific form of reflecting the world around us using artistic images.

'''Truth''' is confirmability, consistency and efficiency.

'''Cadastre''' is a taxpayer's book.

'''Cartel''' is an agreement between oligarchs to share the sales market, agree on sales volumes and price levels for each of them.

'''Caste''' is group of people in a social hierarchy where social lifts are completely off, so people have no way of pursuing a career.

'''Social class''' is a large group of people that occupies a certain place in the system of social control.

'''Clique''' (from the French &quot;gang,&quot; &quot;gang&quot;) is a small group of comrades-in-arms, closely united among themselves in order to achieve unseemly goals at any cost.

'''Сlergy''' is a hierarchical pyramid of priests with severe discipline within that pyramid.

'''Coacervate''' is protocell, organic structure, surrounded by fatty membranes.

'''Code of law''' is a lot of laws describing the norms of behavior in some area of ​ ​ activity - in the economy, family sphere and the like.

'''Collective agreement''' is a legal act governing the relationship between an employer and employees in an enterprise.

'''Administrative-command system''' is a way of organizing the economy in which land and capital are state-owned and the allocation of resources is in the hands of state central authorities in accordance with state plans.

'''Inferiority complex''' is a deep pervasive sense of one's own inferiority compared to other people.

'''Communist movement''' is one of the directions of the socialist movement, the communists, in fact, following the example of Lenin, seek to seize power without elections or cancel free elections after they come to power in elections, establish tyranny or oligarchy instead of representative democracy, abolish private property and the market.

'''Market competition''' is an economic conflict for the right to obtain economic resources.

'''Conservatism''' is a movement whose representatives have the goal of restoring social order, sometimes even a return to the past, preserving the power of the old elite, bureaucracy or aristocracy, preserving traditional moral, family and religious values.

'''Counterculture''' is a type of culture whose norms contradict those of mainstream culture.

'''Social control''' is a type of social interaction in which the controller forces the object of control to comply with the norms by threatening to apply positive or negative sanctions, by introducing stereotypes.

'''Confederation''' is a form of territorial structure where almost all powers and tax revenues remain at the periphery.

'''Social conflict''' is a type of social interaction in which participants try to defeat their opponents through various means in order to physically destroy the enemy, turn him into an object of control or conquer someone else's sphere of influence and resources.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="11453" sha1="e59b66gh4bojik9o3m3d23iqpy73tux" xml:space="preserve">==Glossary of terms==

'''Absolute truth''' is the complete correspondence of the form of the psyche (for example, judgment, image, etc.) and the object of knowledge.

'''Absolute delusion''' is a complete discrepancy between the form of the psyche and the object of knowledge.

'''Authoritarianism''' is a political regime in which the ruler controls only some areas of society.

'''Agents of socialization''' are individuals, groups or organizations that provide training and help a person master roles, they are a family, a school, a media, a group of teenagers.

'''Agnosticism''' is a theory about the fundamental impossibility of knowing the world around us, since the world around us does not exist, but only our consciousness and our sensations exist.

'''Additive behavior''' is behavior that consists in escapism by taking various psychotropic drugs - alcohol, drugs, toxins, smoking tobacco.

'''Axiology''' is the science of values.

'''Altruism''' is the willingness to sacrifice for other people.

'''Questionnaire''' is a multiplied document containing several dozen questions.

'''Anomia (sociology)''' is a state of lawlessness, a non-norm that exists in modern large cities, occurs in the country during a period of revolution or rebellion.

'''Anti-social behavior''' is behavior that constitutes the commission of acts contrary to ethics and morality.

'''Philosophical anthropology''' is the doctrine about man.

'''Apartheid''' is South Africa's system of segregating whites and &quot;people of color&quot; in the recent past.

'''Apeiron '''(according to Anaximander's theory) is infinitely divisible.

'''Aporia''' (translated from Greek) is a hopeless position, logical contradiction or puzzle.

'''Apostle''' is disciple of Jesus Christ.

'''Aristocracy''' is a form of government in which there is the power of a good minority of citizens.

'''Artifact''' is the creation of human hands

'''Asceticism''' (from the Greek &quot;exercise&quot;) is the ultimate limitation of one's needs.

'''Atheist''' is a person who does not believe in the existence of a god, he is an atheist.

'''Atman''' (in Buddhism) is emptiness, God.

'''Biosphere''' is the shell of the Earth, it is an open system created by living organisms.

'''Behaviorism''' (from English behavior - behavior) is the science about behavior.

'''Bohemianism''' is a culture of artists and painters.

'''Marriage''' is a voluntary union between a man and a woman for the purpose of starting a family.

'''Bourgeoisie''' is a class of entrepreneurs.

'''Government budget''' is an estimate of government revenues and expenditures.

'''Budget deficit''' is the excess of government spending over income, covered either by loans or by cash issue

'''Bureaucracy''' is a hierarchical organization built on administrative control and a clique's struggle for power behind the scenes.

'''Gross national product (GNP)''' is the total market value of all goods and services produced in the country for the year

'''Verification procedure''' is a test of philosophical concepts for scientificity, for compliance with facts.

'''Veto''' is the right of one authority to accept or reject proposed ordinances, decrees, or laws passed by another authority.

'''Guilt''' is a negative judgment about yourself.

'''Political power''' is the ability to exercise social control over the activities of people in the political sphere.

'''Election''' is a democratic procedure with help which the executors on the office of president, deputy or governor are determined.

'''Higher or exploitative (in Marxist terminology) class''' is a group of people who are controllers in society.

'''Heliocentrism''' is a theory about the rotation of the Earth and the planets of the solar system around the Sun.

'''Geographical direction in sociology''' is a theory whose representatives believed that geographical factors influence on society.

'''Geopolitics''' (from Greek land + state affairs) is the public science about control over territory.

'''Geocentric model''' is a false theory about the rotation of the Sun, planets and stars around the Earth.

'''Geoeconomics''' is the global economy.

'''Gerontocracy''' is the rule of old people.

'''Gerusia''' is the council of elders (in Greek - geronts).

'''Hypnosis''' is the suggestion of norms of behavior through the immersion of a person in a trance.

'''Global society''' is a modern society throughout the globe, when a single earthly civilization arose instead of many isolated local civilizations.

'''Epistemology''' is a theory about human knowledge of the world.

'''Homeostasis''' is the process of maintaining equilibrium.

'''State''' (polity) is a political organization that controls the activities of citizens in society.

'''Civil society''' is a collection of people, groups and non-governmental organizations that should be able to control the activities of the bureaucracy.

'''Group marriage''' is a marriage between several men and several women.

'''Social movement''' is active group of people whose goal is to establish a new system of life.

'''Devaluation''' is the depreciation of the national currency.

'''Deviant behavior''' (sociology) is abnormal behavior.

'''Deduction''' is condescension from abstract to concrete, from axioms to consequences and predictions that should be checked.

'''Acting crowd''' is an aggressive crowd.

'''Demagogue''' is a person who knows how to influence a crowd in personal unseemly interests.

'''Demography''' is the science of population numbers, composition and change.

'''Democracy''' is a political regime in which the ruler can control only the political sphere, but within the framework of the constitution.

'''Ochlocracy''' is rabble power, a form of government in which power belongs to the majority of citizens who rule badly.

'''Money''' is a special commodity that is accepted by all people in exchange for any other goods.

'''Default''' is gross deception, the government's refusal to pay the debts of its creditors.

'''Dialectics''' is the art of dispute.

'''Dictatorship''' is a strong power that often means tyranny.

'''Dynamics''' is a description of the sequence of stages in the development of the structure of a social organism, that is, the emergence of more and more new organizations and groups.

'''Strike''' is a way of conducting an administrative conflict on the part of employees, which means stopping work until the employer agrees to an increase in wages.

'''Law''' is the norm and rule of conduct.

'''Id''' is the instinctive core of personality.

'''Subjective idealism''' is a theory according to which things are complexes of our sensations, there are not things, but only our consciousness.

'''Ideology''' is a theoretical system that justifies certain values ​ ​ and norms.

'''Isomorphism''' is a similarity of various systems.

'''Social hierarchy''' is a pyramid.

'''Empire''' is a country built with help of conquest.

'''Impeachment''' (from English impeachment - accusation, conviction) - the procedure for removing the president of the country from office by parliament.

'''Import''' is the purchase of goods abroad.

'''Inductive reasoning''' is the ascent from concrete to abstract, from experienced data to theory.

'''Industrialization''' is the creation of industry.

'''Instinctivism''' is the theory that social processes are explained by people's instincts.

'''Symbolic interactionism''' is a theory whose representatives believe that people exchange information, conflict and control the activities of other people using symbols - gestures, acting out scenes and creating an image.

'''Introvert''' is a person whose interest is directed towards himself, he is guided in his behavior only by internal principles.

'''Intuition''' is the perception of the world around a person or animal with the help of the unconscious, when, based on past experience and without any thought, from somewhere in the depths of the subconscious, a ready-made recipe for solving a problem or a ready-made action plan in the form of a premonition emerges.

'''Inflation''' (from Latin &quot;bloat&quot;) is the process of raising the overall level of prices in a country, leading to the depreciation of the monetary unit.

'''Economic infrastructure''' is the construction of a transport network, ports, communications, gasification and electrification.

'''Irrationalism''' is a current in philosophy that insists on limiting the role of the mind in history and cognition, where instincts, intuition and feelings play the main role.

'''Art''' is a specific form of reflecting the world around us using artistic images.

'''Truth''' is confirmability, consistency and efficiency.

'''Cadastre''' is a taxpayer's book.

'''Cartel''' is an agreement between oligarchs to share the sales market, agree on sales volumes and price levels for each of them.

'''Caste''' is group of people in a social hierarchy where social lifts are completely off, so people have no way of pursuing a career.

'''Social class''' is a large group of people that occupies a certain place in the system of social control.

'''Clique''' (from the French &quot;gang,&quot; &quot;gang&quot;) is a small group of comrades-in-arms, closely united among themselves in order to achieve unseemly goals at any cost.

'''Сlergy''' is a hierarchical pyramid of priests with severe discipline within that pyramid.

'''Coacervate''' is protocell, organic structure, surrounded by fatty membranes.

'''Code of law''' is a lot of laws describing the norms of behavior in some area of ​ ​ activity - in the economy, family sphere and the like.

'''Collective agreement''' is a legal act governing the relationship between an employer and employees in an enterprise.

'''Administrative-command system''' is a way of organizing the economy in which land and capital are state-owned and the allocation of resources is in the hands of state central authorities in accordance with state plans.

'''Inferiority complex''' is a deep pervasive sense of one's own inferiority compared to other people.

'''Communist movement''' is one of the directions of the socialist movement, the communists, in fact, following the example of Lenin, seek to seize power without elections or cancel free elections after they come to power in elections, establish tyranny or oligarchy instead of representative democracy, abolish private property and the market.

'''Market competition''' is an economic conflict for the right to obtain economic resources.

'''Conservatism''' is a movement whose representatives have the goal of restoring social order, sometimes even a return to the past, preserving the power of the old elite, bureaucracy or aristocracy, preserving traditional moral, family and religious values.

'''Counterculture''' is a type of culture whose norms contradict those of mainstream culture.

'''Social control''' is a type of social interaction in which the controller forces the object of control to comply with the norms by threatening to apply positive or negative sanctions, by introducing stereotypes.

'''Confederation''' is a form of territorial structure where almost all powers and tax revenues remain at the periphery.

'''Social conflict''' is a type of social interaction in which participants try to defeat their opponents through various means in order to physically destroy the enemy, turn him into an object of control or conquer someone else's sphere of influence and resources.

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== What is analysis? ==
The first higher-level courses usually taken in university mathematics are the lectures ''Analysis'' and ''Linear Algebra'' (linear algebra is a part of the field of studies known as ''Algebra''). Both analysis and algebra lay the groundwork of modern mathematics, and they themselves are both built upon set theory. To start off studying math on the right foot, it's important that future students become well-trained and comfortable in these two fields. Hence, we will dedicate most of our time and energy in this project focusing on analysis and algebra. But what are these two lectures about? What do mathematicians in the field of analysis and algebra ''do''? What questions do they try to answer? Before we answer this question in full detail, it would be wise to start off by giving a small sample of what each field investigates.

Algebra, or rather ''an algebra'', is a kind of &quot;space of numbers,&quot; much like the rational or real numbers. In an algebra, elements can be added and multiplied. Therefore, algebra also for the most part deals with transformations and operations that arise from addition and multiplication, e.g. the square root function, which is derived from finding the inverse for the quadratic function, a kind of multiplication. In the field of algebra, one often wants to answer the question how equations can be transformed to obtain a solution, and if an equation even has a solution. Generally algebra deals with ''equations'' and rarely with inequalities. 

In ''linear algebra'' we only deal with ''first order'' (or ''linear order'') equations, meaning that all variables or elements in the equation have a polynomial degree of at most one. A classical question in linear algebra is whether a system of equations written in the following form has a solution and, if so, what that solution is:

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;
\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}
a_{11} \cdot x_1 &amp; + &amp; a_{12} \cdot x_2 &amp; + &amp; a_{13} \cdot x_3 &amp; + &amp; \ldots &amp; + &amp; a_{1n} \cdot x_n &amp;   =    &amp; b_1 \\
a_{21} \cdot x_1 &amp; + &amp; a_{22} \cdot x_2 &amp; + &amp; a_{23} \cdot x_3 &amp; + &amp; \ldots &amp; + &amp; a_{2n} \cdot x_n &amp;   =    &amp; b_2 \\
    \vdots       &amp;   &amp;      \vdots      &amp;   &amp;     \vdots       &amp;   &amp; \ddots &amp;   &amp;   \vdots         &amp; \vdots &amp; \vdots \\
a_{m1} \cdot x_1 &amp; + &amp; a_{m2} \cdot x_2 &amp; + &amp; a_{m3} \cdot x_3 &amp; + &amp; \ldots &amp; + &amp; a_{mn} \cdot x_n &amp;   =    &amp; b_m 
\end{array}
&lt;/math&gt;}}

Note that all &lt;math&gt;x_i&lt;/math&gt; in the above equation have a polynomial degree of one (meaning they are all variables &quot;to the power of one&quot;).

''Analysis'', on the other hand, deals with continuity of functions, limits, and calculus (calculating derivatives and integrals). For example, if we consider the function

{{Math|&lt;math&gt;
 f\ :\ \R \rightarrow \R, x \mapsto f(x) = \frac{x^2 - x + 1}{x^2 - 9},
&lt;/math&gt;}}

trying to find its roots would be an algebraic objective. However, if we are interested in describing the behavior of the function nears its poles or the behavior as &lt;math&gt;x \rightarrow \pm \infty&lt;/math&gt; , this would be an analytic objective. Similarly, investigating the slope or curvature of the function would also be analytic. 

A further question in the field of analysis is whether there are functions that are discontinuous but never have a &quot;jump point&quot; in their graph (the answer to this question is &quot;yes&quot;). Furthermore, we could ask the question of whether a differentiable function can have a discontinuous derivative (the answer to this question is also &quot;yes&quot;) or if its derivative can manifest one of the aforementioned &quot;jump points&quot;  (in this case the answer to the question is &quot;no&quot;). From the very last assertion we can conclude that a function with a jump point can never be the derivative of another function. However, this function could be integrable. Calculating the integral of such a function would also be an objective of analysis.

Analysis lends us concepts describing how functions are currently changing at any given point. Such concepts are useful in the natural sciences to generate laws of nature or formulas for scientific models. This is also why analysis is such an important tool in the natural sciences. An analytic mathematician investigates how changes to a system can be predicted and exactly how these predictions are specified. 

Given this crude overview of the foundations of mathematics, we now know what to expect when studying analysis and algebra. Mathematicians often prefer ''one of these sides'' - they are either more of an analytic mathematician or an algebraic mathematician. In reality, though, each field cannot really be fully investigated without involving the other field. Both fields are equally interesting, broad, and important. In this project, however, we will focus primarily on analysis.

{{#invoke:Mathe für Nicht-Freaks/Seite|unten}}

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Your [[Special:Contributions/196.188.243.136|recent edits]] are considered unconstructive by fellow contributors. Please read [[WB:WIW|What is Wikibooks?]] for a description of what we allow. You can ask questions or ask for help in the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. Please use the [[Wikibooks:Sandbox|sandbox]] for experimenting with the wiki software in the future.&lt;br&gt;Thanks. }} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:19, 15 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
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Your [[Special:Contributions/180.149.96.93|recent edits]], such as those you made to [[:IB/Group 4/Computer Science/Web Science]], are considered unconstructive by fellow contributors. Please read [[WB:WIW|What is Wikibooks?]] for a description of what we allow. You can ask questions or ask for help in the [[WB:HELP|Assistance Reading Room]]. Please use the [[Wikibooks:Sandbox|sandbox]] for experimenting with the wiki software in the future.&lt;br&gt;Thanks. }} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:09, 16 October 2024 (UTC)</text>
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Abandoned &gt;1 decade; a couple sentences only in the entirety of the book —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' per nom. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 09:24, 14 October 2024 (UTC)
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{{vd|Deleted}}, including 1 subpage. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 10:58, 16 October 2024 (UTC)
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